document,summary " . Hall Dominic and Stanton Sophie , Ayres Fraser , Kent Harry , Zaza Shane , Whishaw Ben alongside starred and Tiffany John by directed was He . London in Factory Chocolate the and Plymouth in Theatre Drum the at performed was which , Fur Mercury play Ridley Philip the of productions theatre 2005 the in cast was He . Jacobi Derek and Strong Mark actors alongside starred he ; Firm Long The series television the of "" Story 's Teddy "" episode the in "" Craig "" as role a landed Boulter 2004 In . 2002 in Deed John Judge series television the in role guest a had He . Theatre Court Royal the at 2001 in performed was which , Stephens Simon by written Herons play the in role starring a by followed was This . 2000 in Bill The series television the on role starring @-@ guest a had He . actor theatre and television , film English an is Boulter Robert "," Robert Boulter is an English film , television and theatre actor . He had a guest @-@ starring role on the television series The Bill in 2000 . This was followed by a starring role in the play Herons written by Simon Stephens , which was performed in 2001 at the Royal Court Theatre . He had a guest role in the television series Judge John Deed in 2002 . In 2004 Boulter landed a role as "" Craig "" in the episode "" Teddy 's Story "" of the television series The Long Firm ; he starred alongside actors Mark Strong and Derek Jacobi . He was cast in the 2005 theatre productions of the Philip Ridley play Mercury Fur , which was performed at the Drum Theatre in Plymouth and the Chocolate Factory in London . He was directed by John Tiffany and starred alongside Ben Whishaw , Shane Zaza , Harry Kent , Fraser Ayres , Sophie Stanton and Dominic Hall . " " . Paris by directed Mercenaries film 2011 the in starred Boulter . "" Fletcher Kieron "" as , 2010 in Casualty series television the of episodes ten in role recurring a had He . 2008 November in Survivors series television the on appearance an by followed , Dead the Waking series television the of arc episode part @-@ two a on appearance guest a made Boulter , 2008 May In . Blackburn Olly by directed Punch Donkey and , Paris filmmaker by Robbery Daylight , 2008 in films two in starred Boulter . Fulham and Hammersmith of Borough London the in Theatre Bush at performed was Curse to How . Rourke Josie by directed Curse to How of production theatre 2007 the in role a by followed , Doctors , series television the of episode 2006 a on appeared He . Ravenhill Mark by written Citizenship play the in Whishaw alongside starred Boulter , 2006 In "," In 2006 , Boulter starred alongside Whishaw in the play Citizenship written by Mark Ravenhill . He appeared on a 2006 episode of the television series , Doctors , followed by a role in the 2007 theatre production of How to Curse directed by Josie Rourke . How to Curse was performed at Bush Theatre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . Boulter starred in two films in 2008 , Daylight Robbery by filmmaker Paris , and Donkey Punch directed by Olly Blackburn . In May 2008 , Boulter made a guest appearance on a two @-@ part episode arc of the television series Waking the Dead , followed by an appearance on the television series Survivors in November 2008 . He had a recurring role in ten episodes of the television series Casualty in 2010 , as "" Kieron Fletcher "" . Boulter starred in the 2011 film Mercenaries directed by Paris . " " . Bill The on "" Steele Toby "" character different a as role a had and , "" Political "" episode the in "" Armitage "" as 2002 in Deed John Judge series television the in appeared He . Standard Evening and , Herald The in reviews critical received he and , role the in "" menacing horribly "" as him described Sunday on Independent The in performance 's Boulter of review A . Theatre Court Royal the at 2001 in performed was which , Stephens Simon by written Herons play the in "" Scott "" as starred Boulter . "" Hands Safe In "" , episode the in "" Parry Scott "" portrayed he ; Bill The series television the on role starring @-@ guest a had Boulter 2000 In "," In 2000 Boulter had a guest @-@ starring role on the television series The Bill ; he portrayed "" Scott Parry "" in the episode , "" In Safe Hands "" . Boulter starred as "" Scott "" in the play Herons written by Simon Stephens , which was performed in 2001 at the Royal Court Theatre . A review of Boulter 's performance in The Independent on Sunday described him as "" horribly menacing "" in the role , and he received critical reviews in The Herald , and Evening Standard . He appeared in the television series Judge John Deed in 2002 as "" Armitage "" in the episode "" Political "" , and had a role as a different character "" Toby Steele "" on The Bill . " " "" . savagery the amid tenderness offer Boulter Robert and Whishaw Ben "" , noted Guardian The "" . Ayres Fraser and Zaza Shane , Boulter Robert , ) Hamlet 's Nunn Trevor as performance his from unrecognisable now ( Whishaw Ben from performances wired with , intense shatteringly is acting The "" : Telegraph Daily The in review favorable a received Boulter . Hall Dominic and Stanton Sophie , Ayres Fraser , Kent Harry , Zaza Shane , Whishaw Ben alongside starred and Tiffany John by directed was He . London in Factory Chocolate the and , Plymouth in Theatre Drum the at performed was It . Fur Mercury play Ridley Philip the of productions theatre 2005 the in , "" Darren "" as starred Boulter . Jacobi Derek and Strong Mark actors alongside starred he ; Firm Long The series television the of "" Story 's Teddy "" episode the in "" Craig "" as role a landed Boulter 2004 In . "" Price Connor "" character as , Bill The of episodes two on 2003 in role recurring a had He "," He had a recurring role in 2003 on two episodes of The Bill , as character "" Connor Price "" . In 2004 Boulter landed a role as "" Craig "" in the episode "" Teddy 's Story "" of the television series The Long Firm ; he starred alongside actors Mark Strong and Derek Jacobi . Boulter starred as "" Darren "" , in the 2005 theatre productions of the Philip Ridley play Mercury Fur . It was performed at the Drum Theatre in Plymouth , and the Chocolate Factory in London . He was directed by John Tiffany and starred alongside Ben Whishaw , Shane Zaza , Harry Kent , Fraser Ayres , Sophie Stanton and Dominic Hall . Boulter received a favorable review in The Daily Telegraph : "" The acting is shatteringly intense , with wired performances from Ben Whishaw ( now unrecognisable from his performance as Trevor Nunn 's Hamlet ) , Robert Boulter , Shane Zaza and Fraser Ayres . "" The Guardian noted , "" Ben Whishaw and Robert Boulter offer tenderness amid the savagery . "" " " "" . William as stage the to vulnerability touching a brings Boulter Robert "" , noted Spencer Charles critic theatre , Telegraph Daily The for production the of review a In . Fulham and Hammersmith of Borough London the in Theatre Bush at performed was Curse to How . Rourke Josie by directed Curse to How of production 2007 the in "" William "" as starred Boulter . "" Ate I Something "" titled , Doctors , series television the of episode 2006 the on "" Tyler Jason "" portrayed He "" . Fur Mercury in brother my played He . National the at Citizenship and , Burn of bill triple the in was who , Boulter Robert called guy a with working loved I "" : stars @-@ co favorite his of one as Boulter identified Whishaw Ben actor fellow , interview 2006 a In . Citizenship / / Burn titled , playwrights different featured which series a of part was play The . Ravenhill Mark by written Citizenship play the in starred Boulter 2006 In "," In 2006 Boulter starred in the play Citizenship written by Mark Ravenhill . The play was part of a series which featured different playwrights , titled Burn / / Citizenship . In a 2006 interview , fellow actor Ben Whishaw identified Boulter as one of his favorite co @-@ stars : "" I loved working with a guy called Robert Boulter , who was in the triple bill of Burn , and Citizenship at the National . He played my brother in Mercury Fur . "" He portrayed "" Jason Tyler "" on the 2006 episode of the television series , Doctors , titled "" Something I Ate "" . Boulter starred as "" William "" in the 2007 production of How to Curse directed by Josie Rourke . How to Curse was performed at Bush Theatre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham . In a review of the production for The Daily Telegraph , theatre critic Charles Spencer noted , "" Robert Boulter brings a touching vulnerability to the stage as William . "" " " . Paris by directed Mercenaries film 2011 the in starred Boulter "" . doing 're you what know you like look and there stand to confidence the you giving and procedures through you taking at fantastic are who set on advisers are there but bizarre very is 't don you when about talking 're you what know you Pretending . experience strange a is doctor a Playing "" : television on physician a portraying in difficulties inherent the on commented He . fellowship medical a for applying physician emergency an portrayed He . "" Fletcher Kieron "" as , 2010 in Casualty series television the of episodes ten in role recurring a had He . 2008 November in "" Neil "" as Survivors series television the on appeared He . "" Dearden Jimmy "" character as Dead the Waking series television the of 2008 May in "" Wounds "" arc episode part @-@ two a on starred guest Boulter . "" Tammi with off it hits who ... brother quiet "" the as "" Josh "" character with along tags who , Punch Donkey in "" Sean "" named character a portrayed Boulter . Blackburn Olly by directed Punch Donkey and , Paris filmmaker by Robbery Daylight , 2008 in films two in starred Boulter "," Boulter starred in two films in 2008 , Daylight Robbery by filmmaker Paris , and Donkey Punch directed by Olly Blackburn . Boulter portrayed a character named "" Sean "" in Donkey Punch , who tags along with character "" Josh "" as the "" quiet brother ... who hits it off with Tammi "" . Boulter guest starred on a two @-@ part episode arc "" Wounds "" in May 2008 of the television series Waking the Dead as character "" Jimmy Dearden "" . He appeared on the television series Survivors as "" Neil "" in November 2008 . He had a recurring role in ten episodes of the television series Casualty in 2010 , as "" Kieron Fletcher "" . He portrayed an emergency physician applying for a medical fellowship . He commented on the inherent difficulties in portraying a physician on television : "" Playing a doctor is a strange experience . Pretending you know what you 're talking about when you don 't is very bizarre but there are advisers on set who are fantastic at taking you through procedures and giving you the confidence to stand there and look like you know what you 're doing . "" Boulter starred in the 2011 film Mercenaries directed by Paris . " " . unrest constant almost of time a were years 15 last his and , 755 of Rebellion Lushan An the by devastated was , country whole the like , life His . accommodations necessary the make to unable proved he but , servant civil successful a as country his serve to was ambition greatest His . poets Chinese the of greatest the called frequently is he , ) Po Li ( Bai Li with Along . dynasty Tang the of poet Chinese prominent a was ) 770 – 712 ; : Chinese ; Fu Tu : Giles – Wade ( Fu Du "," Du Fu ( Wade – Giles : Tu Fu ; Chinese : ; 712 – 770 ) was a prominent Chinese poet of the Tang dynasty . Along with Li Bai ( Li Po ) , he is frequently called the greatest of the Chinese poets . His greatest ambition was to serve his country as a successful civil servant , but he proved unable to make the necessary accommodations . His life , like the whole country , was devastated by the An Lushan Rebellion of 755 , and his last 15 years were a time of almost constant unrest . " " . "" Baudelaire or Hugo , Béranger , Wordsworth , Burns , Milton , Shakespeare , Ovid , Horace , Virgil Chinese the "" as readers Western to introduced be to him allowed has work his of range the while , critics Chinese by "" Sage @-@ Poet "" the and "" Historian @-@ Poet "" the called been has He . ages the over preserved been have poems hundred fifteen nearly , writing poetic his Of . culture literary Japanese and Chinese both in influential hugely be to came works his , writers other to known @-@ little was he initially Although "," Although initially he was little @-@ known to other writers , his works came to be hugely influential in both Chinese and Japanese literary culture . Of his poetic writing , nearly fifteen hundred poems have been preserved over the ages . He has been called the "" Poet @-@ Historian "" and the "" Poet @-@ Sage "" by Chinese critics , while the range of his work has allowed him to be introduced to Western readers as "" the Chinese Virgil , Horace , Ovid , Shakespeare , Milton , Burns , Wordsworth , Béranger , Hugo or Baudelaire "" . " " . poets limited more for used categorizations "" reductive "" the than rather , life whole his of consideration required work 's poet the of variety the that arguing , Fu Du to particular factor third a suggests Owen Stephen . "" altogether it understand to fail or poem the misunderstand either we that be will result the and , incorrectly it imagine to are we liable more the , background the in circumstances the and place the , time the know we accurately less The "" , readers Western modern For . know to assumed be could contemporary informed an which but , relevant be might that context omitting , concise typically are poems Chinese that is , Hung William historian Chinese the by identified , reason Another . important particularly is practice this , history and morality feature poems 's Fu Du of many Since . "" morality and art between posits thought Chinese traditional that links close the "" to attributes Watson Burton which practice a , work a interpreting when author the of life the emphasized criticism literary Chinese Traditional "," Traditional Chinese literary criticism emphasized the life of the author when interpreting a work , a practice which Burton Watson attributes to "" the close links that traditional Chinese thought posits between art and morality "" . Since many of Du Fu 's poems feature morality and history , this practice is particularly important . Another reason , identified by the Chinese historian William Hung , is that Chinese poems are typically concise , omitting context that might be relevant , but which an informed contemporary could be assumed to know . For modern Western readers , "" The less accurately we know the time , the place and the circumstances in the background , the more liable we are to imagine it incorrectly , and the result will be that we either misunderstand the poem or fail to understand it altogether "" . Stephen Owen suggests a third factor particular to Du Fu , arguing that the variety of the poet 's work required consideration of his whole life , rather than the "" reductive "" categorizations used for more limited poets . " " . family Du the of hometown ancestral , 'an Chang of city capital the to belong to himself considered he , life later In . ) candidate favourite a is county Gong ( province Henan , Luoyang near was it that except , unknown is birthplace exact the ; 712 in born was Fu Du . Wu Empress of reign the during poet and politician noted a , Du was grandfather paternal His . poems his from comes life 's Fu Du of known is what of Most "," Most of what is known of Du Fu 's life comes from his poems . His paternal grandfather was Du , a noted politician and poet during the reign of Empress Wu . Du Fu was born in 712 ; the exact birthplace is unknown , except that it was near Luoyang , Henan province ( Gong county is a favourite candidate ) . In later life , he considered himself to belong to the capital city of Chang 'an , ancestral hometown of the Du family . " " . stepmother his mentions never he although , poems his in refers frequently he whom to , sister half one and brothers half three had also He . young died who , brother elder an had He . aunt his by raised partially was he and , born was he after shortly died mother 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's mother died shortly after he was born , and he was partially raised by his aunt . He had an elder brother , who died young . He also had three half brothers and one half sister , to whom he frequently refers in his poems , although he never mentions his stepmother . " " . lost been have these but , teens early his by poems creditable produced have to claimed later He . poetry and history , philosophy of classics Confucian the of memorisation and study : servant civil future a of education standard the on spent was youth his , official @-@ scholar minor a of son The "," The son of a minor scholar @-@ official , his youth was spent on the standard education of a future civil servant : study and memorisation of the Confucian classics of philosophy , history and poetry . He later claimed to have produced creditable poems by his early teens , but these have been lost . " " . Hebei and Shandong around time this , traveling to back went he , failure this After . blame to been have may capital the in connections cultivate to failure his suggests Chou while , obscure and dense too was time the at style prose his because failed probably he that concludes Hung . critics later of centuries of that and surprise his to , failed He . 'an Chang in likely , exam service civil the took he , year that In . 735 around , period this of end the from date to thought is , contest poetry a describing , poem surviving earliest his ; area Zhejiang / Jiangsu the in travelled he , 730s early the In "," In the early 730s , he travelled in the Jiangsu / Zhejiang area ; his earliest surviving poem , describing a poetry contest , is thought to date from the end of this period , around 735 . In that year , he took the civil service exam , likely in Chang 'an . He failed , to his surprise and that of centuries of later critics . Hung concludes that he probably failed because his prose style at the time was too dense and obscure , while Chou suggests his failure to cultivate connections in the capital may have been to blame . After this failure , he went back to traveling , this time around Shandong and Hebei . " " . affairs domestic in duties his fulfilling , area Luoyang the in living years four next the spent He . brothers half his of one of favour in privilege the up given have to thought is he but , rank 's father his of because service civil the enter to allowed been have would Fu Du . 740 around died father His "," His father died around 740 . Du Fu would have been allowed to enter the civil service because of his father 's rank , but he is thought to have given up the privilege in favour of one of his half brothers . He spent the next four years living in the Luoyang area , fulfilling his duties in domestic affairs . " " . 745 in , once only again met They . direction other the in one only but , poet younger the from Bai Li about or to poems twelve have We . star poetic a already was Bai Li while , younger the years some by was Fu Du . however , sided @-@ one somewhat was relationship The . exam service civil the in failure his after attracted was he which to life scholar @-@ poet reclusive the of example living a him gave it because "" development artistic 's Fu Du in element formative significant most the "" as this describes Young David . friendship a formed poets two the and , time first the for ) Po Li ( Bai Li met he , 744 of autumn the In "," In the autumn of 744 , he met Li Bai ( Li Po ) for the first time , and the two poets formed a friendship . David Young describes this as "" the most significant formative element in Du Fu 's artistic development "" because it gave him a living example of the reclusive poet @-@ scholar life to which he was attracted after his failure in the civil service exam . The relationship was somewhat one @-@ sided , however . Du Fu was by some years the younger , while Li Bai was already a poetic star . We have twelve poems to or about Li Bai from the younger poet , but only one in the other direction . They met again only once , in 745 . " " . region the in floods massive by about brought famine a of turmoil the to due family his move to forced was Fu Du that year that in was It . life his of rest the for him dogged which ailments of series a of first the , ) asthma probably ( problems lung have to began he 754 From . 755 in infancy in died sons the of one but — daughters two and sons three — children five had had couple the 757 by and , 752 around married He . 755 in again probably and 754 , 751 in directly emperor the petitioning instead , examinations the attempted again never He . ) rivals possible of emergence the prevent to order in apparently ( minister prime the by failed were candidates the all but , year following the during time second a exam service civil the took He . career official his resurrect to attempt an in capital the to moved he , 746 In "," In 746 , he moved to the capital in an attempt to resurrect his official career . He took the civil service exam a second time during the following year , but all the candidates were failed by the prime minister ( apparently in order to prevent the emergence of possible rivals ) . He never again attempted the examinations , instead petitioning the emperor directly in 751 , 754 and probably again in 755 . He married around 752 , and by 757 the couple had had five children — three sons and two daughters — but one of the sons died in infancy in 755 . From 754 he began to have lung problems ( probably asthma ) , the first of a series of ailments which dogged him for the rest of his life . It was in that year that Du Fu was forced to move his family due to the turmoil of a famine brought about by massive floods in the region . " " . events by away swept was position the , however , work begun had he before Even . career official an of start the least at been have would it times normal in , post minor a was this Although . Palace 's Prince Crown the of office 's Commandant Right the of Registrar as appointment an received he , 755 In "," In 755 , he received an appointment as Registrar of the Right Commandant 's office of the Crown Prince 's Palace . Although this was a minor post , in normal times it would have been at least the start of an official career . Even before he had begun work , however , the position was swept away by events . " " : wrote Fu Du . misfortunes own his upon dwelling of instead poetry his in others of suffering the to turned he , child youngest his of death the of learned he when Even . "" poetry his of themes enduring the became these — campaigns various of progress the from feared or for hoped he what and , heard he what – strangers and , neighbors , family his of lives the — him around saw he What "" , that written has Chou Shan Even : poet a as Fu Du of making the was unhappiness of period This . displeasure imperial and famines associated , wars by unsettled life itinerant largely a led Fu Du , time this During . killed or displaced been having remainder the , million 9 @.@ 16 just counted census the , later years ten but , people million 9 @.@ 52 recorded 754 of census the : society Chinese to disruption enormous caused It . years eight almost for suppressed completely not was and , 755 December in began Rebellion Lushan An The "," The An Lushan Rebellion began in December 755 , and was not completely suppressed for almost eight years . It caused enormous disruption to Chinese society : the census of 754 recorded 52 @.@ 9 million people , but ten years later , the census counted just 16 @.@ 9 million , the remainder having been displaced or killed . During this time , Du Fu led a largely itinerant life unsettled by wars , associated famines and imperial displeasure . This period of unhappiness was the making of Du Fu as a poet : Even Shan Chou has written that , "" What he saw around him — the lives of his family , neighbors , and strangers – what he heard , and what he hoped for or feared from the progress of various campaigns — these became the enduring themes of his poetry "" . Even when he learned of the death of his youngest child , he turned to the suffering of others in his poetry instead of dwelling upon his own misfortunes . Du Fu wrote : " " . winds the by rattled be surely must man common the , suffering such know I even if , through lived have I what on Brooding "," Brooding on what I have lived through , if even I know such suffering , the common man must surely be rattled by the winds . " " . malaria contracted have to thought is Fu Du time this Around . born was , ) Bear Baby ( Du , son youngest his , autumn the In . 'an Chang to taken and rebels the by captured was he but , ) ( emperor new the of court the join to attempted and safety of place a to family his took , city the from away been had who , Fu Du . abdicate and capital the flee to forced was Xuanzong Emperor , 756 In "," In 756 , Emperor Xuanzong was forced to flee the capital and abdicate . Du Fu , who had been away from the city , took his family to a place of safety and attempted to join the court of the new emperor ( ) , but he was captured by the rebels and taken to Chang 'an . In the autumn , his youngest son , Du ( Baby Bear ) , was born . Around this time Du Fu is thought to have contracted malaria . " " : wrote he , poem one in : taste his to not was position The . in Education of Commissioner as post a to demoted was he 758 of summer the in and , unappreciated be to continued advice his , However . forces government by recapture its following emperor the with 'an Chang to returned he , 757 , 8 December on and court the rejoined soon he but , September in family his visit to leave granted was He . June in pardoned was but arrested was He . charge petty a on Guan Fang patron and friend his of removal the protesting by himself for trouble caused he : it of use make to try to him compelled conscientiousness 's Fu Du . ceremonial largely was but emperor the to access gave post This . 757 May in court the rejoined he when Reminder appointed was and , year following the 'an Chang from escaped He "," He escaped from Chang 'an the following year , and was appointed Reminder when he rejoined the court in May 757 . This post gave access to the emperor but was largely ceremonial . Du Fu 's conscientiousness compelled him to try to make use of it : he caused trouble for himself by protesting the removal of his friend and patron Fang Guan on a petty charge . He was arrested but was pardoned in June . He was granted leave to visit his family in September , but he soon rejoined the court and on December 8 , 757 , he returned to Chang 'an with the emperor following its recapture by government forces . However , his advice continued to be unappreciated , and in the summer of 758 he was demoted to a post as Commissioner of Education in . The position was not to his taste : in one poem , he wrote : " " . desk my on higher pile to papers more bring they when Especially / office the in madly scream to about am I "," I am about to scream madly in the office / Especially when they bring more papers to pile higher on my desk . " " . poems sixty than more wrote he where , ) province Gansu , Tianshui now ( in weeks six around spent next He . reason likely more a is frustration that believes Hung but , famine to ascribed been traditionally has this ; 759 of summer the in on moved He "," He moved on in the summer of 759 ; this has traditionally been ascribed to famine , but Hung believes that frustration is a more likely reason . He next spent around six weeks in ( now Tianshui , Gansu province ) , where he wrote more than sixty poems . " " . Empire Tibetan the against campaigns in involved was who , Yan to advisor an appointed was he when 764 summer in returned he but , rebellion a escape to city the left he , 762 In . "" hut thatched "" at life his of depictions peaceful are period this from poems 's Du of Many . life his of periods peaceful most and happiest the of one was this , problems financial his Despite . Chengdu at general governor appointed was who colleague former and friend a , Wu Yan by relieved was He . acquaintances various to help begging poems sent and , trouble financial in was he year that of autumn the By . years five next the of most for Sichuan in himself based subsequently Du . Di Pei poet fellow and Prefect local by hosted was he where , ) province Sichuan ( Chengdu for 24 December on departed He . ) Gansu modern ( in stayed briefly he , 759 December In "," In December 759 , he briefly stayed in ( modern Gansu ) . He departed on December 24 for Chengdu ( Sichuan province ) , where he was hosted by local Prefect and fellow poet Pei Di . Du subsequently based himself in Sichuan for most of the next five years . By the autumn of that year he was in financial trouble , and sent poems begging help to various acquaintances . He was relieved by Yan Wu , a friend and former colleague who was appointed governor general at Chengdu . Despite his financial problems , this was one of the happiest and most peaceful periods of his life . Many of Du 's poems from this period are peaceful depictions of his life at "" thatched hut "" . In 762 , he left the city to escape a rebellion , but he returned in summer 764 when he was appointed an advisor to Yan , who was involved in campaigns against the Tibetan Empire . " " . secretary unofficial his as him employed and financially Fu Du supported he : region the of governor became Bo , 766 autumn In . style late , dense his in poems 400 wrote he here and , flowering poetic great last 's Fu Du was period This . 766 spring late from years two almost for Gorges Three the to entrance the at ) Chongqing , now is what in ( in stayed They . ) ailments previous his to addition in age old general and deafness , eyesight poor from suffering was he time this by ( health @-@ ill his by up held , slowly traveled They . there way their making of intention the with apparently , Yangtze the down sailed family his and Fu Du 765 of spring the in and , 762 of winter the in forces government by recovered was , birthplace his of region the , Luoyang "," Luoyang , the region of his birthplace , was recovered by government forces in the winter of 762 , and in the spring of 765 Du Fu and his family sailed down the Yangtze , apparently with the intention of making their way there . They traveled slowly , held up by his ill @-@ health ( by this time he was suffering from poor eyesight , deafness and general old age in addition to his previous ailments ) . They stayed in ( in what is now , Chongqing ) at the entrance to the Three Gorges for almost two years from late spring 766 . This period was Du Fu 's last great poetic flowering , and here he wrote 400 poems in his dense , late style . In autumn 766 , Bo became governor of the region : he supported Du Fu financially and employed him as his unofficial secretary . " " . 813 in Zhen Yuan from poet the for inscription grave a requested who grandson a is descendant known last His . least at years some for area the in remained who , sons two and wife his by survived was He . year 58th his in , 770 December or November in ) Changsha now ( in died he where , province Hunan as far as got and again journey his began he , 768 March In "," In March 768 , he began his journey again and got as far as Hunan province , where he died in ( now Changsha ) in November or December 770 , in his 58th year . He was survived by his wife and two sons , who remained in the area for some years at least . His last known descendant is a grandson who requested a grave inscription for the poet from Yuan Zhen in 813 . " " "" . subject patriotic a and , official dutiful a , friend loyal a , husband faithful a , brother generous a , father affectionate an , son filial a be to appeared He "" , that concluding by life his summarises Hung "," Hung summarises his life by concluding that , "" He appeared to be a filial son , an affectionate father , a generous brother , a faithful husband , a loyal friend , a dutiful official , and a patriotic subject . "" " " : provinces the to transferred frequently being officials to due often was which , friends between parting long a of theme the featured it Tang the in poems other many Like . ) : Chinese ( Wei Friend Retired My To , works later 's Fu Du of one of example an is Below "," Below is an example of one of Du Fu 's later works , To My Retired Friend Wei ( Chinese : ) . Like many other poems in the Tang it featured the theme of a long parting between friends , which was often due to officials being frequently transferred to the provinces : " " . excellence technical his and , engagement moral his , history of sense strong his on focused has works 's Fu Du of Criticism "," Criticism of Du Fu 's works has focused on his strong sense of history , his moral engagement , and his technical excellence . " " . "" era the of histories compiled officially the in found seldom kind a of "" information is this , notes Watson As . China of people ordinary the on and , himself on lived he which in times the of effect the about wrote he , Indirectly . emperor the to wrote he which advice of poems the or , government the of failures and successes the or tactics military on commenting those are poems his of historical directly most The . ) ( "" historian poet "" the Fu Du called have critics , dynasty Song the Since "," Since the Song dynasty , critics have called Du Fu the "" poet historian "" ( ) . The most directly historical of his poems are those commenting on military tactics or the successes and failures of the government , or the poems of advice which he wrote to the emperor . Indirectly , he wrote about the effect of the times in which he lived on himself , and on the ordinary people of China . As Watson notes , this is information "" of a kind seldom found in the officially compiled histories of the era "" . " " . history poetic Chinese of figure central the as installation his enabled truisms expressed forcefully his , with disagree to impossible were views his Since . "" do to supposed are we what do all us let , selfish less be all us Let "" , as paraphrased been have prescriptions his : calculation than rather emotion on based are comments political 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's political comments are based on emotion rather than calculation : his prescriptions have been paraphrased as , "" Let us all be less selfish , let us all do what we are supposed to do "" . Since his views were impossible to disagree with , his forcefully expressed truisms enabled his installation as the central figure of Chinese poetic history . " " . life his throughout Fu Du by produced civilians and soldiers both of lives the on poems in articulated continuously are concerns These . suffering of consciousness sighted @-@ clear a and army imperial the in soldier conscript a of sufferings the to voice gives , ) 750 around from ( Wagons the of Song The , works surviving earliest the of One . Confucius , sage philosophical the to counterpart a , ) ( "" sage poet "" of that is critics Chinese of epithet favourite second A "," A second favourite epithet of Chinese critics is that of "" poet sage "" ( ) , a counterpart to the philosophical sage , Confucius . One of the earliest surviving works , The Song of the Wagons ( from around 750 ) , gives voice to the sufferings of a conscript soldier in the imperial army and a clear @-@ sighted consciousness of suffering . These concerns are continuously articulated in poems on the lives of both soldiers and civilians produced by Du Fu throughout his life . " " . "" triviality comical slightly own his "" to it comparing by picture wider the to "" grandeur lends "" therefore He . "" afterthought an as almost and objectively quite viewed , himself includes fact in compassion famous "" his that argues Hawkes , solipsism consuming @-@ all an of impression the give can difficulties own his to references frequent 's Fu Du Although "," Although Du Fu 's frequent references to his own difficulties can give the impression of an all @-@ consuming solipsism , Hawkes argues that his "" famous compassion in fact includes himself , viewed quite objectively and almost as an afterthought "" . He therefore "" lends grandeur "" to the wider picture by comparing it to "" his own slightly comical triviality "" . " " . poems other and , animals , paintings , calligraphy , life domestic as such subjects on extensively wrote Du , "" poetry is world this in everything "" , Fu Du for that wrote Jie Zhang . treatment poetic for unsuitable considered been previously had which topics to works many devoted he : poetry of scope the of broadening general his of part was , others for and himself for , compassion 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's compassion , for himself and for others , was part of his general broadening of the scope of poetry : he devoted many works to topics which had previously been considered unsuitable for poetic treatment . Zhang Jie wrote that for Du Fu , "" everything in this world is poetry "" , Du wrote extensively on subjects such as domestic life , calligraphy , paintings , animals , and other poems . " " . day present the to persisted has that controversy a ignited Gan Han of paintings horse prized the on commentary negative seemingly 's Fu Du . poet Tang other any than more , alone painting on poems eighteen wrote He . time his of writer other any than painting and poetics on more written having for noted is Fu Du . work her in tool analytical major the as "" juxtaposition "" term the uses Chou while , situation a of facets different represent to poet the enable which poems in "" shifts thematic and stylistic rapid "" , the identifies Owen : works individual within even manifested is variety This . literary consciously @-@ self and allusive the to colloquial and direct the from , registers of range wide a use poems his , Furthermore . "" examples outstanding contributed or advances outstanding made either "" he form every in that says Chou : poetry Chinese of forms the all mastered He . "" singly only displayed had men previous which traits work his in united "" , predecessor his that 813 in writing , achievement 's Fu Du of breadth the note to first the was Zhen Yuan . Confucius of description ' Mencius to reference a , ) "" symphony complete "" ( term the used traditionally critics Chinese . range its for all above notable is work 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's work is notable above all for its range . Chinese critics traditionally used the term ( "" complete symphony "" ) , a reference to Mencius ' description of Confucius . Yuan Zhen was the first to note the breadth of Du Fu 's achievement , writing in 813 that his predecessor , "" united in his work traits which previous men had displayed only singly "" . He mastered all the forms of Chinese poetry : Chou says that in every form he "" either made outstanding advances or contributed outstanding examples "" . Furthermore , his poems use a wide range of registers , from the direct and colloquial to the allusive and self @-@ consciously literary . This variety is manifested even within individual works : Owen identifies the , "" rapid stylistic and thematic shifts "" in poems which enable the poet to represent different facets of a situation , while Chou uses the term "" juxtaposition "" as the major analytical tool in her work . Du Fu is noted for having written more on poetics and painting than any other writer of his time . He wrote eighteen poems on painting alone , more than any other Tang poet . Du Fu 's seemingly negative commentary on the prized horse paintings of Han Gan ignited a controversy that has persisted to the present day . " " . "" vision of power and density "" a have period late the from poems the while ; "" observed finely often , light "" are period Chengdu his from works the ; landscape desert the mirrors which , poems the of "" simplicity grim "" the on comments Owen . rebellion the of years the in own his into came he but , style courtly , derivative relatively a in are works earliest his : ) Watson to according "" like @-@ chameleon "" ( surroundings his to adapted and style his developed he as changed work his of tenor The "," The tenor of his work changed as he developed his style and adapted to his surroundings ( "" chameleon @-@ like "" according to Watson ) : his earliest works are in a relatively derivative , courtly style , but he came into his own in the years of the rebellion . Owen comments on the "" grim simplicity "" of the poems , which mirrors the desert landscape ; the works from his Chengdu period are "" light , often finely observed "" ; while the poems from the late period have a "" density and power of vision "" . " " : example for , content and form on constraints strict with poem of type a , his for known best is Fu Du , forms poetic all in wrote he Although "," Although he wrote in all poetic forms , Du Fu is best known for his , a type of poem with strict constraints on form and content , for example : " " . "" manner a natural so in form a stylized immensely so use to able is Fu Tu that amazing is it "" , that comments Hawkes . restrictions technical mere as than rather content expressive add to form the by required the use best His . exponent leading its be to considered generally is he and , form this in are works extant 1500 's Fu Du of thirds two About "," About two thirds of Du Fu 's 1500 extant works are in this form , and he is generally considered to be its leading exponent . His best use the required by the form to add expressive content rather than as mere technical restrictions . Hawkes comments that , "" it is amazing that Tu Fu is able to use so immensely stylized a form in so natural a manner "" . " " "" . reveal ever can translation no that qualities , word individual the of potentials the all of and phrase a of overtones connotative the all of use makes language compressed , dense his "" states it and , time all of greatest the among be to critics literary many by considered are writings 's Fu Du , Britannica Encyclopædia the to According "," According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , Du Fu 's writings are considered by many literary critics to be among the greatest of all time , and it states "" his dense , compressed language makes use of all the connotative overtones of a phrase and of all the potentials of the individual word , qualities that no translation can ever reveal . "" " " . poetry of anthologies contemporary in represented poorly also is Fu Du . ideals moral or poetic of paragon a as not but , affection of terms in him describe these and — writers six from poems eleven only — him to references contemporary few are There "" . critics Chinese by bizarre and daring extremely considered "" still are which of some , innovations formal and stylistic his to attributed be can this part In . appreciated greatly not was Fu Du , death his following immediately and lifetime his In "," In his lifetime and immediately following his death , Du Fu was not greatly appreciated . In part this can be attributed to his stylistic and formal innovations , some of which are still "" considered extremely daring and bizarre by Chinese critics . "" There are few contemporary references to him — only eleven poems from six writers — and these describe him in terms of affection , but not as a paragon of poetic or moral ideals . Du Fu is also poorly represented in contemporary anthologies of poetry . " " . Sichuan in cottage thatched his of replica first the constructed Zhuang Wei , century 10th the of beginning the By . work poetic own their in Fu Du of influence the showed writers these Both . them against made attacks from grounds aesthetic on Bai Li and Fu Du defending piece a wrote who , Yu Han from and , ) poems the of fraction small a only in these found he although ( works 's Fu Du of some of sentiments moral the praised who , Juyi Bai from came comments positive Early . century ninth the in popularity in increase to began works his and , "" time with grew influence whose poet Chinese only the is "" he , notes Hung as , However "," However , as Hung notes , he "" is the only Chinese poet whose influence grew with time "" , and his works began to increase in popularity in the ninth century . Early positive comments came from Bai Juyi , who praised the moral sentiments of some of Du Fu 's works ( although he found these in only a small fraction of the poems ) , and from Han Yu , who wrote a piece defending Du Fu and Li Bai on aesthetic grounds from attacks made against them . Both these writers showed the influence of Du Fu in their own poetic work . By the beginning of the 10th century , Wei Zhuang constructed the first replica of his thatched cottage in Sichuan . " " . "" language 's people "" , simple of use his for praised been has he and , socialism and nationalism embryonic as interpreted been have poor the for concern and state the to loyalty 's Fu Du , China of Republic 's People the of establishment the Since . innovations his by inspired were radicals literary while , mastery technical his to look could conservatives Literary . poor the for concern his embraced radicals political while , order established the to loyalty his by attracted were conservatives political : opposites apparent reconcile to ability his by helped was influence His . "" sovereign his forgot meal a of space the for never he , vicissitudes his all through ... because ... preeminent "" was Fu Du that wrote he when reasoning this expressed famously Shi Su . position paramount the occupied , exemplar poetic its as , Fu Du that ensured Confucianism @-@ Neo of development the , time same the At . culture Chinese of strands Confucian and Daoist , Buddhist the respectively representing as regarded be to came Fu Du and Bai Li , Wei Wang which in , place took poets earlier of evaluation @-@ re comprehensive a period this In . peak its reached reputation 's Fu Du that era Song Northern the during , century 11th the in was It "," It was in the 11th century , during the Northern Song era that Du Fu 's reputation reached its peak . In this period a comprehensive re @-@ evaluation of earlier poets took place , in which Wang Wei , Li Bai and Du Fu came to be regarded as representing respectively the Buddhist , Daoist and Confucian strands of Chinese culture . At the same time , the development of Neo @-@ Confucianism ensured that Du Fu , as its poetic exemplar , occupied the paramount position . Su Shi famously expressed this reasoning when he wrote that Du Fu was "" preeminent ... because ... through all his vicissitudes , he never for the space of a meal forgot his sovereign "" . His influence was helped by his ability to reconcile apparent opposites : political conservatives were attracted by his loyalty to the established order , while political radicals embraced his concern for the poor . Literary conservatives could look to his technical mastery , while literary radicals were inspired by his innovations . Since the establishment of the People 's Republic of China , Du Fu 's loyalty to the state and concern for the poor have been interpreted as embryonic nationalism and socialism , and he has been praised for his use of simple , "" people 's language "" . " " . genre the in writer subsequent every for stage the set "" utterance poetic serious for vehicle a "" into play word mere from the transforming in work 's Fu Du , broadly More . examples few a are quotidian the on reflections 's Mei and , patriotism 's You Lu , poor the for concern 's Juyi Bai : work his of aspects specific of traditions the in followed poets individual , Fu Du another never was there While . him by influenced be to not poet Chinese any for hard was it : England in Shakespeare of that as influence his measure to hard as is it that extent an such to grew popularity 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's popularity grew to such an extent that it is as hard to measure his influence as that of Shakespeare in England : it was hard for any Chinese poet not to be influenced by him . While there was never another Du Fu , individual poets followed in the traditions of specific aspects of his work : Bai Juyi 's concern for the poor , Lu You 's patriotism , and Mei 's reflections on the quotidian are a few examples . More broadly , Du Fu 's work in transforming the from mere word play into "" a vehicle for serious poetic utterance "" set the stage for every subsequent writer in the genre . " " . "" organism perceiving a as and agent moral a as , man better a me made has he "" , that commented and , "" language any in survived has who poet dramatic @-@ non , epic @-@ non greatest the "" as him described has who , Rexroth Kenneth of poet favourite the was he , century 20th the In "," In the 20th century , he was the favourite poet of Kenneth Rexroth , who has described him as "" the greatest non @-@ epic , non @-@ dramatic poet who has survived in any language "" , and commented that , "" he has made me a better man , as a moral agent and as a perceiving organism "" . " " . Fu Du with synonymous mostly is ) , ( Poetry of Saint term the , Japanese modern in Even . poets haiku all of greatest very the , Bashō Matsuo including , period Edo the in poets and scholars on and period Muromachi the from literature the on especially , literature Japanese on impact profound a made has poetry 's Fu Du "," Du Fu 's poetry has made a profound impact on Japanese literature , especially on the literature from the Muromachi period and on scholars and poets in the Edo period , including Matsuo Bashō , the very greatest of all haiku poets . Even in modern Japanese , the term Saint of Poetry ( , ) is mostly synonymous with Du Fu . " " . Shunkan and , Bashō , as such plays noh some and , century 14th late the in epic historical a , , e.g. , period Muromachi the in literature Japanese in cited often was poetry his result a as and , society aristocratic the in and temples Zen in both poetry 's Fu Du on seminars many been had there , then Since "" . not do if No . capability enough have do you if Yes "" , reply to dared "" ? Bai Li and Fu Du of poetry the learn I Should "" , asked , poetry renga of authority highest the and Court the of regent the , Yoshimoto Nijō day one ; world mundane the in poetry 's Fu Du propagated and Shogunate Ashikaga and Court the with connection close had student 's . prefaces their in "" Fu Du by influenced "" stated clearly were which many composed student His . of 11 . Vol in priest Zen a of perspective the from Fu Du of poems some on commentary a made and Fu Du praised highly he ; Mountains Five the of literature the of authors prominent most the of one and patriarch Zen a , ) 1346 – 1278 ( was poetry 's Fu Du of Japanese notable first The . century 9th the in Bunka as such anthologies ) "" poets Japanese by made poetry Chinese "" ( some in seen be can influence his although , Fu Du to references few were there and poets all above Juyi Bai preferred Japanese the , century 13th the Until "," Until the 13th century , the Japanese preferred Bai Juyi above all poets and there were few references to Du Fu , although his influence can be seen in some ( "" Chinese poetry made by Japanese poets "" ) anthologies such as Bunka in the 9th century . The first notable Japanese of Du Fu 's poetry was ( 1278 – 1346 ) , a Zen patriarch and one of the most prominent authors of the literature of the Five Mountains ; he highly praised Du Fu and made a commentary on some poems of Du Fu from the perspective of a Zen priest in Vol . 11 of . His student composed many which were clearly stated "" influenced by Du Fu "" in their prefaces . 's student had close connection with the Court and Ashikaga Shogunate and propagated Du Fu 's poetry in the mundane world ; one day Nijō Yoshimoto , the regent of the Court and the highest authority of renga poetry , asked , "" Should I learn the poetry of Du Fu and Li Bai ? "" dared to reply , "" Yes if you do have enough capability . No if do not . "" Since then , there had been many seminars on Du Fu 's poetry both in Zen temples and in the aristocratic society , and as a result his poetry was often cited in Japanese literature in the Muromachi period , e.g. , , a historical epic in the late 14th century , and some noh plays such as , Bashō , and Shunkan . " " . around carry to able was he which items precious few a of one as him with found was poetry 's Fu Du of copy a , travel long a during Osaka in died he when that said is It . themes and wording similar have haiku other his of many also and introduction its as haiku a before ) ( View Spring A of lines two first the cites he , masterpiece his , Hosomichi no Oku in ; Fu Du by influenced strongly also was , poet haiku greatest the , Bashō Matsuo . unfathomable too were Dynasty Yuan the during commentaries old criticized he while , readability and simplicity its for commentary 's praised and history in poet best very the was ] Fu Du [ that of 37 . Vol in commented , scholar Confucian notable a , Hayashi , instance for ; poets all of highest the as fame 's Fu Du established commentary The . class ) townspeople ( and scholars Confucian in popularity explosive gained it and , Japan into imported was ) , ( 's Fu Du on Commentary Collective 's Dynasty Ming the of ) ( , ) 1643 – 1624 ( period Edo the of era 'ei Kan the During "," During the Kan 'ei era of the Edo period ( 1624 – 1643 ) , ( ) of the Ming Dynasty 's Collective Commentary on Du Fu 's ( , ) was imported into Japan , and it gained explosive popularity in Confucian scholars and ( townspeople ) class . The commentary established Du Fu 's fame as the highest of all poets ; for instance , Hayashi , a notable Confucian scholar , commented in Vol . 37 of that [ Du Fu ] was the very best poet in history and praised 's commentary for its simplicity and readability , while he criticized old commentaries during the Yuan Dynasty were too unfathomable . Matsuo Bashō , the greatest haiku poet , was also strongly influenced by Du Fu ; in Oku no Hosomichi , his masterpiece , he cites the first two lines of A Spring View ( ) before a haiku as its introduction and also many of his other haiku have similar wording and themes . It is said that when he died in Osaka during a long travel , a copy of Du Fu 's poetry was found with him as one of a few precious items which he was able to carry around . " " . select does he which works those in references the "" out translate "" to secondly and , selection his from poems these of most omit to firstly are allusions the to responses his ; content the of contraction and expansion and through the conceal to seek which , translations free are His . Chinese the From Poems Hundred One 's Rexroth Kenneth by represented is issue each on extreme One . ) ix p. — "" translation in well very through come rule a as not do poems his "" that writes Hawkes ( works later the in particularly contained allusions complex the accommodating and , ) or , verse regulated translating when particularly ( ear Western a to laboured sounding without original the of constraints formal the out bringing with contend to had have translators The . ) p. ( "" possible as translations different many as need we why is which , Fu Du translating in involved problems the approach to ways different many are There "" , Fu Du of Poems Selected The in remarks Watson Burton As . English into work 's Fu Du translate to efforts in used been have styles of variety A "," A variety of styles have been used in efforts to translate Du Fu 's work into English . As Burton Watson remarks in The Selected Poems of Du Fu , "" There are many different ways to approach the problems involved in translating Du Fu , which is why we need as many different translations as possible "" ( p. ) . The translators have had to contend with bringing out the formal constraints of the original without sounding laboured to a Western ear ( particularly when translating regulated verse , or ) , and accommodating the complex allusions contained particularly in the later works ( Hawkes writes that "" his poems do not as a rule come through very well in translation "" — p. ix ) . One extreme on each issue is represented by Kenneth Rexroth 's One Hundred Poems From the Chinese . His are free translations , which seek to conceal the through and expansion and contraction of the content ; his responses to the allusions are firstly to omit most of these poems from his selection , and secondly to "" translate out "" the references in those works which he does select . " " . annotation extensive with translation literal combining by works later the of allusion the with deals he , Similarly . versa vice than rather poems the to adapt to reader western the persuading , strictly quite the follows Watson Burton , Fu Du of Poems Selected The In . parallelism of degree some preserve and lines stopped @-@ end use both ; scheme rhyme Chinese the approximates Moon the Facing in Holyoak Keith whereas , schemes rhyme style @-@ English uses Poets Chinese Three in Seth Vikram . Fu Du by used forms poetic the of sense a convey to trying on weight greater much placed have translators Other "," Other translators have placed much greater weight on trying to convey a sense of the poetic forms used by Du Fu . Vikram Seth in Three Chinese Poets uses English @-@ style rhyme schemes , whereas Keith Holyoak in Facing the Moon approximates the Chinese rhyme scheme ; both use end @-@ stopped lines and preserve some degree of parallelism . In The Selected Poems of Du Fu , Burton Watson follows the quite strictly , persuading the western reader to adapt to the poems rather than vice versa . Similarly , he deals with the allusion of the later works by combining literal translation with extensive annotation . " " . emphasized which , apparatus scholarly extensive with , volumes six in Fu Du of poetry complete the of , texts Chinese facing with , translations published Owen Stephen , 2015 In "," In 2015 , Stephen Owen published translations , with facing Chinese texts , of the complete poetry of Du Fu in six volumes , with extensive scholarly apparatus , which emphasized . " " . Home Me Take on track out @-@ stand a it calling , production its for song the praised Critics . other significant a with infatuation 's protagonist a detail lyrics the ; effects electronic with song pop power upbeat an is "" You Kiss "" . Yacoub Rami and Falk Carl , producers its and Shellback , Kotecha Savan , Albin , Lundin Kristian , Kristoffer by composed was song The . 2013 January 7 on single overall third the and Germany in single second 's record the as released was It . ) 2012 ( Home Me Take , album studio second their for Direction One band boy Irish @-@ English by recorded song a is "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" is a song recorded by English @-@ Irish boy band One Direction for their second studio album , Take Me Home ( 2012 ) . It was released as the record 's second single in Germany and the third overall single on 7 January 2013 . The song was composed by Kristoffer , Kristian Lundin , Albin , Savan Kotecha , Shellback and its producers , Carl Falk and Rami Yacoub . "" Kiss You "" is an upbeat power pop song with electronic effects ; the lyrics detail a protagonist 's infatuation with a significant other . Critics praised the song for its production , calling it a stand @-@ out track on Take Me Home . " " . ) 2015 ( Tour Again Road the On and ) 2014 ( Tour Are We Where , ) 2013 ( Tour Home Me Take : tours concert major 3 and Factor X The of versions US and UK the both on "" You Kiss "" performed Direction One . copies 000 @,@ 500 of shipments for ) RIAA ( America of Association Industry Recording the by gold certified been has and 100 Hot Billboard US the on 46 number at peaked single The . Netherlands the and , Zealand New , France , Denmark , Canada , Australia in as well as , ) Wallonia and Flanders ( territories Belgian both in positions forty @-@ top attaining while , Kingdom United the and Ireland in hit ten @-@ top sixth 's group the became track The "," The track became the group 's sixth top @-@ ten hit in Ireland and the United Kingdom , while attaining top @-@ forty positions in both Belgian territories ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , as well as in Australia , Canada , Denmark , France , New Zealand , and the Netherlands . The single peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and has been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . One Direction performed "" Kiss You "" on both the UK and US versions of The X Factor and 3 major concert tours : Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) , Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) and On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) . " " . nature jubilant , carefree its appreciated who , reviewers from commentary positive and period hour @-@ 24 a in views million 4 @.@ 10 received video music The . "" Land Mein "" 's Rammstein and "" Rock Jailhouse "" 's Presley Elvis , "" Girl Surfer "" ' Boys Beach the as such songs of videos music iconic of reminiscent sequences include which , screen green a via scenes various shooting band the depicts clip The . videos music other two on group the with worked previously had who , Arnell Vaughan by directed was , timing comedic 's group the display to designed , video music accompanying An "," An accompanying music video , designed to display the group 's comedic timing , was directed by Vaughan Arnell , who had previously worked with the group on two other music videos . The clip depicts the band shooting various scenes via a green screen , which include sequences reminiscent of iconic music videos of songs such as the Beach Boys ' "" Surfer Girl "" , Elvis Presley 's "" Jailhouse Rock "" and Rammstein 's "" Mein Land "" . The music video received 10 @.@ 4 million views in a 24 @-@ hour period and positive commentary from reviewers , who appreciated its carefree , jubilant nature . " " . 46 ! Music Call I What 's That Now of edition US the on track main final the is it , Additionally . version demo the on available songs select the of one also is and , 2014 Dance Just game dancing the in included was song The "," The song was included in the dancing game Just Dance 2014 , and is also one of the select songs available on the demo version . Additionally , it is the final main track on the US edition of Now That 's What I Call Music ! 46 . " " . Lundin and Martin Max included that candidates on working was Records Syco that reported article the , addition In "" . music the on personalities their get to important 's It "" , said Falk . album second 's Direction One on space for compete to songwriters prominent challenged had , manager 's group the , Cowell Simon that reported Independent The , 2012 April In . "" Young 're We While Live "" and , "" Thing One "" , "" Beautiful You Makes What "" , singles hit previous 's Direction One composed collaboratively had Yacoub and , Kotecha , Falk . Yacoub Rami and Falk Carl , producers its and , Shellback , Kotecha Savan , Albin , Lundin Kristian , Kristoffer by written was "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" was written by Kristoffer , Kristian Lundin , Albin , Savan Kotecha , Shellback , and its producers , Carl Falk and Rami Yacoub . Falk , Kotecha , and Yacoub had collaboratively composed One Direction 's previous hit singles , "" What Makes You Beautiful "" , "" One Thing "" , and "" Live While We 're Young "" . In April 2012 , The Independent reported that Simon Cowell , the group 's manager , had challenged prominent songwriters to compete for space on One Direction 's second album . Falk said , "" It 's important to get their personalities on the music . "" In addition , the article reported that Syco Records was working on candidates that included Max Martin and Lundin . " " . Germany in single second 's record the as , 2013 February 8 on Entertainment Music Sony by released was , however , track The . stations radio US to promoted officially been not had song the , 2013 January 18 By . 2012 November 17 on States United the in digitally released was number the , article News MTV a to According . "" ' song this love we , Yeah ' , like were we and to listened we that one first the 's that , album the With "" : saying as quoted was Payne . US the in single second 's album the as "" You Kiss "" chose they why explained , News MTV with interview 2012 November a in , member group a , Payne Liam . Home Me Take , album studio second their from international third and single US second the as chosen was "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" was chosen as the second US single and third international from their second studio album , Take Me Home . Liam Payne , a group member , in a November 2012 interview with MTV News , explained why they chose "" Kiss You "" as the album 's second single in the US . Payne was quoted as saying : "" With the album , that 's the first one that we listened to and we were like , ' Yeah , we love this song ' "" . According to a MTV News article , the number was released digitally in the United States on 17 November 2012 . By 18 January 2013 , the song had not been officially promoted to US radio stations . The track , however , was released by Sony Music Entertainment on 8 February 2013 , as the record 's second single in Germany . " " "" . yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah say Baby / home me take wanna just you And / slow it take wanna t ’ don you If "" lines the in intercourse sexual for euphemisms incorporates and , other significant a with infatuation 's protagonist the regards content lyrical The . "" hyper frenetically "" is track the that noted Allmusic from Collar Matt , Likewise . Publishing Music ATV / Sony by Musicnotes.com at published music sheet digital the to according , minute per beats 90 quick a at moves and time common in set is beat the , major E of key the in Written . vocals and lines piano , strings guitar includes Instrumentation . 6 ♯ C to E4 of note the from span song the in range vocal 's Direction One . melody tinged @-@ Motown a and , breakdown "" na na na "" a , hooks colossal , effects electronic features track The . ) seconds four , minutes 3 ( 04 : 3 of duration a for runs which song pop power upbeat , uptempo an is "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" is an uptempo , upbeat power pop song which runs for a duration of 3 : 04 ( 3 minutes , four seconds ) . The track features electronic effects , colossal hooks , a "" na na na "" breakdown , and a Motown @-@ tinged melody . One Direction 's vocal range in the song span from the note of E4 to C ♯ 6 . Instrumentation includes guitar strings , piano lines and vocals . Written in the key of E major , the beat is set in common time and moves at a quick 90 beats per minute , according to the digital sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing . Likewise , Matt Collar from Allmusic noted that the track is "" frenetically hyper "" . The lyrical content regards the protagonist 's infatuation with a significant other , and incorporates euphemisms for sexual intercourse in the lines "" If you don ’ t wanna take it slow / And you just wanna take me home / Baby say yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah , yeah . "" " " . chorus "" anthemic banging @-@ head "" its and falsetto 's group the lauding , "" song pop amazing "" an it deemed , 4Music from critic a , Younie Chris while "" , ditty infectious electronic , bouncy a "" as song the regarded , HitFix for writing , Newman Melinda . album parent its on track out @-@ stand a noticeably is "" You Kiss "" that wrote Idolator of Lansky Sam and , "" inducing @-@ butterflies "" as lyricism 's track the described News MTV for reviewer A . sonically it applauding , hit international an become to possibility 's song the noted Spy Digital of Copsey Robert . "" brain your from dislodge to hard "" as chorus 's track the commended Guardian The for Petridis Alexis . highlights 's album the of one as "" You Kiss "" described , melody the appreciated who , Billboard of Payne Chris and , effectiveness its praised who , Dolan Jon 's Stone Rolling Both . production of quality its on centred who , critics music contemporary by received well was "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" was well received by contemporary music critics , who centred on its quality of production . Both Rolling Stone 's Jon Dolan , who praised its effectiveness , and Chris Payne of Billboard , who appreciated the melody , described "" Kiss You "" as one of the album 's highlights . Alexis Petridis for The Guardian commended the track 's chorus as "" hard to dislodge from your brain "" . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy noted the song 's possibility to become an international hit , applauding it sonically . A reviewer for MTV News described the track 's lyricism as "" butterflies @-@ inducing "" , and Sam Lansky of Idolator wrote that "" Kiss You "" is noticeably a stand @-@ out track on its parent album . Melinda Newman , writing for HitFix , regarded the song as "" a bouncy , electronic infectious ditty , "" while Chris Younie , a critic from 4Music , deemed it an "" amazing pop song "" , lauding the group 's falsetto and its "" head @-@ banging anthemic "" chorus . " " . copies 000 @,@ 500 of shipments denoting , 2013 April 25 on ) RIAA ( America of Association Industry Recording the by gold certified was and 100 Hot the on 46 number at peaked ultimately single The . 2013 January 18 by US the in downloads digital 000 @,@ 207 sold had "" You Kiss "" . 65 number at 100 Hot the entered @-@ re song the , released was video music accompanying the After . 83 number at 100 Hot the entered @-@ re track the , 2012 December 30 ending week the on "" rush download year @-@ of @-@ end "" an of result a As . album parent its from sales download digital to due 100 Hot Billboard States United the on 90 number at debuted "" You Kiss "" , 2012 November 18 ending week the On . Kingdom United the in hit ten top sixth 's Direction One becoming , 2013 January 26 on Chart Singles UK the on nine number at peaked It . 2012 November 24 on Chart Singles UK the in 152 number at entered "" You Kiss "" . Ireland in appearance ten top sixth their marking , 2013 January 17 ending week the on seven number at peaked It . 2012 December 13 ending week the on 24 number at debut Chart Singles Irish its made single The "," The single made its Irish Singles Chart debut at number 24 on the week ending 13 December 2012 . It peaked at number seven on the week ending 17 January 2013 , marking their sixth top ten appearance in Ireland . "" Kiss You "" entered at number 152 in the UK Singles Chart on 24 November 2012 . It peaked at number nine on the UK Singles Chart on 26 January 2013 , becoming One Direction 's sixth top ten hit in the United Kingdom . On the week ending 18 November 2012 , "" Kiss You "" debuted at number 90 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 due to digital download sales from its parent album . As a result of an "" end @-@ of @-@ year download rush "" on the week ending 30 December 2012 , the track re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at number 83 . After the accompanying music video was released , the song re @-@ entered the Hot 100 at number 65 . "" Kiss You "" had sold 207 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the US by 18 January 2013 . The single ultimately peaked at number 46 on the Hot 100 and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on 25 April 2013 , denoting shipments of 500 @,@ 000 copies . " " . units 000 @,@ 20 of shipments collective signifying , associations Denmark and Norway IFPI the from certifications gold received "" You Kiss "" , addition In . Korea South and , Netherlands the , France , Denmark , Republic Czech the in as well as , ) Wallonia and Flanders ( territories Belgian both in 40 top the reached also track The . copies 500 @,@ 7 of sales indicating , ) RIANZ ( Zealand New of Association Industry Recording the from certification gold a received has "" You Kiss "" . Zealand New in appearance forty @-@ top sixth 's group the , weeks charting fourth and third its in 13 number at peaked It . 2013 January 11 on 17 number at Chart Singles Zealand New the entered track The . copies 000 @,@ 70 of shipments for ) ARIA ( Association Industry Recording Australian the by platinum certified been has song The . Australia in hit twenty top fourth 's group the and position peak its marking , 2013 January 27 on Chart Singles Australian the on 13 number at bowed single The . 30 number at peaking , 100 Hot Canadian the on hit forty @-@ top fourth 's Direction One became song The "," The song became One Direction 's fourth top @-@ forty hit on the Canadian Hot 100 , peaking at number 30 . The single bowed at number 13 on the Australian Singles Chart on 27 January 2013 , marking its peak position and the group 's fourth top twenty hit in Australia . The song has been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 70 @,@ 000 copies . The track entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 17 on 11 January 2013 . It peaked at number 13 in its third and fourth charting weeks , the group 's sixth top @-@ forty appearance in New Zealand . "" Kiss You "" has received a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , indicating sales of 7 @,@ 500 copies . The track also reached the top 40 in both Belgian territories ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , as well as in the Czech Republic , Denmark , France , the Netherlands , and South Korea . In addition , "" Kiss You "" received gold certifications from the IFPI Norway and Denmark associations , signifying collective shipments of 20 @,@ 000 units . " " . interview News MTV a in Arnell by noted as , "" romp of kind British a and vibe technicolor a "" incorporates video music the , cinema British and , Hollywood old , films surfing cult , Boys Beach the by Inspired . timing comedic 's group the showcase to designed was , "" Things Little "" and "" Young 're We While Live "" for videos music 's Direction One directed previously had who , Arnell Vaughan by directed , video music accompanying The "," The accompanying music video , directed by Vaughan Arnell , who had previously directed One Direction 's music videos for "" Live While We 're Young "" and "" Little Things "" , was designed to showcase the group 's comedic timing . Inspired by the Beach Boys , cult surfing films , old Hollywood , and British cinema , the music video incorporates "" a technicolor vibe and a British kind of romp "" , as noted by Arnell in a MTV News interview . " " . others among , "" Land Mein "" 's Rammstein and "" Hawaii Blue "" 's Presley Elvis , "" Girl Surfer "" ' Boys Beach The as such songs of videos music iconic the as well as , Bingo Blanket Beach and Rock Jailhouse , Thief a Catch To , Pacific South films the of reminiscent scenes features video The . jailers and skiers , surfers , sailors as dressed , screen green a via scenes different shooting band the depicts video music the , 2013 January 7 on Vevo on worldwide Premiering . Arnell by "" cheek @-@ in @-@ tongue all 's it , comedy ] 's it [ say 't wouldn I "" as and , Tomlinson Louis by "" stupidity pure "" as , Payne by "" work hard of lot a "" as , Malik Zayn by "" before done 've we anything than bigger "" as , interviews News MTV several in , characterised was video music the , 2012 November by Shot "," Shot by November 2012 , the music video was characterised , in several MTV News interviews , as "" bigger than anything we 've done before "" by Zayn Malik , as "" a lot of hard work "" by Payne , as "" pure stupidity "" by Louis Tomlinson , and as "" I wouldn 't say [ it 's ] comedy , it 's all tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek "" by Arnell . Premiering worldwide on Vevo on 7 January 2013 , the music video depicts the band shooting different scenes via a green screen , dressed as sailors , surfers , skiers and jailers . The video features scenes reminiscent of the films South Pacific , To Catch a Thief , Jailhouse Rock and Beach Blanket Bingo , as well as the iconic music videos of songs such as The Beach Boys ' "" Surfer Girl "" , Elvis Presley 's "" Blue Hawaii "" and Rammstein 's "" Mein Land "" , among others . " " . well as increase base fan overall their to contributed added followers Twitter 000 @,@ 191 . week the during likes Facebook in increase 000 @,@ 154 a to way gave reaction Facebook in rise % 15 A chart 50 Social 's Billboard the on two number at held Direction One , week the during views million 38 earning videos teaser preceding and success 's clip the with , channel Vevo their to activity weekly in gain % 34 a Despite . ) million 6 @.@ 10 ( video music "" Beat a and Beauty "" 's Bieber Justin by held record Vevo the attain to failing , period hour @-@ 24 a in views million 4 @.@ 10 garnered video music The "," The music video garnered 10 @.@ 4 million views in a 24 @-@ hour period , failing to attain the Vevo record held by Justin Bieber 's "" Beauty and a Beat "" music video ( 10 @.@ 6 million ) . Despite a 34 % gain in weekly activity to their Vevo channel , with the clip 's success and preceding teaser videos earning 38 million views during the week , One Direction held at number two on the Billboard 's Social 50 chart A 15 % rise in Facebook reaction gave way to a 154 @,@ 000 increase in Facebook likes during the week . 191 @,@ 000 Twitter followers added contributed to their overall fan base increase as well . " " . motions the through going than rather , "" time great genuinely a having "" for group the commended , Times Angeles Los for critic the , Wood Mikael . group the disliking time hard a have should viewer the , video music "" adorable "" the watching upon that convinced was , Zap2it for writing , Chance Molly . "" Hollywood old conquering "" as clip the described Vena Jocelyn 's News MTV and , sequences "" adorable utterly and cheesy intentionally "" its praised Online ! E of Rebecca . delightful tone careless 's group found and "" be should band boy a by video a everything "" having as clip the favoured , HitFix for contributor a , Newman Melinda "," Melinda Newman , a contributor for HitFix , favoured the clip as having "" everything a video by a boy band should be "" and found group 's careless tone delightful . Rebecca of E ! Online praised its "" intentionally cheesy and utterly adorable "" sequences , and MTV News 's Jocelyn Vena described the clip as "" conquering old Hollywood "" . Molly Chance , writing for Zap2it , was convinced that upon watching the "" adorable "" music video , the viewer should have a hard time disliking the group . Mikael Wood , the critic for Los Angeles Times , commended the group for "" having a genuinely great time "" , rather than going through the motions . " " ) 2015 ( Tour Again Road the On & ) 2014 ( Tour Are We Where in performance also they , Tour Home Me Take only Not . fitting seemed Factor X The of versions UK and US the both on presence prominent 's band boy the that opined Post Huffington The for editor an , "" story success biggest 's franchise "" the Direction One Considering . USA Factor X The of season second the of final the on number the performed also group the , 2012 December 12 On . quality elusive an have group the that proved "" You Kiss "" of "" rendition energetic "" their , Mail Daily the to According . 2012 December 10 on UK Factor X The of series ninth the of final the on , set themed @-@ game video a of front in , "" You Kiss "" of performance a delivered Direction One . Garden Square Madison 's City York New at show out @-@ sold 2012 December 3 's group the of list set the in included was "" You Kiss "" . 000 @,@ 15 at estimated crowd record a to , 2012 November 13 on Center Rockefeller the at Show Today The on track the performed Direction One . ) 2013 ( Tour Home Me Take worldwide their during and programmes televised on song the performed Direction One , promotion its of part As "," As part of its promotion , One Direction performed the song on televised programmes and during their worldwide Take Me Home Tour ( 2013 ) . One Direction performed the track on The Today Show at the Rockefeller Center on 13 November 2012 , to a record crowd estimated at 15 @,@ 000 . "" Kiss You "" was included in the set list of the group 's 3 December 2012 sold @-@ out show at New York City 's Madison Square Garden . One Direction delivered a performance of "" Kiss You "" , in front of a video game @-@ themed set , on the final of the ninth series of The X Factor UK on 10 December 2012 . According to the Daily Mail , their "" energetic rendition "" of "" Kiss You "" proved that the group have an elusive quality . On 12 December 2012 , the group also performed the number on the final of the second season of The X Factor USA . Considering One Direction the "" franchise 's biggest success story "" , an editor for The Huffington Post opined that the boy band 's prominent presence on both the US and UK versions of The X Factor seemed fitting . Not only Take Me Home Tour , they also performance in Where We Are Tour ( 2014 ) & On the Road Again Tour ( 2015 ) " " single CD "," CD single " " 04 : 3 – "" You Kiss "" "," "" Kiss You "" – 3 : 04 " " 42 : 3 – "" Things Little "" "," "" Little Things "" – 3 : 42 " " vocals background , guitar , instruments , programming , production , writing — Falk Carl "," Carl Falk — writing , production , programming , instruments , guitar , background vocals " " vocals background — Kristoffer "," Kristoffer — background vocals " " guitar additional — Horan Niall "," Niall Horan — additional guitar " " vocals background , writing — Kotecha Savan "," Savan Kotecha — writing , background vocals " " writing — Lundin Kristian "," Kristian Lundin — writing " " vocals background , writing — Albin "," Albin — writing , background vocals " " writing — Shellback "," Shellback — writing " " bass , instruments , programming , production , writing — Yacoub Rami "," Rami Yacoub — writing , production , programming , instruments , bass " " . notes liner 's Home Me Take from adapted Credits "," Credits adapted from Take Me Home 's liner notes . " " . War Japanese @-@ Sino Second the in role minor a played they Afterwards . style mast pagoda the in superstructure rebuilt a and machinery and armour their to improvements with 37 – 1934 in modernized were They . 1923 in earthquake Kantō Great the of survivors the for supplies carried ships Both . began construction before redesigned were they , class Fusō preceding the of repeats be to intended Originally I. War World during ) IJN ( Navy Japanese Imperial the for built battleships dreadnought of pair a were ) senkan gata @-@ Ise , ( battleships class @-@ Ise The "," The Ise @-@ class battleships ( , Ise @-@ gata senkan ) were a pair of dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War I. Originally intended to be repeats of the preceding Fusō class , they were redesigned before construction began . Both ships carried supplies for the survivors of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 . They were modernized in 1934 – 37 with improvements to their armour and machinery and a rebuilt superstructure in the pagoda mast style . Afterwards they played a minor role in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . " " . 47 – 1946 in scrapped were they war the After . July in airstrikes American during sunk were they until reserve to reduced then were sisters The . Japan to materials strategic other and petrol transported they where , Kita Operation in participated they 1945 early in ; Asia Southeast to transferred were ships both Afterwards . beaches landing the from away Leyte of invasion the supporting fleet carrier American the they where , 1944 late in Engaño Cape of Battle the in participated They . bases Japanese to material and troops ferry to used sometimes were ships sister the group air their awaiting While . combat in aircraft their operated actually never they that meant , however , pilots qualified and aircraft of lack A . floatplanes of group air an operate to ability the them give to turrets gun of pair rear the replacing deck flight a with rebuilt were they , 1942 @-@ mid in Midway of Battle the during carriers aircraft large 's IJN the of most of loss the Following . war the of years early the in action significant saw neither and , War Pacific the of eve the by obsolete considered were vessels both , reconstructions expensive the Despite "," Despite the expensive reconstructions , both vessels were considered obsolete by the eve of the Pacific War , and neither saw significant action in the early years of the war . Following the loss of most of the IJN 's large aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in mid @-@ 1942 , they were rebuilt with a flight deck replacing the rear pair of gun turrets to give them the ability to operate an air group of floatplanes . A lack of aircraft and qualified pilots , however , meant that they never actually operated their aircraft in combat . While awaiting their air group the sister ships were sometimes used to ferry troops and material to Japanese bases . They participated in the Battle of Cape Engaño in late 1944 , where they the American carrier fleet supporting the invasion of Leyte away from the landing beaches . Afterwards both ships were transferred to Southeast Asia ; in early 1945 they participated in Operation Kita , where they transported petrol and other strategic materials to Japan . The sisters were then reduced to reserve until they were sunk during American airstrikes in July . After the war they were scrapped in 1946 – 47 . " " . Tsushima of Battle the at Squadrons Pacific Third and Second Russian the of destruction the in culminated which , War Japanese @-@ Russo the of year last the , 1905 in successful highly proven had battleships of fleet 's IJN The . waters territorial Japanese in encounter an in Navy States United the defeat to enough powerful ships capital of fleet a maintain to planners naval Japanese among desire a and race arms naval international ongoing the by both shaped was battleships class @-@ Fusō the of design The "," The design of the Fusō @-@ class battleships was shaped both by the ongoing international naval arms race and a desire among Japanese naval planners to maintain a fleet of capital ships powerful enough to defeat the United States Navy in an encounter in Japanese territorial waters . The IJN 's fleet of battleships had proven highly successful in 1905 , the last year of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , which culminated in the destruction of the Russian Second and Third Pacific Squadrons at the Battle of Tsushima . " " . ships capital sixteen of line battle cohesive a of development the , Program Fleet Eight @-@ Eight the of genesis the was This . each ) t 289 @,@ 18 ( tons long 000 @,@ 18 , cruisers armoured modern eight and , each ) t 321 @,@ 20 ( tons long 000 @,@ 20 , battleships modern eight of fleet battle a of construction the for called Policy Defence Imperial 1907 the , Accordingly . conflict eventual any in waters Japanese in battle major one in Navy US the defeat to Navy Japanese Imperial the enable would , theorized Satō , ratio This . Navy US the as ships capital many as % 70 least at with fleet a maintain to Navy Japanese the for called he , end that To . rivals main two its of one least at and Japan between arise inevitably would conflict that speculated , theorist military and admiral Navy Japanese a , Satō . States United the and Britain : Ocean Pacific the in dominance imperial for rivals remaining two the to focus its turned immediately Empire Japanese the , aftermath the In "," In the aftermath , the Japanese Empire immediately turned its focus to the two remaining rivals for imperial dominance in the Pacific Ocean : Britain and the United States . Satō , a Japanese Navy admiral and military theorist , speculated that conflict would inevitably arise between Japan and at least one of its two main rivals . To that end , he called for the Japanese Navy to maintain a fleet with at least 70 % as many capital ships as the US Navy . This ratio , Satō theorized , would enable the Imperial Japanese Navy to defeat the US Navy in one major battle in Japanese waters in any eventual conflict . Accordingly , the 1907 Imperial Defence Policy called for the construction of a battle fleet of eight modern battleships , 20 @,@ 000 long tons ( 20 @,@ 321 t ) each , and eight modern armoured cruisers , 18 @,@ 000 long tons ( 18 @,@ 289 t ) each . This was the genesis of the Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program , the development of a cohesive battle line of sixteen capital ships . " " . restarted was Program Fleet Eight @-@ Eight the , counterparts British their by outclassed were , 1911 by launched , cruisers armoured class @-@ Tsukuba two and battleships class @-@ Satsuma new two the When . parity for quest 's Japan for setback further a was year following the Invincible HMS battlecruiser the of launch The . comparison by obsolete battleships existing all rendered Dreadnought , guns ) cm 5 @.@ 30 ( inch @-@ 12 ten with armed and ) t 200 @,@ 18 ( tons long 900 @,@ 17 Displacing . plans 's Japan complicated and , stakes the raised Navy Royal the by 1906 in Dreadnought HMS of launch The "," The launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 by the Royal Navy raised the stakes , and complicated Japan 's plans . Displacing 17 @,@ 900 long tons ( 18 @,@ 200 t ) and armed with ten 12 @-@ inch ( 30 @.@ 5 cm ) guns , Dreadnought rendered all existing battleships obsolete by comparison . The launch of the battlecruiser HMS Invincible the following year was a further setback for Japan 's quest for parity . When the two new Satsuma @-@ class battleships and two Tsukuba @-@ class armoured cruisers , launched by 1911 , were outclassed by their British counterparts , the Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program was restarted . " " . 1914 July in ships the for funding additional authorized Diet the until Hyūga and Ise of construction the with proceed to funding the lacked IJN the , year that later down laid was Yamashiro While . 1913 April in ordered were three all and approved were ) Hyūga and , Ise , Yamashiro ( ships class @-@ Fusō more Three . Diet the by approved ultimately were class Fusō the of battleship single a and battlecruisers four only , constraints economic of Because . once at program the of entirety the for funding secure to ) parliament ( Diet the to request a forward put Navy the , 1910 In . 1908 in down laid and 1907 in ordered , class Kawachi the of dreadnoughts two the were Program Fleet Eight @-@ Eight renewed the for built battleships first The "," The first battleships built for the renewed Eight @-@ Eight Fleet Program were the two dreadnoughts of the Kawachi class , ordered in 1907 and laid down in 1908 . In 1910 , the Navy put forward a request to the Diet ( parliament ) to secure funding for the entirety of the program at once . Because of economic constraints , only four battlecruisers and a single battleship of the Fusō class were ultimately approved by the Diet . Three more Fusō @-@ class ships ( Yamashiro , Ise , and Hyūga ) were approved and all three were ordered in April 1913 . While Yamashiro was laid down later that year , the IJN lacked the funding to proceed with the construction of Ise and Hyūga until the Diet authorized additional funding for the ships in July 1914 . " " . class separate a considered was it that class Fusō the of design 64 @-@ A the from enough differed and IJN the by 92 @-@ A designated was design final The . ship capital Japanese any of habitability worst the had ships these that believed Fukui historian naval and numbers 's crew the in increase significant a despite accommodations 's crew the reduced This . class Fusō the in than lower was turret gun midships lower the that so shortened was deck forecastle the weight save To . ) mph 26 ; h / km 43 ( knots 23 to ) mph 58 @.@ 0 ; h / km 93 @.@ 0 ( knots 5 @.@ 0 by speed increase to enlarged rooms boiler the and slightly lengthened was design new the so ordered be not could engines powerful more reasons financial For . battlecruisers class @-@ Borodino Russian and battleships class @-@ Elizabeth Queen British the like ships foreign latest the of speeds higher the counter partially to speed in increase modest a wanted and thin too was ships earlier the of armour barbette the that decided also It . fire of rate higher a with weight shell lighter its offset that gun ) in 5 @.@ 5 ( millimetre @-@ 140 smaller a designed IJN the , issue this resolve To . designs earlier and class Fusō the in used guns secondary ) in 6 ( millimetre @-@ 152 loaded manually the in used shells ) lb 0 @.@ 100 ( kilogram @-@ 36 @.@ 45 the with fire of rate high a maintaining problems had sailors Japanese that was issue Another . fired they when guns the of effects blast the to ship the of more exposed and magazine midships the of protection the complicated they as flaw obvious most the was turrets gun midships the of distribution The . design class @-@ Fusō the reassess to IJN the caused , developments foreign and released be to funding the for waited IJN the while , construction 's Fusō of progress The "," The progress of Fusō 's construction , while the IJN waited for the funding to be released and foreign developments , caused the IJN to reassess the Fusō @-@ class design . The distribution of the midships gun turrets was the most obvious flaw as they complicated the protection of the midships magazine and exposed more of the ship to the blast effects of the guns when they fired . Another issue was that Japanese sailors had problems maintaining a high rate of fire with the 45 @.@ 36 @-@ kilogram ( 100 @.@ 0 lb ) shells used in the manually loaded 152 @-@ millimetre ( 6 in ) secondary guns used in the Fusō class and earlier designs . To resolve this issue , the IJN designed a smaller 140 @-@ millimetre ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) gun that offset its lighter shell weight with a higher rate of fire . It also decided that the barbette armour of the earlier ships was too thin and wanted a modest increase in speed to partially counter the higher speeds of the latest foreign ships like the British Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships and Russian Borodino @-@ class battlecruisers . For financial reasons more powerful engines could not be ordered so the new design was lengthened slightly and the boiler rooms enlarged to increase speed by 0 @.@ 5 knots ( 0 @.@ 93 km / h ; 0 @.@ 58 mph ) to 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) . To save weight the forecastle deck was shortened so that the lower midships gun turret was lower than in the Fusō class . This reduced the crew 's accommodations despite a significant increase in the crew 's numbers and naval historian Fukui believed that these ships had the worst habitability of any Japanese capital ship . The final design was designated A @-@ 92 by the IJN and differed enough from the A @-@ 64 design of the Fusō class that it was considered a separate class . " " . load deep at ) in 4 @.@ 8 ft 5 ( metres 737 @.@ 1 of height metacentric a had They . men enlisted and officers 360 @,@ 1 of consisted crew Their . class preceding the than more ) t 660 ( tons long 650 roughly , load deep at ) t 100 @,@ 37 ( tons long 500 @,@ 36 displaced They . load deep at ) in 4 ft 29 ( metres 93 @.@ 8 of draught a and ) in 0 ft 94 ( metres 65 @.@ 28 of beam a , overall ) in 0 ft 683 ( metres 18 @.@ 208 of length a had ships The "," The ships had a length of 208 @.@ 18 metres ( 683 ft 0 in ) overall , a beam of 28 @.@ 65 metres ( 94 ft 0 in ) and a draught of 8 @.@ 93 metres ( 29 ft 4 in ) at deep load . They displaced 36 @,@ 500 long tons ( 37 @,@ 100 t ) at deep load , roughly 650 long tons ( 660 t ) more than the preceding class . Their crew consisted of 1 @,@ 360 officers and enlisted men . They had a metacentric height of 1 @.@ 737 metres ( 5 ft 8 @.@ 4 in ) at deep load . " " . men enlisted and officers 376 @,@ 1 numbered now crew The . load deep at ) t 675 @,@ 42 ( tons long 001 @,@ 42 to ) t 100 @,@ 5 ( tons long 000 @,@ 5 over increased displacement Their . ) in 0 ft 31 ( metres 45 @.@ 9 to draft their and ) in 2 ft 104 ( metres 75 @.@ 31 to beam their , ) ft 701 ( metres 8 @.@ 213 to length overall their increased changes These . ) ft 0 @.@ 25 ( metres 62 @.@ 7 by lengthened were sterns their , addition In . armour additional the of weight the for compensate to and protection underwater their improve to bulges torpedo given also were ships Both . foremasts tripod their to added platforms multiple with enlarged were superstructures forward their , 1930s the during modernization ' ships the During "," During the ships ' modernization during the 1930s , their forward superstructures were enlarged with multiple platforms added to their tripod foremasts . Both ships were also given torpedo bulges to improve their underwater protection and to compensate for the weight of the additional armour . In addition , their sterns were lengthened by 7 @.@ 62 metres ( 25 @.@ 0 ft ) . These changes increased their overall length to 213 @.@ 8 metres ( 701 ft ) , their beam to 31 @.@ 75 metres ( 104 ft 2 in ) and their draft to 9 @.@ 45 metres ( 31 ft 0 in ) . Their displacement increased over 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) to 42 @,@ 001 long tons ( 42 @,@ 675 t ) at deep load . The crew now numbered 1 @,@ 376 officers and enlisted men . " " . volts 225 at generators turbo ) hp 340 ( kilowatt @-@ 250 two and capacity ) hp 200 ( kilowatts 150 of generators three had Hyūga and Ise . ) mph 16 ; h / km 26 ( knots 14 of speed a at ) mi 140 @,@ 11 ; km 930 @,@ 17 ( miles nautical 680 @,@ 9 of range a them gave which , oil fuel of ) t 434 @,@ 1 ( tons long 411 @,@ 1 and coal of ) t 681 @,@ 4 ( tons long 607 @,@ 4 of capacity stowage a had ships the and oil and coal of mixture a consumed boilers the of Each . ) kW 136 @,@ 47 ( shp 211 @,@ 63 from ) mph 28 ; h / km 44 ( knots 24 with that exceeded Hyūga and ) kW 131 @,@ 42 ( shp 498 @,@ 56 from ) mph 2 @.@ 27 ; h / km 7 @.@ 43 ( knots 6 @.@ 23 reached Ise ; trials sea their during ) mph 26 ; h / km 43 ( knots 23 of speed designed their exceeded comfortably ships Both . ) psi 240 – 185 ; kPa 657 @,@ 1 – 275 @,@ 1 ( cm2 / kg 9 @.@ 16 – 13 of pressures working at boilers tube @-@ water Gō Ro Kampon 24 by provided steam using , ) respectively Ise and Hyūga ( ) kW 000 @,@ 34 or 000 @,@ 30 ( horsepower shaft 000 @,@ 45 or 000 @,@ 40 of total a produce to designed were turbines The . shafts inner the drove turbines pressure @-@ low the while shafts wing the drove turbines pressure @-@ high The . propellers ) in 3 ft 11 ( metre @-@ 429 @.@ 3 with shafts propeller two drove which of each , turbines steam drive @-@ direct of sets two had ships class @-@ Ise The "," The Ise @-@ class ships had two sets of direct @-@ drive steam turbines , each of which drove two propeller shafts with 3 @.@ 429 @-@ metre ( 11 ft 3 in ) propellers . The high @-@ pressure turbines drove the wing shafts while the low @-@ pressure turbines drove the inner shafts . The turbines were designed to produce a total of 40 @,@ 000 or 45 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 000 or 34 @,@ 000 kW ) ( Hyūga and Ise respectively ) , using steam provided by 24 Kampon Ro Gō water @-@ tube boilers at working pressures of 13 – 16 @.@ 9 kg / cm2 ( 1 @,@ 275 – 1 @,@ 657 kPa ; 185 – 240 psi ) . Both ships comfortably exceeded their designed speed of 23 knots ( 43 km / h ; 26 mph ) during their sea trials ; Ise reached 23 @.@ 6 knots ( 43 @.@ 7 km / h ; 27 @.@ 2 mph ) from 56 @,@ 498 shp ( 42 @,@ 131 kW ) and Hyūga exceeded that with 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) from 63 @,@ 211 shp ( 47 @,@ 136 kW ) . Each of the boilers consumed a mixture of coal and oil and the ships had a stowage capacity of 4 @,@ 607 long tons ( 4 @,@ 681 t ) of coal and 1 @,@ 411 long tons ( 1 @,@ 434 t ) of fuel oil , which gave them a range of 9 @,@ 680 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 930 km ; 11 @,@ 140 mi ) at a speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) . Ise and Hyūga had three generators of 150 kilowatts ( 200 hp ) capacity and two 250 @-@ kilowatt ( 340 hp ) turbo generators at 225 volts . " " . ) mph 18 ; h / km 30 ( knots 16 of speed a at ) mi 060 @,@ 9 ; km 580 @,@ 14 ( miles nautical 870 @,@ 7 of range a them gave that oil fuel of ) t 195 @,@ 5 ( tons long 113 @,@ 5 of total a to increased was ships the of storage fuel The . ) kW 440 @,@ 60 ( shp 050 @,@ 81 from ) mph 07 @.@ 29 ; h / km 78 @.@ 46 ( knots 26 @.@ 25 of speed top a reached Ise , trials her On . ) mph 2 @.@ 28 ; h / km 4 @.@ 45 ( knots 5 @.@ 24 to speed their increase to intended ) kW 000 @,@ 60 ( shp 000 @,@ 80 of output designed a with turbines Kampon geared four by replaced were turbines The . removed was funnel forward the and , room boiler aft former the into fitted , boilers fired @-@ oil Kampon new eight by replaced were ship each on boilers the , modernization 1930s their During "," During their 1930s modernization , the boilers on each ship were replaced by eight new Kampon oil @-@ fired boilers , fitted into the former aft boiler room , and the forward funnel was removed . The turbines were replaced by four geared Kampon turbines with a designed output of 80 @,@ 000 shp ( 60 @,@ 000 kW ) intended to increase their speed to 24 @.@ 5 knots ( 45 @.@ 4 km / h ; 28 @.@ 2 mph ) . On her trials , Ise reached a top speed of 25 @.@ 26 knots ( 46 @.@ 78 km / h ; 29 @.@ 07 mph ) from 81 @,@ 050 shp ( 60 @,@ 440 kW ) . The fuel storage of the ships was increased to a total of 5 @,@ 113 long tons ( 5 @,@ 195 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 7 @,@ 870 nautical miles ( 14 @,@ 580 km ; 9 @,@ 060 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . " " . guns main the of cycle firing faster a for allowed which , system pneumatic a to hydraulic a from changed also was guns the of mechanism recoil The . lowered be not could structure supporting its as turret 6 No. for except , modernization 1930s @-@ mid their during degrees 43 + to then and degrees 30 + to increased was elevation the 1921 In . degrees 20 + and -3 between angle any at loaded be could and minute per rounds 2 – 5 @.@ 1 of fire of rate a had guns The . degrees 20 + / 5 − of capability elevation an had turrets powered hydraulically The . ) t 666 ( tons long 655 weighed turret each , rear to front from six through one Numbered . turrets superfiring , gun @-@ twin of pairs three in mounted were class Ise the of guns 41 Type ) in 0 @.@ 14 ( cm 6 @.@ 35 calibre @-@ 45 twelve The "," The twelve 45 @-@ calibre 35 @.@ 6 cm ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) Type 41 guns of the Ise class were mounted in three pairs of twin @-@ gun , superfiring turrets . Numbered one through six from front to rear , each turret weighed 655 long tons ( 666 t ) . The hydraulically powered turrets had an elevation capability of − 5 / + 20 degrees . The guns had a rate of fire of 1 @.@ 5 – 2 rounds per minute and could be loaded at any angle between -3 and + 20 degrees . In 1921 the elevation was increased to + 30 degrees and then to + 43 degrees during their mid @-@ 1930s modernization , except for No. 6 turret as its supporting structure could not be lowered . The recoil mechanism of the guns was also changed from a hydraulic to a pneumatic system , which allowed for a faster firing cycle of the main guns . " " . use aircraft @-@ anti for 1930s the in developed was shell shrapnel incendiary 3 Type special A . ) s / ft 640 @,@ 2 ( second per metres 805 of velocity muzzle a had that shell explosive @-@ high ) lb 378 @,@ 1 ( kilogram @-@ 625 a was available Also . modernization after degrees 43 + at ) yd 770 @,@ 38 ( meters 450 @,@ 35 and elevation of degrees 20 + at ) yd 000 @,@ 27 ( metres 000 @,@ 25 of range maximum a had They . ) s / ft 540 @,@ 2 – 530 @,@ 2 ( second per metres 775 – 770 of velocity muzzle a at fired was and ) lb 485 @,@ 1 ( kilograms 5 @.@ 673 weighed shells these of Each . shells capped , piercing @-@ armour 91 Type used guns the , II War World By "," By World War II , the guns used Type 91 armour @-@ piercing , capped shells . Each of these shells weighed 673 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 485 lb ) and was fired at a muzzle velocity of 770 – 775 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 530 – 2 @,@ 540 ft / s ) . They had a maximum range of 25 @,@ 000 metres ( 27 @,@ 000 yd ) at + 20 degrees of elevation and 35 @,@ 450 meters ( 38 @,@ 770 yd ) at + 43 degrees after modernization . Also available was a 625 @-@ kilogram ( 1 @,@ 378 lb ) high @-@ explosive shell that had a muzzle velocity of 805 metres per second ( 2 @,@ 640 ft / s ) . A special Type 3 incendiary shrapnel shell was developed in the 1930s for anti @-@ aircraft use . " " . ) mph 43 ; h / km 69 ( knots 37 at ) yd 700 @,@ 7 ( metres 000 @,@ 7 or , ) mph 37 ; h / km 59 ( knots 32 at ) yd 000 @,@ 11 ( metres 000 @,@ 10 , ) mph 30 ; h / km 48 ( knots 26 at ) yd 000 @,@ 16 ( metres 000 @,@ 15 : speed and range for settings three had They . warhead ) lb 440 ( kilogram @-@ 200 a had which torpedoes Type Year 6th eighteen to twelve carried They . broadside each on three , tubes torpedo ) in 0 @.@ 21 ( centimetre @-@ 3 @.@ 53 submerged six with fitted also were ships The . ) ft 600 @,@ 24 ( metres 500 @,@ 7 of height maximum a to ) s / ft 200 @,@ 2 ( s / m 680 of velocity muzzle a with projectile ) lb 13 ( kg 6 a fired They . minute per rounds 20 to 13 of fire of rate a had and , degrees 75 + of elevation maximum a had guns angle @-@ high ) in 3 ( centimetre @-@ 62 @.@ 7 The . mounts single in guns AA centimetre @-@ 8 Type Year 3rd calibre @-@ 40 four by provided was defence aircraft @-@ Anti . minute per rounds 10 to up of fire of rate a had gun Each . ) yd 800 @,@ 17 ( metres 300 @,@ 16 of ranges them gave which degrees 20 + of elevation maximum a had They . shields gun by protected and them above deck the on mounted were pair remaining the and superstructure and forecastle the in casemates in mounted were these of Eighteen . 3 Type centimetre @-@ 14 calibre @-@ 50 twenty of consisted armament secondary ' ships The "," The ships ' secondary armament consisted of twenty 50 @-@ calibre 14 @-@ centimetre Type 3 . Eighteen of these were mounted in casemates in the forecastle and superstructure and the remaining pair were mounted on the deck above them and protected by gun shields . They had a maximum elevation of + 20 degrees which gave them ranges of 16 @,@ 300 metres ( 17 @,@ 800 yd ) . Each gun had a rate of fire of up to 10 rounds per minute . Anti @-@ aircraft defence was provided by four 40 @-@ calibre 3rd Year Type 8 @-@ centimetre AA guns in single mounts . The 7 @.@ 62 @-@ centimetre ( 3 in ) high @-@ angle guns had a maximum elevation of + 75 degrees , and had a rate of fire of 13 to 20 rounds per minute . They fired a 6 kg ( 13 lb ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 680 m / s ( 2 @,@ 200 ft / s ) to a maximum height of 7 @,@ 500 metres ( 24 @,@ 600 ft ) . The ships were also fitted with six submerged 53 @.@ 3 @-@ centimetre ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) torpedo tubes , three on each broadside . They carried twelve to eighteen 6th Year Type torpedoes which had a 200 @-@ kilogram ( 440 lb ) warhead . They had three settings for range and speed : 15 @,@ 000 metres ( 16 @,@ 000 yd ) at 26 knots ( 48 km / h ; 30 mph ) , 10 @,@ 000 metres ( 11 @,@ 000 yd ) at 32 knots ( 59 km / h ; 37 mph ) , or 7 @,@ 000 metres ( 7 @,@ 700 yd ) at 37 knots ( 69 km / h ; 43 mph ) . " " . time this at removed were deck upper the on guns cm 14 of pair The . minute per rounds 200 of fire of rate a and degrees 80 + of elevation maximum a had guns These . added also were guns AA light pounder @-@ two Vickers built @-@ license for mounts gun @-@ twin Two . minute per rounds eight around was fire of rate sustained their but , minute a rounds 14 was fire of rate maximum Their . degrees 90 + of elevation maximum their at ) ft 970 @,@ 30 ( metres 440 @,@ 9 of ceiling a had they ; ) yd 100 @,@ 16 ( metres 700 @,@ 14 of range a had guns the , targets surface at firing When . mounts gun @-@ twin four in superstructures forward the of sides both on fitted , guns purpose @-@ dual 89 Type ) in 0 @.@ 5 ( cm 7 @.@ 12 caliber @-@ 40 eight with replaced were guns AA the 33 – 1931 In "," In 1931 – 33 the AA guns were replaced with eight 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns , fitted on both sides of the forward superstructures in four twin @-@ gun mounts . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 metres ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 metres ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute . Two twin @-@ gun mounts for license @-@ built Vickers two @-@ pounder light AA guns were also added . These guns had a maximum elevation of + 80 degrees and a rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute . The pair of 14 cm guns on the upper deck were removed at this time . " " . degrees 30 + to increased was guns remaining the of elevation maximum the and time this at removed were forecastle the in guns cm 14 of pair forward the addition In . magazines round @-@ fifteen the change to need frequent the of because minute per rounds 120 and 110 between only was fire of rate effective maximum The . degrees 85 of elevation an at ) ft 000 @,@ 18 ( metres 500 @,@ 5 of ceiling effective an and , ) yd 300 @,@ 3 – 600 @,@ 1 ( metres 000 @,@ 3 – 500 @,@ 1 of range effective an had guns ) in 98 @.@ 0 ( millimetre @-@ 25 These . "" blast muzzle excessive produced gun the , finally , and , small too was magazine the ; vibration excessive exhibited gun the ; targets fast handle to unable were sights gun the ; elevation or train in speed sufficient lacked "" mounts triple and twin the , Stille Mark historian to According . weapon ineffective largely a it rendered that shortcomings design severe from suffered it but , II War World during gun AA light Japanese standard the was This . mounts gun @-@ twin 10 in guns AA light 96 Type mm 25 Hotchkiss built @-@ license twenty by replaced were pounders @-@ two Vickers the and removed were tubes torpedo the reconstruction 1930s @-@ mid the During "," During the mid @-@ 1930s reconstruction the torpedo tubes were removed and the Vickers two @-@ pounders were replaced by twenty license @-@ built Hotchkiss 25 mm Type 96 light AA guns in 10 twin @-@ gun mounts . This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . According to historian Mark Stille , the twin and triple mounts "" lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small , and , finally , the gun produced excessive muzzle blast "" . These 25 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 metres ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . In addition the forward pair of 14 cm guns in the forecastle were removed at this time and the maximum elevation of the remaining guns was increased to + 30 degrees . " " . thick mm 305 were tower conning the of sides The . mm 305 planned originally the than rather thick mm 299 was barbettes the of that and thick ) in 9 @.@ 5 ( mm 149 was armour casemate The . roof the on mm 76 and face the on ) in 10 ( mm 254 of thickness armour an with protected were turrets The . ) in 4 to 8 ( mm 102 to 203 from thickness in ranged that bulkheads by off closed were armour belt the of ends The . armour belt the of strake lower the of bottom the meet to downwards sloped deck this of sides The . thick ) in 2 @.@ 1 ( mm 30 only but , steel tensile @-@ high of layers two of consisted also deck armoured lower the and thick ) in 2 @.@ 2 ( mm 55 steel tensile @-@ high of layers two of consisted deck armoured upper The . armour ) in 9 @.@ 3 ( mm 100 of strake a was it below ; amidships armour cemented Vickers of ) in 8 @.@ 11 ( mm 299 of thickness maximum a had belt protective waterline ' ships class @-@ Ise The "," The Ise @-@ class ships ' waterline protective belt had a maximum thickness of 299 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of Vickers cemented armour amidships ; below it was a strake of 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) armour . The upper armoured deck consisted of two layers of high @-@ tensile steel 55 mm ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) thick and the lower armoured deck also consisted of two layers of high @-@ tensile steel , but only 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The sides of this deck sloped downwards to meet the bottom of the lower strake of the belt armour . The ends of the belt armour were closed off by bulkheads that ranged in thickness from 203 to 102 mm ( 8 to 4 in ) . The turrets were protected with an armour thickness of 254 mm ( 10 in ) on the face and 76 mm on the roof . The casemate armour was 149 mm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) thick and that of the barbettes was 299 mm thick rather than the originally planned 305 mm . The sides of the conning tower were 305 mm thick . " " . armour of ) in 6 ( millimetres 152 of total a to increased were roofs turret the and added also were bulkheads torpedo two , ships the of skin original the Inside . mm 140 of thickness total a to increased was magazines and machinery the over armour deck the , modernized were ships the when added bulge torpedo the to addition In . damage battle of event the in buoyancy preserve to compartments watertight 660 contained vessels the , Additionally . magazines and barbettes the underneath ) in 9 ft 11 ( metres 58 @.@ 3 of total a to increased was bottom double the of depth the magazines the protect further To . point the demonstrated graphically Jutland of Battle 1916 the during battlecruisers British three of explosions magazine fatal the until appreciated not was distances long at shells plunging from danger The . detonations torpedo and mine and propellant flammable highly the between possible as space much as put to wished IJN the as magazine shell the above magazine powder the place to battleships Japanese only the were class Ise The "," The Ise class were the only Japanese battleships to place the powder magazine above the shell magazine as the IJN wished to put as much space as possible between the highly flammable propellant and mine and torpedo detonations . The danger from plunging shells at long distances was not appreciated until the fatal magazine explosions of three British battlecruisers during the 1916 Battle of Jutland graphically demonstrated the point . To further protect the magazines the depth of the double bottom was increased to a total of 3 @.@ 58 metres ( 11 ft 9 in ) underneath the barbettes and magazines . Additionally , the vessels contained 660 watertight compartments to preserve buoyancy in the event of battle damage . In addition to the torpedo bulge added when the ships were modernized , the deck armour over the machinery and magazines was increased to a total thickness of 140 mm . Inside the original skin of the ships , two torpedo bulkheads were also added and the turret roofs were increased to a total of 152 millimetres ( 6 in ) of armour . " " . 1942 @-@ mid in sisters the aboard installed were radars search @-@ air 21 Type . time that at mast pagoda the of top the at installed rangefinders ) in 10 ft 32 ( metre @-@ 10 had ships Both . guns AA mm 25 the for added were directors and 1930s @-@ mid the in upgraded again were systems control @-@ fire The . 1930s early the in , superstructure forward the of side each on one , added were guns AA cm 7 @.@ 12 the for directors of pair A . them accommodate to foremast the to added were platforms additional and upgraded were systems control @-@ fire the 1920s late the In . length ) in 3 ft 26 or in 8 ft 19 ( metres 8 or 6 of instruments built domestically or rangefinders British the either by replaced were They . 1920 in removed were and ships other on used instruments Stroud & Barr British the to inferior be to felt were These . rangefinders Lomb & Bausch ) in 8 ft 19 ( metre @-@ 6 imported with built were 5 and , 3 , 2 Turrets . manually processed be to had rangefinders the from data and time that at fitted was computer No . completion after director control @-@ fire a with fitted were ships the that known is it , available fully not are instruments control @-@ fire 's ship the of details the While "," While the details of the ship 's fire @-@ control instruments are not fully available , it is known that the ships were fitted with a fire @-@ control director after completion . No computer was fitted at that time and data from the rangefinders had to be processed manually . Turrets 2 , 3 , and 5 were built with imported 6 @-@ metre ( 19 ft 8 in ) Bausch & Lomb rangefinders . These were felt to be inferior to the British Barr & Stroud instruments used on other ships and were removed in 1920 . They were replaced by either the British rangefinders or domestically built instruments of 6 or 8 metres ( 19 ft 8 in or 26 ft 3 in ) length . In the late 1920s the fire @-@ control systems were upgraded and additional platforms were added to the foremast to accommodate them . A pair of directors for the 12 @.@ 7 cm AA guns were added , one on each side of the forward superstructure , in the early 1930s . The fire @-@ control systems were again upgraded in the mid @-@ 1930s and directors were added for the 25 mm AA guns . Both ships had 10 @-@ metre ( 32 ft 10 in ) rangefinders installed at the top of the pagoda mast at that time . Type 21 air @-@ search radars were installed aboard the sisters in mid @-@ 1942 . " " . 1938 in biplanes E8N2 Nakajima by replaced were biplanes E4N2 Nakajima initial The . provided was hangar no although , floatplanes three operate to equipped were ships the and , modernization 1930s @-@ mid the during stern the on fitted were crane ) ton @-@ long @-@ 9 @.@ 3 ( tonne @-@ 4 collapsible a and catapult A . 29 – 1928 in floatplane reconnaissance E1Y Yokosuka a for 5 No. Turret on platform a by replaced was It . 1927 in 2 No. Turret on fighter Mitsubishi a for platform off @-@ flying aircraft an with fitted briefly was Ise "," Ise was briefly fitted with an aircraft flying @-@ off platform for a Mitsubishi fighter on Turret No. 2 in 1927 . It was replaced by a platform on Turret No. 5 for a Yokosuka E1Y reconnaissance floatplane in 1928 – 29 . A catapult and a collapsible 4 @-@ tonne ( 3 @.@ 9 @-@ long @-@ ton ) crane were fitted on the stern during the mid @-@ 1930s modernization , and the ships were equipped to operate three floatplanes , although no hangar was provided . The initial Nakajima E4N2 biplanes were replaced by Nakajima E8N2 biplanes in 1938 . " " . completed were two first the once follow to scheduled were The . IJN the by anticipated engagement range @-@ long the for necessary deemed degrees 43 + full the to elevate not could 6 No. Turret their and turret the destroyed virtually that May early in 5 No. Turret in explosion an suffered had Hyūga because conversion the for selected were ships class @-@ Ise The . floatplanes launch to catapults two with equipped deck flight a with them replacing and turrets of pair rear the removing on settled IJN the and , time , critically most , and expense of grounds the on rejected were conversions elaborate more for Plans . Midway after revived were they but , war the of beginning the at rejected and made been had carriers into battleships more or one convert to proposals Earlier . sought were alternatives and cover air any provide to IJN the of ability the limited severely 1942 June in Midway of Battle the during carriers aircraft Japanese four of loss The . them protect to support air friendly required and aircraft enemy of face the in operate not could battleships that realize to IJN the led 1941 December 10 on aircraft based @-@ land Japanese by Repulse and Wales of Prince ships capital British the of sinking The "," The sinking of the British capital ships Prince of Wales and Repulse by Japanese land @-@ based aircraft on 10 December 1941 led the IJN to realize that battleships could not operate in the face of enemy aircraft and required friendly air support to protect them . The loss of four Japanese aircraft carriers during the Battle of Midway in June 1942 severely limited the ability of the IJN to provide any air cover and alternatives were sought . Earlier proposals to convert one or more battleships into carriers had been made and rejected at the beginning of the war , but they were revived after Midway . Plans for more elaborate conversions were rejected on the grounds of expense and , most critically , time , and the IJN settled on removing the rear pair of turrets and replacing them with a flight deck equipped with two catapults to launch floatplanes . The Ise @-@ class ships were selected for the conversion because Hyūga had suffered an explosion in Turret No. 5 in early May that virtually destroyed the turret and their Turret No. 6 could not elevate to the full + 43 degrees deemed necessary for the long @-@ range engagement anticipated by the IJN . The were scheduled to follow once the first two were completed . " " . deck flight the of sides the on added were launchers rocket AA round @-@ 30 six September In . added were radars warning early 13 Type of pair a and , barrels 104 of total a for , mounts gun mm 25 single eleven and triple dozen additional an with reinforced were defences AA ' ships the , 1944 During . 5 No. Turret for and guns cm 14 the for used originally magazines the in stored was guns new these for ammunition The . guns additional the control to added were directors AA 95 Type and 94 Type each Two . guns 57 of total a , added were mounts triple new nine and mounts triple by replaced were mounts gun mm 25 twin ten original The . tower conning the abreast other the and funnel the abreast pair one , added were mounts cm 7 @.@ 12 twin additional Four . off sealed openings casemate the and removed were guns cm 14 the of All . armour turret the from salvaged plates mm 152 by covered were deck middle the in openings the and 1943 early in beginning removed were structures supporting their and barbettes the , turrets rear The "," The rear turrets , the barbettes and their supporting structures were removed beginning in early 1943 and the openings in the middle deck were covered by 152 mm plates salvaged from the turret armour . All of the 14 cm guns were removed and the casemate openings sealed off . Four additional twin 12 @.@ 7 cm mounts were added , one pair abreast the funnel and the other abreast the conning tower . The original ten twin 25 mm gun mounts were replaced by triple mounts and nine new triple mounts were added , a total of 57 guns . Two each Type 94 and Type 95 AA directors were added to control the additional guns . The ammunition for these new guns was stored in the magazines originally used for the 14 cm guns and for Turret No. 5 . During 1944 , the ships ' AA defences were reinforced with an additional dozen triple and eleven single 25 mm gun mounts , for a total of 104 barrels , and a pair of Type 13 early warning radars were added . In September six 30 @-@ round AA rocket launchers were added on the sides of the flight deck . " " . thirteen of total a for deck flight the on positions temporary in more three and catapults the on stowed be to intended were aircraft Two . about floatplanes the move to used trolleys the on below hangar the from up aircraft the brought that lift aircraft operated hydraulically the and catapults the to rails by connected positions storage permanent eight had deck flight The . aircraft each launch to seconds 30 required and weight in ) lb 100 @,@ 10 ( kilograms 600 @,@ 4 to up aircraft launch could They . turrets amidships two the of fire of arc the restricted partially they where superstructure aft the of forward , hull the of sides the on fitted were catapults propelled @-@ gunpowder rotating of pair A . ) in 6 ft 720 ( metres 62 @.@ 219 to ships the of length overall the increased and stern the overhung It . stern the at ) in 8 ft 42 ( metres 13 and end forward its at wide ) in 2 ft 95 ( metres 29 was deck flight The . superstructure aft rebuilt the to forward stretched and stern the above built was deck flight ) in 8 ft 229 ( long @-@ metre @-@ 70 A "," A 70 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 229 ft 8 in ) flight deck was built above the stern and stretched forward to the rebuilt aft superstructure . The flight deck was 29 metres ( 95 ft 2 in ) wide at its forward end and 13 metres ( 42 ft 8 in ) at the stern . It overhung the stern and increased the overall length of the ships to 219 @.@ 62 metres ( 720 ft 6 in ) . A pair of rotating gunpowder @-@ propelled catapults were fitted on the sides of the hull , forward of the aft superstructure where they partially restricted the arc of fire of the two amidships turrets . They could launch aircraft up to 4 @,@ 600 kilograms ( 10 @,@ 100 lb ) in weight and required 30 seconds to launch each aircraft . The flight deck had eight permanent storage positions connected by rails to the catapults and the hydraulically operated aircraft lift that brought the aircraft up from the hangar below on the trolleys used to move the floatplanes about . Two aircraft were intended to be stowed on the catapults and three more in temporary positions on the flight deck for a total of thirteen . " " . fitted never was it but , side starboard the on intended was crane Another . deck flight the of side port the to up moved was stern the on formerly crane collapsible the aircraft the recover To . sorties three for fuel enough with aircraft each provide to 6 No. Turret of magazine former the in installed were ) tons long 75 ( tonnes 76 of capacity a with tanks storage Petrol . ) tons long 9 @.@ 5 ( tonnes 6 of capacity a had and long metres 1 @.@ 12 was It . end aft its the at wide ) in 8 ft 21 ( metres 6 @.@ 6 and end forward its at wide ) in 8 ft 39 ( metres 1 @.@ 12 was lift -shaped ' T ' The . experience wartime of result a as dispensers dioxide carbon and foam fighting fire with fitted was It . aircraft nine stow to designed and high ) in 8 ft 19 ( metres 6 was It . rear the at ) in 1 ft 36 ( metres 11 and forward wide ) in 7 ft 65 ( metres 20 was hangar ) in 3 ft 131 ( long @-@ metre @-@ 40 The "," The 40 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 131 ft 3 in ) hangar was 20 metres ( 65 ft 7 in ) wide forward and 11 metres ( 36 ft 1 in ) at the rear . It was 6 metres ( 19 ft 8 in ) high and designed to stow nine aircraft . It was fitted with fire fighting foam and carbon dioxide dispensers as a result of wartime experience . The ' T ' -shaped lift was 12 @.@ 1 metres ( 39 ft 8 in ) wide at its forward end and 6 @.@ 6 metres ( 21 ft 8 in ) wide at the its aft end . It was 12 @.@ 1 metres long and had a capacity of 6 tonnes ( 5 @.@ 9 long tons ) . Petrol storage tanks with a capacity of 76 tonnes ( 75 long tons ) were installed in the former magazine of Turret No. 6 to provide each aircraft with enough fuel for three sorties . To recover the aircraft the collapsible crane formerly on the stern was moved up to the port side of the flight deck . Another crane was intended on the starboard side , but it was never fitted . " " . combat during aircraft its used ever ship neither , pilots trained of shortage a with Coupled . aircraft intended its of all had ever group air neither and problems development had aircraft Both ) "" Paul "" name reporting Allied ( aircraft reconnaissance Aichi and ) "" Judy "" name reporting Allied ( bombers dive D4Y Yokosuka of each 11 of group air an had ships The "," The ships had an air group of 11 each of Yokosuka D4Y dive bombers ( Allied reporting name "" Judy "" ) and Aichi reconnaissance aircraft ( Allied reporting name "" Paul "" ) Both aircraft had development problems and neither air group ever had all of its intended aircraft . Coupled with a shortage of trained pilots , neither ship ever used its aircraft during combat . " " . conversion the during fitted also were radars search @-@ surface 22 Type of pair A . knots 16 of speed a at ) mi 900 @,@ 10 ; km 600 @,@ 17 ( miles nautical 500 @,@ 9 to endurance ' ships the increased this ; oil fuel hold to converted was turrets aft of positions former the below bottom double The . latter the protect to used was turrets the from removed armour the of some and thickness in ) in 3 ft 3 ( metre 1 least at wall concrete a of addition the by strengthened was former the of protection The . compartment steering auxiliary an create to and compartment steering the of protection the reinforce to decided IJN the , damage rudder to 1942 late in Guadalcanal of Battle Naval the at Hiei battleship fast the of loss the After "," After the loss of the fast battleship Hiei at the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in late 1942 to rudder damage , the IJN decided to reinforce the protection of the steering compartment and to create an auxiliary steering compartment . The protection of the former was strengthened by the addition of a concrete wall at least 1 metre ( 3 ft 3 in ) in thickness and some of the armour removed from the turrets was used to protect the latter . The double bottom below the former positions of aft turrets was converted to hold fuel oil ; this increased the ships ' endurance to 9 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 600 km ; 10 @,@ 900 mi ) at a speed of 16 knots . A pair of Type 22 surface @-@ search radars were also fitted during the conversion . " " . ) in 0 ft 104 ( metres 71 @.@ 31 to reduced slightly was beam the and ) in 6 ft 720 ( metres 62 @.@ 219 to length overall the increased stern the at deck flight the of overhang The . ) in 8 ft 29 ( metres 03 @.@ 9 to draught the reduced also This . ) tons long 805 @,@ 39 ( tonnes 444 @,@ 40 to ) tons long 000 @,@ 2 ( tonnes 000 @,@ 2 over by displacement the in reduction the of result a as load full at ) in 3 ft 9 ( metres 81 @.@ 2 to ) in 1 @.@ 9 ( metres increased height metacentric the and , fuel more and guns AA , hangar , deck flight the of addition the by compensated generally was structures supporting their and turrets rear the , armament secondary the of removal The "," The removal of the secondary armament , the rear turrets and their supporting structures was generally compensated by the addition of the flight deck , hangar , AA guns and more fuel , and the metacentric height increased metres ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) to 2 @.@ 81 metres ( 9 ft 3 in ) at full load as a result of the reduction in the displacement by over 2 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 2 @,@ 000 long tons ) to 40 @,@ 444 tonnes ( 39 @,@ 805 long tons ) . This also reduced the draught to 9 @.@ 03 metres ( 29 ft 8 in ) . The overhang of the flight deck at the stern increased the overall length to 219 @.@ 62 metres ( 720 ft 6 in ) and the beam was slightly reduced to 31 @.@ 71 metres ( 104 ft 0 in ) . " " . directors AA additional and coils degaussing external of fitting the included which , war for preparation in 1940 late in refitted were sisters The . Fleet 1st the of Division Battleship 2nd the to transferred were ships the November 15 On . 1940 June in Japan to visit state his during , yi @-@ Pu Henry , Manchukuo of state puppet the of Emperor the for flagship the as served she , later years Three . Arthur Port to Forces Landing Naval Special of battalions two ferried Hyūga 1937 August In . Japan by imposed blockade the of support in coast Chinese the patrolled frequently sisters the , War Japanese @-@ Sino Second the During . Arsenal Naval Kure at both , 37 – 1935 in Ise and 36 – 1934 in modernized was ship latter The . later years two 's Hyūga and 1931 in upgraded was armament AA 's Ise . practice gunnery during 1926 in Yayoi destroyer the sank Ise , cruisers light of pair a and battleships other two with Together . September 4 on victims the for from supplies loaded they where Kyushu to sailed they , struck earthquake Kantō Great 1923 the when Bay Korea In . Japan to visit 's prince the during 1922 in Mountbatten Louis Lieutenant camp @-@ de @-@ aide his and , Wales of Prince , Edward hosted Ise . waters Japanese in training to addition in China and Korea , Union Soviet the of coasts the off exercised frequently ships both , War Pacific the of start the Before . crewmen two losing , schooner a sank and with collided accidentally she year following the ; 1919 in 25 injured and men 11 killed that turrets gun main her of one in explosion an had Hyūga . Fleet 1st the of Division Battleship 1st the to assigned were ships sister the , commissioning Upon "," Upon commissioning , the sister ships were assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet . Hyūga had an explosion in one of her main gun turrets that killed 11 men and injured 25 in 1919 ; the following year she accidentally collided with and sank a schooner , losing two crewmen . Before the start of the Pacific War , both ships frequently exercised off the coasts of the Soviet Union , Korea and China in addition to training in Japanese waters . Ise hosted Edward , Prince of Wales , and his aide @-@ de @-@ camp Lieutenant Louis Mountbatten in 1922 during the prince 's visit to Japan . In Korea Bay when the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake struck , they sailed to Kyushu where they loaded supplies from for the victims on 4 September . Together with two other battleships and a pair of light cruisers , Ise sank the destroyer Yayoi in 1926 during gunnery practice . Ise 's AA armament was upgraded in 1931 and Hyūga 's two years later . The latter ship was modernized in 1934 – 36 and Ise in 1935 – 37 , both at Kure Naval Arsenal . During the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , the sisters frequently patrolled the Chinese coast in support of the blockade imposed by Japan . In August 1937 Hyūga ferried two battalions of Special Naval Landing Forces to Port Arthur . Three years later , she served as the flagship for the Emperor of the puppet state of Manchukuo , Henry Pu @-@ yi , during his state visit to Japan in June 1940 . On 15 November the ships were transferred to the 2nd Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet . The sisters were refitted in late 1940 in preparation for war , which included the fitting of external degaussing coils and additional AA directors . " " . April 18 on Raid Doolittle the launched had that carriers American the catch not did but pursued they Similarly . earlier week a Island Marcus attacked had that force carrier American the for search unsuccessful the join to Hashirajima at anchorage their from sortied Hyūga and Ise 1942 March 11 On . later days six returned and , Harbor Pearl attacking fleet the for cover distant as Hōshō carrier light the and battleships other four with Islands Bonin the for sortied sisters the , December 8 on War Pacific the began Japan When "," When Japan began the Pacific War on 8 December , the sisters sortied for the Bonin Islands with four other battleships and the light carrier Hōshō as distant cover for the fleet attacking Pearl Harbor , and returned six days later . On 11 March 1942 Ise and Hyūga sortied from their anchorage at Hashirajima to join the unsuccessful search for the American carrier force that had attacked Marcus Island a week earlier . Similarly they pursued but did not catch the American carriers that had launched the Doolittle Raid on 18 April . " " . ) MI Operation ( Island Midway on attack an began Fleet Imperial the of most that time same the at , May 28 on Group Support Aleutian the with sail set Division Battleship 2nd the , Takasu Shirō Admiral @-@ Vice by Commanded . radars 21 Type prototype received ships both , Kure at repair under While . room engine the flooded and position open the in stuck room engine 2 No. 's Ise in valve a May 11 On . positioned were mounts gun mm 25 triple three which on plate armour circular a by replaced and removed was turret the which during repairs temporary received She . ship the save and fire resulting the douse to flooded were magazines aft Both . crewmen 51 killed and guns both disabled that 5 No. Turret 's Hyūga of gun left the in detonation premature a was there , May 5 on training gunnery During "," During gunnery training on 5 May , there was a premature detonation in the left gun of Hyūga 's Turret No. 5 that disabled both guns and killed 51 crewmen . Both aft magazines were flooded to douse the resulting fire and save the ship . She received temporary repairs during which the turret was removed and replaced by a circular armour plate on which three triple 25 mm gun mounts were positioned . On 11 May a valve in Ise 's No. 2 engine room stuck in the open position and flooded the engine room . While under repair at Kure , both ships received prototype Type 21 radars . Commanded by Vice @-@ Admiral Shirō Takasu , the 2nd Battleship Division set sail with the Aleutian Support Group on 28 May , at the same time that most of the Imperial Fleet began an attack on Midway Island ( Operation MI ) . " " . November 30 to May 2 from Arsenal Naval Sasebo at Hyūga and 1943 September 5 to February 23 from Arsenal Naval Kure at converted was Ise . began conversions actual the until "" alert standby "" on remained They . preparation in July 14 on division the from detached and conversion for selected were sisters The . battleships from converted carriers hybrid with carriers lost the replace to planning preliminary began IJN the and June 14 on home returned They "," They returned home on 14 June and the IJN began preliminary planning to replace the lost carriers with hybrid carriers converted from battleships . The sisters were selected for conversion and detached from the division on 14 July in preparation . They remained on "" standby alert "" until the actual conversions began . Ise was converted at Kure Naval Arsenal from 23 February to 5 September 1943 and Hyūga at Sasebo Naval Arsenal from 2 May to 30 November . " " . June late in launches catapult first its conducted and day same that formed was Group Air Naval 's division The . Fleet 3rd the of Division Carrier Fourth reformed 's Chiaki Matsuda Admiral Rear to transferred were sisters the , 1944 May 1 On . Division Battleship 2nd the rejoined both and , month following the Hyūga completed newly the by joined , up working began ship the November In . October in Truk at base naval the to munitions and troops ferried and Etajima at Academy Naval Japanese Imperial the to attached was Ise , trials sea her completing After "," After completing her sea trials , Ise was attached to the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy at Etajima and ferried troops and munitions to the naval base at Truk in October . In November the ship began working up , joined by the newly completed Hyūga the following month , and both rejoined the 2nd Battleship Division . On 1 May 1944 , the sisters were transferred to Rear Admiral Matsuda Chiaki 's reformed Fourth Carrier Division of the 3rd Fleet . The division 's Naval Air Group was formed that same day and conducted its first catapult launches in late June . " " . north him follow would Americans the that believing correctly , night the during course reversed Ozawa . morning following the attack to position a in carriers his mass to decided Fleet Third the of commander , Halsey William Admiral so , airstrike an launch to day the in late very was it and out spread were carriers American The . Luzon of tip northeastern the , Engaño Cape of east ) km 320 ( miles 200 some , 40 : 16 at carriers Japanese the spotted finally Americans The . attacked had they which from direction the in search to Americans the caused and damage no inflicted They . distraction a as carriers American the attack to launched were aboard aircraft few the of bulk the , October 24 of morning the On . October 20 on Yashima from sailed sisters the and Ozawa Jisaburō Admiral Vice of command the under Force Northern the to assigned was Division Carrier Fourth The . carriers American the against use for ashore aircraft the retain to decided Japanese the and shape better much in not were groups air carrier other The . IJN the of rest the by transports the and aircraft based @-@ land by attacked be could carriers the where position a to area invasion the from away forces carrier American the lure to used be would carriers surviving the that envisioned Philippines the of defence the for plan Japanese The . respectively , operational were 16 and 6 only , these of ; October 1 on hand on 18 and D4Ys 17 of total a had only ships the and training pilot retarded greatly problems serviceability and aircraft of Shortages "," Shortages of aircraft and serviceability problems greatly retarded pilot training and the ships only had a total of 17 D4Ys and 18 on hand on 1 October ; of these , only 6 and 16 were operational , respectively . The Japanese plan for the defence of the Philippines envisioned that the surviving carriers would be used to lure the American carrier forces away from the invasion area to a position where the carriers could be attacked by land @-@ based aircraft and the transports by the rest of the IJN . The other carrier air groups were not in much better shape and the Japanese decided to retain the aircraft ashore for use against the American carriers . The Fourth Carrier Division was assigned to the Northern Force under the command of Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa and the sisters sailed from Yashima on 20 October . On the morning of 24 October , the bulk of the few aircraft aboard were launched to attack the American carriers as a distraction . They inflicted no damage and caused the Americans to search in the direction from which they had attacked . The Americans finally spotted the Japanese carriers at 16 : 40 , some 200 miles ( 320 km ) east of Cape Engaño , the northeastern tip of Luzon . The American carriers were spread out and it was very late in the day to launch an airstrike , so Admiral William Halsey , commander of the Third Fleet decided to mass his carriers in a position to attack the following morning . Ozawa reversed course during the night , correctly believing that the Americans would follow him north . " " . fate her to abandoned be to had Chiyoda and unsuccessful was attempt Her . safety to Chiyoda carrier crippled the tow to ordered was she before corrected quickly was that list degree @-@ 5 a on took She . splinters with superstructure her pepper and bulge her in plating hull some rupture that misses near by damaged lightly was Hyūga . 2 No. Turret on detonated bomb small one and wave second the from bombers dive attacking five down shot have to claimed Ise . carriers aircraft 's group the on focusing are which airstrikes early the by engaged heavily not were sisters The . day that launched Americans the that airstrikes five of total a of first the just was This . located be to ships Japanese the for waiting while carriers American the of ahead ) km 80 ( miles 50 orbiting was that aircraft 180 of airstrike an launched already had They . 35 : 07 at carriers Japanese the find did Americans the , night the during contact lost had they Although "," Although they had lost contact during the night , the Americans did find the Japanese carriers at 07 : 35 . They had already launched an airstrike of 180 aircraft that was orbiting 50 miles ( 80 km ) ahead of the American carriers while waiting for the Japanese ships to be located . This was just the first of a total of five airstrikes that the Americans launched that day . The sisters were not heavily engaged by the early airstrikes which are focusing on the group 's aircraft carriers . Ise claimed to have shot down five attacking dive bombers from the second wave and one small bomb detonated on Turret No. 2 . Hyūga was lightly damaged by near misses that rupture some hull plating in her bulge and pepper her superstructure with splinters . She took on a 5 @-@ degree list that was quickly corrected before she was ordered to tow the crippled carrier Chiyoda to safety . Her attempt was unsuccessful and Chiyoda had to be abandoned to her fate . " " . submarine another by attacked unsuccessfully was division the , Kure for route en While . her aboard flag his hoisted and Hyūga to transferred Ozawa , October 27 on arrived they When . Ōshima Amami for head and course reverse to them ordered Ozawa and , them find to unable were battleships the but , Americans the engage and course reverse to Division Carrier Fourth the ordered He . Chiyoda sank and day the in earlier lost carriers the of some from survivors rescuing destroyers Japanese the off drove that cruisers and destroyers of force a about learned Ozawa 00 : 19 Around . 43 : 18 at submarine American an by attacked unsuccessfully was Hyūga . attack this during wounded were crewmen 121 – 111 some and killed were men 5 that estimated been has it , available not is casualties her of total exact an While . rooms boiler port her in leaks caused and oil fuel some contaminated that plates hull some ruptured and splinters with her spraying , her missed near bombs other 34 Some . catapult port the of outboard bulge the on , once bomb a by hit only was and torpedoes 11 dodged She . damage serious any inflict to failed they but , wave fourth the from aircraft odd @-@ 80 by attacked was Ise "," Ise was attacked by 80 @-@ odd aircraft from the fourth wave , but they failed to inflict any serious damage . She dodged 11 torpedoes and was only hit by a bomb once , on the bulge outboard of the port catapult . Some 34 other bombs near missed her , spraying her with splinters and ruptured some hull plates that contaminated some fuel oil and caused leaks in her port boiler rooms . While an exact total of her casualties is not available , it has been estimated that 5 men were killed and some 111 – 121 crewmen were wounded during this attack . Hyūga was unsuccessfully attacked by an American submarine at 18 : 43 . Around 19 : 00 Ozawa learned about a force of destroyers and cruisers that drove off the Japanese destroyers rescuing survivors from some of the carriers lost earlier in the day and sank Chiyoda . He ordered the Fourth Carrier Division to reverse course and engage the Americans , but the battleships were unable to find them , and Ozawa ordered them to reverse course and head for Amami Ōshima . When they arrived on 27 October , Ozawa transferred to Hyūga and hoisted his flag aboard her . While en route for Kure , the division was unsuccessfully attacked by another submarine . " " . division the refuel to intended were that tankers oil two sank that China southern and Indochina in targets on Fleet Third American the by attacks by delayed was Japan to return planned Its . Lingga to onwards continued division The . day following the there arrival on Ōyodo cruiser light the to flag his transferred Shima Kiyohide Admiral Vice and December 30 on Singapore for sailed division The . December 14 on there Fleet 5th the of flagship became Hyūga and Indochina French , Bay Ranh Cam to transferred They . November 20 on , Singapore near , Island Lingga for sailed they , cargo their loading @-@ off After . Manila at raids air heavy of reports upon Islands Spratly the to diverted were they route en While . month that later munitions and troops loaded they and , ships both from removed were catapults the November early In "," In early November the catapults were removed from both ships , and they loaded troops and munitions later that month . While en route they were diverted to the Spratly Islands upon reports of heavy air raids at Manila . After off @-@ loading their cargo , they sailed for Lingga Island , near Singapore , on 20 November . They transferred to Cam Ranh Bay , French Indochina and Hyūga became flagship of the 5th Fleet there on 14 December . The division sailed for Singapore on 30 December and Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima transferred his flag to the light cruiser Ōyodo on arrival there the following day . The division continued onwards to Lingga . Its planned return to Japan was delayed by attacks by the American Third Fleet on targets in Indochina and southern China that sank two oil tankers that were intended to refuel the division . " " . unknown are , any if , casualties her but , attack the during twice hit was Ise . attack the during bomber dive American one down shot have to claimed gunners Her . 52 wounded and men 37 killed that bombs by times three hit was Hyūga and 58 Force Task from aircraft by attacked was Kure March 19 On . ships reserve rank 1st to reduced were sisters the and March 1 on disbanded was Division Carrier Fourth The . February 20 on Kure reached Japanese the before successful were them of None . attack to able ultimately were three only but , route en was group the while position into moved were 11 additional An . ships the sink and intercept to attempt an in route anticipated their along positioned were submarines 15 and , Allies the to plan Japanese the revealed signals radio Japanese . destroyers three and Ōyodo by escorted were they , workers oilfield 150 @,@ 1 some carrying Also . later days four departed and Singapore at February 6 on beginning cargoes their loaded They . ) Kita Operation ( Sea China South the departed carriers American the after Japan to back minerals strategic other and tin , rubber , petrol of load a bring to escorts their and sisters the use to decided then IJN The "," The IJN then decided to use the sisters and their escorts to bring a load of petrol , rubber , tin and other strategic minerals back to Japan after the American carriers departed the South China Sea ( Operation Kita ) . They loaded their cargoes beginning on 6 February at Singapore and departed four days later . Also carrying some 1 @,@ 150 oilfield workers , they were escorted by Ōyodo and three destroyers . Japanese radio signals revealed the Japanese plan to the Allies , and 15 submarines were positioned along their anticipated route in an attempt to intercept and sink the ships . An additional 11 were moved into position while the group was en route , but only three were ultimately able to attack . None of them were successful before the Japanese reached Kure on 20 February . The Fourth Carrier Division was disbanded on 1 March and the sisters were reduced to 1st rank reserve ships . On 19 March Kure was attacked by aircraft from Task Force 58 and Hyūga was hit three times by bombs that killed 37 men and wounded 52 . Her gunners claimed to have shot down one American dive bomber during the attack . Ise was hit twice during the attack , but her casualties , if any , are unknown . " " . war the after scrapped were wrecks their and November in List Navy the off struck were sisters The . list degree 15 a with water shallow in bottom the on her put that misses near many with times more or 11 struck was she and turn 's Ise was it time This . later days four returned Americans the when attacked not was and days two next the over foundered slowly She . attack the during wounded 600 and killed crewmen odd @-@ 200 some with damaged badly was She . misses near 30 to up and hits direct 10 received she and attack the of focus primary a was Hyūga . pumping days @-@ three after keel even an to returned was she although , bow the by settle to began Ise and leaks numerous started bombs The . wounded others many and killed crewmen 50 lost she told all ; times multiple missed near and bombs five by struck was Ise 24th the On . July in aircraft carrier American by again attacked were they when little them availed it although months several next the over batteries AA floating into turned were ships The "," The ships were turned into floating AA batteries over the next several months although it availed them little when they were attacked again by American carrier aircraft in July . On the 24th Ise was struck by five bombs and near missed multiple times ; all told she lost 50 crewmen killed and many others wounded . The bombs started numerous leaks and Ise began to settle by the bow , although she was returned to an even keel after three @-@ days pumping . Hyūga was a primary focus of the attack and she received 10 direct hits and up to 30 near misses . She was badly damaged with some 200 @-@ odd crewmen killed and 600 wounded during the attack . She slowly foundered over the next two days and was not attacked when the Americans returned four days later . This time it was Ise 's turn and she was struck 11 or more times with many near misses that put her on the bottom in shallow water with a 15 degree list . The sisters were struck off the Navy List in November and their wrecks were scrapped after the war . " " . Fame of Hall Broadcasters Buffalo the into inducted eventually was and shows sports radio and television various hosted He . Bulls Buffalo the for announcer play @-@ by @-@ play a as and commentator color a as worked He . broadcaster sports a became and Buffalo in settled he football from retiring After . 1950 in season one for Lions Detroit the with ) NFL ( League Football National the in professionally played . Team America @-@ All Football College 1948 the on end at selection consensus a was He . 1948 to 1946 from and 1944 in Wolverines Michigan of University the for football college played He . Buffalo in TV @-@ to forerunner the for broadcaster television pioneering a and player football American an was ) 1994 , 5 December – 1926 , 21 August ( "" Dick "" Gale Richard "," Richard Gale "" Dick "" ( August 21 , 1926 – December 5 , 1994 ) was an American football player and a pioneering television broadcaster for the forerunner to @-@ TV in Buffalo . He played college football for the University of Michigan Wolverines in 1944 and from 1946 to 1948 . He was a consensus selection at end on the 1948 College Football All @-@ America Team . played professionally in the National Football League ( NFL ) with the Detroit Lions for one season in 1950 . After retiring from football he settled in Buffalo and became a sports broadcaster . He worked as a color commentator and as a play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the Buffalo Bulls . He hosted various television and radio sports shows and was eventually inducted into the Buffalo Broadcasters Hall of Fame . " " . 1943 in sports all in championships state of cancellation 's MHSAA the to due war the by affected also was career school high his and , service II War World by interrupted was career college His . field and track and basketball both in champion state ) MHSAA ( Association Athletic School High Michigan a been also had He . touchdowns season @-@ single and touchdown career both for records receptions Wolverines Michigan set and year senior his during receptions season single in Conference Ten Big the led he , college In "," In college , he led the Big Ten Conference in single season receptions during his senior year and set Michigan Wolverines receptions records for both career touchdown and single @-@ season touchdowns . He had also been a Michigan High School Athletic Association ( MHSAA ) state champion in both basketball and track and field . His college career was interrupted by World War II service , and his high school career was also affected by the war due to the MHSAA 's cancellation of state championships in all sports in 1943 . " " . track and basketball , football in State All named was . Michigan , County Saginaw in sports school high on book a is which , ) ASIN ( Tany Jack by sports County Saginaw of history The : Glory in featured are accomplishments school high his and , football in Hill Arthur led also He . ) m 74 @.@ 1 ( inches 5 @.@ 8 feet 5 jump high and ) m 30 @.@ 14 ( inches 11 feet 46 put shot the both in 1944 in champion state the also was . game championship the of , half second the in 17 including , points 24 scoring , ) School High Central Kalamazoo over ( championship basketball school high A Class MHSAA the to High Hill Arthur led he , 1944 In . 1944 of fall the until return not did they and , II War World to due sports all in tournaments school high boys canceled Michigan , 1943 In . field and track and , basketball , football in School High Hill Arthur 's Saginaw at athlete star a was . Michigan , Saginaw to moved family his before Michigan , Kalamazoo in raised and , Michigan , Petoskey in born was "," was born in Petoskey , Michigan , and raised in Kalamazoo , Michigan before his family moved to Saginaw , Michigan . was a star athlete at Saginaw 's Arthur Hill High School in football , basketball , and track and field . In 1943 , Michigan canceled boys high school tournaments in all sports due to World War II , and they did not return until the fall of 1944 . In 1944 , he led Arthur Hill High to the MHSAA Class A high school basketball championship ( over Kalamazoo Central High School ) , scoring 24 points , including 17 in the second half , of the championship game . was also the state champion in 1944 in both the shot put 46 feet 11 inches ( 14 @.@ 30 m ) and high jump 5 feet 8 @.@ 5 inches ( 1 @.@ 74 m ) . He also led Arthur Hill in football , and his high school accomplishments are featured in Glory : The history of Saginaw County sports by Jack Tany ( ASIN ) , which is a book on high school sports in Saginaw County , Michigan . was named All State in football , basketball and track . " " . competition MHSAA in excelling after step next 's be would Michigan at end an as status American @-@ All Achieving . well as himself for year significant a 1926 making 1926 in accomplishments football significant posted Petoskey . competition MHSAA in County Saginaw of representative a as excelled had Petoskey . team football Michigan of University the on end American @-@ All an as preceded Petoskey Ted . reasons several for 1926 in Michigan , Petoskey in born was that ironic is It "," It is ironic that was born in Petoskey , Michigan in 1926 for several reasons . Ted Petoskey preceded as an All @-@ American end on the University of Michigan football team . Petoskey had excelled as a representative of Saginaw County in MHSAA competition . Petoskey posted significant football accomplishments in 1926 making 1926 a significant year for himself as well . Achieving All @-@ American status as an end at Michigan would be 's next step after excelling in MHSAA competition . " " "" . touchdowns Michigan both for ran and passes caught Dick End Freshman 4 . ft @-@ 6 ; ) Flight @-@ Pre Naval ( Seahawks Iowa strong the against , 7 @-@ -to 12 , opener their winning by week last loudest bell freshman the rang teens 's Michigan , action in already teams few the Of "" : performance 's on reported Time "" , TNT and Teens "" titled article an In . Iowa against game football college first his in passes touchdown two caught he , freshman a As "" ' . sensation freshman ' next 's Ten Big the as boomed being is , . Mich , Saginaw from freshman pound @-@ 180 limbed @-@ loose A . rating that to claim laid has . receiver pass outstanding an of mark the is that hands big and height , actions smooth , speed natural the has who but , defense play to how learn to has who player a , along comes end offensive great a often so Every . freshman Michigan old @-@ year @-@ 18 , Dick of person the in horizon football Ten Big the on appearance his made has end great Another "" : follows as opened that 1944 September in about article feature a ran syndicate Press United The . Michigan of University the at enrolled , 1944 of fall the In "," In the fall of 1944 , enrolled at the University of Michigan . The United Press syndicate ran a feature article about in September 1944 that opened as follows : "" Another great end has made his appearance on the Big Ten football horizon in the person of Dick , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Michigan freshman . Every so often a great offensive end comes along , a player who has to learn how to play defense , but who has the natural speed , smooth actions , height and big hands that is the mark of an outstanding pass receiver . has laid claim to that rating . A loose @-@ limbed 180 @-@ pound freshman from Saginaw , Mich . , is being boomed as the Big Ten 's next ' freshman sensation . ' "" As a freshman , he caught two touchdown passes in his first college football game against Iowa . In an article titled "" Teens and TNT , "" Time reported on 's performance : "" Of the few teams already in action , Michigan 's teens rang the freshman bell loudest last week by winning their opener , 12 -to @-@ 7 , against the strong Iowa Seahawks ( Naval Pre @-@ Flight ) ; 6 @-@ ft . 4 Freshman End Dick caught passes and ran for both Michigan touchdowns . "" " " . score final 's game the for pass yard @-@ 29 a caught . 133 to yards 491 Trojans the outgained they and , USC over victory 0 – 49 a to rolled Michigan , season that Bowl Rose 1948 , 1 January the In . scheme his at laughed teammates 's as , signals Badger scramble to continued "" . man their caught never but secondary Wolverines the prowled "" who , officials to protested offense 's Wisconsin . Badgers the for signals calling started , Wisconsin against game 1947 the During . jokers practical team the as reputation the had Ford Len teammate and . time all of team football Michigan of University greatest the be to considered is "" Magicians Mad 's Michigan "" as to referred team 1947 The . team 1947 the for games nine started He . 1948 and 1947 in seasons Championship National undefeated consecutive in Wolverines the for played . 1948 to 1946 from Wolverines the for play to returned he , season 1945 the missing after but , Navy States United the in service II War World by interrupted was career college 's "," 's college career was interrupted by World War II service in the United States Navy , but after missing the 1945 season , he returned to play for the Wolverines from 1946 to 1948 . played for the Wolverines in consecutive undefeated National Championship seasons in 1947 and 1948 . He started nine games for the 1947 team . The 1947 team referred to as "" Michigan 's Mad Magicians "" is considered to be the greatest University of Michigan football team of all time . and teammate Len Ford had the reputation as the team practical jokers . During the 1947 game against Wisconsin , started calling signals for the Badgers . Wisconsin 's offense protested to officials , who "" prowled the Wolverines secondary but never caught their man . "" continued to scramble Badger signals , as 's teammates laughed at his scheme . In the January 1 , 1948 Rose Bowl that season , Michigan rolled to a 49 – 0 victory over USC , and they outgained the Trojans 491 yards to 133 . caught a 29 @-@ yard pass for the game 's final score . " " . receptions in Ten Big the led . teams American @-@ All 11 the of nine on team first as selected being , senior a as American @-@ All consensus a was he and , 1948 in nation the in end scoring highest second the was . ) rushing 102 and receiving 508 ( yards 610 gained and , passes 22 caught , touchdowns eight scored , season championship 1948 the In "," In the 1948 championship season , scored eight touchdowns , caught 22 passes , and gained 610 yards ( 508 receiving and 102 rushing ) . was the second highest scoring end in the nation in 1948 , and he was a consensus All @-@ American as a senior , being selected as first team on nine of the 11 All @-@ American teams . led the Big Ten in receptions . " " . players American @-@ African played that schools against games schedule to even refused schools Southern The . American @-@ African were ) Ford Len and , Derricotte Gene , Mann Bob ( players star 's Michigan of three whereas , integrate to yet had which , Dame Notre for voted had voter AP Southern every that noted Some . undefeated were teams both though , Michigan of University the of ahead ranked were Irish Fighting Dame Notre the , season 1947 the of end the at poll Press Associated the In . Michigan against bias a had era that of sportswriters that clear fairly is it , However . higher finish not did why clear not is It . teams American @-@ All 11 the of eight only made but 1949 in Trophy Heisman the won Hart Leon end Dame Notre , comparison By . eight top the among finish not did he , 1948 in voters Heisman midwestern among fourth finished Although "," Although finished fourth among midwestern Heisman voters in 1948 , he did not finish among the top eight . By comparison , Notre Dame end Leon Hart won the Heisman Trophy in 1949 but made only eight of the 11 All @-@ American teams . It is not clear why did not finish higher . However , it is fairly clear that sportswriters of that era had a bias against Michigan . In the Associated Press poll at the end of the 1947 season , the Notre Dame Fighting Irish were ranked ahead of the University of Michigan , though both teams were undefeated . Some noted that every Southern AP voter had voted for Notre Dame , which had yet to integrate , whereas three of Michigan 's star players ( Bob Mann , Gene Derricotte , and Len Ford ) were African @-@ American . The Southern schools refused even to schedule games against schools that played African @-@ American players . " " . 1980 in Carter Anthony by broken were records his until ) career sixteen ; season a in eight ( receptions touchdown for record career and season single 's Michigan of University the held . offense total of yards 000 @,@ 1 over had and games 32 in played , Wolverines Michigan the with seasons four In . 1940s the of 's Wolverine greatest the of one considered was "," was considered one of the greatest Wolverine 's of the 1940s . In four seasons with the Michigan Wolverines , played in 32 games and had over 1 @,@ 000 yards of total offense . held the University of Michigan 's single season and career record for touchdown receptions ( eight in a season ; sixteen career ) until his records were broken by Anthony Carter in 1980 . " " "" . stars @-@ all college the with playing from men their bar "" should owners NFL whether to as debate a to led incident The "" . forever not if , season all football pro of out him keep probably will "" injury the that noted time the at accounts Press . Game Star @-@ All College Chicago 1949 August the for session practice a in injury knee a suffered but , Yankees the with 1949 in play to intended had He . Conference Football America @-@ All the of Yankees York New the by drafted also was he and , draft NFL the of round 15th the in Eagles Philadelphia the by drafted was , 1948 In "," In 1948 , was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the 15th round of the NFL draft , and he was also drafted by the New York Yankees of the All @-@ America Football Conference . He had intended to play in 1949 with the Yankees , but suffered a knee injury in a practice session for the August 1949 Chicago College All @-@ Star Game . Press accounts at the time noted that the injury "" will probably keep him out of pro football all season , if not forever . "" The incident led to a debate as to whether NFL owners should "" bar their men from playing with the college all @-@ stars . "" " " . position same the played who , Hart Leon winner Trophy Heisman 1949 signed also Lions the because limited was Lions the with time playing his that recalled . Lions 1950 the for touchdown one and yards 96 for receptions ten had and games 12 in played He . Lions Detroit the for play to injury his from back came , season NFL 1950 the In . Lions Detroit the join to job 's sportscaster his left he but , Detroit in radio WJR at job a landed "," landed a job at WJR radio in Detroit , but he left his sportscaster 's job to join the Detroit Lions . In the 1950 NFL season , came back from his injury to play for the Detroit Lions . He played in 12 games and had ten receptions for 96 yards and one touchdown for the 1950 Lions . recalled that his playing time with the Lions was limited because the Lions also signed 1949 Heisman Trophy winner Leon Hart , who played the same position . " " . host Show Night All AM @-@ the as years 27 to , restaurants local various from live programs "" — At Breakfast "" of worth years 17 to , reports ski from ranging things for remembered is he , broadcaster radio a As . team football Bulls Buffalo of University the for announcer play @-@ by @-@ play the as served he , addition In . announcer play @-@ by @-@ play Bills time long the , Miller Van with along games Bills Buffalo for announcer sideline the as and ) FM ( and ) AM ( for worked also He . program exercise morning early an pioneered also and Buffalo in "" Sports Talk 's Let "" called show panel popular a hosted , 1950s the In . News Evening Buffalo the by television into foray early an was This . Ontario Southern serving one only the and Buffalo in station television first the started just had which , ) as known now ( by sportscaster a as hired was He . Buffalo in station radio a at director sports become to football professional from retiring was he announced he , 1951 May In "," In May 1951 , he announced he was retiring from professional football to become sports director at a radio station in Buffalo . He was hired as a sportscaster by ( now known as ) , which had just started the first television station in Buffalo and the only one serving Southern Ontario . This was an early foray into television by the Buffalo Evening News . In the 1950s , hosted a popular panel show called "" Let 's Talk Sports "" in Buffalo and also pioneered an early morning exercise program . He also worked for ( AM ) and ( FM ) and as the sideline announcer for Buffalo Bills games along with Van Miller , the long time Bills play @-@ by @-@ play announcer . In addition , he served as the play @-@ by @-@ play announcer for the University of Buffalo Bulls football team . As a radio broadcaster , he is remembered for things ranging from ski reports , to 17 years worth of "" Breakfast At — "" programs live from various local restaurants , to 27 years as the @-@ AM All Night Show host . " " . Facility Correctional County Erie the at supervisor training inmate an as him hired who , County Erie was employer final 's . Express @-@ Courier Buffalo , competitor News Evening Buffalo for ads sold also He . ) now ( station radio 's Broadcasting Public on jockey disc a as served and College Medaille 's Buffalo at communications taught , 1980s the In . Show King Larry The 's Network Mutual the with replaced was show his , station the for ownership in change a and with years 30 After "," After 30 years with and a change in ownership for the station , his show was replaced with the Mutual Network 's The Larry King Show . In the 1980s , taught communications at Buffalo 's Medaille College and served as a disc jockey on Public Broadcasting 's radio station ( now ) . He also sold ads for Buffalo Evening News competitor , Buffalo Courier @-@ Express . 's final employer was Erie County , who hired him as an inmate training supervisor at the Erie County Correctional Facility . " " "" . has he now And . trophy a had never he but , career great a had He "" : received never had he thing one was there , achievements 's husband late her of all despite that observed Jane , speech acceptance her In . Jane , wife 's to presented was award Fame of Hall The "" . follow to pattern no had who people the , first it did who those "" for reserved is which Award Age Golden the given was He . 2007 September in Fame of Hall Broadcasters Buffalo the into inducted posthumously was "," was posthumously inducted into the Buffalo Broadcasters Hall of Fame in September 2007 . He was given the Golden Age Award which is reserved for "" those who did it first , the people who had no pattern to follow . "" The Hall of Fame award was presented to 's wife , Jane . In her acceptance speech , Jane observed that despite all of her late husband 's achievements , there was one thing he had never received : "" He had a great career , but he never had a trophy . And now he has . "" " " . School High Clarence for linebacker York New Western @-@ All football team first 1988 a was Doug . old years 68 was he ; 1994 December in York New , Cheektowaga in died , grandchildren two and ) J. Wendy ( daughter one ) R. Bruce and , R. Gary , A. Douglas ( , sons three by survived was who , . met they when cheerleaders Jills Buffalo the of head the was , Morris Jane former the , wife His . Buffalo in years his of 37 lived "," lived 37 of his years in Buffalo . His wife , the former Jane Morris , was the head of the Buffalo Jills cheerleaders when they met . , who was survived by three sons , ( Douglas A. , Gary R. , and Bruce R. ) one daughter ( Wendy J. ) and two grandchildren , died in Cheektowaga , New York in December 1994 ; he was 68 years old . Doug was a 1988 first team football All @-@ Western New York linebacker for Clarence High School . " " . ruined were wharves many and , center its encountered that those especially , path its in islands many affected ) h / km 161 ( mph 100 over Winds . infrastructure and , buildings , crops to damage severe causing , Island Harbour and Eleuthera including , 3 September on Bahamas the of portions over passed and ) h / km 225 ( hour per miles 140 of winds peak acquired It . hurricane a to intensifying steadily , northwestward @-@ west rapidly moved storm tropical The . 31 August on Islands Leeward the of northeast @-@ east formed it , season the of hurricane major third the and , hurricane fifth , storm tropical eleventh The . season hurricane Atlantic 1933 active the during States United the strike to cyclone tropical intense most @-@ second the was hurricane Coast Treasure 1933 The "," The 1933 Treasure Coast hurricane was the second @-@ most intense tropical cyclone to strike the United States during the active 1933 Atlantic hurricane season . The eleventh tropical storm , fifth hurricane , and the third major hurricane of the season , it formed east @-@ northeast of the Leeward Islands on August 31 . The tropical storm moved rapidly west @-@ northwestward , steadily intensifying to a hurricane . It acquired peak winds of 140 miles per hour ( 225 km / h ) and passed over portions of the Bahamas on September 3 , including Eleuthera and Harbour Island , causing severe damage to crops , buildings , and infrastructure . Winds over 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) affected many islands in its path , especially those that encountered its center , and many wharves were ruined . " " . homes 848 @,@ 6 destroying or damaging after ) USD 1933 ( damage in million 3 $ caused storm The . Tampa near collapse to dam a causing , rain of amounts prodigious produced but rapidly weakened cyclone the , Inland . damaged heavily were Pierce Fort and , Jupiter , Stuart and , destruction extensive most the received region Coast Treasure The . groves citrus in prostrated were trees numerous and , foundations their off buildings blew cyclone the of winds strong the , Florida In . dissipating and Georgia into moving before Tampa near passing , state the across moved hurricane The . ) h / km 201 ( mph 125 of winds with 4 September on early , Florida , Jupiter at landfall made and weakened it , Subsequently "," Subsequently , it weakened and made landfall at Jupiter , Florida , early on September 4 with winds of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . The hurricane moved across the state , passing near Tampa before moving into Georgia and dissipating . In Florida , the strong winds of the cyclone blew buildings off their foundations , and numerous trees were prostrated in citrus groves . The Treasure Coast region received the most extensive destruction , and Stuart , Jupiter , and Fort Pierce were heavily damaged . Inland , the cyclone weakened rapidly but produced prodigious amounts of rain , causing a dam to collapse near Tampa . The storm caused $ 3 million in damage ( 1933 USD ) after damaging or destroying 6 @,@ 848 homes . " " . succession close such in States United the hit cyclones major two have never ; Texas South struck winds ) h / km 201 ( hour @-@ per @-@ mile @-@ 125 bearing hurricane major another before hours 24 than less Florida hit storm the , Unusually "," Unusually , the storm hit Florida less than 24 hours before another major hurricane bearing 125 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 201 km / h ) winds struck South Texas ; never have two major cyclones hit the United States in such close succession . " " . 2 September on , status 3 Category or , status hurricane major reached storm the that suggested . scale Simpson @-@ Saffir the on hurricane 4 Category modern a of equivalent the it making , ) h / km 225 ( mph 140 of winds peak with Island Harbour struck hurricane the estimated is it , storm the of size small the and pressure the on Based . eye the of passage minute 30 the during ) mb 945 ( inHg 90 @.@ 27 of pressure a reported island latter the on station A . UTC 1100 at latter the , 3 September on Bahamas the in Island Harbour and Eleuthera struck hurricane the , islands Caicos and Turks the of north passing After . status hurricane attained storm the that confirmed which , ) inHg 88 @.@ 28 ( mbar 978 of pressure barometric a reported the called ship a , 2 September on Early . Rico Puerto and Antilles Lesser the of north passed storm the , northwest @-@ west the to quickly Moving . day that later status hurricane attained storm the estimated is it , continuity on Based . Antilles Lesser the of northeast @-@ east the to developed had storm tropical a that indicated which , winds force gale reported ship nearby a , 31 August On . northwest @-@ west the to tracked it as days few next the over data minimal was there although , 27 August on depression tropical a spawned possibly that wave tropical a from were hurricane the of origins The "," The origins of the hurricane were from a tropical wave that possibly spawned a tropical depression on August 27 , although there was minimal data over the next few days as it tracked to the west @-@ northwest . On August 31 , a nearby ship reported gale force winds , which indicated that a tropical storm had developed to the east @-@ northeast of the Lesser Antilles . Based on continuity , it is estimated the storm attained hurricane status later that day . Moving quickly to the west @-@ northwest , the storm passed north of the Lesser Antilles and Puerto Rico . Early on September 2 , a ship called the reported a barometric pressure of 978 mbar ( 28 @.@ 88 inHg ) , which confirmed that the storm attained hurricane status . After passing north of the Turks and Caicos islands , the hurricane struck Eleuthera and Harbour Island in the Bahamas on September 3 , the latter at 1100 UTC . A station on the latter island reported a pressure of 27 @.@ 90 inHg ( 945 mb ) during the 30 minute passage of the eye . Based on the pressure and the small size of the storm , it is estimated the hurricane struck Harbour Island with peak winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) , making it the equivalent of a modern Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . suggested that the storm reached major hurricane status , or Category 3 status , on September 2 . " " . Augusta near 7 September on dissipating , Georgia into crossed it as weakened slowly storm the , north the to Turning . ) h / km 105 ( mph 65 about of winds with — Key Cedar of east , County Levy in town ghost a — Rosewood near landfall another made it , northwest the to continuing while later hours few A . 5 September on early storm tropical a as Mexico of Gulf the into emerged briefly It . state the crossing while rapidly weakened hurricane the , landfall After . average than smaller was which , ) km 24 ( mi 15 was winds maximum of radius the , time the At . ) h / km 201 ( mph 125 of strength landfall a suggested this ; passage 's eye the of period minute 40 a during ) mb 948 ( inHg 98 @.@ 27 of pressure a reported there station A . 4 September on UTC 0500 at , Florida , Jupiter at landfall making before slightly weakened hurricane the , Bahamas northern the through moving After . track northwest @-@ west general a maintained instead hurricane This . Texas and Cuba struck ultimately which , August late in area the through passed that hurricane another of course the followed initially hurricane The "," The hurricane initially followed the course of another hurricane that passed through the area in late August , which ultimately struck Cuba and Texas . This hurricane instead maintained a general west @-@ northwest track . After moving through the northern Bahamas , the hurricane weakened slightly before making landfall at Jupiter , Florida , at 0500 UTC on September 4 . A station there reported a pressure of 27 @.@ 98 inHg ( 948 mb ) during a 40 minute period of the eye 's passage ; this suggested a landfall strength of 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) . At the time , the radius of maximum winds was 15 mi ( 24 km ) , which was smaller than average . After landfall , the hurricane weakened rapidly while crossing the state . It briefly emerged into the Gulf of Mexico as a tropical storm early on September 5 . A few hours later while continuing to the northwest , it made another landfall near Rosewood — a ghost town in Levy County , east of Cedar Key — with winds of about 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) . Turning to the north , the storm slowly weakened as it crossed into Georgia , dissipating on September 7 near Augusta . " " . land neared eye the as seas rough very reported observers , coast the Along . plywood of "" front solid "" a be to said were Beach Palm West in Street Clematis on structures ; buildings up boarded residents as County Beach Palm in seawalls coastal over spray sea sent tides high , 3 September on evening By . Okeechobee Lake around areas from train by evacuated people 500 @,@ 2 About . Key Cedar to West Key from issued were , warnings storm , day that Later . Jacksonville to northward extending warnings storm with , Florida , Melbourne to Miami from warnings hurricane issued Bureau Weather the , 3 September on intensity peak near was storm the While . Florida , Beach Daytona to , Bahama Grand , End West from residents white all evacuated aircraft eight of fleet a , 2 September On "," On September 2 , a fleet of eight aircraft evacuated all white residents from West End , Grand Bahama , to Daytona Beach , Florida . While the storm was near peak intensity on September 3 , the Weather Bureau issued hurricane warnings from Miami to Melbourne , Florida , with storm warnings extending northward to Jacksonville . Later that day , storm warnings , were issued from Key West to Cedar Key . About 2 @,@ 500 people evacuated by train from areas around Lake Okeechobee . By evening on September 3 , high tides sent sea spray over coastal seawalls in Palm Beach County as residents boarded up buildings ; structures on Clematis Street in West Palm Beach were said to be a "" solid front "" of plywood . Along the coast , observers reported very rough seas as the eye neared land . " " . wrecked were docks most and , planes two and boats 13 were as , destroyed were houses the of half , reported was surge storm ) m 7 @.@ 3 to 7 @.@ 2 ( ft 12 to 9 a where , Bahama Grand On . others many damaged and houses 55 destroyed storm the , Eleuthera on Town Gregory and , Cistern James , Point North between Collectively . roofs their lost dwellings remaining the of most although , destroyed were houses five only , Wells Spanish on winds 4 Category Despite . Island Russell on trees fruit various of loss total the including , farms to damage sustained islands Several . destroyed was Eleuthera on road ) km 4 @.@ 2 ( mi 5 @.@ 1 A . homeless people 100 leaving , houses 37 and churches four destroyed hurricane The . system water the and , buildings government of walls the , roofs several to including , Island Harbour on occurred damage Heavy . dock a away washing , Abaco on mill lumber a damaged hurricane The . ) h / km 98 ( mph 61 reached winds where , Nassau from away farther was storm The . Islands Abaco the on ) h / km 193 ( mph 120 and , Eleuthera on ) h / km 161 ( mph 100 , Harbour 's Governor at ) h / km 177 ( mph 110 reached Winds . ) h / km 225 ( mph 140 around at estimated both were Island Harbour and Wells Spanish on Winds . Bahamas the in islands several near or over moved hurricane powerful The "," The powerful hurricane moved over or near several islands in the Bahamas . Winds on Spanish Wells and Harbour Island were both estimated at around 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) . Winds reached 110 mph ( 177 km / h ) at Governor 's Harbour , 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) on Eleuthera , and 120 mph ( 193 km / h ) on the Abaco Islands . The storm was farther away from Nassau , where winds reached 61 mph ( 98 km / h ) . The hurricane damaged a lumber mill on Abaco , washing away a dock . Heavy damage occurred on Harbour Island , including to several roofs , the walls of government buildings , and the water system . The hurricane destroyed four churches and 37 houses , leaving 100 people homeless . A 1 @.@ 5 mi ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) road on Eleuthera was destroyed . Several islands sustained damage to farms , including the total loss of various fruit trees on Russell Island . Despite Category 4 winds on Spanish Wells , only five houses were destroyed , although most of the remaining dwellings lost their roofs . Collectively between North Point , James Cistern , and Gregory Town on Eleuthera , the storm destroyed 55 houses and damaged many others . On Grand Bahama , where a 9 to 12 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 to 3 @.@ 7 m ) storm surge was reported , half of the houses were destroyed , as were 13 boats and two planes , and most docks were wrecked . " " . Clermont in ) mm 450 ( in 8 @.@ 17 at peaking , path its along rainfall heavy dropped hurricane The . ) h / km 97 ( mph 60 only at peaked Okeechobee Lake near winds , Inland . ) mb 987 ( inHg 14 @.@ 29 to dipped pressures and , ) h / km 145 to 129 ( mph 90 to 80 of winds peak estimated Pierce Fort . coast west the on Tampa and , north the to Titusville , south the to Miami in observed were winds ) h / km 72 to 64 ( mph 45 to 40 ; center the from farther strong as not were Winds . hurricane Okeechobee 1928 the since city the in winds strongest the produced storm The . ) mb 975 to 970 ( inHg 78 @.@ 28 to 64 @.@ 28 from ranged barometers ; ) h / km 161 ( mph 100 to gusts with winds ) h / km 129 ( hour @-@ per @-@ mile @-@ 80 least at measured anemometers , Beach Palm West In . passed eye the after occurred these ; Jupiter in ) h / km 201 ( mph 125 estimated an reached winds , Florida in ashore moved storm the When "," When the storm moved ashore in Florida , winds reached an estimated 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) in Jupiter ; these occurred after the eye passed . In West Palm Beach , anemometers measured at least 80 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 129 km / h ) winds with gusts to 100 mph ( 161 km / h ) ; barometers ranged from 28 @.@ 64 to 28 @.@ 78 inHg ( 970 to 975 mb ) . The storm produced the strongest winds in the city since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane . Winds were not as strong farther from the center ; 40 to 45 mph ( 64 to 72 km / h ) winds were observed in Miami to the south , Titusville to the north , and Tampa on the west coast . Fort Pierce estimated peak winds of 80 to 90 mph ( 129 to 145 km / h ) , and pressures dipped to 29 @.@ 14 inHg ( 987 mb ) . Inland , winds near Lake Okeechobee peaked at only 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . The hurricane dropped heavy rainfall along its path , peaking at 17 @.@ 8 in ( 450 mm ) in Clermont . " " . unscathed largely went properties county and , vegetation to except , damage material little sustained generally Beach Palm on hotels and estates Winter . Lagoon Worth Lake the on bridges several to access disrupted and spots several at Boulevard Ocean eroded tides High . 1929 and , 1928 , 1926 in storms severe with experience previous from learned had city The . damage overall reducing with codes building stringent and preparations credited Beach Palm West in officials , Worth Lake in As . uprooted or broken were shrubs and trees and , city the in poles light many snapped winds Strong . place took accidents storm @-@ post no and , dollars thousand several just to losses reduced preparations but , roofing shingle and tile of loss and , glass plate including , windows of breakage extensive sustained Worth Lake Nearby . well as interiors their to damage water had shingles roofing lost that homes Some . warehouse lumber a with along , destroyed totally or partly were , lightweight mostly , structures isolated and garages Some . course golf local a on greens the covered floodwaters and , streets many on signs road downed Winds . trunks broken with streets littering , snapped hurricane 1928 the withstood that palms royal and coconut Several . vegetation to confined was damage the of majority the , Beach Palm West At "," At West Palm Beach , the majority of the damage was confined to vegetation . Several coconut and royal palms that withstood the 1928 hurricane snapped , littering streets with broken trunks . Winds downed road signs on many streets , and floodwaters covered the greens on a local golf course . Some garages and isolated structures , mostly lightweight , were partly or totally destroyed , along with a lumber warehouse . Some homes that lost roofing shingles had water damage to their interiors as well . Nearby Lake Worth sustained extensive breakage of windows , including plate glass , and loss of tile and shingle roofing , but preparations reduced losses to just several thousand dollars , and no post @-@ storm accidents took place . Strong winds snapped many light poles in the city , and trees and shrubs were broken or uprooted . As in Lake Worth , officials in West Palm Beach credited preparations and stringent building codes with reducing overall damage . The city had learned from previous experience with severe storms in 1926 , 1928 , and 1929 . High tides eroded Ocean Boulevard at several spots and disrupted access to several bridges on the Lake Worth Lagoon . Winter estates and hotels on Palm Beach generally sustained little material damage , except to vegetation , and county properties went largely unscathed . " " . Pierce Fort in record on severe most the was storm the that recalled resident elderly an , 1980s the In . causeway the of portion a out washed waves high , city latter the In . lines telegraph and power down knocked storm the , Pierce Fort and Jupiter Between . time the at 100 @,@ 5 was which , population the of % 10 nearly to up , homeless people 500 to 400 left storm the , Stuart In . minimally suffered Salerno Port , damage significant sustained Sound Hobe and Stuart While . damaged little and built better were , however , island the on estates Winter . down them tear to crews forcing , uninhabitable Sound Hobe in homes many left storm The . Olympia at was Florida in storm the from damage severe most the of some , Review Weather Monthly the to According . home nearby his leveled Winds . storm the during railing the gripping by survived tender bridge the ; wrecked partly was Olympia from island barrier the to leading bridge A . plant ice an off roof the tore also Winds . building pharmaceutical a of floor second the and , station gas a , Inn Olympia old the leveled winds strong , Beach Olympia as known also settlement abandoned an , Olympia At . newspaper local a , News Stuart the and alley bowling a housed that building the of floor third the destroyed storm The . town in roofs the of % 75 damaged badly or removed winds , Stuart At . foundations their off others many swept and homes some leveled storm The . record on worst the among considered was storm the , counties Lucie St. and Martin In "," In Martin and St. Lucie counties , the storm was considered among the worst on record . The storm leveled some homes and swept many others off their foundations . At Stuart , winds removed or badly damaged 75 % of the roofs in town . The storm destroyed the third floor of the building that housed a bowling alley and the Stuart News , a local newspaper . At Olympia , an abandoned settlement also known as Olympia Beach , strong winds leveled the old Olympia Inn , a gas station , and the second floor of a pharmaceutical building . Winds also tore the roof off an ice plant . A bridge leading to the barrier island from Olympia was partly wrecked ; the bridge tender survived by gripping the railing during the storm . Winds leveled his nearby home . According to the Monthly Weather Review , some of the most severe damage from the storm in Florida was at Olympia . The storm left many homes in Hobe Sound uninhabitable , forcing crews to tear them down . Winter estates on the island , however , were better built and little damaged . While Stuart and Hobe Sound sustained significant damage , Port Salerno suffered minimally . In Stuart , the storm left 400 to 500 people homeless , up to nearly 10 % of the population , which was 5 @,@ 100 at the time . Between Jupiter and Fort Pierce , the storm knocked down power and telegraph lines . In the latter city , high waves washed out a portion of the causeway . In the 1980s , an elderly resident recalled that the storm was the most severe on record in Fort Pierce . " " . debris airborne by killed was child a and , derailed railcars seven after died brakeman a , Gomez in down blew shack his when killed was , worker farm American African an , person One . damage in million 3 $ over causing , 383 another destroyed and houses 465 @,@ 6 damaged hurricane the , Florida southeastern Across . Indiantown as far as dispersed and scattered was population chicken local the and , destroyed were Stuart in coops chicken Many . destroyed were , boxes million 4 or , crop citrus the of % 16 , statewide and , losses total experienced Stuart in farms several ; Lagoon River Indian the along worst was damage Crop "," Crop damage was worst along the Indian River Lagoon ; several farms in Stuart experienced total losses , and statewide , 16 % of the citrus crop , or 4 million boxes , were destroyed . Many chicken coops in Stuart were destroyed , and the local chicken population was scattered and dispersed as far as Indiantown . Across southeastern Florida , the hurricane damaged 6 @,@ 465 houses and destroyed another 383 , causing over $ 3 million in damage . One person , an African American farm worker , was killed when his shack blew down in Gomez , a brakeman died after seven railcars derailed , and a child was killed by airborne debris . " " . Carolina North into extended also rainfall Light . ) mm 300 ( in 12 over reaching , coasts Carolina South and Georgia the along occurred rainfall Heavy . damage property in 000 @,@ 10 $ about caused which , tornado a spawned storm the , city latter the In . respectively , Carolina South , Charleston and Georgia , Savannah in ) h / km 81 and 78 ( mph 51 and 48 of winds produced storm the , Florida Outside . evacuate to people 150 about forcing , flooded were homes 50 Over . flood approaching the of warned were area the in residents most , break the after and , sandbags with dam the save to attempted Workers . Springs Sulphur of portions flooding , damage local severe in resulted break The . River Hillsborough the along Tampa of northeast ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( mi 3 break to Co. Electric Tampa by operated dam a caused ) mm 180 ( in 7 over of rainfall High . deep ) m 7 @.@ 2 ( ft 9 reached waters where Tampa near notably , Florida across flooding caused rainfall High "," High rainfall caused flooding across Florida , notably near Tampa where waters reached 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) deep . High rainfall of over 7 in ( 180 mm ) caused a dam operated by Tampa Electric Co. to break 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) northeast of Tampa along the Hillsborough River . The break resulted in severe local damage , flooding portions of Sulphur Springs . Workers attempted to save the dam with sandbags , and after the break , most residents in the area were warned of the approaching flood . Over 50 homes were flooded , forcing about 150 people to evacuate . Outside Florida , the storm produced winds of 48 and 51 mph ( 78 and 81 km / h ) in Savannah , Georgia and Charleston , South Carolina , respectively . In the latter city , the storm spawned a tornado , which caused about $ 10 @,@ 000 in property damage . Heavy rainfall occurred along the Georgia and South Carolina coasts , reaching over 12 in ( 300 mm ) . Light rainfall also extended into North Carolina . " " . Eleuthera to materials building and food deliver to Nassau from sailed boat a , storm the after Bahamas the In "," In the Bahamas after the storm , a boat sailed from Nassau to deliver food and building materials to Eleuthera . " " . 1944 in built eventually was dam new a and , plant treatment water 's city the into pumped being River Hillsborough the from waters in resulted initially Tampa near dam damaged The . fell that crop citrus their sell could they so days 15 wait Florida in growers requested , hurricane major a by affected also , Texas in Farmers . Cross Red American the from assistance required 325 @,@ 4 , hurricane the by affected adversely families 900 @,@ 7 the Of . Stuart in residents homeless 400 least at for shelters offered Guard National the , storm the After "," After the storm , the National Guard offered shelters for at least 400 homeless residents in Stuart . Of the 7 @,@ 900 families adversely affected by the hurricane , 4 @,@ 325 required assistance from the American Red Cross . Farmers in Texas , also affected by a major hurricane , requested growers in Florida wait 15 days so they could sell their citrus crop that fell . The damaged dam near Tampa initially resulted in waters from the Hillsborough River being pumped into the city 's water treatment plant , and a new dam was eventually built in 1944 . " " . attack Korean North strong a repelled troops ) ROK ( Korea of Republic and ) US ( States United of numbers large after Nations United the for victory a in ended battle The . simultaneously fought engagements large several of one was and , Perimeter Pusan of Battle the of part a was It . Korea South in River Naktong the along , 1950 , 15 September to 1 September from War Korean the in early forces ) NK ( Korean North and ) UN ( Nations United between engagement an was Bulge Naktong of Battle Second The "," The Second Battle of Naktong Bulge was an engagement between United Nations ( UN ) and North Korean ( NK ) forces early in the Korean War from September 1 to September 15 , 1950 , along the Naktong River in South Korea . It was a part of the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , and was one of several large engagements fought simultaneously . The battle ended in a victory for the United Nations after large numbers of United States ( US ) and Republic of Korea ( ROK ) troops repelled a strong North Korean attack . " " . there fight a promoting , Yongsan to penetrate to able were Koreans North the and , half in Division Infantry 2nd US the split attack the of force The . line 's division the along all struck and river the crossed which Army 's People Korean the of divisions several by attack strong a with struck was , combat in untried was which , division The . line River Naktong the defend to moved was Division Infantry 2nd 's Army US the , Bulge Naktong of Battle First the After "," After the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the US Army 's 2nd Infantry Division was moved to defend the Naktong River line . The division , which was untried in combat , was struck with a strong attack by several divisions of the Korean People 's Army which crossed the river and struck all along the division 's line . The force of the attack split the US 2nd Infantry Division in half , and the North Koreans were able to penetrate to Yongsan , promoting a fight there . " " . army Korean North the of destruction virtual the in culminated which , Inchon at counterattack UN the after repulsed further were Koreans North The . region Bulge Naktong the of out Koreans North the force to able were forces US the , fighting heavy of weeks two In . troops Army US the reinforce to in brought be to Brigade Marine Provisional 1st Corps Marine US the prompted Perimeter Pusan to threat the of urgency The "," The urgency of the threat to Pusan Perimeter prompted the US Marine Corps 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to be brought in to reinforce the US Army troops . In two weeks of heavy fighting , the US forces were able to force the North Koreans out of the Naktong Bulge region . The North Koreans were further repulsed after the UN counterattack at Inchon , which culminated in the virtual destruction of the North Korean army . " " . army UN the to supplies and troops more in brought system logistical UN superior the as daily decreased numbers in advantages their and , flank not could troops Korean North which peninsula the along line continuous a held troops UN the , August in Perimeter Pusan the established , Army States United Eighth the under , forces UN the when , However . south it push and force UN any defeat effectively to strategy this used Koreans North the , August early and July in fights to offensive 25 June initial their From . equipment its of much behind leaving often , disarray in retreat to forced be then would which , force opposing the off cut and surround to Koreans North the allowed which , unit the of flanks both of envelopment double a initiating and front the from attacking , aggressively them engage to and south approach of avenues all on forces ROK and UN pursue aggressively to was strategy Korean North The . collapsing from it prevent to Korea South to dispatched forces Nations United the and Army Korea of Republic the both over equipment and manpower both in superiority enjoyed had Army 's People Korean North the , North the by Korea South of invasion the and War Korean the of outbreak the From "," From the outbreak of the Korean War and the invasion of South Korea by the North , the North Korean People 's Army had enjoyed superiority in both manpower and equipment over both the Republic of Korea Army and the United Nations forces dispatched to South Korea to prevent it from collapsing . The North Korean strategy was to aggressively pursue UN and ROK forces on all avenues of approach south and to engage them aggressively , attacking from the front and initiating a double envelopment of both flanks of the unit , which allowed the North Koreans to surround and cut off the opposing force , which would then be forced to retreat in disarray , often leaving behind much of its equipment . From their initial June 25 offensive to fights in July and early August , the North Koreans used this strategy to effectively defeat any UN force and push it south . However , when the UN forces , under the Eighth United States Army , established the Pusan Perimeter in August , the UN troops held a continuous line along the peninsula which North Korean troops could not flank , and their advantages in numbers decreased daily as the superior UN logistical system brought in more troops and supplies to the UN army . " " . working not were strategies their war the in time first the , defeats these from reeling were troops Korean North the , front the along All . dong @-@ 'ohang P of Battle the during dong @-@ 'ohang P at Koreans South the by repulsed were divisions Korean North more three , coast east the On . attack the in destroyed completely almost was Division 13th NK the where Alley Bowling the of Battle the at place took fighting heavy Particularly . Taegu of Battle the during city the attack to attempts several in divisions UN three by repulsed were divisions Korean North five , region Taegu the In . casualties percent 50 with river the across back forced was Division 4th NK the , 19 August on and , it repel to in brought were forces reserve US of numbers large as river the across bridgehead its hold to unable was division Korean North the , Bulge Naktong of Battle First the In . area Bulge Naktong the in sparred Division Infantry 24th US the and Division 4th NK the , Masan of North . attacks Korean North repelled repeatedly , reserves of plenty with and equipped well , forces UN as stalled attacks These . Mountain Battle and ni @-@ Komam at battles with countering before counteroffensive UN a repelling initially , Masan of Battle the at Division Infantry 25th US the engaged Division 7th NK the later and , Division 6th NK the , August Throughout . perimeter the into approach of avenues main four the on technique assault frontal same the attempted they , 5 August on Perimeter Pusan the approached Koreans North the When "," When the North Koreans approached the Pusan Perimeter on August 5 , they attempted the same frontal assault technique on the four main avenues of approach into the perimeter . Throughout August , the NK 6th Division , and later the NK 7th Division engaged the US 25th Infantry Division at the Battle of Masan , initially repelling a UN counteroffensive before countering with battles at Komam @-@ ni and Battle Mountain . These attacks stalled as UN forces , well equipped and with plenty of reserves , repeatedly repelled North Korean attacks . North of Masan , the NK 4th Division and the US 24th Infantry Division sparred in the Naktong Bulge area . In the First Battle of Naktong Bulge , the North Korean division was unable to hold its bridgehead across the river as large numbers of US reserve forces were brought in to repel it , and on August 19 , the NK 4th Division was forced back across the river with 50 percent casualties . In the Taegu region , five North Korean divisions were repulsed by three UN divisions in several attempts to attack the city during the Battle of Taegu . Particularly heavy fighting took place at the Battle of the Bowling Alley where the NK 13th Division was almost completely destroyed in the attack . On the east coast , three more North Korean divisions were repulsed by the South Koreans at P 'ohang @-@ dong during the Battle of P 'ohang @-@ dong . All along the front , the North Korean troops were reeling from these defeats , the first time in the war their strategies were not working . " " . Taegu to lines supply the cut first would units Korean North the , mission this of part As . city that in units ROK and UN the destroy and Taegu surround to was objective secondary A . battle the win not could it or soon offensive an conduct must it that and Perimeter Pusan the along up building were forces UN the aware were Koreans North the Union Soviet the from intelligence by Fed . battle the in success achieving of hope only the as it collapse and perimeter the breach to attack frontal use to opted they , Instead . navy UN the of support the to thanks impossible was force UN the flank to attempt any decided command Korean North the , offensive new its planning In "," In planning its new offensive , the North Korean command decided any attempt to flank the UN force was impossible thanks to the support of the UN navy . Instead , they opted to use frontal attack to breach the perimeter and collapse it as the only hope of achieving success in the battle . Fed by intelligence from the Soviet Union the North Koreans were aware the UN forces were building up along the Pusan Perimeter and that it must conduct an offensive soon or it could not win the battle . A secondary objective was to surround Taegu and destroy the UN and ROK units in that city . As part of this mission , the North Korean units would first cut the supply lines to Taegu . " " . Yongsan and Miryang to Bulge Naktong the at Division Infantry 2nd US the through break Division 10th NK and , Division 2nd NK , Division 4th NK , Division 9th NK the for called attack center The . ordered were groupings battle Five . back forces UN the force to place one least at in lines the through break to Koreans North the allow and defenders UN the overwhelm would attacks These . lines UN the against attack prong @-@ five simultaneous a for called Koreans North The . units subordinate their to orders operations distributed commands Korean North the , 20 August On "," On August 20 , the North Korean commands distributed operations orders to their subordinate units . The North Koreans called for a simultaneous five @-@ prong attack against the UN lines . These attacks would overwhelm the UN defenders and allow the North Koreans to break through the lines in at least one place to force the UN forces back . Five battle groupings were ordered . The center attack called for the NK 9th Division , NK 4th Division , NK 2nd Division , and NK 10th Division break through the US 2nd Infantry Division at the Naktong Bulge to Miryang and Yongsan . " " . front wide the along out spread extremely were units the as , points observation and hills key only held they and ) m 200 @,@ 1 ( feet 000 @,@ 4 to ) m 910 ( feet 000 @,@ 3 of front a had here line river the on company infantry US Each . August in earlier place taken had Bulge Naktong of Battle First the where Naktong the of area bulge the including , long ) m 000 @,@ 18 ( yards 000 @,@ 20 than more sector a held Regiment Infantry 9th the , zone Division Infantry 2nd the of part southernmost the in , There . Division Infantry 2nd US , Regiment Infantry 9th US the was , River Naktong the and River Nam the of confluence the of north just , flank right 's Regiment 35th the On . Masan of north River Nam of Battle the in engaged heavily was Regiment Infantry 35th US 's Division Infantry 25th US the , offensive 1 September ' Koreans North the During "," During the North Koreans ' September 1 offensive , the US 25th Infantry Division 's US 35th Infantry Regiment was heavily engaged in the Battle of Nam River north of Masan . On the 35th Regiment 's right flank , just north of the confluence of the Nam River and the Naktong River , was the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division . There , in the southernmost part of the 2nd Infantry Division zone , the 9th Infantry Regiment held a sector more than 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) long , including the bulge area of the Naktong where the First Battle of Naktong Bulge had taken place earlier in August . Each US infantry company on the river line here had a front of 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 910 m ) to 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) and they held only key hills and observation points , as the units were extremely spread out along the wide front . " " . coming was attack an reported officers Intelligence . lines front the fled force labor civilian Korean the of much when attack pending a to alerted were forces UN the , 31 August On . action patrol standard a only be to appeared this lines front the in men the to but , positions forward 's Infantry 9th the on attacks occasional were There . attack American possible a against Naktong the of side west the on ground high the organizing Koreans North was thought they which , river the across activity Korean North minor see could hills these on troops US , August of week last the During "," During the last week of August , US troops on these hills could see minor North Korean activity across the river , which they thought was North Koreans organizing the high ground on the west side of the Naktong against a possible American attack . There were occasional attacks on the 9th Infantry 's forward positions , but to the men in the front lines this appeared to be only a standard patrol action . On August 31 , the UN forces were alerted to a pending attack when much of the Korean civilian labor force fled the front lines . Intelligence officers reported an attack was coming . " " . points certain at darkness of cover under River Naktong the crossing began Koreans North The . line the into moved been recently only had They . Korea in arrived newly and fresh were men Division 2nd the but fighting of months from exhausted were troops 24th the ; resistance lighter expected they , Consequently . River Naktong the along positions in Division Infantry 24th US the replaced recently had Division Infantry 2nd US the that aware 't weren Koreans North the , However . Pusan and Taegu between withdrawal and supply of route 's Division 2nd US the off cut to areas Samnangjin and Miryang the capturing by Bulge Naktong at troops US the destroy and outflank to was attack forthcoming the in mission Its . 28 August on division the to order operations his issued , Division 9th NK the commanding , Sam Kyo Pak General Major Korean North , Naktong the of side west the On "," On the west side of the Naktong , North Korean Major General Pak Kyo Sam , commanding the NK 9th Division , issued his operations order to the division on August 28 . Its mission in the forthcoming attack was to outflank and destroy the US troops at Naktong Bulge by capturing the Miryang and Samnangjin areas to cut off the US 2nd Division 's route of supply and withdrawal between Taegu and Pusan . However , the North Koreans weren 't aware that the US 2nd Infantry Division had recently replaced the US 24th Infantry Division in positions along the Naktong River . Consequently , they expected lighter resistance ; the 24th troops were exhausted from months of fighting but the 2nd Division men were fresh and newly arrived in Korea . They had only recently been moved into the line . The North Koreans began crossing the Naktong River under cover of darkness at certain points . " " . line ridge the below river the along positions new to river the and Agok overlooking positions ridge its from moved Company A , 31 August of evening the On . Agok to close and ferry the near roadblock a held , Infantry 9th , Company A of squads infantry two with together , vehicles armored and tanks of patrol A . river the from ) m 270 ( yards 300 and 94 Hill of base the at lay Agok called village small A . ferry the at river the of side west the to crosses and ridge this of tip southern the passes Naktong the along west running ri @-@ Namji from road river The . site ferry the at 94 Hill in terminates that Naktong the paralleling ridge finger long a on in dug was Battalion 1st the of Company A , Naktong the with River Nam the of junction the above just , line river Infantry 9th the of flank most @-@ southern the On "," On the southern @-@ most flank of the 9th Infantry river line , just above the junction of the Nam River with the Naktong , A Company of the 1st Battalion was dug in on a long finger ridge paralleling the Naktong that terminates in Hill 94 at the ferry site . The river road from Namji @-@ ri running west along the Naktong passes the southern tip of this ridge and crosses to the west side of the river at the ferry . A small village called Agok lay at the base of Hill 94 and 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the river . A patrol of tanks and armored vehicles , together with two infantry squads of A Company , 9th Infantry , held a roadblock near the ferry and close to Agok . On the evening of August 31 , A Company moved from its ridge positions overlooking Agok and the river to new positions along the river below the ridge line . " " . water the in splashes and river the of side opposite the on noises heard they reported men Company A the of Some . counterbattery firing began artillery and mortars American . positions 's Company A struck preparation mortar Korean North and intensified strike this 15 : 22 By . river the of side held @-@ American the on falling began shells mortar 00 : 22 at and , river the covered fog heavy a 00 : 20 At . ferry the near Agok of side west the on patrol his placed Kouma . Agok in Carriages Motor Gun M19 two and tanks Pershing M26 two of patrol the led Kouma R. Ernest Sergeant evening That "," That evening Sergeant Ernest R. Kouma led the patrol of two M26 Pershing tanks and two M19 Gun Motor Carriages in Agok . Kouma placed his patrol on the west side of Agok near the ferry . At 20 : 00 a heavy fog covered the river , and at 22 : 00 mortar shells began falling on the American @-@ held side of the river . By 22 : 15 this strike intensified and North Korean mortar preparation struck A Company 's positions . American mortars and artillery began firing counterbattery . Some of the A Company men reported they heard noises on the opposite side of the river and splashes in the water . " " . likewise do should they that and positions ridge original the to withdrawing was company the that telephone field by word received tanks the near squads roadblock Company A the when minutes three or two only lasted had gunfire This . tanks the of north Company A of side left the around flared fight arms small a 00 : 23 At . sunk were place in bridge the hold to used boats the and , collapsed bridge the fire heavy of minute a about after and , structure this attacked vehicles four 's Kouma . position his of front in directly river the across laid being was bridge pontoon Korean North a that saw Kouma and lifted fog the 30 : 22 At "," At 22 : 30 the fog lifted and Kouma saw that a North Korean pontoon bridge was being laid across the river directly in front of his position . Kouma 's four vehicles attacked this structure , and after about a minute of heavy fire the bridge collapsed , and the boats used to hold the bridge in place were sunk . At 23 : 00 a small arms fight flared around the left side of A Company north of the tanks . This gunfire had lasted only two or three minutes when the A Company roadblock squads near the tanks received word by field telephone that the company was withdrawing to the original ridge positions and that they should do likewise . " " . northward Platoon 2nd the find not did they but , Agok near was which , Platoon 1st the hit Koreans North the , Company A against attack the In . tank single his with morning next the 30 : 07 until site Agok the held he but , withdraw to had vehicles three other the and wounded was Kouma . uniforms military US in dressed Koreans North of group a by ambushed then was patrol 's Kouma "," Kouma 's patrol was then ambushed by a group of North Koreans dressed in US military uniforms . Kouma was wounded and the other three vehicles had to withdraw , but he held the Agok site until 07 : 30 the next morning with his single tank . In the attack against A Company , the North Koreans hit the 1st Platoon , which was near Agok , but they did not find the 2nd Platoon northward . " " . lines its into come had Company C of men 110 that reported division that 1 September On . Naktong the of south positions Division 25th the to way the all moved Company C of Most . night the during Agok near positions line ridge 's Company A into coming them of few a , south moved men the of Many . escape to attempted then and time short a only positions its held company The . whistles of blowing and flares green by signaled , force in assaulted Koreans North the There . Company A of north , Company C of positions the overran quickly midnight near side east its on attack and Naktong the of crossing infantry 's Division 9th NK The "," The NK 9th Division 's infantry crossing of the Naktong and attack on its east side near midnight quickly overran the positions of C Company , north of A Company . There the North Koreans assaulted in force , signaled by green flares and blowing of whistles . The company held its positions only a short time and then attempted to escape . Many of the men moved south , a few of them coming into A Company 's ridge line positions near Agok during the night . Most of C Company moved all the way to the 25th Division positions south of the Naktong . On September 1 that division reported that 110 men of C Company had come into its lines . " " . river the across rolled offensive Corps I NK the that night same the , 31 August of night the there from start to mission reconnaissance a planned had Division Infantry 2nd US The . it crossed and Naktong the to down came road Yongsan the where Bulge Naktong the of middle the at located was ferry This . river the of crossing ferry the overlooking 209 Hill on position similar a held , Infantry 9th , Company B , position 's Company A and Agok of north ) km 0 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of Agok and A Company 's position , B Company , 9th Infantry , held a similar position on Hill 209 overlooking the ferry crossing of the river . This ferry was located at the middle of the Naktong Bulge where the Yongsan road came down to the Naktong and crossed it . The US 2nd Infantry Division had planned a reconnaissance mission to start from there the night of August 31 , the same night that the NK I Corps offensive rolled across the river . " " . intelligence collect and , prisoners capture , it destroy , center communications and post command Korean North suspected the to advance , river the cross to patrol combat sized @-@ company a be to was which "" , Manchu Operation "" projected outlined Hill G. John Colonel commander Infantry 9th , 25 August On . Division 9th NK the of post command the fact in was it indicated later obtained Information . river the of west ) km 2 @.@ 3 ( miles 2 activity troop and tank Korean North observed and Naktong the of side west the to crossed had Infantry 9th the from patrols reconnaissance two month the of end the Near "," Near the end of the month two reconnaissance patrols from the 9th Infantry had crossed to the west side of the Naktong and observed North Korean tank and troop activity 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the river . Information obtained later indicated it was in fact the command post of the NK 9th Division . On August 25 , 9th Infantry commander Colonel John G. Hill outlined projected "" Operation Manchu , "" which was to be a company @-@ sized combat patrol to cross the river , advance to the suspected North Korean command post and communications center , destroy it , capture prisoners , and collect intelligence . " " . support give to also was mortars inch @-@ 2 @.@ 4 of platoon A . fires supporting for rifles recoilless mm. @-@ 75 of section one and , mortars mm. @-@ 81 of section one , guns machine heavy of section one furnish to each were , H and D , companies weapons heavy Two . 31 August of night the boats assault in river the across it transport to was , Battalion Combat Engineer 2nd , Platoon 1st The . force attack the be to was , Company H from guns machine light of section one with reinforced , Company E , reserve Infantry 9th The . ferry the at river the cross should patrol the decided Keiser . patrolling aggressive for Walker Walton General Lieutenant commander Army States United Eighth from instructions received had turn in which , Keiser B. Laurence General Major commander Division 2nd the from orders on Manchu Force Task planned had Regiment Infantry 9th The "," The 9th Infantry Regiment had planned Task Force Manchu on orders from the 2nd Division commander Major General Laurence B. Keiser , which in turn had received instructions from Eighth United States Army commander Lieutenant General Walton Walker for aggressive patrolling . Keiser decided the patrol should cross the river at the ferry . The 9th Infantry reserve , E Company , reinforced with one section of light machine guns from H Company , was to be the attack force . The 1st Platoon , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , was to transport it across the river in assault boats the night of August 31 . Two heavy weapons companies , D and H , were each to furnish one section of heavy machine guns , one section of 81 @-@ mm. mortars , and one section of 75 @-@ mm. recoilless rifles for supporting fires . A platoon of 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch mortars was also to give support . " " . weapons their up set to prepared mortarmen the where 209 Hill of base the at position its to platoon mortar inch @-@ 2 @.@ 4 the with evening the in forward went Hill Colonel . site crossing the to move to platoon engineer the with ready getting , Yongsan of west ) km 2 @.@ 3 ( miles 2 about position reserve regimental its in still was , Company E , force raiding The . River Naktong the of crossing ferry the overlooked and sector defense 's Company B within was which , 209 Hill of base the to weapons and men their moved , Infantry 9th , Company H of Schmitt Edward Lieutenant First and Company D of Caldwell I. Charles Lieutenant First , 31 August on dark After "," After dark on August 31 , First Lieutenant Charles I. Caldwell of D Company and First Lieutenant Edward Schmitt of H Company , 9th Infantry , moved their men and weapons to the base of Hill 209 , which was within B Company 's defense sector and overlooked the ferry crossing of the Naktong River . The raiding force , E Company , was still in its regimental reserve position about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan , getting ready with the engineer platoon to move to the crossing site . Colonel Hill went forward in the evening with the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ inch mortar platoon to its position at the base of Hill 209 where the mortarmen prepared to set up their weapons . " " . river the wading soldiers Korean North of line long a discovered soon They . them below water the in splashing heard dark after Company B in men and Sheen Chaplain , 209 Hill of top On . services hold to Company B to afternoon the in forward gone had , Sheen B. Lewis Captain , chaplain regimental The . base southern 's hill the around curved which road river the of north ) km 6 @.@ 1 ( mile 1 , 209 Hill of top on Company B was unit line front closest the , 00 : 21 By "," By 21 : 00 , the closest front line unit was B Company on top of Hill 209 , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of the river road which curved around the hill 's southern base . The regimental chaplain , Captain Lewis B. Sheen , had gone forward in the afternoon to B Company to hold services . On top of Hill 209 , Chaplain Sheen and men in B Company after dark heard splashing in the water below them . They soon discovered a long line of North Korean soldiers wading the river . " " . night the during attacked not was group This . perimeter small a on in dug hastily all there and waited group advance the where top the to on hurried It . below men the engulfed attack Korean North the when hill the up way its on was party carrying weapons heavy first The . attacks the of because Manchu Operation canceled division the when , others several with together , midnight before just rear the to escaped but , there was Hill . there troops the of many captured or killed Koreans North The . site crossing the from ) km 80 @.@ 0 ( miles .5 , 209 Hill of base the at men Company H and D the of most caught also It . weapons its up setting of act the in unprepared Platoon Mortar Heavy the caught ferry the at crossing Korean North first The "," The first North Korean crossing at the ferry caught the Heavy Mortar Platoon unprepared in the act of setting up its weapons . It also caught most of the D and H Company men at the base of Hill 209 , .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from the crossing site . The North Koreans killed or captured many of the troops there . Hill was there , but escaped to the rear just before midnight , together with several others , when the division canceled Operation Manchu because of the attacks . The first heavy weapons carrying party was on its way up the hill when the North Korean attack engulfed the men below . It hurried on to the top where the advance group waited and there all hastily dug in on a small perimeter . This group was not attacked during the night . " " . armor and vehicles their for bridges pontoon building before defenders UN local overwhelm would Koreans North the site crossing each At . southward spread quickly and sector regimental the of part northern the in began These . assaults their launch to position in were infantry Korean North the , lifted preparation barrage artillery the when , Then . positions line river Infantry 9th the toward quietly hills the climbed and places of number a at Naktong the crossed Division 9th NK the midnight after shortly until 30 : 21 From "," From 21 : 30 until shortly after midnight the NK 9th Division crossed the Naktong at a number of places and climbed the hills quietly toward the 9th Infantry river line positions . Then , when the artillery barrage preparation lifted , the North Korean infantry were in position to launch their assaults . These began in the northern part of the regimental sector and quickly spread southward . At each crossing site the North Koreans would overwhelm local UN defenders before building pontoon bridges for their vehicles and armor . " " . September 4 on lines friendly to back soldiers of group one led Sheen . it on casualties heavy very inflicting , position its from Company B drove Koreans North the 209 Hill on up higher But . night the during attacked not was it and hill the on down lower group Manchu Force Task the of aware not were apparently Koreans North The . objective immediate principal ' Koreans North the and river the from ) km 4 @.@ 2 ( miles 5 @.@ 1 a feature terrain rugged a , 311 Hill also was as attack under already were Company B of sides both on hills The . slope the climbing started soldiers Korean North and , order shouted a came then , sounded whistle a , hill the of bottom the at stopped truck A . attacked was Company B , 00 : 02 At "," At 02 : 00 , B Company was attacked . A truck stopped at the bottom of the hill , a whistle sounded , then came a shouted order , and North Korean soldiers started climbing the slope . The hills on both sides of B Company were already under attack as was also Hill 311 , a rugged terrain feature a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the river and the North Koreans ' principal immediate objective . The North Koreans apparently were not aware of the Task Force Manchu group lower down on the hill and it was not attacked during the night . But higher up on Hill 209 the North Koreans drove B Company from its position , inflicting very heavy casualties on it . Sheen led one group of soldiers back to friendly lines on 4 September . " " . town the of edge western the at hills low the , terrain defensive poor relatively on Yongsan of defense its base to had now Division Infantry 2nd US The . ground high the controlled Koreans North the , river the and Yongsan between terrain defensive best the , Ridge ni @-@ Obong and Hill Cloverleaf of parts critical the With . force the accompanied had who aide 's Keiser and commander company the including , casualties heavy suffered company The . pass the of east road the astride positions from 30 : 03 at it on fire automatic heavy delivered and surprised force Korean North strong A . position blocking its reached never Company E . called also , Tugok at 34 @-@ T a out knocked , Battalion Tank 72nd , Company A of tank medium American an when 30 : 02 at pass the at began Fighting . Bulge Naktong the of battle first the in place taken had fighting heavy much so where terrain critical the was This . Yongsan from ) km 7 @.@ 9 ( miles 6 and river the from ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( miles 3 , Ridge ni @-@ Obong and Hill Cloverleaf between pass the at position blocking a take and road River Naktong @-@ Yongsan the along west move to Company E , reserve only its ordered Regiment Infantry 9th the , September 1 , 00 : 03 At "," At 03 : 00 , 1 September , the 9th Infantry Regiment ordered its only reserve , E Company to move west along the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road and take a blocking position at the pass between Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from the river and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from Yongsan . This was the critical terrain where so much heavy fighting had taken place in the first battle of the Naktong Bulge . Fighting began at the pass at 02 : 30 when an American medium tank of A Company , 72nd Tank Battalion , knocked out a T @-@ 34 at Tugok , also called . E Company never reached its blocking position . A strong North Korean force surprised and delivered heavy automatic fire on it at 03 : 30 from positions astride the road east of the pass . The company suffered heavy casualties , including the company commander and Keiser 's aide who had accompanied the force . With the critical parts of Cloverleaf Hill and Obong @-@ ni Ridge , the best defensive terrain between Yongsan and the river , the North Koreans controlled the high ground . The US 2nd Infantry Division now had to base its defense of Yongsan on relatively poor defensive terrain , the low hills at the western edge of the town . " " . sector Infantry 9th the in position reserve a to south Company E moved Division 2nd the August On . sector regimental the in net road the commanded it where position a in and Battalion 1st the behind ) km 13 ( miles 8 position reserve a in Battalion 2nd the placed He . squads and platoons with hills the , . Jr , E. Claire Colonel Lieutenant US under , Battalion 1st The . abreast companies three the with river the along ground high the on Battalion 1st the deployed , commander regimental the , Freeman L. Paul Colonel . north the to Division Cavalry 1st US the to attached been had which Battalion 3rd its without front River Naktong ) m 000 @,@ 15 ( yards 000 @,@ 16 a over took It . knowledge limited a only had it which of sector new a in was Regiment 23rd the , 1 August On . Division Infantry 24th US the of Regiment Infantry 21st US the relieved before days few a only had turn in which , Regiment Infantry 38th US the of Battalion 3rd the relieved just had 29 August on Regiment Infantry 23rd US the , Naktong the along front Division Infantry 2nd the of sector Infantry 9th the of North "," North of the 9th Infantry sector of the 2nd Infantry Division front along the Naktong , the US 23rd Infantry Regiment on August 29 had just relieved the 3rd Battalion of the US 38th Infantry Regiment , which in turn had only a few days before relieved the US 21st Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division . On August 1 , the 23rd Regiment was in a new sector of which it had only a limited knowledge . It took over a 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) Naktong River front without its 3rd Battalion which had been attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division to the north . Colonel Paul L. Freeman , the regimental commander , deployed the 1st Battalion on the high ground along the river with the three companies abreast . The 1st Battalion , under US Lieutenant Colonel Claire E. , Jr . , the hills with platoons and squads . He placed the 2nd Battalion in a reserve position 8 miles ( 13 km ) behind the 1st Battalion and in a position where it commanded the road net in the regimental sector . On August the 2nd Division moved E Company south to a reserve position in the 9th Infantry sector . " " . Changnyong to routes approach two these guarded Regiment 23rd the of Battalion 1st the , effect In . Changnyong to , 'o p @-@ U Lake was which of largest the , lakes and marshland around curved road secondary northern A . Changnyong to northeast turned then and ni @-@ Pugong to river the of bank east the along south bent road main The . Changnyong to River Naktong the from sector regimental the through ran roads Two "," Two roads ran through the regimental sector from the Naktong River to Changnyong . The main road bent south along the east bank of the river to Pugong @-@ ni and then turned northeast to Changnyong . A northern secondary road curved around marshland and lakes , the largest of which was Lake U @-@ p 'o , to Changnyong . In effect , the 1st Battalion of the 23rd Regiment guarded these two approach routes to Changnyong . " " . advance their continued Koreans North the However . number its reducing , column the on fire to artillery the ordered immediately Freeman . refugees were they thought , people 000 @,@ 2 at column the estimated who , observer forward artillery The . post command battalion the to reported immediately They . river the toward proceed and hills the of out come Koreans North of column a saw platoon the , dark before Just . them dispersed fire artillery Occasionally . soldiers Korean North of groups large two , 31 August of afternoon the in , see could they paddies rice the in river the Across . ni @-@ Pugong of north Naktong the of bank east the along front ) m 400 @,@ 2 ( yards 600 @,@ 2 a covering hills seven on positions outpost held Infantry 23rd , Company B , Platoon 2nd the of men 42 The "," The 42 men of the 2nd Platoon , B Company , 23rd Infantry held outpost positions on seven hills covering a 2 @,@ 600 yards ( 2 @,@ 400 m ) front along the east bank of the Naktong north of Pugong @-@ ni . Across the river in the rice paddies they could see , in the afternoon of August 31 , two large groups of North Korean soldiers . Occasionally artillery fire dispersed them . Just before dark , the platoon saw a column of North Koreans come out of the hills and proceed toward the river . They immediately reported to the battalion command post . The artillery forward observer , who estimated the column at 2 @,@ 000 people , thought they were refugees . Freeman immediately ordered the artillery to fire on the column , reducing its number . However the North Koreans continued their advance . " " . line outpost battalion the along elsewhere place took assaults Similar . fight short a after hill the from it forcing , Platoon 2nd attacked Koreans North the and lifted barrage the 00 : 23 At . fire its of cover under darkness the in hills the climbed and river the crossed infantry Korean North , on rolled barrage the As . Platoon 2nd of positions river American the against preparation mortar and artillery Korean North hour @-@ two a be to proved what of shells first the 00 : 21 At "," At 21 : 00 the first shells of what proved to be a two @-@ hour North Korean artillery and mortar preparation against the American river positions of 2nd Platoon . As the barrage rolled on , North Korean infantry crossed the river and climbed the hills in the darkness under cover of its fire . At 23 : 00 the barrage lifted and the North Koreans attacked 2nd Platoon , forcing it from the hill after a short fight . Similar assaults took place elsewhere along the battalion outpost line . " " . action this in heavily lost Company B . town the of west ) km 0 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 and river the of east ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( miles 3 , Changnyong into road northern the covering there hills the and 'o p @-@ U Lake of north just , Company C less , force its of part large a withdrawing in succeeded Battalion 1st , night the during developed attack Korean North the As . company the in men 20 only were there , in come had lines Korean North behind off cut those and stragglers the all after , later days three and , for accounted be could Company C of men seven Only . 1 September 0300 by Company C overran completely soldiers Korean North road Changnyong @-@ ni @-@ Pugong main the along left regimental the On "," On the regimental left along the main Pugong @-@ ni @-@ Changnyong road North Korean soldiers completely overran C Company by 0300 September 1 . Only seven men of C Company could be accounted for , and three days later , after all the stragglers and those cut off behind North Korean lines had come in , there were only 20 men in the company . As the North Korean attack developed during the night , 1st Battalion succeeded in withdrawing a large part of its force , less C Company , just north of Lake U @-@ p 'o and the hills there covering the northern road into Changnyong , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east of the river and 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of the town . B Company lost heavily in this action . " " . Changnyong of northwest ) km 0 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 post command regimental the near penetration this stopped finally units regimental miscellaneous other and Companies Service and Headquarters Infantry 23rd The . positions artillery division the near him behind miles three road the reached and position blocking northern 's Battalion 1st of flank right the around passed night the during troops Korean North . Changnyong of front in Regiment 23d the of position defensive main the became what up build to Company F joined it day next the and regiment the to Company E released Division 2nd US The . there position defensive a into went and , Lake above ri @-@ 'o near Changnyong to approach main this astride ground high seized and it from stragglers collected Jenson but , Company C reach to unable was force This . road ni @-@ Pugong the down Company F accompanied , Battalion 2nd the of officer executive , Jenson K. Lloyd Major . Company C and ni @-@ Pugong toward road southern the on latter the and Battalion 1st help to former the sent and reserve Division 2nd from Companies F and G of release the obtained Freeman , headquarters regimental reached Battalion 1st overtaken had that disaster the of word When "," When word of the disaster that had overtaken 1st Battalion reached regimental headquarters , Freeman obtained the release of G and F Companies from 2nd Division reserve and sent the former to help 1st Battalion and the latter on the southern road toward Pugong @-@ ni and C Company . Major Lloyd K. Jenson , executive officer of the 2nd Battalion , accompanied F Company down the Pugong @-@ ni road . This force was unable to reach C Company , but Jenson collected stragglers from it and seized high ground astride this main approach to Changnyong near 'o @-@ ri above Lake , and went into a defensive position there . The US 2nd Division released E Company to the regiment and the next day it joined F Company to build up what became the main defensive position of the 23d Regiment in front of Changnyong . North Korean troops during the night passed around the right flank of 1st Battalion 's northern blocking position and reached the road three miles behind him near the division artillery positions . The 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Service Companies and other miscellaneous regimental units finally stopped this penetration near the regimental command post 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong . " " . Bradley Force Task as known was grouping southern This . division the of units miscellaneous other and , Battalion Tank 72nd the of most , Battalion Combat Engineer 2nd the , Regiment Infantry 9th the of charge in , Commander Division Assistant , Bradley S. Joseph General Brigadier placed Keiser , area Yongsan the in , Southward . 1 September , 20 : 10 at operational became Haynes Force Task . Changnyong of north ) km 11 ( miles 7 was post command ' Haynes . group northern the of command in , Haynes M. Loyal General Brigadier , commander artillery division the placed he , Accordingly . forces special two as division divided the direct and control to advisable it made situation this that decided Keiser . south the in Regiment Infantry 9th the and headquarters division the from separated were north the in artillery division the of bulk the with Regiments Infantry 23d and 38th the ; two in division the cut and road Yongsan @-@ Changnyong south @-@ north the to penetrated had Koreans North that clear it made headquarters Division 2nd US to in coming reports , passed had September 1 of morning the Before "," Before the morning of 1 September had passed , reports coming in to US 2nd Division headquarters made it clear that North Koreans had penetrated to the north @-@ south Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road and cut the division in two ; the 38th and 23d Infantry Regiments with the bulk of the division artillery in the north were separated from the division headquarters and the 9th Infantry Regiment in the south . Keiser decided that this situation made it advisable to control and direct the divided division as two special forces . Accordingly , he placed the division artillery commander , Brigadier General Loyal M. Haynes , in command of the northern group . Haynes ' command post was 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of Changnyong . Task Force Haynes became operational at 10 : 20 , September 1 . Southward , in the Yongsan area , Keiser placed Brigadier General Joseph S. Bradley , Assistant Division Commander , in charge of the 9th Infantry Regiment , the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , most of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and other miscellaneous units of the division . This southern grouping was known as Task Force Bradley . " " . shallow very places most in although water of body large a was 'o p @-@ U Lake , 1950 , 31 August On . 'o p @-@ U Lake below and above Changnyong into advance of avenues two the seize to trying was and river the across east straight attacked , effect in , had , river the of west area ni @-@ Sinban the in concentrated , Division 2nd NK The . sector Regiment 23rd the into River Naktong the of side east the to night the during crossed @-@ south to north from line in , 6th and , 17th , 4th the @-@ Division 2nd NK the of regiments three All "," All three regiments of the NK 2nd Division @-@ the 4th , 17th , and 6th , in line from north to south @-@ crossed during the night to the east side of the Naktong River into the 23rd Regiment sector . The NK 2nd Division , concentrated in the Sinban @-@ ni area west of the river , had , in effect , attacked straight east across the river and was trying to seize the two avenues of advance into Changnyong above and below Lake U @-@ p 'o . On August 31 , 1950 , Lake U @-@ p 'o was a large body of water although in most places very shallow . " " . sector Infantry 9th the in were penetrations Korean North deepest and heaviest the reported and headquarters Army Eighth telephoned Keiser 10 : 08 At . sector Infantry 38th US the in 'ung Hyongp near area 409 Hill the in troops more crossing begun had Division 10th NK the and ; Infantry 23rd US the against crossings major three made had meantime the in Division 2nd NK the ; Infantry 9th US the against points principal two at Naktong the of crossings major effected had Division 9th NK The . Infantry 38th the of zone the in north the in except sector division the in everywhere penetrations deep made had attack Korean North massive The . crisis a of midst the in was division his felt , road Miryang the on Yongsan of east ) km 11 ( miles 7 , ni @-@ in headquarters Division 2nd at Keiser , 1 September dawn At "," At dawn September 1 , Keiser at 2nd Division headquarters in @-@ ni , 7 miles ( 11 km ) east of Yongsan on the Miryang road , felt his division was in the midst of a crisis . The massive North Korean attack had made deep penetrations everywhere in the division sector except in the north in the zone of the 38th Infantry . The NK 9th Division had effected major crossings of the Naktong at two principal points against the US 9th Infantry ; the NK 2nd Division in the meantime had made three major crossings against the US 23rd Infantry ; and the NK 10th Division had begun crossing more troops in the Hill 409 area near Hyongp 'ung in the US 38th Infantry sector . At 08 : 10 Keiser telephoned Eighth Army headquarters and reported the heaviest and deepest North Korean penetrations were in the 9th Infantry sector . " " . Ch and Miryang to leading eastward passes the to access Korean North prevent and , River Naktong the of east road Yongsan @-@ Changnyong the along defense a organize could he hoped Keiser . disappeared virtually had companies some and disorganization of states various in were Regiments 23rd and 9th US the of battalions line @-@ front The . elsewhere penetrations severe less made and line division the of middle the in deep ) km 13 ( miles 8 and wide ) km 7 @.@ 9 ( miles 6 hole a punched had Koreans North the that apparent became it headquarters division at up built slowly information As . supplies medical and , water , food , ammunition of airdrops fourteen made and , Koreans North the by off cut units line @-@ front located artillery division the of section aviation light the , day the of rest the throughout continuing and 30 : 09 at Beginning . broken was units forward the all nearly to headquarters regimental and division from Communication . units line @-@ front Division Infantry 2nd US locate to and progress Korean North the observe to hour every strip division the from rose planes Liaison "," Liaison planes rose from the division strip every hour to observe the North Korean progress and to locate US 2nd Infantry Division front @-@ line units . Communication from division and regimental headquarters to nearly all the forward units was broken . Beginning at 09 : 30 and continuing throughout the rest of the day , the light aviation section of the division artillery located front @-@ line units cut off by the North Koreans , and made fourteen airdrops of ammunition , food , water , and medical supplies . As information slowly built up at division headquarters it became apparent that the North Koreans had punched a hole 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) wide and 8 miles ( 13 km ) deep in the middle of the division line and made less severe penetrations elsewhere . The front @-@ line battalions of the US 9th and 23rd Regiments were in various states of disorganization and some companies had virtually disappeared . Keiser hoped he could organize a defense along the Changnyong @-@ Yongsan road east of the Naktong River , and prevent North Korean access to the passes eastward leading to Miryang and Ch . " " . area Yongsan the to reinforcements ground ordered already had He . costs all at hold to division the ordered and 00 : 12 at front Division 2nd US the to came Walker . front battle southern the toward steam full at southward sped and area Seoul @-@ 'on Inch the in strikes its from back turned Fleet Seventh US the and , effort air the in join to Navy US the requested Command East Far The . units spearhead Korean North the of support in river the across moving from supplies and reinforcements Korean North further prevent and battlefield the isolate to Force Air the wanted He . river the of west ) km 24 ( miles 15 of depth a to and southward , boundary Division 2nd US the above just , dong @-@ from River Naktong the along effort maximum a make to Force Air US the requested Walker 00 : 09 At "," At 09 : 00 Walker requested the US Air Force to make a maximum effort along the Naktong River from @-@ dong , just above the US 2nd Division boundary , southward and to a depth of 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of the river . He wanted the Air Force to isolate the battlefield and prevent further North Korean reinforcements and supplies from moving across the river in support of the North Korean spearhead units . The Far East Command requested the US Navy to join in the air effort , and the US Seventh Fleet turned back from its strikes in the Inch 'on @-@ Seoul area and sped southward at full steam toward the southern battle front . Walker came to the US 2nd Division front at 12 : 00 and ordered the division to hold at all costs . He had already ordered ground reinforcements to the Yongsan area . " " . highway and railroad Mukden @-@ Pusan main the and Miryang to eastward ) km 19 ( miles 12 leading corridor the to gateway the , Yongsan of edge the at were troops Korean North sector Division 2nd US the In . Rivers Naktong and Nam the of junction the below , sector Division 25th US the in Division 6th NK and Division 7th NK the and , sector Division 2nd US the in Divisions 9th and 2nd NK the @-@ places two in Perimeter Pusan his broken had Corps I NK the midnight Since . reserves Perimeter Pusan his needed most front the of part which to as decision a in wavering , front southern his from in coming news the weighed Walker , September 1 of morning the During "," During the morning of 1 September , Walker weighed the news coming in from his southern front , wavering in a decision as to which part of the front most needed his Pusan Perimeter reserves . Since midnight the NK I Corps had broken his Pusan Perimeter in two places @-@ the NK 2nd and 9th Divisions in the US 2nd Division sector , and the NK 7th Division and NK 6th Division in the US 25th Division sector , below the junction of the Nam and Naktong Rivers . In the US 2nd Division sector North Korean troops were at the edge of Yongsan , the gateway to the corridor leading 12 miles ( 19 km ) eastward to Miryang and the main Pusan @-@ Mukden railroad and highway . " " . destination unannounced an to marines the and , fronts Division 25th or 2nd the to either Division 24th the ; notice 's moment a at move to Brigade Marine Provisional 1st the and , Regiment 19th its with together , headquarters Division 24th the both alerted Walker . Taegu of southeast Kyongsan at headquarters 's division that with then , Division Infantry 24th US the of Regiment Infantry 19th US the and ; area Taegu the in Division 24th the join to then was which , Team Combat Regimental 5th the relieve to 30 : 20 at before night the only Masan at arrived had which Division 25th the of Regiment Infantry 27th US the ; Pusan of port the to movement for preparing , Masan of northeast ) km 7 @.@ 9 ( miles 6 , Changwon at Brigade Marine Provisional 1st The : line in placed be to ready and equipped completely yet not was which Brigade Infantry 27th British battalion @-@ 2 the and regiments infantry understrength three reserve in had Army Eighth "," Eighth Army had in reserve three understrength infantry regiments and the 2 @-@ battalion British 27th Infantry Brigade which was not yet completely equipped and ready to be placed in line : The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade at Changwon , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) northeast of Masan , preparing for movement to the port of Pusan ; the US 27th Infantry Regiment of the 25th Division which had arrived at Masan only the night before at 20 : 30 to relieve the 5th Regimental Combat Team , which was then to join the 24th Division in the Taegu area ; and the US 19th Infantry Regiment of the US 24th Infantry Division , then with that division 's headquarters at Kyongsan southeast of Taegu . Walker alerted both the 24th Division headquarters , together with its 19th Regiment , and the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to move at a moment 's notice ; the 24th Division either to the 2nd or 25th Division fronts , and the marines to an unannounced destination . " " . 30 : 13 at Bulge Naktong the for depart to ready made marines The . once at move to marines the prepare to , Brigade Marine Provisional 1st the commanding , Craig A. Edward General Brigadier Corps Marine US ordered Walker 00 : 11 At . position Army Eighth entire the it with and Miryang threatened Koreans North the There . sector Division 2nd US the of area Bulge Naktong the in critical most was situation the that decided Walker General , passed morning the As "," As the morning passed , General Walker decided that the situation was most critical in the Naktong Bulge area of the US 2nd Division sector . There the North Koreans threatened Miryang and with it the entire Eighth Army position . At 11 : 00 Walker ordered US Marine Corps Brigadier General Edward A. Craig , commanding the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade , to prepare the marines to move at once . The marines made ready to depart for the Naktong Bulge at 13 : 30 . " " . ammunition and , rations , water needed much with later returning , night the during there abandoned supplies obtain to Agok to hill the down patrol a sent Company A of Platoon 2nd , hours several After . east moving them of most , them surrounding ridges the of many on soldiers Korean North see could men the daylight at there From . river the of back line ridge the on positions to withdrew Company A . northward Agok from positions its at Infantry 9th , Company A scattered and , Agok captured , ferry the at crossed had place one at Koreans North The . 1 September day the during chaotic was front the on situation The "," The situation on the front was chaotic during the day September 1 . The North Koreans at one place had crossed at the ferry , captured Agok , and scattered A Company , 9th Infantry at its positions from Agok northward . A Company withdrew to positions on the ridge line back of the river . From there at daylight the men could see North Korean soldiers on many of the ridges surrounding them , most of them moving east . After several hours , 2nd Platoon of A Company sent a patrol down the hill to Agok to obtain supplies abandoned there during the night , returning later with much needed water , rations , and ammunition . " " . night that company the withdraw to Company A ordered Battalion 1st The . recovered was it of part only ; company the to ammunition and food dropped aircraft US , afternoon the In . force Korean North this on casualties 300 estimated an inflicted weapons all from fire Combined . group this decimated fire artillery fuze Proximity . sector Division Infantry 25th US the in south the to Naktong the across another did as , fire under them took ridge the of tip the at gun machine light the this At . river the for running , houses the from broke Koreans North The . artillery with houses these hit company The . base its at houses occupied force Korean North a that saw they ridge the of tip the reached squad the When . fire under troops these take to Agok overlooking ridge the of tip southern the to gun machine light a with squad a sent company The . Company A below Naktong the crossed barges Korean North morning the in Later "," Later in the morning North Korean barges crossed the Naktong below A Company . The company sent a squad with a light machine gun to the southern tip of the ridge overlooking Agok to take these troops under fire . When the squad reached the tip of the ridge they saw that a North Korean force occupied houses at its base . The company hit these houses with artillery . The North Koreans broke from the houses , running for the river . At this the light machine gun at the tip of the ridge took them under fire , as did another across the Naktong to the south in the US 25th Infantry Division sector . Proximity fuze artillery fire decimated this group . Combined fire from all weapons inflicted an estimated 300 casualties on this North Korean force . In the afternoon , US aircraft dropped food and ammunition to the company ; only part of it was recovered . The 1st Battalion ordered A Company to withdraw the company that night . " " . well as days few next the in stream to continued position this from Stragglers . Yongsan near Battalion Tank 72nd the of lines the into merged company the of survivors 20 afternoon That . progress in then was which Yongsan of Battle the on down looked men the , lifted had fog the after , 00 : 12 at hill a From . Yongsan toward compass by way its made group the , fog heavy under , morning next The . lines friendly to escaped men ten approximately , company the in those Of . range close at Korean North engaging still was seen last when and , escape might who those to burden a be to refused Story , wounded Badly . Honor of Medal the awarded was he that tenaciously so fought , leader squad weapons a , Story H. Luther Class First Private , action desperate this In . range close at killed were commander its including , company the of Most . fight ensuing the in scattered had and force Korean North sizable a into ran Company A , however , withdraw the During "," During the withdraw , however , A Company ran into a sizable North Korean force and had scattered in the ensuing fight . Most of the company , including its commander were killed at close range . In this desperate action , Private First Class Luther H. Story , a weapons squad leader , fought so tenaciously that he was awarded the Medal of Honor . Badly wounded , Story refused to be a burden to those who might escape , and when last seen was still engaging North Korean at close range . Of those in the company , approximately ten men escaped to friendly lines . The next morning , under heavy fog , the group made its way by compass toward Yongsan . From a hill at 12 : 00 , after the fog had lifted , the men looked down on the Battle of Yongsan which was then in progress . That afternoon 20 survivors of the company merged into the lines of the 72nd Tank Battalion near Yongsan . Stragglers from this position continued to stream in the next few days as well . " " . group the of command assumed Schmitt . pistols or carbines 40 about and , rifles Garand M1 20 about , Rifle Automatic Browning M1918 a , gun machine light two , gun machine heavy a , radio 300 @-@ SCR an had group The . group the in were men 70 to 60 , Altogether . Company B from two or one and Platoon Mortar Heavy the from few a were there , men Company H and D the to addition In . position higher 's Company B of south ) km 80 @.@ 0 ( miles 5 @.@ 0 , 209 Hill of knob southern a on was , struck Koreans North the before hill the up started had who , Infantry 9th , Companies H and D of men the by taken position perimeter The . line the of end southern the on destroyed been had Company A where of north ) km 0 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 about , River Naktong the along position its holding still was Manchu Force Task , meantime the In "," In the meantime , Task Force Manchu was still holding its position along the Naktong River , about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north of where A Company had been destroyed on the southern end of the line . The perimeter position taken by the men of D and H Companies , 9th Infantry , who had started up the hill before the North Koreans struck , was on a southern knob of Hill 209 , 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) south of B Company 's higher position . In addition to the D and H Company men , there were a few from the Heavy Mortar Platoon and one or two from B Company . Altogether , 60 to 70 men were in the group . The group had an SCR @-@ 300 radio , a heavy machine gun , two light machine gun , a M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle , about 20 M1 Garand rifles , and about 40 carbines or pistols . Schmitt assumed command of the group . " " . perimeter the outside slopes steep the on dead Korean North many disclosed day second the of Daylight . perimeter US tight the penetrate to time each failed but , quarters close to fight the pressing , times three attacked company estimated an night That . repulsed were and , afternoon that 00 : 14 at it attacked first They . group Manchu Force Task discovered quickly Koreans North The . eastward miles several already them of some , units combat their to forward supplies moving and river the crossing continued Koreans North , them Below . Company B by held formerly , them above mile a half knob higher the occupied force One . Koreans North by surrounded were they that saw group his and Schmitt came daylight When . infantry 9th , Battalion 1st the with communication radio established Schmitt night the During "," During the night Schmitt established radio communication with the 1st Battalion , 9th infantry . When daylight came Schmitt and his group saw that they were surrounded by North Koreans . One force occupied the higher knob half a mile above them , formerly held by B Company . Below them , North Koreans continued crossing the river and moving supplies forward to their combat units , some of them already several miles eastward . The North Koreans quickly discovered Task Force Manchu group . They first attacked it at 14 : 00 that afternoon , and were repulsed . That night an estimated company attacked three times , pressing the fight to close quarters , but failed each time to penetrate the tight US perimeter . Daylight of the second day disclosed many North Korean dead on the steep slopes outside the perimeter . " " . combat hand @-@ to @-@ hand in Korean North the killed who , Ouellette attacked suddenly soldier Korean North a occasion such one on and , attacked was he occasions several On . dead Korean North the from grenades and , ammunition , weapons gather to perimeter the left , Company H of , Ouellette R. Joseph Class First Private . ammunition and supplies some 00 : 19 at later made drop a from recover , however , did perimeter the in men The . hands Korean North into went supplies the all virtually that steep so slopes the and small so was perimeter the but , drop the attempted plane US A . supplies of airdrop an for Battalion 1st radioed Schmitt 2 September of afternoon the In "," In the afternoon of September 2 Schmitt radioed 1st Battalion for an airdrop of supplies . A US plane attempted the drop , but the perimeter was so small and the slopes so steep that virtually all the supplies went into North Korean hands . The men in the perimeter did , however , recover from a drop made later at 19 : 00 some supplies and ammunition . Private First Class Joseph R. Ouellette , of H Company , left the perimeter to gather weapons , ammunition , and grenades from the North Korean dead . On several occasions he was attacked , and on one such occasion a North Korean soldier suddenly attacked Ouellette , who killed the North Korean in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . " " . man aid one by carried those except supplies medical no were There . diminishing were supplies and , growing was perimeter the within wounded and killed of number the But . repulsed were which of all , attacks infantry Korean North renewed for signal the was dark after fire mortar the of lifting The . foxhole his in stay to man every forced fire gun machine The . dark until firing continued and perimeter 's Schmitt on registered eastward ridge finger high neighboring a on emplaced mortars , Soon . perimeter the swept 209 Hill of slope the on higher and northward positions from guns machine two and knob the on in came fire antitank Korean North later minutes 45 Only . fire mortar under it take to meant now Koreans North the , force defending little the reduce to attack infantry frontal in Failing "" . pieces to blown be or surrender to hour one have You "" , message the with Schmitt to hill the up prisoner American an sent Koreans North the , afternoon same That "," That same afternoon , the North Koreans sent an American prisoner up the hill to Schmitt with the message , "" You have one hour to surrender or be blown to pieces . "" Failing in frontal infantry attack to reduce the little defending force , the North Koreans now meant to take it under mortar fire . Only 45 minutes later North Korean antitank fire came in on the knob and two machine guns from positions northward and higher on the slope of Hill 209 swept the perimeter . Soon , mortars emplaced on a neighboring high finger ridge eastward registered on Schmitt 's perimeter and continued firing until dark . The machine gun fire forced every man to stay in his foxhole . The lifting of the mortar fire after dark was the signal for renewed North Korean infantry attacks , all of which were repulsed . But the number of killed and wounded within the perimeter was growing , and supplies were diminishing . There were no medical supplies except those carried by one aid man . " " . officer surviving senior , Company D of J. Raymond Lieutenant First to now passed command The . 3 September on Schmitt killed these of One . fire mortar continuing the of course the in hits mortar direct more or one received perimeter the of foxholes the of Most . killed was Ouellette action close this In . it into thrown grenades escape to foxhole his from leaped Ouellette times Six . it into grenades threw and perimeter the to close way their worked Koreans North Some . came never Schmitt by requested strikes air and fire Artillery . units US other with communication all ended this and radio the destroyed fragments Mortar . foxhole every almost in were troops US dying and Dead . himself showed anyone whenever perimeter the swept still guns machine Korean North Two . repulsed attacks infantry separate twenty about were there estimated later Survivors . perimeter the against assaults infantry with alternated had barrages mortar Korean North , afternoon previous the Since . exhausted completely nearly were supplies and food , ammunition and hot was weather The . worsened situation the , 3 September , day third The "," The third day , September 3 , the situation worsened . The weather was hot and ammunition , food and supplies were nearly completely exhausted . Since the previous afternoon , North Korean mortar barrages had alternated with infantry assaults against the perimeter . Survivors later estimated there were about twenty separate infantry attacks repulsed . Two North Korean machine guns still swept the perimeter whenever anyone showed himself . Dead and dying US troops were in almost every foxhole . Mortar fragments destroyed the radio and this ended all communication with other US units . Artillery fire and air strikes requested by Schmitt never came . Some North Koreans worked their way close to the perimeter and threw grenades into it . Six times Ouellette leaped from his foxhole to escape grenades thrown into it . In this close action Ouellette was killed . Most of the foxholes of the perimeter received one or more direct mortar hits in the course of the continuing mortar fire . One of these killed Schmitt on September 3 . The command passed now to First Lieutenant Raymond J. of D Company , senior surviving officer . " " . Division Infantry 25th US the of lines the reached they until , night by traveling and day by hiding , downstream Naktong the following them of many , lines friendly to escaped 22 , 4 September of night the hill the off came who men 29 the Of . actions his for Honor of Medal the win also would he , Like . chin his under muzzle the with chest his on placed and loaded be carbine his that only asked He . away get to chance a had who those to burden a be to want not did he that saying , evacuation of efforts refused , condition paralyzed his in alive still , Watkins E. Travis Sergeant Master . four of groups in hill the off slipped men enlisted 27 and Caldwell and , 00 : 22 At . position the against attack weak another launched Koreans North the dark after evening That . lines friendly to back get to try and groups small into split would survivors the dark got it When . night that position the abandon to decided , sight in help no and left grenades few a only and man per clip one about to down ammunition with , passed day the As . alive were , hill the on assembled had who men the half approximately and officers two only September 4 of morning the on daylight At "," At daylight on the morning of 4 September only two officers and approximately half the men who had assembled on the hill , were alive . As the day passed , with ammunition down to about one clip per man and only a few grenades left and no help in sight , decided to abandon the position that night . When it got dark the survivors would split into small groups and try to get back to friendly lines . That evening after dark the North Koreans launched another weak attack against the position . At 22 : 00 , and Caldwell and 27 enlisted men slipped off the hill in groups of four . Master Sergeant Travis E. Watkins , still alive in his paralyzed condition , refused efforts of evacuation , saying that he did not want to be a burden to those who had a chance to get away . He asked only that his carbine be loaded and placed on his chest with the muzzle under his chin . Like , he would also win the Medal of Honor for his actions . Of the 29 men who came off the hill the night of September 4 , 22 escaped to friendly lines , many of them following the Naktong downstream , hiding by day and traveling by night , until they reached the lines of the US 25th Infantry Division . " " . site crossing this at used being carriers 000 @,@ 1 @-@ 800 of total estimated an , night at continuously river the crossed soldiers Korean North four by guarded civilians 50 of parties Carrying . morning next the dawn before up it took and river the across bridge pontoon a placed they night each , downstream distance short A . bridge underwater an in put had Koreans North the site ferry the At . site crossing ferry the of vicinity the in activity Korean North of information intelligence considerable back brought 209 Hill from escaped who Manchu Force Task of Members "," Members of Task Force Manchu who escaped from Hill 209 brought back considerable intelligence information of North Korean activity in the vicinity of the ferry crossing site . At the ferry site the North Koreans had put in an underwater bridge . A short distance downstream , each night they placed a pontoon bridge across the river and took it up before dawn the next morning . Carrying parties of 50 civilians guarded by four North Korean soldiers crossed the river continuously at night , an estimated total of 800 @-@ 1 @,@ 000 carriers being used at this crossing site . " " . fight hour @-@ 3 a in Koreans North the checked officers staff regimental and , units regimental miscellaneous , Company Headquarters and Headquarters Infantry 23rd US the , Changnyong of northwest ) km 0 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 , There . ) m 550 ( yards 600 about it withdraw to Freeman compelling , post command regimental the overran now Koreans North 400 Approximately . westward ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( miles 3 isolated and positions river the from driven been had Battalion 1st Its . position precarious very a in was 1 September of daylight after Regiment Infantry 23d US the , Yongsan around and Bulge Naktong the in battles the and Infantry 9th US the of North "," North of the US 9th Infantry and the battles in the Naktong Bulge and around Yongsan , the US 23d Infantry Regiment after daylight of September 1 was in a very precarious position . Its 1st Battalion had been driven from the river positions and isolated 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) westward . Approximately 400 North Koreans now overran the regimental command post , compelling Freeman to withdraw it about 600 yards ( 550 m ) . There , 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) northwest of Changnyong , the US 23rd Infantry Headquarters and Headquarters Company , miscellaneous regimental units , and regimental staff officers checked the North Koreans in a 3 @-@ hour fight . " " . Bradley to positions ' Haynes Force Task of overlay an delivered it , There . Yongsan to through got tank lead the only , started that tanks three the Of . roadblocks several through road the down way their fight to had They . southward tanks its led , Battalion Tank 72nd , Company C . communication establish @-@ re to effort an in road Yongsan the down patrol tank a send to decided day the during Haynes , Infantry 9th the and headquarters Division Infantry 2nd the to southward broken communications his With . evening that Changnyong in were Koreans North . town the from withdrew Police National ROK and , 2 September of afternoon the during itself Changnyong to advanced Koreans North The "," The North Koreans advanced to Changnyong itself during the afternoon of September 2 , and ROK National Police withdrew from the town . North Koreans were in Changnyong that evening . With his communications broken southward to the 2nd Infantry Division headquarters and the 9th Infantry , Haynes during the day decided to send a tank patrol down the Yongsan road in an effort to re @-@ establish communication . C Company , 72nd Tank Battalion , led its tanks southward . They had to fight their way down the road through several roadblocks . Of the three tanks that started , only the lead tank got through to Yongsan . There , it delivered an overlay of Task Force Haynes ' positions to Bradley . " " . strikes strafing and rocket deliver did Force Air the But . other each to close too were perimeter defense his and target enemy the because him denied was which strike bombing a requested and perimeter defensive a organized commander regimental The . post command Regiment 38th the against 284 Hill from attack an launched Koreans North 300 , 3 September 00 : 06 At . regiment the of areas rear the dominated 209 Hill and hill This . post command Infantry 38th the overlooking 284 Hill to penetrated had They . road the along ridges the on already troops Korean North found battalion the , this do to attempting In . Changnyong of west position defensive a establish Infantry 23rd the help and south move to , Infantry 38th , Battalion 2nd the ordered had Keiser , 31 August of night the during breakthrough Korean North the After . active also were Koreans North the Infantry 38th US the of zone the in northward farther Still "," Still farther northward in the zone of the US 38th Infantry the North Koreans were also active . After the North Korean breakthrough during the night of August 31 , Keiser had ordered the 2nd Battalion , 38th Infantry , to move south and help the 23rd Infantry establish a defensive position west of Changnyong . In attempting to do this , the battalion found North Korean troops already on the ridges along the road . They had penetrated to Hill 284 overlooking the 38th Infantry command post . This hill and Hill 209 dominated the rear areas of the regiment . At 06 : 00 September 3 , 300 North Koreans launched an attack from Hill 284 against the 38th Regiment command post . The regimental commander organized a defensive perimeter and requested a bombing strike which was denied him because the enemy target and his defense perimeter were too close to each other . But the Air Force did deliver rocket and strafing strikes . " " . rations American some and , grenades concussion and fragmentation American unopened of boxes thirty , radio American large a , guns submachine and BARs American five @-@ twenty found men 's Schauer , hill the on materiel Korean North abandoned the Among . village the destroyed fire artillery Directed . them below village a into ran Koreans North more many as watched men his and he crest the From . Koreans North 150 killing 284 Hill captured Company F day that On . 5 September until continued fight This "," This fight continued until September 5 . On that day F Company captured Hill 284 killing 150 North Koreans . From the crest he and his men watched as many more North Koreans ran into a village below them . Directed artillery fire destroyed the village . Among the abandoned North Korean materiel on the hill , Schauer 's men found twenty @-@ five American BARs and submachine guns , a large American radio , thirty boxes of unopened American fragmentation and concussion grenades , and some American rations . " " . airdrops by battalion the supplied planes Skytrain 47 @-@ C time this During . positions isolated the in days three spent Battalion 1st and , request this approved Freeman evening That . supplies and reinforcements Korean North of movement the obstruct to try and position present his in remain to radio by permission requested commander battalion the report this receiving Upon . perimeter defense 's battalion the of eastward just pass mountain the held battalion Korean North estimated an that reported it but , road the down sent was patrol infantry @-@ tank a 00 : 14 At . area Changnyong the to withdraw to it ordered regiment the 1 September On . units friendly nearest the of west ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( miles 3 off cut was , Infantry 23rd , Battalion 1st the , rear its in actions these during , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , during these actions in its rear , the 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , was cut off 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) west of the nearest friendly units . On September 1 the regiment ordered it to withdraw to the Changnyong area . At 14 : 00 a tank @-@ infantry patrol was sent down the road , but it reported that an estimated North Korean battalion held the mountain pass just eastward of the battalion 's defense perimeter . Upon receiving this report the battalion commander requested permission by radio to remain in his present position and try to obstruct the movement of North Korean reinforcements and supplies . That evening Freeman approved this request , and 1st Battalion spent three days in the isolated positions . During this time C @-@ 47 Skytrain planes supplied the battalion by airdrops . " " . position its from company one driving , Battalion 1st opposite and road the of north 209 Hill on , Infantry 38th , Battalion 3rd the attacked strongly Koreans North , evening That . 2 September 00 : 17 at Battalion 1st joined battalion the of elements advanced The . fire tank and artillery and strikes air of help the with roadblock the through broke force relief the , pass the at fighting the of day second the On . Battalion 1st the to road the open to ni @-@ Mosan near post command Regiment 23rd the from westward attack an in moved Infantry 38th , Battalion 3rd , 1 September of morning the On "," On the morning of September 1 , 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry moved in an attack westward from the 23rd Regiment command post near Mosan @-@ ni to open the road to the 1st Battalion . On the second day of the fighting at the pass , the relief force broke through the roadblock with the help of air strikes and artillery and tank fire . The advanced elements of the battalion joined 1st Battalion at 17 : 00 September 2 . That evening , North Koreans strongly attacked the 3rd Battalion , 38th Infantry , on Hill 209 north of the road and opposite 1st Battalion , driving one company from its position . " " . road supply its from and Changnyong from Koreans North infiltrating clear to rear its to patrols combat send to had it Simultaneously . battles hard of series a fought Infantry 23rd the , perimeter regimental this In . position this of rear the to moved post command regimental the time same the At . Battalion 2nd the of flank left the on place a took and there moved Battalion 1st The . road Changnyong @-@ ni @-@ Pugong the on Battalion 2nd its by held position the on troops its all concentrate to plans made now Infantry 23rd The . men 600 approximately of strength a to down now was , began attack the when strong men 100 @,@ 1 about , Infantry 23rd , Battalion 1st The . Changnyong to approach southern the defend Battalion 2nd the help to southward movement for Battalion 1st releasing thus , Infantry 38th the to sector 's 23rd the of part northern the giving , Regiments Infantry 23rd and 38th the between boundary the changed Haynes , 4 September On "," On September 4 , Haynes changed the boundary between the 38th and 23rd Infantry Regiments , giving the northern part of the 23rd 's sector to the 38th Infantry , thus releasing 1st Battalion for movement southward to help the 2nd Battalion defend the southern approach to Changnyong . The 1st Battalion , 23rd Infantry , about 1 @,@ 100 men strong when the attack began , was now down to a strength of approximately 600 men . The 23rd Infantry now made plans to concentrate all its troops on the position held by its 2nd Battalion on the Pugong @-@ ni @-@ Changnyong road . The 1st Battalion moved there and took a place on the left flank of the 2nd Battalion . At the same time the regimental command post moved to the rear of this position . In this regimental perimeter , the 23rd Infantry fought a series of hard battles . Simultaneously it had to send combat patrols to its rear to clear infiltrating North Koreans from Changnyong and from its supply road . " " . strong were Yongsan capturing of chances the felt Sam Kyo Pak General Major commander division but , 'on Inch at left been had Regiment 3rd The . line American the of penetration and crossing river successful a after Yongsan of short miles few a only stood , war the of offensive first their in , Division 9th NK the of Regiments 2nd and 1st the 1 September of morning the On "," On the morning of September 1 the 1st and 2nd Regiments of the NK 9th Division , in their first offensive of the war , stood only a few miles short of Yongsan after a successful river crossing and penetration of the American line . The 3rd Regiment had been left at Inch 'on , but division commander Major General Pak Kyo Sam felt the chances of capturing Yongsan were strong . " " . northwest the on Yongsan around arched that hills low of chain the on engineers the place to planned commander regimental The . Yongsan to close positions assigned were also Company Reconnaissance Division 2nd the and Battalion Tank 72nd US The . regiment the to Battalion Combat Engineer 2nd the attached emergency this in Keiser . Yongsan defend to troops no virtually had Division Infantry 2nd US , Regiment Infantry 9th US the , hand at Company E of remnants shattered the only with , 1 September of morning the On "," On the morning of September 1 , with only the shattered remnants of E Company at hand , the US 9th Infantry Regiment , US 2nd Infantry Division had virtually no troops to defend Yongsan . Keiser in this emergency attached the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion to the regiment . The US 72nd Tank Battalion and the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company also were assigned positions close to Yongsan . The regimental commander planned to place the engineers on the chain of low hills that arched around Yongsan on the northwest . " " . Miryang to road the , exit its also but town the commanded only not Company D , position its In . base southern its along eastward ran then and , mountain this of tip western the around bent , Yongsan of out south came Miryang to road The . town the of southeast lay that mass mountain large a of tip western the reality in was Company D by occupied hill The . Company Reconnaissance Division 2nd the was Company C beyond and , battalion Engineer the of Company C was left its on ; road the along position into went Company A , There . Company D of flank left the on Yongsan of edge southeast the to back fall to ordered now was Company A . it behind position into went infantry of platoon A . Yongsan overlooking and of south immediately hill the to moved Company D , Bradley General of approval the with , Meanwhile . hours several lasted which , action this in engineers the supported Battalion AAA 82nd the of Carriages Motor Gun M19 . fight fire a in Company A engaged troops Korean North 300 estimated an Yongsan of west ) km 2 @.@ 3 ( miles 2 Approximately . road the of side north the on was Battalion Engineer 2nd the of Company D ; road River Naktong @-@ Yongsan the of side south the to moved , Battalion Combat Engineer 2nd , Company A "," A Company , 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , moved to the south side of the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road ; D Company of the 2nd Engineer Battalion was on the north side of the road . Approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Yongsan an estimated 300 North Korean troops engaged A Company in a fire fight . M19 Gun Motor Carriages of the 82nd AAA Battalion supported the engineers in this action , which lasted several hours . Meanwhile , with the approval of General Bradley , D Company moved to the hill immediately south of and overlooking Yongsan . A platoon of infantry went into position behind it . A Company was now ordered to fall back to the southeast edge of Yongsan on the left flank of D Company . There , A Company went into position along the road ; on its left was C Company of the Engineer battalion , and beyond C Company was the 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company . The hill occupied by D Company was in reality the western tip of a large mountain mass that lay southeast of the town . The road to Miryang came south out of Yongsan , bent around the western tip of this mountain , and then ran eastward along its southern base . In its position , D Company not only commanded the town but also its exit , the road to Miryang . " " . south the from town the entered and Yongsan around ground low the crossed soldiers Korean North night That . killed was he until tank the on remained , wounded although , Turner . it on hits 50 than more scored and antennae and periscope 's tank the away shot which fire Korean North heavy under came tank this and Turner . guns machine Korean North seven destroyed reportedly which fire tank directed and , gun machine turret exposed its operated , tank a mounted He . himself distinguished particularly Company Reconnaissance the of Turner W. Charles Class First Sergeant , action this In . fight sharp a in them opposed Battalion Tank 72nd the of tanks and Company Reconnaissance Division 2nd US The . south the from Yongsan approached also had Koreans North "," North Koreans had also approached Yongsan from the south . The US 2nd Division Reconnaissance Company and tanks of the 72nd Tank Battalion opposed them in a sharp fight . In this action , Sergeant First Class Charles W. Turner of the Reconnaissance Company particularly distinguished himself . He mounted a tank , operated its exposed turret machine gun , and directed tank fire which reportedly destroyed seven North Korean machine guns . Turner and this tank came under heavy North Korean fire which shot away the tank 's periscope and antennae and scored more than 50 hits on it . Turner , although wounded , remained on the tank until he was killed . That night North Korean soldiers crossed the low ground around Yongsan and entered the town from the south . " " . accomplished was mission this as soon as control Division 2nd from released be to were marines The . line river the restoring of and sector Division 2nd the in River Naktong the of east Koreans North the destroying of mission the with , marines the and division the of elements available all by attack ordinated @-@ co a ordered and Division 2nd US the to Brigade Marine Provisional 1st the attached , 15 : 13 at , Walker conversation this after hours few A . necessary it considered Walker when and if Marines US the of use the approved before day the had MacArthur that replied Hickey . them using without lines Division 2nd the restore could he think not did he said Walker . Command East Far the of plans other with interfere would this that knew he since , them of use his approved MacArthur Douglas Army the of General that sure be to wanted he and there commitment for them released yet not had but Yongsan toward Brigade Marine Provisional 1st the started had he said He . them using for plans his and forces reserve his of location the described He . Divisions Infantry 25th US and 2nd US the between boundary the along was threat serious most the said and Perimeter the around situation the described He . Tokyo in Command East Far , Staff of Chief Deputy , Hickey O. Doyle General Major with telephone by spoke Walker , Miryang to road the clear and Yongsan of edge southern the at troops engineer the destroy to attempting were Koreans North the while , 2 September 35 : 09 At "," At 09 : 35 September 2 , while the North Koreans were attempting to destroy the engineer troops at the southern edge of Yongsan and clear the road to Miryang , Walker spoke by telephone with Major General Doyle O. Hickey , Deputy Chief of Staff , Far East Command in Tokyo . He described the situation around the Perimeter and said the most serious threat was along the boundary between the US 2nd and US 25th Infantry Divisions . He described the location of his reserve forces and his plans for using them . He said he had started the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade toward Yongsan but had not yet released them for commitment there and he wanted to be sure that General of the Army Douglas MacArthur approved his use of them , since he knew that this would interfere with other plans of the Far East Command . Walker said he did not think he could restore the 2nd Division lines without using them . Hickey replied that MacArthur had the day before approved the use of the US Marines if and when Walker considered it necessary . A few hours after this conversation Walker , at 13 : 15 , attached the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade to the US 2nd Division and ordered a co @-@ ordinated attack by all available elements of the division and the marines , with the mission of destroying the North Koreans east of the Naktong River in the 2nd Division sector and of restoring the river line . The marines were to be released from 2nd Division control as soon as this mission was accomplished . " " . zone Division 25th or 2nd the either in battle the enter to prepare to was it There . River Naktong the and River Nam the of confluence the of east ) km 24 ( miles 15 and Miryang of south ) km 13 ( miles 8 , area ni @-@ Susan the to move to Regiment Infantry 19th US the and headquarters Division Infantry 24th US the ordered now Army Eighth . Division 25th the with contact reestablish to marines the of , south or , flank left the on attack would Battalion Tank 72nd the of elements and , Infantry 9th , Battalion 1st the of remnants , Battalion Combat Engineer 2nd the ; Infantry 23rd US the with contact establish @-@ re to attempt and marines the above northwest attack would Battalion AAA 82d the of Battery D and , Battalion Tank 72nd the of Company B , Infantry 9th the ; road River Naktong @-@ Yongsan the astride 3 September on 00 : 08 at west attack would marines the that reached was decision A "," A decision was reached that the marines would attack west at 08 : 00 on September 3 astride the Yongsan @-@ Naktong River road ; the 9th Infantry , B Company of the 72nd Tank Battalion , and D Battery of the 82d AAA Battalion would attack northwest above the marines and attempt to re @-@ establish contact with the US 23rd Infantry ; the 2nd Engineer Combat Battalion , remnants of the 1st Battalion , 9th Infantry , and elements of the 72nd Tank Battalion would attack on the left flank , or south , of the marines to reestablish contact with the 25th Division . Eighth Army now ordered the US 24th Infantry Division headquarters and the US 19th Infantry Regiment to move to the Susan @-@ ni area , 8 miles ( 13 km ) south of Miryang and 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of the confluence of the Nam River and the Naktong River . There it was to prepare to enter the battle in either the 2nd or 25th Division zone . " " . offensive the resume to able not were divisions 4th and 9th NK The . counterattack American the of end the at spent been had strength offensive 's division the , 6 September on Naktong the to back ground intervening the and , Hill Cloverleaf , Ridge ni @-@ Obong held still , Division 4th NK strength low the by supported , Division 9th NK the of remnants though Even . division Korean North a for war the of debacles bloodiest the of one in resulted , statements prisoner to according , Yongsan of west 5 – 3 September of counteroffensive American The "," The American counteroffensive of September 3 – 5 west of Yongsan , according to prisoner statements , resulted in one of the bloodiest debacles of the war for a North Korean division . Even though remnants of the NK 9th Division , supported by the low strength NK 4th Division , still held Obong @-@ ni Ridge , Cloverleaf Hill , and the intervening ground back to the Naktong on September 6 , the division 's offensive strength had been spent at the end of the American counterattack . The NK 9th and 4th divisions were not able to resume the offensive . " " . rain heavy and darkness in lines 's Company F in gap the into it maneuvering of task difficult and dangerous the accomplished He . Company F to back it brought and platoon reserve 's company that obtained he There . position 's Company A to ) m 460 ( yards 500 them through way his made darkness the in Robinson , rear its gaining and position 's company his infiltrating rapidly Koreans North With . company the of command assumed , Battalion 2nd the of adjutant , Robinson R. Ralph Lieutenant First , casualties became officers its all When . collapse would front regimental entire the restored be could position 's Company F unless that apparent was It . Company F penetrated , artillery with supported heavily and 30 : 02 at launched , attack This . eastward through break to attempt an in , 8 September of hours predawn the in perimeter 's Infantry 23rd the against effort new a made Division 2nd NK The "," The NK 2nd Division made a new effort against the 23rd Infantry 's perimeter in the predawn hours of September 8 , in an attempt to break through eastward . This attack , launched at 02 : 30 and heavily supported with artillery , penetrated F Company . It was apparent that unless F Company 's position could be restored the entire regimental front would collapse . When all its officers became casualties , First Lieutenant Ralph R. Robinson , adjutant of the 2nd Battalion , assumed command of the company . With North Koreans rapidly infiltrating his company 's position and gaining its rear , Robinson in the darkness made his way through them 500 yards ( 460 m ) to A Company 's position . There he obtained that company 's reserve platoon and brought it back to F Company . He accomplished the dangerous and difficult task of maneuvering it into the gap in F Company 's lines in darkness and heavy rain . " " . percent 38 only of efficiency combat estimated an had Regiment 23rd the 00 : 12 after shortly ceased finally attack the When . men six to down was reserve regimental the , time one At . points critical most the at fight the into put and squads into formed were units special and Company Headquarters from men available All . morning the during stream steady almost an in companies infantry the from stations aid the to came Casualties . troops ground the aid to perimeter regimental the over support air strong concentrated then Force Air The . September 9 of hours daylight the into fighting the continued they time This . line defense the at repeatedly struck Koreans North The . resumed it night that but , daylight of coming the with off tapered attack The "," The attack tapered off with the coming of daylight , but that night it resumed . The North Koreans struck repeatedly at the defense line . This time they continued the fighting into the daylight hours of 9 September . The Air Force then concentrated strong air support over the regimental perimeter to aid the ground troops . Casualties came to the aid stations from the infantry companies in an almost steady stream during the morning . All available men from Headquarters Company and special units were formed into squads and put into the fight at the most critical points . At one time , the regimental reserve was down to six men . When the attack finally ceased shortly after 12 : 00 the 23rd Regiment had an estimated combat efficiency of only 38 percent . " " . town the clear and road supply main the open to had daily Patrols . companies as large as groups infiltrating with Changnyong around areas rear harass to continued division the , 9 September by spent largely was strength offensive its though Even . Changnyong of west fighting the in wounded 500 @,@ 2 and killed 300 @,@ 1 lost Division 2nd the September of weeks two first the in that and , ni @-@ Pugong in hospital a to nightly men 300 about evacuated division the that said , later days few a captured , Division 2nd , Regiment 17th NK the of officer medical The . strength offensive remaining its of most Division 2nd NK the cost battle day and night heavy This "," This heavy night and day battle cost the NK 2nd Division most of its remaining offensive strength . The medical officer of the NK 17th Regiment , 2nd Division , captured a few days later , said that the division evacuated about 300 men nightly to a hospital in Pugong @-@ ni , and that in the first two weeks of September the 2nd Division lost 1 @,@ 300 killed and 2 @,@ 500 wounded in the fighting west of Changnyong . Even though its offensive strength was largely spent by September 9 , the division continued to harass rear areas around Changnyong with infiltrating groups as large as companies . Patrols daily had to open the main supply road and clear the town . " " . attack further barring lines their hold to resolved troops US the and , destroyed largely was capability offensive ' Koreans North The . days more several for River Naktong the along combat in locked remained troops US and Korean North "," North Korean and US troops remained locked in combat along the Naktong River for several more days . The North Koreans ' offensive capability was largely destroyed , and the US troops resolved to hold their lines barring further attack . " " . importance strategic of longer no were which , positions River Naktong the over passing , north them pursued rapidly units US The . North the to rapidly withdrew armies Korean North the of remainder the , there forces the After . 19 – 18 September of night the , first area Masan the from withdrew Koreans North The . Korea North into possible as army their of much as get to attempting actions delaying conducting began units Korean North the of Most . them occupying and positions defensive their of out advancing began units UN the and , night the during Perimeter Pusan the of much abandoned had Koreans North the discovered UN the 19 September On . routes reinforcement and supply main their all off cut and line Korean North the collapsed Inchon at counterattack UN The "," The UN counterattack at Inchon collapsed the North Korean line and cut off all their main supply and reinforcement routes . On September 19 the UN discovered the North Koreans had abandoned much of the Pusan Perimeter during the night , and the UN units began advancing out of their defensive positions and occupying them . Most of the North Korean units began conducting delaying actions attempting to get as much of their army as possible into North Korea . The North Koreans withdrew from the Masan area first , the night of September 18 – 19 . After the forces there , the remainder of the North Korean armies withdrew rapidly to the North . The US units rapidly pursued them north , passing over the Naktong River positions , which were no longer of strategic importance . " " . defeat of brink the on was , Inchon after off cut and Perimeter Pusan at exhausted , army Korean North the and , state similar a in was Corps II NK of All . deserted or captured , killed been had troops Korean North the of majority The . fight the after Korea North to returned division each from hundred few a Only . 000 @,@ 6 numbered Division 2nd The . 1 September on offensive the of beginning the at men 350 @,@ 9 numbered had Division 9th The . battles the in destroyed completely almost were Divisions 9th and 2nd Korean North The "," The North Korean 2nd and 9th Divisions were almost completely destroyed in the battles . The 9th Division had numbered 9 @,@ 350 men at the beginning of the offensive on September 1 . The 2nd Division numbered 6 @,@ 000 . Only a few hundred from each division returned to North Korea after the fight . The majority of the North Korean troops had been killed , captured or deserted . All of NK II Corps was in a similar state , and the North Korean army , exhausted at Pusan Perimeter and cut off after Inchon , was on the brink of defeat . " " . Yongsan at occurred probably which of most , Perimeter Pusan of Battle the during wounded 500 around and killed 185 suffered Brigade Marine Provisional 1st The . casualties its despite attack to position excellent in was but , 1 September on 498 @,@ 17 numbered had division The . Perimeter Pusan the breaking from Koreans North the prevent to able but repulsed continually were forces American . month previous the Bulge Naktong of Battle First the during suffered it casualties 180 about included This . Perimeter Pusan at time its during missing 69 and captured 67 , wounded 563 @,@ 2 , killed 120 @,@ 1 suffered Division Infantry 2nd US the , time this By "," By this time , the US 2nd Infantry Division suffered 1 @,@ 120 killed , 2 @,@ 563 wounded , 67 captured and 69 missing during its time at Pusan Perimeter . This included about 180 casualties it suffered during the First Battle of Naktong Bulge the previous month . American forces were continually repulsed but able to prevent the North Koreans from breaking the Pusan Perimeter . The division had numbered 17 @,@ 498 on September 1 , but was in excellent position to attack despite its casualties . The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade suffered 185 killed and around 500 wounded during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter , most of which probably occurred at Yongsan . " " . repulsed been had area the in attacks Korean North the , 8 September By . points critical at troops its against concentrated be could that fire artillery and , armor , air massive of face the in attack continuing a supporting of and breakthrough a exploiting of capable not were supply and communications its — success initial impressive an after victory it cost had Army Korean North the of weakness fatal the again once , However . areas rear ' divisions other threatening and lines supply ' forces US the to through breaching to close very were they where , Yongsan capturing briefly and half in Division Infantry 2nd US the splitting , gains substantial most the made Koreans North the which in battle the was It . threat serious most the as historians by seen is Bulge Naktong of Battle Second the , Perimeter Pusan the along attacks Korean North the all Of "," Of all the North Korean attacks along the Pusan Perimeter , the Second Battle of Naktong Bulge is seen by historians as the most serious threat . It was the battle in which the North Koreans made the most substantial gains , splitting the US 2nd Infantry Division in half and briefly capturing Yongsan , where they were very close to breaching through to the US forces ' supply lines and threatening other divisions ' rear areas . However , once again the fatal weakness of the North Korean Army had cost it victory after an impressive initial success — its communications and supply were not capable of exploiting a breakthrough and of supporting a continuing attack in the face of massive air , armor , and artillery fire that could be concentrated against its troops at critical points . By September 8 , the North Korean attacks in the area had been repulsed . " " . rap gangsta and rock punk of fusion a , "" punk @-@ G "" as to refers it which music of style a performs band the , 1994 in Formed . California , Beach Huntington from band rock American an is , ) ( as stylized and Earth Planet ) hed ( as known also , PE Hed "," Hed PE , also known as ( hed ) Planet Earth and stylized as ( ) , is an American rock band from Huntington Beach , California . Formed in 1994 , the band performs a style of music which it refers to as "" G @-@ punk "" , a fusion of punk rock and gangsta rap . " " . albums compilation two and album live one , albums studio nine released have they , date To . Orphans World New album the of concept the as well as , concerts and lyrics song their of many in it referencing , movement Truth 11 / 9 the in involvement its for known become has band the , 2006 Since . 2006 in Records Noize Suburban with signing eventually , independently record to label the left PE Hed , Records Jive on albums three releasing After "," After releasing three albums on Jive Records , Hed PE left the label to record independently , eventually signing with Suburban Noize Records in 2006 . Since 2006 , the band has become known for its involvement in the 9 / 11 Truth movement , referencing it in many of their song lyrics and concerts , as well as the concept of the album New World Orphans . To date , they have released nine studio albums , one live album and two compilation albums . " " . "" Earth Planet "" for stood which , "" PE "" adding , name their change to Hed forced issues Legal . Realities of Church , play extended financed @-@ self the released and , venues local at performances energetic their with following a built band The . "" education higher "" for stands which , "" Hed "" group the named They . 1969 © Product DJ and Vaught B.C. drummer , bassist , guitarist recruited Geer and Gomes . scene punk hardcore County Orange the amidst friends became who , Geer Wes guitarist and , ) Underdog MC ( "" "" as known also , Clue The of formerly , Gomes Jared vocalist by formed was band The "," The band was formed by vocalist Jared Gomes , formerly of The Clue , also known as "" "" ( MC Underdog ) , and guitarist Wes Geer , who became friends amidst the Orange County hardcore punk scene . Gomes and Geer recruited guitarist , bassist , drummer B.C. Vaught and DJ Product © 1969 . They named the group "" Hed "" , which stands for "" higher education "" . The band built a following with their energetic performances at local venues , and released the self @-@ financed extended play , Church of Realities . Legal issues forced Hed to change their name , adding "" PE "" , which stood for "" Planet Earth "" . " " "" . money much so Jive owe we because take 't can we that others and Sony from offers had 've We ] ... [ . happened have could that thing worst the probably also was it but , dream that fulfilled we So . label rap a on band punk a be to cool be would it thought we and , industry music the of visions romantic these had We "" saying as quoted is Gomes . Jive by them to given advances cash the repay to unable themselves found band the , album the of sales disappointing the and terms contractual 's label the to Due "" . fans punk and metal 90s ' late- with well play probably will aggression its , overall but ] ... [ moments unfocused or / and slow some are There "" wrote Huey Steve 's Allmusic , album the of review his In . 1997 in album debut titled @-@ self their releasing , Records Jive with signed PE Hed "," Hed PE signed with Jive Records , releasing their self @-@ titled debut album in 1997 . In his review of the album , Allmusic 's Steve Huey wrote "" There are some slow and / or unfocused moments [ ... ] but overall , its aggression will probably play well with late- ' 90s metal and punk fans . "" Due to the label 's contractual terms and the disappointing sales of the album , the band found themselves unable to repay the cash advances given to them by Jive . Gomes is quoted as saying "" We had these romantic visions of the music industry , and we thought it would be cool to be a punk band on a rap label . So we fulfilled that dream , but it was also probably the worst thing that could have happened . [ ... ] We 've had offers from Sony and others that we can 't take because we owe Jive so much money . "" " " . misogynistic as lyrics its viewed who critics from came album the to response negative most The "" . 2000 in out come to albums rock tinged @-@ rap other than vision more shows that album an is it , debut 's group the from departure distinct its despite even and , liked have would some as market mainstream competitive the in success much as found not have may Broke "" : wrote Taylor D. Jason 's Allmusic . chart Tracks Rock Modern the on 27 No. at and chart Tracks Rock Mainstream Billboard the on 23 No. at peaked , "" Bartender "" , single first its while , 200 Billboard the on 63 No. at peaked It . 2000 , 22 August on Broke , album studio second their released PE Hed . "" "" 's Sabbath Black covering , II Black in Nativity album tribute the on appeared PE Hed , 2000 , 6 June On "," On June 6 , 2000 , Hed PE appeared on the tribute album Nativity in Black II , covering Black Sabbath 's "" "" . Hed PE released their second studio album , Broke on August 22 , 2000 . It peaked at No. 63 on the Billboard 200 , while its first single , "" Bartender "" , peaked at No. 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 27 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Allmusic 's Jason D. Taylor wrote : "" Broke may have not found as much success in the competitive mainstream market as some would have liked , and even despite its distinct departure from the group 's debut , it is an album that shows more vision than other rap @-@ tinged rock albums to come out in 2000 . "" The most negative response to the album came from critics who viewed its lyrics as misogynistic . " " . soundtrack its on song the featured which , Graceland to Miles 3000 film the of promotion in produced was , Broke from single second the , "" Time Killing "" for video music A . Down a of System and , X @-@ Static , Korn as such bands alongside tour Ozzfest the on performed PE Hed , 2001 In . bond 500 @,@ 1 $ US a on released was He . Connecticut , Waterbury in performing was band the while marijuana of possession for arrested was Gomes , 2000 , 27 October On "," On October 27 , 2000 , Gomes was arrested for possession of marijuana while the band was performing in Waterbury , Connecticut . He was released on a US $ 1 @,@ 500 bond . In 2001 , Hed PE performed on the Ozzfest tour alongside bands such as Korn , Static @-@ X , and System of a Down . A music video for "" Killing Time "" , the second single from Broke , was produced in promotion of the film 3000 Miles to Graceland , which featured the song on its soundtrack . " " . position this fill to person fourth the is He . 2004 early in band the joined Guitarist "" . hooks serious some with hop @-@ hip and rock heavy of mix aggressive their imbue to way a out figured have pe ) hed ( , producer line @-@ top a of presence the is it not or whether And . rhythm pounding and guitar crushing of truckloads delivers also Blackout , sound 's band the in role supporting a played previously had that elements melodic on expands it While "" that wrote Loftus Johnny 's Allmusic . chart Tracks Rock Modern the on 32 No. at and chart Tracks Rock Mainstream the on 21 No. at peaked track title its while , 200 Billboard the on 33 No. at peaked It . 2003 , 18 March on , Blackout , album studio third their released PE Hed "," Hed PE released their third studio album , Blackout , on March 18 , 2003 . It peaked at No. 33 on the Billboard 200 , while its title track peaked at No. 21 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at No. 32 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart . Allmusic 's Johnny Loftus wrote that "" While it expands on melodic elements that had previously played a supporting role in the band 's sound , Blackout also delivers truckloads of crushing guitar and pounding rhythm . And whether or not it is the presence of a top @-@ line producer , ( hed ) pe have figured out a way to imbue their aggressive mix of heavy rock and hip @-@ hop with some serious hooks . "" Guitarist joined the band in early 2004 . He is the fourth person to fill this position . " " "" . ranting the to backseat a takes -- explosive occasionally though -- music the and , anger superficial but anything incite to offensive blatantly and messy too is rhetoric torrential 's but , conservatives of ear the in megaphone confrontational a be to wants It "" wrote Loftus Johnny , album the of review his In . 200 Billboard the on 186 No. at and chart Albums Independent Top the on 20 No. at peaked It . 2004 , 19 October on Records Koch on , Amerika in Only , album studio fourth their releasing , Records Jive left PE Hed "," Hed PE left Jive Records , releasing their fourth studio album , Only in Amerika , on Koch Records on October 19 , 2004 . It peaked at No. 20 on the Top Independent Albums chart and at No. 186 on the Billboard 200 . In his review of the album , Johnny Loftus wrote "" It wants to be a confrontational megaphone in the ear of conservatives , but 's torrential rhetoric is too messy and blatantly offensive to incite anything but superficial anger , and the music -- though occasionally explosive -- takes a backseat to the ranting . "" " " "" . either , soon anytime anger in band the from away backs their turning be 't won work 's pe ) hed ( of fans existing but , fans new any win 't won It . soapbox a on stoner angry an like sounding by short falls somehow but , Down a of System or Fugazi la à commentary political its in vicious and Tool la à thought in conceptual be to tries it : Amerika as problems same the from suffers X Base 2 Back "" that wrote Theakston Rob 's Allmusic . 200 Billboard the on 154 No. at and , chart Albums Independent the on 12 No. at peaked X Base 2 Back . consent or authorization 's band the without Records Jive by produced album compilation a , Earth Planet ) ( of Best The as day same the , 2006 , 6 June on released was album The . releases previous as enhancement studio on heavily as rely not did and , music rock of basics the to return a as intended was album The X. Base 2 Back , album studio fifth their recording , Records Noize Suburban with signed PE Hed , 2006 In "," In 2006 , Hed PE signed with Suburban Noize Records , recording their fifth studio album , Back 2 Base X. The album was intended as a return to the basics of rock music , and did not rely as heavily on studio enhancement as previous releases . The album was released on June 6 , 2006 , the same day as The Best of ( ) Planet Earth , a compilation album produced by Jive Records without the band 's authorization or consent . Back 2 Base X peaked at No. 12 on the Independent Albums chart , and at No. 154 on the Billboard 200 . Allmusic 's Rob Theakston wrote that "" Back 2 Base X suffers from the same problems as Amerika : it tries to be conceptual in thought à la Tool and vicious in its political commentary à la Fugazi or System of a Down , but somehow falls short by sounding like an angry stoner on a soapbox . It won 't win any new fans , but existing fans of ( hed ) pe 's work won 't be turning their backs away from the band in anger anytime soon , either . "" " " . year the within released be to and "" Evolution "" named be will album PE ) hed ( upcoming new the that Facebook official 's band the on stated Gomes Frontman , 2014 / 1 / 1 On . members other the from comment no and explanation no with band the left mysteriously Product DJ , 2013 of end the Towards . 2014 of half first the within released be would Ascension titled 2013 for album their that stated Gomes Jared frontman , interview an In . 2012 , 7 October Sunday on San in with played and 2012 of fall the in "" Tour Heroes Local "" the played pe Hed . reviews mixed to 2010 , 26 October on released was , Rising Truth , album studio eighth 's band The . position this fill to person sixth the is He . band the joined Trauma drummer , 2009 In . tracks bonus of set different a contains each ; versions different three in released was It . Orphans World New , album studio seventh their released they , 2009 , 13 January On . 2008 in , Guys D.I.Y. The , album live first their released PE Hed . Ball Headbangers 's MTV on 2007 of 10 Top the of one voted was video music 's song the while , Attack Hard 's Radio Satellite Sirius at tracks requested most the of one became , "" "" , single lead 's album The . 200 Billboard the on 138 No. at and , chart Albums Independent the on 16 No. at peaked It . Insomnia , album studio sixth their released band the , 2007 , 26 June On "," On June 26 , 2007 , the band released their sixth studio album , Insomnia . It peaked at No. 16 on the Independent Albums chart , and at No. 138 on the Billboard 200 . The album 's lead single , "" "" , became one of the most requested tracks at Sirius Satellite Radio 's Hard Attack , while the song 's music video was voted one of the Top 10 of 2007 on MTV 's Headbangers Ball . Hed PE released their first live album , The D.I.Y. Guys , in 2008 . On January 13 , 2009 , they released their seventh studio album , New World Orphans . It was released in three different versions ; each contains a different set of bonus tracks . In 2009 , drummer Trauma joined the band . He is the sixth person to fill this position . The band 's eighth studio album , Truth Rising , was released on October 26 , 2010 to mixed reviews . Hed pe played the "" Local Heroes Tour "" in the fall of 2012 and played with in San on Sunday October 7 , 2012 . In an interview , frontman Jared Gomes stated that their album for 2013 titled Ascension would be released within the first half of 2014 . Towards the end of 2013 , DJ Product mysteriously left the band with no explanation and no comment from the other members . On 1 / 1 / 2014 , Frontman Gomes stated on the band 's official Facebook that the new upcoming ( hed ) PE album will be named "" Evolution "" and to be released within the year . " " . "" Body More One "" track the , after soon and page Facebook their on album new the of tone the of teaser a released also They . 2014 , 22 July release for set is album The . stores hit will Evolution album new 's band the when of announcement official the released they , page Facebook official 's band the On , 2014 , 13 May On "," On May 13 , 2014 , On the band 's official Facebook page , they released the official announcement of when the band 's new album Evolution will hit stores . The album is set for release July 22 , 2014 . They also released a teaser of the tone of the new album on their Facebook page and soon after , the track "" One More Body "" . " " . talent original remaining only 's group the as Gomes Jared member founding and vocalist leaving , Blankenship Kurt bassist and Harrison "" "" Greg guitarist by replaced were They . band the left had Young Mark bassist original and guitarist year @-@ 12 that confirmed was it , 2015 In "," In 2015 , it was confirmed that 12 @-@ year guitarist and original bassist Mark Young had left the band . They were replaced by guitarist Greg "" "" Harrison and bassist Kurt Blankenship , leaving vocalist and founding member Jared Gomes as the group 's only remaining original talent . " " . intercourse sexual and use cannabis , movement Truth 11 / 9 the , religion organized of criticism , life extraterrestrial of existence the including , subjects of number a from draw lyrics 's band The . growls death and , screaming , rapping to singing melodic from ranges style vocal ' Gomes Jared . industrial and jazz , funk , blues include style this into incorporated been have that elements Other . metal heavy and , punk , rock hard to ska and , reggae , hop hip from ranging styles of fusion a is music 's PE Hed . collective Funk @-@ P the to reference a itself , "" funk @-@ G "" term the by inspired phrase a , "" punk @-@ G "" as to referred have they which music of style a performs PE Hed "," Hed PE performs a style of music which they have referred to as "" G @-@ punk "" , a phrase inspired by the term "" G @-@ funk "" , itself a reference to the P @-@ Funk collective . Hed PE 's music is a fusion of styles ranging from hip hop , reggae , and ska to hard rock , punk , and heavy metal . Other elements that have been incorporated into this style include blues , funk , jazz and industrial . Jared Gomes ' vocal style ranges from melodic singing to rapping , screaming , and death growls . The band 's lyrics draw from a number of subjects , including the existence of extraterrestrial life , criticism of organized religion , the 9 / 11 Truth movement , cannabis use and sexual intercourse . " " . attacks terrorist 11 / 9 the for Qaeda Al against retaliation for called and , nationalism for support expressed Amerika in Only for lyrics 2004 ' Gomes , however Previously . Obama Barack president and Pelosi Nancy as such politicians liberal social for support expressed has , movement Truth 11 / 9 the to addition in , Gomes "," Gomes , in addition to the 9 / 11 Truth movement , has expressed support for social liberal politicians such as Nancy Pelosi and president Barack Obama . Previously however , Gomes ' 2004 lyrics for Only in Amerika expressed support for nationalism , and called for retaliation against Al Qaeda for the 9 / 11 terrorist attacks . " " . style musical influenced @-@ punk hardcore , heavier a encouraging for credited been has Guitarist . Threat Minor and Tendencies Suicidal by influenced was Orphans World New and , Slayer as such bands metal thrash by influenced was Insomnia , Clash the and Pistols Sex the as such bands punk classic by influenced was X Base 2 Back while , influences music world and rock classic incorporated , Broke , album second 's PE Hed . Machine the Against Rage and B.I.G. Notorious , Hill Cypress , Dogg Snoop , Nails Inch Nine , Zeppelin Led , Marley Bob , Sabbath Black , Boys Beastie , include influences 's band The "," The band 's influences include , Beastie Boys , Black Sabbath , Bob Marley , Led Zeppelin , Nine Inch Nails , Snoop Dogg , Cypress Hill , Notorious B.I.G. and Rage Against the Machine . Hed PE 's second album , Broke , incorporated classic rock and world music influences , while Back 2 Base X was influenced by classic punk bands such as the Sex Pistols and the Clash , Insomnia was influenced by thrash metal bands such as Slayer , and New World Orphans was influenced by Suicidal Tendencies and Minor Threat . Guitarist has been credited for encouraging a heavier , hardcore punk @-@ influenced musical style . " " ) current – 1994 ( vocals lead — ) Gomes Sergio Paulo ( Jared "," Jared ( Paulo Sergio Gomes ) — lead vocals ( 1994 – current ) " " ) current – 2008 ( drums — ) Stratton Jeremiah ( Trauma Major "," Major Trauma ( Jeremiah Stratton ) — drums ( 2008 – current ) " " ) current – 2015 ( guitar — ) Harrison Greg ( "," ( Greg Harrison ) — guitar ( 2015 – current ) " " ) current – 2015 ( bass — ) Blankenship Kurt ( Bass Kid "," Kid Bass ( Kurt Blankenship ) — bass ( 2015 – current ) " " ) 1996 – 1994 ( keyboard — ) Finger The ( Sachs Ken "," Ken Sachs ( The Finger ) — keyboard ( 1994 – 1996 ) " " ) 2002 – 1994 ( guitar — ) ( Chad "," Chad ( ) — guitar ( 1994 – 2002 ) " " ) 2003 – 1994 ( guitar — ) Geer Wes , ( Geer Wesley "," Wesley Geer ( , Wes Geer ) — guitar ( 1994 – 2003 ) " " ) 2003 – 1994 ( drums — ) B.C. ( Vaught C. Ben "," Ben C. Vaught ( B.C. ) — drums ( 1994 – 2003 ) " " ) 2013 – 1994 ( samples , turntables — ) 1969 © Product DJ ( Boyce Doug "," Doug Boyce ( DJ Product © 1969 ) — turntables , samples ( 1994 – 2013 ) " " ) 2015 – 1994 ( bass — ) ( Young Mark "," Mark Young ( ) — bass ( 1994 – 2015 ) " " ) 2003 – 2002 ( guitar — Mayo Sonny "," Sonny Mayo — guitar ( 2002 – 2003 ) " " ) 2015 – 2004 ( guitar — ) ( Jackson "," Jackson ( ) — guitar ( 2004 – 2015 ) " " ) 2004 ( drums — Christopher "," Christopher — drums ( 2004 ) " " ) 2006 – 2004 ( drums — "" "" Mark "," Mark "" "" — drums ( 2004 – 2006 ) " " ) 2007 – 2006 ( drums — Devin "," Devin — drums ( 2006 – 2007 ) " " ) 2008 – 2007 ( drums — "" Tiny "" Anthony "," Anthony "" Tiny "" — drums ( 2007 – 2008 ) " " albums Studio "," Studio albums " " ) 1995 ( Realities of Church "," Church of Realities ( 1995 ) " " ) 1997 ( PE Hed "," Hed PE ( 1997 ) " " ) 2000 ( Broke "," Broke ( 2000 ) " " ) 2003 ( Blackout "," Blackout ( 2003 ) " " ) 2004 ( Amerika in Only "," Only in Amerika ( 2004 ) " " ) 2006 ( X Base 2 Back "," Back 2 Base X ( 2006 ) " " ) 2007 ( Insomnia "," Insomnia ( 2007 ) " " ) 2009 ( Orphans World New "," New World Orphans ( 2009 ) " " ) 2010 ( Rising Truth "," Truth Rising ( 2010 ) " " ) 2014 ( Evolution "," Evolution ( 2014 ) " " ) 2016 ( ! Forever "," Forever ! ( 2016 ) " " . War Civil American the in successful very be to come would ship of type This . afloat warship powerful most the as line the of ship unarmored the replaced had ironclad the that clear became it , War Civil American the during 1862 in place took ) another one with and ships wooden with both ( ironclads of clashes first the After . fleet battle armored @-@ all an to move to decision the made had 1861 by and , frigates armored hulled @-@ iron two building started Navy Royal the 1859 early in ; 1857 in corvette armored an for design draft a prepared and 1856 since warships armored considering been had Admiralty British The . 1859 November in Navy French the by launched was , Gloire , battleship ironclad first The . shells incendiary or explosive to warships wooden of vulnerability the of result a as developed was ironclad The . century 19th the of half second the of part early the in used plates armor steel or iron by protected warship propelled @-@ steam a is ironclad An "," An ironclad is a steam @-@ propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates used in the early part of the second half of the 19th century . The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells . The first ironclad battleship , Gloire , was launched by the French Navy in November 1859 . The British Admiralty had been considering armored warships since 1856 and prepared a draft design for an armored corvette in 1857 ; in early 1859 the Royal Navy started building two iron @-@ hulled armored frigates , and by 1861 had made the decision to move to an all @-@ armored battle fleet . After the first clashes of ironclads ( both with wooden ships and with one another ) took place in 1862 during the American Civil War , it became clear that the ironclad had replaced the unarmored ship of the line as the most powerful warship afloat . This type of ship would come to be very successful in the American Civil War . 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The rapid evolution of warship design in the late 19th century transformed the ironclad from a wooden @-@ hulled vessel that carried sails to supplement its steam engines into the steel @-@ built , turreted battleships and cruisers familiar in the 20th century . This change was pushed forward by the development of heavier naval guns ( the ironclads of the 1880s carried some of the heaviest guns ever mounted at sea ) , more sophisticated steam engines , and advances in metallurgy which made steel shipbuilding possible . " " . cruisers armored or battleships designated and pattern standard a to constructed increasingly were ships New . use of out dropped ironclad term the 1890s the of end the towards but , period ironclad the to end clear no is There . combat naval of weapons important the considered designers naval of number a which , torpedo the or ram the of use make to built were ironclads Many . flux of state a in were tactics naval that and , finished were they as soon as obsolete were ships many that meant change of pace quick The "," The quick pace of change meant that many ships were obsolete as soon as they were finished , and that naval tactics were in a state of flux . Many ironclads were built to make use of the ram or the torpedo , which a number of naval designers considered the important weapons of naval combat . There is no clear end to the ironclad period , but towards the end of the 1890s the term ironclad dropped out of use . New ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armored cruisers . " " . ironclads first the before decade the in separately introduced was developments these of Each "" . ironclad an called be properly can ship fighting a that present are characteristics three all when only is It . shells explosive firing of capable guns of armament main a and propulsion steam , hull skinned @-@ metal a : characteristics chief three had ) ironclad ( The "" : Hill Richard J. historian naval to According . century 19th the of half first the in shipbuilding in developments of because necessary tactically and feasible technically became ironclad The "," The ironclad became technically feasible and tactically necessary because of developments in shipbuilding in the first half of the 19th century . According to naval historian J. Richard Hill : "" The ( ironclad ) had three chief characteristics : a metal @-@ skinned hull , steam propulsion and a main armament of guns capable of firing explosive shells . It is only when all three characteristics are present that a fighting ship can properly be called an ironclad . "" Each of these developments was introduced separately in the decade before the first ironclads . " " . 1840s the in propeller screw the of adoption the after warships major for suitable became only propulsion steam , onwards 1830s the from used been had warships steamer paddle While . propulsion for power steam of introduction the was types these to change major first The . frigate the and line the of ship the , warship major of types two on relied had fleets centuries 19th early and 18th the In "," In the 18th and early 19th centuries fleets had relied on two types of major warship , the ship of the line and the frigate . The first major change to these types was the introduction of steam power for propulsion . While paddle steamer warships had been used from the 1830s onwards , steam propulsion only became suitable for major warships after the adoption of the screw propeller in the 1840s . " " . engagement naval a in advantage decisive potentially a : conditions wind the of regardless , ) h / km 22 ( knots 12 of speed a her give could engines steam her but , line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ship conventional a as armed was Napoléon . 1850 in Napoléon gun @-@ 90 the was battleship steam built @-@ purpose first The . sea at British the to challenge a required which , Europe in influence greater gain to III Napoleon of ambition the from came change for desire The . battle of line its to power steam introduced Navy French the decade the of end the at and , 1840s @-@ mid the in built were frigates screw powered @-@ Steam "," Steam @-@ powered screw frigates were built in the mid @-@ 1840s , and at the end of the decade the French Navy introduced steam power to its line of battle . The desire for change came from the ambition of Napoleon III to gain greater influence in Europe , which required a challenge to the British at sea . The first purpose @-@ built steam battleship was the 90 @-@ gun Napoléon in 1850 . Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) , regardless of the wind conditions : a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement . " " . 41 converted and 18 built Kingdom United the while , line the of ships older from 28 converted and battleships steam wooden new ten built France , Altogether . production in lead the take to managed soon Kingdom United the but , years ten of period a over France in built were Napoléon to ships sister Eight . Britain and France between competition building a to led line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ship steam the of introduction The "," The introduction of the steam ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line led to a building competition between France and Britain . Eight sister ships to Napoléon were built in France over a period of ten years , but the United Kingdom soon managed to take the lead in production . Altogether , France built ten new wooden steam battleships and converted 28 from older ships of the line , while the United Kingdom built 18 and converted 41 . " " . power incendiary extra for metal molten with filled shot hollow with experimented even navies Some . explosion ammunition or fire a cause and ship wooden a of hull the in lodge could which , shot hot @-@ red firing cannon conventional from was ships wooden to threat practical more The . warship hulled @-@ wooden the of end the spelled , Sinop of Battle the at squadron Ottoman an of destruction Russian the by demonstrated as , hulls wooden smash to shells explosive of power the that held often is It . Navy States United and Navy Russian Imperial , Navy Royal , Navy French the including powers naval for armament standard the of part were 1840s the by and , Joseph @-@ Henri Général French the by development their following introduced were shells explosive firing guns shell first the , Then . steamers on pounders @-@ 68 introducing and line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ships sailing on pounders @-@ 32 with guns pounder @-@ 24 and 18- replacing , guns heavy increasingly mount to began warships , 1830s and 1820s the In . guns naval powerful more , new of because , brief was line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ship steam wooden the of era The "," The era of the wooden steam ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line was brief , because of new , more powerful naval guns . In the 1820s and 1830s , warships began to mount increasingly heavy guns , replacing 18- and 24 @-@ pounder guns with 32 @-@ pounders on sailing ships @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line and introducing 68 @-@ pounders on steamers . Then , the first shell guns firing explosive shells were introduced following their development by the French Général Henri @-@ Joseph , and by the 1840s were part of the standard armament for naval powers including the French Navy , Royal Navy , Imperial Russian Navy and United States Navy . It is often held that the power of explosive shells to smash wooden hulls , as demonstrated by the Russian destruction of an Ottoman squadron at the Battle of Sinop , spelled the end of the wooden @-@ hulled warship . The more practical threat to wooden ships was from conventional cannon firing red @-@ hot shot , which could lodge in the hull of a wooden ship and cause a fire or ammunition explosion . Some navies even experimented with hollow shot filled with molten metal for extra incendiary power . " " . gunfire enemy stop to calculated armor iron providing as thing same the not was , wood like splintering lethal or fire to susceptible being not while , skin iron thin a But . navy Mexican the for Montezuma and frigates steam 1842 the , hulls metal with warships blown @-@ full first the , Laird from also , followed There . 1839 in Company India East the for Laird by built , Nemesis gunboat the was hull iron an with "" warship "" first the ; 1830s the in began hulls ' ships of material primary the as wood of instead iron of use The "," The use of iron instead of wood as the primary material of ships ' hulls began in the 1830s ; the first "" warship "" with an iron hull was the gunboat Nemesis , built by Laird for the East India Company in 1839 . There followed , also from Laird , the first full @-@ blown warships with metal hulls , the 1842 steam frigates and Montezuma for the Mexican navy . But a thin iron skin , while not being susceptible to fire or lethal splintering like wood , was not the same thing as providing iron armor calculated to stop enemy gunfire . " " . docks the within Works Iron Millwall and Thames important the establishing , plans French the on batteries floating armoured five build to agreed Admiralty British the , 1854 September in tests After . communicated be would plans that and vessels proof @-@ gun make to found been had solution a that Government British the to communicated French the , 1854 July 17 on and , satisfactory highly proved 1854 of half first the during made Experiments . armor heavy by protected and guns heavy with equipped , batteries floating draft @-@ light of development the ordered III Napoleon Emperor , War Crimean the in fortifications Russian of guns the to vulnerable be would ships own his that fearing and , Sinop of Battle the at ships wooden against shells explosive of power the of demonstration the Following "," Following the demonstration of the power of explosive shells against wooden ships at the Battle of Sinop , and fearing that his own ships would be vulnerable to the guns of Russian fortifications in the Crimean War , Emperor Napoleon III ordered the development of light @-@ draft floating batteries , equipped with heavy guns and protected by heavy armor . Experiments made during the first half of 1854 proved highly satisfactory , and on 17 July 1854 , the French communicated to the British Government that a solution had been found to make gun @-@ proof vessels and that plans would be communicated . After tests in September 1854 , the British Admiralty agreed to build five armoured floating batteries on the French plans , establishing the important Thames and Millwall Iron Works within the docks . " " . Kronstadt at base naval fortified @-@ well the against Sea Baltic the in theirs use to planned British The . Kinburn at action the to participate to late too arrived Meteor and Glatton batteries floating British The . 1859 in Adriatic the in war Italian the during again used be later would They . defences shore Russian against effective were they where , Sea Black the on Kinburn of Battle the at defenses the against 1855 in ) and , Lave ( batteries ironclad their of three used French The . fortifications shore bombarding gunboats and mortar unarmored assist to was battery the of role The . War Crimean the in fleet battle steam wooden the to supplement a as 1855 in deployed were batteries floating French The "," The French floating batteries were deployed in 1855 as a supplement to the wooden steam battle fleet in the Crimean War . The role of the battery was to assist unarmored mortar and gunboats bombarding shore fortifications . The French used three of their ironclad batteries ( Lave , and ) in 1855 against the defenses at the Battle of Kinburn on the Black Sea , where they were effective against Russian shore defences . They would later be used again during the Italian war in the Adriatic in 1859 . The British floating batteries Glatton and Meteor arrived too late to participate to the action at Kinburn . The British planned to use theirs in the Baltic Sea against the well @-@ fortified naval base at Kronstadt . " " . battlefleet their for warships armored on work begin to France convinced batteries ironclad floating the of success brief The . navy the of work the to marginal arguably also were They . transit range long for towed be to had but , Kinburn of Battle the at power own their under operated they : power own their under ) h / km 7 ( knots 4 only of capable were they but warships ironclad first the of title the to claim a have batteries The "," The batteries have a claim to the title of the first ironclad warships but they were capable of only 4 knots ( 7 km / h ) under their own power : they operated under their own power at the Battle of Kinburn , but had to be towed for long range transit . They were also arguably marginal to the work of the navy . The brief success of the floating ironclad batteries convinced France to begin work on armored warships for their battlefleet . " " . 1859 in launched and 1857 in begun , Gloire the , ironclad going @-@ ocean first the was result The . required was change dramatic a initiative strategic the regain to and , warships steam of building British match to unable was France that clear was it 1850s the of end the By "," By the end of the 1850s it was clear that France was unable to match British building of steam warships , and to regain the strategic initiative a dramatic change was required . The result was the first ocean @-@ going ironclad , the Gloire , begun in 1857 and launched in 1859 . " " . and Magenta , built ever ironclads broadside decked @-@ two only the and , Gloire to ships sister more two including , warships ironclad 16 construct to proceeded France . guns rifled ) mm 160 ( inch @-@ 4 @.@ 6 six @-@ thirty with armed was She . ) h / km 24 ( knots 13 of speed a for propeller screw single a driving , engine steam a by propelled was She . thick ) mm 110 ( inches 5 @.@ 4 plates iron in sheathed , deck one to reduced , line the of ship steam a of that on modelled was hull wooden 's Gloire "," Gloire 's wooden hull was modelled on that of a steam ship of the line , reduced to one deck , sheathed in iron plates 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 110 mm ) thick . She was propelled by a steam engine , driving a single screw propeller for a speed of 13 knots ( 24 km / h ) . She was armed with thirty @-@ six 6 @.@ 4 @-@ inch ( 160 mm ) rifled guns . France proceeded to construct 16 ironclad warships , including two more sister ships to Gloire , and the only two @-@ decked broadside ironclads ever built , Magenta and . " " . life marine by fouling to susceptible more was iron and , hulls wooden than repairs intensive and regular more required hulls iron ; drawbacks some with came also Warrior of construction the in iron of use The . unprotected vessel the of sections aft and fore the and guns deck main many leaving , ' box armoured ' or ' citadel ' central a in armour their concentrate to obliged were ) Resistance and Defence smaller the also but ( Prince Black and Warrior . itself battery the and waterline the along protection armour @-@ iron full had sisters her and Gloire the Yet . ) h / km 5 @.@ 26 ( knots 3 @.@ 14 at steam could they ship a to fitted yet engines steam of set largest the with and , Gloire of that than effective more were weapons their ; protection armour and range strategic , ' keeping @-@ sea ' between compromises necessarily were there though , design successful a had ships The . Prince Black HMS and Warrior HMS ; ironclads class @-@ Warrior two of construction the was result The . iron from built be to had which , vessel long very a meant speed for requirement The . line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ship a than frigate powerful , large a more was specification British The . fire enemy to invulnerable her make could which engagement of range a choose to able being of advantage the have would ship fast A . speed particularly , respect every in ships French the outmatch would ironclad British first the that determined was but , line the of ships steam in advantage its sacrifice to keen been not had Navy Royal The "," The Royal Navy had not been keen to sacrifice its advantage in steam ships of the line , but was determined that the first British ironclad would outmatch the French ships in every respect , particularly speed . A fast ship would have the advantage of being able to choose a range of engagement which could make her invulnerable to enemy fire . The British specification was more a large , powerful frigate than a ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line . The requirement for speed meant a very long vessel , which had to be built from iron . The result was the construction of two Warrior @-@ class ironclads ; HMS Warrior and HMS Black Prince . The ships had a successful design , though there were necessarily compromises between ' sea @-@ keeping ' , strategic range and armour protection ; their weapons were more effective than that of Gloire , and with the largest set of steam engines yet fitted to a ship they could steam at 14 @.@ 3 knots ( 26 @.@ 5 km / h ) . Yet the Gloire and her sisters had full iron @-@ armour protection along the waterline and the battery itself . Warrior and Black Prince ( but also the smaller Defence and Resistance ) were obliged to concentrate their armour in a central ' citadel ' or ' armoured box ' , leaving many main deck guns and the fore and aft sections of the vessel unprotected . The use of iron in the construction of Warrior also came with some drawbacks ; iron hulls required more regular and intensive repairs than wooden hulls , and iron was more susceptible to fouling by marine life . " " . design ironclad of development the on influence important an had , Lissa of Battle the at fleets Austrian and Italian the of clash the and , War Civil American the in sides both by ironclads of use The . Warrior and Gloire of designs masted , firing @-@ broadside the from different markedly ships involved and , France nor Britain neither involved ships ironclad new the using battles first the , However . ironclads building also were Spain and , Russia , Italy , Austria . larger were vessels British the though , construction under or completed either sixteen had each France and Britain . ironclads adopted had Europe across navies , 1862 By "," By 1862 , navies across Europe had adopted ironclads . Britain and France each had sixteen either completed or under construction , though the British vessels were larger . Austria , Italy , Russia , and Spain were also building ironclads . However , the first battles using the new ironclad ships involved neither Britain nor France , and involved ships markedly different from the broadside @-@ firing , masted designs of Gloire and Warrior . The use of ironclads by both sides in the American Civil War , and the clash of the Italian and Austrian fleets at the Battle of Lissa , had an important influence on the development of ironclad design . " " . ships wooden converting and construction on work started Confederacy the 1861 August and July in and , overseas from ironclads of purchase the for appropriated be million 2 $ that voted Congress Confederate the , 1861 May In . ships armored modern acquiring by conflict naval the in advantage gain to sought Confederacy the , Union the to loyal remained Navy the of bulk the Since . frigates unarmoured powered @-@ steam six being ships powerful most its , ironclads no had out broke war the time the at Navy U.S. The . War Civil U.S. the in came action in ironclads of use first The "," The first use of ironclads in action came in the U.S. Civil War . The U.S. Navy at the time the war broke out had no ironclads , its most powerful ships being six steam @-@ powered unarmoured frigates . Since the bulk of the Navy remained loyal to the Union , the Confederacy sought to gain advantage in the naval conflict by acquiring modern armored ships . In May 1861 , the Confederate Congress voted that $ 2 million be appropriated for the purchase of ironclads from overseas , and in July and August 1861 the Confederacy started work on construction and converting wooden ships . " " . Galena USS smaller the and , Ironsides New USS the , frigate armored large a building also was Union The . Ericsson John inventor Swedish the by proposed design innovative an , Monitor USS the complete to about was and , class City the of gunboats ironclad seven completed had Union the , time this By . navy Confederate the entered she when , gunship ironclad casemate covered @-@ iron an into converted was she but , wood of made warship conventional a was originally Virginia , Merrimack USS of hull the on Constructed . Norfolk at rebuilt been having , Navy Confederate the joined Virginia CSS larger the , 1862 February In . fighting coastal and river for Orleans New in vessel commercial a from converted been had She . Passes of Head the of Battle the during Mississippi the on warships Union fought she when , combat enter to ironclad first the became Manassas CSS the , 1861 October 12 On "," On 12 October 1861 , the CSS Manassas became the first ironclad to enter combat , when she fought Union warships on the Mississippi during the Battle of the Head of Passes . She had been converted from a commercial vessel in New Orleans for river and coastal fighting . In February 1862 , the larger CSS Virginia joined the Confederate Navy , having been rebuilt at Norfolk . Constructed on the hull of USS Merrimack , Virginia originally was a conventional warship made of wood , but she was converted into an iron @-@ covered casemate ironclad gunship , when she entered the Confederate navy . By this time , the Union had completed seven ironclad gunboats of the City class , and was about to complete the USS Monitor , an innovative design proposed by the Swedish inventor John Ericsson . The Union was also building a large armored frigate , the USS New Ironsides , and the smaller USS Galena . " " . easily them destroying ironclads the with , date of out now was warship wooden the that clear it making , worldwide attention attracted battle The . armor their off bounced shells while another one ram to tried repeatedly ironclads two the , Roads Hampton of Battle the of day second the , engagement this In . warships Confederate other and Virginia ram ironclad the from fleet wooden 's Union the protect to deployed was Monitor armored the as , 1862 March 9 on happened ironclads between battle first The "," The first battle between ironclads happened on 9 March 1862 , as the armored Monitor was deployed to protect the Union 's wooden fleet from the ironclad ram Virginia and other Confederate warships . In this engagement , the second day of the Battle of Hampton Roads , the two ironclads repeatedly tried to ram one another while shells bounced off their armor . The battle attracted attention worldwide , making it clear that the wooden warship was now out of date , with the ironclads destroying them easily . " " . war the of end the for time in just waters American in arrived she and , completed was Stonewall CSS Only . war the through Union the support openly to country only the , Russia in especially — Confederacy the for built being ships confiscated nations European as frustrated were overseas ironclads buy to attempts their but , action saw which of many , Virginia the of versions smaller as designed ships built Confederacy The . namesake their on modeled monitors fifty of fleet large a built Union The . runners blockade and raiders commerce , warships unarmored the alongside war naval the in role increasing an played they and , sides both by built ironclads more saw War Civil The "," The Civil War saw more ironclads built by both sides , and they played an increasing role in the naval war alongside the unarmored warships , commerce raiders and blockade runners . The Union built a large fleet of fifty monitors modeled on their namesake . The Confederacy built ships designed as smaller versions of the Virginia , many of which saw action , but their attempts to buy ironclads overseas were frustrated as European nations confiscated ships being built for the Confederacy — especially in Russia , the only country to openly support the Union through the war . Only CSS Stonewall was completed , and she arrived in American waters just in time for the end of the war . " " . Selma CSS , Gaines CSS , Morgan CSS gunboats the and ironclad powerful most 's Confederacy the , Tennessee CSS the facing , ships wooden 11 as well as monitors four assembled Union the , Bay Mobile at attack later the For . harbor the of defence the in participated CSS and State Palmetto CSS , ironclads small Two . sunk was one ; Charleston on attack failed the in participated , Keokuk USS draft @-@ light a and Ironsides New frigate ironclad the , ironclads other two as well as , Montauk USS including , monitors Union Seven . ports Confederate on attacks 's Union the in action saw ironclads , war the of remainder the Through "," Through the remainder of the war , ironclads saw action in the Union 's attacks on Confederate ports . Seven Union monitors , including USS Montauk , as well as two other ironclads , the ironclad frigate New Ironsides and a light @-@ draft USS Keokuk , participated in the failed attack on Charleston ; one was sunk . Two small ironclads , CSS Palmetto State and CSS participated in the defence of the harbor . For the later attack at Mobile Bay , the Union assembled four monitors as well as 11 wooden ships , facing the CSS Tennessee , the Confederacy 's most powerful ironclad and the gunboats CSS Morgan , CSS Gaines , CSS Selma . " " . ) Osage USS and Neosho USS the ( wheel paddle a contained they that in monitors going @-@ ocean the from differed which of two first the , rivers the on use for monitors produced also Eads . operations river for suited well very were and , tributaries smaller up journey to them allowing , draft shallow a had They . casement armored an by protected all , wheel paddle central a and engines twin with built were ships excellent These . ironclads class @-@ City the build to Missouri , Louis St. of Eads James engineer contracting then and riverboats converted several with beginning , ironclads river of force formidable a built Union the , front western the On "," On the western front , the Union built a formidable force of river ironclads , beginning with several converted riverboats and then contracting engineer James Eads of St. Louis , Missouri to build the City @-@ class ironclads . These excellent ships were built with twin engines and a central paddle wheel , all protected by an armored casement . They had a shallow draft , allowing them to journey up smaller tributaries , and were very well suited for river operations . Eads also produced monitors for use on the rivers , the first two of which differed from the ocean @-@ going monitors in that they contained a paddle wheel ( the USS Neosho and USS Osage ) . " " . operations water @-@ Blue & Brown , forts to up standing , duels ship ; encounter possible every in invincible be could which ironclad ' perfect ' a as thing such no was There . Europe in on going also — few a name to — design gun and construction ship , manufacture armour iron in advances technological latest the applying in required compromises or off @-@ trade emerging the confirmed , others than ) disastrous or ( successful more some , designs ironclad competing of variety wild its and War Civil American the of experience the else nothing If . guns rifled some and smoothbore various with armed were All . wheels paddle mounted @-@ side armored with but riverboats standard to similar were some and , others than successful more some , design varying of were All . fleet the with valiantly served that vessels other of number a were there but , Flotilla Western the of ironclads better the of some were vessels Eads Arguably "," Arguably Eads vessels were some of the better ironclads of the Western Flotilla , but there were a number of other vessels that served valiantly with the fleet . All were of varying design , some more successful than others , and some were similar to standard riverboats but with armored side @-@ mounted paddle wheels . All were armed with various smoothbore and some rifled guns . If nothing else the experience of the American Civil War and its wild variety of competing ironclad designs , some more successful ( or disastrous ) than others , confirmed the emerging trade @-@ off or compromises required in applying the latest technological advances in iron armour manufacture , ship construction and gun design — to name a few — also going on in Europe . There was no such thing as a ' perfect ' ironclad which could be invincible in every possible encounter ; ship duels , standing up to forts , Brown & Blue @-@ water operations . " " . vessels Confederate not , installations shore from was ironclads Union the for fire damaging most the and , fire enemy by than ) mines ( torpedoes by sunk were ironclads Union Flotilla Western More . use intended their for adequate were they but , Union the of monitors going @-@ ocean the as armored heavily as not were They . fire enemy to impunity relative with vessels and installations , forts Confederate upon fire tremendous providing by tributaries and Mississippi the in role important an played ironclads Union The "," The Union ironclads played an important role in the Mississippi and tributaries by providing tremendous fire upon Confederate forts , installations and vessels with relative impunity to enemy fire . They were not as heavily armored as the ocean @-@ going monitors of the Union , but they were adequate for their intended use . More Western Flotilla Union ironclads were sunk by torpedoes ( mines ) than by enemy fire , and the most damaging fire for the Union ironclads was from shore installations , not Confederate vessels . " " . Tsushima and Navarino of battles the between battle naval largest the in sides both on warships ironclad and corvettes and frigates wooden of fleets combined pitted battle the , navies Italian and Austrian the between . 1866 in Lissa of Battle the was warships ironclad involving , battle ocean first the and , battle fleet first The "," The first fleet battle , and the first ocean battle , involving ironclad warships was the Battle of Lissa in 1866 . between the Austrian and Italian navies , the battle pitted combined fleets of wooden frigates and corvettes and ironclad warships on both sides in the largest naval battle between the battles of Navarino and Tsushima . " " . frigates ironclad seven had navy Austrian the , them Opposing . ram @-@ double a — Affondatore built newly the and , ironclads smaller four , frigates ironclad broadside seven were ironclads Italian the Among . Lissa of island Adriatic the on land to intending troops carried which transports escorting , warships wooden of number similar a and ironclads 12 of consisted fleet Italian The "," The Italian fleet consisted of 12 ironclads and a similar number of wooden warships , escorting transports which carried troops intending to land on the Adriatic island of Lissa . Among the Italian ironclads were seven broadside ironclad frigates , four smaller ironclads , and the newly built Affondatore — a double @-@ ram . Opposing them , the Austrian navy had seven ironclad frigates . " " . years following in attention great attracted Italian the against flagship Austrian the by made being attack ramming effective the , nonetheless — ramming of difficulty the by and , guns by inflicted damage of lack the by frustrated were sides both followed which melée the In . squadron ironclad Italian the at charging , line first the in ironclads the with formation arrowhead an into formed fleet Austrian The . them ram and range close at Italians the engage to decided so , enemy their than guns effective less have to ships their believed Austrians The "," The Austrians believed their ships to have less effective guns than their enemy , so decided to engage the Italians at close range and ram them . The Austrian fleet formed into an arrowhead formation with the ironclads in the first line , charging at the Italian ironclad squadron . In the melée which followed both sides were frustrated by the lack of damage inflicted by guns , and by the difficulty of ramming — nonetheless , the effective ramming attack being made by the Austrian flagship against the Italian attracted great attention in following years . " " . Adriatic the in power naval predominant the as it established Austria by won victory the and , years many for ironclads European in weapon a as ram the of popularity the ensured battle The . ironclads Italian four with actions close survived remarkably Kaiser SMS decker @-@ two screw unarmoured Austrian the while , Palestro and 'Italia d Re , ironclads two its lost fleet Italian superior The "," The superior Italian fleet lost its two ironclads , Re d 'Italia and Palestro , while the Austrian unarmoured screw two @-@ decker SMS Kaiser remarkably survived close actions with four Italian ironclads . The battle ensured the popularity of the ram as a weapon in European ironclads for many years , and the victory won by Austria established it as the predominant naval power in the Adriatic . " " . ironclads enemy sink to way best the was ramming that lesson misleading the officers naval of generation a taught it , particular In . followed that fleets ironclad the of tactics and designs the on influential very were Lissa at and War Civil American the of battles The "," The battles of the American Civil War and at Lissa were very influential on the designs and tactics of the ironclad fleets that followed . In particular , it taught a generation of naval officers the misleading lesson that ramming was the best way to sink enemy ironclads . " " . fire round @-@ all for turrets in guns of handful a towards , line @-@ the @-@ of @-@ ship a of manner the in , broadside guns many mounting ships the from away movement a meant also guns of weight and size increasing The . widespread became ironclad an sink to way only the was ramming that view the , nevertheless ; ships on mounted were guns heavy increasingly , armor penetrate To . hull armored an off bounce would shot their since , useless became cannon light of dozens of armament naval traditional the that meant armor iron of adoption The "," The adoption of iron armor meant that the traditional naval armament of dozens of light cannon became useless , since their shot would bounce off an armored hull . To penetrate armor , increasingly heavy guns were mounted on ships ; nevertheless , the view that ramming was the only way to sink an ironclad became widespread . The increasing size and weight of guns also meant a movement away from the ships mounting many guns broadside , in the manner of a ship @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line , towards a handful of guns in turrets for all @-@ round fire . " " . blow decisive a strike to opportunity the offer to seemed ram the , shellfire to invulnerable them making armor and , wind the from ships freeing power steam With . warfare naval in weapon important most the again was ram the that meant ironclad the of development the that believed designers naval many 1880s the to 1860s the From "," From the 1860s to the 1880s many naval designers believed that the development of the ironclad meant that the ram was again the most important weapon in naval warfare . With steam power freeing ships from the wind , and armor making them invulnerable to shellfire , the ram seemed to offer the opportunity to strike a decisive blow . " " . heard be to struggled ramming by sunk been actually had that ships of number tiny the noted who Those . ram the by armament naval main the as replaced be to about were guns that thought officers naval British most 1880s early to 1870s early the From . craze ramming the to strength gave Lissa at 'Italia d Re Italian the sinking Max Ferdinand Erzherzog SMS flagship Austrian the of success lucky but spectacular the and Roads Hampton of Battle at Virginia and Monitor of guns the by inflicted damage scant The "," The scant damage inflicted by the guns of Monitor and Virginia at Battle of Hampton Roads and the spectacular but lucky success of the Austrian flagship SMS Erzherzog Ferdinand Max sinking the Italian Re d 'Italia at Lissa gave strength to the ramming craze . From the early 1870s to early 1880s most British naval officers thought that guns were about to be replaced as the main naval armament by the ram . Those who noted the tiny number of ships that had actually been sunk by ramming struggled to be heard . " " . water the in dead stopped already were which ships against used be only could rams that shown have might combat , been had it if and , battle in tested never was ram the of use best make to battle in deploy should fleet ironclad an how of question The . disarray into tactics fleet threw ram the and , ramming to unsuited totally was tactic This . guns broadside its from fire best the it give to line long a formed fleet a where , battle of line the been had warfare naval of tactic predominant the century 17th the Since . tactics naval on effect significant a had ramming of revival The "," The revival of ramming had a significant effect on naval tactics . Since the 17th century the predominant tactic of naval warfare had been the line of battle , where a fleet formed a long line to give it the best fire from its broadside guns . This tactic was totally unsuited to ramming , and the ram threw fleet tactics into disarray . The question of how an ironclad fleet should deploy in battle to make best use of the ram was never tested in battle , and if it had been , combat might have shown that rams could only be used against ships which were already stopped dead in the water . " " . guns firing @-@ quick to vulnerability less with , torpedo a with achieved be could effect same the as , 1880s the in favour of out fell finally ram The "," The ram finally fell out of favour in the 1880s , as the same effect could be achieved with a torpedo , with less vulnerability to quick @-@ firing guns . " " . loading @-@ muzzle versus loading @-@ breech and guns smoothbore versus rifled of complexities the with grappled also navies era ironclad the Throughout . penetration greater achieve to markedly increased guns of weight and calibre ; range at ships enemy of armor the penetrating of capable guns powerful of number small a in concentrated become to tended ironclads of armament The "," The armament of ironclads tended to become concentrated in a small number of powerful guns capable of penetrating the armor of enemy ships at range ; calibre and weight of guns increased markedly to achieve greater penetration . Throughout the ironclad era navies also grappled with the complexities of rifled versus smoothbore guns and breech @-@ loading versus muzzle @-@ loading . " " . service from withdrawn shortly were but , Navy Royal the for armament heavy of generation next the be to intended were , Armstrong William Sir by designed , carried she loaders @-@ breech the ; armament right the picking of challenges the highlighted Warrior . guns smoothbore pounder @-@ 68 traditional more and rifles loading @-@ breech ) mm 180 ( inch 7 pounder @-@ 110 of mixture a carried Warrior HMS "," HMS Warrior carried a mixture of 110 @-@ pounder 7 inch ( 180 mm ) breech @-@ loading rifles and more traditional 68 @-@ pounder smoothbore guns . Warrior highlighted the challenges of picking the right armament ; the breech @-@ loaders she carried , designed by Sir William Armstrong , were intended to be the next generation of heavy armament for the Royal Navy , but were shortly withdrawn from service . " " . decades for loaders @-@ breech plagued which problems of because rejected was design the , Nonetheless . accurate more , rifling their of because , and smoothbore equivalent an than lighter being of virtue the had also guns Armstrong 's Warrior The . aimed @-@ re be to needed then gun the if particularly process lengthy a , gun the moving without reloaded be could loader @-@ breech A . advantages important offer to seemed guns loading @-@ "," @-@ loading guns seemed to offer important advantages . A breech @-@ loader could be reloaded without moving the gun , a lengthy process particularly if the gun then needed to be re @-@ aimed . The Warrior 's Armstrong guns also had the virtue of being lighter than an equivalent smoothbore and , because of their rifling , more accurate . Nonetheless , the design was rejected because of problems which plagued breech @-@ loaders for decades . " " . navies German and French the in standard became which guns loading @-@ breech the with experienced were problems Similar . firing on gun the of out backwards flew breech the closed which screw the sometimes while , Gloire of armor ) mm 118 ( in 5 @.@ 4 the penetrate to unable were shells the ; problems both from suffered guns Armstrong 's Warrior The . crew gun the endanger also can and weapon the of velocity muzzle the reduces turn in This . break will breech the that or breech the through discharge will gas either that risk a is there then , secure entirely not is — gun the in forces greatest the of some experiences which — breech the If . barrel @-@ gun the on stresses great imposes also but , gun the of front the of out shell or shot the propels explosion This . gas into gunpowder of conversion explosive the by powered are guns All . breech the sealing of problem obvious the was loader @-@ breech the of weakness The "," The weakness of the breech @-@ loader was the obvious problem of sealing the breech . All guns are powered by the explosive conversion of gunpowder into gas . This explosion propels the shot or shell out of the front of the gun , but also imposes great stresses on the gun @-@ barrel . If the breech — which experiences some of the greatest forces in the gun — is not entirely secure , then there is a risk that either gas will discharge through the breech or that the breech will break . This in turn reduces the muzzle velocity of the weapon and can also endanger the gun crew . The Warrior 's Armstrong guns suffered from both problems ; the shells were unable to penetrate the 4 @.@ 5 in ( 118 mm ) armor of Gloire , while sometimes the screw which closed the breech flew backwards out of the gun on firing . Similar problems were experienced with the breech @-@ loading guns which became standard in the French and German navies . " " . ) mm 406 ( inch @-@ 16 to ) mm 203 ( inch @-@ 8 from increasing calibre with , tons 81 finally and 38 , 25 , 25 , 12 weighing guns — weapons mammoth increasingly of series a by followed were These . tons 7 weighing , guns rifled ) mm 178 ( inch @-@ 7 introduced Admiralty the , ) t 6 @.@ 6 ( tons 5 @.@ 6 weighed which , Gun Somerset smoothbore ) mm 240 ( inch @-@ 5 @.@ 9 or pounder @-@ 100 of introduction brief a After . 1880s the until power increasing of weapons loading @-@ muzzle with ships equip to British the influenced problems These "," These problems influenced the British to equip ships with muzzle @-@ loading weapons of increasing power until the 1880s . After a brief introduction of 100 @-@ pounder or 9 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 240 mm ) smoothbore Somerset Gun , which weighed 6 @.@ 5 tons ( 6 @.@ 6 t ) , the Admiralty introduced 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) rifled guns , weighing 7 tons . These were followed by a series of increasingly mammoth weapons — guns weighing 12 , 25 , 25 , 38 and finally 81 tons , with calibre increasing from 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) to 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) . " " . guns Armstrong first the had as problems same the from suffered which , loaders @-@ breech Prussian and French the than fire of rate and range both of terms in performance superior had loaders @-@ muzzle British the , 1870s late the until least at , However . historians by criticised been has 1880s the until loaders @-@ muzzle retain to decision The "," The decision to retain muzzle @-@ loaders until the 1880s has been criticised by historians . However , at least until the late 1870s , the British muzzle @-@ loaders had superior performance in terms of both range and rate of fire than the French and Prussian breech @-@ loaders , which suffered from the same problems as had the first Armstrong guns . " " . minutes 15 every round a fire each could Duilio Caio of guns ) inch 72 @.@ 17 ( mm 450 , ton @-@ 100 The . Revolt Urabi the during Alexandria bombarding while minutes 11 every once only fired Inflexible HMS of guns ) mm 406 ( inch @-@ 16 , ton @-@ 81 the , 1882 In . fire enemy to crew the exposing without turret the outside gun the loading @-@ re for required were systems hydraulic complicated and , hand by loading @-@ re even or , loading @-@ re for gun the in hauling of prospect no was there size such of guns With . complicated more much loading @-@ muzzle made guns naval of size growing the , compellingly as Just . 1873 in French the by adopted , breech a sealing reliably of method a invented de Captain . changed loading @-@ muzzle and between balance the , onwards 1875 From "," From 1875 onwards , the balance between and muzzle @-@ loading changed . Captain de invented a method of reliably sealing a breech , adopted by the French in 1873 . Just as compellingly , the growing size of naval guns made muzzle @-@ loading much more complicated . With guns of such size there was no prospect of hauling in the gun for re @-@ loading , or even re @-@ loading by hand , and complicated hydraulic systems were required for re @-@ loading the gun outside the turret without exposing the crew to enemy fire . In 1882 , the 81 @-@ ton , 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) guns of HMS Inflexible fired only once every 11 minutes while bombarding Alexandria during the Urabi Revolt . The 100 @-@ ton , 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 72 inch ) guns of Caio Duilio could each fire a round every 15 minutes . " " . gun loading @-@ muzzle a with happen only could which problem a , loaded @-@ double being gun a by caused Thunderer HMS board on explosion an by swayed was opinion , performance of terms in advantages significant the as well as ; 1879 in made finally was loaders @-@ breech to switch the , Navy Royal the In "," In the Royal Navy , the switch to breech @-@ loaders was finally made in 1879 ; as well as the significant advantages in terms of performance , opinion was swayed by an explosion on board HMS Thunderer caused by a gun being double @-@ loaded , a problem which could only happen with a muzzle @-@ loading gun . " " . guns ' ships their of reach maximum the below well and , targets their of eyesight easy within ranges at fought still were ' Ironclad the of Age ' the in engagements naval many , result a As . problem the to added only battle of chaos general the and Smoke . rounds few a only in pieces to smashed be now could vessel a though — Sail of Age the in those to comparable were , War Civil the during learned had they , ranges combat effective Actual . water the of surface the along ' skip ' least at could shot round whose monsters smoothbore preferred accordingly experts ordnance American . rifling of advantage the negate could ' platform @-@ weapons floating ' as vessel the of pitch or roll slightest the where sea at especially , accuracy simple exceeded far power hitting and range , War Crimean the following , models Armstrong original the from even that was acute more became which consideration One . II War World of class Yamato Japanese the of armament ) mm 460 ( inch @-@ 1 @.@ 18 the until battleship a to fitted gun any than larger be would guns ) inch 72 @.@ 17 ( mm 450 Italian The . large as guns carry ever would battleship British no — tons 110 weighing each , guns loading @-@ breech ) mm 413 ( inch @-@ 25 @.@ 16 two carried Benbow HMS . sea at used ever gun of calibres heaviest the of some with , 1880s the in peaked gun the of size The . ship the of stability the less the and , hull 's ship the on stresses the greater the , load to be would it slower the , gun the larger The . far so increase only could guns of weight and calibre The "," The calibre and weight of guns could only increase so far . The larger the gun , the slower it would be to load , the greater the stresses on the ship 's hull , and the less the stability of the ship . The size of the gun peaked in the 1880s , with some of the heaviest calibres of gun ever used at sea . HMS Benbow carried two 16 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 413 mm ) breech @-@ loading guns , each weighing 110 tons — no British battleship would ever carry guns as large . The Italian 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 72 inch ) guns would be larger than any gun fitted to a battleship until the 18 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 460 mm ) armament of the Japanese Yamato class of World War II . One consideration which became more acute was that even from the original Armstrong models , following the Crimean War , range and hitting power far exceeded simple accuracy , especially at sea where the slightest roll or pitch of the vessel as ' floating weapons @-@ platform ' could negate the advantage of rifling . American ordnance experts accordingly preferred smoothbore monsters whose round shot could at least ' skip ' along the surface of the water . Actual effective combat ranges , they had learned during the Civil War , were comparable to those in the Age of Sail — though a vessel could now be smashed to pieces in only a few rounds . Smoke and the general chaos of battle only added to the problem . As a result , many naval engagements in the ' Age of the Ironclad ' were still fought at ranges within easy eyesight of their targets , and well below the maximum reach of their ships ' guns . " " . tolerances tighter to manufactured be to and longer last to guns allowing , barrel the of insides the on stress less put also It . again slowly more combusted which powder brown different chemically of introduction the was forward step further A . barrel longer a and explosion controlled more , slower a allowing , pellets into powder the press to was step important One . stress extreme to subjected were guns that meant also explosion powder black the of sharpness The . shell the slowing itself barrel the prevent to , barrels short relatively had cannons meant this ; combustion after rapidly expanded which , powder black used ironclads Early . propellant the of nature the or fired projectile the vary to was firepower increasing of method Another "," Another method of increasing firepower was to vary the projectile fired or the nature of the propellant . Early ironclads used black powder , which expanded rapidly after combustion ; this meant cannons had relatively short barrels , to prevent the barrel itself slowing the shell . The sharpness of the black powder explosion also meant that guns were subjected to extreme stress . One important step was to press the powder into pellets , allowing a slower , more controlled explosion and a longer barrel . A further step forward was the introduction of chemically different brown powder which combusted more slowly again . It also put less stress on the insides of the barrel , allowing guns to last longer and to be manufactured to tighter tolerances . " " . velocity muzzle greater gain to propellants improved of use making , barrel of length in grew progressively but , ) mm 305 ( in 12 often most , 1880s the of ships the to compared calibre in smaller be to tended 1890s the of battleships Dreadnought @-@ pre the of guns The . barrels longer with propellant of charges smaller allowing step further a was 1884 in Paul inventor French the by , nitrocellulose or nitroglycerine on based , powder smokeless of development The "," The development of smokeless powder , based on nitroglycerine or nitrocellulose , by the French inventor Paul in 1884 was a further step allowing smaller charges of propellant with longer barrels . The guns of the pre @-@ Dreadnought battleships of the 1890s tended to be smaller in calibre compared to the ships of the 1880s , most often 12 in ( 305 mm ) , but progressively grew in length of barrel , making use of improved propellants to gain greater muzzle velocity . " " . developed was shell piercing @-@ armor the Eventually . qualities piercing @-@ armor better gave , alloy iron harder a , iron chilled of shot , Later . shot iron @-@ cast solid a was projectile piercing @-@ armor best the , Initially . period ironclad the during changed also projectiles the of nature The "," The nature of the projectiles also changed during the ironclad period . Initially , the best armor @-@ piercing projectile was a solid cast @-@ iron shot . Later , shot of chilled iron , a harder iron alloy , gave better armor @-@ piercing qualities . Eventually the armor @-@ piercing shell was developed . " " . deck each on row a than rather side each on deck main the along guns of row single a carry only could they , heavy so was armor their Because . type this of examples were Warrior HMS and Gloire Both "" . ironclads broadside "" called were so and sides their along line single a in weapons their carried , line the of ships wooden of era preceding long the from design warship of development logical a in , ironclads Russian and French , British first The "," The first British , French and Russian ironclads , in a logical development of warship design from the long preceding era of wooden ships of the line , carried their weapons in a single line along their sides and so were called "" broadside ironclads . "" Both Gloire and HMS Warrior were examples of this type . Because their armor was so heavy , they could only carry a single row of guns along the main deck on each side rather than a row on each deck . " " . fire of field the impede not did rigging the and , time a at adversary one than more engage could ship the that was broadsides both on guns mounting of advantages The . States United the and Russia , Austria , Italy including powers other by numbers smaller in but , France and Britain in principally , 1860s the in built were ironclads broadside of number significant A "," A significant number of broadside ironclads were built in the 1860s , principally in Britain and France , but in smaller numbers by other powers including Italy , Austria , Russia and the United States . The advantages of mounting guns on both broadsides was that the ship could engage more than one adversary at a time , and the rigging did not impede the field of fire . " " . designs barbette and , turret , battery @-@ central included which , fire round @-@ all greater gave that designs by superseded being designs broadside to led problems These . fire round @-@ all and ahead for need the meant tactic important an as ramming of adoption the , Furthermore . carried be could guns fewer that meant armor thicker @-@ ever penetrate to guns Heavier . developed technology ironclad as serious more became which , disadvantages had also armament Broadside "," Broadside armament also had disadvantages , which became more serious as ironclad technology developed . Heavier guns to penetrate ever @-@ thicker armor meant that fewer guns could be carried . Furthermore , the adoption of ramming as an important tactic meant the need for ahead and all @-@ round fire . These problems led to broadside designs being superseded by designs that gave greater all @-@ round fire , which included central @-@ battery , turret , and barbette designs . " " . barbette a , unarmored or armored partially when and turret a called was arrangement this , armored fully when ; fire of field broad a them give to platform rotating a on placed be could guns the , other the In . ' battery @-@ centre ' or ' battery @-@ box ' the called was arrangement this : amidships casemate armoured an in placed were guns the , design one In . broadside the to alternatives design main two were There "," There were two main design alternatives to the broadside . In one design , the guns were placed in an armoured casemate amidships : this arrangement was called the ' box @-@ battery ' or ' centre @-@ battery ' . In the other , the guns could be placed on a rotating platform to give them a broad field of fire ; when fully armored , this arrangement was called a turret and when partially armored or unarmored , a barbette . " " . ahead directly fire to guns their of some enabling freeboard recessed a had , always not but , often ships battery @-@ Centre . 1870 until completed not were which 1865 in ironclads battery @-@ centre down laid French the ; 1865 of Bellerophon HMS was ship battery @-@ centre scale @-@ full first The . type broadside a than and shorter be could ship the meant amidships guns Concentrating . method popular more the , 1870s and 1860s the during , and simpler the was battery @-@ centre The "," The centre @-@ battery was the simpler and , during the 1860s and 1870s , the more popular method . Concentrating guns amidships meant the ship could be shorter and than a broadside type . The first full @-@ scale centre @-@ battery ship was HMS Bellerophon of 1865 ; the French laid down centre @-@ battery ironclads in 1865 which were not completed until 1870 . Centre @-@ battery ships often , but not always , had a recessed freeboard enabling some of their guns to fire directly ahead . " " . broadside and aft , fore fire to both allowing , line @-@ centre the of side either on turrets two carried which , 1876 of Inflexible HMS was masts and turrets combine to ship Navy Royal third The . beams starboard and port the on only turrets her from firing to restricted was Monarch HMS sister @-@ half Her . 1870 in launch her after long not capsized subsequently which and , sail of rig full a carried nevertheless which ship turret freeboard low dangerously a , Captain HMS : Coles Phipps Cowper Captain by designed was , ' circle this squaring ' or , extremes two these compromise to attempt dramatic most The . about all was ' Ironclad ' an what in extremes opposite two represented Warrior HMS sailer broadside the and Monitor freeboard @-@ low , turreted the , respects many In . vessel the of range therefore and — storage coal for capacity smaller a therefore and hull smaller a meant also , however , freeboard Low . armour and guns actual to diverted was waterline the above broadside high a having from saved thus weight The . freeboard low very with ship a designing deliberately by ) protection armour and guns ( turret possible heaviest the offer to able was Ericsson . heavy extremely were turrets that was problem second The . ironclads going @-@ ocean earlier the on use to unsuited were they so , rigging and masts by limited considerably be would turret a of arc fire The . 1860s the in use their with problems significant were there but , guns the from fire of arc maximum the offered Turrets . bearings of ring a on turned 's Coles and , spindle central a on turned turret 's Ericsson . purposes evaluation and testing for 1861 in Trusty HMS on installed this of prototype a with Coles Cowper inventor British the by proposed was design turret competing A . Ericsson John engineer Swedish the by designed turret of type a with , 1862 in Monitor USS the on combat naval in used first was turret The "," The turret was first used in naval combat on the USS Monitor in 1862 , with a type of turret designed by the Swedish engineer John Ericsson . A competing turret design was proposed by the British inventor Cowper Coles with a prototype of this installed on HMS Trusty in 1861 for testing and evaluation purposes . Ericsson 's turret turned on a central spindle , and Coles 's turned on a ring of bearings . Turrets offered the maximum arc of fire from the guns , but there were significant problems with their use in the 1860s . The fire arc of a turret would be considerably limited by masts and rigging , so they were unsuited to use on the earlier ocean @-@ going ironclads . The second problem was that turrets were extremely heavy . Ericsson was able to offer the heaviest possible turret ( guns and armour protection ) by deliberately designing a ship with very low freeboard . The weight thus saved from having a high broadside above the waterline was diverted to actual guns and armour . Low freeboard , however , also meant a smaller hull and therefore a smaller capacity for coal storage — and therefore range of the vessel . In many respects , the turreted , low @-@ freeboard Monitor and the broadside sailer HMS Warrior represented two opposite extremes in what an ' Ironclad ' was all about . The most dramatic attempt to compromise these two extremes , or ' squaring this circle ' , was designed by Captain Cowper Phipps Coles : HMS Captain , a dangerously low freeboard turret ship which nevertheless carried a full rig of sail , and which subsequently capsized not long after her launch in 1870 . Her half @-@ sister HMS Monarch was restricted to firing from her turrets only on the port and starboard beams . The third Royal Navy ship to combine turrets and masts was HMS Inflexible of 1876 , which carried two turrets on either side of the centre @-@ line , allowing both to fire fore , aft and broadside . " " . battleships Dreadnought @-@ pre the of turrets the into transformed , ' house @-@ gun ' armored an of addition the with and , 1880s the in adopted widely became barbette The . ships their of weight @-@ top the reduce to plate armor their of stripped were barbettes some nevertheless though — armor roof no and machinery less needing , turret the than lighter was barbette The . emplacements shore from instance for , fire plunging to vulnerable but , fire direct from sheltered was crew The . turntable a on gun a held which towers armored fixed were These . barbette the was , navy French the with popular particularly , turret the to alternative lighter A "," A lighter alternative to the turret , particularly popular with the French navy , was the barbette . These were fixed armored towers which held a gun on a turntable . The crew was sheltered from direct fire , but vulnerable to plunging fire , for instance from shore emplacements . The barbette was lighter than the turret , needing less machinery and no roof armor — though nevertheless some barbettes were stripped of their armor plate to reduce the top @-@ weight of their ships . The barbette became widely adopted in the 1880s , and with the addition of an armored ' gun @-@ house ' , transformed into the turrets of the pre @-@ Dreadnought battleships . " " . suicidal less boat a by attack torpedo a make to or ramming from ship a deter to either ; outrigger or line a on explosive an involved , torpedo ' Harvey ' or towed the , proposal Another . action saw never vessels these but , 5 – 1864 in construction under while vessels torpedo @-@ spar armored turretless become to monitors its of four converted Navy U.S. The . seriously taken was torpedo spar the from threat the , ironclads against shellfire of inefficiency relative the given and — one smaller a from threat serious a faced warship large a , time first the For . boat small a by warship a of hull the against pushed charge explosive an , torpedo spar the of development the saw also conflict That . War Civil American the in extensively used , mines static were torpedoes first The . fleets ironclad of tactics and design the complicate helped which , weapons naval as torpedoes explosive of development the saw age ironclad The "," The ironclad age saw the development of explosive torpedoes as naval weapons , which helped complicate the design and tactics of ironclad fleets . The first torpedoes were static mines , used extensively in the American Civil War . That conflict also saw the development of the spar torpedo , an explosive charge pushed against the hull of a warship by a small boat . For the first time , a large warship faced a serious threat from a smaller one — and given the relative inefficiency of shellfire against ironclads , the threat from the spar torpedo was taken seriously . The U.S. Navy converted four of its monitors to become turretless armored spar @-@ torpedo vessels while under construction in 1864 – 5 , but these vessels never saw action . Another proposal , the towed or ' Harvey ' torpedo , involved an explosive on a line or outrigger ; either to deter a ship from ramming or to make a torpedo attack by a boat less suicidal . " " . ironclads by possessed weapons of mixture confusing the of part formed torpedo the and influential briefly only was Ecole Jeune the , however , practice In . torpedo by caught easily be to enough slow be would gunfire by destruction prevent to enough armored ship any that appeared it ; thought naval of school Ecole Jeune the by made warships armored of critique the of part key a was torpedo the to vulnerability 's ironclad The . Dandolo Enrico and Duilio Caio Italian the and Inflexible HMS like 1880s the of ironclads of armament the of part formed torpedo Whitehead the , 1870s the in deployed and 1868 in Invented . torpedo Whitehead or propelled @-@ self the was weapon influential and practical more A "," A more practical and influential weapon was the self @-@ propelled or Whitehead torpedo . Invented in 1868 and deployed in the 1870s , the Whitehead torpedo formed part of the armament of ironclads of the 1880s like HMS Inflexible and the Italian Caio Duilio and Enrico Dandolo . The ironclad 's vulnerability to the torpedo was a key part of the critique of armored warships made by the Jeune Ecole school of naval thought ; it appeared that any ship armored enough to prevent destruction by gunfire would be slow enough to be easily caught by torpedo . In practice , however , the Jeune Ecole was only briefly influential and the torpedo formed part of the confusing mixture of weapons possessed by ironclads . " " . 1870s the into hulls wooden with built being still were Ironclads . planking wooden thick by backed armor iron wrought by protected and , hulls iron or wooden on built were ironclads first The "," The first ironclads were built on wooden or iron hulls , and protected by wrought iron armor backed by thick wooden planking . Ironclads were still being built with wooden hulls into the 1870s . " " . warships cruising range @-@ long for particularly , years many for use in hulls wooden kept which problems technical offered and , disadvantages military many had iron unarmored , However . hull the of engineering the for advantages offered warships for construction iron Using "," Using iron construction for warships offered advantages for the engineering of the hull . However , unarmored iron had many military disadvantages , and offered technical problems which kept wooden hulls in use for many years , particularly for long @-@ range cruising warships . " " . wood than shape of out fall to likely more frames iron and , wood than brittle more was iron ; shot solid to vulnerable more were hulls iron because , 1840s the of end the by abandoned was frigate hulled @-@ iron the , However . frigates and gunboats unarmored but hulled @-@ iron with experimented all had States United the and Britain , France , 1840s and 1830s the In . 1820s the in use military for proposed been first had ships Iron "," Iron ships had first been proposed for military use in the 1820s . In the 1830s and 1840s , France , Britain and the United States had all experimented with iron @-@ hulled but unarmored gunboats and frigates . However , the iron @-@ hulled frigate was abandoned by the end of the 1840s , because iron hulls were more vulnerable to solid shot ; iron was more brittle than wood , and iron frames more likely to fall out of shape than wood . " " . bought already wood and started already hulls of use best make to was ironclads hulled @-@ wooden of handful its built Britain why reason main the and , enough supply not could industry iron French the that was 1860s the in built fleet ironclad the for hulls wooden of use French the for reason main The . effective @-@ cost increasingly were hulls iron , iron of cost falling the and warship steam a build to required wood of quantities large the given , And . seasoning of period long a wood give to need the to contrast in , immediately used and order to produced be could Iron . Gloire hulled @-@ wooden the than faster and longer was , iron of built , Warrior . decks lower the on bulkheads watertight of use the instance for , design flexible more and ships larger allowed Iron . advantages many architect naval the gave iron , However . armor by protected when battleships for material building a as adopted only was iron that meant hulls warship for iron unarmored of unsuitability The "," The unsuitability of unarmored iron for warship hulls meant that iron was only adopted as a building material for battleships when protected by armor . However , iron gave the naval architect many advantages . Iron allowed larger ships and more flexible design , for instance the use of watertight bulkheads on the lower decks . Warrior , built of iron , was longer and faster than the wooden @-@ hulled Gloire . Iron could be produced to order and used immediately , in contrast to the need to give wood a long period of seasoning . And , given the large quantities of wood required to build a steam warship and the falling cost of iron , iron hulls were increasingly cost @-@ effective . The main reason for the French use of wooden hulls for the ironclad fleet built in the 1860s was that the French iron industry could not supply enough , and the main reason why Britain built its handful of wooden @-@ hulled ironclads was to make best use of hulls already started and wood already bought . " " . construction composite of other the and iron of built was one but , ships @-@ sister were 1875 in ordered Hiei and Kongō Japanese the : interchangeable extent some to were wood and Iron . attractive remain construction wooden made which process expensive and laborious a , copper in then and wood in first hull iron the sheath to was solution only The . ships range @-@ long for difficulty a but , docks dry to close battlefleet European a for manageable — down ships the slowing , life marine by fouling quick suffered hulls Iron . disadvantage significant a had nevertheless iron because , ironclads smaller and range @-@ long for used be to continued hulls Wooden "," Wooden hulls continued to be used for long @-@ range and smaller ironclads , because iron nevertheless had a significant disadvantage . Iron hulls suffered quick fouling by marine life , slowing the ships down — manageable for a European battlefleet close to dry docks , but a difficulty for long @-@ range ships . The only solution was to sheath the iron hull first in wood and then in copper , a laborious and expensive process which made wooden construction remain attractive . Iron and wood were to some extent interchangeable : the Japanese Kongō and Hiei ordered in 1875 were sister @-@ ships , but one was built of iron and the other of composite construction . " " . steel than rather iron was hull exterior her of part and , plate armor iron wrought had nonetheless Redoutable . 1876 in launched and 1873 in down laid , Redoutable the with starting , fleet its in steel of use the with way the led Navy French The . weight lower a for strength structural greater for allows steel , iron to Compared . construction for material a as introduced be to started steel , 1872 After "," After 1872 , steel started to be introduced as a material for construction . Compared to iron , steel allows for greater structural strength for a lower weight . The French Navy led the way with the use of steel in its fleet , starting with the Redoutable , laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876 . Redoutable nonetheless had wrought iron armor plate , and part of her exterior hull was iron rather than steel . " " . 1876 and 1875 in down laid , Mercury and Iris vessels dispatch the were Navy Royal the by built warships steel @-@ all first The . behind lagged technology British but , steel adequate produce to process Martin @-@ Siemens the used manufacturers French . ships on use scale @-@ large for imperfections many too produced manufacture steel for process Bessemer The . warships steel adopt to slow was Navy Royal the , production steel in world the led Britain though Even "," Even though Britain led the world in steel production , the Royal Navy was slow to adopt steel warships . The Bessemer process for steel manufacture produced too many imperfections for large @-@ scale use on ships . French manufacturers used the Siemens @-@ Martin process to produce adequate steel , but British technology lagged behind . The first all @-@ steel warships built by the Royal Navy were the dispatch vessels Iris and Mercury , laid down in 1875 and 1876 . " " . Inflexible HMS in instance for , armor ' sandwich ' in combined were iron and wood , Later . ship the of structure the damaging hit a of shock the preventing also and spalling preventing , roles two played wood The . wood shipbuilding strongest the , teak of ) mm 381 ( in 15 by backed iron wrought of ) mm 114 ( in 5 @.@ 4 by protected was Warrior HMS . scheme protection their of part as wood used ships built @-@ Iron "," Iron @-@ built ships used wood as part of their protection scheme . HMS Warrior was protected by 4 @.@ 5 in ( 114 mm ) of wrought iron backed by 15 in ( 381 mm ) of teak , the strongest shipbuilding wood . The wood played two roles , preventing spalling and also preventing the shock of a hit damaging the structure of the ship . Later , wood and iron were combined in ' sandwich ' armor , for instance in HMS Inflexible . " " . armor fused producing of ' System Wilson ' the of use the for given being licenses with , immediately almost innovation the adopted navies German and French The . ) 1882 of Colossus HMS with starting ( armor all for then and ) Inflexible HMS with starting ( armor turret for first , 1870s late the from built ships in British the by used was armor compound This . armor compound of form a giving , plates iron wrought onto steel fuse to found was way a when use to practical became Steel . shells by struck when disintegrated and brittle too was time the of steel the but , 1860s the in tested was It . armor for material obvious an also was Steel "," Steel was also an obvious material for armor . It was tested in the 1860s , but the steel of the time was too brittle and disintegrated when struck by shells . Steel became practical to use when a way was found to fuse steel onto wrought iron plates , giving a form of compound armor . This compound armor was used by the British in ships built from the late 1870s , first for turret armor ( starting with HMS Inflexible ) and then for all armor ( starting with HMS Colossus of 1882 ) . The French and German navies adopted the innovation almost immediately , with licenses being given for the use of the ' Wilson System ' of producing fused armor . " " . 1889 until armor compound to stuck Britain . armor steel using was navy French the 1884 from so , supply in limited it found but , fleet its for armor compound adopt to 1880 in decided navy French The . 1877 until France from purchased not was armor their 1873 in down laid were ships the Though . Dandolo Enrico and Duilio Caio Italian the were armor steel @-@ all have to ironclads first The "," The first ironclads to have all @-@ steel armor were the Italian Caio Duilio and Enrico Dandolo . Though the ships were laid down in 1873 their armor was not purchased from France until 1877 . The French navy decided in 1880 to adopt compound armor for its fleet , but found it limited in supply , so from 1884 the French navy was using steel armor . Britain stuck to compound armor until 1889 . " " . decade the of end the until alongside armor Harvey use to continued U.S. the though , armor Krupp used battleships new all almost 1901 By . 1896 in down laid , Canopus HMS from it using Navy Royal the ; adopted quickly was armor new the and ' armor Krupp ' new the from benefit to ship first the was , 1895 in down laid , III Friedrich Kaiser German The . armor steel hardened further which , cementing gas developed Krupp firm German the , 1894 In . Italy and Austria , Britain , Germany , France , U.S. the in produced , art the of state the was ' steel Harvey ' years several For . armor compound to superior it found and process Harvey the by hardened armor steel tested Navy U.S. the , 1890 In . steel @-@ nickel hardened case was armor ironclad ultimate The "," The ultimate ironclad armor was case hardened nickel @-@ steel . In 1890 , the U.S. Navy tested steel armor hardened by the Harvey process and found it superior to compound armor . For several years ' Harvey steel ' was the state of the art , produced in the U.S. , France , Germany , Britain , Austria and Italy . In 1894 , the German firm Krupp developed gas cementing , which further hardened steel armor . The German Kaiser Friedrich III , laid down in 1895 , was the first ship to benefit from the new ' Krupp armor ' and the new armor was quickly adopted ; the Royal Navy using it from HMS Canopus , laid down in 1896 . By 1901 almost all new battleships used Krupp armor , though the U.S. continued to use Harvey armor alongside until the end of the decade . " " . armor Krupp of ) mm 146 ( in 75 @.@ 5 or armor Harvey of ) mm 197 ( in 75 @.@ 7 to and , armor steel and iron compound or steel plain either of ) mm 305 ( in 12 to equivalent was iron wrought of ) mm 381 ( in 15 : follows as was plates armor different the of strengths equivalent The "," The equivalent strengths of the different armor plates was as follows : 15 in ( 381 mm ) of wrought iron was equivalent to 12 in ( 305 mm ) of either plain steel or compound iron and steel armor , and to 7 @.@ 75 in ( 197 mm ) of Harvey armor or 5 @.@ 75 in ( 146 mm ) of Krupp armor . " " . sections armored @-@ un her to damage heavy of event the in afloat and stable her keep to intended was bulkheads watertight and compartments filled @-@ cork of arrangement ingenious An . else little and , magazines and turrets , engines and boilers protecting , amidships citadel central the to limited largely was protection armor 's Inflexible . diminished protected fully be could which ship the of area the , guns heavy increasingly the from ships protect to grew armor of thickness the As . stern and bow the on hits by disabled been have could and , armoured @-@ semi only was Warrior . design armour ' nothing @-@ or @-@ all ' and tapering between design battleship in debate later the prefigured also construction Ironclad "," Ironclad construction also prefigured the later debate in battleship design between tapering and ' all @-@ or @-@ nothing ' armour design . Warrior was only semi @-@ armoured , and could have been disabled by hits on the bow and stern . As the thickness of armor grew to protect ships from the increasingly heavy guns , the area of the ship which could be fully protected diminished . Inflexible 's armor protection was largely limited to the central citadel amidships , protecting boilers and engines , turrets and magazines , and little else . An ingenious arrangement of cork @-@ filled compartments and watertight bulkheads was intended to keep her stable and afloat in the event of heavy damage to her un @-@ armored sections . " " . level deck the to down folded be could which funnel telescopic a and , ) throttle low a at run was engine steam the practice in though ( sail under while drag reduce to screws retractable had she ; propulsion hybrid aided which features design two illustrates also Warrior . ironclads early the with similar was situation the and , "" coal days 9 to 5 "" carry only could Navy Royal the of fleet steam wooden the ; inefficient were engines steam Early . abandoned gradually only were features these and , predecessors wooden their like sails and masts carried ironclads going @-@ ocean first The "," The first ocean @-@ going ironclads carried masts and sails like their wooden predecessors , and these features were only gradually abandoned . Early steam engines were inefficient ; the wooden steam fleet of the Royal Navy could only carry "" 5 to 9 days coal "" , and the situation was similar with the early ironclads . Warrior also illustrates two design features which aided hybrid propulsion ; she had retractable screws to reduce drag while under sail ( though in practice the steam engine was run at a low throttle ) , and a telescopic funnel which could be folded down to the deck level . " " . ironclads mastless consistently built , Adriatic the in operations range @-@ short on focused was decade that during which , navy Italian the only and , masts retained 1870s the of ironclads Most . rule the than rather exception the were 1870s the in navies Russian and British the by commissioned ships similar the and Devastation The . ocean the of side other the on endurance little had have would she , Atlantic the cross to range enough her gave supplies coal her while and ; waters European other and Channel English the in combat for was role principal Her . masts with dispense to ironclad going @-@ ocean , large first the was , 1869 in started , Devastation HMS British The . beginning the from masts with dispensed , sisters her and Monitor USS or , Crimea the of batteries floating the like , warfare coastal for designed Ships "," Ships designed for coastal warfare , like the floating batteries of the Crimea , or USS Monitor and her sisters , dispensed with masts from the beginning . The British HMS Devastation , started in 1869 , was the first large , ocean @-@ going ironclad to dispense with masts . Her principal role was for combat in the English Channel and other European waters ; and while her coal supplies gave her enough range to cross the Atlantic , she would have had little endurance on the other side of the ocean . The Devastation and the similar ships commissioned by the British and Russian navies in the 1870s were the exception rather than the rule . Most ironclads of the 1870s retained masts , and only the Italian navy , which during that decade was focused on short @-@ range operations in the Adriatic , built consistently mastless ironclads . " " . theory in was it as practice in good as rarely was engines expansion @-@ double of performance the , engines the for steam provided which boilers the of technology the with problems unsolved of because , significantly as Just . hands enemy into falling them stop to expense great at fortified be to need would which , worldwide stations coaling of network a require would fleet only @-@ steam A . debate of matter a is , situation strategic and operational the to response rational a was or , sails retain to desire conservative a to due was this Whether . mast the of end the herald to enough not was alone development this , However . widespread were they 1875 by and , 1871 in engine expansion @-@ double the to switch to decided Navy Royal The . models earlier than coal less % 40 – 30 used which , engines steam expansion @-@ double of adoption the with improved engines steam , 1860s the During "," During the 1860s , steam engines improved with the adoption of double @-@ expansion steam engines , which used 30 – 40 % less coal than earlier models . The Royal Navy decided to switch to the double @-@ expansion engine in 1871 , and by 1875 they were widespread . However , this development alone was not enough to herald the end of the mast . Whether this was due to a conservative desire to retain sails , or was a rational response to the operational and strategic situation , is a matter of debate . A steam @-@ only fleet would require a network of coaling stations worldwide , which would need to be fortified at great expense to stop them falling into enemy hands . Just as significantly , because of unsolved problems with the technology of the boilers which provided steam for the engines , the performance of double @-@ expansion engines was rarely as good in practice as it was in theory . " " . battleships ironclad on rig sailing of end the saw 1880s the of start The . mistake a as seen widely were these and , masts carry to battleship British last the was , 1881 until commissioned not but 1876 in launched , Inflexible HMS . inconvenient increasingly rig sailing a made barbettes and turrets for fashion the and ; sail under speed reduced which , displacement increasing meant armament and armor heavy very for ironclads class @-@ first on demands The . other the on work range @-@ long for designed ' ironclads cruising ' and , hand one the on ' battleships ' or ' ironclads class @-@ first ' between grew distinction the 1870s the During "," During the 1870s the distinction grew between ' first @-@ class ironclads ' or ' battleships ' on the one hand , and ' cruising ironclads ' designed for long @-@ range work on the other . The demands on first @-@ class ironclads for very heavy armor and armament meant increasing displacement , which reduced speed under sail ; and the fashion for turrets and barbettes made a sailing rig increasingly inconvenient . HMS Inflexible , launched in 1876 but not commissioned until 1881 , was the last British battleship to carry masts , and these were widely seen as a mistake . The start of the 1880s saw the end of sailing rig on ironclad battleships . " " . century 20th the of years early the until service in were ships rigged , 1880s the of end the by purposes all for obsolescent were rigs sailing While . 1888 in completed was which , Warspite HMS , raiders commerce enemy catching of capable warship armored range @-@ long a down lay to Navy Royal the for 1881 until took It . consequence in steam under speed sacrificing , rig sailing retained 1870s the of cruisers armored later , propellor retractable a with ship British last the was Shannon While . Admiral @-@ General outrun to slow too been have would , cruiser armored British first the as described often , Shannon HMS later the Even . Swiftsure like ships and outrun to able be to likely was which ironclad range @-@ long , fast a of model a was , 1875 in completed and 1870 in down laid , Admiral @-@ General ship Russian The . 1870 of Swiftsure HMS like ships with responded had British the and cruisers overseas as ironclads range @-@ long , small as classes Galissonnière La and Alma the produced had navy French the , 1860s the During . longer much for ' ironclads cruising ' on persisted Sails "," Sails persisted on ' cruising ironclads ' for much longer . During the 1860s , the French navy had produced the Alma and La Galissonnière classes as small , long @-@ range ironclads as overseas cruisers and the British had responded with ships like HMS Swiftsure of 1870 . The Russian ship General @-@ Admiral , laid down in 1870 and completed in 1875 , was a model of a fast , long @-@ range ironclad which was likely to be able to outrun and ships like Swiftsure . Even the later HMS Shannon , often described as the first British armored cruiser , would have been too slow to outrun General @-@ Admiral . While Shannon was the last British ship with a retractable propellor , later armored cruisers of the 1870s retained sailing rig , sacrificing speed under steam in consequence . It took until 1881 for the Royal Navy to lay down a long @-@ range armored warship capable of catching enemy commerce raiders , HMS Warspite , which was completed in 1888 . While sailing rigs were obsolescent for all purposes by the end of the 1880s , rigged ships were in service until the early years of the 20th century . " " . ) decade ( 1900s @-@ mid the in turbine steam the of introduction the until used widely was system this and , engines their from power additional get to draught forced a used also ships Many . 1891 in commissioned and 1885 in down laid , Pareil Sans HMS in adopted first was which refinement further a , engine steam expansion @-@ triple the of adoption the was propulsion ironclad of evolution final The "," The final evolution of ironclad propulsion was the adoption of the triple @-@ expansion steam engine , a further refinement which was first adopted in HMS Sans Pareil , laid down in 1885 and commissioned in 1891 . Many ships also used a forced draught to get additional power from their engines , and this system was widely used until the introduction of the steam turbine in the mid @-@ 1900s ( decade ) . " " . Cherbourg and Kronstadt as such arsenals naval of defences combined hardening the to War Civil American the in Roads Hampton from , intervention foreign naval strictly of hazards increasing the of makers @-@ policy British convince to enough often were encounters these But . powers naval rate @-@ second between clashes or actions colonial involved normally ironclads involved which century @-@ 19th the of half latter the of engagements naval Those . second abroad power projecting and first Isles British the defending of matter a , Navy Royal British the for , remained Ironclads . worldwide outposts colonial and commerce 's Britain to protection suitable providing while , France least at with parity deterrent a maintain to struggled Navy Royal the and , land on differences settled nations European Most . ironclads involving battles naval pitched few were there , worldwide navies in rapidly spread ironclads While "," While ironclads spread rapidly in navies worldwide , there were few pitched naval battles involving ironclads . Most European nations settled differences on land , and the Royal Navy struggled to maintain a deterrent parity with at least France , while providing suitable protection to Britain 's commerce and colonial outposts worldwide . Ironclads remained , for the British Royal Navy , a matter of defending the British Isles first and projecting power abroad second . Those naval engagements of the latter half of the 19th @-@ century which involved ironclads normally involved colonial actions or clashes between second @-@ rate naval powers . But these encounters were often enough to convince British policy @-@ makers of the increasing hazards of strictly naval foreign intervention , from Hampton Roads in the American Civil War to the hardening combined defences of naval arsenals such as Kronstadt and Cherbourg . " " : ironclads of types many were There "," There were many types of ironclads : " " . battleship the of precursors the ; "" battle of line the in stand "" to intended ships "," ships intended to "" stand in the line of battle "" ; the precursors of the battleship . " " ' and ' batteries floating ' including , vessels riverine and service Coastal "," Coastal service and riverine vessels , including ' floating batteries ' and ' " " armoured ' called , commerce of protection or raiding commerce for intended Vessels "," Vessels intended for commerce raiding or protection of commerce , called ' armoured " " . 1890s and 1880s the in shipbuilding aggressive provoked standard This . combined navies two next the as ships many as possess should Britain that , ' standard power @-@ two ' a of idea the promulgated which , Act Defence Naval the in culminated Germany and France from threat the about concern widespread 1880s early the by , rivals potential its to superior respects many in still was Navy Royal the 1870s and 1860s the throughout Although . gunfire with City York New even or Kronstadt , Cherbourg overwhelm instantly to ' battleships ' class @-@ Devastation enough down laid never British The . period the throughout countered never but acknowledged frequently Admiralty British the problem a — advantages these negated , however , obstructions and Mines . gauntlets running for ideal them made protection armour heavy and profile @-@ low their though , conflict American the during handed @-@ single fortifications enemy ' overwhelm ' to unable acutely proved monitors , Likewise . ironclads with Petersburg St. to straight gauntlet water @-@ shallow , ridden @-@ smoke the running considered never but , War Crimean the of close the by Kronstadt of bombardment mortar overwhelming an for prepared British The . War Civil the during be to proved Navy Union the of monitors original the as ) monitors enemy and ( obstructions and mines to vulnerable as were and guns heavy four only with armed still were they , However . example for , unescorted Bermuda reach could they monitors range @-@ long As . battleship modern the of precursor important an were and period the of ironclads seas @-@ high other the from different markedly were ' monitors breastwork ' These . class Devastation the with starting , ' battleships defence @-@ coast ' of series a developed Navy Royal the , end this To . out broke war as soon as harbor in fleet enemy an engaging of plan laden @-@ risk the considered times at British the so , possible longer no was this , steamships of endurance limited the of Because . enemy the of ports the of blockade a mounting Navy Royal the on depended war for strategy British the , sail of age the In . roles of range whole their in worldwide them applied it and , warships ironclad adopt to second the was Navy Royal The . period ironclad the of whole the for world the in navy largest the possessed Kingdom United The "," The United Kingdom possessed the largest navy in the world for the whole of the ironclad period . The Royal Navy was the second to adopt ironclad warships , and it applied them worldwide in their whole range of roles . In the age of sail , the British strategy for war depended on the Royal Navy mounting a blockade of the ports of the enemy . Because of the limited endurance of steamships , this was no longer possible , so the British at times considered the risk @-@ laden plan of engaging an enemy fleet in harbor as soon as war broke out . To this end , the Royal Navy developed a series of ' coast @-@ defence battleships ' , starting with the Devastation class . These ' breastwork monitors ' were markedly different from the other high @-@ seas ironclads of the period and were an important precursor of the modern battleship . As long @-@ range monitors they could reach Bermuda unescorted , for example . However , they were still armed with only four heavy guns and were as vulnerable to mines and obstructions ( and enemy monitors ) as the original monitors of the Union Navy proved to be during the Civil War . The British prepared for an overwhelming mortar bombardment of Kronstadt by the close of the Crimean War , but never considered running the smoke @-@ ridden , shallow @-@ water gauntlet straight to St. Petersburg with ironclads . Likewise , monitors proved acutely unable to ' overwhelm ' enemy fortifications single @-@ handed during the American conflict , though their low @-@ profile and heavy armour protection made them ideal for running gauntlets . Mines and obstructions , however , negated these advantages — a problem the British Admiralty frequently acknowledged but never countered throughout the period . The British never laid down enough Devastation @-@ class ' battleships ' to instantly overwhelm Cherbourg , Kronstadt or even New York City with gunfire . Although throughout the 1860s and 1870s the Royal Navy was still in many respects superior to its potential rivals , by the early 1880s widespread concern about the threat from France and Germany culminated in the Naval Defence Act , which promulgated the idea of a ' two @-@ power standard ' , that Britain should possess as many ships as the next two navies combined . This standard provoked aggressive shipbuilding in the 1880s and 1890s . " " . armoured thinly their upon fire angle @-@ high for targets perfect — firing whilst anchor simply to ) sake 's accuracy for ( easy it found ironclads British attacking the for , tide the turned quickly have might they , disposal their at were that mortars heavy the utilised actually Egyptians the Had . intact left typically were themselves fortifications the and , hand other the on , dismounted actually were guns Egyptian Few . sailors British five only killing , damage little inflicted but , first at heavy was guns Egyptian from fire return ; retreat to Egyptians the forcing , day a of most for positions Egyptian bombarded ships turret and battery @-@ centre of mixture A . Alexandria of port the around fortifications the on fire opened fleet British a , revolt Egyptian 's Urabi ' Ahmed against interests British Defending . 1882 in Alexandria of bombardment the like engagements sided @-@ one or battles colonial of part as action saw only ironclads 's Navy Royal The . period ironclad the in wars major any in participate not did ships British "," British ships did not participate in any major wars in the ironclad period . The Royal Navy 's ironclads only saw action as part of colonial battles or one @-@ sided engagements like the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882 . Defending British interests against Ahmed ' Urabi 's Egyptian revolt , a British fleet opened fire on the fortifications around the port of Alexandria . A mixture of centre @-@ battery and turret ships bombarded Egyptian positions for most of a day , forcing the Egyptians to retreat ; return fire from Egyptian guns was heavy at first , but inflicted little damage , killing only five British sailors . Few Egyptian guns were actually dismounted , on the other hand , and the fortifications themselves were typically left intact . Had the Egyptians actually utilised the heavy mortars that were at their disposal , they might have quickly turned the tide , for the attacking British ironclads found it easy ( for accuracy 's sake ) to simply anchor whilst firing — perfect targets for high @-@ angle fire upon their thinly armoured . " " . land on entirely settled was war the as , ineffective was War Prussian @-@ Franco the in Germany of blockade French the ; ironclads its with action little saw navy French the , British the Like . warships of future the be would cruisers unarmored and boats torpedo that suggesting , prominence took thought naval of school Ecole Jeune the as France in while a for ceased ironclads of construction the , 1870s the In . Navy Royal the of size the match never could navy French the , construction steel and weapons loading @-@ breech like innovations of number a with lead the taking Despite . British the by built @-@ out consistently were but , British the over advantage strategic a gain to try to ironclad first the built navy French The "," The French navy built the first ironclad to try to gain a strategic advantage over the British , but were consistently out @-@ built by the British . Despite taking the lead with a number of innovations like breech @-@ loading weapons and steel construction , the French navy could never match the size of the Royal Navy . In the 1870s , the construction of ironclads ceased for a while in France as the Jeune Ecole school of naval thought took prominence , suggesting that torpedo boats and unarmored cruisers would be the future of warships . Like the British , the French navy saw little action with its ironclads ; the French blockade of Germany in the Franco @-@ Prussian War was ineffective , as the war was settled entirely on land . " " . 1905 May 27 on Tsushima of Battle the in defeat their enhanced which , leadership appointed politically and crews inexperienced by manned were ships the but , battleships and cruisers armored modern with 1890s and 1880s the in navy her expanded Russia . navy Turkish the by used ironclads of quality and numbers superior the of because necessity of out mainly , 1878 – 1877 of War Turkish @-@ Russo the during boats torpedo of use scale @-@ wide the pioneered Navy Russian The . ) design the conceived who , Popov Admiral for ( ' ' as to referred battleships circular designed badly remarkably of set a and , 1870s the of Admiral @-@ General the , cruiser armored ironclad of type true first the ; Russia from innovations real were there , Nonetheless . designs French or British of copies generally , ironclads of number a built Russia "," Russia built a number of ironclads , generally copies of British or French designs . Nonetheless , there were real innovations from Russia ; the first true type of ironclad armored cruiser , the General @-@ Admiral of the 1870s , and a set of remarkably badly designed circular battleships referred to as ' ' ( for Admiral Popov , who conceived the design ) . The Russian Navy pioneered the wide @-@ scale use of torpedo boats during the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1877 – 1878 , mainly out of necessity because of the superior numbers and quality of ironclads used by the Turkish navy . Russia expanded her navy in the 1880s and 1890s with modern armored cruisers and battleships , but the ships were manned by inexperienced crews and politically appointed leadership , which enhanced their defeat in the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905 . " " . warfare naval of era new a started This . 1898 of War American – Spanish the in fleet Spanish the defeated which 1890s the in built cruisers armored and Dreadnoughts @-@ pre modern the was it and , Fleet White Great the became what of beginning the saw 1890s The . powers American Latin the or Spain even with conflict a in badly off come have would USA the 1890s the until and , overseas power projecting from USA the prevented effectively type monitor the of limitations The . 1870s the in ordered were monitors large five Another . fleet ironclad an without virtually USA the leaving , reserve in up laid were these of most 1870s the by ; ironclads coastal type @-@ monitor fifty about with War Civil the ended Navy U.S. The "," The U.S. Navy ended the Civil War with about fifty monitor @-@ type coastal ironclads ; by the 1870s most of these were laid up in reserve , leaving the USA virtually without an ironclad fleet . Another five large monitors were ordered in the 1870s . The limitations of the monitor type effectively prevented the USA from projecting power overseas , and until the 1890s the USA would have come off badly in a conflict with even Spain or the Latin American powers . The 1890s saw the beginning of what became the Great White Fleet , and it was the modern pre @-@ Dreadnoughts and armored cruisers built in the 1890s which defeated the Spanish fleet in the Spanish – American War of 1898 . This started a new era of naval warfare . " " . Point of Battle the at Cochrane Almirante the and Encalada Blanco the , ironclads battery @-@ centre Chilean modern more two by caught eventually was She . months six by invasion ground Chilean delaying , shipping Chilean against impact great a made ' ironclad Peruvian the , on early aground ran Independencia the While . Spain against previously years few a used those of some including , warships ironclad had Chile and Peru both , 1879 in Pacific the of War the In . ) ] "" world the around sail to ship ironclad First "" [ "" primo que "" : motto the earning and , 1867 September 20 on Cádiz in arriving , world the circumnavigate to ironclad first the was Numancia . ship turret the and , ship battery @-@ centre a , Independencia : ironclads built @-@ British two as well as , ) gun pdr @-@ 68 single a with armed monitor small a ( Victoria the and ) ironclad casemate a into converted ship wooden a ( Loa the , designs War Civil American on based ironclads built locally two deploy to able was Peru , Besides . defences Callao the to damage significant inflict to unable was but Callao of Battle the in participated Numancia Spanish powerful The . 1860s early the in Chile and Peru of forces combined the and Spain between War Islands Chincha the in ironclads used sides Both . America South in used widely were Ironclads "," Ironclads were widely used in South America . Both sides used ironclads in the Chincha Islands War between Spain and the combined forces of Peru and Chile in the early 1860s . The powerful Spanish Numancia participated in the Battle of Callao but was unable to inflict significant damage to the Callao defences . Besides , Peru was able to deploy two locally built ironclads based on American Civil War designs , the Loa ( a wooden ship converted into a casemate ironclad ) and the Victoria ( a small monitor armed with a single 68 @-@ pdr gun ) , as well as two British @-@ built ironclads : Independencia , a centre @-@ battery ship , and the turret ship . Numancia was the first ironclad to circumnavigate the world , arriving in Cádiz on 20 September 1867 , and earning the motto : "" que primo "" [ "" First ironclad ship to sail around the world "" ] ) . In the War of the Pacific in 1879 , both Peru and Chile had ironclad warships , including some of those used a few years previously against Spain . While the Independencia ran aground early on , the Peruvian ironclad ' made a great impact against Chilean shipping , delaying Chilean ground invasion by six months . She was eventually caught by two more modern Chilean centre @-@ battery ironclads , the Blanco Encalada and the Almirante Cochrane at the Battle of Point . " " . Japanese the to surrendered were ships Chinese remaining strongest the where , Weihaiwei of Battle the at year next the concluded was war naval The . four only to damage serious receiving and ships eight damaging severely or sinking , better off came fleet Japanese the , firepower range @-@ short superior to Thanks . River Yalu the of Battle the at least at paper on superior was which fleet Beiyang Chinese the engaged ships These . cruisers armored later and ironclads first , shipyards European and British from warships of number a commissioned and strength its develop to continued IJN The . Restoration Meiji the of establishment complete the and , War Boshin the of end the marked which , 1869 May in Bay Hakodate of Battle Naval the in role decisive a had ) "" East "" , Azuma renamed later , "" Ironclad "" literally , : Japanese ( Kōtetsu The . Navy Japanese Imperial the of inception the from used also were Ironclads "," Ironclads were also used from the inception of the Imperial Japanese Navy . The Kōtetsu ( Japanese : , literally "" Ironclad "" , later renamed Azuma , "" East "" ) had a decisive role in the Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay in May 1869 , which marked the end of the Boshin War , and the complete establishment of the Meiji Restoration . The IJN continued to develop its strength and commissioned a number of warships from British and European shipyards , first ironclads and later armored cruisers . These ships engaged the Chinese Beiyang fleet which was superior on paper at least at the Battle of the Yalu River . Thanks to superior short @-@ range firepower , the Japanese fleet came off better , sinking or severely damaging eight ships and receiving serious damage to only four . The naval war was concluded the next year at the Battle of Weihaiwei , where the strongest remaining Chinese ships were surrendered to the Japanese . " " . ' ironclad ' term the replace to came ' cruiser armored ' and ' battleship ' descriptions the , century 19th the of end the Towards I. War World in used be to continued Ironclads . metal @-@ all to hulls wood from transition the besides , ironclad the to end defined clearly no is There "," There is no clearly defined end to the ironclad , besides the transition from wood hulls to all @-@ metal . Ironclads continued to be used in World War I. Towards the end of the 19th century , the descriptions ' battleship ' and ' armored cruiser ' came to replace the term ' ironclad ' . " " . ' ironclad ' an as to referred never is , dreadnought the , design battleship of evolution next The . warship ironclad the of treatments in covered sometimes are ships These . Dreadnought @-@ pre the as known type the producing , battleships of design the on consensus a reached navies as 1890s the in end an to came designs battleship ironclad of proliferation The "," The proliferation of ironclad battleship designs came to an end in the 1890s as navies reached a consensus on the design of battleships , producing the type known as the pre @-@ Dreadnought . These ships are sometimes covered in treatments of the ironclad warship . The next evolution of battleship design , the dreadnought , is never referred to as an ' ironclad ' . " " . II War World to through cases some in and I War World in action widespread saw 1890s the of cruisers and battleships Dreadnought @-@ Pre I. War World in service active saw 1870s the in down laid monitors navy US of handful a , instance For . ) decade ( 1900s the into served 1880s and 1870s the of ironclads the of Most "," Most of the ironclads of the 1870s and 1880s served into the 1900s ( decade ) . For instance , a handful of US navy monitors laid down in the 1870s saw active service in World War I. Pre @-@ Dreadnought battleships and cruisers of the 1890s saw widespread action in World War I and in some cases through to World War II . " " wheels with equipped and , guns machine and cannon with armed , vehicles country @-@ cross armoured , large of use the described , 1903 December in Magazine Strand The in published , Ironclads Land The story short his in , Wells G. H. . vehicles armored other and of ideas for inspiration an became warships ironclad as , tank the of history the on bearing some had ironclads the of example The "," The example of the ironclads had some bearing on the history of the tank , as ironclad warships became an inspiration for ideas of and other armored vehicles . H. G. Wells , in his short story The Land Ironclads , published in The Strand Magazine in December 1903 , described the use of large , armoured cross @-@ country vehicles , armed with cannon and machine guns , and equipped with wheels " " . ships museum as reconstructed or preserved been have ironclads of number A "," A number of ironclads have been preserved or reconstructed as museum ships . " " Virginia , News Newport in Museum ' Mariners the at displayed and conserved being are and recovered been have Monitor USS of Parts "," Parts of USS Monitor have been recovered and are being conserved and displayed at the Mariners ' Museum in Newport News , Virginia " " England , Portsmouth in ship museum restored fully a today is Warrior HMS "," HMS Warrior is today a fully restored museum ship in Portsmouth , England " " . visitors for display on , Chile , Talcahuano of port the at berthed is "," is berthed at the port of Talcahuano , Chile , on display for visitors . " " . Mississippi , Vicksburg in display on currently is Cairo USS ironclad class @-@ City The "," The City @-@ class ironclad USS Cairo is currently on display in Vicksburg , Mississippi . " " . later months two just completed and 2005 February in down laid was replica The . Monitor USS of replica scale @-@ full a constructed News Newport in Grumman Northrop "," Northrop Grumman in Newport News constructed a full @-@ scale replica of USS Monitor . The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later . " " . Rotterdam Museum Maritime the in display under currently is Ms. . Zr ) ram Coastal ( Dutch The "," The Dutch ( Coastal ram ) Zr . Ms. is currently under display in the Maritime Museum Rotterdam . " " . Helder Den at ship museum a is Ms. . Zr ) ram Coastal ( Dutch The "," The Dutch ( Coastal ram ) Zr . Ms. is a museum ship at Den Helder . " " . visited be can and built nearly is , II Neuse CSS named , ship recreated the , River Neuse the on town of part another in , and , Carolina North , Kinston in view on is , ironclad ram casemate a , Neuse CSS the of hull wooden recovered , complete The "," The complete , recovered wooden hull of the CSS Neuse , a casemate ram ironclad , is on view in Kinston , North Carolina , and , in another part of town on the Neuse River , the recreated ship , named CSS Neuse II , is nearly built and can be visited . " " . Georgia , Columbus Port at Museum Naval War Civil National the in seen be can Jackson CSS ironclad casemate the of hull The "," The hull of the casemate ironclad CSS Jackson can be seen in the National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus , Georgia . " " . ironclads to resemblance bearing as described been has destroyer missile guided class @-@ Zumwalt Navy States United new The "," The new United States Navy Zumwalt @-@ class guided missile destroyer has been described as bearing resemblance to ironclads . " " . War Civil English the during scattered and century 17th the in Ferrar Nicholas by established , Huntingdonshire in community Anglican small a to refers title The . health declining 's Eliot and II War World during Britain Great on raids @-@ air the of because year a over for delayed being after 1942 September in published first was It . salvation and , humanity , perspective , time discuss that poems of series a , Quartets Four 's Eliot S. T. of poem final and fourth the is Gidding Little "," Little Gidding is the fourth and final poem of T. S. Eliot 's Four Quartets , a series of poems that discuss time , perspective , humanity , and salvation . It was first published in September 1942 after being delayed for over a year because of the air @-@ raids on Great Britain during World War II and Eliot 's declining health . The title refers to a small Anglican community in Huntingdonshire , established by Nicholas Ferrar in the 17th century and scattered during the English Civil War . " " . salvation for necessary is unity this understanding that claims and , future and , present , past of unity the on focuses Gidding Little . figures literary and poets various of combination a is that ghost a meets narrator the , poem the Within . past the of lessons the recognising by overcome be can this but , warfare of cycle a to leads God from away turning and life of understanding flawed 's humanity , poet the to According . purgation and purification for need the emphasise to fire Pentecostal and fire of image combined the uses poem The "," The poem uses the combined image of fire and Pentecostal fire to emphasise the need for purification and purgation . According to the poet , humanity 's flawed understanding of life and turning away from God leads to a cycle of warfare , but this can be overcome by recognising the lessons of the past . Within the poem , the narrator meets a ghost that is a combination of various poets and literary figures . Little Gidding focuses on the unity of past , present , and future , and claims that understanding this unity is necessary for salvation . " " . Britain Great throughout lecture to September in left he and , aside poem the set he , written was draft first the After . quickly too it written had and preparation little too with poem the started had he , London on raids air by precipitated , that and , write to inability own his with lay poem the with problems the believed He . it with dissatisfied was he but 1941 July in completed was draft first The . Gidding Little writing started Eliot , time this During . recovered he while Surrey , Green Shamley in stayed he and declined health 's Eliot , Salvages Dry The , poem Quartets Four third the of completion the Following "," Following the completion of the third Four Quartets poem , The Dry Salvages , Eliot 's health declined and he stayed in Shamley Green , Surrey while he recovered . During this time , Eliot started writing Little Gidding . The first draft was completed in July 1941 but he was dissatisfied with it . He believed the problems with the poem lay with his own inability to write , and that , precipitated by air raids on London , he had started the poem with too little preparation and had written it too quickly . After the first draft was written , he set the poem aside , and he left in September to lecture throughout Great Britain . " " . poems of series this in expressed views 's Eliot summarising , series Quartets Four the conclude to intended was Gidding Little . Weekly English New October the in published and 1942 September 19 by finished was poem The . drafts five were there , total In . again it on working started he that , however , 1942 August until not was it ; it finish to compelled feel to began Eliot , poem the on working not of months After "," After months of not working on the poem , Eliot began to feel compelled to finish it ; it was not until August 1942 , however , that he started working on it again . In total , there were five drafts . The poem was finished by 19 September 1942 and published in the October New English Weekly . Little Gidding was intended to conclude the Four Quartets series , summarising Eliot 's views expressed in this series of poems . " " . 1936 May in site the visited had Eliot . 1657 in Ferrar John of death the with ending , reformed but Royalists and Parliamentarians between War Civil English the during dispersed was community religious The . Prayer Common of Book the and principles Church High to according life Christian a lived household Ferrar The . Ferrar Nicholas by 1626 in established community Anglican an of home the was Gidding Little "," Little Gidding was the home of an Anglican community established in 1626 by Nicholas Ferrar . The Ferrar household lived a Christian life according to High Church principles and the Book of Common Prayer . The religious community was dispersed during the English Civil War between Parliamentarians and Royalists but reformed , ending with the death of John Ferrar in 1657 . Eliot had visited the site in May 1936 . " " . community religious any almost represent to supposed is community the , such As . community Christian original the to connection direct no had Eliot , poems Quartets Four the of titles the in mentioned locations other the Unlike "," Unlike the other locations mentioned in the titles of the Four Quartets poems , Eliot had no direct connection to the original Christian community . As such , the community is supposed to represent almost any religious community . " " . events past for regret and , things , destruction and death on discussion a is this Following . four the of element primary the is fire how and water and air , earth , fire of elements classical four the of analysis an into transition , life spiritual a for desires provoke which , snow of images The . summer of arrival the to paid attention with , winter and time discusses poem the of beginning The . fire Pentecostal the and purgation on emphasis an with fire of poem a as Gidding Little classify Critics "," Critics classify Little Gidding as a poem of fire with an emphasis on purgation and the Pentecostal fire . The beginning of the poem discusses time and winter , with attention paid to the arrival of summer . The images of snow , which provoke desires for a spiritual life , transition into an analysis of the four classical elements of fire , earth , air and water and how fire is the primary element of the four . Following this is a discussion on death and destruction , things , and regret for past events . " " . humankind of goal the be should salvation that and , reborn be and life into die to individual an allow to needed is sacrifice how explaining by concludes poem The . pattern a in exists history how and present the of the describing by continues Gidding Little . wearer its burns that shirt a , Nessus of shirt the to relationship in discussed and love 's God about writing 's Norwich of Julian to similar manner a in described is fire The . fire through purgation experience to is , ghost the to according , humanity of condition problematic the overcome to way only The . flawed is humankind how and , general in art , change discusses ghost The . poem the of narrator the to talking begins , worlds between stuck past the of poets the representing , ghost a , section second the In . London on raids @-@ air the with juxtaposed is Spirit Holy the and , Pentecost of depiction the with merges warfare of image The . Britain of Battle the describing by continues poem the , style rima terza 's Dante using While "," While using Dante 's terza rima style , the poem continues by describing the Battle of Britain . The image of warfare merges with the depiction of Pentecost , and the Holy Spirit is juxtaposed with the air @-@ raids on London . In the second section , a ghost , representing the poets of the past stuck between worlds , begins talking to the narrator of the poem . The ghost discusses change , art in general , and how humankind is flawed . The only way to overcome the problematic condition of humanity , according to the ghost , is to experience purgation through fire . The fire is described in a manner similar to Julian of Norwich 's writing about God 's love and discussed in relationship to the shirt of Nessus , a shirt that burns its wearer . Little Gidding continues by describing the of the present and how history exists in a pattern . The poem concludes by explaining how sacrifice is needed to allow an individual to die into life and be reborn , and that salvation should be the goal of humankind . " " . Reunion Family The within operates time way the to similar is poem the within time of depiction the , Also . circular made is journey the and Norton Burnt begins that image the is Gidding Little end the at garden rose the of image the ; poems own 's Eliot to internal also is theme The . history of repetition the and , dead the with communion , Pentecost , Spirit Holy the with places holy of connection the discuss to used is image compound This . world the within destruction and fighting constant the and raids @-@ air London the of image the with combined is renewal religious of image The . 1853 in again and 1714 in restored was , community the of centre the , church The . 1646 in War Civil English the during forces Puritan by dispersed and damaged was community the but , lines monastic on living for built was community Gidding Little original The . begin could life new before society of all for needed was suffering that believed Eliot , renewal of terms In "," In terms of renewal , Eliot believed that suffering was needed for all of society before new life could begin . The original Little Gidding community was built for living on monastic lines , but the community was damaged and dispersed by Puritan forces during the English Civil War in 1646 . The church , the centre of the community , was restored in 1714 and again in 1853 . The image of religious renewal is combined with the image of the London air @-@ raids and the constant fighting and destruction within the world . This compound image is used to discuss the connection of holy places with the Holy Spirit , Pentecost , communion with the dead , and the repetition of history . The theme is also internal to Eliot 's own poems ; the image of the rose garden at the end Little Gidding is the image that begins Burnt Norton and the journey is made circular . Also , the depiction of time within the poem is similar to the way time operates within The Family Reunion . " " . society on working or soul the on working with language in work his parallels He . poet a as world the help to attempted has Eliot how describes poem the of end The . fire by purgation through hell living the escape and redeemed be to humankind allows love 's God . destruction or redemption ; London of bombing the or Spirit Holy the between choice a given is humanity , section fourth the in , Later . dead the with connection and communication a allowing , merge to begin personalities different the that time same the at merge times different the that suggests This . "" other someone being yet myself Knowing "" states narrator the , poet the joins ghost the When . others and , Yeats , Swift , Dante including , poets various of compilation the is who ghost a is there , section second the In . united seemingly is generation each as them within place 's humanity and , future and , present , past the with deals Gidding Little , Quartets Four the up making poems other the Like "," Like the other poems making up the Four Quartets , Little Gidding deals with the past , present , and future , and humanity 's place within them as each generation is seemingly united . In the second section , there is a ghost who is the compilation of various poets , including Dante , Swift , Yeats , and others . When the ghost joins the poet , the narrator states "" Knowing myself yet being someone other "" . This suggests that the different times merge at the same time that the different personalities begin to merge , allowing a communication and connection with the dead . Later , in the fourth section , humanity is given a choice between the Holy Spirit or the bombing of London ; redemption or destruction . God 's love allows humankind to be redeemed and escape the living hell through purgation by fire . The end of the poem describes how Eliot has attempted to help the world as a poet . He parallels his work in language with working on the soul or working on society . " " : wording the changed he why explained , 1942 August 27 dated Hayward John to letter a in , Eliot . sodomy for condemned been has he which to Hell in meets he whom mentor former a , Latini addressing of way 's Dante was "" Ser "" . "" you "" ambiguous an as revised being before "" Ser "" as poem the in addressed originally was , figures literary many of combination a , ghost The "," The ghost , a combination of many literary figures , was originally addressed in the poem as "" Ser "" before being revised as an ambiguous "" you "" . "" Ser "" was Dante 's way of addressing Latini , a former mentor whom he meets in Hell to which he has been condemned for sodomy . Eliot , in a letter to John Hayward dated 27 August 1942 , explained why he changed the wording : " " . found are poets the where 26 Purgatorio of end the at remember will you which fire in swimming to reference the to us brings That . appropriate more is which be to whole the of effect the wish I , explicit be to intended is Canto that to reference the although , Secondly . there took which vice particular the him to impute to want not do I and Hell into else anybody or Yeats putting of responsibility the take to wish not do I , However . that as precise so anything mean not do I though Yeats with readers some by identified be doubt no will and definite more somewhat become now has figure visionary the that is first The . reasons two for of rid get to necessary was it that recognise will you think I "," I think you will recognise that it was necessary to get rid of for two reasons . The first is that the visionary figure has now become somewhat more definite and will no doubt be identified by some readers with Yeats though I do not mean anything so precise as that . However , I do not wish to take the responsibility of putting Yeats or anybody else into Hell and I do not want to impute to him the particular vice which took there . Secondly , although the reference to that Canto is intended to be explicit , I wish the effect of the whole to be which is more appropriate . That brings us to the reference to swimming in fire which you will remember at the end of Purgatorio 26 where the poets are found . " " . themes poetic 's Yeats and 's Dante merges Eliot , purgation with dancing of image the combining in , that suggests Manganiello Dominic critic The . flames within , poetry 's Yeats throughout appears that act an , dancing of image an into transformed was swimming of depiction the , However . XXVI Purgatorio in state a such seeking , Dante influenced that poet a , Guido of depiction the to connected is flames through swimming of theme The "," The theme of swimming through flames is connected to the depiction of Guido , a poet that influenced Dante , seeking such a state in Purgatorio XXVI . However , the depiction of swimming was transformed into an image of dancing , an act that appears throughout Yeats 's poetry , within flames . The critic Dominic Manganiello suggests that , in combining the image of dancing with purgation , Eliot merges Dante 's and Yeats 's poetic themes . " " . "" language beautiful and controlled the from free prized be cannot thought the which in and , one are words and belief which in , belief of poetry a , namely — Dante envies he which for that "" achieved Eliot "" Gidding Little "" in that wrote Scruton Roger , 2003 in Writing "" . seer a as unsatisfactory becomes Eliot that here is It ? bullies and disease by caused is it of much so when one are rose the and fire the until priest the by sanctified and schoolmaster the by endorsed be it should why But . on so and it shirk 't can You ... life 's individual each through off and on pain 's there course Of "" : poem the to responded and pain on emphasis 's Eliot like not did Forster M. E. "" . Quartets Four the in achievement greatest his is and , wrote ever he length same the of passage any than vexation and trouble more Eliot "" costs poem the of section fourth the that believed Pinion B. F. . Gidding Little in lines the of many for admiration his and images Buddhist the mentioned also Schwartz . passages the of many of appreciation his mentioning while Anglicanism than Buddhism to closer were themes its how and poem the of nature mystical the emphasised Cowley . poem the of religiosity the about emotions mixed describe Schwartz Delmore and Cowley Malcolm as such Critics "," Critics such as Malcolm Cowley and Delmore Schwartz describe mixed emotions about the religiosity of the poem . Cowley emphasised the mystical nature of the poem and how its themes were closer to Buddhism than Anglicanism while mentioning his appreciation of many of the passages . Schwartz also mentioned the Buddhist images and his admiration for many of the lines in Little Gidding . F. B. Pinion believed that the fourth section of the poem costs "" Eliot more trouble and vexation than any passage of the same length he ever wrote , and is his greatest achievement in the Four Quartets . "" E. M. Forster did not like Eliot 's emphasis on pain and responded to the poem : "" Of course there 's pain on and off through each individual 's life ... You can 't shirk it and so on . But why should it be endorsed by the schoolmaster and sanctified by the priest until the fire and the rose are one when so much of it is caused by disease and bullies ? It is here that Eliot becomes unsatisfactory as a seer . "" Writing in 2003 , Roger Scruton wrote that in "" Little Gidding "" Eliot achieved "" that for which he envies Dante — namely , a poetry of belief , in which belief and words are one , and in which the thought cannot be prized free from the controlled and beautiful language "" . " " . "" Jews the of benefactor "" the is he that and Holocaust the to existence its owes Israel that maintains Hitler There . captors his by jungle the in trial on put is he when himself defend to Hitler allows , Jewish is who , Steiner , it in because publication its after controversy considerable generated book The . II War World of end the after years thirty jungle Amazon the in alive ) A.H. ( Hitler Adolf fictional a find hunters Nazi Jewish which in , Steiner George by novella philosophical and literary 1981 a is A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The "," The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. is a 1981 literary and philosophical novella by George Steiner , in which Jewish Nazi hunters find a fictional Adolf Hitler ( A.H. ) alive in the Amazon jungle thirty years after the end of World War II . The book generated considerable controversy after its publication because in it , Steiner , who is Jewish , allows Hitler to defend himself when he is put on trial in the jungle by his captors . There Hitler maintains that Israel owes its existence to the Holocaust and that he is the "" benefactor of the Jews "" . " " . Hitler as Cullum John starred and 1983 in States United the in Connecticut , Hartford in staged also was It . Hitler Adolf of part the playing McCowen Alec with 1982 April in London in staged was and Hampton Christopher playwright British by theatre the for adapted was It . Fiction for Award Faulkner / PEN the in finalist 1983 a was A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The "," The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. was a 1983 finalist in the PEN / Faulkner Award for Fiction . It was adapted for the theatre by British playwright Christopher Hampton and was staged in London in April 1982 with Alec McCowen playing the part of Adolf Hitler . It was also staged in Hartford , Connecticut in the United States in 1983 and starred John Cullum as Hitler . " " . thunderstorms heavy by hampered further is progress their and , in getting than difficult more is alive jungle the of out man old the getting But . captive their with return 's group the awaits he where Cristóbal San to flies Lieber . clearing a in alive old @-@ year @-@ 90 the finds party search the , jungle Amazon the in swamps through wading of months after until , America South through movements 's Hitler tracks he , hearsay and rumours following and , alive still is Führer former the that believes Lieber . Hitler Adolf of search in hunters Nazi Jewish of group a directs Lieber Emmanuel survivor Holocaust , Aviv Tel in base his From "," From his base in Tel Aviv , Holocaust survivor Emmanuel Lieber directs a group of Jewish Nazi hunters in search of Adolf Hitler . Lieber believes that the former Führer is still alive , and following rumours and hearsay , he tracks Hitler 's movements through South America , until after months of wading through swamps in the Amazon jungle , the search party finds the 90 @-@ year @-@ old alive in a clearing . Lieber flies to San Cristóbal where he awaits the group 's return with their captive . But getting the old man out of the jungle alive is more difficult than getting in , and their progress is further hampered by heavy thunderstorms . " " . witness independent an as trial the observe to asked is , tracker Indian local a , . party search the of members the from selected attorneys defence and prosecution , judge a with trial a for prepare they ) "" other no like is tongue his ... speak him let not must You "" ( advice 's Lieber against and , latter the is decision Their ? waiting be will know they who , large at world the by them from snatched is prize their before jungle the in Hitler try they do or , later Lieber to captive their deliver and storms the out sit they do : decision a make must they , Lieber with contact radio loses party search the when But . town unknown hitherto the at arriving begin aircraft and , party search the of location known last the to airfield nearest the as identified is . jurisdiction whose under and held be will it where , trial impending his over up flare Debates . capture 's Hitler of world the across spread to begin rumours and , progress their tracking agents intelligence by intercepted are party search the and Lieber between messages radio incoherent and broken , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , broken and incoherent radio messages between Lieber and the search party are intercepted by intelligence agents tracking their progress , and rumours begin to spread across the world of Hitler 's capture . Debates flare up over his impending trial , where it will be held and under whose jurisdiction . is identified as the nearest airfield to the last known location of the search party , and aircraft begin arriving at the hitherto unknown town . But when the search party loses radio contact with Lieber , they must make a decision : do they sit out the storms and deliver their captive to Lieber later , or do they try Hitler in the jungle before their prize is snatched from them by the world at large , who they know will be waiting ? Their decision is the latter , and against Lieber 's advice ( "" You must not let him speak ... his tongue is like no other "" ) they prepare for a trial with a judge , prosecution and defence attorneys selected from the members of the search party . , a local Indian tracker , is asked to observe the trial as an independent witness . " " : defence own his in parts four in speech long a begins and "" attorney defence "" his aside brushes he , begins trial the when and , strength his renews , however , receiving is Hitler attention The "," The attention Hitler is receiving , however , renews his strength , and when the trial begins , he brushes aside his "" defence attorney "" and begins a long speech in four parts in his own defence : " " "" . imitation hungry a , yours of parody a is racism My "" . "" unclean "" the from themselves separate to need their and people Chosen the from race master the of notion the copied and Jews the from doctrines his took he claims Hitler , Firstly "," Firstly , Hitler claims he took his doctrines from the Jews and copied the notion of the master race from the Chosen people and their need to separate themselves from the "" unclean "" . "" My racism is a parody of yours , a hungry imitation . "" " " . stopped be to had "" utopia of virus "" The . attained be cannot that ideals with them "" blackmailing "" and give can they than more demanding continually , subjects its enslaves , other any than purer , God ' Jews the that maintaining by Solution Final the justifies Hitler "," Hitler justifies the Final Solution by maintaining that the Jews ' God , purer than any other , enslaves its subjects , continually demanding more than they can give and "" blackmailing "" them with ideals that cannot be attained . The "" virus of utopia "" had to be stopped . " " . Africa and China , Russia in those including , atrocities world various by dwarfed are actions his to due lost lives of number the that asserts Hitler , Further "" . Munich in nameless a still was I when genocide perfected had ] Stalin [ "" . evil of originator the not was he that states Hitler "," Hitler states that he was not the originator of evil . "" [ Stalin ] had perfected genocide when I was still a nameless in Munich . "" Further , Hitler asserts that the number of lives lost due to his actions are dwarfed by various world atrocities , including those in Russia , China and Africa . " " "" ? reality a Zion ... made have who me honour not you Should "" , asking by closes He "" . home people His bring to order in God by allowed were deeds infamous whose "" Messiah the is he that suggests and Israel begat Reich the that maintains Hitler , Lastly "," Lastly , Hitler maintains that the Reich begat Israel and suggests that he is the Messiah "" whose infamous deeds were allowed by God in order to bring His people home . "" He closes by asking , "" Should you not honour me who have made ... Zion a reality ? "" " " . clearing the over helicopter a of appearance the by out drowned be to only , "" Proven "" shouting up jumps and react to first the is , speech his of end the At "," At the end of his speech , is the first to react and jumps up shouting "" Proven "" , only to be drowned out by the appearance of a helicopter over the clearing . " " . justice to genocide the for responsible those bring to obsession consuming @-@ life a on embarked and mend to time the took never he in pit death a of out crawling after ; Hitler find to party search the of director and survivor Holocaust Jewish – Lieber Emmanuel "," Emmanuel Lieber – Jewish Holocaust survivor and director of the search party to find Hitler ; after crawling out of a death pit in he never took the time to mend and embarked on a life @-@ consuming obsession to bring those responsible for the genocide to justice . " " ) Asher John for except , Holocaust the to ties family with Jewish all ( party Search "," Search party ( all Jewish with family ties to the Holocaust , except for John Asher ) " " . "" conviction 's Lieber of mania quiet "" the on back his turning and "" bogs green and quicksand unmapped "" into party the leading between torn and confidant 's Lieber is he ; trial 's Hitler at "" judge presiding "" and leader party search – Simeon "," Simeon – search party leader and "" presiding judge "" at Hitler 's trial ; he is Lieber 's confidant and torn between leading the party into "" unmapped quicksand and green bogs "" and turning his back on the "" quiet mania of Lieber 's conviction "" . " " . guilt with him consumed living free @-@ care the where Paris in recuperating years three spending and sanatorium a from released being after Lieber out sought had he ; Jewish is Hitler that suggests he ramblings induced @-@ fever his of one during ; begins trial the before dies and ill falls – Gideon "," Gideon – falls ill and dies before the trial begins ; during one of his fever @-@ induced ramblings he suggests that Hitler is Jewish ; he had sought out Lieber after being released from a sanatorium and spending three years recuperating in Paris where the care @-@ free living consumed him with guilt . " " . Messiah second the be may Hitler that believing up ends and Jewish is Hitler that assertions induced @-@ fever 's Gideon by disturbed are convictions his but , group the of compass moral the is he ; trial the at "" attorney prosecution "" and Jew Orthodox – Elie "," Elie – Orthodox Jew and "" prosecution attorney "" at the trial ; he is the moral compass of the group , but his convictions are disturbed by Gideon 's fever @-@ induced assertions that Hitler is Jewish and ends up believing that Hitler may be the second Messiah . " " . death 's father his avenge to party the joined he ; Paulo São in skirmish a in earlier killed party search the of member former , senior Isaac of son the is he ; trial the at witness and boy old @-@ year @-@ 18 an – Isaac "," Isaac – an 18 @-@ year @-@ old boy and witness at the trial ; he is the son of Isaac senior , former member of the search party killed earlier in a skirmish in São Paulo ; he joined the party to avenge his father 's death . " " . ) "" retribution for cravings no , lusts metaphysical no "" ( headedness @-@ clear his and training military his of because party search the to him assigned Lieber ) Holocaust the to ties no ( "" outsider "" an being despite ; Lieber to him directed who Wiesenthal hunter Nazi approached had he , alive be may Hitler that circulating rumours the and Bormann of capture the by fascinated ; trial the at "" attorney defence "" reluctant and Jewish @-@ half – Asher John "," John Asher – half @-@ Jewish and reluctant "" defence attorney "" at the trial ; fascinated by the capture of Bormann and the rumours circulating that Hitler may be alive , he had approached Nazi hunter Wiesenthal who directed him to Lieber ; despite being an "" outsider "" ( no ties to the Holocaust ) Lieber assigned him to the search party because of his military training and his clear @-@ headedness ( "" no metaphysical lusts , no cravings for retribution "" ) . " " . himself revealing before distance a from them tracking continued he , jungle the of regions uncharted entering on insisted they when them abandoned had who guide 's party search the previously ; trial the at witness independent and tracker Indian local – "," – local Indian tracker and independent witness at the trial ; previously the search party 's guide who had abandoned them when they insisted on entering uncharted regions of the jungle , he continued tracking them from a distance before revealing himself . " " . jungle Amazon the in hid and America South to escaped but , Berlin in Führerbunker the in died not had Reich Third the of leader former the , old years 90 now – Hitler Adolf "," Adolf Hitler – now 90 years old , the former leader of the Third Reich had not died in the Führerbunker in Berlin , but escaped to South America and hid in the Amazon jungle . " " "" . annihilate to and destroy to , hate to , torture to also and forgive to , build to , love to , bless to both speech human use can you that ... astonishment my is written have and believe and am I everything to Central "" . language on work lifelong his of out arose book this that Bruckner R. J. D. editor Times York New told Steiner . works earlier these from reworked were A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The in expresses Steiner ideas the of Many . ) 1971 ( Castle 's Bluebeard In and ) 1967 ( Silence and Language , ) 1964 ( Domini Anno including , books previous his of some in Holocaust the about written had , Times York New The and Yorker New The for critic literary , Steiner George "," George Steiner , literary critic for The New Yorker and The New York Times , had written about the Holocaust in some of his previous books , including Anno Domini ( 1964 ) , Language and Silence ( 1967 ) and In Bluebeard 's Castle ( 1971 ) . Many of the ideas Steiner expresses in The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. were reworked from these earlier works . Steiner told New York Times editor D. J. R. Bruckner that this book arose out of his lifelong work on language . "" Central to everything I am and believe and have written is my astonishment ... that you can use human speech both to bless , to love , to build , to forgive and also to torture , to hate , to destroy and to annihilate . "" " " "" . can one if abyss the with grapple to has one that is feeling My "" : Burundi and Salvador El , Vietnam , Cambodia like countries in place took that events horrific the about also but , Holocaust the on thoughts his about only not is novella the that out pointed also Steiner . "" me wrote "" book the like felt it that said He . "" like @-@ Frankenstein or "" , him of better the gotten had Hitler fictional his that adding , it by disturbed was too he that ) Hitler Explaining of author ( Rosenbaum Ron critic and journalist literary to admitted Steiner , generated book the controversy the on Commenting "," Commenting on the controversy the book generated , Steiner admitted to literary journalist and critic Ron Rosenbaum ( author of Explaining Hitler ) that he too was disturbed by it , adding that his fictional Hitler had gotten the better of him , "" or Frankenstein @-@ like "" . He said that it felt like the book "" wrote me "" . Steiner also pointed out that the novella is not only about his thoughts on the Holocaust , but also about the horrific events that took place in countries like Cambodia , Vietnam , El Salvador and Burundi : "" My feeling is that one has to grapple with the abyss if one can . "" " " . Schuster & Simon by 1982 April in hardcover in published was edition States United first The . original paperback a was it , Steiner by requested as and — Kingdom United the in Faber and Faber by 1981 May in was , Steiner by revisions minor with , form book in publication first Its . magazine literary British the , Granta of issue 1980 Spring the in appeared also It . Review Kenyon The , magazine literary States United the of issue 1979 Spring the in appeared originally work page @-@ 120 the and , Switzerland , Geneva in 1976 and 1975 in A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The wrote Steiner "," Steiner wrote The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. in 1975 and 1976 in Geneva , Switzerland , and the 120 @-@ page work originally appeared in the Spring 1979 issue of the United States literary magazine , The Kenyon Review . It also appeared in the Spring 1980 issue of Granta , the British literary magazine . Its first publication in book form , with minor revisions by Steiner , was in May 1981 by Faber and Faber in the United Kingdom — and as requested by Steiner , it was a paperback original . The first United States edition was published in hardcover in April 1982 by Simon & Schuster . " " . Hitler as Cullum John starring and Lamos Mark by directed , Connecticut , Hartford in Company Stage Hartford the at played it where States United the to moved production the 1983 In . performance this for actor best for Award Theatre Standard Evening 1982 the won McCowen . Hitler Adolf of part the playing McCowen Alec with Dexter John of direction the under Theatre Mermaid 's London at 1982 April in staged was It . Hampton Christopher playwright British by 1982 in theatre the for adapted was A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The "," The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. was adapted for the theatre in 1982 by British playwright Christopher Hampton . It was staged in April 1982 at London 's Mermaid Theatre under the direction of John Dexter with Alec McCowen playing the part of Adolf Hitler . McCowen won the 1982 Evening Standard Theatre Award for best actor for this performance . In 1983 the production moved to the United States where it played at the Hartford Stage Company in Hartford , Connecticut , directed by Mark Lamos and starring John Cullum as Hitler . " " . stage the for adapted been have to Steiner by fiction of work only the is book This "," This book is the only work of fiction by Steiner to have been adapted for the stage . " " . "" ambiguity bleak of note a on "" book the ends and literature Holocaust traditional of horrors the from deviates Steiner , speech 's Hitler refuting not by that adding , "" intensity remarkable of fantasy philosophic a "" book the described Friedrich Otto , magazine Time in Writing . own its of life a on taken having has Hitler fictive 's Steiner to referring , "" story Frankenstein A "" Portage The called Rosenbaum Ron , Hitler Explaining In . "" masterpiece "" a was it said Byatt S. A. author English and , "" piece powerful "" a as it described Telegraph Daily The of Booker Christopher , "" astonishing "" it called Observer The in Burgess Anthony . mixed was A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The to Reaction "," Reaction to The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. was mixed . Anthony Burgess in The Observer called it "" astonishing "" , Christopher Booker of The Daily Telegraph described it as a "" powerful piece "" , and English author A. S. Byatt said it was a "" masterpiece "" . In Explaining Hitler , Ron Rosenbaum called The Portage "" A Frankenstein story "" , referring to Steiner 's fictive Hitler has having taken on a life of its own . Writing in Time magazine , Otto Friedrich described the book "" a philosophic fantasy of remarkable intensity "" , adding that by not refuting Hitler 's speech , Steiner deviates from the horrors of traditional Holocaust literature and ends the book "" on a note of bleak ambiguity "" . " " "" . dangerous unconvincingly and harmless absurdly once at — brilliant and lucid also yet pathetic and old him making by Hitler for sympathy creates unwittingly "" he , works earlier 's Steiner of some from drawn are speech 's Hitler of points the all almost because that noted Dickstein Finally . another one from them separate not do that "" figments verbal "" only are they , histories detailed have each they while and , lifeless are characters the that complained also He . ) lettres @-@ belles ( "" writing fine "" much too by "" ] d [ suffocate "" is that "" wearisome "" as it described He "" . era Nazi the of horrors unspeakable the through thinking of business serious the from distraction sideshow a , novel executed badly and misconceived a "" it calling , book the of critical more was Times York New The of Dickstein Morris "," Morris Dickstein of The New York Times was more critical of the book , calling it "" a misconceived and badly executed novel , a sideshow distraction from the serious business of thinking through the unspeakable horrors of the Nazi era . "" He described it as "" wearisome "" that is "" suffocate [ d ] "" by too much "" fine writing "" ( belles @-@ lettres ) . He also complained that the characters are lifeless , and while they each have detailed histories , they are only "" verbal figments "" that do not separate them from one another . Finally Dickstein noted that because almost all the points of Hitler 's speech are drawn from some of Steiner 's earlier works , he "" unwittingly creates sympathy for Hitler by making him old and pathetic yet also lucid and brilliant — at once absurdly harmless and unconvincingly dangerous . "" " " "" . stomach my to sick me makes ... but , transcend and arrange to art of power the denies only not "" said Leonard which , point that at book the end to decision 's Steiner and , "" obscene "" called he which , speech 's Hitler was book the of criticism biggest 's Leonard But . "" Proust and Kafka by books better of echoes many too are there and clash symbols the ... , ideas really are characters the "" that are weaknesses its , "" terrifies that life @-@ swamp American South a and character of multiplicity , disdain catholic a , wit some "" , points strong its has book the while that wrote Leonard John Times York New The in review another In "," In another review in The New York Times John Leonard wrote that while the book has its strong points , "" some wit , a catholic disdain , multiplicity of character and a South American swamp @-@ life that terrifies "" , its weaknesses are that "" the characters are really ideas , ... the symbols clash and there are too many echoes of better books by Kafka and Proust "" . But Leonard 's biggest criticism of the book was Hitler 's speech , which he called "" obscene "" , and Steiner 's decision to end the book at that point , which Leonard said "" not only denies the power of art to arrange and transcend , but ... makes me sick to my stomach . "" " " . "" fiction in before seen hardly way a in "" him confront to us forcing , "" Hitler of meaning and presence the portray to attempts vigorous most the among counted be must "" Portage The said Rosenfeld overall But . "" intelligence moral of standards high "" own his undermines which , "" negation of eloquence seductive the to , rhetorically , ] s [ succumb "" Steiner that felt Rosenfeld , point this at stopping By . perfected had Hitler real the something , "" music like ] sound [ madness "" making , "" subversion language of game 's devil the "" plays Hitler fictive 's Steiner that said He . speech 's Hitler with end to had book the why questioned also Rosenfeld . "" understanding @-@ self 's latter the with identical were Hitler of understanding 's Steiner "" that impression the creating , mouth 's Hitler into "" verbatim virtually "" them put had he that , works earlier his from ideas used Steiner way the was , however , reviewer the concern did What . "" affect immense an carries yet enumerates coldly , mourns and records simultaneously ... , extremes two these between mediates "" Lieber 's Steiner , "" lament elegiac of sob dwindling a "" to sinks or , "" apostrophe and expostulation "" to soars either often literature Holocaust while that noted Rosenfeld . consciousness Jewish the of representative as role his and Lieber Emmanuel hunter Nazi of depiction the by impressed particularly was He . person a of nature true the reveals misuse and use its how and "" words of underside dark the "" exposes it way the in "" dramatic more even "" , latter the and , "" physicality of feeling immense "" its with "" registered brilliantly "" being former the — "" speech of landscape "" the and , jungle and swamp of landscape the between interplay 's book the by struck was He . "" astonishes "" that "" work breakthrough "" a Portage The called Rosenfeld H. Alvin , Salmagundi magazine literary American the in Writing "," Writing in the American literary magazine Salmagundi , Alvin H. Rosenfeld called The Portage a "" breakthrough work "" that "" astonishes "" . He was struck by the book 's interplay between the landscape of swamp and jungle , and the "" landscape of speech "" — the former being "" brilliantly registered "" with its "" immense feeling of physicality "" , and the latter , "" even more dramatic "" in the way it exposes "" the dark underside of words "" and how its use and misuse reveals the true nature of a person . He was particularly impressed by the depiction of Nazi hunter Emmanuel Lieber and his role as representative of the Jewish consciousness . Rosenfeld noted that while Holocaust literature often either soars to "" expostulation and apostrophe "" , or sinks to "" a dwindling sob of elegiac lament "" , Steiner 's Lieber "" mediates between these two extremes , ... simultaneously records and mourns , coldly enumerates yet carries an immense affect "" . What did concern the reviewer , however , was the way Steiner used ideas from his earlier works , that he had put them "" virtually verbatim "" into Hitler 's mouth , creating the impression that "" Steiner 's understanding of Hitler were identical with the latter 's self @-@ understanding "" . Rosenfeld also questioned why the book had to end with Hitler 's speech . He said that Steiner 's fictive Hitler plays "" the devil 's game of language subversion "" , making "" madness [ sound ] like music "" , something the real Hitler had perfected . By stopping at this point , Rosenfeld felt that Steiner "" succumb [ s ] , rhetorically , to the seductive eloquence of negation "" , which undermines his own "" high standards of moral intelligence "" . But overall Rosenfeld said The Portage "" must be counted among the most vigorous attempts to portray the presence and meaning of Hitler "" , forcing us to confront him "" in a way hardly seen before in fiction "" . " " . Fiction for Award Faulkner / PEN 1983 the in finalist a was A.H. of Cristobal San to Portage The "," The Portage to San Cristobal of A.H. was a finalist in the 1983 PEN / Faulkner Award for Fiction . " " . States United the and Kingdom United the in performed was ) Steiner to according , "" faithful too "" ( adaptation stage faithful the when further grew controversy The . "" Hitler for admiration "" apparent its of because controversy considerable generated book The "," The book generated considerable controversy because of its apparent "" admiration for Hitler "" . The controversy grew further when the faithful stage adaptation ( "" too faithful "" , according to Steiner ) was performed in the United Kingdom and the United States . " " . Semitism @-@ anti of , Palestinians the of treatment 's Israel of critic a is and nationalism Jewish rejects who , Steiner accuse to as far so going even , Hitler fictional his of those and views own 's Steiner between book the in distinction clear no was there that felt , "" evil unparalleled and unprecedented of incarnation the "" as Hitler saw always Steiner that acknowledging while , critic One . contentious more even particular in speech this made Jewish is Steiner that fact The . invades world outside the before word last ) almost ( the him allows he , past his justify Hitler lets only not Steiner . critics and readers many disturbed book the of end the at speech 's Hitler "," Hitler 's speech at the end of the book disturbed many readers and critics . Steiner not only lets Hitler justify his past , he allows him the ( almost ) last word before the outside world invades . The fact that Steiner is Jewish made this speech in particular even more contentious . One critic , while acknowledging that Steiner always saw Hitler as "" the incarnation of unprecedented and unparalleled evil "" , felt that there was no clear distinction in the book between Steiner 's own views and those of his fictional Hitler , even going so far as to accuse Steiner , who rejects Jewish nationalism and is a critic of Israel 's treatment of the Palestinians , of anti @-@ Semitism . " " "" . music seem them make and loathing and madness of sounds the know will He . others to it teach and hell of grammar the know will ... who man a come shall There "" : Hitler regarding book the from warning 's Lieber Emmanuel hunter Nazi to attention drawing , "" force supernatural almost an as language wielded Hitler that "" belief stated previously his explore to it use to was speech Hitler the for intention 's Steiner that felt time the at article magazine Time a , contrast In "," In contrast , a Time magazine article at the time felt that Steiner 's intention for the Hitler speech was to use it to explore his previously stated belief "" that Hitler wielded language as an almost supernatural force "" , drawing attention to Nazi hunter Emmanuel Lieber 's warning from the book regarding Hitler : "" There shall come a man who ... will know the grammar of hell and teach it to others . He will know the sounds of madness and loathing and make them seem music . "" " " "" . decide or answer to wisdom our beyond here issues are there "" that indicate to used word Hebrew the also is . "" Proven "" shouts who , tracker Indian the , but , word last the has who he not is it that and , "" figure fictive a "" is ) H. A. ( Hitler his that said Steiner , Finally . Holocaust the of horrors the on monologue long 's Lieber by book the in earlier out balanced is speech 's Hitler that reader the reminded also He . ) 1880 ( Karamazov Brothers The 's Dostoyevsky in speech 's Inquisitor Grand The and , ) 1667 ( Lost Paradise 's Milton in speech 's Satan example for : before done been had it that saying by unchallenged is book this in speech 's Hitler that criticism to responded Steiner "," Steiner responded to criticism that Hitler 's speech in this book is unchallenged by saying that it had been done before : for example Satan 's speech in Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) , and The Grand Inquisitor 's speech in Dostoyevsky 's The Brothers Karamazov ( 1880 ) . He also reminded the reader that Hitler 's speech is balanced out earlier in the book by Lieber 's long monologue on the horrors of the Holocaust . Finally , Steiner said that his Hitler ( A. H. ) is "" a fictive figure "" , and that it is not he who has the last word , but , the Indian tracker , who shouts "" Proven "" . is also the Hebrew word used to indicate that "" there are issues here beyond our wisdom to answer or decide . "" " " . amphibians modern from them distinguish that , plates bony like @-@ armour and , claws , scales as such , characteristics had many , amphibians considered are Although . land on life to adapted fully vertebrates first the of some were These . breed to only water the to returning , terrestrial fully almost were some although , semiaquatic were Most . maturity and , metamorphosis , stage larval the from known fossils with , understood well is history life Their . environments marine coastal even and , terrestrial , water fresh including , habitats of range wide a to adapted they , history evolutionary of years million 210 about During . continent every on found been have Fossils . Cretaceous the into continued species few A . periods Triassic and , Permian , Carboniferous the during worldwide flourished that — amphibians primitive considered often — tetrapods giant to small extinct of subclass diverse a is ) ) "" vertebra "" , ( and ) "" cut to "" , ( Greek from ( Temnospondyli "," Temnospondyli ( from Greek ( , "" to cut "" ) and ( , "" vertebra "" ) ) is a diverse subclass of extinct small to giant tetrapods — often considered primitive amphibians — that flourished worldwide during the Carboniferous , Permian , and Triassic periods . A few species continued into the Cretaceous . Fossils have been found on every continent . During about 210 million years of evolutionary history , they adapted to a wide range of habitats , including fresh water , terrestrial , and even coastal marine environments . Their life history is well understood , with fossils known from the larval stage , metamorphosis , and maturity . Most were semiaquatic , although some were almost fully terrestrial , returning to the water only to breed . These were some of the first vertebrates fully adapted to life on land . Although are considered amphibians , many had characteristics , such as scales , claws , and armour @-@ like bony plates , that distinguish them from modern amphibians . " " . parts several into divided is vertebra each as , "" vertebrae cut "" means Temnospondyli . vertebrae their of structure the on based taxon distinct a to belong to found were they when , century 20th early the until groups amphibian several among out spread were Temnospondyli in grouped now Animals . used rarely now are names these although , and , , as times various at described were They . reptiles be to thought initially were and , century 19th early the since known been have "," have been known since the early 19th century , and were initially thought to be reptiles . They were described at various times as , , and , although these names are now rarely used . Animals now grouped in Temnospondyli were spread out among several amphibian groups until the early 20th century , when they were found to belong to a distinct taxon based on the structure of their vertebrae . Temnospondyli means "" cut vertebrae "" , as each vertebra is divided into several parts . " " . groups two the link structures hearing and , skulls , teeth in Similarities . amphibians modern of relatives closest the as the called of family a place studies Recent . ) from evolving salamanders and frogs and from evolving caecilians with ( groups both of descendants as even or , called tetrapods early of group another , of descendants the as amphibians modern placed have hypotheses Different . descendants any leaving without out died group whole the whether or , ) caecilians and , salamanders , frogs ( amphibians modern to ancestral were whether over disagree Experts "," Experts disagree over whether were ancestral to modern amphibians ( frogs , salamanders , and caecilians ) , or whether the whole group died out without leaving any descendants . Different hypotheses have placed modern amphibians as the descendants of , another group of early tetrapods called , or even as descendants of both groups ( with caecilians evolving from and frogs and salamanders evolving from ) . Recent studies place a family of called the as the closest relatives of modern amphibians . Similarities in teeth , skulls , and hearing structures link the two groups . " " . prey chase to able runner active an as lived probably and , body its for limbs long relatively has , , temnospondyl terrestrial unusual One . claws have even some and , limbs thicker , larger have Terrestrial . foot hind each on five and foot front each on toes four with limbs small have most , animals semiaquatic As . water in vibrations detect to used system line lateral a of part are , sockets eye and nostrils the around run usually which , sulci The . sulci sensory called skulls their in grooves like @-@ canal have also Many . ) problem the to solution early an been have may bones dermal these and , land on while bodies their from dioxide carbon expelling difficulty had have would tetrapods semiaquatic early ( blood the in up build acidic neutralize to bones the to dioxide carbon transfer could which , vessels blood supported have may bones of surfaces rugged The . ridges and pits in covered usually are and , above from viewed when shape in triangular or rounded are skulls The . ) ( elongated or ) ( blunt either are that heads flat , broad have Most . salamanders resemble and smaller are Others . crocodiles resemble superficially and , amphibians living than larger much are Many "," Many are much larger than living amphibians , and superficially resemble crocodiles . Others are smaller and resemble salamanders . Most have broad , flat heads that are either blunt ( ) or elongated ( ) . The skulls are rounded or triangular in shape when viewed from above , and are usually covered in pits and ridges . The rugged surfaces of bones may have supported blood vessels , which could transfer carbon dioxide to the bones to neutralize acidic build up in the blood ( early semiaquatic tetrapods would have had difficulty expelling carbon dioxide from their bodies while on land , and these dermal bones may have been an early solution to the problem ) . Many also have canal @-@ like grooves in their skulls called sensory sulci . The sulci , which usually run around the nostrils and eye sockets , are part of a lateral line system used to detect vibrations in water . As semiaquatic animals , most have small limbs with four toes on each front foot and five on each hind foot . Terrestrial have larger , thicker limbs , and some even have claws . One unusual terrestrial temnospondyl , , has relatively long limbs for its body , and probably lived as an active runner able to chase prey . " " . skull the of top the in openings through emerge and palate the pierce jaw lower the in tusks , as such , some In . tusks as to referred are they , large so are teeth these of Some . jaws their in as well as , palates their on teeth have often . mouth the with passage nasal the connect and , vacuities these of front in present are , , holes of pair Another . palate the of back the in holes large two , vacuities the are of features distinguishing most the Among . prominent very and pointed are they , as such , some in ; notches otic called indentations by skull the of rest the from separated bone of projections rounded , skulls their of backs the in horns tabular have Most . taxa temnospondyl some in developed have that , and , , as such , skull the in bones few a from aside , tetrapods early other in seen also are of bones the of most of "," of most of the bones of are also seen in other early tetrapods , aside from a few bones in the skull , such as , , and , that have developed in some temnospondyl taxa . Most have tabular horns in the backs of their skulls , rounded projections of bone separated from the rest of the skull by indentations called otic notches ; in some , such as , they are pointed and very prominent . Among the most distinguishing features of are the vacuities , two large holes in the back of the palate . Another pair of holes , , are present in front of these vacuities , and connect the nasal passage with the mouth . often have teeth on their palates , as well as in their jaws . Some of these teeth are so large , they are referred to as tusks . In some , such as , tusks in the lower jaw pierce the palate and emerge through openings in the top of the skull . " " . water the to ties some had animals the suggesting , environments freshwater around deposited strata in found usually are , called , trackways The . rocks Permian and Carboniferous in found been also have small to referable Trackways . undersides their on skin of ridge a and , feet webbed with limbs robust , skin smooth had they , alive when , show impressions These . three of bodies the of impressions included , Pennsylvania of Formation Chunk Mauch Carboniferous Early the from 2007 in described , sandstone of block A . of tissue soft the of known is little Very "," Very little is known of the soft tissue of . A block of sandstone , described in 2007 from the Early Carboniferous Mauch Chunk Formation of Pennsylvania , included impressions of the bodies of three . These impressions show , when alive , they had smooth skin , robust limbs with webbed feet , and a ridge of skin on their undersides . Trackways referable to small have also been found in Carboniferous and Permian rocks . The trackways , called , are usually found in strata deposited around freshwater environments , suggesting the animals had some ties to the water . " " . skin the through oxygen of absorption the , respiration cutaneous allow to or water under easier movement make to scales lost have may They . scales of evidence no have , and as such , semiaquatic Later . flexibility of range wide a allows that way a in other each overlap plates The . plates ventral wide , large into developed bodies their of undersides the on scales the , grew animals the as , show Fossils . scales rounded , small only have first they , development of stages early During . plates ventral large of rows in covered are most of undersides The . scales packed closely , small in covered are many , amphibians modern Unlike "," Unlike modern amphibians , many are covered in small , closely packed scales . The undersides of most are covered in rows of large ventral plates . During early stages of development , they first have only small , rounded scales . Fossils show , as the animals grew , the scales on the undersides of their bodies developed into large , wide ventral plates . The plates overlap each other in a way that allows a wide range of flexibility . Later semiaquatic , such as and , have no evidence of scales . They may have lost scales to make movement easier under water or to allow cutaneous respiration , the absorption of oxygen through the skin . " " . group the of relatives close considered been have and both as , ancestor terrestrial a from armor their inherited have may . aquatic fully been have to thought are animals these , and , , , unlike but , in seen also are scutes Bony . spine the stabilized have would that vertebrae their of top on spines neural long have also terrestrial partly least at been have may that and as such . ligaments strong by connected been have may and flexibility limited have would they as , spine the for stability provided have may scutes The . of case the in predators from protection offered have may Armor . lifestyle terrestrial a to adapted were these of All . skin the in embedded probably life in were that scutes bony like @-@ disc , small with found been have , as such , Other . plates of rows narrow two with back the of midline the covers only it although , armor have also family the of members Most . back its on plating extensive has also temnospondyl The . underside and back its both covers that plating like @-@ armour has , , temnospondyl One . backs their on plates bony large have of groups Several "," Several groups of have large bony plates on their backs . One temnospondyl , , has armour @-@ like plating that covers both its back and underside . The temnospondyl also has extensive plating on its back . Most members of the family also have armor , although it only covers the midline of the back with two narrow rows of plates . Other , such as , have been found with small , disc @-@ like bony scutes that were in life probably embedded in the skin . All of these were adapted to a terrestrial lifestyle . Armor may have offered protection from predators in the case of . The scutes may have provided stability for the spine , as they would have limited flexibility and may have been connected by strong ligaments . such as and that may have been at least partly terrestrial also have long neural spines on top of their vertebrae that would have stabilized the spine . Bony scutes are also seen in , but unlike , , , and , these animals are thought to have been fully aquatic . may have inherited their armor from a terrestrial ancestor , as both and have been considered close relatives of the group . " " . water in time more spent the indicates backbone of type weaker This . vertebrae the of body main the as enlarged the with , entirely lost been have the , vertebrae In . terrestrial , fully cases some in and , partially be to them allowed many of limbs strong and backbone strong The . vertebrae between connections the strengthen zygapophyses called projections interlocking developed @-@ well and , arch neural like @-@ spine a support elements Both . them between fit that blocks small relatively are the and , shaped @-@ wedge and large are the , vertebrae In . vertebrae and : in recognized are vertebrae of types Two . and a into divided was region this , in but , centrum the called bone of piece single a is vertebra the of body main the , tetrapods living In . segments several into divided are vertebrae ' "," ' vertebrae are divided into several segments . In living tetrapods , the main body of the vertebra is a single piece of bone called the centrum , but in , this region was divided into a and . Two types of vertebrae are recognized in : and vertebrae . In vertebrae , the are large and wedge @-@ shaped , and the are relatively small blocks that fit between them . Both elements support a spine @-@ like neural arch , and well @-@ developed interlocking projections called zygapophyses strengthen the connections between vertebrae . The strong backbone and strong limbs of many allowed them to be partially , and in some cases fully , terrestrial . In vertebrae , the have been lost entirely , with the enlarged as the main body of the vertebrae . This weaker type of backbone indicates the spent more time in water . " " . tooth the of tip the of shape like @-@ nipple the after "" lizard tooth breast "" means Mastodonsaurus . reptile a it considered and , tooth single a from Mastodonsaurus named Jaeger . 1828 in Jaeger Friedrich Georg by named , Mastodonsaurus was temnospondyl described earliest The . however , century 19th the of part early the since known were remains . 1888 in published , der Handbuch of edition second his in Zittel von Alfred Karl palaeontologist German by named was Temnospondyli "," Temnospondyli was named by German palaeontologist Karl Alfred von Zittel in his second edition of Handbuch der , published in 1888 . remains were known since the early part of the 19th century , however . The earliest described temnospondyl was Mastodonsaurus , named by Georg Friedrich Jaeger in 1828 . Jaeger named Mastodonsaurus from a single tooth , and considered it a reptile . Mastodonsaurus means "" breast tooth lizard "" after the nipple @-@ like shape of the tip of the tooth . " " . temnospondyl unrelated an of name the as used still is . synonym subjective senior a as names other the over precedence has it , first named was Mastodonsaurus Because . temnospondyl a of skull complete known first the it making , Mastodonsaurus his as teeth same the had that giganteus S. of skull complete a described he , 1833 In . skull the of portion back or , occiput partial on it basing , 1828 in giganteus named also Jaeger . amphibian an as Labyrinthodon placed firmly , skulls including , material Additional . reptile like @-@ crocodile a be to found later was , teeth conical sized similarly have both genera two the Although . genus the to 's Jaeger referred also he yet , reptile "" saurian "" a not was animal the recognized Owen "" . Reptiles of order the to but , Saurian the to not , belonging remains the , affinity false a indicates , saurus , word the of element second the because and ... tooth the of form a else or , Mastodon genus mammalian the of idea the unavoidably recalls it because , retained be to not ought "" Mastodonsaurus name the thought Owen . teeth labyrinthine or folded highly its describe to Labyrinthodon as genus the to referred Owen Richard palaeontologist English , 1841 In . 1837 in animal the named Fitzinger Leopold . however , disputed was specimens first these of naming The "," The naming of these first specimens was disputed , however . Leopold Fitzinger named the animal in 1837 . In 1841 , English palaeontologist Richard Owen referred to the genus as Labyrinthodon to describe its highly folded or labyrinthine teeth . Owen thought the name Mastodonsaurus "" ought not to be retained , because it recalls unavoidably the idea of the mammalian genus Mastodon , or else a form of the tooth ... and because the second element of the word , saurus , indicates a false affinity , the remains belonging , not to the Saurian , but to the order of Reptiles . "" Owen recognized the animal was not a "" saurian "" reptile , yet he also referred Jaeger 's to the genus . Although the two genera both have similarly sized conical teeth , was later found to be a crocodile @-@ like reptile . Additional material , including skulls , firmly placed Labyrinthodon as an amphibian . Jaeger also named giganteus in 1828 , basing it on partial occiput , or back portion of the skull . In 1833 , he described a complete skull of S. giganteus that had the same teeth as his Mastodonsaurus , making it the first known complete skull of a temnospondyl . Because Mastodonsaurus was named first , it has precedence over the other names as a senior subjective synonym . is still used as the name of an unrelated temnospondyl . " " . ) "" fishes metamorphosed "" called he what ( amphibians early from progression sequential a from evolved reptiles that notion the counter to fossils these used Owen . age in Permian Late are which , and the in reptiles advanced more than younger were ) Triassic Late the to dates that rocks of unit a ( Keuper the of large the noted also He . reptiles of form highest the considered he which , crocodiles to them compared and of form "" highest "" the as these depicted Owen , England in uncovered were fossils more As . Warwickshire of sandstone red the in found were specimens Other . Buckland William paleontologist by England , Cliffe 's Guy at found later was "" Labyrinthodon "" 's Owen . section cross in folded highly were that teeth for Labyrinthodon like named , as to referred were animals similar other and Mastodonsaurus "," Mastodonsaurus and other similar animals were referred to as , named like Labyrinthodon for teeth that were highly folded in cross section . Owen 's "" Labyrinthodon "" was later found at Guy 's Cliffe , England by paleontologist William Buckland . Other specimens were found in the red sandstone of Warwickshire . As more fossils were uncovered in England , Owen depicted these as the "" highest "" form of and compared them to crocodiles , which he considered the highest form of reptiles . He also noted the large of the Keuper ( a unit of rocks that dates to the Late Triassic ) were younger than more advanced reptiles in the and , which are Late Permian in age . Owen used these fossils to counter the notion that reptiles evolved from a sequential progression from early amphibians ( what he called "" metamorphosed fishes "" ) . " " . reptile a considered now is and , Temnospondyli outside tetrapod early an as placed now is . 1859 in and , 1858 in , 1853 in and , 1849 in , 1848 in , 1842 in and included genera named earliest the of some , Mastodonsaurus to addition In "," In addition to Mastodonsaurus , some of the earliest named genera included and in 1842 , in 1848 , in 1849 , and in 1853 , in 1858 , and in 1859 . is now placed as an early tetrapod outside Temnospondyli , and is now considered a reptile . " " . glands mucous for space as interpreted were that skull the in pits deep and ; cage rib the of underside the at connect not do that ribs ; lives their of part first the least at for amphibious were they indicating , skeletons juvenile in arches gill : features main three possessed they because amphibians be to considered palaeontologists , time this During . tetrapods early other and of heads flat , wide the to reference a , Greek in "" headed @-@ roof "" means . Amphibia for used then name the , Batrachia class the in placed Cope . 1868 in Cope Drinker Edward paleontologist American by coined name a , of members various as classified were , century 19th the in Later "," Later in the 19th century , were classified as various members of , a name coined by American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1868 . Cope placed in the class Batrachia , the name then used for Amphibia . means "" roof @-@ headed "" in Greek , a reference to the wide , flat heads of and other early tetrapods . During this time , palaeontologists considered to be amphibians because they possessed three main features : gill arches in juvenile skeletons , indicating they were amphibious for at least the first part of their lives ; ribs that do not connect at the underside of the rib cage ; and deep pits in the skull that were interpreted as space for mucous glands . " " . group distinct a as recognized longer no is and , group the define that features typical the of many lacking of forms larval as recognized be would , century 20th early the In . Germany from fossils preserved @-@ well many in found were , gills external and scales as such , tissue Soft . ) temnospondyl a be to it found studies detailed more although ( to reassignment its prompting , ribs long with found later were of skeletons Some . ribs no and , gills external , bones developed poorly had that , America North from and Europe from as such , forms few a only included . teeth their in enamel and dentin folded , complex had and larger were while , teeth conical simple had and bodied @-@ small were . the in classified were some but , primarily were as regarded now Animals . centuries 20th early and 19th late the in recognized were of suborders Several "," Several suborders of were recognized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Animals now regarded as were primarily , but some were classified in the . were small @-@ bodied and had simple conical teeth , while were larger and had complex , folded dentin and enamel in their teeth . included only a few forms , such as from Europe and from North America , that had poorly developed bones , external gills , and no ribs . Some skeletons of were later found with long ribs , prompting its reassignment to ( although more detailed studies found it to be a temnospondyl ) . Soft tissue , such as scales and external gills , were found in many well @-@ preserved fossils from Germany . In the early 20th century , would be recognized as larval forms of lacking many of the typical features that define the group , and is no longer recognized as a distinct group . " " . as such forms advanced more and fishes early between link a considered were they , Thus . fishes with shared also were that features were ) neck the to head the attached which ( condyles occipital of lack and , notochord , vertebrae Their . of members primitive most the be to considered were and group this in placed were and , , . sockets eye their behind skulls their in holes small , parietal have not did they , Unlike . arches branchial and , scales like @-@ fish , limbs small , bones skull like @-@ plate by characterized , called group a in placed were as classified be later would that animals Other "," Other animals that would later be classified as were placed in a group called , characterized by plate @-@ like skull bones , small limbs , fish @-@ like scales , and branchial arches . Unlike , they did not have parietal , small holes in their skulls behind their eye sockets . , , and were placed in this group and were considered to be the most primitive members of . Their vertebrae , notochord , and lack of occipital condyles ( which attached the head to the neck ) were features that were also shared with fishes . Thus , they were considered a link between early fishes and more advanced forms such as . " " . amphibians small of classification the over years many for existed confusion but , other with a as placed later was . in placed once , were them Among . it within animals like @-@ amphibian , small many placing , Labyrinthodontia of subgroup a as classified Cope . 1868 in Cope by named was called group Another "," Another group called was named by Cope in 1868 . Cope classified as a subgroup of Labyrinthodontia , placing many small , amphibian @-@ like animals within it . Among them were , once placed in . was later placed as a with other , but confusion existed for many years over the classification of small amphibians . " " . to related distantly as identified now are . size equal of were that and had . vertebrae the of body entire the up made the and , their lost had , and , , Mastodonsaurus as such , . the displaced that enlarged with vertebrae had , and as such , of Members . and , , groups the were Within . from distinct were , contain which of both , and suborders The . belonged it which in order the to refer to interchangeably used were Labyrinthodontia and names The . "" true "" or vera it called Case Cowles Ermine paleontologist American . suborder the in placed were as regarded today are what of most , century 19th the of end the By "," By the end of the 19th century , most of what are today regarded as were placed in the suborder . American paleontologist Ermine Cowles Case called it vera or "" true "" . The names and Labyrinthodontia were used interchangeably to refer to the order in which it belonged . The suborders and , both of which contain , were distinct from . Within were the groups , , and . Members of , such as and , had vertebrae with enlarged that displaced the . , such as Mastodonsaurus , , and , had lost their , and the made up the entire body of the vertebrae . had and that were of equal size . are now identified as distantly related to . " " . condyles occipital of presence or absence the on based animals distinguish to ) as to referred alternatively he which ( and use to continued He . shape spool simple a had each because indistinguishable and of vertebrae the considering , classification 's Zittel von to objected Cope . the of only composed centra amphicoelous had of members All . and into divided centra the with forms included Temnospondyli . centra vertebral shaped @-@ spool , simple having as characterized he which group a , Lepospondyli in placed He . and , Temnospondyli , Lepospondyli : taxa three among divided Zittel von , 1888 In "," In 1888 , von Zittel divided among three taxa : Lepospondyli , Temnospondyli , and . He placed in Lepospondyli , a group which he characterized as having simple , spool @-@ shaped vertebral centra . Temnospondyli included forms with the centra divided into and . All members of had amphicoelous centra composed only of the . Cope objected to von Zittel 's classification , considering the vertebrae of and indistinguishable because each had a simple spool shape . He continued to use and ( which he alternatively referred to as ) to distinguish animals based on the absence or presence of occipital condyles . " " . vertebrae the than rather skull the of characteristics on heavily based was of classification His . and to scope its narrowing , group the from removed @-@ Gunnar paleontologist Swedish . followed that decades the in used rarely was Temnospondyli name The . groups these to refer to Labyrinthodontia term the using began Watson , importantly More . Triassic the in into finally and , Permian the in forms into graded Carboniferous the in forms . vertebrae their in changes through seen be could amphibians large these of history evolutionary the that proposed Watson S. M. D. paleontologist British , 1919 In . use of out fell and 's Cope . group the in and both included Paleontologists . century the of turn the at name used commonly a became Temnospondyli "," Temnospondyli became a commonly used name at the turn of the century . Paleontologists included both and in the group . Cope 's and fell out of use . In 1919 , British paleontologist D. M. S. Watson proposed that the evolutionary history of these large amphibians could be seen through changes in their vertebrae . forms in the Carboniferous graded into forms in the Permian , and finally into in the Triassic . More importantly , Watson began using the term Labyrinthodontia to refer to these groups . The name Temnospondyli was rarely used in the decades that followed . Swedish paleontologist Gunnar @-@ removed from the group , narrowing its scope to and . His classification of was based heavily on characteristics of the skull rather than the vertebrae . " " . group the in primitive the included Romer , however , classification temnospondyl modern Unlike . ) lato sensu ( sense wider its in Labyrinthodontia with confusion avoid to Temnospondyli name the used but , classification this with agreed Romer . excluding , and to refer to ) stricto sensu ( sense strict a in Labyrinthodontia name the used @-@ . century 20th later the in use into back Temnospondyli name the brought Romer Alfred paleontologist American "," American paleontologist Alfred Romer brought the name Temnospondyli back into use in the later 20th century . @-@ used the name Labyrinthodontia in a strict sense ( sensu stricto ) to refer to and , excluding . Romer agreed with this classification , but used the name Temnospondyli to avoid confusion with Labyrinthodontia in its wider sense ( sensu lato ) . Unlike modern temnospondyl classification , however , Romer included the primitive in the group . " " . Carboniferous Late the in ancestors terrestrial from evolved , aquatic small of group a , The . predators semiaquatic large into developed , the as such others while land on life to adapted became and vertebrae and limbs robust , strong evolved and the as such , groups several , Mya 300 around Permian Early and Carboniferous latest the During . axolotl day @-@ modern the like gills external retained even , genus the as such , taxa some and , salamanders resembled They . terrestrial more and smaller were , the as such , derived more , Other . as such forms semiaquatic large or as such forms sized @-@ medium basal included , Carboniferous the During . ) Mya ( ago years million 330 around Carboniferous Early the in appeared first "," first appeared in the Early Carboniferous around 330 million years ago ( Mya ) . During the Carboniferous , included basal medium @-@ sized forms such as or large semiaquatic forms such as . Other , more derived , such as the , were smaller and more terrestrial . They resembled salamanders , and some taxa , such as the genus , even retained external gills like the modern @-@ day axolotl . During the latest Carboniferous and Early Permian around 300 Mya , several groups , such as the and evolved strong , robust limbs and vertebrae and became adapted to life on land while others such as the , developed into large semiaquatic predators . The , a group of small aquatic , evolved from terrestrial ancestors in the Late Carboniferous . " " . Brazil of long @-@ m @-@ 9 the , amphibian known largest the included These . group latter the of characteristic armor the lacked they although , crocodiles to similarity close a and snouts long developed , as such , Other . Europe Eastern of large the including , flourish to continued aquatic fully and semiaquatic but , terrestrial in decline a into contributed reptiles of diversification the and aridity increasing , Permian Late the During "," During the Late Permian , increasing aridity and the diversification of reptiles contributed into a decline in terrestrial , but semiaquatic and fully aquatic continued to flourish , including the large of Eastern Europe . Other , such as , developed long snouts and a close similarity to crocodiles , although they lacked the armor characteristic of the latter group . These included the largest known amphibian , the 9 @-@ m @-@ long of Brazil . " " . animals small other or fish in sucking and jaw upper the of opening sudden a by prey their catching , predators aquatic as water in lives their all or most spent animals These . Mastodonsaurus as such forms largest the in long meter a over be could that skulls flat and large with , length in ) ft 1 @.@ 13 to 5 @.@ 7 ( m 4 to 3 @.@ 2 animals sized @-@ large and medium- included , the , group Another . frog eating @-@ crab modern the of exception the with so do to amphibians known only the , sea the in life a to adapted even , the , eaters @-@ fish snouted @-@ long successful of group one ) Mya 0 @.@ 245 - 0 @.@ 251 ( Triassic Early the During . forms large and small both of range a in evolving , ecosystems freshwater the dominated animals these , period Triassic the During . upwards facing eyes the with , flat and large skull the and , small limbs the , weak became vertebrae The . water the in life on dependent more became called group major a , ) Mya 0 @.@ 251 - 4 @.@ 260 ( Permian Late the in diversify and flourish to continued As "," As continued to flourish and diversify in the Late Permian ( 260 @.@ 4 - 251 @.@ 0 Mya ) , a major group called became more dependent on life in the water . The vertebrae became weak , the limbs small , and the skull large and flat , with the eyes facing upwards . During the Triassic period , these animals dominated the freshwater ecosystems , evolving in a range of both small and large forms . During the Early Triassic ( 251 @.@ 0 - 245 @.@ 0 Mya ) one group of successful long @-@ snouted fish @-@ eaters , the , even adapted to a life in the sea , the only known amphibians to do so with the exception of the modern crab @-@ eating frog . Another group , the , included medium- and large @-@ sized animals 2 @.@ 3 to 4 m ( 7 @.@ 5 to 13 @.@ 1 ft ) in length , with large and flat skulls that could be over a meter long in the largest forms such as Mastodonsaurus . These animals spent most or all their lives in water as aquatic predators , catching their prey by a sudden opening of the upper jaw and sucking in fish or other small animals . " " . time the at forests temperate in covered was which , Antarctica inhabited even , and as such , Some . ecosystems semiaquatic of component widespread and common a become had , time this By . rivers and lakes of bottom the at life to adapted and , gills external with heads wide had , the , of group Another . skulls their of front the near sockets eye their of positioning the by from distinguished are . similar very superficially the by joined were , ) Mya 5 @.@ 216 - 0 @.@ 228 ( Triassic Late the of stage Carnian the In "," In the Carnian stage of the Late Triassic ( 228 @.@ 0 - 216 @.@ 5 Mya ) , were joined by the superficially very similar . are distinguished from by the positioning of their eye sockets near the front of their skulls . Another group of , the , had wide heads with external gills , and adapted to life at the bottom of lakes and rivers . By this time , had become a common and widespread component of semiaquatic ecosystems . Some , such as and , even inhabited Antarctica , which was covered in temperate forests at the time . " " . by exclusively almost inhabited were they as , diversity little had have to seem environments These . areas certain in individuals dead accumulating currents of result the probably instead were assemblages dense these show studies Recent . environments floodplain in droughts by caused events death mass as interpreted been often have They . States United southwestern the in found been have together preserved individuals of hundreds with of assemblages Large . environments their in animals semiaquatic dominant the often were Triassic "," Triassic were often the dominant semiaquatic animals in their environments . Large assemblages of with hundreds of individuals preserved together have been found in the southwestern United States . They have often been interpreted as mass death events caused by droughts in floodplain environments . Recent studies show these dense assemblages were instead probably the result of currents accumulating dead individuals in certain areas . These environments seem to have had little diversity , as they were inhabited almost exclusively by . " " . ) lb 100 @,@ 1 ( kg 500 of weight estimated an with , the of largest the of one was . them with competed have would normally that crocodiles for winter the in cold too were that valleys rift in survived It . Australia of Cretaceous Early the from known , giant the was temnospondyl known recent most The . Gondwana in common became the and China in flourished the , Among . Jurassic the during sizes large to grew and persisted , extinct became soon groups two latter the While . and few a as well as , survived The . Mesozoic most of extinction the to led Mya 6 @.@ 199 around event extinction Jurassic @-@ Triassic The "," The Triassic @-@ Jurassic extinction event around 199 @.@ 6 Mya led to the extinction of most Mesozoic . The survived , as well as a few and . While the latter two groups soon became extinct , persisted and grew to large sizes during the Jurassic . Among , the flourished in China and the became common in Gondwana . The most recent known temnospondyl was the giant , known from the Early Cretaceous of Australia . It survived in rift valleys that were too cold in the winter for crocodiles that normally would have competed with them . was one of the largest of the , with an estimated weight of 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) . " " : groups recognized currently showing of taxonomy simplified a is Below . valid considered still is but , group a as recognized longer no is . category any into fit not do that morphologies intermediate have taxa Other . column vertebral same the in points different at vertebrae and , , have Some . clear entirely not is vertebrae and between distinction the , Moreover . of group one to unique not is and , tetrapods primitive many in found is condition basic The . viable longer no is classification this , phylogenetics of growth recent the With . suborder the in placed were vertebrae simpler with forms aquatic Triassic large and , suborder the in placed were , elements separate of number a of consisting vertebrae complex with , forms Early . vertebrae their of structure the to according classified were , Originally "," Originally , were classified according to the structure of their vertebrae . Early forms , with complex vertebrae consisting of a number of separate elements , were placed in the suborder , and large Triassic aquatic forms with simpler vertebrae were placed in the suborder . With the recent growth of phylogenetics , this classification is no longer viable . The basic condition is found in many primitive tetrapods , and is not unique to one group of . Moreover , the distinction between and vertebrae is not entirely clear . Some have , , and vertebrae at different points in the same vertebral column . Other taxa have intermediate morphologies that do not fit into any category . is no longer recognized as a group , but is still considered valid . Below is a simplified taxonomy of showing currently recognized groups : " " Amphibia Class "," Class Amphibia " " Temnospondyli Order "," Order Temnospondyli " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " ) ( Family "," Family ( ) " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Suborder "," Suborder " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Clade "," Clade " " Clade "," Clade " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " ) uncertain is placement ( Family "," Family ( placement is uncertain ) " " Family "," Family " " Suborder "," Suborder " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Clade "," Clade " " ) ( Superfamily "," Superfamily ( ) " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Family "," Family " " Infraorder "," Infraorder " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " Superfamily "," Superfamily " " . synapomorphies called are characteristics shared These . blade iliac single a having side each with girdle pelvic a and , ribs the on ) processes uncinate ( projections small , skull the of back the at and the between contact the including , ) 1987 ( . al et Godfrey by given were features Additional . arch neural the to attaches the called vertebra the of part and ; thin is , girdle pectoral the in bone a , the ; upward projects and the to connected is ) hearing in involved bone a ( stapes the ; the between present are vacuities called openings large ; pterygoid the , skull the of underside the on bone another to connected is , the , skull the of back the at bone a : clade a Temnospondyli made that characteristics five recognized ) 1983 ( Gardiner , group the of analyses phylogenetic earliest the of one In "," In one of the earliest phylogenetic analyses of the group , Gardiner ( 1983 ) recognized five characteristics that made Temnospondyli a clade : a bone at the back of the skull , the , is connected to another bone on the underside of the skull , the pterygoid ; large openings called vacuities are present between the ; the stapes ( a bone involved in hearing ) is connected to the and projects upward ; the , a bone in the pectoral girdle , is thin ; and part of the vertebra called the attaches to the neural arch . Additional features were given by Godfrey et al . ( 1987 ) , including the contact between the and at the back of the skull , small projections ( uncinate processes ) on the ribs , and a pelvic girdle with each side having a single iliac blade . These shared characteristics are called synapomorphies . " " : crown within Temnospondyli placing ) 2003 ( . al et from cladogram a is Below . crown within them place would which , of descendants as suggested been recently have amphibians Modern . group crown the outside are that forms are tetrapods stem and tetrapods living all of ancestor common recent most the of descendants are tetrapods group @-@ Crown . of stem the or group crown the in included either are they , amphibians modern of classification the on Depending . studies between varying positioning exact their with , analyses phylogenetic in tetrapods basal as placed are "," are placed as basal tetrapods in phylogenetic analyses , with their exact positioning varying between studies . Depending on the classification of modern amphibians , they are either included in the crown group or the stem of . Crown @-@ group tetrapods are descendants of the most recent common ancestor of all living tetrapods and stem tetrapods are forms that are outside the crown group . Modern amphibians have recently been suggested as descendants of , which would place them within crown . Below is a cladogram from et al . ( 2003 ) placing Temnospondyli within crown : " " : crown outside Temnospondyli placing ) 1999 ( Reisz and Laurin from cladogram a is Below . of stem the within position basal more a in place and of descendants the as amphibians modern place studies Other "," Other studies place modern amphibians as the descendants of and place in a more basal position within the stem of . Below is a cladogram from Laurin and Reisz ( 1999 ) placing Temnospondyli outside crown : " " : ) 2007 ( . al et from modified is cladogram following The . studies previous of trees level @-@ family the combining , families temnospondyl all of "" "" a made study 2007 A . 1990 in Milner Andrew paleontologist by conducted was phylogeny temnospondyl of studies scale @-@ broad first the of One . families individual on focus interrelationships temnospondyl of analyses phylogenetic Most "," Most phylogenetic analyses of temnospondyl interrelationships focus on individual families . One of the first broad @-@ scale studies of temnospondyl phylogeny was conducted by paleontologist Andrew Milner in 1990 . A 2007 study made a "" "" of all temnospondyl families , combining the family @-@ level trees of previous studies . The following cladogram is modified from et al . ( 2007 ) : " " 14 , 13 , 12 , 11 , 10 , 9 , 8 , 7 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 3 , 2 , Temnospondyli 1 "," 1 Temnospondyli , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 " " . record fossil the in known yet not are that species of lineage ghost long a implying , basal other than younger years million 40 almost are They . Permian Late the from come yet primitive also are , Niger from 2005 in described both , and . and include primitive Other . position derived more a in outside place analyses Recent . Carboniferous Early the of stage the during ago years million 330 over present been having , species oldest the is . family temnospondyl known oldest the is and , in included been also has . family the and genus Carboniferous Late the include . other in absent is that the called bone a and condyle occipital single a including , features plesiomorphic or primitive several have . superfamily the is of group basal most The "," The most basal group of is the superfamily . have several primitive or plesiomorphic features , including a single occipital condyle and a bone called the that is absent in other . include the Late Carboniferous genus and the family . has also been included in , and is the oldest known temnospondyl family . is the oldest species , having been present over 330 million years ago during the stage of the Early Carboniferous . Recent analyses place outside in a more derived position . Other primitive include and . and , both described in 2005 from Niger , are also primitive yet come from the Late Permian . They are almost 40 million years younger than other basal , implying a long ghost lineage of species that are not yet known in the fossil record . " " . the , derived most the and superfamily the are Within . groups Permian some as well as , Mesozoic most includes , , clade major second The . like larger include . amphibians modern of ancestors the be may that terrestrial mostly , small include . the and the , subfamilies two includes and called once were that the includes . and were clades major Two . clades new several naming , derived more of phylogeny revised a produced Warren Anne and Yates Adam paleontologists , 2000 In "," In 2000 , paleontologists Adam Yates and Anne Warren produced a revised phylogeny of more derived , naming several new clades . Two major clades were and . includes the that were once called and includes two subfamilies , the and the . include small , mostly terrestrial that may be the ancestors of modern amphibians . include larger like . The second major clade , , includes most Mesozoic , as well as some Permian groups . Within are the superfamily and the most derived , the . " " . basal as them keeps study 2008 a while , than basal more even them places study 2007 a , example For . position their on disagree studies recent more but , within placed They . Triassic and , Permian , Carboniferous the from aquatic small of clade a , named also Warren and Yates "," Yates and Warren also named , a clade of small aquatic from the Carboniferous , Permian , and Triassic . They placed within , but more recent studies disagree on their position . For example , a 2007 study places them even more basal than , while a 2008 study keeps them as basal . " " . of family primitive a be to considered still are but , with grouped now are and . analyses recent in clade true a as supported often not is , used widely still are and While . and , , like groups included and , or either in placed be not could that primitive more included group This . the , of clade major third a named Milner Andrew and Schoch Rainer paleontologists , 2000 In . heads their of front the near eyes with and , Cretaceous the into survived that , aquatic , marine large including , of diversity a include . skull the of back the near eyes and heads flat with Mastodonsaurus like semiaquatic large include . and : clades major two erected Warren and Yates , Within "," Within , Yates and Warren erected two major clades : and . include large semiaquatic like Mastodonsaurus with flat heads and eyes near the back of the skull . include a diversity of , including large marine , aquatic , that survived into the Cretaceous , and with eyes near the front of their heads . In 2000 , paleontologists Rainer Schoch and Andrew Milner named a third major clade of , the . This group included more primitive that could not be placed in either or , and included groups like , , and . While and are still widely used , is not often supported as a true clade in recent analyses . and are now grouped with , but are still considered to be a primitive family of . " " : analysis 's Schoch from cladogram the is Below . and except all containing clade the for name the reinstated and except all containing clade the named Schoch , addition In . named was and including clade The . with grouped were which , to than to related closely more be to found were . and into derived of division their for support find not did it but , Warren and Yates by found were that clades the of many supported It . 2013 in Schoch Rainer paleontologist by offered was of phylogeny new A "," A new phylogeny of was offered by paleontologist Rainer Schoch in 2013 . It supported many of the clades that were found by Yates and Warren , but it did not find support for their division of derived into and . were found to be more closely related to than to , which were grouped with . The clade including and was named . In addition , Schoch named the clade containing all except and reinstated the name for the clade containing all except and . Below is the cladogram from Schoch 's analysis : " " . amphibians modern of origin the for theories main three are there , evidence fossil Using . technique same the using Permian Middle the in appeared have to estimated is ) caecilians not but , salamanders and frogs ( Batrachia of member first the but , Carboniferous Late the in first the place estimates clock Molecular . Permian the in arisen have to appear . Lissamphibia in classified are ) caecilians and , salamanders , frogs ( amphibians Modern "," Modern amphibians ( frogs , salamanders , and caecilians ) are classified in Lissamphibia . appear to have arisen in the Permian . Molecular clock estimates place the first in the Late Carboniferous , but the first member of Batrachia ( frogs and salamanders , but not caecilians ) is estimated to have appeared in the Middle Permian using the same technique . Using fossil evidence , there are three main theories for the origin of modern amphibians . " " . from evolved salamanders and frogs and from descended caecilians that is hypothesis third A . the likely most , from evolved they that is Another . from evolved they that is One "," One is that they evolved from . Another is that they evolved from , most likely the . A third hypothesis is that caecilians descended from and frogs and salamanders evolved from . " " . fossils and amphibians living in seen is pattern This . tooth the of center the in area an leaving , base the at resumes . teeth pedicellate in abruptly stops tip the from calcification but , tooth the of base the to downward proceeds normally . tips their at to begin teeth , tetrapods most of development the During . bases and tips calcified have teeth pedicellate , many and lissamphibians in Seen . lissamphibians of origin temnospondyl the of favor in argument convincing most the as cited been has immature or paedomorphic , small in teeth pedicellate , bicuspid of presence the but , salamanders and frogs modern of those to compared been has small some of morphology skull The . support wide gained has lissamphibians all of ancestors the were that theory the , Recently "," Recently , the theory that were the ancestors of all lissamphibians has gained wide support . The skull morphology of some small has been compared to those of modern frogs and salamanders , but the presence of bicuspid , pedicellate teeth in small , paedomorphic or immature has been cited as the most convincing argument in favor of the temnospondyl origin of lissamphibians . Seen in lissamphibians and many , pedicellate teeth have calcified tips and bases . During the development of most tetrapods , teeth begin to at their tips . normally proceeds downward to the base of the tooth , but calcification from the tip stops abruptly in pedicellate teeth . resumes at the base , leaving an area in the center of the tooth . This pattern is seen in living amphibians and fossils . " " : Lissamphibia and , , of relationships the showing ) 2010 ( Bolt and from modified cladogram a is Below . is than lissamphibians of relative closer a being it to point also surface skull smooth the and , ribs short the , skull the of back the and palate the of shape the including features Other . relationship close a for evidence as used been also has and frogs of that to similar is , drum ear an like functions that membrane like @-@ disk a , tympanum its of structure The . lissamphibians and between position transitional inferred its to reference in "" connecting "" means annectens name specific the and , "" "" a as described first was It . amphibians modern of relative a was it that naming its after soon conclude to paleontologists some led has jaws its in teeth pedicellate of presence the and , 1969 since known was , Unlike . lissamphibians to related closely more even be to thought now is annectens called of species Another . analysis phylogenetic a in group the of taxon sister the as placed was and lissamphibians to temnospondyl related closely most the be to thought was It . body like @-@ salamander and head like @-@ frog its for "" "" the nicknamed was and Texas from named was called an , 2008 In . Lissamphibia to related closely most be to thought is family The "," The family is thought to be most closely related to Lissamphibia . In 2008 , an called was named from Texas and was nicknamed the "" "" for its frog @-@ like head and salamander @-@ like body . It was thought to be the most closely related temnospondyl to lissamphibians and was placed as the sister taxon of the group in a phylogenetic analysis . Another species of called annectens is now thought to be even more closely related to lissamphibians . Unlike , was known since 1969 , and the presence of pedicellate teeth in its jaws has led some paleontologists to conclude soon after its naming that it was a relative of modern amphibians . It was first described as a "" "" , and the specific name annectens means "" connecting "" in reference to its inferred transitional position between and lissamphibians . The structure of its tympanum , a disk @-@ like membrane that functions like an ear drum , is similar to that of frogs and has also been used as evidence for a close relationship . Other features including the shape of the palate and the back of the skull , the short ribs , and the smooth skull surface also point to it being a closer relative of lissamphibians than is . Below is a cladogram modified from and Bolt ( 2010 ) showing the relationships of , , and Lissamphibia : " " . feeding of type this to returned also and aquatic independently became and . Permian the in were feeders aquatic primarily first The . organisms aquatic toward diets their shifted and , water in life toward adapted better became Some . land on fed also , life terrestrial to adapted well some , and , Later . land on feed to ability the had they , semiaquatic primarily were earliest the Although "," Although the earliest were primarily semiaquatic , they had the ability to feed on land . Later , and , some well adapted to terrestrial life , also fed on land . Some became better adapted toward life in water , and shifted their diets toward aquatic organisms . The first primarily aquatic feeders were in the Permian . and became independently aquatic and also returned to this type of feeding . " " . mouth its opening rapidly by feed suction could it that suggesting , skull the behind attachment muscle for area large a and teeth small very has . to attached have may muscles that skeleton a has also , of relative close a , . girdle pectoral large the to attached were that neck the in muscles larger used they that thought now is it but , muscles jaw strong with heads their lifted these that thought was it time the At . way this in fed also that suggesting , 1959 in idea the supported also Panchen A.L. Paleontologist . movement same the make to able was , than temnospondyl larger much a , Mastodonsaurus that envisioned He . in feeding of means a as lifting skull suggest to first the was Watson . movement such for adapted well as not are they but , skulls their lifted also probably Other . outward protrude to jaw lower the causes and forward pushes bone quadrate the , raised is skull the As . neck the of vertebra atlas the and skull the of condyles occipital the between joint occipital @-@ the of flexing the through horizontal above ° 50 around to skull its lifted have to thought is . adapted highly most the of one is and , known well is the of mechanics jaw The . jaws lower their lowering of instead skulls their lifting by mouths their opened probably they , feeding When . heads flattened have aquatic Most "," Most aquatic have flattened heads . When feeding , they probably opened their mouths by lifting their skulls instead of lowering their lower jaws . The jaw mechanics of the is well known , and is one of the most highly adapted . is thought to have lifted its skull to around 50 ° above horizontal through the flexing of the @-@ occipital joint between the occipital condyles of the skull and the atlas vertebra of the neck . As the skull is raised , the quadrate bone pushes forward and causes the lower jaw to protrude outward . Other probably also lifted their skulls , but they are not as well adapted for such movement . Watson was the first to suggest skull lifting as a means of feeding in . He envisioned that Mastodonsaurus , a much larger temnospondyl than , was able to make the same movement . Paleontologist A.L. Panchen also supported the idea in 1959 , suggesting that also fed in this way . At the time it was thought that these lifted their heads with strong jaw muscles , but it is now thought that they used larger muscles in the neck that were attached to the large pectoral girdle . , a close relative of , also has a skeleton that muscles may have attached to . has very small teeth and a large area for muscle attachment behind the skull , suggesting that it could suction feed by rapidly opening its mouth . " " . biting by fed and terrestrial exclusively almost were that tetrapods first the among were like . underwater feeding suction during experienced been have would tension This . tension withstand to built also were skulls their that in like from differ ancestors tetrapod and tetrapods aquatic Earlier . prey on down biting when experienced been have would forces . compression of degree high a withstand to able are the in skull the of bones the between sutures The . prey living @-@ land biting for adapted are that skulls have terrestrial , semiaquatic Unlike "," Unlike semiaquatic , terrestrial have skulls that are adapted for biting land @-@ living prey . The sutures between the bones of the skull in the are able to withstand a high degree of compression . forces would have been experienced when biting down on prey . Earlier aquatic tetrapods and tetrapod ancestors differ from like in that their skulls were also built to withstand tension . This tension would have been experienced during suction feeding underwater . like were among the first tetrapods that were almost exclusively terrestrial and fed by biting . " " . found were eggs the which in deposit the from amphibians common most the also are They . strategies reproductive similar had probably and , amphibians modern of relatives close be to likely are they because from be to thought are eggs The . eggs the with preserved are fossils body no because known be cannot them laid that amphibian of type the but , ) mucous lack eggs their ( fish not , amphibians by laid were eggs the that show membranes mucous The . frogs modern like much plants aquatic on eggs laid these that suggesting , fossils plant to attached are They . coatings mucous likely most are that them surrounding areas like @-@ halo and membranes probably are that membranes thin with disks small of consist fossils The . eggs amphibian of fossils known first the were They . of masses egg be may that 1998 in Texas of Permian Early the from described were fossils Several . them fertilize to sperm released males while water in eggs of masses laid have would female , frogs living most Like . fertilization external through reproduced probably Most . environments aquatic in reproduced , amphibians all like , "," , like all amphibians , reproduced in aquatic environments . Most probably reproduced through external fertilization . Like most living frogs , female would have laid masses of eggs in water while males released sperm to fertilize them . Several fossils were described from the Early Permian of Texas in 1998 that may be egg masses of . They were the first known fossils of amphibian eggs . The fossils consist of small disks with thin membranes that are probably membranes and halo @-@ like areas surrounding them that are most likely mucous coatings . They are attached to plant fossils , suggesting that these laid eggs on aquatic plants much like modern frogs . The mucous membranes show that the eggs were laid by amphibians , not fish ( their eggs lack mucous ) , but the type of amphibian that laid them cannot be known because no body fossils are preserved with the eggs . The eggs are thought to be from because they are likely to be close relatives of modern amphibians , and probably had similar reproductive strategies . They are also the most common amphibians from the deposit in which the eggs were found . " " . fossilized animal the as pouch pharyngeal the into pushed were and throat the in located originally were individuals smaller these of bones the , case the was this If . today do amphibians many like young its eating , cannibalistic was that is possibility alternative An . way this in young its for cared it if to analogue modern closest the be would and mouth a also is Frog 's Darwin living The . pouches these in found been have individuals younger to belonging bones Small . pouch pharyngeal the called gills the between area an in young brooded have may , the , temnospondyl One "," One temnospondyl , the , may have brooded young in an area between the gills called the pharyngeal pouch . Small bones belonging to younger individuals have been found in these pouches . The living Darwin 's Frog is also a mouth and would be the closest modern analogue to if it cared for its young in this way . An alternative possibility is that was cannibalistic , eating its young like many amphibians do today . If this was the case , the bones of these smaller individuals were originally located in the throat and were pushed into the pharyngeal pouch as the animal fossilized . " " . salamanders modern in seen are behavior courtship similar and fertilization Internal . display courtship a be may what in another of tail the under rests individual one of head The . gregarious were the that shows sandstone of block one in individuals three of presence The . water in mating than rather fertilization internal through reproduced They . amphibians modern some like land on mated terrestrial some that suggest Pennsylvania from Carboniferous Early of impressions Body "," Body impressions of Early Carboniferous from Pennsylvania suggest that some terrestrial mated on land like some modern amphibians . They reproduced through internal fertilization rather than mating in water . The presence of three individuals in one block of sandstone shows that the were gregarious . The head of one individual rests under the tail of another in what may be a courtship display . Internal fertilization and similar courtship behavior are seen in modern salamanders . " " . specimens adult from known only are they but , gills retained they because neotenic also were the and . neoteny as known is what in size body small and gills as such juveniles of features retain but , metamorphose fully not do of types Several . land on living of capable adults into developing larvae aquatic with , and , , in seen is Metamorphosis . specimens larval and juvenile from known are several , specimens mature in features of basis the on distinguished are of types most While "," While most types of are distinguished on the basis of features in mature specimens , several are known from juvenile and larval specimens . Metamorphosis is seen in , , and , with aquatic larvae developing into adults capable of living on land . Several types of do not fully metamorphose , but retain features of juveniles such as gills and small body size in what is known as neoteny . and the were also neotenic because they retained gills , but they are only known from adult specimens . " " . size body in increase an and , bones postcranial of thickening the , bones skull of strengthening and reshaping the including , metamorphosis in occur changes body Major . adults and larvae in seen also is scales of covering dense A . gills external have not did but bones possess also mature fully some , However . life in to attach would gills that bones of series a , apparatus a of presence the and bones developed poorly by distinguished often are larvae "," larvae are often distinguished by poorly developed bones and the presence of a apparatus , a series of bones that gills would attach to in life . However , some fully mature also possess bones but did not have external gills . A dense covering of scales is also seen in larvae and adults . Major body changes occur in metamorphosis , including the reshaping and strengthening of skull bones , the thickening of postcranial bones , and an increase in body size . " " . sulci deeper with skulls their on pitting more have usually individuals oldest The . maturity past larger grew individuals that show and like of Fossils . seasons in change the with varied rate growth that indication an possibly , marks growth show like some of bones The . slows rate growth and formed fully have bones most , reached is maturity Once . development of most through absent entirely are ischium and the and , stages early the in absent are fingers and ribs , developed poorly are bones limb and Vertebrae . slowly more happening ) bone by cartilage of replacement the ( ossification with , skull the as rate same the at develop not does skeleton postcranial The . lost are palate the covered once that teeth Small . disappear gills external the , continues development As . ridges larger by followed , form to first the are pits spaced regularly , Small . time this at develops also roof skull the of surface the on ornamentation The . development of stages early the in change bones skull of proportions and shape the , species these In . shape body in change extreme an showing , larvae small and specimens adult large both from known are like "," like are known from both large adult specimens and small larvae , showing an extreme change in body shape . In these species , the shape and proportions of skull bones change in the early stages of development . The ornamentation on the surface of the skull roof also develops at this time . Small , regularly spaced pits are the first to form , followed by larger ridges . As development continues , the external gills disappear . Small teeth that once covered the palate are lost . The postcranial skeleton does not develop at the same rate as the skull , with ossification ( the replacement of cartilage by bone ) happening more slowly . Vertebrae and limb bones are poorly developed , ribs and fingers are absent in the early stages , and the and ischium are entirely absent through most of development . Once maturity is reached , most bones have fully formed and growth rate slows . The bones of some like show growth marks , possibly an indication that growth rate varied with the change in seasons . Fossils of like and show that individuals grew larger past maturity . The oldest individuals usually have more pitting on their skulls with deeper sulci . " " . neotenic were all not that indicating , lifestyle terrestrial a toward adaptations with described were gracilis of specimens large , Recently . juveniles to similar lifestyle aquatic an had likely Adults . mature fully when cartilaginous partly still were but quickly developed skeletons postcranial their , other Unlike . neotenic were these that suggests forms adult adapted of lack the but , specimens among sizes of range wide the in exhibited is series growth entire An . gills external and skin preserving fossils many by represented are and like . specimens larval from known also is , the , of group One "," One group of , the , is also known from larval specimens . like and are represented by many fossils preserving skin and external gills . An entire growth series is exhibited in the wide range of sizes among specimens , but the lack of adapted adult forms suggests that these were neotenic . Unlike other , their postcranial skeletons developed quickly but were still partly cartilaginous when fully mature . Adults likely had an aquatic lifestyle similar to juveniles . Recently , large specimens of gracilis were described with adaptations toward a terrestrial lifestyle , indicating that not all were neotenic . " " . lifestyle terrestrial a toward adapted less became they larger grew bodies their as that meaning , in case the not is This . body the of rest the than rate greater a at grow would they that meaning , allometry positive with thicken to have would bones limb 's temnospondyl a , lifestyle terrestrial a maintain To . land on about move probably could and , stress this withstand to enough thick are that bones have individuals Juvenile . locomotion terrestrial of stress the withstand not could they that shows adult in bones limb of thickness sectional @-@ cross The . land on movement for developed highly not are bones Their . lifestyle semiaquatic a to adapted were adult , Mesozoic other Like . stage juvenile their in terrestrial been have to appear most , life of stages early in aquatic are most While "," While most are aquatic in early stages of life , most appear to have been terrestrial in their juvenile stage . Like other Mesozoic , adult were adapted to a semiaquatic lifestyle . Their bones are not highly developed for movement on land . The cross @-@ sectional thickness of limb bones in adult shows that they could not withstand the stress of terrestrial locomotion . Juvenile individuals have bones that are thick enough to withstand this stress , and could probably move about on land . To maintain a terrestrial lifestyle , a temnospondyl 's limb bones would have to thicken with positive allometry , meaning that they would grow at a greater rate than the rest of the body . This is not the case in , meaning that as their bodies grew larger they became less adapted toward a terrestrial lifestyle . " " . reptiles and amphibians living of that to ancestral supposedly system hearing a possessed , Thus . amniotes of drum ear the form to progressed and organ hearing a as evolution tetrapod in early very developed tympanum the that thought traditionally was It . tetrapods advanced more of drum ear the to similar is and , hearing in involved is tympanum The . frogs living in area like @-@ disk a as seen is which , tympanum the called membrane a by covered been have would notch otic the , life In . region cheek the into project that skull the of back the in notches otic rounded have tetrapods early other and "," and other early tetrapods have rounded otic notches in the back of the skull that project into the cheek region . In life , the otic notch would have been covered by a membrane called the tympanum , which is seen as a disk @-@ like area in living frogs . The tympanum is involved in hearing , and is similar to the ear drum of more advanced tetrapods . It was traditionally thought that the tympanum developed very early in tetrapod evolution as a hearing organ and progressed to form the ear drum of amniotes . Thus , possessed a hearing system supposedly ancestral to that of living amphibians and reptiles . " " . tetrapods other all of those to ancestral not were in structures ear , Therefore . mammals and , birds , reptiles of systems hearing the with homologous considered longer no are amphibians these of tympani the but , homologous are frogs and of tympani the that suggests region otic the of shape the and stapes the of positioning The . fishes finned @-@ lobe of the from evolved likely stapes The . cavity otic the into projects which , stapes a have also . ear inner the to — tympanum homologous or — drum ear the from vibrations transferring by hearing in aids that stapes the called bone like @-@ rod a have tetrapods living other all and Frogs "," Frogs and all other living tetrapods have a rod @-@ like bone called the stapes that aids in hearing by transferring vibrations from the ear drum — or homologous tympanum — to the inner ear . also have a stapes , which projects into the otic cavity . The stapes likely evolved from the of lobe @-@ finned fishes . The positioning of the stapes and the shape of the otic region suggests that the tympani of and frogs are homologous , but the tympani of these amphibians are no longer considered homologous with the hearing systems of reptiles , birds , and mammals . Therefore , ear structures in were not ancestral to those of all other tetrapods . " " . amphibians living of that to ancestral been have may and sound airborne detect to able was related and of system hearing The . sound of transmitter better a also is stapes Its . hearing with associated is and frogs in seen also is which , duct the called ear inner the in structure a has . hearing to adapted regions otic had like Later . ground the in vibration detect to able been have would but sound airborne hear not could like Early . notch otic the covers that tissue the support to functioned have may stapes thick these , Instead . hearing for used not were they that thought now is it so , matching impedance poor with stapes thick have like tetrapods Early . matching impedance called is vibrations transmit effectively to stapes and tympanum the of ability The "," The ability of the tympanum and stapes to effectively transmit vibrations is called impedance matching . Early tetrapods like have thick stapes with poor impedance matching , so it is now thought that they were not used for hearing . Instead , these thick stapes may have functioned to support the tissue that covers the otic notch . Early like could not hear airborne sound but would have been able to detect vibration in the ground . Later like had otic regions adapted to hearing . has a structure in the inner ear called the duct , which is also seen in frogs and is associated with hearing . Its stapes is also a better transmitter of sound . The hearing system of and related was able to detect airborne sound and may have been ancestral to that of living amphibians . " " . 1194 after even perhaps , 1184 after died He . 1158 before layman a became and status clerical his of stripped was he , court ecclesiastical an or secular a either in murder the of convicted never was he Although . archbishop returned newly the murdering of accused was Osbert , 1154 in suddenly died fitzHerbert When . unsuccessful were attempts these but , fitzHerbert of return the prevent to tried Osbert , 1153 in death 's Murdac After . Murdac Henry by replacement and deposition 's fitzHerbert secure to worked and , fitzHerbert William , archbishopric the for candidates the of one to opposed was Osbert , death 's Thurstan After . relative this to positions ecclesiastical his owed probably Osbert , York of Archbishop the , Thurstan of relative A . York of Diocese the in archdeacon and cleric English medieval a was ) 1184 to 1121 floruit ( Bayeux de Osbert "," Osbert de Bayeux ( floruit 1121 to 1184 ) was a medieval English cleric and archdeacon in the Diocese of York . A relative of Thurstan , the Archbishop of York , Osbert probably owed his ecclesiastical positions to this relative . After Thurstan 's death , Osbert was opposed to one of the candidates for the archbishopric , William fitzHerbert , and worked to secure fitzHerbert 's deposition and replacement by Henry Murdac . After Murdac 's death in 1153 , Osbert tried to prevent the return of fitzHerbert , but these attempts were unsuccessful . When fitzHerbert died suddenly in 1154 , Osbert was accused of murdering the newly returned archbishop . Although he was never convicted of the murder in either a secular or an ecclesiastical court , he was stripped of his clerical status and became a layman before 1158 . He died after 1184 , perhaps even after 1194 . " " . nephew 's Thurstan as explicitly Osbert names , 1138 around to dating , 's Thurstan of charter A . age young a at appointed probably was and uncle his to archdeacon as position his owed he Presumably . 1140 to 1114 from York of Archbishop was who , Thurstan of nephew the was He . Richmond of archdeaconry the held probably he that means which , "" archdeacon Osbert "" as him lists document This . list witness authentic an contains probably , forgery a likely although which , charter a in appears he when 1128 and 1121 between record historical the in mentioned first was Osbert "," Osbert was first mentioned in the historical record between 1121 and 1128 when he appears in a charter , which although likely a forgery , probably contains an authentic witness list . This document lists him as "" Osbert archdeacon "" , which means that he probably held the archdeaconry of Richmond . He was the nephew of Thurstan , who was Archbishop of York from 1114 to 1140 . Presumably he owed his position as archdeacon to his uncle and was probably appointed at a young age . A charter of Thurstan 's , dating to around 1138 , names Osbert explicitly as Thurstan 's nephew . " " . deposition the with helped and stance his changed then but , abbot for choice 's Murdac , Elias supported had Osbert , Originally . abbot another appointed and Selby of abbot as choice 's Murdac deposed Osbert , 1153 In . another appointed and abbot one deposed had Murdac where , Abbey Selby in interventions 's Murdac oppose did he , 1147 after Murdac of supporter a remained he Although . Murdac Henry successor and rival 's William supported and York of Archbishop as fitzHerbert William of election the to opposed was Osbert "," Osbert was opposed to the election of William fitzHerbert as Archbishop of York and supported William 's rival and successor Henry Murdac . Although he remained a supporter of Murdac after 1147 , he did oppose Murdac 's interventions in Selby Abbey , where Murdac had deposed one abbot and appointed another . In 1153 , Osbert deposed Murdac 's choice as abbot of Selby and appointed another abbot . Originally , Osbert had supported Elias , Murdac 's choice for abbot , but then changed his stance and helped with the deposition . " " . 'Évêque L Pont de Roger , archbishop new the of election quick the secured , York of Dean the , Ghent of Robert with along , Osbert and , however , York to return his after week a died William . reappointment 's William prevent to attempts his in unsuccessful was but , archbishop as return 's William to opposed was Osbert , 1153 in death 's Murdac After "," After Murdac 's death in 1153 , Osbert was opposed to William 's return as archbishop , but was unsuccessful in his attempts to prevent William 's reappointment . William died a week after his return to York , however , and Osbert , along with Robert of Ghent , the Dean of York , secured the quick election of the new archbishop , Roger de Pont L 'Évêque . " " . 1180 and 1175 between delegate @-@ judges papal to referred was court papal the to appeal further A . III Alexander and IV Adrian , popes two before appeared apparently Osbert but , exists judgment any of record No . court papal a to case the of transfer the prompting , innocence his prove to unable was Osbert but , witnesses any produce not did accuser 's Osbert and 1156 in held finally was trial A . Canterbury of Theobald Archbishop by efforts his in supported was and court ecclesiastical an to switched trial the have to attempted Osbert . resolution a prevented death subsequent 's Stephen but , 1154 in Michaelmas at England of Stephen King by over presided council royal a at charges the on hearing a obtained . Osbert against charges murder brought , archbishop deceased the of chaplain a been had who , , cleric fellow A . chalice communion the through him poisoning by specifically , William murdering of accused was Osbert "," Osbert was accused of murdering William , specifically by poisoning him through the communion chalice . A fellow cleric , , who had been a chaplain of the deceased archbishop , brought murder charges against Osbert . obtained a hearing on the charges at a royal council presided over by King Stephen of England at Michaelmas in 1154 , but Stephen 's subsequent death prevented a resolution . Osbert attempted to have the trial switched to an ecclesiastical court and was supported in his efforts by Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury . A trial was finally held in 1156 and Osbert 's accuser did not produce any witnesses , but Osbert was unable to prove his innocence , prompting the transfer of the case to a papal court . No record of any judgment exists , but Osbert apparently appeared before two popes , Adrian IV and Alexander III . A further appeal to the papal court was referred to papal judges @-@ delegate between 1175 and 1180 . " " . ordeal the from clergy the forbade law canon since meaningless essentially was this , ordeal by trial a undergoing by accusations his prove to offered had accuser 's Osbert although that him remind to pope the to wrote , Hereford of Bishop was who , Foliot Gilbert , contemporary Another . innocent was he that swear to willing clergy other secure to failed had he , Osbert about say might others what matter no that pope the to out pointed John , letter the of section the In . business unrelated on III Alexander to letter a in Osbert about information added , Theobald for secretary a was who , Salisbury of John . writers contemporary two by commentary attracted case The "," The case attracted commentary by two contemporary writers . John of Salisbury , who was a secretary for Theobald , added information about Osbert in a letter to Alexander III on unrelated business . In the section of the letter , John pointed out to the pope that no matter what others might say about Osbert , he had failed to secure other clergy willing to swear that he was innocent . Another contemporary , Gilbert Foliot , who was Bishop of Hereford , wrote to the pope to remind him that although Osbert 's accuser had offered to prove his accusations by undergoing a trial by ordeal , this was essentially meaningless since canon law forbade the clergy from the ordeal . " " . dead or time that at alive was Osbert if unclear is roll escheat the in transaction that of record the as , lands 's Osbert of farm the for responsible was Bardulf Hugh when , 1194 as late as alive been have may and , then York at document a to witness a was he as , 1184 in alive still was Osbert . Tilly de Hugh for steward a as acted also He . Skipton and Lacy in lands including , lord secular a as land held he though even "" archdeacon "" himself call to continued , however , Osbert . point that by attested is successor his as , 1158 by archdeacon longer no was Osbert "," Osbert was no longer archdeacon by 1158 , as his successor is attested by that point . Osbert , however , continued to call himself "" archdeacon "" even though he held land as a secular lord , including lands in Lacy and Skipton . He also acted as a steward for Hugh de Tilly . Osbert was still alive in 1184 , as he was a witness to a document at York then , and may have been alive as late as 1194 , when Hugh Bardulf was responsible for the farm of Osbert 's lands , as the record of that transaction in the escheat roll is unclear if Osbert was alive at that time or dead . " " . Hospitallers and Templars the to and York in hospital a to land gave also He . Priory Gisborough and Priory Pontefract , Priory Drax including , monasteries of number a to benefactor a was Osbert . de Turstin and Bayeux de William , sons two had Osbert "," Osbert had two sons , William de Bayeux and Turstin de . Osbert was a benefactor to a number of monasteries , including Drax Priory , Pontefract Priory and Gisborough Priory . He also gave land to a hospital in York and to the Templars and Hospitallers . " " . ) T8.0 - ( pattern eye and , ) @-@ ( pattern eye banding , pattern ) CCC ( cover cold central , ) @-@ T2.5 ( pattern ) CDO ( overcast dense central , ) @-@ ( pattern shear , ) @-@ ( pattern band curved are used patterns primary The . intensity its on bounds lower and upper the define which on take may cyclone a that patterns visual several are there , cyclones tropical for estimate strength satellite Dvorak the Within . images satellite infrared and visible on solely based ) intensities cyclone tropical intense / typhoon / hurricane and , storm tropical , depression tropical includes which ( intensity cyclone tropical estimate to system used widely a is ) Dvorak Vernon by 1984 and 1969 between developed ( technique Dvorak The "," The Dvorak technique ( developed between 1969 and 1984 by Vernon Dvorak ) is a widely used system to estimate tropical cyclone intensity ( which includes tropical depression , tropical storm , and hurricane / typhoon / intense tropical cyclone intensities ) based solely on visible and infrared satellite images . Within the Dvorak satellite strength estimate for tropical cyclones , there are several visual patterns that a cyclone may take on which define the upper and lower bounds on its intensity . The primary patterns used are curved band pattern ( @-@ ) , shear pattern ( @-@ ) , central dense overcast ( CDO ) pattern ( T2.5 @-@ ) , central cold cover ( CCC ) pattern , banding eye pattern ( @-@ ) , and eye pattern ( - T8.0 ) . " " . feature evolving quickly the with associated tops cloud cold the despite , occurring is development little indicates pattern CCC The . number @-@ T particular a at arrive to analyzed further are ) features banding of curvature and length as such ( features storm the , identified is pattern a Once . cyclone tropical the stronger the , is difference temperature the larger The . itself eye the within temperature the with it contrasts and thunderstorms of mass surrounding the within tops cloud the of coldness the utilizes pattern eye The . considered also is overcast dense central the of shape The . ) h / km 65 , mph 40 ( intensity storm tropical minimal to equivalent , T2.5 at start intensities pattern CDO The . CDO the of size the use pattern eye embedded and overcast dense central the Both "," Both the central dense overcast and embedded eye pattern use the size of the CDO . The CDO pattern intensities start at T2.5 , equivalent to minimal tropical storm intensity ( 40 mph , 65 km / h ) . The shape of the central dense overcast is also considered . The eye pattern utilizes the coldness of the cloud tops within the surrounding mass of thunderstorms and contrasts it with the temperature within the eye itself . The larger the temperature difference is , the stronger the tropical cyclone . Once a pattern is identified , the storm features ( such as length and curvature of banding features ) are further analyzed to arrive at a particular T @-@ number . The CCC pattern indicates little development is occurring , despite the cold cloud tops associated with the quickly evolving feature . " " . Hawaii , Harbor Pearl in Command Oceanography and Meteorology Naval the at Center Warning Typhoon Joint the and , ) SAB ( Branch Analysis Satellite / NOAA the , ) TAFB ( Branch Forecast and Analysis Tropical 's Center Hurricane National the including , precursors their and cyclones tropical for numbers intensity Dvorak issue agencies Several "," Several agencies issue Dvorak intensity numbers for tropical cyclones and their precursors , including the National Hurricane Center 's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch ( TAFB ) , the NOAA / Satellite Analysis Branch ( SAB ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . " " . 1977 in modified then , 1975 in Holliday and Atkinson by devised , Pacific northwest the for relationship pressure @-@ wind separate a of development the to led This . Pacific northwest the in high too ) inHg 59 @.@ 0 ( hPa 20 to up and Atlantic the in low too ) inHg 29 @.@ 0 @-@ 15 @.@ 0 ( hPa 10 @-@ 5 were estimates original the as , modification required have cyclones tropical to assigned pressures central The . 1980s and 1970s the in back were they than frequently less used are change intensity term short on Constraints . itself eye the within temperatures warm the with them contrasting and eyewall the within temperatures top cloud the using , eyes with cyclones tropical of strength the of assessment objective more a to led imagery satellite infrared of Use . area pressure @-@ low 's cyclone tropical the of pressure central and intensity cyclone tropical defining in dominant became features cloud of measurement , 1980s and 1970s the through matured technique the As . model decay and development a with features cloud of matching pattern involved conceived initially was it as system The . ocean Pacific northwest the within cyclones tropical of pictures satellite using , Dvorak Vernon by 1969 in occurred technique this of development initial The "," The initial development of this technique occurred in 1969 by Vernon Dvorak , using satellite pictures of tropical cyclones within the northwest Pacific ocean . The system as it was initially conceived involved pattern matching of cloud features with a development and decay model . As the technique matured through the 1970s and 1980s , measurement of cloud features became dominant in defining tropical cyclone intensity and central pressure of the tropical cyclone 's low @-@ pressure area . Use of infrared satellite imagery led to a more objective assessment of the strength of tropical cyclones with eyes , using the cloud top temperatures within the eyewall and contrasting them with the warm temperatures within the eye itself . Constraints on short term intensity change are used less frequently than they were back in the 1970s and 1980s . The central pressures assigned to tropical cyclones have required modification , as the original estimates were 5 @-@ 10 hPa ( 0 @.@ 15 @-@ 0 @.@ 29 inHg ) too low in the Atlantic and up to 20 hPa ( 0 @.@ 59 inHg ) too high in the northwest Pacific . This led to the development of a separate wind @-@ pressure relationship for the northwest Pacific , devised by Atkinson and Holliday in 1975 , then modified in 1977 . " " . technique objective the within estimates pressure central improve helped that latitude with change which temperatures top cloud and tropopause the of slope the to relating 2004 in uncovered was bias pressure central A . center 's cyclone tropical the determine objectively to and intensity hurricane below systems for features banding utilized which developed was technique Dvorak objective advanced an , 2004 By . process the within subjectivity some keeping , placement center manual a required still It . ) strength typhoon or hurricane of ( eyes had that cyclones tropical with best performed which , 1998 in began technique Dvorak objective the of Development . estimates intensity reliable more to lead to period averaging hour @-@ six a use techniques automated , time over fluctuate can patterns satellite cyclone tropical Since . computers powerful more and imagery satellite resolution @-@ higher by aided been have which , programs computer using estimates objective more make to made been have efforts , biases subjective to lead technique the using analysts human As "," As human analysts using the technique lead to subjective biases , efforts have been made to make more objective estimates using computer programs , which have been aided by higher @-@ resolution satellite imagery and more powerful computers . Since tropical cyclone satellite patterns can fluctuate over time , automated techniques use a six @-@ hour averaging period to lead to more reliable intensity estimates . Development of the objective Dvorak technique began in 1998 , which performed best with tropical cyclones that had eyes ( of hurricane or typhoon strength ) . It still required a manual center placement , keeping some subjectivity within the process . By 2004 , an advanced objective Dvorak technique was developed which utilized banding features for systems below hurricane intensity and to objectively determine the tropical cyclone 's center . A central pressure bias was uncovered in 2004 relating to the slope of the tropopause and cloud top temperatures which change with latitude that helped improve central pressure estimates within the objective technique . " " . day per numbers @-@ T 5 @.@ 2 to limited is period hour ‑ 24 per strength in change can cyclone tropical a amount The . number @-@ T given a to corresponds that pressure level sea and speed wind surface approximate the shows right at table The . reasonable more is hours six that indicates Center Hurricane National the from research though , hours 12 for intensity cyclone tropical the as held is CI the , systems weakening For . higher is CI the case which in , storms weakening for except same the are value CI and number @-@ T The . ) intensity maximum ( 8 and ) intensity minimum ( 1 between range measurements These . storm the to assigned are value ) CI ( Intensity Current a and ) Number Tropical for abbreviation an ( "" number @-@ T "" a case each In . ) storm intense more a indicate generally tops cloud colder ( intensity determine to tops cloud cold surrounding the and eye warm the of temperature the between difference the utilizes technique the then , pattern eye visible a with cyclone a for available is imagery satellite infrared If . intensity associated their and patterns storm typical show that templates with compared are features banding and cloud central Various . strengthened or , intensity its maintained , weakened has storm the if determine to hours 24 over tracked are cyclone tropical the of organization and structure The . manner predictable a in appearance in change to tend they , strengthen they as and , features characteristic certain have to tend intensity similar of cyclones that fact the of advantage takes technique the , cyclone developing a In "," In a developing cyclone , the technique takes advantage of the fact that cyclones of similar intensity tend to have certain characteristic features , and as they strengthen , they tend to change in appearance in a predictable manner . The structure and organization of the tropical cyclone are tracked over 24 hours to determine if the storm has weakened , maintained its intensity , or strengthened . Various central cloud and banding features are compared with templates that show typical storm patterns and their associated intensity . If infrared satellite imagery is available for a cyclone with a visible eye pattern , then the technique utilizes the difference between the temperature of the warm eye and the surrounding cold cloud tops to determine intensity ( colder cloud tops generally indicate a more intense storm ) . In each case a "" T @-@ number "" ( an abbreviation for Tropical Number ) and a Current Intensity ( CI ) value are assigned to the storm . These measurements range between 1 ( minimum intensity ) and 8 ( maximum intensity ) . The T @-@ number and CI value are the same except for weakening storms , in which case the CI is higher . For weakening systems , the CI is held as the tropical cyclone intensity for 12 hours , though research from the National Hurricane Center indicates that six hours is more reasonable . The table at right shows the approximate surface wind speed and sea level pressure that corresponds to a given T @-@ number . The amount a tropical cyclone can change in strength per 24 ‑ hour period is limited to 2 @.@ 5 T @-@ numbers per day . " " . challenge a intensity their of diagnosis makes which , imagery satellite infrared and visible within cloudiness by obscured circulations of center their have can ) h / km 160 ( hour per miles 100 and ) h / km 105 ( hour per miles 65 between winds sustained maximum with cyclones Tropical . deemed is it stronger the , CDO the into tucked is center the farther The . considered also is overcast dense central the of shape The . ) ) h / km 64 ( hour per miles 40 ( intensity storm tropical minimal to equivalent , T2.5 at start intensities pattern CDO The . CDO the of size the utilize pattern eye embedded and overcast dense central the Both . pattern ) CCC ( cover cold central and , ) T8.0 - ( pattern eye , ) @-@ ( pattern eye banding , ) @-@ T2.5 ( pattern ) CDO ( overcast dense central , ) @-@ ( pattern shear , ) @-@ ( pattern band curved are used patterns primary The . intensity its on bounds lower and upper the define which on take may cyclone a that patterns visual several are there , cyclones tropical for estimate strength satellite Dvorak the Within "," Within the Dvorak satellite strength estimate for tropical cyclones , there are several visual patterns that a cyclone may take on which define the upper and lower bounds on its intensity . The primary patterns used are curved band pattern ( @-@ ) , shear pattern ( @-@ ) , central dense overcast ( CDO ) pattern ( T2.5 @-@ ) , banding eye pattern ( @-@ ) , eye pattern ( - T8.0 ) , and central cold cover ( CCC ) pattern . Both the central dense overcast and embedded eye pattern utilize the size of the CDO . The CDO pattern intensities start at T2.5 , equivalent to minimal tropical storm intensity ( 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) ) . The shape of the central dense overcast is also considered . The farther the center is tucked into the CDO , the stronger it is deemed . Tropical cyclones with maximum sustained winds between 65 miles per hour ( 105 km / h ) and 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) can have their center of circulations obscured by cloudiness within visible and infrared satellite imagery , which makes diagnosis of their intensity a challenge . " " . seen rarely is it , pattern CDO a resembles it While . center circulation the obscures shield cloud thick the and weaken cyclone tropical the around lines cloud and rainbands , develops it When . development little indicates , frame time short a within center cyclone tropical a near convection of area an from out spreading clouds cirrus thick of mass developing quickly and large its with , pattern CCC The "," The CCC pattern , with its large and quickly developing mass of thick cirrus clouds spreading out from an area of convection near a tropical cyclone center within a short time frame , indicates little development . When it develops , rainbands and cloud lines around the tropical cyclone weaken and the thick cloud shield obscures the circulation center . While it resembles a CDO pattern , it is rarely seen . " " . hour @-@ half every than rather apart minutes taken are pictures whose , imagery satellite geostationary scan rapid using CDO the within features tracking by estimated be also can cyclones tropical within Winds . cyclone tropical the stronger the , is difference temperature the larger The . itself eye the within temperature the with it contrasts and thunderstorms of mass surrounding the within tops cloud the of coldness the utilizes pattern eye The "," The eye pattern utilizes the coldness of the cloud tops within the surrounding mass of thunderstorms and contrasts it with the temperature within the eye itself . The larger the temperature difference is , the stronger the tropical cyclone . Winds within tropical cyclones can also be estimated by tracking features within the CDO using rapid scan geostationary satellite imagery , whose pictures are taken minutes apart rather than every half @-@ hour . " " . number @-@ T particular a at arrive to analyzed further are ) features banding of curvature and length as such ( features storm the , identified is pattern a Once "," Once a pattern is identified , the storm features ( such as length and curvature of banding features ) are further analyzed to arrive at a particular T @-@ number . " " . Hawaii , Harbor Pearl in Center Oceanography and Meteorology Pacific Naval the at Center Warning Typhoon Joint the and , ) SAB ( Branch Analysis Satellite 's Administration Atmospheric and Oceanic National the , ) TAFB ( Branch Forecast and Analysis Tropical 's Center Hurricane National the include These . precursors their and cyclones tropical for numbers intensity Dvorak issue agencies Several "," Several agencies issue Dvorak intensity numbers for tropical cyclones and their precursors . These include the National Hurricane Center 's Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch ( TAFB ) , the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's Satellite Analysis Branch ( SAB ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center at the Naval Pacific Meteorology and Oceanography Center in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . " " : season hurricane Atlantic 2005 the of ) Wilma Hurricane eventually ( 24 Depression Tropical of 3 number discussion from is example following The . products cyclone tropical their in numbers @-@ T Dvorak quote often will Center Hurricane National The "," The National Hurricane Center will often quote Dvorak T @-@ numbers in their tropical cyclone products . The following example is from discussion number 3 of Tropical Depression 24 ( eventually Hurricane Wilma ) of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season : " " . KT 30 TO HAS THE ... . THE 12 LAG WILL ONE THIS LIKE OF THE ... . KT 35 / T2.5 OF A WITH IN SAB AND TAFB "," TAFB AND SAB IN WITH A OF T2.5 / 35 KT . ... THE OF LIKE THIS ONE WILL LAG 12 THE . ... THE HAS TO 30 KT . " " . intensity 's system the set to decided NHC the how determined factors other but guide a as used simply was ) T2.5 case this in ( number @-@ T Dvorak the case this in that Note "," Note that in this case the Dvorak T @-@ number ( in this case T2.5 ) was simply used as a guide but other factors determined how the NHC decided to set the system 's intensity . " " . obvious is weakening rapid when broken is rule this though , hours 12 – 6 for intensity current maximum the to on hold centers Various . landfall cyclone tropical after Dvorak utilize to continue JMA and Observatory Kong Hong . version imagery visible the over Dvorak of version infrared the uses ) JMA ( Agency Meteorological Japan The . maximum convective of hours morning early the during imagery infrared from derived estimates in bias high perceived a to due imagery infrared over imagery satellite visible using prefers ) IMD ( Department Meteorological Indian The . future near the in Dvorak of version 1984 standard the using start to expected is ) CMA ( Agency Meteorological China The . storms tropical weak or depressions tropical for implemented not generally is This . number CI a at arrive to interpretation human subjective than rather algorithms computer uses which technique Dvorak the of version modified a is This . ) ( Technique Dvorak Objective the developed has Madison – Wisconsin of University the at ) CIMSS ( Studies Satellite Meteorological for Institute Cooperative The "," The Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies ( CIMSS ) at the University of Wisconsin – Madison has developed the Objective Dvorak Technique ( ) . This is a modified version of the Dvorak technique which uses computer algorithms rather than subjective human interpretation to arrive at a CI number . This is generally not implemented for tropical depressions or weak tropical storms . The China Meteorological Agency ( CMA ) is expected to start using the standard 1984 version of Dvorak in the near future . The Indian Meteorological Department ( IMD ) prefers using visible satellite imagery over infrared imagery due to a perceived high bias in estimates derived from infrared imagery during the early morning hours of convective maximum . The Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) uses the infrared version of Dvorak over the visible imagery version . Hong Kong Observatory and JMA continue to utilize Dvorak after tropical cyclone landfall . Various centers hold on to the maximum current intensity for 6 – 12 hours , though this rule is broken when rapid weakening is obvious . " " . weather tropical 1970 @-@ post categorize to technique Dvorak the of version modified a uses Center Cyclone site science Citizen "," Citizen science site Cyclone Center uses a modified version of the Dvorak technique to categorize post @-@ 1970 tropical weather . " " Number @-@ T Associated and Storms Tropical Selected of Images Satellite "," Satellite Images of Selected Tropical Storms and Associated T @-@ Number " " . circumstances these under used be can which technique transition extratropical Lander and Miller the of development the to led This . technique Dvorak the using underestimated intensities their see , activity thunderstorm their losing , transition extratropical undergoing Cyclones . 1975 in technique Poteat @-@ Hebert the of development the to led which , Dvorak using determined be cannot intensity cyclone Subtropical . imagery satellite orbiting @-@ polar of use through resolved be can which , technique the using weakly too biased be can image satellite a of , edge or , limb the near eyes small with Systems . 1980s the since constraints the of abandonment occasional to led has and disadvantage 's technique the to work can which , rule the by allowed limit day per numbers T 5 @.@ 2 the than more strength in fluctuate cyclones tropical Some . intensity cyclone tropical in decreases or increases rapid constrains it that in consistent internally is method The . ) h / km 32 ( hour per miles 20 to up of 1977 and 1972 between changes intensity to led technique the in refinements as , true been always not has precision overall Its . certain least the is ) ) h / km 160 ( hour per miles 100 ( force @-@ typhoon or weak and ) ) h / km 97 ( hour per miles 60 ( force storm @-@ tropical moderate between strengths with systems of intensity of assignment the though , time the of half measure to able are aircraft what of ) h / km 0 @.@ 8 ( hour per miles 5 within currently are wind sustained maximum of estimates Intensity . available routinely nor possible neither is reconnaissance aircraft where areas in intensity cyclone tropical of history complete more a provided has it that is technique the of use the of benefit significant most The "," The most significant benefit of the use of the technique is that it has provided a more complete history of tropical cyclone intensity in areas where aircraft reconnaissance is neither possible nor routinely available . Intensity estimates of maximum sustained wind are currently within 5 miles per hour ( 8 @.@ 0 km / h ) of what aircraft are able to measure half of the time , though the assignment of intensity of systems with strengths between moderate tropical @-@ storm force ( 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) ) and weak or typhoon @-@ force ( 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) ) is the least certain . Its overall precision has not always been true , as refinements in the technique led to intensity changes between 1972 and 1977 of up to 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) . The method is internally consistent in that it constrains rapid increases or decreases in tropical cyclone intensity . Some tropical cyclones fluctuate in strength more than the 2 @.@ 5 T numbers per day limit allowed by the rule , which can work to the technique 's disadvantage and has led to occasional abandonment of the constraints since the 1980s . Systems with small eyes near the limb , or edge , of a satellite image can be biased too weakly using the technique , which can be resolved through use of polar @-@ orbiting satellite imagery . Subtropical cyclone intensity cannot be determined using Dvorak , which led to the development of the Hebert @-@ Poteat technique in 1975 . Cyclones undergoing extratropical transition , losing their thunderstorm activity , see their intensities underestimated using the Dvorak technique . This led to the development of the Miller and Lander extratropical transition technique which can be used under these circumstances . " " . County Onondaga in 99 CR and County Cayuga in ) 31B CR ( 31B Route County by replaced and 1980 in removed was designation 31B NY The . York New in highways state of renumbering 1930 the of part as assigned route a , 293 Route State York New replacing , 1933 . c assigned was 31B NY . Elbridge of town County Onondaga the in 5 NY and Weedsport of village County Cayuga the in , route parent its , 31 NY between connector a as served It . States United the in York New central in highway state a was ) 31B NY ( 31B Route State York New "," New York State Route 31B ( NY 31B ) was a state highway in central New York in the United States . It served as a connector between NY 31 , its parent route , in the Cayuga County village of Weedsport and NY 5 in the Onondaga County town of Elbridge . NY 31B was assigned c . 1933 , replacing New York State Route 293 , a route assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . The NY 31B designation was removed in 1980 and replaced by County Route 31B ( CR 31B ) in Cayuga County and CR 99 in Onondaga County . " " . Road Brutus as Brutus of town the entering and Weedsport leaving before 12B CR with intersected highway The . village the through eastward progressed it as businesses and homes residential passing highway the with , urbanized was Weedsport of Much . later ) km 2 @.@ 0 ( miles 1 @.@ 0 than less 34 NY with intersecting , eastward went highway The . Weedsport of village County Cayuga the in , 31 NY , route parent its with intersection an at began 31B NY "," NY 31B began at an intersection with its parent route , NY 31 , in the Cayuga County village of Weedsport . The highway went eastward , intersecting with NY 34 less than 0 @.@ 1 miles ( 0 @.@ 2 km ) later . Much of Weedsport was urbanized , with the highway passing residential homes and businesses as it progressed eastward through the village . The highway intersected with CR 12B before leaving Weedsport and entering the town of Brutus as Brutus Road . " " . Elbridge of town the in 5 NY with intersection an at terminating and County Onondaga into crossing before highways local several intersecting , on continued 31B NY . 15A CR and 14 CR with intersected it where , homes of area isolated an through went highway the , distance short a After . southeast the to turning before Cemetery Rural Weedsport the passing and CR intersecting , town rural the through east the to continued 31B NY , Brutus In "," In Brutus , NY 31B continued to the east through the rural town , intersecting CR and passing the Weedsport Rural Cemetery before turning to the southeast . After a short distance , the highway went through an isolated area of homes , where it intersected with CR 14 and CR 15A . NY 31B continued on , intersecting several local highways before crossing into Onondaga County and terminating at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of Elbridge . " " . removed was designation 31B NY the when , 1980 , 2 January until unchanged remained 31B NY . County Orange in highway another to transferred be to designation 293 NY the allowing , 1933 . c 31B NY to renumbered was 293 NY . York New in highways state of renumbering 1930 the of part as 293 NY as designated originally was 31B NY became What "," What became NY 31B was originally designated as NY 293 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 293 was renumbered to NY 31B c . 1933 , allowing the NY 293 designation to be transferred to another highway in Orange County . NY 31B remained unchanged until January 2 , 1980 , when the NY 31B designation was removed . " " . it preceded that route state the for 31B CR as designated and , 1981 , 1 April on later year one county the to transferred was 31B NY former of section County Cayuga The . 99 CR as designated and , 1980 , 1 April on county the to given was which , County Onondaga within portion the was transferred be to section first The . Onondaga and Cayuga namely , through went it counties the to transferred gradually was routing former 's 31B NY of maintenance and Ownership "," Ownership and maintenance of NY 31B 's former routing was gradually transferred to the counties it went through , namely Cayuga and Onondaga . The first section to be transferred was the portion within Onondaga County , which was given to the county on April 1 , 1980 , and designated as CR 99 . The Cayuga County section of former NY 31B was transferred to the county one year later on April 1 , 1981 , and designated as CR 31B for the state route that preceded it . " " . 21 @-@ Under to 16 @-@ Under from level every at country his represented having , international youth England an is Amos , Additionally . Athletic Oldham and , Molde , United Peterborough at loan on time spent has He . 11 of age the at United Manchester joined but , academy youth 's Alexandra Crewe with career his began Amos , Cheshire , Macclesfield in Born . Wanderers Bolton for goalkeeper a as plays who footballer professional English an is ) 1990 April 10 born ( Amos "" Ben "" Paul Benjamin "," Benjamin Paul "" Ben "" Amos ( born 10 April 1990 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Bolton Wanderers . Born in Macclesfield , Cheshire , Amos began his career with Crewe Alexandra 's youth academy , but joined Manchester United at the age of 11 . He has spent time on loan at Peterborough United , Molde , and Oldham Athletic . Additionally , Amos is an England youth international , having represented his country at every level from Under @-@ 16 to Under @-@ 21 . " " . 11 of age the at United Manchester joined Amos . trials for invited been had he that and him watching been had scout United Manchester a that him told parents his , game the After . title league the with together , 2 – 3 game the win to on went team his and , scored He . kick the take to pitch the up way the all went he , penalty a awarded were they when so , season all taker penalty regular 's team the been also had he , however ; goal in put was Amos , team the on tallest the as and , game the during injured was goalkeeper 's team ' Amos . league the win to match the win to needed they and , table the of top the at team the against team local his for playing was Amos , later year One . midfielder centre a as , United Bollington , team local another for played also he , Crewe at While . 10 of age the at released was he until academy Alexandra Crewe the of member a was and Cheshire , Macclesfield in born was Amos "," Amos was born in Macclesfield , Cheshire and was a member of the Crewe Alexandra academy until he was released at the age of 10 . While at Crewe , he also played for another local team , Bollington United , as a centre midfielder . One year later , Amos was playing for his local team against the team at the top of the table , and they needed to win the match to win the league . Amos ' team 's goalkeeper was injured during the game , and as the tallest on the team , Amos was put in goal ; however , he had also been the team 's regular penalty taker all season , so when they were awarded a penalty , he went all the way up the pitch to take the kick . He scored , and his team went on to win the game 3 – 2 , together with the league title . After the game , his parents told him that a Manchester United scout had been watching him and that he had been invited for trials . Amos joined Manchester United at the age of 11 . " " . shoulder dislocated a with Cup Youth FA 07 – 2006 the of final the missed he , However . 2006 July in contract trainee a signing after 07 – 2006 in 18s @-@ Under the for starter frequent a became but – matches team reserve two for including – season 06 – 2005 the during substitute unused an as named regularly was He . Wanderers Bolton to defeat 0 – 2 a in off sent was Robert @-@ Ron goalkeeper starting after Rose Danny for substitute a as on coming , 2005 October 8 on , later months nine exactly came 18s @-@ Under the for appearance first His . City Manchester against game league a for , 2005 January 8 on time first the for side 18 @-@ Under the for substitute unused an as named was Amos . season 02 – 2001 the in matches 27 of out 19 in playing , team 13 @-@ Under 's club the for starter regular a became Amos , United Manchester at season first his In "," In his first season at Manchester United , Amos became a regular starter for the club 's Under @-@ 13 team , playing in 19 out of 27 matches in the 2001 – 02 season . Amos was named as an unused substitute for the Under @-@ 18 side for the first time on 8 January 2005 , for a league game against Manchester City . His first appearance for the Under @-@ 18s came exactly nine months later , on 8 October 2005 , coming on as a substitute for Danny Rose after starting goalkeeper Ron @-@ Robert was sent off in a 2 – 0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers . He was regularly named as an unused substitute during the 2005 – 06 season – including for two reserve team matches – but became a frequent starter for the Under @-@ 18s in 2006 – 07 after signing a trainee contract in July 2006 . However , he missed the final of the 2006 – 07 FA Youth Cup with a dislocated shoulder . " " . training while injury hand a suffered had who , Foster Ben for replacement late a as up called been having , Cup World Club FIFA 2008 the for squad United Manchester the with Japan to travelled Amos , 2008 December 14 On . Cup League the of round third the in Middlesbrough to home at win 1 – 3 a in 2008 September 23 on debut team @-@ first competitive his made He . minutes 76 after Tomasz replacing Amos with , 2008 July 27 on Portsmouth against play to Nigeria in off stopped United , Africa South from back route En . play not did but , tour the of matches three all for substitute a as named was Amos . Africa South of tour summer 2008 's team @-@ first the on go to selected be to enough impressed he season the during and , 2007 November 7 on Athletic Wigan against team reserve the for debut his making to addition in , 08 – 2007 for team 18 @-@ Under the in place his retained He "," He retained his place in the Under @-@ 18 team for 2007 – 08 , in addition to making his debut for the reserve team against Wigan Athletic on 7 November 2007 , and during the season he impressed enough to be selected to go on the first @-@ team 's 2008 summer tour of South Africa . Amos was named as a substitute for all three matches of the tour , but did not play . En route back from South Africa , United stopped off in Nigeria to play against Portsmouth on 27 July 2008 , with Amos replacing Tomasz after 76 minutes . He made his competitive first @-@ team debut on 23 September 2008 in a 3 – 1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the third round of the League Cup . On 14 December 2008 , Amos travelled to Japan with the Manchester United squad for the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup , having been called up as a late replacement for Ben Foster , who had suffered a hand injury while training . " " . 2010 June 30 until loan on remained he where , FK Molde side Norwegian to time this , 2010 March in loan on out sent again was Amos , United Manchester to returning After . Barnsley against defeat 1 – 2 a in October 31 on appearance only his made He . Lewis Joe goalkeeper choice @-@ first suspended 's Peterborough for cover as loan 's month a on United Peterborough team Championship the for signed Amos , 2009 October 29 On "," On 29 October 2009 , Amos signed for the Championship team Peterborough United on a month 's loan as cover for Peterborough 's suspended first @-@ choice goalkeeper Joe Lewis . He made his only appearance on 31 October in a 2 – 1 defeat against Barnsley . After returning to Manchester United , Amos was again sent out on loan in March 2010 , this time to Norwegian side Molde FK , where he remained on loan until 30 June 2010 . " " . Cup League the of round fourth the in Wanderers Wolverhampton over win 2 – 3 's United for goal in starting , 2010 October 26 on season the of appearance first his made He . Tomasz and Sar der van Edwin behind season 11 – 2010 the for goalkeeper choice @-@ third 's United Manchester be would Amos that declared Ferguson Alex manager United , City Birmingham to United Manchester from Foster Ben of departure the Following "," Following the departure of Ben Foster from Manchester United to Birmingham City , United manager Alex Ferguson declared that Amos would be Manchester United 's third @-@ choice goalkeeper for the 2010 – 11 season behind Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz . He made his first appearance of the season on 26 October 2010 , starting in goal for United 's 3 – 2 win over Wolverhampton Wanderers in the fourth round of the League Cup . " " . draw 1 – 1 a out played sides two the as – season that League Champions the in conceded had United goal first the – match the of minutes 32 after him past goal only 's Valencia scored Hernández Pablo . Trafford Old at Valencia against start to picked was Amos , 2010 December 7 on match group League Champions final 's United In "," In United 's final Champions League group match on 7 December 2010 , Amos was picked to start against Valencia at Old Trafford . Pablo Hernández scored Valencia 's only goal past him after 32 minutes of the match – the first goal United had conceded in the Champions League that season – as the two sides played out a 1 – 1 draw . " " . sixth the for Barnard Lee by rounded was he and , goal second the for body his underneath shot yard @-@ 20 's Adam allowed he ; Southampton to home at defeat 0 – 6 a in goals six all conceded he , later days three , However . sheet clean a kept and day next the Town Swindon against debut his made He . week a once United Manchester with train to continue would he although , 2011 January 7 on season the of remainder the for loan on Athletic Oldham join to Amos allowed United Manchester , Anders goalkeeper Danish of signing the With "," With the signing of Danish goalkeeper Anders , Manchester United allowed Amos to join Oldham Athletic on loan for the remainder of the season on 7 January 2011 , although he would continue to train with Manchester United once a week . He made his debut against Swindon Town the next day and kept a clean sheet . However , three days later , he conceded all six goals in a 6 – 0 defeat at home to Southampton ; he allowed Adam 's 20 @-@ yard shot underneath his body for the second goal , and he was rounded by Lee Barnard for the sixth . " " . Tomasz and Sar der van Edwin for cover to Oldham from recalled was Amos so , injury knee a following weeks five for out ruled was , 2011 March 15 On "," On 15 March 2011 , was ruled out for five weeks following a knee injury , so Amos was recalled from Oldham to cover for Edwin van der Sar and Tomasz . " " . debut his on sheet clean a keeping , 2012 January 31 on City Stoke against win home 0 – 2 a in start League Premier first his made He . Gea de David and Anders behind choice third now was but , order pecking the in Tomasz choice second 's season last above moved had he that seemed also It . November 30 on Palace Crystal club Championship against defeat a in game Cup League 's United for again goal in was He . finals quarter the to advanced and 0 – 3 won also United which game a , Town Aldershot at away round following the in again played He . 0 – 3 winning round next the to through cruised United as sheet clean a kept He . United Leeds against Road Elland at tie Cup League round third a in season 12 – 2011 the of start first his made Amos "," Amos made his first start of the 2011 – 12 season in a third round League Cup tie at Elland Road against Leeds United . He kept a clean sheet as United cruised through to the next round winning 3 – 0 . He played again in the following round away at Aldershot Town , a game which United also won 3 – 0 and advanced to the quarter finals . He was in goal again for United 's League Cup game in a defeat against Championship club Crystal Palace on 30 November . It also seemed that he had moved above last season 's second choice Tomasz in the pecking order , but was now third choice behind Anders and David de Gea . He made his first Premier League start in a 2 – 0 home win against Stoke City on 31 January 2012 , keeping a clean sheet on his debut . " " . 2015 least at until club the at him keep will which , United Manchester with extension contract year @-@ three a signed Amos , 2012 May 30 On "," On 30 May 2012 , Amos signed a three @-@ year contract extension with Manchester United , which will keep him at the club until at least 2015 . " " . 2013 January 3 on United Manchester to returned Amos , Cup League the in two including , appearances 19 after , However . Cup League Football 13 – 2012 the of round first the in United Rotherham over victory out @-@ shoot penalty 6 – 7 in 2012 August 11 on debut his made He . Portugal in camp training season @-@ pre their on Hull joined had he , completed was deal loan the Before . United Manchester from loan long @-@ season a on City Hull team Championship joined Amos , 2012 July 31 On "," On 31 July 2012 , Amos joined Championship team Hull City on a season @-@ long loan from Manchester United . Before the loan deal was completed , he had joined Hull on their pre @-@ season training camp in Portugal . He made his debut on 11 August 2012 in 7 – 6 penalty shoot @-@ out victory over Rotherham United in the first round of the 2012 – 13 Football League Cup . However , after 19 appearances , including two in the League Cup , Amos returned to Manchester United on 3 January 2013 . " " . United Manchester from loan long @-@ month a on United Carlisle team One League joined Amos , 2013 November 15 On "," On 15 November 2013 , Amos joined League One team Carlisle United on a month @-@ long loan from Manchester United . " " . April 4 on expired loan his before Bolton for games Championship nine played He . Ground City the at Forest Nottingham to 1 – 4 lost Wanderers as Lonergan injured the for substitute a as debut Bolton his made he 2015 February 21 On . training in up picked injury ankle an with out ruled was after Lonergan Andy for competition provide to loan 's month a on Wanderers Bolton club Championship joined he 2015 January 30 On "," On 30 January 2015 he joined Championship club Bolton Wanderers on a month 's loan to provide competition for Andy Lonergan after was ruled out with an ankle injury picked up in training . On 21 February 2015 he made his Bolton debut as a substitute for the injured Lonergan as Wanderers lost 4 – 1 to Nottingham Forest at the City Ground . He played nine Championship games for Bolton before his loan expired on 4 April . " " . players other four with along club the from released been has Amos Ben that website United Manchester on announced was it , 2015 June 10 on but , Wanderers Bolton at spell loan his after United Manchester to returned Amos Ben "," Ben Amos returned to Manchester United after his loan spell at Bolton Wanderers , but on 10 June 2015 , it was announced on Manchester United website that Ben Amos has been released from the club along with four other players . " " . club the with contract year @-@ four a signing , United Manchester from release his following Wanderers Bolton to returned Amos , 2015 July 1 On "," On 1 July 2015 , Amos returned to Bolton Wanderers following his release from Manchester United , signing a four @-@ year contract with the club . " " . substitute unused an was he but , Iceland against match friendly their for 2011 in squad 21 @-@ Under the to up called was He . levels 21 @-@ Under and 20 @-@ Under , 19 @-@ Under , 18 @-@ Under , 17 @-@ Under , 16 @-@ Under the at country his for played having , international youth England an is Amos "," Amos is an England youth international , having played for his country at the Under @-@ 16 , Under @-@ 17 , Under @-@ 18 , Under @-@ 19 , Under @-@ 20 and Under @-@ 21 levels . He was called up to the Under @-@ 21 squad in 2011 for their friendly match against Iceland , but he was an unused substitute . " " 2015 December 1 of As "," As of 1 December 2015 " " United Manchester "," Manchester United " " 2008 : ) 1 ( Cup World Club FIFA "," FIFA Club World Cup ( 1 ) : 2008 " " . above or C grade at GCSEs 11 earned he where , School High attended Amos "," Amos attended High School , where he earned 11 GCSEs at grade C or above . " " . MLB in pitcher best the be to many by considered is Kershaw , ) 64 @.@ 6 ( pitched innings nine per allowed hits and ) 01 @.@ 1 ( pitched innings per hits and walks in Leader Time All Dodgers Angeles Los and Player Valuable Most League National 2014 the , winner Award Young Cy time @-@ three a , History MLB in lowest second the is Which ) 64 @.@ 6 ( average Pitched Innings Nine Per Allowed Hits Career his With . pitched innings 000 @,@ 1 of minimum a with era ball @-@ live the in starters among lowest the are ) WHIP ( average pitched innings per hits and Walks and ) ERA ( average run earned career his and , 2008 since leagues major the in played has Kershaw , pitcher starting handed @-@ left A . ) MLB ( Baseball League Major of Dodgers Angeles Los the for pitcher baseball professional American an is ) 1988 , 19 March born ( Kershaw Edward Clayton "," Clayton Edward Kershaw ( born March 19 , 1988 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . A left @-@ handed starting pitcher , Kershaw has played in the major leagues since 2008 , and his career earned run average ( ERA ) and Walks and hits per innings pitched average ( WHIP ) are the lowest among starters in the live @-@ ball era with a minimum of 1 @,@ 000 innings pitched . With his Career Hits Allowed Per Nine Innings Pitched average ( 6 @.@ 64 ) Which is the second lowest in MLB History , a three @-@ time Cy Young Award winner , the 2014 National League Most Valuable Player and Los Angeles Dodgers All Time Leader in walks and hits per innings pitched ( 1 @.@ 01 ) and hits allowed per nine innings pitched ( 6 @.@ 64 ) , Kershaw is considered by many to be the best pitcher in MLB . " " . seasons 2014 through 2011 the in so did he when years consecutive four for ERA in MLB lead to history in pitcher first the became He . Koufax Sandy pitcher Fame of Hall to compared been often has Kershaw , Dodgers Angeles Los the for playing and pitcher strikeout handed @-@ left a Being . so do to Dodger 22nd the becoming , 2014 , 18 June on hitter @-@ no a pitched Kershaw . 1985 in Gooden Dwight since feats these of either accomplish to pitcher youngest the becoming , Award Young Cy League National the and Crown Triple pitching the won he , 2011 In . year full one for held he title a , MLB in player youngest the was he , 2008 in debuted he When . old years 20 at majors the reached and , season full one just in system farm ' Dodgers the through way his worked He . draft MLB 2006 the in overall seventh drafted was Kershaw "," Kershaw was drafted seventh overall in the 2006 MLB draft . He worked his way through the Dodgers ' farm system in just one full season , and reached the majors at 20 years old . When he debuted in 2008 , he was the youngest player in MLB , a title he held for one full year . In 2011 , he won the pitching Triple Crown and the National League Cy Young Award , becoming the youngest pitcher to accomplish either of these feats since Dwight Gooden in 1985 . Kershaw pitched a no @-@ hitter on June 18 , 2014 , becoming the 22nd Dodger to do so . Being a left @-@ handed strikeout pitcher and playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers , Kershaw has often been compared to Hall of Fame pitcher Sandy Koufax . He became the first pitcher in history to lead MLB in ERA for four consecutive years when he did so in the 2011 through 2014 seasons . " " . work humanitarian his for Award Rickey Branch the and Award Clemente Roberto the with honored been has He . Zambia in orphanage an build to money raise to Arise book the wrote and "" Challenge 's Kershaw "" launched , Ellen , wife his and He . work volunteer in participant active an is Kershaw , field the Off "," Off the field , Kershaw is an active participant in volunteer work . He and his wife , Ellen , launched "" Kershaw 's Challenge "" and wrote the book Arise to raise money to build an orphanage in Zambia . He has been honored with the Roberto Clemente Award and the Branch Rickey Award for his humanitarian work . " " . Baseball League Little including , child a as leagues sports youth in played He . mother his by raised was he and , 10 was he when divorced parents His . 1988 , 19 March on Texas , Dallas in born was Kershaw "," Kershaw was born in Dallas , Texas on March 19 , 1988 . His parents divorced when he was 10 , and he was raised by his mother . He played in youth sports leagues as a child , including Little League Baseball . " " . baseball for Year the of Player National Gatorade the also was and , "" Year the of Player Baseball School High "" as Today USA by selected was Kershaw . Championship Am Pan the in Team National Junior 's Baseball USA for pitched also He . rule mercy the of because shortened was which , game the in faced he batters 15 all out struck He . game perfect strikeout @-@ all an pitched Kershaw , Texas , Justin of School High Northwest against game playoff a In . pitched innings 64 in strikeouts 139 recorded and , 77 @.@ 0 of ) ERA ( average run earned an with record 0 – 13 a posted he when 2006 in prospect school high elite an as himself established he , pitches his of development further and spurt growth a After . varsity football the on Stafford Matthew quarterback for center the also was and baseball played he where , School High Park Highland nearby attended Kershaw "," Kershaw attended nearby Highland Park High School , where he played baseball and was also the center for quarterback Matthew Stafford on the football varsity . After a growth spurt and further development of his pitches , he established himself as an elite high school prospect in 2006 when he posted a 13 – 0 record with an earned run average ( ERA ) of 0 @.@ 77 , and recorded 139 strikeouts in 64 innings pitched . In a playoff game against Northwest High School of Justin , Texas , Kershaw pitched an all @-@ strikeout perfect game . He struck out all 15 batters he faced in the game , which was shortened because of the mercy rule . He also pitched for USA Baseball 's Junior National Team in the Pan Am Championship . Kershaw was selected by USA Today as "" High School Baseball Player of the Year "" , and was also the Gatorade National Player of the Year for baseball . " " . draft 2010 the in Lee Zach by topped eventually was and , time the at pick draft Dodgers any to largest the was bonus The . million 3 @.@ 2 $ at estimated bonus a with , Dodgers the with sign to offer scholarship the down turned but , University M & A Texas to committed had He . draft the in pick overall seventh the with Kershaw selected Dodgers Angeles Los The . available pitcher school @-@ high top the considered was Kershaw , draft ) MLB ( Baseball League Major 2006 the Entering "," Entering the 2006 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft , Kershaw was considered the top high @-@ school pitcher available . The Los Angeles Dodgers selected Kershaw with the seventh overall pick in the draft . He had committed to Texas A & M University , but turned down the scholarship offer to sign with the Dodgers , with a bonus estimated at $ 2 @.@ 3 million . The bonus was the largest to any Dodgers draft pick at the time , and was eventually topped by Zach Lee in the 2010 draft . " " . LaRoche Andy baseman third behind America Baseball by prospect best second ' Dodgers the and , GCL the in prospect top the as rated was he and ) h / km 154 ( hour per miles 96 at out topped that fastball a featured He . ERA 95 @.@ 1 a with 0 – 2 of record a compiling while , ) 5 only walking ( batters 54 out struck he which in innings 37 in pitched He . Dodgers ) GCL ( League Coast Gulf the with career his began Kershaw "," Kershaw began his career with the Gulf Coast League ( GCL ) Dodgers . He pitched in 37 innings in which he struck out 54 batters ( walking only 5 ) , while compiling a record of 2 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 95 ERA . He featured a fastball that topped out at 96 miles per hour ( 154 km / h ) and he was rated as the top prospect in the GCL , and the Dodgers ' second best prospect by Baseball America behind third baseman Andy LaRoche . " " . season 2008 the into heading organization Dodgers the in prospect top the as selected was and starts five in ERA 65 @.@ 3 and record 2 – 1 a produced he where , League Southern the in Suns Jacksonville A @-@ Double the to promoted was he , 6 August On . Game Futures Star @-@ All the in team USA the on and Game Star @-@ All League Midwest the in Team East the on play to selected was He . ERA 77 @.@ 2 a with 5 – 7 of record a recorded he where , 2007 in Loons Lakes Great the to promoted was Kershaw "," Kershaw was promoted to the Great Lakes Loons in 2007 , where he recorded a record of 7 – 5 with a 2 @.@ 77 ERA . He was selected to play on the East Team in the Midwest League All @-@ Star Game and on the USA team in the All @-@ Star Futures Game . On August 6 , he was promoted to the Double @-@ A Jacksonville Suns in the Southern League , where he produced a 1 – 2 record and 3 @.@ 65 ERA in five starts and was selected as the top prospect in the Dodgers organization heading into the 2008 season . " " . 2 July on Jacksonville to back optioned but , 2008 , 28 May on majors the to up called then was He . Suns the with year the of stint first his in pitched innings 3 ⁄ 431 through strikeouts 47 with ERA 28 @.@ 2 a had and 3 – 0 was Kershaw . looking out him struck and zone strike the into looped end the at but Casey behind started that Casey Sean to curveball a throwing for attention much gained Kershaw , Sox Red Boston the against game a in training spring During "," During spring training in a game against the Boston Red Sox , Kershaw gained much attention for throwing a curveball to Sean Casey that started behind Casey but at the end looped into the strike zone and struck him out looking . Kershaw was 0 – 3 and had a 2 @.@ 28 ERA with 47 strikeouts through 431 ⁄ 3 innings pitched in his first stint of the year with the Suns . He was then called up to the majors on May 28 , 2008 , but optioned back to Jacksonville on July 2 . " " . 22 July on recalled was He . 91 @.@ 1 to ERA his lowering , runs earned runs two only allowed he , stretch this During . games two winning , ) appearance relief inning seven one and starts two ( Jacksonville to trip second his during innings 18 pitched Kershaw "," Kershaw pitched 18 innings during his second trip to Jacksonville ( two starts and one seven inning relief appearance ) , winning two games . During this stretch , he allowed only two runs earned runs , lowering his ERA to 1 @.@ 91 . He was recalled on July 22 . " " . year full one for held he title a , MLB in player youngest the was Kershaw , debuted he When . runs two allowed and innings six pitched he which in , game the in strikeouts seven of first the , Skip , faced he batter first the out struck He . Cardinals Louis St. the against starting , 25 May on debut his made He . season 1995 the during debut league major 's Nomo Hideo since pitcher Dodgers a by start anticipated most the debut 's Kershaw called Jackson Tony Sportswriter . roster active the to added was he and , contract league @-@ minor 's Kershaw bought Dodgers the , 2008 , 24 May On "," On May 24 , 2008 , the Dodgers bought Kershaw 's minor @-@ league contract , and he was added to the active roster . Sportswriter Tony Jackson called Kershaw 's debut the most anticipated start by a Dodgers pitcher since Hideo Nomo 's major league debut during the 1995 season . He made his debut on May 25 , starting against the St. Louis Cardinals . He struck out the first batter he faced , Skip , the first of seven strikeouts in the game , in which he pitched six innings and allowed two runs . When he debuted , Kershaw was the youngest player in MLB , a title he held for one full year . " " . Phillies Philadelphia the against ) NLCS ( Series Championship League National 2008 the in Dodgers the for bullpen the of out innings two pitched also He . ) starts 21 ( games 22 in ERA 26 @.@ 4 a with , 5 – 5 season rookie his finished Kershaw . five out struck he and , walk a , hits four allowing , innings shutout plus @-@ six pitched He . 2008 , 27 July on Nationals Washington the against game league major first his won Kershaw "," Kershaw won his first major league game against the Washington Nationals on July 27 , 2008 . He pitched six @-@ plus shutout innings , allowing four hits , a walk , and he struck out five . Kershaw finished his rookie season 5 – 5 , with a 4 @.@ 26 ERA in 22 games ( 21 starts ) . He also pitched two innings out of the bullpen for the Dodgers in the 2008 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) against the Philadelphia Phillies . " " . ) NL ( League National the in most second was which , batters 91 walked also Kershaw . strikeouts 185 and 79 @.@ 2 of ERA an posted also He . ) 26 @.@ 6 ( innings nine per hits and , ) .282 ( percentage slugging opposing , ) .200 ( average batting opposing in leagues major the led he , record 8 – 8 an despite , 2009 In . Ross Cody 's Florida to double off @-@ lead a up gave then , innings 7 through Marlins Florida the against hit a allow not did Kershaw , 2009 , 17 May On . season 1955 the in it did Koufax Sandy since game a in batters more or 13 strikeout ever to Dodger youngest the was He . Giants Francisco San rival the against ) run home solo a ( hit one only allowing while batters 13 out striking , innings seven pitched Kershaw , 2009 , 15 April On "," On April 15 , 2009 , Kershaw pitched seven innings , striking out 13 batters while allowing only one hit ( a solo home run ) against the rival San Francisco Giants . He was the youngest Dodger to ever strikeout 13 or more batters in a game since Sandy Koufax did it in the 1955 season . On May 17 , 2009 , Kershaw did not allow a hit against the Florida Marlins through 7 innings , then gave up a lead @-@ off double to Florida 's Cody Ross . In 2009 , despite an 8 – 8 record , he led the major leagues in opposing batting average ( .200 ) , opposing slugging percentage ( .282 ) , and hits per nine innings ( 6 @.@ 26 ) . He also posted an ERA of 2 @.@ 79 and 185 strikeouts . Kershaw also walked 91 batters , which was second most in the National League ( NL ) . " " . NLDS 2000 the in Ankiel Rick and NLDS 1981 the in Valenzuela Fernando only behind , opener series playoff a start ever to pitcher youngest third the was and Phillies Philadelphia the against NLCS 2009 the of opener the started he , old years 21 At . ) inning 9th the in game the win to on went Dodgers the ( decision @-@ no a getting up ended and , 1 walking , 4 out striking , innings 3 ⁄ 62 went He . ) NLDS ( Series Division League National 2009 the in Cardinals Louis St. the against debut starting playoff his made Kershaw "," Kershaw made his playoff starting debut against the St. Louis Cardinals in the 2009 National League Division Series ( NLDS ) . He went 62 ⁄ 3 innings , striking out 4 , walking 1 , and ended up getting a no @-@ decision ( the Dodgers went on to win the game in the 9th inning ) . At 21 years old , he started the opener of the 2009 NLCS against the Philadelphia Phillies and was the third youngest pitcher to ever start a playoff series opener , behind only Fernando Valenzuela in the 1981 NLDS and Rick Ankiel in the 2000 NLDS . " " "" . out things figure to got 've I . hurts it , stings It . down everybody let , down teammates your let to feeling good a not just 's It . chance of kind any team our give 't didn I "" , game the after said Kershaw . game the from pulled being upon loudly booed was He . pitcher the including — faced he batters 13 the of four only retiring while , innings 3 ⁄ 11 in pitches 57 just throwing , Stadium Dodger at Brewers Milwaukee the against career his of start worst his had he , 4 May On . innings 29 in batters 22 walking by so did but , April in ERA 07 @.@ 3 a posting by season 2010 the started Kershaw "," Kershaw started the 2010 season by posting a 3 @.@ 07 ERA in April , but did so by walking 22 batters in 29 innings . On May 4 , he had his worst start of his career against the Milwaukee Brewers at Dodger Stadium , throwing just 57 pitches in 11 ⁄ 3 innings , while retiring only four of the 13 batters he faced — including the pitcher . He was booed loudly upon being pulled from the game . Kershaw said after the game , "" I didn 't give our team any kind of chance . It 's just not a good feeling to let your teammates down , let everybody down . It stings , it hurts . I 've got to figure things out . "" " " . strikeouts 212 recording and innings 3 ⁄ 2041 pitching , starts 32 in ERA 91 @.@ 2 a and 10 – 13 of record a with season the finished and Francisco San against also 2010 , 14 September on shutout game complete career first his threw He . game the in earlier Kemp Matt hitting Lincecum Tim ace Giants following warning a given were teams both after occurred incident The . 20 July on game a in pitch a with Giants the of Rowand Aaron hitting after games five for suspended was he , season the in Later . him for point turning major the being slider the of control his credited He . Jiménez Ubaldo undefeated then the dueling @-@ out and hitter @-@ two inning 8 an pitching by start next his rebounded Kershaw "," Kershaw rebounded his next start by pitching an 8 inning two @-@ hitter and out @-@ dueling the then undefeated Ubaldo Jiménez . He credited his control of the slider being the major turning point for him . Later in the season , he was suspended for five games after hitting Aaron Rowand of the Giants with a pitch in a game on July 20 . The incident occurred after both teams were given a warning following Giants ace Tim Lincecum hitting Matt Kemp earlier in the game . He threw his first career complete game shutout on September 14 , 2010 also against San Francisco and finished the season with a record of 13 – 10 and a 2 @.@ 91 ERA in 32 starts , pitching 2041 ⁄ 3 innings and recording 212 strikeouts . " " . 1910 in statistic official an became ERA since inning per strikeout one than more of average an and low that ERA an , victories many that have to pitcher old @-@ year @-@ 23 first the was Kershaw , Bureau Sports Elias the to According . innings 2 @.@ 568 in strikeouts career 593 and ERA 15 @.@ 3 a , victories career 32 amassed had Kershaw , June through Midway . starts two those of result a as 26 – 20 June of week the for award Week the of Player League National the awarded was He . season 2000 the in Park Ho @-@ Chan since starts consecutive in strikeouts digit @-@ double have to Dodger first the and season 2005 the in Weaver Jeff since victories game complete back @-@ to @-@ back have to starter Dodger first the became He . ) Anaheim of Angels Angeles Los the against ( game complete another pitched Kershaw , 26 June on , start next his In . game perfect 's Koufax Sandy since inning 9th the in side the out strike to starter Dodgers first the became Kershaw . Tigers Detroit the against effort strikeout @-@ 11 , hit @-@ two a , 20 June on shutout career third his produced He . game the in twice scoring , RBI an and singles two had also he ; 0 – 8 , Marlins Florida the against hitter @-@ two a winning while 10 out striking , career his of shutout game @-@ complete second the pitched he , 29 May On . season 2011 the for Starter Day Opening the as Kershaw named Dodgers the , strong season 2010 the finishing After "," After finishing the 2010 season strong , the Dodgers named Kershaw as the Opening Day Starter for the 2011 season . On May 29 , he pitched the second complete @-@ game shutout of his career , striking out 10 while winning a two @-@ hitter against the Florida Marlins , 8 – 0 ; he also had two singles and an RBI , scoring twice in the game . He produced his third career shutout on June 20 , a two @-@ hit , 11 @-@ strikeout effort against the Detroit Tigers . Kershaw became the first Dodgers starter to strike out the side in the 9th inning since Sandy Koufax 's perfect game . In his next start , on June 26 , Kershaw pitched another complete game ( against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) . He became the first Dodger starter to have back @-@ to @-@ back complete game victories since Jeff Weaver in the 2005 season and the first Dodger to have double @-@ digit strikeouts in consecutive starts since Chan @-@ Ho Park in the 2000 season . He was awarded the National League Player of the Week award for the week of June 20 – 26 as a result of those two starts . Midway through June , Kershaw had amassed 32 career victories , a 3 @.@ 15 ERA and 593 career strikeouts in 568 @.@ 2 innings . According to the Elias Sports Bureau , Kershaw was the first 23 @-@ year @-@ old pitcher to have that many victories , an ERA that low and an average of more than one strikeout per inning since ERA became an official statistic in 1910 . " " . season 2001 the in it did Park Ho @-@ Chan since first the and seasons strikeout 200 back @-@ to @-@ back record to pitcher Dodger 10th the became and season the of strikeout 200th his for Cardinals Louis St. the of Holliday Matt out struck he , 23 August On . Award Month the of Pitcher League National the him earning , strikeouts 45 leading @-@ NL and ERA 02 @.@ 2 a with 1 – 4 was Kershaw , July of month the In . selection Star @-@ All first his , Game Star @-@ All Baseball League Major 2011 the for team League National the to selected was Kershaw "," Kershaw was selected to the National League team for the 2011 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his first All @-@ Star selection . In the month of July , Kershaw was 4 – 1 with a 2 @.@ 02 ERA and NL @-@ leading 45 strikeouts , earning him the National League Pitcher of the Month Award . On August 23 , he struck out Matt Holliday of the St. Louis Cardinals for his 200th strikeout of the season and became the 10th Dodger pitcher to record back @-@ to @-@ back 200 strikeout seasons and the first since Chan @-@ Ho Park did it in the 2001 season . " " . Blue Vida joining , 24 of age the before season a in strikeouts plus @-@ 240 a have to second the just became also Kershaw . ) pitched inning per hits plus walks ( WHIP and , ERA , strikeouts , wins in league the led have League National the in pitchers two only are Kershaw and Peavy , it did Koufax when 1965 Since . 2001 in 234 pitched Park Ho Chan since most the were pitched innings 3 ⁄ 1 233 his and 1966 in 317 's Koufax since Dodger a by most the were strikeouts his , season 1985 the in 03 @.@ 2 's Hershiser since Dodger a by lowest the was ERA His . season 1988 the during 23 won Hershiser Orel since pitcher Dodger a by most the were wins 21 's Kershaw . leagues both in pitchers winning @-@ Crown Triple feature to 1924 since season league @-@ major first the marking , season same the Crown Triple League American the won Tigers Detroit the of Verlander Justin . season 1966 the in it won Koufax Sandy since Dodger first the and Padres Diego San 2007 the of Peavy Jake since winner Crown Triple first the , Crown Triple pitching NL the winning , ERA 28 @.@ 2 a and strikeouts 248 , wins 21 with NL the leading by season 2011 the finished Kershaw "," Kershaw finished the 2011 season by leading the NL with 21 wins , 248 strikeouts and a 2 @.@ 28 ERA , winning the NL pitching Triple Crown , the first Triple Crown winner since Jake Peavy of the 2007 San Diego Padres and the first Dodger since Sandy Koufax won it in the 1966 season . Justin Verlander of the Detroit Tigers won the American League Triple Crown the same season , marking the first major @-@ league season since 1924 to feature Triple Crown @-@ winning pitchers in both leagues . Kershaw 's 21 wins were the most by a Dodger pitcher since Orel Hershiser won 23 during the 1988 season . His ERA was the lowest by a Dodger since Hershiser 's 2 @.@ 03 in the 1985 season , his strikeouts were the most by a Dodger since Koufax 's 317 in 1966 and his 233 1 ⁄ 3 innings pitched were the most since Chan Ho Park pitched 234 in 2001 . Since 1965 when Koufax did it , Peavy and Kershaw are only two pitchers in the National League have led the league in wins , strikeouts , ERA , and WHIP ( walks plus hits per inning pitched ) . Kershaw also became just the second to have a 240 @-@ plus strikeouts in a season before the age of 24 , joining Vida Blue . " " . season 2003 the in Gagné Éric since first the , award the win to pitcher Dodger 8th the was He . Mets York New 1985 the of Gooden Dwight since winner Young Cy youngest the him making , Award Young Cy League National the with honored was he , 17 November On . Team Star @-@ All NL TSN the for pitcher starting the as selected additionally was He . Year the of Pitcher League National ) TSN ( News Sporting the and NL the in pitcher fielding top the as Award Glove Gold the , pitcher League National Outstanding Most for Award Choice Players the , 2011 in pitcher handed @-@ left best the as Award Spahn Warren the awarded was Kershaw , season the After "," After the season , Kershaw was awarded the Warren Spahn Award as the best left @-@ handed pitcher in 2011 , the Players Choice Award for Most Outstanding National League pitcher , the Gold Glove Award as the top fielding pitcher in the NL and the Sporting News ( TSN ) National League Pitcher of the Year . He was additionally selected as the starting pitcher for the TSN NL All @-@ Star Team . On November 17 , he was honored with the National League Cy Young Award , making him the youngest Cy Young winner since Dwight Gooden of the 1985 New York Mets . He was the 8th Dodger pitcher to win the award , the first since Éric Gagné in the 2003 season . " " . ) 2010 in contract year @-@ 2 million 23 $ 's Lincecum Tim after ( arbitration of year first his in player a for highest second the was contract The . contract million 19 $ , year @-@ two a on agreed Dodgers the and Kershaw , 2012 , 7 February On "," On February 7 , 2012 , Kershaw and the Dodgers agreed on a two @-@ year , $ 19 million contract . The contract was the second highest for a player in his first year of arbitration ( after Tim Lincecum 's $ 23 million 2 @-@ year contract in 2010 ) . " " . seasons strikeout 200 straight three with pitcher Dodger fifth the just became also Kershaw . 1989 to 1985 from times five it did Hershiser since first the and , innings more or 200 of seasons more or three with pitcher Dodger Angeles Los 12th the becoming , season the on innings 200 over went he , 11 August On . team the made he year straight second the , Game Star @-@ All Baseball League Major 2012 the in appear to selected was Kershaw . shutout career fourth his including , innings scoreless 16 pitched and week that during starts two made he after 20 – 14 May of week the for Award Week the of Player 's League National the won Kershaw . Angeles Los to moved Dodgers the since streak winning home longest the for ) 1985 October – 1984 September ( Hershiser Orel and ) 1962 August – 1960 June ( Roebuck Ed with him tying , win home straight 12th his also was win The . Nationals Washington the against season the of win second his for innings eight through last to able was he , 27 April On . symptoms like @-@ flu to due game the from removed being before Park Petco at Padres Diego San the against ball shutout of innings three pitched he where , row a in year second the for starter Day Opening ' Dodgers the was Kershaw "," Kershaw was the Dodgers ' Opening Day starter for the second year in a row , where he pitched three innings of shutout ball against the San Diego Padres at Petco Park before being removed from the game due to flu @-@ like symptoms . On April 27 , he was able to last through eight innings for his second win of the season against the Washington Nationals . The win was also his 12th straight home win , tying him with Ed Roebuck ( June 1960 – August 1962 ) and Orel Hershiser ( September 1984 – October 1985 ) for the longest home winning streak since the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles . Kershaw won the National League 's Player of the Week Award for the week of May 14 – 20 after he made two starts during that week and pitched 16 scoreless innings , including his fourth career shutout . Kershaw was selected to appear in the 2012 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , the second straight year he made the team . On August 11 , he went over 200 innings on the season , becoming the 12th Los Angeles Dodger pitcher with three or more seasons of 200 or more innings , and the first since Hershiser did it five times from 1985 to 1989 . Kershaw also became just the fifth Dodger pitcher with three straight 200 strikeout seasons . " " . votes place first two receiving , Dickey A. R. behind Young Cy NL the for second finished He . 2002 – 1999 from Johnson Randy since this do to first the him making , ERA 00 @.@ 3 @-@ sub a with row a in year fourth his marked also was This . 02 – 2001 in Johnson Randy 's Arizona since seasons consecutive in ERA in league the lead to pitcher first the became He . categories both in second coming , pitched innings 3 ⁄ and , strikeouts 229 , ) league the leading ( ERA 53 @.@ 2 a , record 9 – 14 a with 2012 finished Kershaw "," Kershaw finished 2012 with a 14 – 9 record , a 2 @.@ 53 ERA ( leading the league ) , 229 strikeouts , and ⁄ 3 innings pitched , coming second in both categories . He became the first pitcher to lead the league in ERA in consecutive seasons since Arizona 's Randy Johnson in 2001 – 02 . This was also marked his fourth year in a row with a sub @-@ 3 @.@ 00 ERA , making him the first to do this since Randy Johnson from 1999 – 2002 . He finished second for the NL Cy Young behind R. A. Dickey , receiving two first place votes . " " . season 2003 the in Pérez since pitcher Dodger a by most the and career his of most the , day that pitches 130 threw also He . mark career best the and mark inning 000 @,@ 1 the at era ball @-@ live the of best fifth the was time the at 70 @.@ 2 of ERA His . career his for mark inning 000 @,@ 1 the passed Kershaw , 14 May On . Valenzuela Fernando only behind , mark that reach to Dodger youngest second the was He . Padres the of Alonso Yonder out struck he when , 2013 , 17 April on strikeout career 1,000th his up picked Kershaw . 1953 , 14 April on Sox White Chicago the against so did Indians Cleveland the of Lemon Bob since day opening on run home a hit and shutout a throw to pitcher first the was He . run home career first his hit also and Giants the over shutout , hit four , game complete a pitched he start day opening that In . ) 2007 – 2005 ( Lowe Derek since so do to starter Dodger first the , season 2013 the in Dodgers the for start day opening straight third his made Kershaw "," Kershaw made his third straight opening day start for the Dodgers in the 2013 season , the first Dodger starter to do so since Derek Lowe ( 2005 – 2007 ) . In that opening day start he pitched a complete game , four hit , shutout over the Giants and also hit his first career home run . He was the first pitcher to throw a shutout and hit a home run on opening day since Bob Lemon of the Cleveland Indians did so against the Chicago White Sox on April 14 , 1953 . Kershaw picked up his 1,000th career strikeout on April 17 , 2013 , when he struck out Yonder Alonso of the Padres . He was the second youngest Dodger to reach that mark , behind only Fernando Valenzuela . On May 14 , Kershaw passed the 1 @,@ 000 inning mark for his career . His ERA of 2 @.@ 70 at the time was the fifth best of the live @-@ ball era at the 1 @,@ 000 inning mark and the best career mark . He also threw 130 pitches that day , the most of his career and the most by a Dodger pitcher since Pérez in the 2003 season . " " . strikeouts 200 than more of seasons consecutive 4 least at with history Dodgers in starters only the as Drysdale Don and Koufax Sandy Famers of Hall joining , 2013 of strikeout 200th his up picked Kershaw , 2 September On . Award Month the of Pitcher League National second his awarded was and starts six in ERA 34 @.@ 1 and record 1 – 4 a compiled he , July In . selection straight third his , Game Star @-@ All Baseball League Major 2013 the to selected was Kershaw "," Kershaw was selected to the 2013 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his third straight selection . In July , he compiled a 4 – 1 record and 1 @.@ 34 ERA in six starts and was awarded his second National League Pitcher of the Month Award . On September 2 , Kershaw picked up his 200th strikeout of 2013 , joining Hall of Famers Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale as the only starters in Dodgers history with at least 4 consecutive seasons of more than 200 strikeouts . " " . ) Rucker Nap and Koufax ( seasons consecutive five in 00 @.@ 3 under ERA an have to pitcher Dodger third the only was He . season 2000 the in Martínez Pedro since overall lowest the and season 2005 the in it did Clemens Roger since ERA 00 @.@ 2 @-@ sub first the was ERA His . ) 31 – 1929 ( Grove Lefty and ) 95 – 1993 ( Maddux Greg joining , row a in years three ERA in Majors the lead to history in player third the was He . WHIP 92 @.@ 0 and ERA 83 @.@ 1 best League Major a and , ) high career a ( pitched innings 236 , record 9 @-@ 16 a with season the finished Kershaw "," Kershaw finished the season with a 16 @-@ 9 record , 236 innings pitched ( a career high ) , and a Major League best 1 @.@ 83 ERA and 0 @.@ 92 WHIP . He was the third player in history to lead the Majors in ERA three years in a row , joining Greg Maddux ( 1993 – 95 ) and Lefty Grove ( 1929 – 31 ) . His ERA was the first sub @-@ 2 @.@ 00 ERA since Roger Clemens did it in the 2005 season and the lowest overall since Pedro Martínez in the 2000 season . He was only the third Dodger pitcher to have an ERA under 3 @.@ 00 in five consecutive seasons ( Koufax and Nap Rucker ) . " " . game that in victory postseason career first his up picked He . Series World 1988 the of game second the in Belcher Tim by set record postseason MLB a tied game the in strikeouts straight six His . ) Series World 1953 the in 14 ( Erskine Carl and ) Series World 1963 the in 15 ( Koufax only behind , playoffs the in pitcher Dodger a by strikeouts most third the was That . Series Division League National 2013 the of game first the in innings seven in batters 12 out struck Kershaw "," Kershaw struck out 12 batters in seven innings in the first game of the 2013 National League Division Series . That was the third most strikeouts by a Dodger pitcher in the playoffs , behind only Koufax ( 15 in the 1963 World Series ) and Carl Erskine ( 14 in the 1953 World Series ) . His six straight strikeouts in the game tied a MLB postseason record set by Tim Belcher in the second game of the 1988 World Series . He picked up his first career postseason victory in that game . " " . row a in seasons three voting in two top the in finish to history in pitcher sixth the just became He . seasons three in time second the for Award Young Cy NL the won he , 13 November On . ) Newcombe Don and Valenzuela , Koufax after ( twice team the to named be to pitcher Dodger fourth the , team Star @-@ All NL News Sporting the to selected also was He . Leagues Major the in pitcher handed @-@ left best the honors which , award the won had he time second the , 2013 for Award Spahn Warren the won Kershaw "," Kershaw won the Warren Spahn Award for 2013 , the second time he had won the award , which honors the best left @-@ handed pitcher in the Major Leagues . He was also selected to the Sporting News NL All @-@ Star team , the fourth Dodger pitcher to be named to the team twice ( after Koufax , Valenzuela and Don Newcombe ) . On November 13 , he won the NL Cy Young Award for the second time in three seasons . He became just the sixth pitcher in history to finish in the top two in voting three seasons in a row . " " . year same that signed Rodriguez Alex that contract million 275 $ , year @-@ 10 the and 2007 in received Clemens Roger million 28 $ the beating , player baseball a for ever largest the also was million 7 @.@ 30 $ of value annual average The . year previous the Verlander Justin by signed contract , million 180 $ , year @-@ seven the eclipsing , pitcher a for history MLB in richest the was deal The . extension contract , million 215 $ , year @-@ seven a on agreed Dodgers the and Kershaw , season the After "," After the season , Kershaw and the Dodgers agreed on a seven @-@ year , $ 215 million , contract extension . The deal was the richest in MLB history for a pitcher , eclipsing the seven @-@ year , $ 180 million , contract signed by Justin Verlander the previous year . The average annual value of $ 30 @.@ 7 million was also the largest ever for a baseball player , beating the $ 28 million Roger Clemens received in 2007 and the 10 @-@ year , $ 275 million contract that Alex Rodriguez signed that same year . " " . row a in years four team Star @-@ All the make to Valenzuela Fernando since first the and , pitcher Dodger sixth the was He . selection straight fourth his , Game Star @-@ All Baseball League Major 2014 the at squad League National the to selected was He . award Month the of Pitcher career third his with awarded was and June in ERA 82 @.@ 0 an with 0 @-@ 6 was Kershaw . walks no and hits no allowing while game a in strikeouts 15 with history MLB in pitcher only the is He . game perfect a Kershaw costing , inning seventh the of top the in error an to due was base reach to batter only The . batters 15 high @-@ career a out struck and Rockies Colorado the against hitter @-@ no game complete a pitched he , 18 June On . May early until Dodgers the rejoin not did He . career his in time first the for list disabled the on placed was and back his in pain some felt Kershaw , start second his Before . Australia in Ground Cricket Sydney the at played was game the season This . so do to ever Dodger fourth the only , 2014 in Dodgers the for start day opening straight fourth his made Kershaw "," Kershaw made his fourth straight opening day start for the Dodgers in 2014 , only the fourth Dodger ever to do so . This season the game was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground in Australia . Before his second start , Kershaw felt some pain in his back and was placed on the disabled list for the first time in his career . He did not rejoin the Dodgers until early May . On June 18 , he pitched a complete game no @-@ hitter against the Colorado Rockies and struck out a career @-@ high 15 batters . The only batter to reach base was due to an error in the top of the seventh inning , costing Kershaw a perfect game . He is the only pitcher in MLB history with 15 strikeouts in a game while allowing no hits and no walks . Kershaw was 6 @-@ 0 with an 0 @.@ 82 ERA in June and was awarded with his third career Pitcher of the Month award . He was selected to the National League squad at the 2014 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game , his fourth straight selection . He was the sixth Dodger pitcher , and the first since Fernando Valenzuela to make the All @-@ Star team four years in a row . " " . ) others the are McDowell Sam and Johnson Walter , Bert ( season 26 @-@ age an through seasons strikeout @-@ 200 five least at have to 1893 since pitcher fourth the just became also He . starters Dodger among Koufax Sandy for row a in seasons six the only trailing , number that reached had he row a in year fifth the , 2 September on season the of strikeout 200th his up picked He . walks 10 only and strikeouts 48 with month the in ERA 10 @.@ 1 a with 0 – 4 was He . row a in months two it win to ) Hooton Burt and Sutton Don with along ( Dodger third the , July in again award month the of pitcher the won He . history MLB in streak inning scoreless longest fifteenth the for tied , time the at , was streak 's Kershaw . Stadium Dodger at field left to homered Headley Chase , outs two with , when 10 July on inning sixth the of top the in ended that streak inning scoreless inning 41 a had Kershaw "," Kershaw had a 41 inning scoreless inning streak that ended in the top of the sixth inning on July 10 when , with two outs , Chase Headley homered to left field at Dodger Stadium . Kershaw 's streak was , at the time , tied for the fifteenth longest scoreless inning streak in MLB history . He won the pitcher of the month award again in July , the third Dodger ( along with Don Sutton and Burt Hooton ) to win it two months in a row . He was 4 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 10 ERA in the month with 48 strikeouts and only 10 walks . He picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on September 2 , the fifth year in a row he had reached that number , trailing only the six seasons in a row for Sandy Koufax among Dodger starters . He also became just the fourth pitcher since 1893 to have at least five 200 @-@ strikeout seasons through an age @-@ 26 season ( Bert , Walter Johnson and Sam McDowell are the others ) . " " . memory recent in seasons pitching best the of one season 2014 his called experts Many . titles ERA consecutive four win to history in pitcher first the was He . season the of month first the of most missing despite strikeouts in third finished also He . players NL all and pitchers both for Replacement Above Wins and , FIP , games complete , ratio walk @-@ to @-@ , 9 / SO , GS / IP , WHIP , % Win , Wins , + ERA , ERA as such , again once categories numerous in League National the led He . starts 27 in ERA 77 @.@ 1 a with 3 – 21 season the finished Kershaw "," Kershaw finished the season 21 – 3 with a 1 @.@ 77 ERA in 27 starts . He led the National League in numerous categories once again , such as ERA , ERA + , Wins , Win % , WHIP , IP / GS , SO / 9 , @-@ to @-@ walk ratio , complete games , FIP , and Wins Above Replacement for both pitchers and all NL players . He also finished third in strikeouts despite missing most of the first month of the season . He was the first pitcher in history to win four consecutive ERA titles . Many experts called his 2014 season one of the best pitching seasons in recent memory . " " . curveball his off batter handed @-@ left a to career his in allowed had Kershaw run home first the was It . inning 7th the in Adams Matt to run home run @-@ 3 a up giving after loss the take would again but , dominant be again would he , 4 Game in rest short on Pitching . ) Series Championship League National 2013 the of 6 Game was one previous his ( starts postseason back @-@ to @-@ back in runs seven least at up give to history in pitcher first the also was He . playoffs the in games strikeout digit double multiple with pitchers Dodgers only the for Koufax tie did He . seventh the in runs six surrendered and ) homers solo both ( hits two only allowing while innings six first the through cruised had He . runs eight allowing while 10 out strike to history in pitcher first the became Kershaw , Cardinals the against Series Division the of 1 Game in , playoffs the of start first his in , However "," However , in his first start of the playoffs , in Game 1 of the Division Series against the Cardinals , Kershaw became the first pitcher in history to strike out 10 while allowing eight runs . He had cruised through the first six innings while allowing only two hits ( both solo homers ) and surrendered six runs in the seventh . He did tie Koufax for the only Dodgers pitchers with multiple double digit strikeout games in the playoffs . He was also the first pitcher in history to give up at least seven runs in back @-@ to @-@ back postseason starts ( his previous one was Game 6 of the 2013 National League Championship Series ) . Pitching on short rest in Game 4 , he would again be dominant , but again would take the loss after giving up a 3 @-@ run home run to Matt Adams in the 7th inning . It was the first home run Kershaw had allowed in his career to a left @-@ handed batter off his curveball . " " . 1988 in Gibson Kirk since award the win to player Dodgers first the and 1968 in Gibson Bob since award the win to pitcher League National first the , MVP NL the as elected was he , day following The . ) vote unanimous a ( seasons four in Award Young Cy third his awarded was he , 12 November On . Award Spahn Warren ) straight second and ( third his won also He . Award Year the of Man Miller Marvin the and Year the of Player , Pitcher NL Outstanding including Awards Choice Players the at awards three won He . America Baseball and News Sporting The both from awards year the of player with season the after honored was Kershaw "," Kershaw was honored after the season with player of the year awards from both The Sporting News and Baseball America . He won three awards at the Players Choice Awards including Outstanding NL Pitcher , Player of the Year and the Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award . He also won his third ( and second straight ) Warren Spahn Award . On November 12 , he was awarded his third Cy Young Award in four seasons ( a unanimous vote ) . The following day , he was elected as the NL MVP , the first National League pitcher to win the award since Bob Gibson in 1968 and the first Dodgers player to win the award since Kirk Gibson in 1988 . " " . July for month the of pitcher NL won and 19 – 13 July of week the for Greinke Zack teammate his with honors week the of player NL the shared He . 1930 in Vance since walks no and strikeouts digit @-@ double of games back @-@ to @-@ back with pitcher Dodgers first the and 2000 in Park Ho Chan since strikeouts 13 least at of games back @-@ to @-@ back with starter Dodgers first the became He . Nationals Washington the against 18 July on innings shutout eight in batters 14 high season a out struck Kershaw . feat that accomplish to pitchers Dodgers only the as Valenzuela Fernando and Koufax Sandy joining , selection star @-@ all straight fifth his became It . game the before Sunday the pitching to due unavailable was who , Scherzer Max pitcher Nationals replace to roster the to added was he , However . Martinez Carlos pitcher Cardinals to lost he which , ballot Vote Final the on included was he though , Game Star @-@ All 2015 the for roster NL initial the make not did Kershaw . week that starts two in 18 out striking while innings 15 in baserunners 10 on runs two only allowed he when , 2015 , 7 – 1 June of week the for award week the of player NL career sixth his won Kershaw . mark that reach to pitcher active youngest second the and history franchise in pitcher 22nd the became He . Rockies the against 15 May on win career 100th his up picked Kershaw . Rockies Colorado the of Stubbs Drew fanned he when 10 May on strikeout career 1,500th his recorded He . 1978 through 1972 from row a in seven started Sutton Don Famer of Hall since so do to pitcher Dodgers first the , 2015 in start day opening straight fifth his made Kershaw "," Kershaw made his fifth straight opening day start in 2015 , the first Dodgers pitcher to do so since Hall of Famer Don Sutton started seven in a row from 1972 through 1978 . He recorded his 1,500th career strikeout on May 10 when he fanned Drew Stubbs of the Colorado Rockies . Kershaw picked up his 100th career win on May 15 against the Rockies . He became the 22nd pitcher in franchise history and the second youngest active pitcher to reach that mark . Kershaw won his sixth career NL player of the week award for the week of June 1 – 7 , 2015 , when he allowed only two runs on 10 baserunners in 15 innings while striking out 18 in two starts that week . Kershaw did not make the initial NL roster for the 2015 All @-@ Star Game , though he was included on the Final Vote ballot , which he lost to Cardinals pitcher Carlos Martinez . However , he was added to the roster to replace Nationals pitcher Max Scherzer , who was unavailable due to pitching the Sunday before the game . It became his fifth straight all @-@ star selection , joining Sandy Koufax and Fernando Valenzuela as the only Dodgers pitchers to accomplish that feat . Kershaw struck out a season high 14 batters in eight shutout innings on July 18 against the Washington Nationals . He became the first Dodgers starter with back @-@ to @-@ back games of at least 13 strikeouts since Chan Ho Park in 2000 and the first Dodgers pitcher with back @-@ to @-@ back games of double @-@ digit strikeouts and no walks since Vance in 1930 . He shared the NL player of the week honors with his teammate Zack Greinke for the week of July 13 – 19 and won NL pitcher of the month for July . " " . innings 3 ⁄ 2 232 in strikeouts 301 and , ERA 13 @.@ 2 a , record 7 – 16 a with season the finished He . 2002 in it did Johnson Randy since player first the , season a in batters 300 out strike to history League Major in player 11th the became Kershaw , 4 October On . history franchise Dodgers in most the for Koufax Sandy tying , Kershaw for season strikeout 200 straight sixth the was This . innings 156 at history Dodgers in mark that to fastest the for season 1995 's Nomo Hideo tying , 12 August on season the of strikeout 200th his up picked Kershaw "," Kershaw picked up his 200th strikeout of the season on August 12 , tying Hideo Nomo 's 1995 season for the fastest to that mark in Dodgers history at 156 innings . This was the sixth straight 200 strikeout season for Kershaw , tying Sandy Koufax for the most in Dodgers franchise history . On October 4 , Kershaw became the 11th player in Major League history to strike out 300 batters in a season , the first player since Randy Johnson did it in 2002 . He finished the season with a 16 – 7 record , a 2 @.@ 13 ERA , and 301 strikeouts in 232 2 ⁄ 3 innings . " " . year the in earlier ease to begun had that States United the with relations normalize help to step important an as anticipated one and , 1999 since MLB by visit first the was It . Torre Joe manager Dodgers former including , players and officials MLB of composed Cuba to expedition an in participated Kershaw , 2015 December @-@ mid In . Greinke Zack teammate and Arrieta Jake behind , voting Award Young Cy League National the in third finished Kershaw . 13 October on innings seven in strikeouts eight against hits three and run one allowing by rest ' days three on win the earning , four game in rebounded He . history MLB in game postseason same the in strikeouts 11 least at throw each to starters of pair first the were deGrom Jacob starter Mets York New and He . loss postseason straight fifth his for runs three allowed but innings 3 ⁄ 2 6 in 11 out struck Kershaw , Series Division League National 2015 the of One Game In "," In Game One of the 2015 National League Division Series , Kershaw struck out 11 in 6 2 ⁄ 3 innings but allowed three runs for his fifth straight postseason loss . He and New York Mets starter Jacob deGrom were the first pair of starters to each throw at least 11 strikeouts in the same postseason game in MLB history . He rebounded in game four , earning the win on three days ' rest by allowing one run and three hits against eight strikeouts in seven innings on October 13 . Kershaw finished third in the National League Cy Young Award voting , behind Jake Arrieta and teammate Zack Greinke . In mid @-@ December 2015 , Kershaw participated in an expedition to Cuba composed of MLB officials and players , including former Dodgers manager Joe Torre . It was the first visit by MLB since 1999 , and one anticipated as an important step to help normalize relations with the United States that had begun to ease earlier in the year . " " . game simulated a after back his in discomfort feel to continued He . time of period indefinite an for Kershaw down shut Dodgers the , 20 July On . injury his to due game the in pitch to unable was but team Star @-@ All 2016 the to named was He . pain the treat to injection epidural an received and , back the in disc herniated mild a was there that revealed which , MRI an received He . pain back to due list disabled day @-@ 15 the on placed was Kershaw , 2016 , 30 June On . season 2010 the in walks seven had who Lee Cliff beating , era modern the in strikeouts 100 reaching pitcher a for total walk lowest the was That . period that within batters five walking only while , 29 May on strikeout 100th his up picked He . strikeouts 10 least at with starts consecutive six with record club a and walk one than more no and strikeouts 10 least at with starts consecutive six with record MLB an set He . shutout game complete hit @-@ three a pitching while 13 out struck he , Mets York New the against 12 May On . started he which of all , games day opening straight six won had Dodgers the time first the marked also It . 0 – 15 won Dodgers the as 2016 in start day opening straight sixth his made Kershaw "," Kershaw made his sixth straight opening day start in 2016 as the Dodgers won 15 – 0 . It also marked the first time the Dodgers had won six straight opening day games , all of which he started . On May 12 against the New York Mets , he struck out 13 while pitching a three @-@ hit complete game shutout . He set an MLB record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts and no more than one walk and a club record with six consecutive starts with at least 10 strikeouts . He picked up his 100th strikeout on May 29 , while only walking five batters within that period . That was the lowest walk total for a pitcher reaching 100 strikeouts in the modern era , beating Cliff Lee who had seven walks in the 2010 season . On June 30 , 2016 , Kershaw was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list due to back pain . He received an MRI , which revealed that there was a mild herniated disc in the back , and received an epidural injection to treat the pain . He was named to the 2016 All @-@ Star team but was unable to pitch in the game due to his injury . On July 20 , the Dodgers shut down Kershaw for an indefinite period of time . He continued to feel discomfort in his back after a simulated game . " " . Clemens Roger , up growing pitcher favorite his after mechanics pitching his modeled has he that times many stated has He . him on read a get to base first at runner base the for difficult it makes it as step slide a uses he , stretch the of Out . bicycle a on a setting one with comparison drawing "" move "" a as Series Division League National 2015 the during described was motion The . plate the toward forward it moving before pause slight a with vertically foot right his lowers Kershaw , windup the of Out . pitches his of all on delivery overhand consistent a has and ball the up pick to batter the for hard is it that so hidden ball the keeps He . deception on relies style pitching 's Kershaw "," Kershaw 's pitching style relies on deception . He keeps the ball hidden so that it is hard for the batter to pick up the ball and has a consistent overhand delivery on all of his pitches . Out of the windup , Kershaw lowers his right foot vertically with a slight pause before moving it forward toward the plate . The motion was described during the 2015 National League Division Series as a "" move "" drawing comparison with one setting a on a bicycle . Out of the stretch , he uses a slide step as it makes it difficult for the base runner at first base to get a read on him . He has stated many times that he has modeled his pitching mechanics after his favorite pitcher growing up , Roger Clemens . " " . game the in pitchers fielding better the of one considered is and base first to moves pickoff better the of one having for known also is He . cutter a of use the with experimenting be to believed is he , season 2015 the in late of As . ) % 3 under ( changeup thrown seldom a and , ) h / km 122 ( hour per miles 76 – ) h / km 116 ( hour per miles 72 between curveball 6 – 12 a , ) h / km 140 ( hour per miles 87 – ) h / km 135 ( hour per miles 84 at slider a , movement late with ) h / km 158 ( hour per miles 98 at out tops and ) h / km 153 ( hour per miles 95 to ) h / km 148 ( hour per miles 92 from anywhere sits that fastball seam @-@ four a includes repertoire 's Kershaw "," Kershaw 's repertoire includes a four @-@ seam fastball that sits anywhere from 92 miles per hour ( 148 km / h ) to 95 miles per hour ( 153 km / h ) and tops out at 98 miles per hour ( 158 km / h ) with late movement , a slider at 84 miles per hour ( 135 km / h ) – 87 miles per hour ( 140 km / h ) , a 12 – 6 curveball between 72 miles per hour ( 116 km / h ) – 76 miles per hour ( 122 km / h ) , and a seldom thrown changeup ( under 3 % ) . As of late in the 2015 season , he is believed to be experimenting with the use of a cutter . He is also known for having one of the better pickoff moves to first base and is considered one of the better fielding pitchers in the game . " " : start each before bullpens during perfectionism and preparation his describes Ellis A.J. . perfectionist noted a is Kershaw , teammates many to According "," According to many teammates , Kershaw is a noted perfectionist . A.J. Ellis describes his preparation and perfectionism during bullpens before each start : " " . all in pitches four @-@ Thirty . away fastball one , inside fastball one and , windup the to Back . sliders two , inside fastball one , curveballs two , inside fastball one , changeups two , away fastballs two , inside fastballs Two . position stretch the to goes he Then . middle the to sliders Three . inside . middle the to curveballs Three . inside . away changeups Three . side either fastballs three Then . middle the down fastballs three and , sit I . up standing 'm I when fastballs Three "," Three fastballs when I 'm standing up . I sit , and three fastballs down the middle . Then three fastballs either side . Three changeups away . inside . Three curveballs to the middle . inside . Three sliders to the middle . Then he goes to the stretch position . Two fastballs inside , two fastballs away , two changeups , one fastball inside , two curveballs , one fastball inside , two sliders . Back to the windup , and one fastball inside , one fastball away . Thirty @-@ four pitches in all . " " Reference.com. @-@ Baseball Per . season 2015 Through : Notes "," Notes : Through 2015 season . Per Baseball @-@ Reference.com. " " . Clark honor to is 22 number wears he reason main the and , Clark Will baseman first Rangers Texas former was up growing players favorite his of One . Tolleson Shawn and Walden Jordan pitchers fellow and Stafford Matthew quarterback with school attended and Texas , Dallas in up grew Kershaw "," Kershaw grew up in Dallas , Texas and attended school with quarterback Matthew Stafford and fellow pitchers Jordan Walden and Shawn Tolleson . One of his favorite players growing up was former Texas Rangers first baseman Will Clark , and the main reason he wears number 22 is to honor Clark . " " . 2013 in died and Marianne from divorce his after remarried Kershaw elder The . work his for Award Clio a won and musician a was , Kershaw George Christopher , father His . brother younger 's Tombaugh Clyde of daughter the is , Tombaugh Marianne born , mother 's Kershaw . Pluto of discoverer the , Tombaugh Clyde astronomer of nephew @-@ great the is He "," He is the great @-@ nephew of astronomer Clyde Tombaugh , the discoverer of Pluto . Kershaw 's mother , born Marianne Tombaugh , is the daughter of Clyde Tombaugh 's younger brother . His father , Christopher George Kershaw , was a musician and won a Clio Award for his work . The elder Kershaw remarried after his divorce from Marianne and died in 2013 . " " . faith religious strong with Methodist a is He . Ann Cali daughter , child first 's couple the to birth gave Ellen , 2015 , 23 January On . Melson Ellen , years seven of girlfriend his married Kershaw , 2010 , 4 December On "," On December 4 , 2010 , Kershaw married his girlfriend of seven years , Ellen Melson . On January 23 , 2015 , Ellen gave birth to the couple 's first child , daughter Cali Ann . He is a Methodist with strong religious faith . " " . XLVIII Bowl Super of telecast 's FOX following aired originally which Girl New of episode 3 Season a , "" Prince "" in appearance cameo a made Kershaw "," Kershaw made a cameo appearance in "" Prince "" , a Season 3 episode of New Girl which originally aired following FOX 's telecast of Super Bowl XLVIII . " " . Republic Dominican the in hospital 's CURE for surgeries 100 funding of goal a setting , 2015 in International CURE with partnership his continued has Kershaw . Lusaka in hospital CURE for equipment medical new and surgeries 's children 170 for pay to funds raising , International CURE with partnership with , Zambia of children the support to continued Kershaw , 2014 In . Second Am I and , Dallas in Street Mercy , Angeles Los in Foundation Peacock the to going each percent 10 with , Africa Arise to went 2012 in raised money the of percent Seventy "" . Serve To Out Strike "" project the of incarnation 's season that calling , Challenge 's Kershaw to season 2012 the in strikeout every for 100 $ donated Kershaw . 2012 in Zambia to returned wife his and He . Home 's Hope to 000 @,@ 260 $ donated he , Award Choice Players 2011 the won Kershaw When . goal 000 @,@ 70 $ his toward 300 @,@ 492 $ donated he , season 2011 the during thrown strikeouts 248 of high career 's Kershaw With . 2011 in recorded strikeout per 100 $ of donation a pledged Kershaw , goal his accomplish To . Zambia in while met Kershaw child positive @-@ HIV an , Hope old @-@ year @-@ 11 after "" Home 's Hope "" called he which , Zambia , Lusaka in orphanage an building of dream his announced Kershaw , trip the After . Africa Arise based @-@ Dallas by organized mission Christian a of part as wife his with Zambia visited Kershaw , season 2011 the to Prior "," Prior to the 2011 season , Kershaw visited Zambia with his wife as part of a Christian mission organized by Dallas @-@ based Arise Africa . After the trip , Kershaw announced his dream of building an orphanage in Lusaka , Zambia , which he called "" Hope 's Home "" after 11 @-@ year @-@ old Hope , an HIV @-@ positive child Kershaw met while in Zambia . To accomplish his goal , Kershaw pledged a donation of $ 100 per strikeout recorded in 2011 . With Kershaw 's career high of 248 strikeouts thrown during the 2011 season , he donated $ 492 @,@ 300 toward his $ 70 @,@ 000 goal . When Kershaw won the 2011 Players Choice Award , he donated $ 260 @,@ 000 to Hope 's Home . He and his wife returned to Zambia in 2012 . Kershaw donated $ 100 for every strikeout in the 2012 season to Kershaw 's Challenge , calling that season 's incarnation of the project "" Strike Out To Serve . "" Seventy percent of the money raised in 2012 went to Arise Africa , with 10 percent each going to the Peacock Foundation in Los Angeles , Mercy Street in Dallas , and I Am Second . In 2014 , Kershaw continued to support the children of Zambia , with partnership with CURE International , raising funds to pay for 170 children 's surgeries and new medical equipment for CURE hospital in Lusaka . Kershaw has continued his partnership with CURE International in 2015 , setting a goal of funding 100 surgeries for CURE 's hospital in the Dominican Republic . " " . organizations community and agencies service public , practitioners health mental with partnering by youth risk at for activities and interventions assisted @-@ animal provides which , Foundation Peacock the of supporter a also is He . California , Lynwood in house a rehabilitate and demolish Humanity for Habitat helping as such , Angeles Los in programs other with helped also has he , Challenge 's Kershaw and Home 's Hope to addition In "," In addition to Hope 's Home and Kershaw 's Challenge , he has also helped with other programs in Los Angeles , such as helping Habitat for Humanity demolish and rehabilitate a house in Lynwood , California . He is also a supporter of the Peacock Foundation , which provides animal @-@ assisted interventions and activities for at risk youth by partnering with mental health practitioners , public service agencies and community organizations . " " . Press Regal through 2012 , 10 January on released was book The . efforts humanitarian their and faith Christian their about Yourself Find You Field Whatever on Dreams and Faith Your Out Live : Arise named book a authored @-@ co , Ellen , wife his and Kershaw "," Kershaw and his wife , Ellen , co @-@ authored a book named Arise : Live Out Your Faith and Dreams on Whatever Field You Find Yourself about their Christian faith and their humanitarian efforts . The book was released on January 10 , 2012 through Regal Press . " " . Subway and , Milk Muscle , ) shoes ( Armour Under , ) glove ( Goods Sporting Wilson , for endorser celebrity a is Kershaw "," Kershaw is a celebrity endorser for , Wilson Sporting Goods ( glove ) , Under Armour ( shoes ) , Muscle Milk , and Subway . " " . cited been have fakes no , date to , artworks 's Josepha of raisonné Catalogue existing no is There . 2008 since Australia in market art primary the of contraction huge the survived have to appears art Her . Australia in auctions art commercial at appear regularly and composition in formalist and coloured strongly are works 's Josepha . 800 @,@ 22 $ A for auction charity a at sold paintings her of One . ) Awelye as known ( ceremonies s ’ women and "" dreaming "" plum bush portray paintings Her . Victoria of Gallery National the and Artbank including collections major several by acquired been have art Australian Indigenous contemporary of works her , 1990 around painting up taking first Since . Australia Central from Australian Indigenous speaking @-@ an is ) uncertain date , 1953 . ca or 1945 . ca born ( Josepha "," Josepha ( born ca . 1945 or ca . 1953 , date uncertain ) is an @-@ speaking Indigenous Australian from Central Australia . Since first taking up painting around 1990 , her works of contemporary Indigenous Australian art have been acquired by several major collections including Artbank and the National Gallery of Victoria . Her paintings portray bush plum "" dreaming "" and women ’ s ceremonies ( known as Awelye ) . One of her paintings sold at a charity auction for A $ 22 @,@ 800 . Josepha 's works are strongly coloured and formalist in composition and regularly appear at commercial art auctions in Australia . Her art appears to have survived the huge contraction of the primary art market in Australia since 2008 . There is no existing Catalogue raisonné of Josepha 's artworks , to date , no fakes have been cited . " " . Territory Northern 's Australia in Springs Alice near , Mission Teresa Santa the at 1953 or 1945 around born , Australian Indigenous speaking @-@ an is Josepha "," Josepha is an @-@ speaking Indigenous Australian , born around 1945 or 1953 at the Santa Teresa Mission , near Alice Springs in Australia 's Northern Territory . " " . name her of version that used has that source only the is biography 's however ; known be to wished henceforth she how was this that and , Josie than rather Josepha was name her that indicated she , Australia central in Gallery for painting began Josepha When "," When Josepha began painting for Gallery in central Australia , she indicated that her name was Josepha rather than Josie , and that this was how she henceforth wished to be known ; however 's biography is the only source that has used that version of her name . " " . east @-@ north its to , Range Harts and Springs Alice between time her dividing was and , died had husband 's Josie , 2008 By . mother his like artist an become to on went , Damien , whom of one , children seven had They . 1990 around painting began she when living was she where is which , Springs Alice of east @-@ north , Utopia of region the to moved Josepha , Petyarre Gloria artist of brother , Petyarre Robin marrying After "," After marrying Robin Petyarre , brother of artist Gloria Petyarre , Josepha moved to the region of Utopia , north @-@ east of Alice Springs , which is where she was living when she began painting around 1990 . They had seven children , one of whom , Damien , went on to become an artist like his mother . By 2008 , Josie 's husband had died , and was dividing her time between Alice Springs and Harts Range , to its north @-@ east . " " . sale and exhibition for expressly works art create to beginning were people , outstations the on and , Balgo , Yuendumu , Kintore , Utopia as such communities desert western the In . paint to began them of many 1990s the in and , participate to wished women the of many , However . painting also women to Australia central of men Pintupi the among resistance was there and , men were , company ' artists Tula Papunya the of founders the of all including , artists first The . internationally exhibited being was work such , 90s ' and 1980s the By . 1983 in Australia central in program art sanctioned @-@ government a of introduction the after particularly , Australia central of communities Indigenous across spread rapidly , sculptures ground and painting body representing designs create to paints acrylic used which , work Their . Bardon Geoffrey teacher by assisted , materials art western using canvases and murals created Papunya at men Indigenous when 1971 in began desert western the of art Indigenous Contemporary "," Contemporary Indigenous art of the western desert began in 1971 when Indigenous men at Papunya created murals and canvases using western art materials , assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . Their work , which used acrylic paints to create designs representing body painting and ground sculptures , rapidly spread across Indigenous communities of central Australia , particularly after the introduction of a government @-@ sanctioned art program in central Australia in 1983 . By the 1980s and ' 90s , such work was being exhibited internationally . The first artists , including all of the founders of the Papunya Tula artists ' company , were men , and there was resistance among the Pintupi men of central Australia to women also painting . However , many of the women wished to participate , and in the 1990s many of them began to paint . In the western desert communities such as Utopia , Kintore , Yuendumu , Balgo , and on the outstations , people were beginning to create art works expressly for exhibition and sale . " " . 2001 in Washington in embassy Australian the at as well as , Kong Hong and Melbourne in galleries private several in exhibitions at included been have paintings 's . Branly quai du Musée the for building new a of design the to contribution his for particularly , famous time this by was who , Watson Tommy of that opposite printed was painting her ; catalogue its and exhibition Landmarks 2006 's Victoria of Gallery National the in included was work her when boost significant a received career Her . Victoria of Gallery National the by purchased was work a 2005 in and , University Sturt Charles as such , institutions public and private both by collected being was work her 1998 By . 1970s the in Papunya at begun had that movement art Indigenous contemporary the of part as 1992 or 1990 about painting began Josepha "," Josepha began painting about 1990 or 1992 as part of the contemporary Indigenous art movement that had begun at Papunya in the 1970s . By 1998 her work was being collected by both private and public institutions , such as Charles Sturt University , and in 2005 a work was purchased by the National Gallery of Victoria . Her career received a significant boost when her work was included in the National Gallery of Victoria 's 2006 Landmarks exhibition and its catalogue ; her painting was printed opposite that of Tommy Watson , who was by this time famous , particularly for his contribution to the design of a new building for the Musée du quai Branly . 's paintings have been included at exhibitions in several private galleries in Melbourne and Hong Kong , as well as at the Australian embassy in Washington in 2001 . " " . Vision Motion , motion of perception visual the on book a of cover the on appears , Berries Bush , by triptych a on based image An . 2007 May in set , 800 @,@ 22 $ was work 's of item an for price auction recorded highest the , 2008 of end the of As . 000 @,@ 22 $ A for sold It . exhibition fundraising charity a of part as Wales South New of University the at College Shalom at exhibited was by work commissioned a 2006 In "," In 2006 a commissioned work by was exhibited at Shalom College at the University of New South Wales as part of a charity fundraising exhibition . It sold for A $ 22 @,@ 000 . As of the end of 2008 , the highest recorded auction price for an item of 's work was $ 22 @,@ 800 , set in May 2007 . An image based on a triptych by , Bush Berries , appears on the cover of a book on the visual perception of motion , Motion Vision . " " . iconography ceremonial 's women of representations include and dots coloured of rows using created are these and , dreamings and ) Awelye ( ceremonies s ’ women paints also She . development its in stages different at fruit the represent that dots orange and blue , red with undertaken are paintings These . "" country ] their [ of sacredness the of ] people Indigenous local the [ reminding , sustenance spiritual and physical of source a "" is which desert Australian central the of plant a represents dreaming plum Bush . styles distinct two in rendered , dreamings of groups different two portray by Paintings . generation to generation from "" systems belief and values cultural , knowledge important "" pass to used are stories These . rights or responsibility have they which for , stories or , "" dreamings "" particular paint frequently artists Australian Central "," Central Australian artists frequently paint particular "" dreamings "" , or stories , for which they have responsibility or rights . These stories are used to pass "" important knowledge , cultural values and belief systems "" from generation to generation . Paintings by portray two different groups of dreamings , rendered in two distinct styles . Bush plum dreaming represents a plant of the central Australian desert which is "" a source of physical and spiritual sustenance , reminding [ the local Indigenous people ] of the sacredness of [ their ] country "" . These paintings are undertaken with red , blue and orange dots that represent the fruit at different stages in its development . She also paints women ’ s ceremonies ( Awelye ) and dreamings , and these are created using rows of coloured dots and include representations of women 's ceremonial iconography . " " . "" landscape of interpretation modern , interesting "" an as and Birnberg writers art Indigenous by described is style Her . "" dotting applied immaculately of fields variegated fine through harmony visual of sense a create that works innovative for known "" become has she that noting , artists Indigenous 200 top 's country the amongst as her ranked has Newstead Adrian consultant Art . "" artists Aboriginal contemporary finest "" the of one as described Cawthorne Zelda Journalist "," Journalist Zelda Cawthorne described as one of the "" finest contemporary Aboriginal artists "" . Art consultant Adrian Newstead has ranked her as amongst the country 's top 200 Indigenous artists , noting that she has become "" known for innovative works that create a sense of visual harmony through fine variegated fields of immaculately applied dotting "" . Her style is described by Indigenous art writers Birnberg and as an "" interesting , modern interpretation of landscape "" . " " . Victoria of Gallery National the and , Collection Court a Holmes the , Collection University Sturt Charles the , Artbank including , collections private and public of variety a in held is work 's "," 's work is held in a variety of public and private collections , including Artbank , the Charles Sturt University Collection , the Holmes a Court Collection , and the National Gallery of Victoria . " " . void airless an into screaming , surroundings his by suffocated and trapped man a of effect the gives This . drapery like @-@ curtain behind , structure cage glass a within figure the places and , strokes brush expressive , forceful applies Bacon X. Innocent of Portrait 's Velázquez Diego on modeled , figure single a of view bust a shows It . series "" Head 1949 "" his up making panels six of last the , Bacon Francis artist figurative English born @-@ Irish the by painting canvas @-@ on @-@ oil an is VI Head "," Head VI is an oil @-@ on @-@ canvas painting by the Irish @-@ born English figurative artist Francis Bacon , the last of six panels making up his "" 1949 Head "" series . It shows a bust view of a single figure , modeled on Diego Velázquez 's Portrait of Innocent X. Bacon applies forceful , expressive brush strokes , and places the figure within a glass cage structure , behind curtain @-@ like drapery . This gives the effect of a man trapped and suffocated by his surroundings , screaming into an airless void . " " . Triptych — Portrait @-@ Self a for Study , masterpiece 86 – 1985 his as late as appears that motif a is cage geometric The . paintings late his in even found be can , tassel curtain or switch light a be may which , object hanging The . work 's Bacon in reappear to were that motifs many contains VI Head . works individual surviving 45 around are there which of series loose a , "" popes screaming "" of series his inspired and career his throughout him haunted X Innocent Pope of portrait whose , Velázquez reference to paintings 's Bacon of first the was VI Head "," Head VI was the first of Bacon 's paintings to reference Velázquez , whose portrait of Pope Innocent X haunted him throughout his career and inspired his series of "" screaming popes "" , a loose series of which there are around 45 surviving individual works . Head VI contains many motifs that were to reappear in Bacon 's work . The hanging object , which may be a light switch or curtain tassel , can be found even in his late paintings . The geometric cage is a motif that appears as late as his 1985 – 86 masterpiece , Study for a Self @-@ Portrait — Triptych . " " . popes finest 's Bacon of one and , period 50 – 1949 productive unusually 's Bacon from piece seminal a as it described Sylvester David curator and critic Art "" . strokes original most 's Bacon of one indeed was iconoclasm and pastiche of once at appearance paradoxical The . unpardonable everything was It . indescribable was ... heads of series whole a with seen was it when , picture the of shock "" the that wrote Gowing Lawrence 1989 In . "" end bad a to come has who nez @-@ pince in accountant an and jaws its of shorn alligator an "" between cross a as it dismissed time the at , biographer 's Bacon later , Russell John ; critics art from reaction mixed a drew VI Head . art British of terrible enfant the him made which , Crucifixion a of Base the at Figures for Studies Three 1944 his for known best , artist respected but controversial highly a was Bacon , time the At . Erica , champions early 's artist the of one by organised showing a in , London in Gallery Hanover the at 1949 November in exhibited first was VI Head "," Head VI was first exhibited in November 1949 at the Hanover Gallery in London , in a showing organised by one of the artist 's early champions , Erica . At the time , Bacon was a highly controversial but respected artist , best known for his 1944 Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion , which made him the enfant terrible of British art . Head VI drew a mixed reaction from art critics ; John Russell , later Bacon 's biographer , at the time dismissed it as a cross between "" an alligator shorn of its jaws and an accountant in pince @-@ nez who has come to a bad end "" . In 1989 Lawrence Gowing wrote that the "" shock of the picture , when it was seen with a whole series of heads ... was indescribable . It was everything unpardonable . The paradoxical appearance at once of pastiche and iconoclasm was indeed one of Bacon 's most original strokes . "" Art critic and curator David Sylvester described it as a seminal piece from Bacon 's unusually productive 1949 – 50 period , and one of Bacon 's finest popes . " " . buyers international for viewings organised and widely him publicised — exhibition solo debut his — showing this arranged she ; champions early 's Bacon of important most the perhaps became , years following In . hang to reserve in nothing had but , agreed He . Gallery Hanover new her of opening the for show solo a of opportunity the Bacon offered Erica . 1948 of winter the and 1947 between from survive works no and , blades with canvases slashing to given , critic self ruthless a was he , paint to continued he Although . ) 1946 ( Painting his is period this from canvas surviving last the ; voice a find to unable been had he years three previous the In . Tangier in stay a from , 1948 in late , penniless returned he after came series head the for idea The . tone and execution in vary but convenience for grouped are paintings sometimes ; sequence in painted or planned always not were series His . "" me in images other breed images "" that and sequences by stimulated was imagination his that Sylvester told He . images of sequences by characterised is output 's Bacon "," Bacon 's output is characterised by sequences of images . He told Sylvester that his imagination was stimulated by sequences and that "" images breed other images in me "" . His series were not always planned or painted in sequence ; sometimes paintings are grouped for convenience but vary in execution and tone . The idea for the head series came after he returned penniless , late in 1948 , from a stay in Tangier . In the previous three years he had been unable to find a voice ; the last surviving canvas from this period is his Painting ( 1946 ) . Although he continued to paint , he was a ruthless self critic , given to slashing canvases with blades , and no works survive from between 1947 and the winter of 1948 . Erica offered Bacon the opportunity of a solo show for the opening of her new Hanover Gallery . He agreed , but had nothing in reserve to hang . In following years , became perhaps the most important of Bacon 's early champions ; she arranged this showing — his debut solo exhibition — publicised him widely and organised viewings for international buyers . " " . opening the for time in barely series the completing , exhibition November the before weeks final the in variants stronger progressively five executed and , year previous the of I Head his in him interested that themes found eventually but , show the to agreed he when plan grand a have not did He . works new present to but choice little had he , years three last the of out his all destroyed had he Because . determination with task the to himself applied and chance last his as exhibition the viewed Bacon , old years 40 Already "," Already 40 years old , Bacon viewed the exhibition as his last chance and applied himself to the task with determination . Because he had destroyed all his out of the last three years , he had little choice but to present new works . He did not have a grand plan when he agreed to the show , but eventually found themes that interested him in his Head I of the previous year , and executed five progressively stronger variants in the final weeks before the November exhibition , completing the series barely in time for the opening . " " . scream human the of study the and mouth open the become has focus the while , Velázquez of influence the of work 's Bacon in indication first the , vestments wearing shown now is and developed has figure the VI Head In . three middle the as spectral as and , paintings two first the as tortured physiologically as is which , VI Head in coalesce ideas broad two These . atmosphere haunted a by characterised are and , men as recognisable busts formed fully show V and IV , III Heads . human a in expected be would than higher much positioned is it though , pharynx a and eyes open @-@ half have they ; heads human resemble broadly that flesh of pieces formless show II Head and ) 1948 of winter the in begun actually ( I Head . with terms to coming and developing clearly still was he ideas present and utilise they how in especially progression clear a show but , quality in uneven are they , career 's Bacon in early Coming . eerie and reductive , claustrophobic overwhelmingly , undefined are that spaces in enclosed figures isolated depict paintings The "," The paintings depict isolated figures enclosed in spaces that are undefined , overwhelmingly claustrophobic , reductive and eerie . Coming early in Bacon 's career , they are uneven in quality , but show a clear progression especially in how they utilise and present ideas he was still clearly developing and coming to terms with . Head I ( actually begun in the winter of 1948 ) and Head II show formless pieces of flesh that broadly resemble human heads ; they have half @-@ open eyes and a pharynx , though it is positioned much higher than would be expected in a human . Heads III , IV and V show fully formed busts recognisable as men , and are characterised by a haunted atmosphere . These two broad ideas coalesce in Head VI , which is as physiologically tortured as the first two paintings , and as spectral as the middle three . In Head VI the figure has developed and is now shown wearing vestments , the first indication in Bacon 's work of the influence of Velázquez , while the focus has become the open mouth and the study of the human scream . " " . years 20 subsequent the for Bacon preoccupy to was that image an at arrived and , masterpieces Velázquez of reworking a into panels surviving six the over evolved but , head collapsed a of study morbid rather a as began which , series 1949 the in evident very is This "" . freer bit a be to me helped drink the perhaps "" that said he ; intertwined were art and lifestyle , him To . artist an as progression his to crucial it felt and freedom this out sought actively He . intended first had he what from different quite something into through way @-@ mid morph would often image an : work his into chance for appetite his incorporated He "" . doing was I what knew hardly sometimes I ; drink and hangovers tremendous under ... drinking of mood bad a in "" canvas his approach often would he morning following The . rooms poker and casinos Soho in nights most spending and heavily drinking was he when period a , 1940s late to mid the in case the especially was This . emerge might what of idea clear a having without canvas a approached often he that and , work his in role significant a played chance that said Bacon "," Bacon said that chance played a significant role in his work , and that he often approached a canvas without having a clear idea of what might emerge . This was especially the case in the mid to late 1940s , a period when he was drinking heavily and spending most nights in Soho casinos and poker rooms . The following morning he would often approach his canvas "" in a bad mood of drinking ... under tremendous hangovers and drink ; I sometimes hardly knew what I was doing . "" He incorporated his appetite for chance into his work : an image often would morph mid @-@ way through into something quite different from what he had first intended . He actively sought out this freedom and felt it crucial to his progression as an artist . To him , lifestyle and art were intertwined ; he said that "" perhaps the drink helped me to be a bit freer . "" This is very evident in the 1949 series , which began as a rather morbid study of a collapsed head , but evolved over the six surviving panels into a reworking of Velázquez masterpieces , and arrived at an image that was to preoccupy Bacon for the subsequent 20 years . " " . series 's Bacon in abandoned is conceit This . portrayed being are they that aware seemingly usually and , posed always are figures the , painting of eras all through common is rooms in figures of depiction the while that observed Russell "" . mutation strange to subject and , fragmented , adrift suddenly is person our and , one only the be to ceases front out view the "" , Russell to According . jaw a , eyes , ears , mouth a : features bones @-@ bare its to subject the reducing by convey to attempted Bacon which , neuroses its of sum the becomes being social the and , away falls pretence all circumstances these under that believed He . face outward an present to need the abandoned had and , unobserved , isolated felt subject the that appeared it that was aspect key the , him For . rooms in figures lone depicting at attempt first 's Bacon marks series The "," The series marks Bacon 's first attempt at depicting lone figures in rooms . For him , the key aspect was that it appeared that the subject felt isolated , unobserved , and had abandoned the need to present an outward face . He believed that under these circumstances all pretence falls away , and the social being becomes the sum of its neuroses , which Bacon attempted to convey by reducing the subject to its bare @-@ bones features : a mouth , ears , eyes , a jaw . According to Russell , "" the view out front ceases to be the only one , and our person is suddenly adrift , fragmented , and subject to strange mutation . "" Russell observed that while the depiction of figures in rooms is common through all eras of painting , the figures are always posed , and usually seemingly aware that they are being portrayed . This conceit is abandoned in Bacon 's series . " " . popes other several including , on working been had he what of most destroyed and doubt of full was he , year a for publicising been had she that show York New a for works produce to 1953 in by again pressed When . completed were they before canvasses abandoned or slashed often and critical @-@ self ruthlessly was he ; survive quality poor relative their of works that oeuvre 's Bacon in exceptional is It . VI Head towards steps intermediate merely as considered usually are V and IV , III Heads while , sac @-@ de @-@ cul creative a of something as seen is II Head , critically regarded @-@ well is it Although . II Head than successful more considered is , 1948 in late completed , I Head "," Head I , completed late in 1948 , is considered more successful than Head II . Although it is well @-@ regarded critically , Head II is seen as something of a creative cul @-@ de @-@ sac , while Heads III , IV and V are usually considered as merely intermediate steps towards Head VI . It is exceptional in Bacon 's oeuvre that works of their relative poor quality survive ; he was ruthlessly self @-@ critical and often slashed or abandoned canvasses before they were completed . When pressed again by in 1953 to produce works for a New York show that she had been publicising for a year , he was full of doubt and destroyed most of what he had been working on , including several other popes . " " . opened show the before them destroyed and works the with dissatisfied was Bacon end the in but , "" Velázquez by X Innocent of Painting the from Studies Three : Bacon Francis "" as show the advertised gallery The . portrait 's Velázquez on modelled popes large three painted Bacon which for , 1950 in held be to showing another commissioned "," commissioned another showing to be held in 1950 , for which Bacon painted three large popes modelled on Velázquez 's portrait . The gallery advertised the show as "" Francis Bacon : Three Studies from the Painting of Innocent X by Velázquez "" , but in the end Bacon was dissatisfied with the works and destroyed them before the show opened . " " . closed or open curtains , off or on be can bulbs that fact the to alluding , viewer the for sight of out and in waver figure the make to intended were elements these , Bacon For . bulb light dangling a clearly is it where , 1973 June – May , Triptych 1973 his of panel centre the in prominently most reappears object an Such . lines vertical of set further a with painting the framing , function compositional a has it , meaning symbolic its from Apart . artist the for signature a become to was cord hanging the ; curtain a of tassel the or switch light hanging a of end the either be may , works later 's Bacon in objects similar of presence the given but , certainty with identify to drawn indistinctly too is It . eyes his covering partially and face 's pope the of front in just falling , case glass the of edge upper the from hangs cord A . career 's artist the throughout heavily feature to was , "" frame @-@ space "" a as Sylvester by described , device framing This . cage glass dimensional @-@ three abstract an of outlines the within isolated and trapped seems It . clothing his from pope a as identifiable clearly is figure The "," The figure is clearly identifiable as a pope from his clothing . It seems trapped and isolated within the outlines of an abstract three @-@ dimensional glass cage . This framing device , described by Sylvester as a "" space @-@ frame "" , was to feature heavily throughout the artist 's career . A cord hangs from the upper edge of the glass case , falling just in front of the pope 's face and partially covering his eyes . It is too indistinctly drawn to identify with certainty , but given the presence of similar objects in Bacon 's later works , may be either the end of a hanging light switch or the tassel of a curtain ; the hanging cord was to become a signature for the artist . Apart from its symbolic meaning , it has a compositional function , framing the painting with a further set of vertical lines . Such an object reappears most prominently in the centre panel of his 1973 Triptych , May – June 1973 , where it is clearly a dangling light bulb . For Bacon , these elements were intended to make the figure waver in and out of sight for the viewer , alluding to the fact that bulbs can be on or off , curtains open or closed . " " . to referred often he which to and studio his in kept , bookshop hand @-@ second a in bought cavities oral diseased of textbook medical a by stimulated further was mouth the in interest His "" . it get to happen 't didn I but , mouth the of interior the of colours the all with , mouth the of interior the of more got have should , colour more much all be should It "" , said Bacon , failed had he thought he why asked Bragg When "" . so doing in succeeded never I though landscape Monet a of beauty the all with mouth the make to able be would I that thought always had I "" , replied Bacon . mouth human the of physicality the with preoccupied seemed artist the career earlier his in that observed and , still the about Bacon asked Bragg Melvyn broadcaster the , 1984 In . Potemkin Battleship film silent 1925 his in sequence massacre Steps Odessa 's Eisenstein Sergei in screaming nurse the of kept he still a from took Bacon expression an , screaming if as wide opened is mouth 's figure The "," The figure 's mouth is opened wide as if screaming , an expression Bacon took from a still he kept of the nurse screaming in Sergei Eisenstein 's Odessa Steps massacre sequence in his 1925 silent film Battleship Potemkin . In 1984 , the broadcaster Melvyn Bragg asked Bacon about the still , and observed that in his earlier career the artist seemed preoccupied with the physicality of the human mouth . Bacon replied , "" I had always thought that I would be able to make the mouth with all the beauty of a Monet landscape though I never succeeded in doing so . "" When Bragg asked why he thought he had failed , Bacon said , "" It should be all much more colour , should have got more of the interior of the mouth , with all the colours of the interior of the mouth , but I didn 't happen to get it . "" His interest in the mouth was further stimulated by a medical textbook of diseased oral cavities bought in a second @-@ hand bookshop , kept in his studio and to which he often referred to . " " "" . interrogation an of atmosphere harsh the ] ing [ convey ... hands trembling and ... voices shouting "" Orwellian to interviews in referred and Orwell George to sympathetic was Bacon that notes Farr Denis . calamity impending the against warned who broadcasters 1930s late of booths radio the and case glass the between similarities saw critics Other "" . things other many being as interpreted been 's it know I . reason other no for – image the see really "" and frame could he so device the used he that stated and , though comparisons literal resisted strongly Bacon . cage similar a within held was he when , Court District Jerusalem a before trial 1961 Eichmann Adolf of photographs prophesying as seen often is Portrait a for Study Chicago 1949 his of enclosure glass The . War World Second the of memories evokes work The . "" successful more ... scream the made have would it , scream really to somebody causes what about thought really had I if , think I . horror the than more scream the paint to wanted "" had he that said Bacon , life in later . silence in screaming is it if as ; escape to unable is voice 's figure the that vacuum a imply might cage glass The "," The glass cage might imply a vacuum that the figure 's voice is unable to escape ; as if it is screaming in silence . later in life , Bacon said that he had "" wanted to paint the scream more than the horror . I think , if I had really thought about what causes somebody to really scream , it would have made the scream ... more successful "" . The work evokes memories of the Second World War . The glass enclosure of his 1949 Chicago Study for a Portrait is often seen as prophesying photographs of Adolf Eichmann 1961 trial before a Jerusalem District Court , when he was held within a similar cage . Bacon strongly resisted literal comparisons though , and stated that he used the device so he could frame and "" really see the image – for no other reason . I know it 's been interpreted as being many other things . "" Other critics saw similarities between the glass case and the radio booths of late 1930s broadcasters who warned against the impending calamity . Denis Farr notes that Bacon was sympathetic to George Orwell and referred in interviews to Orwellian "" shouting voices ... and trembling hands ... convey [ ing ] the harsh atmosphere of an interrogation . "" " " . Back Male the of Studies Three 1970 the is example finest his suggests Sylvester . life his of end the until intervals with , motif the use to continued Bacon that is notable is What . other each informed and influenced artists these how untangle to difficult is It . Head 's Bacon after years three constructed , "" Queen and King for "" his notably , works 's Moore Henry in found is construct dimensional two similar A . 1950 of "" Cage The "" in use his influenced turn in and , adaption 's Bacon before contexts surrealist in only it used 1949 by had Giacometti However . 1960s the in friends became artists two the and , 1930s the in Giacometti Alberto by used been already had "" frame space "" called @-@ so The "," The so @-@ called "" space frame "" had already been used by Alberto Giacometti in the 1930s , and the two artists became friends in the 1960s . However Giacometti had by 1949 used it only in surrealist contexts before Bacon 's adaption , and in turn influenced his use in "" The Cage "" of 1950 . A similar two dimensional construct is found in Henry Moore 's works , notably his "" for King and Queen "" , constructed three years after Bacon 's Head . It is difficult to untangle how these artists influenced and informed each other . What is notable is that Bacon continued to use the motif , with intervals until the end of his life . Sylvester suggests his finest example is the 1970 Three Studies of the Male Back . " " . figure the , behind than rather , of front in always and portraits in always , Body Human the from Study 1949 the notably , works earliest 's Bacon in appear curtains or Veils . "" folds even in hung curtains just with round all hung rooms "" liked he that said later and , 1930s @-@ mid the in rugs and furniture of designer and decorator interior an as career his begun had He . employed is it which in Degas and Titian by works of reproductions many collected and , painting in motif a as curtain or veil the with fascinated became He . "" popes screaming "" his in especially , works 1950s acclaimed most his of feature a become to were they and , panel Chicago his in forms similar used already had Bacon . affecting more the all separation the making , folds the through visible is paint @-@ ground black the ; viewer the from sitter the distance and isolate to device 's Master Old the adapts Bacon . Filippo Cardinal of Portrait 1558 's Titian to similar also but Degas by influenced part in are strokes brush heavy in painted folds like @-@ curtain golden length @-@ full The "," The full @-@ length golden curtain @-@ like folds painted in heavy brush strokes are in part influenced by Degas but also similar to Titian 's 1558 Portrait of Cardinal Filippo . Bacon adapts the Old Master 's device to isolate and distance the sitter from the viewer ; the black ground @-@ paint is visible through the folds , making the separation all the more affecting . Bacon had already used similar forms in his Chicago panel , and they were to become a feature of his most acclaimed 1950s works , especially in his "" screaming popes "" . He became fascinated with the veil or curtain as a motif in painting , and collected many reproductions of works by Titian and Degas in which it is employed . He had begun his career as an interior decorator and designer of furniture and rugs in the mid @-@ 1930s , and later said that he liked "" rooms hung all round with just curtains hung in even folds "" . Veils or curtains appear in Bacon 's earliest works , notably the 1949 Study from the Human Body , always in portraits and always in front of , rather than behind , the figure . " " . observe coldly to viewer the for stage of kind a on pope the places angle the , argues Schmied , hands 's Bacon in but photography promotional , commercial in technique common a already was This . him distancing and elevating , view of point 's viewer the above him place to pope the of positioning 's Velázquez adapts He . treatment controlled and tight 's Velázquez with contrast paint with freedom and strokes @-@ brush broad 's Bacon yet , expressive were artists both : ways of number a in 's Velázquez to differs approach 's Bacon . "" art of history the in parallel without "" as described homage and examination an ; decades two almost for obsessively it of variants reproduced he and consuming @-@ all was fascination his Yet . imagination his dull would painting the of knowledge intimate an that thought or , disappointed being of afraid was he speculate Critics . 1954 in Rome in months three spent he when even , original the seeing avoided cautiously Bacon . Rome , Gallery Doria the in today , X Innocent of Portrait 1650 . c 's Velázquez on modelled closely is VI Head "," Head VI is closely modelled on Velázquez 's c . 1650 Portrait of Innocent X , today in the Doria Gallery , Rome . Bacon cautiously avoided seeing the original , even when he spent three months in Rome in 1954 . Critics speculate he was afraid of being disappointed , or thought that an intimate knowledge of the painting would dull his imagination . Yet his fascination was all @-@ consuming and he reproduced variants of it obsessively for almost two decades ; an examination and homage described as "" without parallel in the history of art "" . Bacon 's approach differs to Velázquez 's in a number of ways : both artists were expressive , yet Bacon 's broad brush @-@ strokes and freedom with paint contrast with Velázquez 's tight and controlled treatment . He adapts Velázquez 's positioning of the pope to place him above the viewer 's point of view , elevating and distancing him . This was already a common technique in commercial , promotional photography but in Bacon 's hands , Schmied argues , the angle places the pope on a kind of stage for the viewer to coldly observe . " " . painting his deconstructs time same the at while , Velázquez to tribute pays that subversion and reverence of mixture a as work the describes Armin historian Art . figure the of sides both on extend that seat the of back the on ornaments coloured @-@ gold the in seen further be can influence The . strokes @-@ brush , thick , broad through up built is which , cope his of colouring white and violet the does as , original the echoes closely pose 's sitter The . painting the of aspects many in apparent is influence 's Velázquez Yet . painting contemporary and master old both in royalty of treatment the on comment sly a making thereby , again down him knock could he so subject his elevate to was approach 's Bacon . "" decayed and obsolete "" , Schmied Wieland historian art to according , as order and structure social that viewed he that and work 's Velázquez in flaws saw he that said he , interviews In . painting earlier the reproduce and try not did he , portrait 's Velázquez revered Bacon Although "," Although Bacon revered Velázquez 's portrait , he did not try and reproduce the earlier painting . In interviews , he said that he saw flaws in Velázquez 's work and that he viewed that social structure and order as , according to art historian Wieland Schmied , "" obsolete and decayed "" . Bacon 's approach was to elevate his subject so he could knock him down again , thereby making a sly comment on the treatment of royalty in both old master and contemporary painting . Yet Velázquez 's influence is apparent in many aspects of the painting . The sitter 's pose closely echoes the original , as does the violet and white colouring of his cope , which is built up through broad , thick , brush @-@ strokes . The influence can be further seen in the gold @-@ coloured ornaments on the back of the seat that extend on both sides of the figure . Art historian Armin describes the work as a mixture of reverence and subversion that pays tribute to Velázquez , while at the same time deconstructs his painting . " " "" . gaps the through gently and slowly slides but you at out straight come 't doesn sensation the that means it , Well "" , replied artist The . poignant so effect the found he why Bacon asked he , books of series "" Bacon Francis with Interviews "" his In . sitter the through pass they if as appear to made are that stripes into verticals background of accentuation an as them describes Sylvester . prison a of bars the resembling closely more as folds the view others ; setting and orchestra and between separation the to similar as sees he effect an , subject the from distance a creating , "" back viewer the push "" to serve folds the believes He . Filippo Cardinal of Portrait 's Titian in veil transparent the and folds the between link direct further a makes Sylvester . herself drying Woman , Bath the After 's artist earlier the in seen as , "" shuttering "" as described Degas what of illusion the create to folds heavy parallel of use the Degas from borrowed Bacon believes He . source a as Degas Edgar of pastels of identification with agrees and , IV Philip of portrayals 's Velázquez , colouring rich and deep the in especially , aspects other in Titian by works late of influence the detects Sylvester "," Sylvester detects the influence of late works by Titian in other aspects , especially in the deep and rich colouring , Velázquez 's portrayals of Philip IV , and agrees with identification of pastels of Edgar Degas as a source . He believes Bacon borrowed from Degas the use of parallel heavy folds to create the illusion of what Degas described as "" shuttering "" , as seen in the earlier artist 's After the Bath , Woman drying herself . Sylvester makes a further direct link between the folds and the transparent veil in Titian 's Portrait of Cardinal Filippo . He believes the folds serve to "" push the viewer back "" , creating a distance from the subject , an effect he sees as similar to the separation between and orchestra and setting ; others view the folds as more closely resembling the bars of a prison . Sylvester describes them as an accentuation of background verticals into stripes that are made to appear as if they pass through the sitter . In his "" Interviews with Francis Bacon "" series of books , he asked Bacon why he found the effect so poignant . The artist replied , "" Well , it means that the sensation doesn 't come straight out at you but slides slowly and gently through the gaps . "" " " . Armchair an in Seated Slip a in Woman 1913 the by influenced be may cape 's pope the around blobs white the that suggests and ; works 1930s 's Picasso in especially , paint of handling and figuration 's Picasso by impressed was Bacon that notes Sylvester "" . throne his of arms at clutching , grimaces and screams He . order work established the of collapse impending the halt to tries and image of maltreatment the resist "" to seems figure the , him To . secularisation and modernisation both to resistant pope a with , "" decayed and obsolete "" is papacy the how on commentary a and , Velázquez against reaction a as VI Head sees Schmied "" . manner false of sort a into getting without colour purple that clothes ordinary give 't can you and , colours these use to excuse an "" sought merely but , se per popes against nothing had he that replied Bacon , often so Velázquez the revisit to compelled was he why asked When "," When asked why he was compelled to revisit the Velázquez so often , Bacon replied that he had nothing against popes per se , but merely sought "" an excuse to use these colours , and you can 't give ordinary clothes that purple colour without getting into a sort of false manner . "" Schmied sees Head VI as a reaction against Velázquez , and a commentary on how the papacy is "" obsolete and decayed "" , with a pope resistant to both modernisation and secularisation . To him , the figure seems to "" resist the maltreatment of image and tries to halt the impending collapse of the established work order . He screams and grimaces , clutching at arms of his throne . "" Sylvester notes that Bacon was impressed by Picasso 's figuration and handling of paint , especially in Picasso 's 1930s works ; and suggests that the white blobs around the pope 's cape may be influenced by the 1913 Woman in a Slip Seated in an Armchair . " " . "" esoteric so subjects to brought been have should gift 's artist the that more the regret me makes only , green or pink sudden a with flushed , grey pearly of areas large of handling masterly the and , superb are they Technically . ignored be cannot , are they as horrifying ... paintings recent The "" , wrote Observer The for critic The . art British war @-@ post of terrible enfant the as reputation his sealing , same the all him about wrote they , unnerving and horrifying images his found some While . "" scene contemporary the in with reckoned be to force a of more "" , Peppiatt Michael to according , as critics of minds the in him established show full The . brilliance occasional only of capable but regarded highly been had he , then Until . breakthrough critical his marked and , success a was exhibition The . sensationalist as viewed but regarded highly were which of both , ) 1946 ( Painting with extent lesser a to and Crucifixion a of Base the at Figures for Studies Three with 1944 in success had He . wonder hit @-@ two a of something was he 1948 in late series the undertook Bacon When "," When Bacon undertook the series late in 1948 he was something of a two @-@ hit wonder . He had success in 1944 with Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion and to a lesser extent with Painting ( 1946 ) , both of which were highly regarded but viewed as sensationalist . The exhibition was a success , and marked his critical breakthrough . Until then , he had been highly regarded but capable of only occasional brilliance . The full show established him in the minds of critics as , according to Michael Peppiatt , "" more of a force to be reckoned with in the contemporary scene "" . While some found his images horrifying and unnerving , they wrote about him all the same , sealing his reputation as the enfant terrible of post @-@ war British art . The critic for The Observer wrote , "" The recent paintings ... horrifying as they are , cannot be ignored . Technically they are superb , and the masterly handling of large areas of pearly grey , flushed with a sudden pink or green , only makes me regret the more that the artist 's gift should have been brought to subjects so esoteric "" . " " . time the of artist British contemporary a for unusual , works single for 400 £ as high as prices commanding , galleries and collectors African and American , European by after sought was he showing the after and , dramatically rose panels his of value the and reputation His . "" scene contemporary the on with reckoned be to force a more and brilliance horrifying of image occasional an with outsider the less "" became gradually Bacon showing the After . "" paint oil of medium suggestive infinitely the of manipulation the in lay , essential most the , rest the ... parted a ] behind [ or cage a , setting vestigial a in "" sitter his presenting by , sought had he way the in condition human the presenting of way a found had and , means subtle more through response emotional intense an creating of capable now was and , impact an make to material sensationalist needed longer no Bacon showed exhibition the that notes Peppiatt . attention national to work 's Bacon brought and , notoriety into press bad the turned and publicist skilled a was , distasteful paintings the of violence inherent the found some While . two the between progression the on favourably remarking , VI and I Heads on focused critics Most "," Most critics focused on Heads I and VI , remarking favourably on the progression between the two . While some found the inherent violence of the paintings distasteful , was a skilled publicist and turned the bad press into notoriety , and brought Bacon 's work to national attention . Peppiatt notes that the exhibition showed Bacon no longer needed sensationalist material to make an impact , and was now capable of creating an intense emotional response through more subtle means , and had found a way of presenting the human condition in the way he had sought , by presenting his sitter "" in a vestigial setting , a cage or [ behind ] a parted ... the rest , the most essential , lay in the manipulation of the infinitely suggestive medium of oil paint "" . After the showing Bacon gradually became "" less the outsider with an occasional image of horrifying brilliance and more a force to be reckoned with on the contemporary scene "" . His reputation and the value of his panels rose dramatically , and after the showing he was sought after by European , American and African collectors and galleries , commanding prices as high as £ 400 for single works , unusual for a contemporary British artist of the time . " " . 2000 in , Dublin , Gallery Lane Hugh the and , 1971 in Paris , Palais Grand the at retrospectives major for including , since times of number a out it loaned has Hayward The . 1952 in Gallery Hayward 's Council Arts the by acquired was It . 1949 in , London , Gallery Hanover the at exhibited first was VI Head "," Head VI was first exhibited at the Hanover Gallery , London , in 1949 . It was acquired by the Arts Council 's Hayward Gallery in 1952 . The Hayward has loaned it out a number of times since , including for major retrospectives at the Grand Palais , Paris in 1971 , and the Hugh Lane Gallery , Dublin , in 2000 . " " . "" power human and nature human of studies penetrating most the of one as authority its enhanced even and , it to up stood "" , VI Head including , two that writes but , painted ever finest the of one considered he work a with showing a such of disapproved have would Bacon that believes Peppiatt . 1965 Pope and 1961 Pope , ) 1951 ( I Pope , VI Head ; paintings Bacon four alongside it hung and portrait X Innocent 's Velázquez loan on took Gallery National the , 1996 May In "," In May 1996 , the National Gallery took on loan Velázquez 's Innocent X portrait and hung it alongside four Bacon paintings ; Head VI , Pope I ( 1951 ) , Pope 1961 and Pope 1965 . Peppiatt believes that Bacon would have disapproved of such a showing with a work he considered one of the finest ever painted , but writes that two , including Head VI , "" stood up to it , and even enhanced its authority as one of the most penetrating studies of human nature and human power "" . " " . language sharp , clear and imagery of precision favored that poetry American @-@ Anglo century @-@ 20th early in movement a was Imagism "," Imagism was a movement in early 20th @-@ century Anglo @-@ American poetry that favored precision of imagery and clear , sharp language . " " . ' principles important of number small a on agreement in time certain a for were who poets few a of association the as but , school poetic a as even nor , doctrine a as not Imagism consider to accurate more is It ' that remarked Taupin René . development of period sustained or continuous any than rather ' moments creative of succession a ' as viewed sometimes is Imagism . language English the in movement literary Modernist organized first the be to considered is and , century 20th early the in start its Modernism gave it style poetic a As . Raphaelites @-@ Pre the of activity the since poetry English in movement influential most the as described been has Imagism "," Imagism has been described as the most influential movement in English poetry since the activity of the Pre @-@ Raphaelites . As a poetic style it gave Modernism its start in the early 20th century , and is considered to be the first organized Modernist literary movement in the English language . Imagism is sometimes viewed as ' a succession of creative moments ' rather than any continuous or sustained period of development . René Taupin remarked that ' It is more accurate to consider Imagism not as a doctrine , nor even as a poetic school , but as the association of a few poets who were for a certain time in agreement on a small number of important principles ' . " " . verse free use Imagists . forms verse traditional @-@ non with experiment to willingness a as well as , language of economy and presentation of directness as such , values Classical more as seen were what to return a for called Imagism , contrast In . tradition that within work to content generally were who , poets Georgian the , contemporaries their to contrast in , poetry Victorian and Romantic much of typical and sentiment the rejected Imagists The "," The Imagists rejected the sentiment and typical of much Romantic and Victorian poetry , in contrast to their contemporaries , the Georgian poets , who were generally content to work within that tradition . In contrast , Imagism called for a return to what were seen as more Classical values , such as directness of presentation and economy of language , as well as a willingness to experiment with non @-@ traditional verse forms . Imagists use free verse . " " . figures Imagist major were writers women of number a , time the for unusually Somewhat . States United the and Ireland , Britain Great from members with , London in centered was group Imagist The . fields other in and poetry in both , figures modernist prominent most the of many by works featured 1917 and 1914 between appearing publications Imagist "," Imagist publications appearing between 1914 and 1917 featured works by many of the most prominent modernist figures , both in poetry and in other fields . The Imagist group was centered in London , with members from Great Britain , Ireland and the United States . Somewhat unusually for the time , a number of women writers were major Imagist figures . " " . image single a into perspectives multiple synthesizing of manner 's Cubism to similar is abstraction an express to instances concrete juxtaposing of Method 's Pound , "" details luminous "" called Pound Ezra what of use the through objects isolates Imagism Although . Cubism especially , art garde @-@ avant in developments contemporary mirrors feature This . essence its reveal to image single a isolate to attempt its is Imagism of feature characteristic A "," A characteristic feature of Imagism is its attempt to isolate a single image to reveal its essence . This feature mirrors contemporary developments in avant @-@ garde art , especially Cubism . Although Imagism isolates objects through the use of what Ezra Pound called "" luminous details "" , Pound 's Method of juxtaposing concrete instances to express an abstraction is similar to Cubism 's manner of synthesizing multiple perspectives into a single image . " " . Kipling Rudyard to awarded was Literature for Prize Nobel the , 1907 In . period this during poetry lyric little relatively producing , stage the for writing and Theatre Abbey the to energy his of much devoting was Yeats Butler William winner Prize Nobel Future . Poems and Ballads 's Masefield John and a of Ballads 's Service Robert , Poems Last 's Meredith George , Poems 's Dowson Ernest , Works Poetical posthumous 's Rossetti Christina , The 's Hardy Thomas included time that in published verse of volumes ; audience large a had still poetry , decade first 's century the In . 1913 to up held he which post a , Laureate Poet British serving the still was Austin , opened century new the As . century 20th the of years early the into vein this in work to continued They . era Victorian the of poetry the of imitations weak producing , Tennyson of shadow the in much very working been had , Watson William and , Phillips Stephen , Austin Alfred as such , 1890s the of era Edwardian the of poets known @-@ Well "," Well @-@ known poets of the Edwardian era of the 1890s , such as Alfred Austin , Stephen Phillips , and William Watson , had been working very much in the shadow of Tennyson , producing weak imitations of the poetry of the Victorian era . They continued to work in this vein into the early years of the 20th century . As the new century opened , Austin was still the serving British Poet Laureate , a post which he held up to 1913 . In the century 's first decade , poetry still had a large audience ; volumes of verse published in that time included Thomas Hardy 's The , Christina Rossetti 's posthumous Poetical Works , Ernest Dowson 's Poems , George Meredith 's Last Poems , Robert Service 's Ballads of a and John Masefield 's Ballads and Poems . Future Nobel Prize winner William Butler Yeats was devoting much of his energy to the Abbey Theatre and writing for the stage , producing relatively little lyric poetry during this period . In 1907 , the Nobel Prize for Literature was awarded to Rudyard Kipling . " " . translations language @-@ French contemporary and , Hartmann Sadakichi of poems and writings critical century @-@ 20th early the , waka 100 of anthology century @-@ 13th a , isshu Hyakunin the of version language @-@ English first the , Odes Lyrical Japanese Being , Poets of Century a by Stanzas , or , is nin Hyak 1866 's Dickins V. F. including , sources of number a from available were models literary Direct . ) 1885 ( Mikado The operetta 's Sullivan and Gilbert of success the and , London in plays Noh of performances , Museum British the to donated prints Japanese 's Anderson William for vogue 1890s the in witnessed as Japonism and in interest of revival Edwardian and Victorian late the of context a in placed be can forms verse Japanese in interest The . poems from verbiage unnecessary all of removal the and haiku and tanka the and verse free through poetry contemporary reform to plans discuss to Soho 's London in restaurant Tower Eiffel the at met they ; "" Club Secession "" the as to referred Hulme which group new a in poets other and Flint with meeting started and Club ' Poets the left Hulme , 1909 In . friends close became Flint and Hulme , debate ensuing the From . publications its and club the of critical highly was ) poetry French modern and verse free of champion a ( Flint S. F. critic and poet the , Age New The magazine 's Orage R. A. in Writing . meetings 's club the of one at Poetry Modern on Lecture A paper his presented he , 1908 of end the Around . secretary first its was and 1908 in club the of up setting the in involved been had he ; philosophy and mathematics of student a was Hulme . Christmas For called booklet a in London in Club ' Poets the by 1909 January in published were These . Hulme E. T. by Sunset City A and Autumn , poems two in found be to are Imagism of origins The "," The origins of Imagism are to be found in two poems , Autumn and A City Sunset by T. E. Hulme . These were published in January 1909 by the Poets ' Club in London in a booklet called For Christmas . Hulme was a student of mathematics and philosophy ; he had been involved in the setting up of the club in 1908 and was its first secretary . Around the end of 1908 , he presented his paper A Lecture on Modern Poetry at one of the club 's meetings . Writing in A. R. Orage 's magazine The New Age , the poet and critic F. S. Flint ( a champion of free verse and modern French poetry ) was highly critical of the club and its publications . From the ensuing debate , Hulme and Flint became close friends . In 1909 , Hulme left the Poets ' Club and started meeting with Flint and other poets in a new group which Hulme referred to as the "" Secession Club "" ; they met at the Eiffel Tower restaurant in London 's Soho to discuss plans to reform contemporary poetry through free verse and the tanka and haiku and the removal of all unnecessary verbiage from poems . The interest in Japanese verse forms can be placed in a context of the late Victorian and Edwardian revival of interest in and Japonism as witnessed in the 1890s vogue for William Anderson 's Japanese prints donated to the British Museum , performances of Noh plays in London , and the success of Gilbert and Sullivan 's operetta The Mikado ( 1885 ) . Direct literary models were available from a number of sources , including F. V. Dickins 's 1866 Hyak nin is , or , Stanzas by a Century of Poets , Being Japanese Lyrical Odes , the first English @-@ language version of the Hyakunin isshu , a 13th @-@ century anthology of 100 waka , the early 20th @-@ century critical writings and poems of Sadakichi Hartmann , and contemporary French @-@ language translations . " " . forms verse Japanese related of study the in absorbed became quickly he and , Museum British the at prints e @-@ examining by art Japanese in interest an developed already had Pound , Binyon Laurence with friendship his Through . poetry Imagist of qualities defining the amongst be to were rhetoric of lack and clarity , directness of criteria These . "" rhetorical less or , clearer or , that than simpler statement get cannot You "" : ) temps 'l En canzone the from ( ) "" her of think to me rests it "" ( "" 'es m de "" line 's Daniel of writes Pound , Osiris of limbs the gather I essays of series 12 – 1911 his in , example For . others amongst , Cavalcanti Guido and , Dante , Daniel Arnaut of writings the in detected he that expression direct , condensed the of admiration an to him led had literature Romantic of studies 's Pound , particular In . own his to close were ideas their that found and 1909 April in group the to introduced was Pound Ezra poet American The "," The American poet Ezra Pound was introduced to the group in April 1909 and found that their ideas were close to his own . In particular , Pound 's studies of Romantic literature had led him to an admiration of the condensed , direct expression that he detected in the writings of Arnaut Daniel , Dante , and Guido Cavalcanti , amongst others . For example , in his 1911 – 12 series of essays I gather the limbs of Osiris , Pound writes of Daniel 's line "" de m 'es "" ( "" it rests me to think of her "" ) ( from the canzone En 'l temps ) : "" You cannot get statement simpler than that , or clearer , or less rhetorical "" . These criteria of directness , clarity and lack of rhetoric were to be amongst the defining qualities of Imagist poetry . Through his friendship with Laurence Binyon , Pound had already developed an interest in Japanese art by examining @-@ e prints at the British Museum , and he quickly became absorbed in the study of related Japanese verse forms . " " wrote he , introduction his In . Mathews Elkin publisher the for Johnson Lionel , poet 1890s another of poetry the edited Pound , 1915 In . ' precision of only difference a is there Symbolists the of ' symbol ' the and Imagist the of image the between ' language and technique of divergence the great however concluded he which in , 1929 in published study 's Taupin in further amplified was source Symbolist the and to poets British of generation Club ' the and Symons Arthur , Yeats Butler William via back linking , tradition Symbolist a to indebted was Hulme that out pointing , Imagism for ancestry another emphasise to keen was Pound , Taupin René translator and critic French the to letter 1928 a in and French the of descendants as Imagists the described Gourmont de Remy , critic French the , 1915 , France La in article an In "," In an article in La France , 1915 , the French critic , Remy de Gourmont described the Imagists as descendants of the French and in a 1928 letter to the French critic and translator René Taupin , Pound was keen to emphasise another ancestry for Imagism , pointing out that Hulme was indebted to a Symbolist tradition , linking back via William Butler Yeats , Arthur Symons and the ' Club generation of British poets to and the Symbolist source was amplified further in Taupin 's study published in 1929 , in which he concluded however great the divergence of technique and language ' between the image of the Imagist and the ' symbol ' of the Symbolists there is a difference only of precision ' . In 1915 , Pound edited the poetry of another 1890s poet , Lionel Johnson for the publisher Elkin Mathews . In his introduction , he wrote " " . discussing were they poems some to Imagiste H.D. signature the appended even and were they that Aldington and H.D. told Pound , room tea Museum British the in them with meeting a during , 1912 in , and , poetry Japanese in interest Imagist @-@ proto the complemented example Greek the following by achieved they that expression of compression The . shared Pound that interest an , Sappho especially , models poetic Greek exploring in interested were two These . Aldington Richard husband future her and ) H.D. work her signing started had who ( Doolittle Hilda fiancée former his : group Tower Eiffel the to poets other two introduced Pound , 1911 In "," In 1911 , Pound introduced two other poets to the Eiffel Tower group : his former fiancée Hilda Doolittle ( who had started signing her work H.D. ) and her future husband Richard Aldington . These two were interested in exploring Greek poetic models , especially Sappho , an interest that Pound shared . The compression of expression that they achieved by following the Greek example complemented the proto @-@ Imagist interest in Japanese poetry , and , in 1912 , during a meeting with them in the British Museum tea room , Pound told H.D. and Aldington that they were and even appended the signature H.D. Imagiste to some poems they were discussing . " " . print in ) ' Imagists ' to anglicised later ( Imagiste word the of appearances first be to considered are Ripostes entitled ) 1912 Autumn in published also ( book 's Pound in ) ' Hulme S. T. of Works Complete The ' ( note appendix the with along , note This . ' ' the of one ' as Aldington described which note a with ) thereof issue second 1912 November the in published ( , rubric Imagiste the under Aldington and H.D. by each poems three thereto submitted he , 1912 October In . editor foreign as act to Pound asked had she , 1911 in magazine Poetry her started Monroe Harriet When "," When Harriet Monroe started her Poetry magazine in 1911 , she had asked Pound to act as foreign editor . In October 1912 , he submitted thereto three poems each by H.D. and Aldington under the Imagiste rubric , ( published in the November 1912 second issue thereof ) with a note which described Aldington as ' one of the ' ' . This note , along with the appendix note ( ' The Complete Works of T. S. Hulme ' ) in Pound 's book ( also published in Autumn 1912 ) entitled Ripostes are considered to be first appearances of the word Imagiste ( later anglicised to ' Imagists ' ) in print . " " : "" Metro the of Station a In "" entitled Pound Ezra of poem like @-@ haiku the , "" text enabling 's Imagism "" as seen be to came what published issue April 's Poetry . launched was movement a as Imagism ; issue 1913 January the in appeared , Epigram and , Priapus , Ways the of Hermes , s ' H.D. and , Poetry of issue November the in were , Jardin Vieux Au and , Marble Greek a To , , poems 's Aldington "," Aldington 's poems , , To a Greek Marble , and Au Vieux Jardin , were in the November issue of Poetry , and H.D. ' s , Hermes of the Ways , Priapus , and Epigram , appeared in the January 1913 issue ; Imagism as a movement was launched . Poetry 's April issue published what came to be seen as "" Imagism 's enabling text "" , the haiku @-@ like poem of Ezra Pound entitled "" In a Station of the Metro "" : " " ; crowd the in faces these of apparition The "," The apparition of these faces in the crowd ; " " . bough black , wet a on Petals "," Petals on a wet , black bough . " " : position 's group the of statement succinct this contained latter The . Flint to attributed being latter the with , Pound by written both Imagisme entitled essay the and Imagiste an by 'ts Don Few A contained Poetry of issue 1913 March The "," The March 1913 issue of Poetry contained A Few Don 'ts by an Imagiste and the essay entitled Imagisme both written by Pound , with the latter being attributed to Flint . The latter contained this succinct statement of the group 's position : " " . objective or subjective whether , "" thing "" the of treatment Direct "," Direct treatment of the "" thing "" , whether subjective or objective . " " . presentation the to contribute not does that word no absolutely use To "," To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation . " " . metronome the of sequence in not , phrase musical the of sequence in compose to : rhythm regarding As "," As regarding rhythm : to compose in sequence of the musical phrase , not in sequence of the metronome . " " "" . original are ideas our that pretend not do We . moon the invented have to claimed never have we "" commented Flint F.S. . past the of practice poetic best the as saw they what to return a for programme Imagist the comprised texts two these , together Taken . "" contemplation long of result "" the as but dogma as considered be not should they that warning while , "" Imagism "" in statements three his reinforced "" 'ts don "" of list His . "" works voluminous produce to than lifetime a in Image one present to better is It "" , state to on goes Pound . "" time of instant an in complex emotional and intellectual an presents which that "" as image an of definition a with opened note 's Pound "," Pound 's note opened with a definition of an image as "" that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time "" . Pound goes on to state , "" It is better to present one Image in a lifetime than to produce voluminous works "" . His list of "" don 'ts "" reinforced his three statements in "" Imagism "" , while warning that they should not be considered as dogma but as the "" result of long contemplation "" . Taken together , these two texts comprised the Imagist programme for a return to what they saw as the best poetic practice of the past . F.S. Flint commented "" we have never claimed to have invented the moon . We do not pretend that our ideas are original . "" " " "" . subject the to not , presentation of manner the to refers Imagism . pictures of presentation the mean merely not does Imagism "" comments Poets Imagist Some to preface 1916 The "," The 1916 preface to Some Imagist Poets comments "" Imagism does not merely mean the presentation of pictures . Imagism refers to the manner of presentation , not to the subject . "" " " . miniature in Poetry Modern Poem Imagist The Pratt William by anthology 1963 important the in included another also was Michelson John and Upward Allen , Ford Madox Ford , Joyce James , Williams Carlos William , Lowell Amy , Cannell , Flint F.S. by work included also book The . Pound by six and , H.D. by seven , Aldington by poems ten were poems seven @-@ thirty the in Included . verse modernist of collections language @-@ English influential and important most the of one became It . London in Bookshop Poetry the at Monro Harold by and York New in Boni Charles and Alfred by 1914 in published later was and Glebe The magazine little 's Alfred in published first was It . Des title the under anthology an publish to decided Pound , H.D. and Aldington of particularly and , Imagists the of work the promote to Determined "," Determined to promote the work of the Imagists , and particularly of Aldington and H.D. , Pound decided to publish an anthology under the title Des . It was first published in Alfred 's little magazine The Glebe and was later published in 1914 by Alfred and Charles Boni in New York and by Harold Monro at the Poetry Bookshop in London . It became one of the most important and influential English @-@ language collections of modernist verse . Included in the thirty @-@ seven poems were ten poems by Aldington , seven by H.D. , and six by Pound . The book also included work by F.S. Flint , Cannell , Amy Lowell , William Carlos Williams , James Joyce , Ford Madox Ford , Allen Upward and John Michelson was also another included in the important 1963 anthology by William Pratt The Imagist Poem Modern Poetry in miniature . " " . publisher the to returned were copies of number a and , do to attempting were poets the what explain to commentary or introduction no had it because partly least at , success critical or popular little with met book The . Cavalcanti Guido and troubadours the by those as such , music to sung be to written poems in interest 's Pound reflects strongly it , However . quatrains rhyming in but , verse free in written not is poem 's Joyce . Egoist The in Man Young a as Artist the of Portrait A of , behest 's Pound at , publication serial the to led two the between correspondence subsequent the as , modernism literary of history the in importance wider a on took , Yeats W.B. by Pound to sent was which , Army an Hear I , Joyce by poem a of inclusion The . writing of way modern more , harder a towards style influenced @-@ Raphaelite @-@ Pre , earlier his from transition the made poet younger the as , Pound on influence strong his of because partly least at included was Ford . lines similar along poetry of renewal the of question the on corresponding been long had Pound and he , However . group Tower Eiffel the of discussions the of any in participated not had , States United the in based was who , Williams . such as group a in participation active than rather , precepts Imagist with displayed writers these that sympathy of degree the as saw he what on based were choices editorial 's Pound "," Pound 's editorial choices were based on what he saw as the degree of sympathy that these writers displayed with Imagist precepts , rather than active participation in a group as such . Williams , who was based in the United States , had not participated in any of the discussions of the Eiffel Tower group . However , he and Pound had long been corresponding on the question of the renewal of poetry along similar lines . Ford was included at least partly because of his strong influence on Pound , as the younger poet made the transition from his earlier , Pre @-@ Raphaelite @-@ influenced style towards a harder , more modern way of writing . The inclusion of a poem by Joyce , I Hear an Army , which was sent to Pound by W.B. Yeats , took on a wider importance in the history of literary modernism , as the subsequent correspondence between the two led to the serial publication , at Pound 's behest , of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in The Egoist . Joyce 's poem is not written in free verse , but in rhyming quatrains . However , it strongly reflects Pound 's interest in poems written to be sung to music , such as those by the troubadours and Guido Cavalcanti . The book met with little popular or critical success , at least partly because it had no introduction or commentary to explain what the poets were attempting to do , and a number of copies were returned to the publisher . " " . Lewis Wyndham writer and painter the , friend his with the found @-@ co to on went He . Imagists the of history the in role direct further no play to was , Storer of "" custard "" the by diluted be to likely was Aldington and H.D. of poems the of quality distinguishing the as saw he that "" hardness Hellenic "" the that believed who , Pound . Storer Edward especially , poets Tower Eiffel the of contribution the emphasise to pains at was Flint . 1915 May in Egoist The in published and Flint by written Imagism of history the on article an from arising group the of goals and history the of interpretations different their over out fell Flint and Pound , year following The "," The following year , Pound and Flint fell out over their different interpretations of the history and goals of the group arising from an article on the history of Imagism written by Flint and published in The Egoist in May 1915 . Flint was at pains to emphasise the contribution of the Eiffel Tower poets , especially Edward Storer . Pound , who believed that the "" Hellenic hardness "" that he saw as the distinguishing quality of the poems of H.D. and Aldington was likely to be diluted by the "" custard "" of Storer , was to play no further direct role in the history of the Imagists . He went on to co @-@ found the with his friend , the painter and writer Wyndham Lewis . " " "" . @-@ Amy "" Imagism of phase this dubbed sardonically who and publications her from name Imagist the drop to her persuade to tried had who , Pound of exception the with , ) Fletcher Gould John poet American the by poetry imagist including also ( , poets original the of most featured volumes three These . 1917 and 1916 in published were , Lowell by edited both , issues further Two . Aldington and H.D. by mainly assembled and planned , 1915 in appeared these of first The . Poets Imagist Some title the under anthologies Imagist of series a was outcome The "" . form book in appeared have yet not should it that being stipulation only the , best his considers he work the by himself represent to permitted been has poet each , editor an by selection arbitrary an of Instead . Anthology former our of that to arrangement different slightly a followed have we book new this In "" : leadership her under appear to anthology first the to Preface the in stated was policy editorial new This . manner democratic more a to attitude editorial autocratic 's Pound from selection of method the change to determined was Lowell . group the publish to money her use to willing was who experiment literary of champion enthusiastic an also was She . cigars and Keats loved She . 1933 @-@ 1909 from University Harvard of President was Lowell Lawrence Abbott brother whose Boston from heiress wealthy a was Lowell . poets Imagist other the of that and work own her promote to determined , London to moved Lowell Amy Imagist American the , time this Around "," Around this time , the American Imagist Amy Lowell moved to London , determined to promote her own work and that of the other Imagist poets . Lowell was a wealthy heiress from Boston whose brother Abbott Lawrence Lowell was President of Harvard University from 1909 @-@ 1933 . She loved Keats and cigars . She was also an enthusiastic champion of literary experiment who was willing to use her money to publish the group . Lowell was determined to change the method of selection from Pound 's autocratic editorial attitude to a more democratic manner . This new editorial policy was stated in the Preface to the first anthology to appear under her leadership : "" In this new book we have followed a slightly different arrangement to that of our former Anthology . Instead of an arbitrary selection by an editor , each poet has been permitted to represent himself by the work he considers his best , the only stipulation being that it should not yet have appeared in book form . "" The outcome was a series of Imagist anthologies under the title Some Imagist Poets . The first of these appeared in 1915 , planned and assembled mainly by H.D. and Aldington . Two further issues , both edited by Lowell , were published in 1916 and 1917 . These three volumes featured most of the original poets , ( also including imagist poetry by the American poet John Gould Fletcher ) , with the exception of Pound , who had tried to persuade her to drop the Imagist name from her publications and who sardonically dubbed this phase of Imagism "" Amy @-@ . "" " " . movement a as Imagists the of end the marked effectively anthology 1917 the and , ) front the at war the of much spent , example for , Aldington ( movements literary garde @-@ avant for easy not were times the , backdrop a as I War World with , However . period this during group the with associated became also Moore Marianne . Imagist an and poet Georgian a both as publish to writer only the him making , volumes 1916 and 1915 the to poems contribute to Lawrence H. D. persuaded Lowell "," Lowell persuaded D. H. Lawrence to contribute poems to the 1915 and 1916 volumes , making him the only writer to publish as both a Georgian poet and an Imagist . Marianne Moore also became associated with the group during this period . However , with World War I as a backdrop , the times were not easy for avant @-@ garde literary movements ( Aldington , for example , spent much of the war at the front ) , and the 1917 anthology effectively marked the end of the Imagists as a movement . " " . poetry century @-@ 20th of history the in Imagists the of place the of discussion critical a initiated anthology this of appearance The . declined who , Pound and , disappeared had who , Cannell , died had who , Lowell of exception the with anthologies earlier four the to contributors the all including and Aldington by edited , 1930 Anthology Imagist the was result The H.D. and Ford of help the enlisted and suggestion the up took , novelist successful a now by , Aldington . anthology Imagist new a produce should Aldington that suggested jokingly Walter , 1929 In "," In 1929 , Walter jokingly suggested that Aldington should produce a new Imagist anthology . Aldington , by now a successful novelist , took up the suggestion and enlisted the help of Ford and H.D. The result was the Imagist Anthology 1930 , edited by Aldington and including all the contributors to the four earlier anthologies with the exception of Lowell , who had died , Cannell , who had disappeared , and Pound , who declined . The appearance of this anthology initiated a critical discussion of the place of the Imagists in the history of 20th @-@ century poetry . " " . Imagism of history the of context the outside forgotten largely are group the of members other the of Most . legacy Imagist an as language their to edge hard the of much retained but , poems long writing to turned H.D. and Pound Both . "" mothers Polish of mouths the from "" taken was claimed he diction a and foot variable his with lines American distinctly along poetic his developed Williams Carlos William . language of compression with concern Imagist an retained that own her of style poetic unique a out carved , group the of member fringe a most at was who , Moore Marianne . novelists as read and remembered primarily now are Aldington and Lawrence , Joyce , anthologies Imagist various the in published were who poets the Of "," Of the poets who were published in the various Imagist anthologies , Joyce , Lawrence and Aldington are now primarily remembered and read as novelists . Marianne Moore , who was at most a fringe member of the group , carved out a unique poetic style of her own that retained an Imagist concern with compression of language . William Carlos Williams developed his poetic along distinctly American lines with his variable foot and a diction he claimed was taken "" from the mouths of Polish mothers "" . Both Pound and H.D. turned to writing long poems , but retained much of the hard edge to their language as an Imagist legacy . Most of the other members of the group are largely forgotten outside the context of the history of Imagism . " " "" . Imagists the by won positions from operations their on carried have followers his and Eliot S. T. extent considerable a to And . read be to continue will Ford Madox Ford and , Lawrence , D.H. , Pound Ezra of poems the think I "" : writes , memoir 1941 his in , Aldington Richard . English in poetry modernist of course the influence deeply would Imagism , life short 's movement the Despite "," Despite the movement 's short life , Imagism would deeply influence the course of modernist poetry in English . Richard Aldington , in his 1941 memoir , writes : "" I think the poems of Ezra Pound , D.H. , Lawrence , and Ford Madox Ford will continue to be read . And to a considerable extent T. S. Eliot and his followers have carried on their operations from positions won by the Imagists . "" " " . style Poetry Georgian the of repudiation Imagists the to much owed twenties @-@ nineteen the in forms verse conventional of rejection The . pieces flower and animal 's Lawrence H. D. in and ' Window the at Morning ' and ' Preludes ' 's Eliot S. T. in are that effects later had Imagism emotions subjective irrelevant of rejection its with coupled appearances to fidelity on insistence its and precision and clarity , hardness for demand its With "" . this recognize not did it that was imagism of vice The . equal are objects all Not "" : approach Imagist the in shortcomings found Stevens Wallace , hand other the On "," On the other hand , Wallace Stevens found shortcomings in the Imagist approach : "" Not all objects are equal . The vice of imagism was that it did not recognize this . "" With its demand for hardness , clarity and precision and its insistence on fidelity to appearances coupled with its rejection of irrelevant subjective emotions Imagism had later effects that are in T. S. Eliot 's ' Preludes ' and ' Morning at the Window ' and in D. H. Lawrence 's animal and flower pieces . The rejection of conventional verse forms in the nineteen @-@ twenties owed much to the Imagists repudiation of the Georgian Poetry style . " " . poets Renaissance Francisco San the of influence the absorbed also that movement loose a , Revival Poetry British the of development early the in figure key a was , poet Objectivist another , Bunting Basil . development of level high a to concerns formal on focus Imagist the carried who , poets Language the on influence major a was "" . melody of line a along them directing of and , exist they as things the with thinking of , seeing of , mirage not , detail the is which "" writing on , Poetry of issue Objectivist 1931 the to introduction his in , insisted Louis , 's Imagism with principles 's Objectivism linking Clearly . verse free in mainly worked The . Williams and Pound of auspices the under 1930s the in prominence to came who , poets Objectivist the of work the in clearly seen be can Imagism of influence The "," The influence of Imagism can be seen clearly in the work of the Objectivist poets , who came to prominence in the 1930s under the auspices of Pound and Williams . The worked mainly in free verse . Clearly linking Objectivism 's principles with Imagism 's , Louis insisted , in his introduction to the 1931 Objectivist issue of Poetry , on writing "" which is the detail , not mirage , of seeing , of thinking with the things as they exist , and of directing them along a line of melody . "" was a major influence on the Language poets , who carried the Imagist focus on formal concerns to a high level of development . Basil Bunting , another Objectivist poet , was a key figure in the early development of the British Poetry Revival , a loose movement that also absorbed the influence of the San Francisco Renaissance poets . " " . Imagists the supplemented and from derived credo his ; "" A TO AND MUST ONE "" wrote , group Mountain Black the of theorist the , Olson Charles , Verse Projective essay 1950 seminal his In . Renaissance Francisco San the with associated others and , poets Mountain Black the , generation Beat the with , especially , 1950s the In . form poetic legitimate a as status acquired and discipline a became verse Free Imagists the and circles poetry of number a influenced Imagism "," Imagism influenced a number of poetry circles and the Imagists Free verse became a discipline and acquired status as a legitimate poetic form . In the 1950s , especially , with the Beat generation , the Black Mountain poets , and others associated with the San Francisco Renaissance . In his seminal 1950 essay Projective Verse , Charles Olson , the theorist of the Black Mountain group , wrote "" ONE MUST AND TO A "" ; his credo derived from and supplemented the Imagists . " " . ) 1955 ( Howl 's Ginsberg of publication book the for introduction an writing and Welch Lew like poets encouraging , poets Beat the on effect strong a had who another was Williams Carlos William . poetry Japanese and Chinese on emphasis Imagist the by influenced were particular in Ginsberg Allen and Snyder Gary , Beats the Among "," Among the Beats , Gary Snyder and Allen Ginsberg in particular were influenced by the Imagist emphasis on Chinese and Japanese poetry . William Carlos Williams was another who had a strong effect on the Beat poets , encouraging poets like Lew Welch and writing an introduction for the book publication of Ginsberg 's Howl ( 1955 ) . " " . option remaining the was Trenton USS and Guam USS the via evacuation helicopter A . abandoned later was this but , Airport International Mogadishu the through plane transport military a with evacuate to was plan initial The . evening that forces mobilizing and planning began Command Central States United . day following the approved was which , embassy the of evacuation an requesting State of Department the contacted , Bishop Keough James , Somalia to Ambassador US the , 1991 January 1 On . soldiers government with clashing began militants armed as city the enveloped quickly violence , 1990 December late In . 1991 January in , Somalia of capital the , Mogadishu in embassy States United the of evacuation military the to given codename the was Exit Eastern Operation "," Operation Eastern Exit was the codename given to the military evacuation of the United States embassy in Mogadishu , the capital of Somalia , in January 1991 . In late December 1990 , violence quickly enveloped the city as armed militants began clashing with government soldiers . On 1 January 1991 , the US Ambassador to Somalia , James Keough Bishop , contacted the Department of State requesting an evacuation of the embassy , which was approved the following day . United States Central Command began planning and mobilizing forces that evening . The initial plan was to evacuate with a military transport plane through the Mogadishu International Airport , but this was later abandoned . A helicopter evacuation via the USS Guam and USS Trenton was the remaining option . " " . ) 'affaires d four and ambassadors eight ( missions of heads 12 including , evacuated were countries 30 from civilians and diplomats 281 , total In . January 11 on disembarked they where , Oman , Muscat to transported were evacuees The . January 6 on midnight after shortly compound embassy the evacuated each helicopters Knight Sea 46 @-@ CH five of waves Four . embassy the at refuge sought civilians and diplomats foreign , day the Throughout . evacuees 61 first the with Guam to returned helicopters two The . evacuation main the for prepare and embassy the secure to helicopters Stallion Super 53E @-@ CH two aboard Guam from dispatched was detail security SEAL Navy and Marine person @-@ 60 a , January 5 of morning the On "," On the morning of 5 January , a 60 @-@ person Marine and Navy SEAL security detail was dispatched from Guam aboard two CH @-@ 53E Super Stallion helicopters to secure the embassy and prepare for the main evacuation . The two helicopters returned to Guam with the first 61 evacuees . Throughout the day , foreign diplomats and civilians sought refuge at the embassy . Four waves of five CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight helicopters each evacuated the embassy compound shortly after midnight on 6 January . The evacuees were transported to Muscat , Oman , where they disembarked on 11 January . In total , 281 diplomats and civilians from 30 countries were evacuated , including 12 heads of missions ( eight ambassadors and four d 'affaires ) . " " . government central the overthrow to organized militias several with , war civil a into evolved disobedience civil as began what , 1990 By . abuses rights human of record a had and power of control tight maintained who dictator military a , Barre Siad President Somali of rule the against rebellion increasing was there , 1980s late the In "," In the late 1980s , there was increasing rebellion against the rule of Somali President Siad Barre , a military dictator who maintained tight control of power and had a record of human rights abuses . By 1990 , what began as civil disobedience evolved into a civil war , with several militias organized to overthrow the central government . " " . August in embassy the of closure rapid a and civilians American of evacuation gradual a included which , Liberia in crisis the with deal to taskforce a to appointed was he , Somalia to appointment new his for prepare to Washington to returning after Soon . 1990 March in left he when , spread Liberia in war civil a as civilians and staff embassy of evacuation voluntary the overseeing was Bishop , ) 90 – 1987 ( Liberia to Ambassador as assignment previous his During . 'etat d coups several during out carried were evacuations as center operations 's Department State the in experience gained and crises for forces task several chaired Bishop , 87 – 1981 from Africa for state of secretary assistant deputy As . city the in remained that soldiers and diplomats 26 of one was Bishop ; hours 33 in evacuated were Americans 600 @,@ 3 About . erupted War Day @-@ Six the when Lebanon , Beirut in Embassy US the at was he , 1967 In . embassies US at management crisis in experience significant had Bishop Ambassador . Somalia to ambassador ' States United the as appointed was Bishop K. James and embassy previous the from ) km 7 @.@ 9 ( miles 6 , compound ) ha 32 ( acre @-@ 80 , new a to moved embassy the , 1989 July In "," In July 1989 , the embassy moved to a new , 80 @-@ acre ( 32 ha ) compound , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from the previous embassy and James K. Bishop was appointed as the United States ' ambassador to Somalia . Ambassador Bishop had significant experience in crisis management at US embassies . In 1967 , he was at the US Embassy in Beirut , Lebanon when the Six @-@ Day War erupted . About 3 @,@ 600 Americans were evacuated in 33 hours ; Bishop was one of 26 diplomats and soldiers that remained in the city . As deputy assistant secretary of state for Africa from 1981 – 87 , Bishop chaired several task forces for crises and gained experience in the State Department 's operations center as evacuations were carried out during several coups d 'etat . During his previous assignment as Ambassador to Liberia ( 1987 – 90 ) , Bishop was overseeing the voluntary evacuation of embassy staff and civilians as a civil war in Liberia spread , when he left in March 1990 . Soon after returning to Washington to prepare for his new appointment to Somalia , he was appointed to a taskforce to deal with the crisis in Liberia , which included a gradual evacuation of American civilians and a rapid closure of the embassy in August . " " . well so went Exit Eastern Operation reasons the of one as operation the in "" role his of understanding clear "" and experience previous 's Bishop Ambassador the cited Analyses Naval for Center the , Exit Eastern Operation of analysis its In "" . that do to prepared was and Mogadishu from evacuation an conduct to have might it that realized ] Command Central [ that ... satisfied "" was he until plan ) E & E ( Evacuation and Emergencies 's embassy the review to experts military with working afternoon the spent and emergencies with deal to prepared being of importance the Liberia and Beirut in experiences past his from understood Bishop Ambassador "" . circumstances favorable than less under Mogadishu leave to have would we that even than better were odds the "" believed , strife ongoing the of aware , Bishop Ambassador . Schwarzkopf Norman Gen. , commander its with day the of most spent he where — Africa northeast and East Middle the for command military the — Command Central States United visited Bishop Ambassador , Mogadishu in post his up take to US the leaving before , August 1 On "," On 1 August , before leaving the US to take up his post in Mogadishu , Ambassador Bishop visited United States Central Command — the military command for the Middle East and northeast Africa — where he spent most of the day with its commander , Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf . Ambassador Bishop , aware of the ongoing strife , believed "" the odds were better than even that we would have to leave Mogadishu under less than favorable circumstances . "" Ambassador Bishop understood from his past experiences in Beirut and Liberia the importance of being prepared to deal with emergencies and spent the afternoon working with military experts to review the embassy 's Emergencies and Evacuation ( E & E ) plan until he was "" satisfied ... that [ Central Command ] realized that it might have to conduct an evacuation from Mogadishu and was prepared to do that . "" In its analysis of Operation Eastern Exit , the Center for Naval Analyses cited the Ambassador Bishop 's previous experience and "" clear understanding of his role "" in the operation as one of the reasons Operation Eastern Exit went so well . " " . Kuwait in intervene to mobilized US the as pursue to embassy Mogadishu the for interest main a was access this maintaining , area Gulf Persian the in locations to had US the access limited of because ; Berbera and Mogadishu both in port and airport an to access negotiated US the , 1979 In . Kuwait invaded Iraq , Command Central to visit 's Bishop Ambassador after Hours "," Hours after Ambassador Bishop 's visit to Central Command , Iraq invaded Kuwait . In 1979 , the US negotiated access to an airport and port in both Mogadishu and Berbera ; because of limited access the US had to locations in the Persian Gulf area , maintaining this access was a main interest for the Mogadishu embassy to pursue as the US mobilized to intervene in Kuwait . " " . Mogadishu of ) km 64 ( miles 40 about within came rebels and government the between fighting , time same the around ; 37 to 147 from reduced was city the in personnel US official of number the , December 19 By . evacuation mandatory a became later evacuation voluntary The . away ) km 160 ( miles 100 about than less no remained ) militia rebel a ( Congress Somali United the and government the between fighting although , December early in staff essential @-@ non and ) staff of spouses and children e.g. ( dependents of evacuation voluntary the request to Bishop Ambassador prompted violence criminal of level increasing An "," An increasing level of criminal violence prompted Ambassador Bishop to request the voluntary evacuation of dependents ( e.g. children and spouses of staff ) and non @-@ essential staff in early December , although fighting between the government and the United Somali Congress ( a rebel militia ) remained no less than about 100 miles ( 160 km ) away . The voluntary evacuation later became a mandatory evacuation . By 19 December , the number of official US personnel in the city was reduced from 147 to 37 ; around the same time , fighting between the government and rebels came within about 40 miles ( 64 km ) of Mogadishu . " " . embassy the at refuge seek to began civilians American first the , Day 's Year New On . it reaching from embassy the outside havens @-@ safe in those preventing "" , gallery shooting "" a became Road Afgoy . unsuccessful were leave to foreigners for ceasefire a negotiate to , embassy Italian the particular in , diplomats ' nations other and US the by Attempts . official defense another carrying vehicle a of tires the shot roadblock a at soldier a , evening that and bullets with sprayed was vehicle his when killed nearly was attaché defense the , December 31 of morning the On . gate main 's compound embassy the for outs @-@ look as needed be would building 7 @-@ K the in volunteers The . embassy the from Road Afgoy across located apartments residential 7 @-@ K 's embassy the in remained who volunteers two except , compound embassy the in housed and collected were , city the in elsewhere offices in stationed many including , diplomats , December 31 – 30 On . lawlessness of state general a by enveloped quickly was which , Mogadishu entered militants as "" magnitude of order an "" escalated violence , December 30 On "," On 30 December , violence escalated "" an order of magnitude "" as militants entered Mogadishu , which was quickly enveloped by a general state of lawlessness . On 30 – 31 December , diplomats , including many stationed in offices elsewhere in the city , were collected and housed in the embassy compound , except two volunteers who remained in the embassy 's K @-@ 7 residential apartments located across Afgoy Road from the embassy . The volunteers in the K @-@ 7 building would be needed as look @-@ outs for the embassy compound 's main gate . On the morning of 31 December , the defense attaché was nearly killed when his vehicle was sprayed with bullets and that evening , a soldier at a roadblock shot the tires of a vehicle carrying another defense official . Attempts by the US and other nations ' diplomats , in particular the Italian embassy , to negotiate a ceasefire for foreigners to leave were unsuccessful . Afgoy Road became a "" shooting gallery , "" preventing those in safe @-@ havens outside the embassy from reaching it . On New Year 's Day , the first American civilians began to seek refuge at the embassy . " " . evacuated were and compound embassy US the in refuge sought staff their with along — 'affaires d two and ambassadors eight — missions of heads ten , Ultimately . posts diplomatic other with evacuation for plans contingency discussing time of amount considerable a spent had Bishop Ambassador . Exit Eastern Operation initiating thereby , military US the by evacuation an requested specifically Bishop Ambassador , day that on and January 2 on evacuation the authorized Department State The . military US the by evacuation an preferred but , efforts evacuation German or , French , Italian planned the with be could evacuation the that indicating , January 1 on community American the of evacuation an requested Bishop Ambassador "," Ambassador Bishop requested an evacuation of the American community on 1 January , indicating that the evacuation could be with the planned Italian , French , or German evacuation efforts , but preferred an evacuation by the US military . The State Department authorized the evacuation on 2 January and on that day , Ambassador Bishop specifically requested an evacuation by the US military , thereby initiating Operation Eastern Exit . Ambassador Bishop had spent a considerable amount of time discussing contingency plans for evacuation with other diplomatic posts . Ultimately , ten heads of missions — eight ambassadors and two d 'affaires — along with their staff sought refuge in the US embassy compound and were evacuated . " " . operation evacuation noncombatant a for prepare to Command Operations Special States United requested and , Mogadishu to ships amphibious of movement the , region the to aircraft Force Air ordered Command Central of commander the , request evacuation January 2 's ambassador the Following "" . area OP Masirah from there get to distance / time ! Mogadishu of NEO a at look a take crowd have Better "" : staff operations naval his to message a sent Command Central at commander naval top the when , January 1 of morning the on came needed be would embassy Mogadishu the of evacuation an that notice first The . plan E & E 's embassy the update to experts military with worked he where , 1990 August in Command Central visited had Bishop Ambassador "," Ambassador Bishop had visited Central Command in August 1990 , where he worked with military experts to update the embassy 's E & E plan . The first notice that an evacuation of the Mogadishu embassy would be needed came on the morning of 1 January , when the top naval commander at Central Command sent a message to his naval operations staff : "" Better have crowd take a look at a NEO of Mogadishu ! time / distance to get there from Masirah OP area . "" Following the ambassador 's 2 January evacuation request , the commander of Central Command ordered Air Force aircraft to the region , the movement of amphibious ships to Mogadishu , and requested United States Special Operations Command to prepare for a noncombatant evacuation operation . " " . airport the to evacuees of transit and landing of problems same the faced but , Mogadishu reach to mobilized aircraft had also nations other Several . possible be not would airport the to passage safe that clear became it , Thus . with disagreed they orders given when clan different a of officers shot soldiers cases some in , lines clan along separating were units army that indicated reports ; problem control @-@ and @-@ command a faced troops government , Likewise . passage safe of guarantee or ceasefire any negotiate to impossible it making , structure control @-@ and @-@ command ineffective an had rebels the that apparent became also It . clearances obtain to government the within anyone contact to unable were embassies foreign other and US the , However . airport the to embassy the from evacuees transfer safely to ability the and Somalia enter to clearances awaiting , Kenya , Nairobi to , support gunfire for , 130 @-@ AC an and planes transport 130 @-@ C deployed Force Air States United the , request evacuation the after Soon . Airport International Mogadishu via evacuate to was plan initial The "," The initial plan was to evacuate via Mogadishu International Airport . Soon after the evacuation request , the United States Air Force deployed C @-@ 130 transport planes and an AC @-@ 130 , for gunfire support , to Nairobi , Kenya , awaiting clearances to enter Somalia and the ability to safely transfer evacuees from the embassy to the airport . However , the US and other foreign embassies were unable to contact anyone within the government to obtain clearances . It also became apparent that the rebels had an ineffective command @-@ and @-@ control structure , making it impossible to negotiate any ceasefire or guarantee of safe passage . Likewise , government troops faced a command @-@ and @-@ control problem ; reports indicated that army units were separating along clan lines , in some cases soldiers shot officers of a different clan when given orders they disagreed with . Thus , it became clear that safe passage to the airport would not be possible . Several other nations also had aircraft mobilized to reach Mogadishu , but faced the same problems of landing and transit of evacuees to the airport . " " . morning following the embassy the reach would vessels the from element advance an that told was Ambassador the but , denied was request The . arrived ships the until it defend to embassy the into parachute to soldiers of platoons two for Washington to request urgent an made Bishop Ambassador . chancery the protecting to limited was job whose , guards Marine six just had embassy The . January 7 on arrive to scheduled time that at , soldiers and helicopters their with arrived Trenton USS and Guam USS the until Somalis armed off hold to insufficient was detail security 's embassy the that suggested , gunfire of exchanges couple a including , incidents several , January 4 On "," On 4 January , several incidents , including a couple exchanges of gunfire , suggested that the embassy 's security detail was insufficient to hold off armed Somalis until the USS Guam and USS Trenton arrived with their helicopters and soldiers , at that time scheduled to arrive on 7 January . The embassy had just six Marine guards , whose job was limited to protecting the chancery . Ambassador Bishop made an urgent request to Washington for two platoons of soldiers to parachute into the embassy to defend it until the ships arrived . The request was denied , but the Ambassador was told that an advance element from the vessels would reach the embassy the following morning . " " . helicopters Knight Sea 46 @-@ CH of squadrons two and — military US the by operated helicopters largest the — helicopters Stallion Super 53E @-@ CH of detachment a including , Brigade Expeditionary Marine 4th the from forces carried Trenton and Guam . hours ten to eight of delay a caused Masirah to Dubai from personnel some of transfer the , January 2 on afternoon @-@ mid by selected were vessels two the Although . ships closest the of two send to decision the thus , Gulf Persian the from ships many that divert to want not did Command Central at forces naval of commander the and imminent seemed Kuwait in intervention , However . operation the for available be would capabilities amphibious of range full the that so ships amphibious four including and Dubai and ) Oman off ( Island Masirah at anchored vessels of composed , Group Task Amphibious ship @-@ seven a proposed initially had Two Group Amphibious of commander The . January 2 on ) time Oman 30 : 23 ( 30 : 22 at Mogadishu towards Oman of coast the from transit began Trenton USS and Guam USS "," USS Guam and USS Trenton began transit from the coast of Oman towards Mogadishu at 22 : 30 ( 23 : 30 Oman time ) on 2 January . The commander of Amphibious Group Two had initially proposed a seven @-@ ship Amphibious Task Group , composed of vessels anchored at Masirah Island ( off Oman ) and Dubai and including four amphibious ships so that the full range of amphibious capabilities would be available for the operation . However , intervention in Kuwait seemed imminent and the commander of naval forces at Central Command did not want to divert that many ships from the Persian Gulf , thus the decision to send two of the closest ships . Although the two vessels were selected by mid @-@ afternoon on 2 January , the transfer of some personnel from Dubai to Masirah caused a delay of eight to ten hours . Guam and Trenton carried forces from the 4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade , including a detachment of CH @-@ 53E Super Stallion helicopters — the largest helicopters operated by the US military — and two squadrons of CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight helicopters . " " . January 5 until delayed was mission the and somewhat stabilized Mogadishu in situation The . Sea Arabian northern the in located still were ships the while @-@ CH the with flights ) mi 020 @,@ 1 ; km 650 @,@ 1 ( mile @-@ nautical @-@ 890 , later , and ) mi 210 @,@ 1 ; km 940 @,@ 1 ( mile @-@ nautical @-@ 050 @,@ 1 considered planners , deteriorating were Mogadishu in conditions that Bishop Ambassador from indications to response in , However . January 7 on 00 : 01 at helicopters their launch ships the had plans Initial . risky too was , city the across way their fight to troops requiring , landing beach a that determined commanders force task , information updated receiving after , and inland further located was embassy new the , fact In . prior years several construction under was and planned been had embassy new a that planners told MSG former The . information outdated provided was force task the , Command Central with planning 's Bishop Ambassador Despite . found was 1980s @-@ mid the during embassy Mogadishu the at Guard Security Marine a as served previously had who officer warrant A . denied was request the ; force task the to added be ship landing tank a requested and landing amphibious an of option the given not were they why questioned command 's force task the , January 3 of morning the On . Guam on center command combined a with , underway got ships the as earnest in began Planning "," Planning began in earnest as the ships got underway , with a combined command center on Guam . On the morning of 3 January , the task force 's command questioned why they were not given the option of an amphibious landing and requested a tank landing ship be added to the task force ; the request was denied . A warrant officer who had previously served as a Marine Security Guard at the Mogadishu embassy during the mid @-@ 1980s was found . Despite Ambassador Bishop 's planning with Central Command , the task force was provided outdated information . The former MSG told planners that a new embassy had been planned and was under construction several years prior . In fact , the new embassy was located further inland and , after receiving updated information , task force commanders determined that a beach landing , requiring troops to fight their way across the city , was too risky . Initial plans had the ships launch their helicopters at 01 : 00 on 7 January . However , in response to indications from Ambassador Bishop that conditions in Mogadishu were deteriorating , planners considered 1 @,@ 050 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 940 km ; 1 @,@ 210 mi ) and , later , 890 @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 650 km ; 1 @,@ 020 mi ) flights with the CH @-@ while the ships were still located in the northern Arabian Sea . The situation in Mogadishu stabilized somewhat and the mission was delayed until 5 January . " " . Guam to Trenton from transferred helicopters two the and Mogadishu to route en helicopters the refuel to , Oman to Bahrain from , operation the to closer mobilized were tankers refueling 130 @-@ KC Corps Marine Two . ammunition and weapons issued were detail security the for selected soldiers 60 The . dawn at embassy the at arrive to Stallions Super 53E @-@ CH two of launch 45 : 02 a for issued was order execute final the , January 4 of evening the On "," On the evening of 4 January , the final execute order was issued for a 02 : 45 launch of two CH @-@ 53E Super Stallions to arrive at the embassy at dawn . The 60 soldiers selected for the security detail were issued weapons and ammunition . Two Marine Corps KC @-@ 130 refueling tankers were mobilized closer to the operation , from Bahrain to Oman , to refuel the helicopters en route to Mogadishu and the two helicopters transferred from Trenton to Guam . " " . arrived helicopters the as scattered but , wall the on ladders via compound embassy the enter to attempting were Somalis 150 to 100 about of group a , arrived they As . 10 : 07 at land and it discern to able were they , embassy the contact to ) unencrypted was embassy the with communication direct only their ( silence radio breaking would crew helicopter the that grass green familiar the not — surface coated @-@ oil , black a had compound embassy the in course golf the and ) compound embassy the within point highest the ( tower water 's embassy the on placed was which light strobe a spot to low too flying were helicopters The . city the in buildings many around walls stucco white saw crew the and development new by surrounded , fact in , was embassy The . course golf and wall perimeter stucco white its by discerned be could embassy the told been had they , Furthermore . area isolated an in embassy the showed which , map 1969 outdated an using were helicopters the of crew the , Mogadishu in arrival their On . city the of parts northern the in reported violence intense more of areas avoid to planned was that route a on altitude in ) m 2 @.@ 15 – 6 @.@ 7 ( feet 50 – 25 at harbor the of south just coast the crossing , dawn at Mogadishu in arrived helicopters The . rendezvous refueling the complicated also system navigation ' helicopters the with problems ; Guam the to return a forcing nearly and fuel in soldiers dousing , helicopters the of one on burst pipe a , refueling first the During . refuelings aerial two performed They . 20 : 06 at arrive to expected were and , embassy the from ) mi 536 ; km 863 ( miles nautical 466 , 47 : 02 at Guam departed — SEALs Navy nine and Marines 51 — detail security man @-@ 60 a carrying Stallions Super 53E @-@ CH Two "," Two CH @-@ 53E Super Stallions carrying a 60 @-@ man security detail — 51 Marines and nine Navy SEALs — departed Guam at 02 : 47 , 466 nautical miles ( 863 km ; 536 mi ) from the embassy , and were expected to arrive at 06 : 20 . They performed two aerial refuelings . During the first refueling , a pipe burst on one of the helicopters , dousing soldiers in fuel and nearly forcing a return to the Guam ; problems with the helicopters ' navigation system also complicated the refueling rendezvous . The helicopters arrived in Mogadishu at dawn , crossing the coast just south of the harbor at 25 – 50 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 – 15 @.@ 2 m ) in altitude on a route that was planned to avoid areas of more intense violence reported in the northern parts of the city . On their arrival in Mogadishu , the crew of the helicopters were using an outdated 1969 map , which showed the embassy in an isolated area . Furthermore , they had been told the embassy could be discerned by its white stucco perimeter wall and golf course . The embassy was , in fact , surrounded by new development and the crew saw white stucco walls around many buildings in the city . The helicopters were flying too low to spot a strobe light which was placed on the embassy 's water tower ( the highest point within the embassy compound ) and the golf course in the embassy compound had a black , oil @-@ coated surface — not the familiar green grass that the helicopter crew would breaking radio silence ( their only direct communication with the embassy was unencrypted ) to contact the embassy , they were able to discern it and land at 07 : 10 . As they arrived , a group of about 100 to 150 Somalis were attempting to enter the embassy compound via ladders on the wall , but scattered as the helicopters arrived . " " : force deadly of use the before zone third the to retreat to preference a stating , defense of zones three identified also He . intent hostile obvious with walls 's compound embassy the over came people if force deadly use only could they : engagement of rules the on instructions clear detail security the gave Bishop Ambassador . support overhead provide to arrived 130 @-@ AC 's Force Air the and compound embassy the around perimeter a establish to moved detail security The "," The security detail moved to establish a perimeter around the embassy compound and the Air Force 's AC @-@ 130 arrived to provide overhead support . Ambassador Bishop gave the security detail clear instructions on the rules of engagement : they could only use deadly force if people came over the embassy compound 's walls with obvious hostile intent . He also identified three zones of defense , stating a preference to retreat to the third zone before the use of deadly force : " " compound embassy entire the "," the entire embassy compound " " ) ( zone landing helicopter the and , House Marine , building ) ( Office Administrative Joint , Chancery the "," the Chancery , Joint Administrative Office ( ) building , Marine House , and the helicopter landing zone ( ) " " ) held were evacuees the where buildings "" "" two the ( buildings and chancery the "," the chancery and buildings ( the two "" "" buildings where the evacuees were held ) " " . clothes their wash and shower a take to able were refueling the during fuel in doused been had who Marines The . conflict the in interfere not would and embassy the evacuate to only present were forces the that announcements broadcast BBC and America of Voice the requested he , effect this To . conflict the in intervening was US the that impression the got clashes the in involved group any if attacks organized by targeted be would embassy the that feared He . Mogadishu in violence the in intervening were they that impression any avoid to was which , detail security the to rationale his explained clearly Bishop Ambassador "," Ambassador Bishop clearly explained his rationale to the security detail , which was to avoid any impression that they were intervening in the violence in Mogadishu . He feared that the embassy would be targeted by organized attacks if any group involved in the clashes got the impression that the US was intervening in the conflict . To this effect , he requested the Voice of America and BBC broadcast announcements that the forces were present only to evacuate the embassy and would not interfere in the conflict . The Marines who had been doused in fuel during the refueling were able to take a shower and wash their clothes . " " . evacuees the unloaded and Guam on arrived helicopters the , 40 : 9 At . rescue a await and desert Somali the to divert to helicopters the forced have would which , refueling prevented nearly return the on refueling flight @-@ in only the with Complications . warm remain to flights the of one on blankets provided were Evacuees . mission of heads four and civilians American all including , evacuees 61 first the with left helicopters the , ground the on hour an After "," After an hour on the ground , the helicopters left with the first 61 evacuees , including all American civilians and four heads of mission . Evacuees were provided blankets on one of the flights to remain warm . Complications with the only in @-@ flight refueling on the return nearly prevented refueling , which would have forced the helicopters to divert to the Somali desert and await a rescue . At 9 : 40 , the helicopters arrived on Guam and unloaded the evacuees . " " . tower water the on position their leave to ordered thereafter soon and fire return not to ordered were they ; fire under came and ) compound the in structure highest the ( tower water 's embassy the on positioned were spotter a and sniper A . embassy the target directly to seemed incident one Only . Road along embassy the by drove frequently Somalis armed of truckloads although , day the during embassy the upon came threats No "," No threats came upon the embassy during the day , although truckloads of armed Somalis frequently drove by the embassy along Road . Only one incident seemed to directly target the embassy . A sniper and a spotter were positioned on the embassy 's water tower ( the highest structure in the compound ) and came under fire ; they were ordered to not return fire and soon thereafter ordered to leave their position on the water tower . " " . embassy the to transportation own their find to them of all required but , requests these welcomed US the ; evacuated be to desiring embassy the contacted diplomats foreign , day the Throughout . detail security the by embassy the outside excursion only the was This . ) Kenyans 17 and , Filipino a , Americans four ( OMC the from persons 22 with later minutes ten returned and 47 : 8 at embassy the left SEALs and Marines several with vehicles of convoy A . unrest the by there trapped persons evacuate to needed was convoy armed an , embassy the to proximity its Despite . evacuation required , embassy the from blocks half a and one just , Cooperation Military of Office The "," The Office of Military Cooperation , just one and a half blocks from the embassy , required evacuation . Despite its proximity to the embassy , an armed convoy was needed to evacuate persons trapped there by the unrest . A convoy of vehicles with several Marines and SEALs left the embassy at 8 : 47 and returned ten minutes later with 22 persons from the OMC ( four Americans , a Filipino , and 17 Kenyans ) . This was the only excursion outside the embassy by the security detail . Throughout the day , foreign diplomats contacted the embassy desiring to be evacuated ; the US welcomed these requests , but required all of them to find their own transportation to the embassy . " " . ambassador the with conversation vocal a after away turned was but , evacuated be to requesting family his of members 25 with afternoon the in embassy the at up showed , Police of Chief and General Major a also was who , Barre President of brother The . staff his of 38 and ambassador Soviet the with returned who , Siad Major paid embassy US the ; enough paid was he if only but , Soviets the transport to agreed Siad Major , Bishop Ambassador of request the At . longer much city the in remain not would Americans the realized they , January 5 of morning the on helicopters the Seeing . embassy the to way own their found they if only but agreed , counterpart Soviet his of partner tennis a , Bishop Ambassador ; rescued be could staff his and he if Bishop Ambassador asked ambassador Soviet the and day previous the Mogadishu in plane a land to unable was Union Soviet The . ) embassy US the to come previously had embassy British the from staff junior ( ambassador British and 'affaires d chargé German the rescue to travel to agreed , Siad Major , embassy the with relationship previous a had who officer Somali A "," A Somali officer who had a previous relationship with the embassy , Major Siad , agreed to travel to rescue the German chargé d 'affaires and British ambassador ( junior staff from the British embassy had previously come to the US embassy ) . The Soviet Union was unable to land a plane in Mogadishu the previous day and the Soviet ambassador asked Ambassador Bishop if he and his staff could be rescued ; Ambassador Bishop , a tennis partner of his Soviet counterpart , agreed but only if they found their own way to the embassy . Seeing the helicopters on the morning of 5 January , they realized the Americans would not remain in the city much longer . At the request of Ambassador Bishop , Major Siad agreed to transport the Soviets , but only if he was paid enough ; the US embassy paid Major Siad , who returned with the Soviet ambassador and 38 of his staff . The brother of President Barre , who was also a Major General and Chief of Police , showed up at the embassy in the afternoon with 25 members of his family requesting to be evacuated , but was turned away after a vocal conversation with the ambassador . " " . ship the to return to supplies medical with bags several filled medic the ; embassy the from needed they anything take or use allowed also were They . ) months several for ships on stationed been had most ( souvenirs and , sodas , candy as such , commissary 's embassy the from wanted they anything consume to allowed were soldiers the , Meanwhile . poison given were some ; owners their by killed were pets Most . allowed not were which , bring to wanted they pets had evacuees many , Furthermore . evacuation their coordinating problems in resulting , more bring to attempted Some . apiece luggage of piece one to limited were and helicopters the onto loaded be to "" sticks "" person @-@ 15 into grouped were evacuees The . detail security the from soldiers few a assisted who staff embassy by handled partially was deficit The . detail security the of commander the from objections over cancelled was this , However . Guam the to returned had they after Stallions Super 53E @-@ CH the with insertion for planned was ECC the handle to soldiers of primarily consisting force person @-@ 44 A . the in up set was which , ) ECC ( center control evacuation the handle to soldiers include not did operation The "," The operation did not include soldiers to handle the evacuation control center ( ECC ) , which was set up in the . A 44 @-@ person force consisting primarily of soldiers to handle the ECC was planned for insertion with the CH @-@ 53E Super Stallions after they had returned to the Guam . However , this was cancelled over objections from the commander of the security detail . The deficit was partially handled by embassy staff who assisted a few soldiers from the security detail . The evacuees were grouped into 15 @-@ person "" sticks "" to be loaded onto the helicopters and were limited to one piece of luggage apiece . Some attempted to bring more , resulting in problems coordinating their evacuation . Furthermore , many evacuees had pets they wanted to bring , which were not allowed . Most pets were killed by their owners ; some were given poison . Meanwhile , the soldiers were allowed to consume anything they wanted from the embassy 's commissary , such as candy , sodas , and souvenirs ( most had been stationed on ships for several months ) . They were also allowed use or take anything they needed from the embassy ; the medic filled several bags with medical supplies to return to the ship . " " . off turned be to compound embassy the in lights all required which , goggles vision night with conducted be would mission entire The . pattern "" Y "" NATO a in the in placed were lights Chemical . moved be to into broken be to had cars Some . evacuated been already had that staff by keys without left were vehicles several and lot parking a as used was area The . evacuation main the for the prepare to began work , approached evening As "," As evening approached , work began to prepare the for the main evacuation . The area was used as a parking lot and several vehicles were left without keys by staff that had already been evacuated . Some cars had to be broken into to be moved . Chemical lights were placed in the in a NATO "" Y "" pattern . The entire mission would be conducted with night vision goggles , which required all lights in the embassy compound to be turned off . " " . deployed not were but , support gunfire provide to standby on were helicopters Iroquois 1 @-@ UH two and evacuation the during support gunfire provide to Arabia Saudi from sent was 130 @-@ AC An . phase this during away ) mi 440 – 400 ; km 700 – 650 ( miles nautical 380 – 350 about were ships the ; capability refueling aerial lack which , Knight Sea 46 @-@ CH the of range by determined was phase this of timing The . helicopters 46 @-@ CH five of waves four of consisted and January 6 of hours morning early the in occurred evacuation main The "," The main evacuation occurred in the early morning hours of 6 January and consisted of four waves of five CH @-@ 46 helicopters . The timing of this phase was determined by range of the CH @-@ 46 Sea Knight , which lack aerial refueling capability ; the ships were about 350 – 380 nautical miles ( 650 – 700 km ; 400 – 440 mi ) away during this phase . An AC @-@ 130 was sent from Saudi Arabia to provide gunfire support during the evacuation and two UH @-@ 1 Iroquois helicopters were on standby to provide gunfire support , but were not deployed . " " . complete evacuation the declared Bishop Ambassador , later minutes twenty ; 23 : 2 at Guam on landed and 49 : 1 at embassy the departed wave final The . deal the on reneging from Major the prevent to wave final the with depart to zone landing helicopter the reached he until Major the with conversation in engaged remained Bishop Ambassador . car armored 's ambassador the to keys and cash in dollars thousand several for matter the settle to agreed finally who , Major the with negotiated ambassador the as incident without depart to able were waves third and second The . continued operation the if helicopters the down shoot to soldiers radio would he that claimed He . operation military a such out carry to permission US the granted not had government Somali the because immediately cease evacuation the that demanded Siad Major . granted was ambassador the with speak to request His . other the in radio a and hand one in grenade a held and soldiers of truckloads two by accompanied gate embassy the at arrived Siad Major , landed wave second the As . 43 : 23 at Guam departed wave first The "," The first wave departed Guam at 23 : 43 . As the second wave landed , Major Siad arrived at the embassy gate accompanied by two truckloads of soldiers and held a grenade in one hand and a radio in the other . His request to speak with the ambassador was granted . Major Siad demanded that the evacuation cease immediately because the Somali government had not granted the US permission to carry out such a military operation . He claimed that he would radio soldiers to shoot down the helicopters if the operation continued . The second and third waves were able to depart without incident as the ambassador negotiated with the Major , who finally agreed to settle the matter for several thousand dollars in cash and keys to the ambassador 's armored car . Ambassador Bishop remained engaged in conversation with the Major until he reached the helicopter landing zone to depart with the final wave to prevent the Major from reneging on the deal . The final wave departed the embassy at 1 : 49 and landed on Guam at 2 : 23 ; twenty minutes later , Ambassador Bishop declared the evacuation complete . " " . needed they anything take to permitted were they and compound embassy the on warehouse and commissary the to keys with FSNs the left Ambassador The . FSNs the pay to unable was embassy the and time some for closed been had banks Local . ordeal the throughout embassy the protected and guards as hired were 30 about and families their with embassy the in refuge sought had FSNs the of Many . Somalia of parts safer to airlifted employees these have to unsuccessfully tried Bishop Ambassador . evacuated be not could — ) FSNs ( nationals service foreign as known — embassy the of employees Somali . evacuation 's embassy the of hours two within RPGs by open blown reportedly were — embassy the of building main the — chancery the of doors The . departed wave final the as compound embassy the entering observed were looters Armed "," Armed looters were observed entering the embassy compound as the final wave departed . The doors of the chancery — the main building of the embassy — were reportedly blown open by RPGs within two hours of the embassy 's evacuation . Somali employees of the embassy — known as foreign service nationals ( FSNs ) — could not be evacuated . Ambassador Bishop tried unsuccessfully to have these employees airlifted to safer parts of Somalia . Many of the FSNs had sought refuge in the embassy with their families and about 30 were hired as guards and protected the embassy throughout the ordeal . Local banks had been closed for some time and the embassy was unable to pay the FSNs . The Ambassador left the FSNs with keys to the commissary and warehouse on the embassy compound and they were permitted to take anything they needed . " " . Qatar and , Oman , Kuwait , Germany of embassies the of the and Kingdom United and , Emirates Arab United , Turkey , Sudan , Union Soviet , Nigeria , Kenya , States United the of ambassadors the were mission of heads The . ) staff embassy 36 and Bishop Ambassador including ( Americans 61 and ) 'affaires d four and ambassadors eight ( missions of heads 12 including , embassy the from taken were evacuees 281 of total A "," A total of 281 evacuees were taken from the embassy , including 12 heads of missions ( eight ambassadors and four d 'affaires ) and 61 Americans ( including Ambassador Bishop and 36 embassy staff ) . The heads of mission were the ambassadors of the United States , Kenya , Nigeria , Soviet Union , Sudan , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , and United Kingdom and the of the embassies of Germany , Kuwait , Oman , and Qatar . " " . home continued they where from , Germany , Frankfurt to flown were evacuees American the , afternoon That . Oman , Muscat at offloaded were evacuees the , January 11 On . thanks their express to held was officers senior ' ships the with session formal a , ambassadors the of request the At . children for ordeal the ease to clowns as up dressed even sailors the of some and , hour an within up signed hundred two , vessel the aboard while evacuees the for guides as up sign to crew asked Guam of chaplain the When . quarters living share to evacuees the for way made marines and sailors The . journey day @-@ five a — Oman to back ordered were ships the , evacuees the by thought originally as , Mombasa nearby in disembark than Rather "," Rather than disembark in nearby Mombasa , as originally thought by the evacuees , the ships were ordered back to Oman — a five @-@ day journey . The sailors and marines made way for the evacuees to share living quarters . When the chaplain of Guam asked crew to sign up as guides for the evacuees while aboard the vessel , two hundred signed up within an hour , and some of the sailors even dressed up as clowns to ease the ordeal for children . At the request of the ambassadors , a formal session with the ships ' senior officers was held to express their thanks . On 11 January , the evacuees were offloaded at Muscat , Oman . That afternoon , the American evacuees were flown to Frankfurt , Germany , from where they continued home . " " . Pizza 's Domino by sponsored was competition The . team Victorian a to awarded been had Shield Claxton the time 22nd the was this ; tournament the win to series championship the in nil to games two Australia South defeated Aces Victoria The . 2011 early to 2010 late in Shield Claxton the of place the in start will that League Baseball Australian new the to precursor the as hailed was It . 2010 February 7 to 2009 November 6 from held was and , Australia in competition baseball premier the , tournament Shield Claxton 57th the was Shield Claxton 2010 The "," The 2010 Claxton Shield was the 57th Claxton Shield tournament , the premier baseball competition in Australia , and was held from 6 November 2009 to 7 February 2010 . It was hailed as the precursor to the new Australian Baseball League that will start in the place of the Claxton Shield in late 2010 to early 2011 . The Victoria Aces defeated South Australia two games to nil in the championship series to win the tournament ; this was the 22nd time the Claxton Shield had been awarded to a Victorian team . The competition was sponsored by Domino 's Pizza . " " . finals the for qualify to failed both ) 21 – 3 ( Rams Queensland and ) 12 – 12 ( Heat Perth The . record 10 – 14 a with finished teams Both . Patriots Wales South New the against series final @-@ semi game @-@ three the hosted Australia South . series championship game @-@ three the for advantage field @-@ home earning , record 7 – 17 a with place first in finished Aces Victoria the , season regular the of conclusion the At "," At the conclusion of the regular season , the Victoria Aces finished in first place with a 17 – 7 record , earning home @-@ field advantage for the three @-@ game championship series . South Australia hosted the three @-@ game semi @-@ final series against the New South Wales Patriots . Both teams finished with a 14 – 10 record . The Perth Heat ( 12 – 12 ) and Queensland Rams ( 3 – 21 ) both failed to qualify for the finals . " " . teams place @-@ third and second- the between series playoff a of winner the against played and series championship the for qualified directly team place @-@ first the : edition 2009 the to similar postseason a before team per games season @-@ regular 24 for allowed schedule the , total In . away one and home at one , team other each against rounds two played and rounds bye two had team each , season the During . bye a took team remaining the while , series game @-@ three a played and round each for off paired teams four , involved were teams ) five ( number uneven an Since . rounds ten include to season the expanding by Shield Claxton 2009 the from varied It . 11 – 2010 in starting season ABL inaugural the for preparation considered was tournament 2010 The . Federation Baseball Australian the by owned share percent 25 the and share percent 75 's Baseball League Major between split ownership with , ) ABL ( League Baseball Australian new a to sold been had Shield Claxton the to rights the that announced was it , 2009 June In "," In June 2009 , it was announced that the rights to the Claxton Shield had been sold to a new Australian Baseball League ( ABL ) , with ownership split between Major League Baseball 's 75 percent share and the 25 percent share owned by the Australian Baseball Federation . The 2010 tournament was considered preparation for the inaugural ABL season starting in 2010 – 11 . It varied from the 2009 Claxton Shield by expanding the season to include ten rounds . Since an uneven number ( five ) teams were involved , four teams paired off for each round and played a three @-@ game series , while the remaining team took a bye . During the season , each team had two bye rounds and played two rounds against each other team , one at home and one away . In total , the schedule allowed for 24 regular @-@ season games per team before a postseason similar to the 2009 edition : the first @-@ place team directly qualified for the championship series and played against the winner of a playoff series between the second- and third @-@ place teams . " " . Sunday and Saturday , Friday a for scheduled was series postseason Each . Saturday on doubleheader a of instead night Thursday a on played they ; games home their played Perth when was this to exception The . innings seven to shortened was games two the of one doubleheader each in ; Saturday on doubleheader a and night Friday a on played were games , season regular the During "," During the regular season , games were played on a Friday night and a doubleheader on Saturday ; in each doubleheader one of the two games was shortened to seven innings . The exception to this was when Perth played their home games ; they played on a Thursday night instead of a doubleheader on Saturday . Each postseason series was scheduled for a Friday , Saturday and Sunday . " " . series scheduled originally the for roster man @-@ 21 expanded an and , game up @-@ make the for roster man @-@ 19 a had teams the , cases both In . series game @-@ four two in resulted this and , teams the between series return the of start the at scheduled were games up @-@ make ; season the during time first the for meeting teams involved games Both . weather poor of because postponed be to had season the during games Two . reason same the for times both , players 21 to expand to rosters active ' teams allowed that cases two in made were Exceptions . roster active man @-@ 19 a of use make to team each allowed series 2010 The "," The 2010 series allowed each team to make use of a 19 @-@ man active roster . Exceptions were made in two cases that allowed teams ' active rosters to expand to 21 players , both times for the same reason . Two games during the season had to be postponed because of poor weather . Both games involved teams meeting for the first time during the season ; make @-@ up games were scheduled at the start of the return series between the teams , and this resulted in two four @-@ game series . In both cases , the teams had a 19 @-@ man roster for the make @-@ up game , and an expanded 21 @-@ man roster for the originally scheduled series . " " . Stadium Baseball Blacktown at held were games home other their of all whereas , Oval Gilchrist at held was Heat Perth the against series home final ' Patriots Wales South New the : season the of start the at this to exception scheduled one was There . venue one only at games home their held team each season This . venues multiple at games home their played had teams the of many , years previous In . Australia around from teams five between contested was Shield Claxton 2010 The "," The 2010 Claxton Shield was contested between five teams from around Australia . In previous years , many of the teams had played their home games at multiple venues . This season each team held their home games at only one venue . There was one scheduled exception to this at the start of the season : the New South Wales Patriots ' final home series against the Perth Heat was held at Gilchrist Oval , whereas all of their other home games were held at Blacktown Baseball Stadium . " " . well as University Trobe La at held was Aces the by hosted series finals the , moved were games season regular further no Though . 200 @,@ 2 of attendance an had game moved the , 500 than more no of crowds attracted had games Geelong the Although . Melbourne , University Trobe La to moved was Aces Victoria the and Wales South New between series round @-@ fifth the of one game , Park Baseball Geelong at attendance poor of result a As "," As a result of poor attendance at Geelong Baseball Park , game one of the fifth @-@ round series between New South Wales and the Victoria Aces was moved to La Trobe University , Melbourne . Although the Geelong games had attracted crowds of no more than 500 , the moved game had an attendance of 2 @,@ 200 . Though no further regular season games were moved , the finals series hosted by the Aces was held at La Trobe University as well . " " : follows as are venues The "," The venues are as follows : " " . Victoria , Geelong , Park Baseball Geelong at played being despite , team home the as Rams Queensland and team away the as Aces Victoria with played was , 8 Round in held , 7 Round from postponed game A — † "," † — A game postponed from Round 7 , held in Round 8 , was played with Victoria Aces as the away team and Queensland Rams as the home team , despite being played at Geelong Baseball Park , Geelong , Victoria . " " . Australia South , Adelaide , Oval Norwood at played being despite , team home the as Aces Victoria and team away the as Australia South with played was , 9 Round in held , 3 Round from postponed game A — ‡ "," ‡ — A game postponed from Round 3 , held in Round 9 , was played with South Australia as the away team and Victoria Aces as the home team , despite being played at Norwood Oval , Adelaide , South Australia . " " . Patriots the for spot finals last the secured and contention from Perth eliminated Rams the of sweep Patriots Wales South New the with combined which , Heat Perth the sweeping by spot top clinched Aces the : decided were finals the in spots two last the that round final the until not was It . position second in round the finishing despite , finals the in position a clinch Australia South saw round following The . 8 round in Aces Victoria the by nil to games four swept being after , finals the for contention from eliminated be to team first the were Rams Queensland The "," The Queensland Rams were the first team to be eliminated from contention for the finals , after being swept four games to nil by the Victoria Aces in round 8 . The following round saw South Australia clinch a position in the finals , despite finishing the round in second position . It was not until the final round that the last two spots in the finals were decided : the Aces clinched top spot by sweeping the Perth Heat , which combined with the New South Wales Patriots sweep of the Rams eliminated Perth from contention and secured the last finals spot for the Patriots . " " . series championship the in Victoria was as , Wales South New against series its of two game for team away the officially was Australia South , result a As . series the of each during alternated team away and team home the , finals the In . Melbourne , University Trobe La at series championship the hosted Aces Victoria the while , Adelaide , Oval Norwood at Patriots Wales South New the hosted Australia South . series three @-@ of @-@ best a for team place @-@ first the faced then series that of winner The . team place @-@ second the by hosted series three @-@ of @-@ best a in other each in faced teams place @-@ third and second- The . qualified games season @-@ regular of rounds ten the of conclusion the at teams three top The . season 2009 the in used been had as structure finals same the of use made Shield Claxton 2010 The "," The 2010 Claxton Shield made use of the same finals structure as had been used in the 2009 season . The top three teams at the conclusion of the ten rounds of regular @-@ season games qualified . The second- and third @-@ place teams faced in each other in a best @-@ of @-@ three series hosted by the second @-@ place team . The winner of that series then faced the first @-@ place team for a best @-@ of @-@ three series . South Australia hosted the New South Wales Patriots at Norwood Oval , Adelaide , while the Victoria Aces hosted the championship series at La Trobe University , Melbourne . In the finals , the home team and away team alternated during each of the series . As a result , South Australia was officially the away team for game two of its series against New South Wales , as was Victoria in the championship series . " " . Year the of Pitcher and MVP Series Final Shield Claxton both named was Blackmore Matthew 's Victoria , series championship the of two game After . nil to games two defeated were they There . Aces the against series championship the to progressed Australia South , series final @-@ semi the in one to games two Patriots the defeating After "," After defeating the Patriots two games to one in the semi @-@ final series , South Australia progressed to the championship series against the Aces . There they were defeated two games to nil . After game two of the championship series , Victoria 's Matthew Blackmore was named both Claxton Shield Final Series MVP and Pitcher of the Year . " " . Collins Michael and Paul were votes two by up @-@ Runners . 1986 since win to pitcher first the was Lundgren . award Player Valuable Most 's Shield Claxton the ; Award Helms the of winner 35th the as announced was Lundgren Wayne , Adelaide , Chancellor Grand Hotel the at March 6 on held , Awards Diamond Australia Baseball the At . award MVP Series Finals the and award Year the of Pitcher the both won Blackmore Matthew . announced were awards two of winner the , series finals the of conclusion the At "," At the conclusion of the finals series , the winner of two awards were announced . Matthew Blackmore won both the Pitcher of the Year award and the Finals Series MVP award . At the Baseball Australia Diamond Awards , held on 6 March at the Hotel Grand Chancellor , Adelaide , Wayne Lundgren was announced as the 35th winner of the Helms Award ; the Claxton Shield 's Most Valuable Player award . Lundgren was the first pitcher to win since 1986 . Runners @-@ up by two votes were Paul and Michael Collins . " " . Metamorfosis , label own his by issued was — 2008 in Music Warner and 1993 in Music Sony by signed was he after Arjona by release independent first the — album The . Torres Tommy songwriter @-@ singer Rican Puerto and Levin Lee , Warner Dan with Arjona by produced was it , Mexico and States United the in Recorded . 2011 September 23 on released , Arjona Ricardo songwriter @-@ singer Guatemalan by album studio language @-@ Spanish thirteenth the is Independiente "," Independiente is the thirteenth Spanish @-@ language studio album by Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter Ricardo Arjona , released on 23 September 2011 . Recorded in the United States and Mexico , it was produced by Arjona with Dan Warner , Lee Levin and Puerto Rican singer @-@ songwriter Tommy Torres . The album — the first independent release by Arjona after he was signed by Sony Music in 1993 and Warner Music in 2008 — was issued by his own label , Metamorfosis . " " . ) 1993 ( Nocturno Animal and ) 1994 ( Historias , recordings earlier his to compared been has Independiente . music his in "" effort acoustic down @-@ stripped "" a called been had what introduced having , sound his simplify to instruments fewer used had he , latter the producing While . ) 2010 ( Ropa Poquita for departure stylistic his after sound trademark his to returns Arjona , Independiente For . collaboration fourth ' Torres and Arjona marks record the , year a in written and Composed "," Composed and written in a year , the record marks Arjona and Torres ' fourth collaboration . For Independiente , Arjona returns to his trademark sound after his stylistic departure for Poquita Ropa ( 2010 ) . While producing the latter , he had used fewer instruments to simplify his sound , having introduced what had been called a "" stripped @-@ down acoustic effort "" in his music . Independiente has been compared to his earlier recordings , Historias ( 1994 ) and Animal Nocturno ( 1993 ) . " " . Argentina and Venezuela in platinum certified and Mexico and States United the , Chile in gold certified was Independiente release its after week one Within . ) eight @-@ sixty number at peaking ( Spain in chart to album fourth his and , ) five @-@ sixty number reaching ( 200 Billboard the on chart to album consecutive fifth his is It . Chart Albums Mexican the on one number reached and , chart Albums Pop Latin the topped it weeks consecutive @-@ non thirteen For . 2011 October 22 ending week the for debuted it where Albums Latin Top Billboard the on album one @-@ number fourth 's Arjona became Independiente "," Independiente became Arjona 's fourth number @-@ one album on the Billboard Top Latin Albums where it debuted for the week ending 22 October 2011 . For thirteen non @-@ consecutive weeks it topped the Latin Pop Albums chart , and reached number one on the Mexican Albums Chart . It is his fifth consecutive album to chart on the Billboard 200 ( reaching number sixty @-@ five ) , and his fourth album to chart in Spain ( peaking at number sixty @-@ eight ) . Within one week after its release Independiente was certified gold in Chile , the United States and Mexico and certified platinum in Venezuela and Argentina . " " . Tour World Metamorfosis his on embarked Arjona , Independiente promote To . 2012 November in "" No Tu Si "" and , 2012 July in "" Quiero Te "" ; 2012 May in released was "" Vieja Poniendo Está Me Se Novia Mi "" . charts national other several topped and charts Songs Latin the on two number , Songs Pop Latin the on one number reached which , ) Moreno Gaby featuring ( "" Tú Fuiste "" by followed was It . charts Songs Pop Latin and Songs Latin Billboard the on one number was and countries American Latin several in success commercial a became , "" Amor El "" , single lead The . album the from released been have singles Five "," Five singles have been released from the album . The lead single , "" El Amor "" , became a commercial success in several Latin American countries and was number one on the Billboard Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs charts . It was followed by "" Fuiste Tú "" ( featuring Gaby Moreno ) , which reached number one on the Latin Pop Songs , number two on the Latin Songs charts and topped several other national charts . "" Mi Novia Se Me Está Poniendo Vieja "" was released in May 2012 ; "" Te Quiero "" in July 2012 , and "" Si Tu No "" in November 2012 . To promote Independiente , Arjona embarked on his Metamorfosis World Tour . " " . Torres without recorded Arjona which Adentro since album first the became Ropa Poquita . "" them hiding up end we and qualities their exalt to looking arrangements with them saturate we because , ourselves by overwhelmed often are songs The . beauty more , clothes less the that forget they that this about concerned so are and up things get they ; women like are ] songs [ "" , said Arjona album the promoting When . Aguilera Christina and Dion Celine , Shakira with worked has who , Warner Dan with album the produced Arjona . Ropa Poquita , album studio twelfth his on heard was This . music his to "" effort acoustic down @-@ stripped "" a called he what introduced and ) sound his simplifying ( performance capella a an to similar sound a obtained he , possible as instruments few as using with experimenting after ; style musical his change to wanted Arjona , 2010 In "," In 2010 , Arjona wanted to change his musical style ; after experimenting with using as few instruments as possible , he obtained a sound similar to an a capella performance ( simplifying his sound ) and introduced what he called a "" stripped @-@ down acoustic effort "" to his music . This was heard on his twelfth studio album , Poquita Ropa . Arjona produced the album with Dan Warner , who has worked with Shakira , Celine Dion and Christina Aguilera . When promoting the album Arjona said , "" [ songs ] are like women ; they get things up and are so concerned about this that they forget that the less clothes , more beauty . The songs are often overwhelmed by ourselves , because we saturate them with arrangements looking to exalt their qualities and we end up hiding them "" . Poquita Ropa became the first album since Adentro which Arjona recorded without Torres . " " . Music Warner by handled was distribution , label new the within marketed is album the Although . so do to artist pop Latin important most the is Arjona , labels major with contracts following albums independent released have groups other although , that notes Billboard . "" independence such , possible way best the in , administrate to able being of responsibility the and compromise of amount big a 's there , freedom extreme like sounds it when even , ' Independent ' word the Inside "" that stating , freedom than more compromise represented independence his that commented Arjona . City Mexico and Miami in based is and , ) Sommerz Miriam 's BMG and Calderon Humberto executive México Music Universal , Calderón Ricardo director @-@ photographer including ( friends several and Arjona by presided is company The . career his refocus to created he company a , Metamorfosis : label own his through release independent first 's Arjona is Independiente . albums successful most his from "" percentage royalty minimum "" the received he that explained further Arjona . "" ] time that at [ had he artists two sign 't won they , in me sign not did they if that ] label record the [ them told , mine of friend , producer a "" : contract first his of circumstances the revealed He . companies recording with relationships past his of issue the raising letter a issued Arjona , Independiente of release the before Weeks "," Weeks before the release of Independiente , Arjona issued a letter raising the issue of his past relationships with recording companies . He revealed the circumstances of his first contract : "" a producer , friend of mine , told them [ the record label ] that if they did not sign me in , they won 't sign two artists he had [ at that time ] "" . Arjona further explained that he received the "" minimum royalty percentage "" from his most successful albums . Independiente is Arjona 's first independent release through his own label : Metamorfosis , a company he created to refocus his career . The company is presided by Arjona and several friends ( including photographer @-@ director Ricardo Calderón , Universal Music México executive Humberto Calderon and BMG 's Miriam Sommerz ) , and is based in Miami and Mexico City . Arjona commented that his independence represented compromise more than freedom , stating that "" Inside the word ' Independent ' , even when it sounds like extreme freedom , there 's a big amount of compromise and the responsibility of being able to administrate , in the best way possible , such independence "" . Billboard notes that , although other groups have released independent albums following contracts with major labels , Arjona is the most important Latin pop artist to do so . Although the album is marketed within the new label , distribution was handled by Warner Music . " " . Allmusic of Birchmeier Jason by "" years in hit biggest "" 's Arjona considered , "" Duele Como "" single lead the was one ; tracks several produced Torres , ) 2008 ( Piso 5to In . hits past 's Arjona of versions remastered the on vocals background provided and "" Quiero "" and "" Quién "" singles the produced Torres , ) 2007 ( Ayer Dijo Quién In . "" orchestra string a included that band full a hiring , demo first the on out all went "" then Torres . "" "" and "" Solo Estar A Acompañame "" : album the on "" tracks darkest and hookiest "" the him sending by Torres "" tested "" first he that stated He . ) Adentro ( album studio tenth his released Arjona when , 2005 in together worked first musicians The . credit vocal @-@ background receiving also , producer and composer a was latter The . Torres with collaboration fourth 's Arjona marked Independiente "," Independiente marked Arjona 's fourth collaboration with Torres . The latter was a composer and producer , also receiving background @-@ vocal credit . The musicians first worked together in 2005 , when Arjona released his tenth studio album ( Adentro ) . He stated that he first "" tested "" Torres by sending him the "" hookiest and darkest tracks "" on the album : "" Acompañame A Estar Solo "" and "" "" . Torres then "" went all out on the first demo , hiring a full band that included a string orchestra "" . In Quién Dijo Ayer ( 2007 ) , Torres produced the singles "" Quién "" and "" Quiero "" and provided background vocals on the remastered versions of Arjona 's past hits . In 5to Piso ( 2008 ) , Torres produced several tracks ; one was the lead single "" Como Duele "" , considered Arjona 's "" biggest hit in years "" by Jason Birchmeier of Allmusic . " " . 2005 since develop helped Torres which sound trademark , classic the regained Arjona producing to return ' Torres With . City York New in Sound Sterling at Merrill Aya and Coyne Tom by mastered and , Tennessee , Nashville in Grotto Blue the at mixed was Independiente . Mexico and States United the in cities several in produced and recorded was album The . ) Torres with written @-@ co was which ( "" Amor El "" except songs the all wrote Arjona . "" Reconciliación "" of production the in aided Chávez Julio and ) "" Vieja Poniendo Está Me Se Novia Mi "" of version piano the and "" Caudillo "" ( , songs two produced Patrón Victor . "" Amores Hay "" and "" Tú Fuiste "" single second , "" Amor El "" single lead the : tracks three produced also Torres Tommy . Rudin Dan and Levin Lee , Warner Dan : work 's Arjona with familiar producers three by handled was production its of Most . period year @-@ one a over composed was album The "," The album was composed over a one @-@ year period . Most of its production was handled by three producers familiar with Arjona 's work : Dan Warner , Lee Levin and Dan Rudin . Tommy Torres also produced three tracks : the lead single "" El Amor "" , second single "" Fuiste Tú "" and "" Hay Amores "" . Victor Patrón produced two songs , ( "" Caudillo "" and the piano version of "" Mi Novia Se Me Está Poniendo Vieja "" ) and Julio Chávez aided in the production of "" Reconciliación "" . Arjona wrote all the songs except "" El Amor "" ( which was co @-@ written with Torres ) . The album was recorded and produced in several cities in the United States and Mexico . Independiente was mixed at the Blue Grotto in Nashville , Tennessee , and mastered by Tom Coyne and Aya Merrill at Sterling Sound in New York City . With Torres ' return to producing Arjona regained the classic , trademark sound which Torres helped develop since 2005 . " " . States United the in impact an make to failed which merengue and salsa of mixture a , "" Puente "" single lead 's Ropa Poquita influenced music Cuban the after sound mainstream , signature his to return 's Arjona marked single The . "" dark bit a "" and "" strong very "" as it described He . "" album entire the represent better could which song the "" not was it because "" contradiction "" a was song the of choice their that explaining , date to released had he song "" tawdry most "" the was "" Amor El "" that stated Arjona , interview 2012 February a In . "" ones bad the tell and around it turn to had somebody that shown been has love things good many So "" , added Arjona "" . value great its understand to fundamental extremely are love of sides dark ] the [ "" , continued he ; "" about talks nobody that love within events dark , big those "" examine to desire 's Arjona by motivated was "" Amor El "" . ) lyrics the wrote who ( Arjona of instead Warner Dan by composed track only the and song pop Latin a , "" Mal Está Bien Está Que Lo "" with opens Independiente "," Independiente opens with "" Lo Que Está Bien Está Mal "" , a Latin pop song and the only track composed by Dan Warner instead of Arjona ( who wrote the lyrics ) . "" El Amor "" was motivated by Arjona 's desire to examine "" those big , dark events within love that nobody talks about "" ; he continued , "" [ the ] dark sides of love are extremely fundamental to understand its great value . "" Arjona added , "" So many good things love has been shown that somebody had to turn it around and tell the bad ones "" . In a February 2012 interview , Arjona stated that "" El Amor "" was the "" most tawdry "" song he had released to date , explaining that their choice of the song was a "" contradiction "" because it was not "" the song which could better represent the entire album "" . He described it as "" very strong "" and "" a bit dark "" . The single marked Arjona 's return to his signature , mainstream sound after the Cuban music influenced Poquita Ropa 's lead single "" Puente "" , a mixture of salsa and merengue which failed to make an impact in the United States . " " . 2011 in died who , father his to album the dedicated Arjona . "" president a becomes that leader student a of history the 's It . moments those in fought we things those all of contradiction a into ourselves transform we sometimes because there constantly appears "" he that asserted he ; college at had Arjona "" friends some of image the "" evokes "" Caudillo "" . album an on song the include to thought never he first at , ) Historias 's 1994 on ( "" Cuatro Las De Señora "" single his with As . "" good very was album the on it including of idea the "" thought he that and "" Day 's Mother on mom my for gift a as "" it wrote he that stated He . Morales Noemí , mother his to it dedicated Arjona and complete to years two took "" Vieja Poniendo Está Me Se Novia Mi "" . album the on songs important most the of one as "" Tú Fuiste "" named Arjona . "" being human fantastic "" a and "" countrywoman "" a , "" talented incredibly "" as Moreno described He . "" celebration a are , me for , her with it doing of possibilities the "" that revealing , Moreno with happiness his expressed he "" people known well very with song this record to possibilities the had "" he that stated Arjona Although . percussion other and drums , guitars , violin , piano of consists instrumentation Its . Moreno Gaby singer Guatemalan with duet a , "" Tú Fuiste "" includes album The "," The album includes "" Fuiste Tú "" , a duet with Guatemalan singer Gaby Moreno . Its instrumentation consists of piano , violin , guitars , drums and other percussion . Although Arjona stated that he "" had the possibilities to record this song with very well known people "" he expressed his happiness with Moreno , revealing that "" the possibilities of doing it with her , for me , are a celebration "" . He described Moreno as "" incredibly talented "" , a "" countrywoman "" and a "" fantastic human being "" . Arjona named "" Fuiste Tú "" as one of the most important songs on the album . "" Mi Novia Se Me Está Poniendo Vieja "" took two years to complete and Arjona dedicated it to his mother , Noemí Morales . He stated that he wrote it "" as a gift for my mom on Mother 's Day "" and that he thought "" the idea of including it on the album was very good "" . As with his single "" Señora De Las Cuatro "" ( on 1994 's Historias ) , at first he never thought to include the song on an album . "" Caudillo "" evokes "" the image of some friends "" Arjona had at college ; he asserted that he "" appears constantly there because sometimes we transform ourselves into a contradiction of all those things we fought in those moments . It 's the history of a student leader that becomes a president "" . Arjona dedicated the album to his father , who died in 2011 . " " . October 25 on available was album the of version disc @-@ compact the , Spain and Canada In . Music Warner through October 11 on and October 4 on label Kiwi the on available first was album the , Germany In . "" Independiente "" entitled , video only @-@ album an included version This . store music iTunes the on download digital a as released was edition iTunes an ; America North as well as markets same these of most in disc compact and download digital a as released officially was album the , October 4 On . countries European and American Latin several in released was album the of edition standard the for download digital the , September 30 On . "" Reconciliación "" of mix different a included version This . Edition Sur the dubbed , edition special a as 2011 September 23 on countries American South some in released digitally first was Independiente "," Independiente was first digitally released in some South American countries on 23 September 2011 as a special edition , dubbed the Sur Edition . This version included a different mix of "" Reconciliación "" . On 30 September , the digital download for the standard edition of the album was released in several Latin American and European countries . On 4 October , the album was officially released as a digital download and compact disc in most of these same markets as well as North America ; an iTunes edition was released as a digital download on the iTunes music store . This version included an album @-@ only video , entitled "" Independiente "" . In Germany , the album was first available on the Kiwi label on 4 October and on 11 October through Warner Music . In Canada and Spain , the compact @-@ disc version of the album was available on 25 October . " " . Estrellas las de Canal by November 5 on rebroadcast later was show The . "" situation special very a "" was it and "" ago time some "" other each met they that elaborating , "" ] Arjona [ Ricardo for things do to happy "" was he that said Muñoz . Independiente on songs fourteen the showcased program the , Televisa by Broadcast . Barrio del la Paquita and ) Intocable band Mexican the of ( Muñoz Ricky , Moreno Gaby by appearances guest featured special The . Independiente promote to 2011 in special television a on appeared Arjona "," Arjona appeared on a television special in 2011 to promote Independiente . The special featured guest appearances by Gaby Moreno , Ricky Muñoz ( of the Mexican band Intocable ) and Paquita la del Barrio . Broadcast by Televisa , the program showcased the fourteen songs on Independiente . Muñoz said that he was "" happy to do things for Ricardo [ Arjona ] "" , elaborating that they met each other "" some time ago "" and it was "" a very special situation "" . The show was later rebroadcast on 5 November by Canal de las Estrellas . " " . charts Songs Pop Latin the on one number and Songs Latin Top Billboard the on two number reached "" Tú Fuiste "" . "" ' end the of beginning the is ' talk to starts someone when couple the on battle the recreates video this "" that commented Arjona . Cambre Joaquín director Argentine by directed and ) ruins Tikal the and , lake Atitlán the , Dulce Río , Guatemala Antigua of areas tropical the around ( Guatemala in shot was song the for video music The . Moreno Gaby singer Guatemalan with duet a , "" Tú Fuiste "" is album the from single second The . City Mexico in filmed and ) "" Duele Como "" for video music 's Arjona directed also who ( Calderón Ricardo by directed was It . 2011 September 8 on released was , white @-@ and @-@ black in filmed , "" Amor El "" for video music The . Guatemala and Panama , Rica Costa , Chile , Venezuela , Colombia , Mexico , Argentina in one number reaching , America Latin in hit a also was It . chart Songs Pop Latin Billboard the on one number and ) "" Problema El "" and "" Cuando "" , "" Desnuda "" following , chart that on one number fourth 's Arjona ( chart Songs Latin Top Billboard the on one number reached it States United the In . 2011 August 23 on released , "" Amor El "" is Independiente from single first The "," The first single from Independiente is "" El Amor "" , released on 23 August 2011 . In the United States it reached number one on the Billboard Top Latin Songs chart ( Arjona 's fourth number one on that chart , following "" Desnuda "" , "" Cuando "" and "" El Problema "" ) and number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . It was also a hit in Latin America , reaching number one in Argentina , Mexico , Colombia , Venezuela , Chile , Costa Rica , Panama and Guatemala . The music video for "" El Amor "" , filmed in black @-@ and @-@ white , was released on 8 September 2011 . It was directed by Ricardo Calderón ( who also directed Arjona 's music video for "" Como Duele "" ) and filmed in Mexico City . The second single from the album is "" Fuiste Tú "" , a duet with Guatemalan singer Gaby Moreno . The music video for the song was shot in Guatemala ( around the tropical areas of Antigua Guatemala , Río Dulce , the Atitlán lake , and the Tikal ruins ) and directed by Argentine director Joaquín Cambre . Arjona commented that "" this video recreates the battle on the couple when someone starts to talk ' is the beginning of the end ' "" . "" Fuiste Tú "" reached number two on the Billboard Top Latin Songs and number one on the Latin Pop Songs charts . " " . Mexico in 14 number at peak to managed , "" Quiero Te "" of that to similar was video music which , song The . album the of release @-@ re the promote to intended was and , single final and fifth 's set the as 2012 November in released was "" No Tu Si "" . chart Songs Pop Latin and Songs Latin Billboard the both on one number and Mexico in ten number reached song The . performance live a from taken video music first 's Arjona marks It . Tour World Metamorfosis his during Argentina , Aires Buenos in Stadium Vélez at concerts 's Arjona during filmed was song the for video music The . 2012 July in released was , "" Quiero Te "" , album the from single fourth The . 2012 May in stores music in released was and Arjona featuring commercial smartphone 900 Lumia Nokia a for T & AT corporation telecommunications American by used was song The . García Robert by directed was and , . Jr Arjona Ricardo , son his and Arjona features It . Angeles Los in Studios Universal at filmed was , 2012 April in released , song the for video music The . Morales Noemí , mother his for song the wrote Arjona . single third the as released was "" Vieja Poniendo Está Me Se Novia Mi "" "," "" Mi Novia Se Me Está Poniendo Vieja "" was released as the third single . Arjona wrote the song for his mother , Noemí Morales . The music video for the song , released in April 2012 , was filmed at Universal Studios in Los Angeles . It features Arjona and his son , Ricardo Arjona Jr . , and was directed by Robert García . The song was used by American telecommunications corporation AT & T for a Nokia Lumia 900 smartphone commercial featuring Arjona and was released in music stores in May 2012 . The fourth single from the album , "" Te Quiero "" , was released in July 2012 . The music video for the song was filmed during Arjona 's concerts at Vélez Stadium in Buenos Aires , Argentina during his Metamorfosis World Tour . It marks Arjona 's first music video taken from a live performance . The song reached number ten in Mexico and number one on both the Billboard Latin Songs and Latin Pop Songs chart . "" Si Tu No "" was released in November 2012 as the set 's fifth and final single , and was intended to promote the re @-@ release of the album . The song , which music video was similar to that of "" Te Quiero "" , managed to peak at number 14 in Mexico . " " . "" lyrics seductive and male ' rough ' a from attitudes of mix a with , ' girls ' his handle to how knows Arjona "" , reported Dia a Dia of Torres Natalie . fans and critics by praised was tour The . "" Tú Fuiste "" for Arjona joining , performances several in appeared Moreno Gaby songwriter @-@ singer Guatemalan Fellow . song each to it as , turn in each on performed Arjona ; stage revolving a on sets theatrical four of consisted show The . Americas the visited and , 2011 December in announced was Tour World Metamorfosis The . album the promote to tour world a on embarked Arjona , Mexico , Toluca in 2012 January 27 on Beginning "," Beginning on 27 January 2012 in Toluca , Mexico , Arjona embarked on a world tour to promote the album . The Metamorfosis World Tour was announced in December 2011 , and visited the Americas . The show consisted of four theatrical sets on a revolving stage ; Arjona performed on each in turn , as it to each song . Fellow Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter Gaby Moreno appeared in several performances , joining Arjona for "" Fuiste Tú "" . The tour was praised by critics and fans . Natalie Torres of Dia a Dia reported , "" Arjona knows how to handle his ' girls ' , with a mix of attitudes from a ' rough ' male and seductive lyrics "" . " " . countries eight than more in people million one to close for performed been has tour the , 2012 October of As . 000 @,@ 50 than more of attendance combined a with , Stadium Flores Mateo at concerts out @-@ sold consecutive two with artist first the was Arjona City Guatemala In . concerts out @-@ sold consecutive four for 000 @,@ 160 than more of attendance total a with , Stadium Velez at show popular most the was it Aires Buenos In . attendance and gross commercial , sales ticket for records broke tour The . "" boy lover saccharine no is Arjona Mr. , stars pop Latin fellow his of some unlike "" , added He . "" opposites of play the of fond especially and melancholy sometimes , wry sometimes , nuanced , observant : lyricists finest s ’ pop Latin of one is Arjona "" that commented Times York New The of Pareles Jon "," Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that "" Arjona is one of Latin pop ’ s finest lyricists : observant , nuanced , sometimes wry , sometimes melancholy and especially fond of the play of opposites "" . He added , "" unlike some of his fellow Latin pop stars , Mr. Arjona is no saccharine lover boy "" . The tour broke records for ticket sales , commercial gross and attendance . In Buenos Aires it was the most popular show at Velez Stadium , with a total attendance of more than 160 @,@ 000 for four consecutive sold @-@ out concerts . In Guatemala City Arjona was the first artist with two consecutive sold @-@ out concerts at Mateo Flores Stadium , with a combined attendance of more than 50 @,@ 000 . As of October 2012 , the tour has been performed for close to one million people in more than eight countries . " " . one number to again returned Independiente , 2012 June 2 ending week the For . weeks five for spot top the at remained it , one number at run third its for ; week a for Luz y Drama 's Maná by replaced being before top the at weeks three remained it run second its For . 2012 February 11 ending week the for later and , November 12 ending week the for again one number reached album The . Supremo by replaced was it , week third its for ; week following the one number at remained It . so do to album fifth 's Arjona becoming , October 22 ending week the for chart Albums Pop Latin the on one number at debuted also album The . Supremo 's Nacho & Chino by replaced , two number to fell it week third its For . ) 2010 ( Ropa Poquita following , topper @-@ chart fourth his became Independiente . Piso 5to and ) 2000 ( Caribe Galería after , one number at week a than more for remain to Arjona by album third the was It . week following the position that at remained and , 2011 October 22 ending week the for Albums Latin Top Billboard the of top the at debuted Independiente "," Independiente debuted at the top of the Billboard Top Latin Albums for the week ending 22 October 2011 , and remained at that position the following week . It was the third album by Arjona to remain for more than a week at number one , after Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) and 5to Piso . Independiente became his fourth chart @-@ topper , following Poquita Ropa ( 2010 ) . For its third week it fell to number two , replaced by Chino & Nacho 's Supremo . The album also debuted at number one on the Latin Pop Albums chart for the week ending 22 October , becoming Arjona 's fifth album to do so . It remained at number one the following week ; for its third week , it was replaced by Supremo . The album reached number one again for the week ending 12 November , and later for the week ending 11 February 2012 . For its second run it remained three weeks at the top before being replaced by Maná 's Drama y Luz for a week ; for its third run at number one , it remained at the top spot for five weeks . For the week ending 2 June 2012 , Independiente returned again to number one . " " . 2011 of album selling @-@ best 19th the was it , Mexico In . chart Albums Pop Latin the on seller @-@ best 15th the and chart Albums Latin the on album selling @-@ best 50th the was Independiente , charts end @-@ year 2011 the On . Ropa Poquita and Piso 5to , Adentro following , Spain in chart to album fourth 's Arjona is Independiente . 68 number at peak its reaching , entered @-@ re later but chart the off fell it week following The . 76 number reaching , Spain on charted also album The . week following the five number to dropping , week single a for position top the at remained it ; 2011 October 9 ending week the for one number at debuted Independiente , Argentina In . three number to fell album the , week third its For . Que ' Paz Espinoza by top the at replaced , two number to fell it week following The . 2011 October 9 ending week the for one number at debuted Independiente , Mexico In . Adentro than higher charted only has it although , ) Ropa Poquita and Piso 5to , Ayer Dijo Quién , Adentro following ( list that on chart to album consecutive fifth 's Arjona is It . 200 Billboard the on 65 number as appeared also Independiente , charts Albums Pop Latin and Albums Latin the both atop debuted it week the For "," For the week it debuted atop both the Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts , Independiente also appeared as number 65 on the Billboard 200 . It is Arjona 's fifth consecutive album to chart on that list ( following Adentro , Quién Dijo Ayer , 5to Piso and Poquita Ropa ) , although it has only charted higher than Adentro . In Mexico , Independiente debuted at number one for the week ending 9 October 2011 . The following week it fell to number two , replaced at the top by Espinoza Paz ' Que . For its third week , the album fell to number three . In Argentina , Independiente debuted at number one for the week ending 9 October 2011 ; it remained at the top position for a single week , dropping to number five the following week . The album also charted on Spain , reaching number 76 . The following week it fell off the chart but later re @-@ entered , reaching its peak at number 68 . Independiente is Arjona 's fourth album to chart in Spain , following Adentro , 5to Piso and Poquita Ropa . On the 2011 year @-@ end charts , Independiente was the 50th best @-@ selling album on the Latin Albums chart and the 15th best @-@ seller on the Latin Pop Albums chart . In Mexico , it was the 19th best @-@ selling album of 2011 . " " . States United the in copies 000 @,@ 75 sold has Independiente , 2012 November of As . sold copies 000 @,@ 10 for Colombia in and , shipped copies 000 @,@ 5 for Chile in gold certified was It . sold copies 000 @,@ 40 than more for platinum double certified was album the , Venezuela In . shipped copies 000 @,@ 100 for America of Association Industry Recording the by platinum Latin certified was Independiente , States United the In . shipped copies 000 @,@ 90 for Videograms and Phonograms of Producers of Association Mexican the by platinum and gold certified also was It . sold copies 000 @,@ 40 of recognition in Producers Videograms and Phonograms of Chamber Argentine the by platinum certified was Independiente "," Independiente was certified platinum by the Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers in recognition of 40 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was also certified gold and platinum by the Mexican Association of Producers of Phonograms and Videograms for 90 @,@ 000 copies shipped . In the United States , Independiente was certified Latin platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for 100 @,@ 000 copies shipped . In Venezuela , the album was certified double platinum for more than 40 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was certified gold in Chile for 5 @,@ 000 copies shipped , and in Colombia for 10 @,@ 000 copies sold . As of November 2012 , Independiente has sold 75 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . " " . ) Ropa Poquita of production the from absence ' Torres to referring ( "" releases popular most 's Arjona of few a quite for boards the behind been has who man the , Torres Tommy producer of return the appreciate and , growth and freedom of combination this in revel will fans Returning "" that stated he , Finally . Historias and Nocturno Animal albums past with Independiente of style musical and values production the ) critics other and Arjona did as ( compared He . Ropa Poquita "" effort acoustic down @-@ stripped "" the after style mainstream more his to return 's Arjona citing , review positive mildly a album the gave Allmusic of Jeffries David "," David Jeffries of Allmusic gave the album a mildly positive review , citing Arjona 's return to his more mainstream style after the "" stripped @-@ down acoustic effort "" Poquita Ropa . He compared ( as did Arjona and other critics ) the production values and musical style of Independiente with past albums Animal Nocturno and Historias . Finally , he stated that "" Returning fans will revel in this combination of freedom and growth , and appreciate the return of producer Tommy Torres , the man who has been behind the boards for quite a few of Arjona 's most popular releases "" ( referring to Torres ' absence from the production of Poquita Ropa ) . " " . 2013 of Awards Music Latin Billboard the at "" Year the of Album Pop Latin "" for nomination a received Independiente , 2013 February In . Venegas Julieta singer Mexican with win shared a in Adentro with 2005 since award latter the win not does Arjona . 2013 of Awards Grammy the at Album Pop Latin Best for Award Grammy for nomination a received also It . awards Nuestro Lo Premios 2013 the at "" Year the of Album Pop "" for nomination a received Independiente , 2012 December 3 On . album songwriter @-@ Singer Best and Year the of Album : Awards Grammy Latin Annual 13th the at nominations two received album the , 2012 September 25 On . award "" ) All It Play I ( Todo Toco Lo "" the for 2012 of Juventud Premios the at nominated was Independiente . "" life 's that joke this in times bad its as well as , concerns and hideouts , loopholes its , love of requirements problematic the behind leaves neither But . bewitch to , charm to , dream to you invites it , imagination involves it because , end no have to seems that path huge a is song each , through go to labyrinth a is Independiente to listening "" that commented CMI website Colombian the to contributor A "," A contributor to the Colombian website CMI commented that "" listening to Independiente is a labyrinth to go through , each song is a huge path that seems to have no end , because it involves imagination , it invites you to dream , to charm , to bewitch . But neither leaves behind the problematic requirements of love , its loopholes , hideouts and concerns , as well as its bad times in this joke that 's life "" . Independiente was nominated at the Premios Juventud of 2012 for the "" Lo Toco Todo ( I Play It All ) "" award . On 25 September 2012 , the album received two nominations at the 13th Annual Latin Grammy Awards : Album of the Year and Best Singer @-@ songwriter album . On 3 December 2012 , Independiente received a nomination for "" Pop Album of the Year "" at the 2013 Premios Lo Nuestro awards . It also received a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album at the Grammy Awards of 2013 . Arjona does not win the latter award since 2005 with Adentro in a shared win with Mexican singer Julieta Venegas . In February 2013 , Independiente received a nomination for "" Latin Pop Album of the Year "" at the Billboard Latin Music Awards of 2013 . " " . noted where except , Arjona Ricardo by composed and written songs All "," All songs written and composed by Ricardo Arjona , except where noted . " " . notes liner Independiente from taken are Credits "," Credits are taken from Independiente liner notes . " " . Pacific western the in islands various and , Indochina , Peninsula Korean the , China , Japan , Philippines the affected cyclones tropical , season the During . October through May from developed storms most , activity tropical featured March and February of exception the with month every Though . typhoons became 14 , those of ; storms named became 21 which of , depressions tropical 31 of development the exhibiting cyclogenesis tropical of period yearlong average below slightly a was season typhoon Pacific 2003 The "," The 2003 Pacific typhoon season was a slightly below average yearlong period of tropical cyclogenesis exhibiting the development of 31 tropical depressions , of which 21 became named storms ; of those , 14 became typhoons . Though every month with the exception of February and March featured tropical activity , most storms developed from May through October . During the season , tropical cyclones affected the Philippines , Japan , China , the Korean Peninsula , Indochina , and various islands in the western Pacific . " " . 27 December on Philippines the of east depression tropical a of dissipation the with closed season The . Micronesia of States Federated the in State Yap of areas devastated Lupit Typhoon , November late In . ) inHg 87 @.@ 26 ; hPa ( mbar 910 of pressure barometric minimum a with season the of cyclone tropical intense most the also was Maemi ; Korea South striking after history recorded in typhoons costliest the of one became Maemi Typhoon , September In . China and Philippines the across damage extensive and deaths several caused July in Imbudo Typhoon . impacts early unusually its for records climatological attained and history in typhoons Pacific lasting @-@ longest the of one became Kujira Typhoon , April In . 15 January on Islands Marshall the of west developing , , storm first the with , round @-@ year ran season The "," The season ran year @-@ round , with the first storm , , developing west of the Marshall Islands on January 15 . In April , Typhoon Kujira became one of the longest @-@ lasting Pacific typhoons in history and attained climatological records for its unusually early impacts . Typhoon Imbudo in July caused several deaths and extensive damage across the Philippines and China . In September , Typhoon Maemi became one of the costliest typhoons in recorded history after striking South Korea ; Maemi was also the most intense tropical cyclone of the season with a minimum barometric pressure of 910 mbar ( hPa ; 26 @.@ 87 inHg ) . In late November , Typhoon Lupit devastated areas of Yap State in the Federated States of Micronesia . The season closed with the dissipation of a tropical depression east of the Philippines on December 27 . " " . names two having storm same the in result often can This . PAGASA or Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine the by name a assigned are responsibility of area Philippine the in form or enter that depressions Tropical . number their to added suffix "" W "" the have ) JTWC ( Center Warning Typhoon Joint the by monitored basin this in depressions Tropical . Center Typhoon Tokyo the by name a assigned are basin Pacific west entire the in formed Storms Tropical . season hurricane Pacific 2003 see ; hurricanes called are equator the of north and line date the of east form that Storms . Line Date International the of west and equator the of north , Ocean Pacific the to limited is article this of scope The "," The scope of this article is limited to the Pacific Ocean , north of the equator and west of the International Date Line . Storms that form east of the date line and north of the equator are called hurricanes ; see 2003 Pacific hurricane season . Tropical Storms formed in the entire west Pacific basin are assigned a name by the Tokyo Typhoon Center . Tropical depressions in this basin monitored by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) have the "" W "" suffix added to their number . Tropical depressions that enter or form in the Philippine area of responsibility are assigned a name by the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA . This can often result in the same storm having two names . " " . accurate most the being forecasts August and April their with , forecasts their in accurate very was group The . storms tropical 27 predicted which , update forecast August final their in season average @-@ near a indicate to forecasts their raise again once to group forecasting the prompted months following the in temperatures surface sea in rise A . forecast June their in season typhoon average below slightly a for probability the indicated and downward predictions their revise to group the caused , Pacific Central the in those particularly , temperatures surface sea in fluctuations , however , months two next Over . season average above slightly a indicating , 7 @.@ 26 to storms tropical for forecast their raised group the , month following The . respectively , storms 3 @.@ 26 and 8 @.@ 27 of average year @-@ 30 and – 10 the to compared , storms tropical 2 @.@ 26 for potential the indicated forecast The . temperatures surface sea neutral projected of result a as activity cyclone tropical average near of likelihood the noting , season typhoon the for forecast range extended an issued Consortium ) TSR ( Risk Storm Tropical the at London College University the from meteorologists , 2003 , 5 March On "," On March 5 , 2003 , meteorologists from the University College London at the Tropical Storm Risk ( TSR ) Consortium issued an extended range forecast for the typhoon season , noting the likelihood of near average tropical cyclone activity as a result of projected neutral sea surface temperatures . The forecast indicated the potential for 26 @.@ 2 tropical storms , compared to the 10 – and 30 @-@ year average of 27 @.@ 8 and 26 @.@ 3 storms , respectively . The following month , the group raised their forecast for tropical storms to 26 @.@ 7 , indicating a slightly above average season . Over next two months , however , fluctuations in sea surface temperatures , particularly those in the Central Pacific , caused the group to revise their predictions downward and indicated the probability for a slightly below average typhoon season in their June forecast . A rise in sea surface temperatures in the following months prompted the forecasting group to once again raise their forecasts to indicate a near @-@ average season in their final August forecast update , which predicted 27 tropical storms . The group was very accurate in their forecasts , with their April and August forecasts being the most accurate . " " . off substantially were Sea China South the for forecasts specialized their though , Pacific Northwest the of entirety the for forecasts their in accurate also was group The . 30 to cyclones tropical total of increase slight a indicating , 2003 , 24 June on forecasts their revised Kong Hong of University City The . Oscillation Southern @-@ Niño El the of status prevailing the on numbers forecast their based primarily group the , TSR the with As . typhoons 16 and , storms tropical 26 , cyclones tropical total 29 with season normal below or normal a of likelihood the indicating , 2003 , 24 April on projection seasonal a issued Kong Hong of University City the with working meteorologists , Similarly "," Similarly , meteorologists working with the City University of Hong Kong issued a seasonal projection on April 24 , 2003 , indicating the likelihood of a normal or below normal season with 29 total tropical cyclones , 26 tropical storms , and 16 typhoons . As with the TSR , the group primarily based their forecast numbers on the prevailing status of the El Niño @-@ Southern Oscillation . The City University of Hong Kong revised their forecasts on June 24 , 2003 , indicating a slight increase of total tropical cyclones to 30 . The group was also accurate in their forecasts for the entirety of the Northwest Pacific , though their specialized forecasts for the South China Sea were substantially off . " " . Oceans Pacific and Indian the in Forces Armed States United the of interests the represent to Hawaii in Harbor Pearl from operating , basin the within storms on warnings issued also JTWC The . prediction weather numerical and technique Dvorak the on based pressure barometric and winds sustained minute 10 estimated agency The . model forecast cyclone tropical climatological a on based forecasts issued JMA The . hours six every continuing and UTC 0000 at beginning , day a times four analyses and forecasts issued JMA The . 1989 in Organization Meteorological World the by designated as , Center Meteorological Specialized Regional official the as status 's agency the to due was this ; equator the of north and , Peninsula Malay the to Line Date International the of west cyclones tropical on advisories issued ) JMA ( Agency Meteorological Japan the , year the During "," During the year , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) issued advisories on tropical cyclones west of the International Date Line to the Malay Peninsula , and north of the equator ; this was due to the agency 's status as the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center , as designated by the World Meteorological Organization in 1989 . The JMA issued forecasts and analyses four times a day , beginning at 0000 UTC and continuing every six hours . The JMA issued forecasts based on a climatological tropical cyclone forecast model . The agency estimated 10 minute sustained winds and barometric pressure based on the Dvorak technique and numerical weather prediction . The JTWC also issued warnings on storms within the basin , operating from Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to represent the interests of the United States Armed Forces in the Indian and Pacific Oceans . " " . JMA the by monitored not were that intensity storm tropical least at of cyclones additional three monitored ) PAGASA ( Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine The . normal than greater % 66 was typhoons and storms tropical between ratio the , average below was storms tropical of number the Though . intensity typhoon reached 14 , those of ; intensity storm tropical least at of cyclones tropical 21 monitored JMA the , 2003 In . average year @-@ 30 2000 – 1971 the than southwest more was year the during systems tropical of development of region mean the ; 2003 in Philippines the of east cyclogenesis tropical enhanced in resulting , regions same the in prevalent also was divergence Atmospheric . Philippines the around particularly , latitudes lower the in round @-@ year persisted convection of Areas . Sea China South the in those including , normal above were Pacific equatorial western the within temperatures surface sea , season the Throughout "," Throughout the season , sea surface temperatures within the western equatorial Pacific were above normal , including those in the South China Sea . Areas of convection persisted year @-@ round in the lower latitudes , particularly around the Philippines . Atmospheric divergence was also prevalent in the same regions , resulting in enhanced tropical cyclogenesis east of the Philippines in 2003 ; the mean region of development of tropical systems during the year was more southwest than the 1971 – 2000 30 @-@ year average . In 2003 , the JMA monitored 21 tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity ; of those , 14 reached typhoon intensity . Though the number of tropical storms was below average , the ratio between tropical storms and typhoons was 66 % greater than normal . The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) monitored three additional cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity that were not monitored by the JMA . " " . Peninsula Korean the and Islands Ryukyu the across wind and rainfall heavy brought which , Soudelor Typhoon including , Japan hit or approached JMA the by monitored storms tropical four the of Three . Philippines eastern the off storm fifth a monitored PAGASA the while , storms tropical four monitored JMA the period this during and , June to May from enhanced was activity Tropical . 1997 in Isa Typhoon since April in ) mph 150 ( h / km 240 least at of winds sustained minute @-@ 1 with typhoon first the was and record on storms Pacific lived longest the of one was Kujira ; April @-@ mid in Kujira Typhoon of formation the with ended inactivity of period This . months two next the over developed intensity storm tropical least at of cyclones tropical no , later days five dissipation its After . 15 January on Storm Tropical of formation the with began season The "," The season began with the formation of Tropical Storm on January 15 . After its dissipation five days later , no tropical cyclones of at least tropical storm intensity developed over the next two months . This period of inactivity ended with the formation of Typhoon Kujira in mid @-@ April ; Kujira was one of the longest lived Pacific storms on record and was the first typhoon with 1 @-@ minute sustained winds of at least 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) in April since Typhoon Isa in 1997 . Tropical activity was enhanced from May to June , and during this period the JMA monitored four tropical storms , while the PAGASA monitored a fifth storm off the eastern Philippines . Three of the four tropical storms monitored by the JMA approached or hit Japan , including Typhoon Soudelor , which brought heavy rainfall and wind across the Ryukyu Islands and the Korean Peninsula . " " . deaths 17 in resulting , Japan in landfall made month the in earlier Etau Typhoon . China southeastern struck also which , Dujuan and Krovanh typhoons included This . PAGASA and , JTWC , JMA the by monitored storms tropical six of total a with , cyclogenesis tropical for month active highly a was August . damage in million 383 $ US and people 78 of deaths the caused Imbudo . China southeastern of regions other and Saipan near areas striking before Philippines the across westward tracked both which , Koni and Imbudo typhoons of development the featured , however , July of half second The . July of half first and June of half second the towards declined again once activity Tropical "," Tropical activity once again declined towards the second half of June and first half of July . The second half of July , however , featured the development of typhoons Imbudo and Koni , which both tracked westward across the Philippines before striking areas near Saipan and other regions of southeastern China . Imbudo caused the deaths of 78 people and US $ 383 million in damage . August was a highly active month for tropical cyclogenesis , with a total of six tropical storms monitored by the JMA , JTWC , and PAGASA . This included typhoons Krovanh and Dujuan , which also struck southeastern China . Typhoon Etau earlier in the month made landfall in Japan , resulting in 17 deaths . " " . month the during cyclones tropical any classify or monitor not did JMA the though , Philippines the of east system tropical sole a monitored PAGASA and JTWC the , December In . damage in million 7 @.@ 1 $ approximately in resulting , State Yap of portions devastated , Lupit , typhoon second The . developing typhoons two with , average climatologically was but storms less featured November . land from away stayed both ; intensity typhoon reached , Parma and , two , However . storms tropical three only featuring October with , August after decline to continued activity and cyclogenesis Tropical . Korea South in mostly , damage in billion 8 @.@ 4 $ US roughly with costliest the was and season the of cyclone tropical strongest the was Maemi , However . Maemi , landfall making cyclone tropical one only with , September in average below somewhat was Activity "," Activity was somewhat below average in September , with only one tropical cyclone making landfall , Maemi . However , Maemi was the strongest tropical cyclone of the season and was the costliest with roughly US $ 4 @.@ 8 billion in damage , mostly in South Korea . Tropical cyclogenesis and activity continued to decline after August , with October featuring only three tropical storms . However , two , and Parma , reached typhoon intensity ; both stayed away from land . November featured less storms but was climatologically average , with two typhoons developing . The second typhoon , Lupit , devastated portions of Yap State , resulting in approximately $ 1 @.@ 7 million in damage . In December , the JTWC and PAGASA monitored a sole tropical system east of the Philippines , though the JMA did not monitor or classify any tropical cyclones during the month . " " . cyclone same the for JMA the by described winds maximum the than higher appearing winds maximum JTWC in results generally difference This . winds sustained maximum cyclone tropical designate to criteria wind mean minute @-@ 10 the uses JMA the while , winds sustained maximum designate to mean minute @-@ 1 of criteria States United the uses JTWC the as JMA the to ) JTWC ( Center Warning Typhoon Joint the from differ advisories speed @-@ wind , below information storm In "," In storm information below , wind @-@ speed advisories differ from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) to the JMA as the JTWC uses the United States criteria of 1 @-@ minute mean to designate maximum sustained winds , while the JMA uses the 10 @-@ minute mean wind criteria to designate tropical cyclone maximum sustained winds . This difference generally results in JTWC maximum winds appearing higher than the maximum winds described by the JMA for the same cyclone . " " . depression tropical a as it classify to continued JMA the as nameless remained storm the though , intensity storm tropical to system the upgraded JTWC the , 17 January on UTC 0000 At . accelerating and track previous its resuming before activity convective in waned system the day next the Over . north the to ridge subtropical a of influence the under northwest @-@ west tracking was depression the , time the At . day that later UTC 1800 at such as storm the classifying by suit follow would JTWC The . 15 January on UTC 0600 at Islands Marshall the of west depression tropical a as area pressure the classified JMA the , Nonetheless . inconclusive remained imagery satellite , cyclone tropical a of indicative center circulation level @-@ low , closed a developed had area pressure @-@ low the that indicated observations surface , 14 January On . cyclogenesis tropical for environment favorable more a into moved gradually it , westward tracked system the As . Line Date International the near into develop eventually would that disturbance the monitoring began JTWC the , 11 January On "," On January 11 , the JTWC began monitoring the disturbance that would eventually develop into near the International Date Line . As the system tracked westward , it gradually moved into a more favorable environment for tropical cyclogenesis . On January 14 , surface observations indicated that the low @-@ pressure area had developed a closed , low @-@ level circulation center indicative of a tropical cyclone , satellite imagery remained inconclusive . Nonetheless , the JMA classified the pressure area as a tropical depression west of the Marshall Islands at 0600 UTC on January 15 . The JTWC would follow suit by classifying the storm as such at 1800 UTC later that day . At the time , the depression was tracking west @-@ northwest under the influence of a subtropical ridge to the north . Over the next day the system waned in convective activity before resuming its previous track and accelerating . At 0000 UTC on January 17 , the JTWC upgraded the system to tropical storm intensity , though the storm remained nameless as the JMA continued to classify it as a tropical depression . " " . of monitoring the discontinued JMA and JTWC the both , UTC 0000 At . shear wind strong to due convection of mass primary the from decoupled center circulation level @-@ low its as cyclone extratropical an into transitioned storm the before 20 January on UTC 1200 at depression tropical to downgraded JMA The . environment cyclone tropical favorable less a into northeast the towards track to continue would , ridge subtropical nearby same the by Steered . storm tropical a as stint its throughout intensity same the maintained have to system the considered JMA the , ) mph 37 ( h / km 60 of winds sustained minute @-@ 1 with 18 January on late strength in peaked that indicated JTWC the Whilst . northeastward sharply curve and Islands Mariana the of east stall to began cyclone tropical the , time same the roughly At . name the received storm the , such As . 18 January on UTC 1200 at intensity storm tropical to system the upgrading JMA the by followed , day that UTC 1800 at storm tropical a as reclassification its in resulted convection deep in increase an , However . intensity depression tropical to JTWC the by downgrade brief a in resulting , strength in oscillate again would storm tropical the 17 January Throughout "," Throughout January 17 the tropical storm would again oscillate in strength , resulting in a brief downgrade by the JTWC to tropical depression intensity . However , an increase in deep convection resulted in its reclassification as a tropical storm at 1800 UTC that day , followed by the JMA upgrading the system to tropical storm intensity at 1200 UTC on January 18 . As such , the storm received the name . At roughly the same time , the tropical cyclone began to stall east of the Mariana Islands and curve sharply northeastward . Whilst the JTWC indicated that peaked in strength late on January 18 with 1 @-@ minute sustained winds of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) , the JMA considered the system to have maintained the same intensity throughout its stint as a tropical storm . Steered by the same nearby subtropical ridge , would continue to track towards the northeast into a less favorable tropical cyclone environment . The JMA downgraded to tropical depression at 1200 UTC on January 20 before the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone as its low @-@ level circulation center decoupled from the primary mass of convection due to strong wind shear . At 0000 UTC , both the JTWC and JMA discontinued the monitoring of . " " . 2003 April of end the towards Dateline International the crossing until persisted which , 25 April on cyclone extratropical an into transitioned Kujira , landfall Following . Kyushu on landfall made it as strength depression tropical to downgraded was 24 April on and , weaken to begin and track northward a resume would Kujira , 24 April on , However . Taiwan of east days several for erratically track to began and intensity storm tropical to downgraded was typhoon the , 21 April On . intensity in times two additional an cresting , strength in oscillate and northwest track to begin would Kujira , intensity peak Following . ) inHg 46 @.@ 27 ; hPa ( mbar 930 of pressure barometric minimum a and ) mph 105 ( h / km 165 of winds with intensity peak its reached Kujira , 15 April on late and continued Intensification . 14 April on intensity typhoon attained storm the though , afterwards slowed Strengthening . cyclogenesis after days two just storm tropical a to upgraded was and , stages early its in intensified quickly Kujira , development after Shortly . landmasses any from removed well 9 April on depression tropical a as weather disturbed of area broad a from developed Kujira "," Kujira developed from a broad area of disturbed weather as a tropical depression on April 9 well removed from any landmasses . Shortly after development , Kujira quickly intensified in its early stages , and was upgraded to a tropical storm just two days after cyclogenesis . Strengthening slowed afterwards , though the storm attained typhoon intensity on April 14 . Intensification continued and late on April 15 , Kujira reached its peak intensity with winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 46 inHg ) . Following peak intensity , Kujira would begin to track northwest and oscillate in strength , cresting an additional two times in intensity . On April 21 , the typhoon was downgraded to tropical storm intensity and began to track erratically for several days east of Taiwan . However , on April 24 , Kujira would resume a northward track and begin to weaken , and on April 24 was downgraded to tropical depression strength as it made landfall on Kyushu . Following landfall , Kujira transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on April 25 , which persisted until crossing the International Dateline towards the end of April 2003 . " " . fatalities three in resulted Kujira , landfall sole its of time the at intensity weak and land from away distance its despite , Overall . reported was , Prefecture Ōita in ) in 7 @.@ 7 ( mm 196 at peaking , rainfall heavy , Kyushu In . waves the from resulting injuries to due killed was person One . Island Ishigaki on damage agricultural in ) million 8 @.@ 27 ¥ ( 000 @,@ 230 $ US caused waves and , rain , winds Strong . Islands Ryukyu the in particularly , Japan in significant most were typhoon the from Effects . Taiwan to rainfall significant bring would Kujira , however , Philippines the in Unlike . feat a such cause to 1978 since typhoon April first the it making , Taiwan in products warning prompted also typhoon The . minimal remained Kujira with associated archipelago the in effects any ultimately , However . rain and winds strong for potential the indicated forecasts after Philippines the in measures precautionary other and warnings cyclone prompted typhoon the , later days Several . Guam in felt were effects similar ; damage infrastructural and agricultural minor to addition in Pohnpei in fatalities two caused Kujira , developing after Shortly "," Shortly after developing , Kujira caused two fatalities in Pohnpei in addition to minor agricultural and infrastructural damage ; similar effects were felt in Guam . Several days later , the typhoon prompted cyclone warnings and other precautionary measures in the Philippines after forecasts indicated the potential for strong winds and rain . However , ultimately any effects in the archipelago associated with Kujira remained minimal . The typhoon also prompted warning products in Taiwan , making it the first April typhoon since 1978 to cause such a feat . Unlike in the Philippines , however , Kujira would bring significant rainfall to Taiwan . Effects from the typhoon were most significant in Japan , particularly in the Ryukyu Islands . Strong winds , rain , and waves caused US $ 230 @,@ 000 ( ¥ 27 @.@ 8 million ) in agricultural damage on Ishigaki Island . One person was killed due to injuries resulting from the waves . In Kyushu , heavy rainfall , peaking at 196 mm ( 7 @.@ 7 in ) in Ōita Prefecture , was reported . Overall , despite its distance away from land and weak intensity at the time of its sole landfall , Kujira resulted in three fatalities . " " . ) inHg 76 @.@ 27 ; hPa ( mbar 940 of pressure minimum a and ) mph 100 ( h / km 155 of winds sustained maximum with intensity peak its reached hom @-@ Chan day that UTC 1800 at and , followed intensification Gradual . 23 May on UTC 0600 at status typhoon to JMA the by upgrade an with reflected was this ; eye an develop to began storm the , day next The . track northeasterly its resuming before northwest the towards meandered temporarily hom @-@ Chan , naming 's system the Following . hom @-@ Chan Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the , 20 May on UTC 1200 At . path northward , streamlined more a take to storm the for allowing , ridge nearby a in weakness a forced trough shortwave a , However . northeastwards slowly tracked depression the , stages initial its In . day following the UTC 0000 at depression tropical a as classified became and organized quickly disturbance the , conditions conductive highly Within . Chuuk of southwest area pressure @-@ low broad a with associated weather disturbed persistent of area an monitor to began JTWC the , 18 May on Midday "," Midday on May 18 , the JTWC began to monitor an area of persistent disturbed weather associated with a broad low @-@ pressure area southwest of Chuuk . Within highly conductive conditions , the disturbance quickly organized and became classified as a tropical depression at 0000 UTC the following day . In its initial stages , the depression tracked slowly northeastwards . However , a shortwave trough forced a weakness in a nearby ridge , allowing for the storm to take a more streamlined , northward path . At 1200 UTC on May 20 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Chan @-@ hom . Following the system 's naming , Chan @-@ hom temporarily meandered towards the northwest before resuming its northeasterly track . The next day , the storm began to develop an eye ; this was reflected with an upgrade by the JMA to typhoon status at 0600 UTC on May 23 . Gradual intensification followed , and at 1800 UTC that day Chan @-@ hom reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 940 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 76 inHg ) . " " . million 16 $ at valued was ship The . storm the during sank , the , vessel fishing ton 040 @,@ 1 a , Offshore . storm the by forth brought rains heavy to due mostly , Chuuk on crops and homes to damage some caused hom @-@ Chan , storm tropical a As . flights several of cancellation the forcing , island the on reported were . Guam in measures precautionary prompting , island the towards volcano Anatahan erupting recently the from ash volcanic fanned typhoon the from winds , northeast the to passing after , However . island the of east well remained but , Guam to threat potential a posed hom @-@ Chan , existence 's typhoon the in Early . day following the Islands Aleutian the of south dissipated remnants extratropical These . northeast the towards track to continued remnants these and , cyclone extratropical an into transitioned fully had hom @-@ Chan , 27 May on Early . shear wind to due convection its of much lost had hom @-@ Chan , time this By . classification storm tropical to downgraded was it , Minamitorishima of east passed cyclone the as and , north further moved storm the as worsen to continued Conditions . northeast the towards accelerate and weaken to began typhoon the , time same the roughly At . 25 May on beginning air dry intake to began hom @-@ Chan , intensity peak Following "," Following peak intensity , Chan @-@ hom began to intake dry air beginning on May 25 . At roughly the same time , the typhoon began to weaken and accelerate towards the northeast . Conditions continued to worsen as the storm moved further north , and as the cyclone passed east of Minamitorishima , it was downgraded to tropical storm classification . By this time , Chan @-@ hom had lost much of its convection due to wind shear . Early on May 27 , Chan @-@ hom had fully transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , and these remnants continued to track towards the northeast . These extratropical remnants dissipated south of the Aleutian Islands the following day . Early in the typhoon 's existence , Chan @-@ hom posed a potential threat to Guam , but remained well east of the island . However , after passing to the northeast , winds from the typhoon fanned volcanic ash from the recently erupting Anatahan volcano towards the island , prompting precautionary measures in Guam . were reported on the island , forcing the cancellation of several flights . As a tropical storm , Chan @-@ hom caused some damage to homes and crops on Chuuk , mostly due to heavy rains brought forth by the storm . Offshore , a 1 @,@ 040 ton fishing vessel , the , sank during the storm . The ship was valued at $ 16 million . " " . 4 June on Okhotsk of Sea the in dissipating before Japan through northward track to continued remnants extratropical these ; 30 May on cyclone extratropical an into transitioned and deteriorate to began storm tropical the peak its Following . ) inHg 94 @.@ 28 ; hPa ( mbar 980 of pressure barometric a and ) mph 65 ( h / km 100 of winds sustained maximum with 29 May on intensity peak its reached and reintensifying began Linfa Afterwards . Sea Philippine the in reforming before decoupled and weakened temporarily storm the interaction land to Due . 27 May on Luzon on landfall subsequent a before loop clockwise small a executed Linfa as off leveled intensification , However . cyclogenesis after hours few a intensity storm tropical reach to intensified quickly disturbance The . 25 May on Luzon of coast western the off just depression tropical a as developed Linfa Storm Tropical "," Tropical Storm Linfa developed as a tropical depression just off the western coast of Luzon on May 25 . The disturbance quickly intensified to reach tropical storm intensity a few hours after cyclogenesis . However , intensification leveled off as Linfa executed a small clockwise loop before a subsequent landfall on Luzon on May 27 . Due to land interaction the storm temporarily weakened and decoupled before reforming in the Philippine Sea . Afterwards Linfa began reintensifying and reached its peak intensity on May 29 with maximum sustained winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 980 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 94 inHg ) . Following its peak the tropical storm began to deteriorate and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on May 30 ; these extratropical remnants continued to track northward through Japan before dissipating in the Sea of Okhotsk on June 4 . " " . Philippines the in place took cyclone the with associated deaths of entirety the though , Japan in occurred which of much , damage in million 2 @.@ 28 $ roughly caused Linfa , Overall . landslides numerous as well as damage agricultural considerable experienced Japan in locations Other . floodwater by destroyed were buildings several where , Prefectures Tokushima and Kōchi in worst was damage Flood . ) in 62 @.@ 28 ( mm 727 at peaked there Rainfall . regions southwestern in particularly , Japan to flooding widespread and rainfall torrential brought later remnants extratropical its and Linfa . homes 178 destroyed and families 686 @,@ 1 in people 367 @,@ 8 displaced also floods The . ) million 65 @.@ 3 $ US ( million 3 @.@ 192 ₱ to amounted Philippines the in Linfa from damage Overall . outages power widespread caused winds strong , addition In . mudslides numerous and offices government of shutdown temporary the in resulted floodwaters Rising . Dagupan near ) in 5 @.@ 28 ( mm 723 at peaked Precipitation . archipelago the in persons 41 killing , flooding and rainfall extreme for catalyst the was Philippines western the off Linfa of movement slow and erratic The "," The erratic and slow movement of Linfa off the western Philippines was the catalyst for extreme rainfall and flooding , killing 41 persons in the archipelago . Precipitation peaked at 723 mm ( 28 @.@ 5 in ) near Dagupan . Rising floodwaters resulted in the temporary shutdown of government offices and numerous mudslides . In addition , strong winds caused widespread power outages . Overall damage from Linfa in the Philippines amounted to ₱ 192 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 65 million ) . The floods also displaced 8 @,@ 367 people in 1 @,@ 686 families and destroyed 178 homes . Linfa and its extratropical remnants later brought torrential rainfall and widespread flooding to Japan , particularly in southwestern regions . Rainfall there peaked at 727 mm ( 28 @.@ 62 in ) . Flood damage was worst in Kōchi and Tokushima Prefectures , where several buildings were destroyed by floodwater . Other locations in Japan experienced considerable agricultural damage as well as numerous landslides . Overall , Linfa caused roughly $ 28 @.@ 2 million in damage , much of which occurred in Japan , though the entirety of deaths associated with the cyclone took place in the Philippines . " " . storm tropical severe a it making , ) mph 60 ( h / km 95 of winds sustained maximum and ) inHg 09 @.@ 29 ; hPa ( mbar 985 of pressure barometric a with strength in peaked and , northeast accelerated it as strengthen to continued Nangka , day the of course the Throughout . Nangka Storm Tropical to system the upgraded JMA the , 1 June on UTC 0000 at and , northeast tracked depression the as abated conditions These . stages early 's storm the in significantly strengthening from cyclone the prevented air dry and shear wind moderate Persistent . convection deep of lack the to due disorganized highly remained system the initially ; depression tropical a as system the reclassified JMA the , day following The . 29 May on cluster storm the monitor to began JTWC The . Sea China South the in persist to began weather disturbed of area an , May late In "," In late May , an area of disturbed weather began to persist in the South China Sea . The JTWC began to monitor the storm cluster on May 29 . The following day , the JMA reclassified the system as a tropical depression ; initially the system remained highly disorganized due to the lack of deep convection . Persistent moderate wind shear and dry air prevented the cyclone from strengthening significantly in the storm 's early stages . These conditions abated as the depression tracked northeast , and at 0000 UTC on June 1 , the JMA upgraded the system to Tropical Storm Nangka . Throughout the course of the day , Nangka continued to strengthen as it accelerated northeast , and peaked in strength with a barometric pressure of 985 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 09 inHg ) and maximum sustained winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) , making it a severe tropical storm . " " . Okinawa , Minamidaitō in ) in 2 @.@ 3 ( mm 81 at peaking , country the to rainfall light brought storm the , Japan of east and south the to passed Nangka as , however ; minimal remained damage , landmasses from away track its to Due . 7 June on dissipating before Japan of east well track to continued remnants resulting The . cyclone extratropical an to transitioned depression the , day that late and , north further moved it as disorganized increasingly become to continued Nangka . 3 June on UTC 1200 at JMA the by status depression tropical to downgrade its in resulting and system the weakening , shear wind increased to due deteriorate to began conditions , Channel Bashi the through moving upon , However "," However , upon moving through the Bashi Channel , conditions began to deteriorate due to increased wind shear , weakening the system and resulting in its downgrade to tropical depression status by the JMA at 1200 UTC on June 3 . Nangka continued to become increasingly disorganized as it moved further north , and late that day , the depression transitioned to an extratropical cyclone . The resulting remnants continued to track well east of Japan before dissipating on June 7 . Due to its track away from landmasses , damage remained minimal ; however , as Nangka passed to the south and east of Japan , the storm brought light rainfall to the country , peaking at 81 mm ( 3 @.@ 2 in ) in Minamidaitō , Okinawa . " " . 24 June on dissipating and 20 June on Japan northern crossing , northeast the to continued Soudelor of remnants extratropical The . Islands Oki the near extratropical as storm the declared JMA the day that later and , 19 June on strengthen storm tropical to typhoon the weakened shear Increased . ) mph 90 ( h / km 150 of winds minute 10 peak estimated JMA the while , ) mph 135 ( h / km 215 of winds minute 1 peak estimated JTWC the , 18 June on UTC 0600 At . 17 June on UTC 2030 around at jima @-@ Iriomote of island Japanese the over passed so doing while and , eye defined @-@ well a developed it as Taiwan of east the to intensified rapidly storm The . status typhoon to it upgraded JMA the , 17 June on and , Philippines eastern the to parallel , north the to later and northwest the to moved Soudelor . "" Egay "" name local the it gave PAGASA and , Philippines the of east the to Soudelor Storm Tropical to it upgraded JMA the , 13 June On . Palau of northeast depression tropical a as it classified JMA the day next the and , organize to convection the allow to enough decreased shear the , 11 June On . shear wind to due development without westward moved and , 7 June on Pohnpei of northwest trough monsoon the in persisted disturbance tropical A "," A tropical disturbance persisted in the monsoon trough northwest of Pohnpei on June 7 , and moved westward without development due to wind shear . On June 11 , the shear decreased enough to allow the convection to organize , and the next day the JMA classified it as a tropical depression northeast of Palau . On June 13 , the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Soudelor to the east of the Philippines , and PAGASA gave it the local name "" Egay "" . Soudelor moved to the northwest and later to the north , parallel to the eastern Philippines , and on June 17 , the JMA upgraded it to typhoon status . The storm rapidly intensified to the east of Taiwan as it developed a well @-@ defined eye , and while doing so passed over the Japanese island of Iriomote @-@ jima at around 2030 UTC on June 17 . At 0600 UTC on June 18 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) , while the JMA estimated peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . Increased shear weakened the typhoon to tropical storm strengthen on June 19 , and later that day the JMA declared the storm as extratropical near the Oki Islands . The extratropical remnants of Soudelor continued to the northeast , crossing northern Japan on June 20 and dissipating on June 24 . " " . deaths two and damage in million 1 @.@ 12 $ was there , Korea South In . injuries 21 were there and , minimal was damage although , outages power widespread caused storm the , Japan In . mudslides caused and highways covered floods where , Taiwan affected also It . ) mph 127 ( h / km 204 reached gusts wind where , jima @-@ Iriomote of island Japanese the On . deaths 12 and damage in ) USD million 46 @.@ 2 $ , PHP ( million 131 ₱ caused storm The . homeless thousands left and flooding caused that rainfall heavy dropped Soudelor , Philippines the offshore While "," While offshore the Philippines , Soudelor dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding and left thousands homeless . The storm caused ₱ 131 million ( PHP , $ 2 @.@ 46 million USD ) in damage and 12 deaths . On the Japanese island of Iriomote @-@ jima , where wind gusts reached 204 km / h ( 127 mph ) . It also affected Taiwan , where floods covered highways and caused mudslides . In Japan , the storm caused widespread power outages , although damage was minimal , and there were 21 injuries . In South Korea , there was $ 12 @.@ 1 million in damage and two deaths . " " . 25 July on dissipating , weakened rapidly Imbudo . 24 July on Guangdong , Yangjiang near China southern striking , Sea China South the in intensified @-@ re but , land over weakened It . JTWC the by ) mph 125 ( h / km 205 at estimated winds minute 1 with , Luzon northern struck Imbudo , 22 July on UTC 0300 At . cycle replacement eyewall an undergoing before , hours 12 about for winds peak maintained Imbudo . typhoon super a it making , ) mph 150 ( h / km 240 of winds sustained minute 1 estimated JTWC the , time same the and , ) mph 105 ( h / km 165 of winds sustained minute 10 peak estimated JMA the , 20 July on UTC 1200 At . eye defined @-@ well a developing , intensifying rapidly was Imbudo , time that Around . Typhoon on advisories issuing begin PAGASA when , later days two status typhoon to and , 17 July on Imbudo Storm Tropical to first , organized quickly depression the , conditions level @-@ upper favorable and waters warm With . duration its of much for northwest @-@ west the to depression nascent the steered Okinawa near ridge subtropical A . Yap of east ) mi 415 ( km 665 about 09W Depression Tropical on advisories initiated JTWC the day next the and , formed depression tropical a that estimated JMA the , 15 July On "," On July 15 , the JMA estimated that a tropical depression formed , and the next day the JTWC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression 09W about 665 km ( 415 mi ) east of Yap . A subtropical ridge near Okinawa steered the nascent depression to the west @-@ northwest for much of its duration . With warm waters and favorable upper @-@ level conditions , the depression quickly organized , first to Tropical Storm Imbudo on July 17 , and to typhoon status two days later , when PAGASA begin issuing advisories on Typhoon . Around that time , Imbudo was rapidly intensifying , developing a well @-@ defined eye . At 1200 UTC on July 20 , the JMA estimated peak 10 minute sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) , and the same time , the JTWC estimated 1 minute sustained winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , making it a super typhoon . Imbudo maintained peak winds for about 12 hours , before undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle . At 0300 UTC on July 22 , Imbudo struck northern Luzon , with 1 minute winds estimated at 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) by the JTWC . It weakened over land , but re @-@ intensified in the South China Sea , striking southern China near Yangjiang , Guangdong on July 24 . Imbudo rapidly weakened , dissipating on July 25 . " " . ) USD million 297 $ , CNY ( billion 45 @.@ 4 ¥ about was China in damage Overall . storm the from died people 12 , There . province Guangxi in County at ) in 5 @.@ 13 ( mm 343 at peaking , China southern across spread rains Heavy . deaths eight caused and houses 000 @,@ 595 destroyed Imbudo , Guangdong Throughout . platform a off him knocking after Kong Hong in man a killed winds High . winds strong to due fell city the in trees the of half than more and , storm the of ahead evacuated people 000 @,@ 30 than more , Yangjiang in China southern In . country the in deaths 64 were There . damage in ) USD 2003 million 86 $ , PHP 2003 ( billion causing , houses 314 @,@ 62 destroyed or damaged Imbudo , Philippines the Throughout . crops other damaged severely and crop banana the of most wrecked winds high , Isabela In . storm the by displaced were people 000 @,@ 80 over where , Valley Cagayan the in heaviest was Damage . days several for flooded areas widespread left typhoon The , prior years five Zeb Typhoon since strike to typhoon strongest the was Imbudo . people 000 @,@ 14 over evacuated officials , Philippines the In "," In the Philippines , officials evacuated over 14 @,@ 000 people . Imbudo was the strongest typhoon to strike since Typhoon Zeb five years prior , The typhoon left widespread areas flooded for several days . Damage was heaviest in the Cagayan Valley , where over 80 @,@ 000 people were displaced by the storm . In Isabela , high winds wrecked most of the banana crop and severely damaged other crops . Throughout the Philippines , Imbudo damaged or destroyed 62 @,@ 314 houses , causing billion ( 2003 PHP , $ 86 million 2003 USD ) in damage . There were 64 deaths in the country . In southern China in Yangjiang , more than 30 @,@ 000 people evacuated ahead of the storm , and more than half of the trees in the city fell due to strong winds . High winds killed a man in Hong Kong after knocking him off a platform . Throughout Guangdong , Imbudo destroyed 595 @,@ 000 houses and caused eight deaths . Heavy rains spread across southern China , peaking at 343 mm ( 13 @.@ 5 in ) at County in Guangxi province . There , 12 people died from the storm . Overall damage in China was about ¥ 4 @.@ 45 billion ( CNY , $ 297 million USD ) . " " . 23 July on Laos over dissipate to Koni caused shear wind and interaction land of combination the , inland Tracking . day following the Vietnam , Hanoi near landfall final a to prior Tonkin of Gulf the over moved it as weaken to continued storm tropical The . system the weakening , 21 July on Hainan on landfall made Koni as deteriorate to began conditions atmospheric , However . storm tropical severe a it making , ) mph 70 ( h / km 110 of winds sustained maximum with intensity peak its reaching before 18 July on status storm tropical reached cyclone the and , strengthening quicker for allowed conditions , Sea China South the into moving Upon . 17 July on Philippines central the across moved it as depression tropical a remained system the and slow was intensification , westward Tracking . 15 July on Philippines the of east the to trough monsoon the within situated depression tropical a from originated Koni "," Koni originated from a tropical depression situated within the monsoon trough to the east of the Philippines on July 15 . Tracking westward , intensification was slow and the system remained a tropical depression as it moved across the central Philippines on July 17 . Upon moving into the South China Sea , conditions allowed for quicker strengthening , and the cyclone reached tropical storm status on July 18 before reaching its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) , making it a severe tropical storm . However , atmospheric conditions began to deteriorate as Koni made landfall on Hainan on July 21 , weakening the system . The tropical storm continued to weaken as it moved over the Gulf of Tonkin prior to a final landfall near Hanoi , Vietnam the following day . Tracking inland , the combination of land interaction and wind shear caused Koni to dissipate over Laos on July 23 . " " . provinces northern 's Vietnam in particularly , damage infrastructural and agricultural in resulted winds strong and , occurred outages power Widespread . killed were people three where , Vietnam in worst were Effects . losses economic direct in ) million 9 @.@ 16 $ US ( million 27 @.@ 140 ¥ CN estimated an and homes 400 @,@ 1 of collapse the in resulted rains The . Mountain on station a at ) in 44 @.@ 7 ( mm 189 at peaking , rainfall heavy caused Koni , Hainan In . injuries minor received occupants 's plane the of Three . Philippines western the off airliner commercial a involving incident aviation an in resulted storm the by produced turbulence , Sea China South the into moving After . people two killing , Philippines the through tracked Koni , development after Shortly "," Shortly after development , Koni tracked through the Philippines , killing two people . After moving into the South China Sea , turbulence produced by the storm resulted in an aviation incident involving a commercial airliner off the western Philippines . Three of the plane 's occupants received minor injuries . In Hainan , Koni caused heavy rainfall , peaking at 189 mm ( 7 @.@ 44 in ) at a station on Mountain . The rains resulted in the collapse of 1 @,@ 400 homes and an estimated CN ¥ 140 @.@ 27 million ( US $ 16 @.@ 9 million ) in direct economic losses . Effects were worst in Vietnam , where three people were killed . Widespread power outages occurred , and strong winds resulted in agricultural and infrastructural damage , particularly in Vietnam 's northern provinces . " " . landfall after hours several entirely dissipated and , mainland Chinese the over weakened quickly storm The . day next the China , Quanzhou near landfall final its making before Strait Taiwan the into moved and weakened storm the , Subsequently . 3 August on Taiwan southern on landfall making Morakot by followed was this ; system the weakened slightly conditions atmospheric conducive less until hours several for held was intensity This . ) inHg 29 @.@ 28 ; hPa ( mbar 992 of pressure barometric minimum a and ) mph 50 ( h / km 85 of winds with day that later intensity peak reached Morakot . 2 August on strength storm tropical to system the of intensification the for allowed conditions favorable , northwest Tracking . 31 July on Sea Philippine the in weather disturbed of area an from spawned Morakot "," Morakot spawned from an area of disturbed weather in the Philippine Sea on July 31 . Tracking northwest , favorable conditions allowed for the intensification of the system to tropical storm strength on August 2 . Morakot reached peak intensity later that day with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 992 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 29 inHg ) . This intensity was held for several hours until less conducive atmospheric conditions slightly weakened the system ; this was followed by Morakot making landfall on southern Taiwan on August 3 . Subsequently , the storm weakened and moved into the Taiwan Strait before making its final landfall near Quanzhou , China the next day . The storm quickly weakened over the Chinese mainland , and dissipated entirely several hours after landfall . " " . deaths three and damage in million 31 $ roughly caused Morakot , Overall . area targeted the over precipitation moderate in resulted operations such ; rainfall added generate artificially to order in place took operations seeding cloud 703 , conditions drought preexisting to Due . China southeastern across widespread also were outages Power . reported was death one and ) million 29 $ US ( million 240 ¥ CN reached Morakot to due losses where , Quanzhou was city impacted worst The . reported was rainfall record , China In . ) million 2 $ US ( million 70 $ NT over at estimated was and , rainfall the from resulted also damage Crop . County Taitung in days two nearly of period a over ) in 71 @.@ 25 ( mm 653 at peaked there Precipitation . storm the of advance in cancelled was areas some in service rail and , schools , flights Commercial . flooding in resulted rainfall heavy , landfall made first Morakot where , Taiwan In "," In Taiwan , where Morakot first made landfall , heavy rainfall resulted in flooding . Commercial flights , schools , and rail service in some areas was cancelled in advance of the storm . Precipitation there peaked at 653 mm ( 25 @.@ 71 in ) over a period of nearly two days in Taitung County . Crop damage also resulted from the rainfall , and was estimated at over NT $ 70 million ( US $ 2 million ) . In China , record rainfall was reported . The worst impacted city was Quanzhou , where losses due to Morakot reached CN ¥ 240 million ( US $ 29 million ) and one death was reported . Power outages were also widespread across southeastern China . Due to preexisting drought conditions , 703 cloud seeding operations took place in order to artificially generate added rainfall ; such operations resulted in moderate precipitation over the targeted area . Overall , Morakot caused roughly $ 31 million in damage and three deaths . " " . later days three dissipated and 9 August on extratropical became cyclone the , status storm tropical to weakening After . Hokkaido and Honshu of portions across moved later and , 8 August on Shikoku of island Japanese the on landfall made Etau . northeast the to turning while slightly weakening before ) mph 100 ( h / km 155 of winds peak attained typhoon The . 7 August on Okinawa approached it time the by storm large a became and eye an formed Etau . later day a typhoon a and 3 August on storm tropical a becoming , northwest the to moving while intensified gradually and , Guam of southeast 2 August on developed depression tropical A "," A tropical depression developed on August 2 southeast of Guam , and gradually intensified while moving to the northwest , becoming a tropical storm on August 3 and a typhoon a day later . Etau formed an eye and became a large storm by the time it approached Okinawa on August 7 . The typhoon attained peak winds of 155 km / h ( 100 mph ) before weakening slightly while turning to the northeast . Etau made landfall on the Japanese island of Shikoku on August 8 , and later moved across portions of Honshu and Hokkaido . After weakening to tropical storm status , the cyclone became extratropical on August 9 and dissipated three days later . " " . damage in ) USD million 8 @.@ 294 $ , JPY ( billion 1 @.@ 35 ¥ caused and , houses 708 destroyed , people 20 killed Etau , Nationwide . Hokkaido on particularly , landslides caused rainfall and winds of combination The . ) in 9 @.@ 26 ( mm 683 at peaking rainfall torrential dropped also typhoon The . there record on strongest third the time the at , ) mph 103 ( h / km 166 of gust wind peak a reported Muroto , Japan struck first Etau where Near . injuries 10 caused and power without people 800 @,@ 166 left Etau where , Okinawa over crossed eye The . archipelago the in damage light caused typhoon the , Philippines the of northeast passing While "," While passing northeast of the Philippines , the typhoon caused light damage in the archipelago . The eye crossed over Okinawa , where Etau left 166 @,@ 800 people without power and caused 10 injuries . Near where Etau first struck Japan , Muroto reported a peak wind gust of 166 km / h ( 103 mph ) , at the time the third strongest on record there . The typhoon also dropped torrential rainfall peaking at 683 mm ( 26 @.@ 9 in ) . The combination of winds and rainfall caused landslides , particularly on Hokkaido . Nationwide , Etau killed 20 people , destroyed 708 houses , and caused ¥ 35 @.@ 1 billion ( JPY , $ 294 @.@ 8 million USD ) in damage . " " . day following the demise its met storm the where , Vietnam northern across moved Krovanh as occurred interaction land to due weakening Quick . 25 August on Vietnam , Phả Cẩm near landfall final a to way its on Peninsula Leizhou the over moving before Hainan clipped Krovanh , intensity typhoon at again Once . waters warm over restrengthen to able was it though , storm tropical weaker much a as Sea China South the into emerged typhoon The . ) mph 75 ( h / km 120 of winds with intensity peak at Luzon on landfall made Krovanh , after Shortly . later days two intensity typhoon then and 20 August on status storm tropical reached depression the – reformation 's storm the upon rapid rather was Intensification . later day a cyclone tropical a as reclassified was system the and reorganize to able were remnants these , However . 18 August on low remnant a into degenerated and significantly intensify not did depression tropical initial the , conditions favorable rather Despite . 13 August on State Chuuk of east trough monsoon the within disturbance tropical a from originated Krovanh "," Krovanh originated from a tropical disturbance within the monsoon trough east of Chuuk State on August 13 . Despite rather favorable conditions , the initial tropical depression did not intensify significantly and degenerated into a remnant low on August 18 . However , these remnants were able to reorganize and the system was reclassified as a tropical cyclone a day later . Intensification was rather rapid upon the storm 's reformation – the depression reached tropical storm status on August 20 and then typhoon intensity two days later . Shortly after , Krovanh made landfall on Luzon at peak intensity with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . The typhoon emerged into the South China Sea as a much weaker tropical storm , though it was able to restrengthen over warm waters . Once again at typhoon intensity , Krovanh clipped Hainan before moving over the Leizhou Peninsula on its way to a final landfall near Cẩm Phả , Vietnam on August 25 . Quick weakening due to land interaction occurred as Krovanh moved across northern Vietnam , where the storm met its demise the following day . " " . persons four of deaths the for responsible was typhoon the , Overall . Vietnam in injured were others five and killed was person One . flattened were homes 000 @,@ 1 and , regions those in earnest in occurred flooding Flash . Krovanh by impacted were regions northern more 's country the only Vietnam in areas all of , track and positioning its to Due . ) million 253 $ US ( billion 1 @.@ 2 ¥ to approximated losses economic and China in killed were people Two . damaged was farmland of swath large a and collapsed have to estimated were homes 000 @,@ 13 , combined regions three those In . Guangxi into gusts wind record brought typhoon The . impacted extensively most regions Chinese the were Guangxi and , Province Hainan , Province Guangdong , However . rainbands outer 's typhoon the of result a as occurred flooding isolated and injured were people eleven , Kong Hong In . China in severe more much were effects 's Krovanh . person one killed and damage severe caused flooding The . families 000 @,@ 1 approximately displacing and rainfall heavy in resulting , Philippines the struck first Krovanh "," Krovanh first struck the Philippines , resulting in heavy rainfall and displacing approximately 1 @,@ 000 families . The flooding caused severe damage and killed one person . Krovanh 's effects were much more severe in China . In Hong Kong , eleven people were injured and isolated flooding occurred as a result of the typhoon 's outer rainbands . However , Guangdong Province , Hainan Province , and Guangxi were the Chinese regions most extensively impacted . The typhoon brought record wind gusts into Guangxi . In those three regions combined , 13 @,@ 000 homes were estimated to have collapsed and a large swath of farmland was damaged . Two people were killed in China and economic losses approximated to ¥ 2 @.@ 1 billion ( US $ 253 million ) . Due to its positioning and track , of all areas in Vietnam only the country 's more northern regions were impacted by Krovanh . Flash flooding occurred in earnest in those regions , and 1 @,@ 000 homes were flattened . One person was killed and five others were injured in Vietnam . Overall , the typhoon was responsible for the deaths of four persons . " " . China southeastern in ashore moved storm the until advisories continued JTWC the although , Strait Taiwan the in dissipating as assessed JMA the , 20 August On . time that exposed was convection the although , Taipei of north ) mi 35 ( km 55 just passed circulation the , day that Later . Taiwan of east the to Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the , 19 August On . interaction land and shear wind of presence the as such , strengthening for unfavorable generally area an in northwest the to later and northward quickly moved It . Luzon of east depression tropical a into developing , circulation a of side southern the on persisted convection of area an , 18 August On . Philippines the near Depression Tropical became which of one , August of middle the in disturbances tropical several spawned trough monsoon The "," The monsoon trough spawned several tropical disturbances in the middle of August , one of which became Tropical Depression near the Philippines . On August 18 , an area of convection persisted on the southern side of a circulation , developing into a tropical depression east of Luzon . It moved quickly northward and later to the northwest in an area generally unfavorable for strengthening , such as the presence of wind shear and land interaction . On August 19 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm to the east of Taiwan . Later that day , the circulation passed just 55 km ( 35 mi ) north of Taipei , although the convection was exposed that time . On August 20 , the JMA assessed as dissipating in the Taiwan Strait , although the JTWC continued advisories until the storm moved ashore in southeastern China . " " . damage in ) USD million 7 @.@ 4 $ , CNY ( million 6 @.@ 38 ¥ causing , fields paddy of ) acres 180 @,@ 3 ( ha 287 @,@ 1 flooded and houses 880 @,@ 5 destroyed or damaged storm The . ) mph 62 ( h / km 100 to gusted winds while , conditions drought easing in beneficial largely were which , Zhejiang , Wenzhou in ) in 0 @.@ 4 ( mm 101 at peaked rainfall , China mainland On . strike lightning a to due power without houses hundred several left storm the , island the On . County Ilan in ) in 7 @.@ 2 ( mm 69 reached Taiwan in Rainfall "," Rainfall in Taiwan reached 69 mm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) in Ilan County . On the island , the storm left several hundred houses without power due to a lightning strike . On mainland China , rainfall peaked at 101 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) in Wenzhou , Zhejiang , which were largely beneficial in easing drought conditions , while winds gusted to 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) . The storm damaged or destroyed 5 @,@ 880 houses and flooded 1 @,@ 287 ha ( 3 @,@ 180 acres ) of paddy fields , causing ¥ 38 @.@ 6 million ( CNY , $ 4 @.@ 7 million USD ) in damage . " " . Guangxi over 3 September on dissipating , China through westward continuing while weakened rapidly Dujuan . 1979 in Hope Typhoon since Delta River Pearl the strike to typhoon strongest the it making , ) mph 115 ( h / km 185 of winds landfall estimated JTWC The . Kong Hong of east just 2 September on landfall made it time the by storm tropical severe a was and steadily weakened typhoon The . Taiwan of tip southern the of south ) mi 30 ( km 45 about passed Dujuan of center the , intensity peak near While . ) mph 145 ( h / km 230 of winds minute – 1 peak assessed JTWC the and , ) mph 90 ( h / km 150 of winds minute 10 peak attained Dujuan estimated JMA the , 1 September On . center the in eye an developing after , typhoon a into intensified quickly storm The . Storm Tropical on advisories issuing began PAGASA day that and , Dujuan Storm Tropical to it upgraded JMA the , 29 August On . northwest the to turning before southwest the to drifted initially which , Guam of northwest ) mi 325 ( km 520 about developed depression tropical a , 27 August On "," On August 27 , a tropical depression developed about 520 km ( 325 mi ) northwest of Guam , which initially drifted to the southwest before turning to the northwest . On August 29 , the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Dujuan , and that day PAGASA began issuing advisories on Tropical Storm . The storm quickly intensified into a typhoon , after developing an eye in the center . On September 1 , the JMA estimated Dujuan attained peak 10 minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) , and the JTWC assessed peak 1 – minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) . While near peak intensity , the center of Dujuan passed about 45 km ( 30 mi ) south of the southern tip of Taiwan . The typhoon weakened steadily and was a severe tropical storm by the time it made landfall on September 2 just east of Hong Kong . The JTWC estimated landfall winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) , making it the strongest typhoon to strike the Pearl River Delta since Typhoon Hope in 1979 . Dujuan rapidly weakened while continuing westward through China , dissipating on September 3 over Guangxi . " " . people 40 killed typhoon the , Guangdong across and , ) USD million 277 $ , CNY ( billion 3 @.@ 2 ¥ at estimated was China in damage Overall . destroyed were homes 000 @,@ 54 destroyed and crops damaged typhoon the , Guangdong Across . collapsing building finished @-@ half a to due workers construction 16 killed and , power without of city the of % 90 left winds strong , mainland Chinese the On . sank boat their after drowned presumed and missing were fishermen four and , Kong Hong in minor was Damage . people three killed and , damage crop in ) USD million 115 $ , ( 200 $ NT about caused The . destroyed was anemometer the before Island Orchid on ) mph 109 ( h / km 176 at peaked winds and , County Pingtung in ) in 7 @.@ 24 ( mm 628 reached Taiwan in rainfall Heavy . Okinawa of subdivision Japanese a , Yonaguni on ) mph 62 ( h / km 100 of gusts produced Dujuan , vicinity the in While . person one killing , rainfall heavy produce to monsoon the with interacted Dujuan , Philippines the In "," In the Philippines , Dujuan interacted with the monsoon to produce heavy rainfall , killing one person . While in the vicinity , Dujuan produced gusts of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on Yonaguni , a Japanese subdivision of Okinawa . Heavy rainfall in Taiwan reached 628 mm ( 24 @.@ 7 in ) in Pingtung County , and winds peaked at 176 km / h ( 109 mph ) on Orchid Island before the anemometer was destroyed . The caused about NT $ 200 ( , $ 115 million USD ) in crop damage , and killed three people . Damage was minor in Hong Kong , and four fishermen were missing and presumed drowned after their boat sank . On the Chinese mainland , strong winds left 90 % of the city of without power , and killed 16 construction workers due to a half @-@ finished building collapsing . Across Guangdong , the typhoon damaged crops and destroyed 54 @,@ 000 homes were destroyed . Overall damage in China was estimated at ¥ 2 @.@ 3 billion ( CNY , $ 277 million USD ) , and across Guangdong , the typhoon killed 40 people . " " . Japan northern to winds strong bringing , days more several for persisted remnants the although , day next the Japan of Sea the in extratropical became typhoon The . 1904 in country the in began keeping @-@ record since Korea South strike to typhoon powerful most the it making and , country the for records setting both , ) inHg 28 ( mbar 950 of pressure minimum a and ) mph 134 ( h / km 216 of gust wind peak a produced Maemi , Island Jeju On . 12 September on Korea South , Busan of west just landfall made it before intensity its of much maintain to able was Maemi , waters warm With . recorded was ) inHg 9 @.@ 26 ( mbar 912 of pressure a after Japan in record on pressure lowest fourth the producing , 10 September on jima @-@ Miyako of island Japanese the over passed after soon eyewall The . northeast @-@ north the to turning began and decelerating was Maemi , intensity peak near While . ) mph 120 ( h / km 195 of winds sustained maximum peak reaching and eye defined @-@ well a developing , conditions favorable to due intensified quickly it , day That . 8 September on typhoon a became Maemi and , northwestward moving while storm tropical a into intensified slowly It . Ocean Pacific western the in trough monsoon the from 4 September on formed Maemi Typhoon "," Typhoon Maemi formed on September 4 from the monsoon trough in the western Pacific Ocean . It slowly intensified into a tropical storm while moving northwestward , and Maemi became a typhoon on September 8 . That day , it quickly intensified due to favorable conditions , developing a well @-@ defined eye and reaching peak maximum sustained winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) . While near peak intensity , Maemi was decelerating and began turning to the north @-@ northeast . The eyewall soon after passed over the Japanese island of Miyako @-@ jima on September 10 , producing the fourth lowest pressure on record in Japan after a pressure of 912 mbar ( 26 @.@ 9 inHg ) was recorded . With warm waters , Maemi was able to maintain much of its intensity before it made landfall just west of Busan , South Korea on September 12 . On Jeju Island , Maemi produced a peak wind gust of 216 km / h ( 134 mph ) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar ( 28 inHg ) , both setting records for the country , and making it the most powerful typhoon to strike South Korea since record @-@ keeping began in the country in 1904 . The typhoon became extratropical in the Sea of Japan the next day , although the remnants persisted for several more days , bringing strong winds to northern Japan . " " . ) USD billion 8 @.@ 4 $ ( won trillion 52 @.@ 5 ₩ totaled damage overall and , people 117 killed Maemi , Korea South Across . years 23 in crop rice worst the in resulting , occurred damage crop widespread and , power lost million 47 @.@ 1 About . homeless people 000 @,@ 25 leaving , businesses and homes 000 @,@ 13 damaged and houses 000 @,@ 5 about destroyed winds high the , Nationwide . storm the following months the in exports to disruptions causing , damage heavy sustained port the , There . record on highest @-@ second the , ) mph 96 ( h / km 154 reached location landfall the near Busan in Winds . ashore moved it where notably , Korea South in heaviest was Damage . ) USD million 96 $ , JPY ( billion 3 @.@ 11 ¥ totaled damage and , Japan in deaths other two were There . roads blocked landslides induced @-@ rainfall while , canceled be to flights caused storm the , Japan in Elsewhere . glass flying by struck being after jima @-@ Miyako on died person One . record a setting latter the , hours 24 in ) in 85 @.@ 15 ( mm 5 @.@ 402 and , hour an in ) in 30 @.@ 2 ( mm 5 @.@ 58 of rates including , there rainfall heavy dropped Maemi . power lost residents of % 95 and , buildings 104 damaged winds strong , jima @-@ Miyako On . Japan of Islands Ryukyu the affected first typhoon The "," The typhoon first affected the Ryukyu Islands of Japan . On Miyako @-@ jima , strong winds damaged 104 buildings , and 95 % of residents lost power . Maemi dropped heavy rainfall there , including rates of 58 @.@ 5 mm ( 2 @.@ 30 in ) in an hour , and 402 @.@ 5 mm ( 15 @.@ 85 in ) in 24 hours , the latter setting a record . One person died on Miyako @-@ jima after being struck by flying glass . Elsewhere in Japan , the storm caused flights to be canceled , while rainfall @-@ induced landslides blocked roads . There were two other deaths in Japan , and damage totaled ¥ 11 @.@ 3 billion ( JPY , $ 96 million USD ) . Damage was heaviest in South Korea , notably where it moved ashore . Winds in Busan near the landfall location reached 154 km / h ( 96 mph ) , the second @-@ highest on record . There , the port sustained heavy damage , causing disruptions to exports in the months following the storm . Nationwide , the high winds destroyed about 5 @,@ 000 houses and damaged 13 @,@ 000 homes and businesses , leaving 25 @,@ 000 people homeless . About 1 @.@ 47 million lost power , and widespread crop damage occurred , resulting in the worst rice crop in 23 years . Across South Korea , Maemi killed 117 people , and overall damage totaled ₩ 5 @.@ 52 trillion won ( $ 4 @.@ 8 billion USD ) . " " . 25 September on Alaska southern struck eventually and , 24 September on basin the exited , northeast the to continued wan @-@ Choi of remnants The . 23 September on extratropical it declared JMA before 22 September on status storm tropical severe to deteriorating , shear wind increasing to due weakened typhoon The . eye defined @-@ well a developed wan @-@ Choi after , 21 September on ) mph 115 ( h / km 185 of winds minute 1 peak estimated JTWC the and , ) mph 80 ( h / km 130 of winds peak estimated JMA the , day That . Japan of southeast the to 20 September on typhoon a becoming , intensifying gradually continued wan @-@ Choi . 19 September on Ōshima Amami and Okinawa over track the bringing , northeast the to storm the turned trough moving @-@ eastward An . Storm Tropical as it classified PAGASA that day same the , wan @-@ Choi Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the , 18 September On . north the to later and northeast the to ridge subtropical the to due northwest the to moved system The . day next the advisories initiated JTWC the and , depression tropical a as it classified JMA the , 16 September On . conditions favorable and shear wind weak with , Luzon of northeast @-@ east disturbance organizing rapidly a spawned trough monsoon the , September of middle the In "," In the middle of September , the monsoon trough spawned a rapidly organizing disturbance east @-@ northeast of Luzon , with weak wind shear and favorable conditions . On September 16 , the JMA classified it as a tropical depression , and the JTWC initiated advisories the next day . The system moved to the northwest due to the subtropical ridge to the northeast and later to the north . On September 18 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Choi @-@ wan , the same day that PAGASA classified it as Tropical Storm . An eastward @-@ moving trough turned the storm to the northeast , bringing the track over Okinawa and Amami Ōshima on September 19 . Choi @-@ wan continued gradually intensifying , becoming a typhoon on September 20 to the southeast of Japan . That day , the JMA estimated peak winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) , and the JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) on September 21 , after Choi @-@ wan developed a well @-@ defined eye . The typhoon weakened due to increasing wind shear , deteriorating to severe tropical storm status on September 22 before JMA declared it extratropical on September 23 . The remnants of Choi @-@ wan continued to the northeast , exited the basin on September 24 , and eventually struck southern Alaska on September 25 . " " . ) USD million 5 @.@ 2 $ , JPY ( million 300 ¥ about left and , people 9 injured , homes 191 destroyed wan @-@ Choi , Nationwide . houses 200 about damaged ) mph 133 ( h / km 214 of gusts wind , Hachijō On . power without people 810 @,@ 10 left storm the , Ōshima Amami In . houses flooded and landslides caused rainfall heavy , island the on Also . Guard Coast the by rescued be to occupants its forcing , boat a flooded wan @-@ Choi , Okinawa In . jima @-@ Miyake on ) in 4 @.@ 12 ( mm 316 at peaking , Japan near while rainfall heavy dropped wan @-@ Choi . Chiba , Chōshi at ) mph 78 ( h / km 126 to gusted winds , mainland Japanese the On . ) mph 133 ( h / km 214 reached gusts , jima @-@ Hachijō of island volcanic the on while , ) mph 72 ( h / km 115 reached Okinawa in gusts Wind "," Wind gusts in Okinawa reached 115 km / h ( 72 mph ) , while on the volcanic island of Hachijō @-@ jima , gusts reached 214 km / h ( 133 mph ) . On the Japanese mainland , winds gusted to 126 km / h ( 78 mph ) at Chōshi , Chiba . Choi @-@ wan dropped heavy rainfall while near Japan , peaking at 316 mm ( 12 @.@ 4 in ) on Miyake @-@ jima . In Okinawa , Choi @-@ wan flooded a boat , forcing its occupants to be rescued by the Coast Guard . Also on the island , heavy rainfall caused landslides and flooded houses . In Amami Ōshima , the storm left 10 @,@ 810 people without power . On Hachijō , wind gusts of 214 km / h ( 133 mph ) damaged about 200 houses . Nationwide , Choi @-@ wan destroyed 191 homes , injured 9 people , and left about ¥ 300 million ( JPY , $ 2 @.@ 5 million USD ) . " " . 7 October on Alaska mainland of south passing eventually , Islands Aleutian the through northeastward generally continued remnants The . 30 September on extratropical become to causing , center the near diminished convection The . northeastward accelerate to typhoon the caused trough approaching an before , ) mph 105 ( h / km 165 of winds minute 1 peak estimated JTWC The . ) mph 80 ( h / km 130 of winds minute 10 peak estimated JMA the and , Jima Iwo of west ) mi 60 ( km 95 passed , day that Also . jima @-@ Chichi near while day following the until suit follow not did JMA the although , 27 September on status typhoon to it upgraded JTWC the , feature eye large a developed storm the After . 26 September on Storm Tropical into intensified depression the , northeast the to turning and slowing After . outflow increasing northeast the to trough tropospheric upper tropical a with , circulations several initially were There . 24 September on depression tropical a became which , Yap of northeast @-@ east disturbance tropical a spawned trough monsoon the , September of end the Towards "," Towards the end of September , the monsoon trough spawned a tropical disturbance east @-@ northeast of Yap , which became a tropical depression on September 24 . There were initially several circulations , with a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the northeast increasing outflow . After slowing and turning to the northeast , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm on September 26 . After the storm developed a large eye feature , the JTWC upgraded it to typhoon status on September 27 , although the JMA did not follow suit until the following day while near Chichi @-@ jima . Also that day , passed 95 km ( 60 mi ) west of Iwo Jima , and the JMA estimated peak 10 minute winds of 130 km / h ( 80 mph ) . The JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) , before an approaching trough caused the typhoon to accelerate northeastward . The convection diminished near the center , causing to become extratropical on September 30 . The remnants continued generally northeastward through the Aleutian Islands , eventually passing south of mainland Alaska on October 7 . " " . ) mph 68 ( h / km 109 at peaked Jima Iwo on gusts Wind . ) in 2 @.@ 7 ( mm 183 reached there Rainfall . station the for record on strongest third the was which , ) mph 124 ( h / km 200 to gusts with , ) mph 63 ( h / km 102 of winds sustained produced Typhoon , jima @-@ Chichi On "," On Chichi @-@ jima , Typhoon produced sustained winds of 102 km / h ( 63 mph ) , with gusts to 200 km / h ( 124 mph ) , which was the third strongest on record for the station . Rainfall there reached 183 mm ( 7 @.@ 2 in ) . Wind gusts on Iwo Jima peaked at 109 km / h ( 68 mph ) . " " . fold @-@ 30 increase to ocean the in concentration a chlorophyll surface caused typhoon the of passage The . day next the dissipated and Japan of east the to extratropical became , 26 October On . air dry and shear wind increasing to due weakening began and westerlies the into northeastward accelerated typhoon the , Subsequently . ) mi 23 ( km 37 to expanded had eye defined @-@ well the time the around ) mph 145 ( h / km 230 of winds minute 1 peak estimated JTWC The . ) mph 105 ( h / km 165 of winds peak estimated JMA the , later days two and , eye an developing after 20 October on typhoon a into intensified quickly , outflow favorable With . northeast the to drifting begun had storm the time that by and , Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the , 19 October On . ridge subtropical the of south currents steering weak to due northwest @-@ west the to drifting while disorganized remained system the , days several For . east the to Parma Typhoon spawned later trough monsoon same The . 17 October on depression tropical a into developing , Guam and Luzon between trough monsoon the along persisted convection of area an , October of middle the In "," In the middle of October , an area of convection persisted along the monsoon trough between Luzon and Guam , developing into a tropical depression on October 17 . The same monsoon trough later spawned Typhoon Parma to the east . For several days , the system remained disorganized while drifting to the west @-@ northwest due to weak steering currents south of the subtropical ridge . On October 19 , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm , and by that time the storm had begun drifting to the northeast . With favorable outflow , quickly intensified into a typhoon on October 20 after developing an eye , and two days later , the JMA estimated peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . The JTWC estimated peak 1 minute winds of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) around the time the well @-@ defined eye had expanded to 37 km ( 23 mi ) . Subsequently , the typhoon accelerated northeastward into the westerlies and began weakening due to increasing wind shear and dry air . On October 26 , became extratropical to the east of Japan and dissipated the next day . The passage of the typhoon caused surface chlorophyll a concentration in the ocean to increase 30 @-@ fold . " " . northeastward typhoon the bring to failed and north the to passed had front cold The . loop long @-@ week nearly a beginning , southeast @-@ east the to moving began and ridge subtropical the rounded Parma , Subsequently N. ° 30 for intensity high unusually an , ) mph 150 ( h / km 240 of winds estimated JTWC the while ) mph 110 ( h / km 175 of winds peak estimated JMA the , 24 October On . outflow increasing also while northeastward accelerate to Parma caused trough approaching An . day next the status typhoon to upgraded was Parma , form to began eye an After . 21 October on Parma Storm Tropical to it upgraded JMA the and , organized better became convection the , outflow favorable and shear wind low With . ridge subtropical the around northeast the to turned later and northwestward moved system The . 19 October on depression tropical a becoming , Guam of northeast @-@ north the to convection of area an produced also Typhoon spawned that trough monsoon same The "," The same monsoon trough that spawned Typhoon also produced an area of convection to the north @-@ northeast of Guam , becoming a tropical depression on October 19 . The system moved northwestward and later turned to the northeast around the subtropical ridge . With low wind shear and favorable outflow , the convection became better organized , and the JMA upgraded it to Tropical Storm Parma on October 21 . After an eye began to form , Parma was upgraded to typhoon status the next day . An approaching trough caused Parma to accelerate northeastward while also increasing outflow . On October 24 , the JMA estimated peak winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) while the JTWC estimated winds of 240 km / h ( 150 mph ) , an unusually high intensity for 30 ° N. Subsequently , Parma rounded the subtropical ridge and began moving to the east @-@ southeast , beginning a nearly week @-@ long loop . The cold front had passed to the north and failed to bring the typhoon northeastward . " " . California of southwest 11 November on dissipating and southeast the to turning later , weakened remnants The . 1 November on basin the exiting later , extratropical became Parma and , exposed was center the , day next the By . dissipating eye the in resulting , weakening rapid caused 30 October on shear wind Increasing . prior days several took it track the along closely very moved storm The . JTWC to according ) mph 135 ( h / km 215 and , JMA to according ) mph 105 ( h / km 165 of peak secondary a reaching , 29 October on significantly intensified @-@ re Parma , waters warmer and shear wind decreasing With . trough approaching another to due northeast the to turned typhoon the , day next The . status typhoon to Parma upgraded @-@ re JMA the , 28 October on and , developed diameter in ) mi 70 ( km 110 of eye large A . Island Wake of north ) mi 215 ( km 345 about passing while westward moving began it , day next The . 26 October on storm tropical severe a into deteriorated Parma and , convection the weakened shear wind Increasing "," Increasing wind shear weakened the convection , and Parma deteriorated into a severe tropical storm on October 26 . The next day , it began moving westward while passing about 345 km ( 215 mi ) north of Wake Island . A large eye of 110 km ( 70 mi ) in diameter developed , and on October 28 , the JMA re @-@ upgraded Parma to typhoon status . The next day , the typhoon turned to the northeast due to another approaching trough . With decreasing wind shear and warmer waters , Parma re @-@ intensified significantly on October 29 , reaching a secondary peak of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) according to JMA , and 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) according to JTWC . The storm moved very closely along the track it took several days prior . Increasing wind shear on October 30 caused rapid weakening , resulting in the eye dissipating . By the next day , the center was exposed , and Parma became extratropical , later exiting the basin on November 1 . The remnants weakened , later turning to the southeast and dissipating on November 11 southwest of California . " " . Japan southern near day next the dissipated and 5 November on extratropical became It . northeastward continued , Taiwan eastern offshore meandering after and , status depression tropical to weakened it , day next The . Taiwan of east just passing , northeast the to turned , 2 November On . east the to ridge the of periphery the along northward moving was it , time that By . Sea China South the into emerged and land over weakened storm The . Palanan of south , Philippines the in Luzon northeastern on landfall made , 1 November on Early . ) mph 60 ( h / km 95 of winds minute 10 peak attained only storm the estimated JMA the although , ) mph 85 ( h / km 140 of winds minute 1 peak estimating , 31 October on status typhoon to upgraded JTWC The . eye large a developed and further strengthened storm the , shear wind minimal With . 30 October on Storm Tropical into intensified depression the , east the to ridge a to due Philippines the toward northwestward @-@ west Moving . 29 October on depression tropical a into organized quickly and Palau of northwest persisted convection of area an , October in Late "," Late in October , an area of convection persisted northwest of Palau and quickly organized into a tropical depression on October 29 . Moving west @-@ northwestward toward the Philippines due to a ridge to the east , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm on October 30 . With minimal wind shear , the storm strengthened further and developed a large eye . The JTWC upgraded to typhoon status on October 31 , estimating peak 1 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , although the JMA estimated the storm only attained peak 10 minute winds of 95 km / h ( 60 mph ) . Early on November 1 , made landfall on northeastern Luzon in the Philippines , south of Palanan . The storm weakened over land and emerged into the South China Sea . By that time , it was moving northward along the periphery of the ridge to the east . On November 2 , turned to the northeast , passing just east of Taiwan . The next day , it weakened to tropical depression status , and after meandering offshore eastern Taiwan , continued northeastward . It became extratropical on November 5 and dissipated the next day near southern Japan . " " . November in station the for record daily and hourly the broke which , ) in 8 @.@ 7 ( mm 197 totaled rainfall , of island Japanese the On . County Pingtung in ) in 8 @.@ 21 ( mm 554 reached rainfall , Taiwan In . people four killed and River Cagayan the flooded which , rainfall of ) in 6 ( mm 150 about dropped , Philippines the In "," In the Philippines , dropped about 150 mm ( 6 in ) of rainfall , which flooded the Cagayan River and killed four people . In Taiwan , rainfall reached 554 mm ( 21 @.@ 8 in ) in Pingtung County . On the Japanese island of , rainfall totaled 197 mm ( 7 @.@ 8 in ) , which broke the hourly and daily record for the station in November . " " . China , Beihai over ashore moving after shortly dissipated and , status depression tropical to weakened system the , day next the By . circulation the from diminishing convection the with , weakened and Hainan southwestern near passed Nepartak , 18 November On . ) mph 75 ( h / km 120 of winds minute @-@ 10 peak estimating , status typhoon to storm the upgraded JMA the , day that later and , 16 November on ) mph 85 ( h / km 140 of winds peak estimated JTWC The . northwest @-@ west the to continuing while intensified @-@ re quickly but weakened Sea China South the into emerged cyclone The . west to east from archipelago the of remainder the traversing before Philippines the in Island Samar northern on landfall made Nepartak , 13 November on UTC 1600 around At . Weng Storm Tropical it named which , Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine the of responsibility of area the entered cyclone the , Simultaneously . 12 November on Nepartak Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the and , strengthening for allowed aloft anticyclone An . Philippines the toward westward quickly tracked it as gradually intensified system The . 11 November on Yap near developed depression tropical A "," A tropical depression developed near Yap on November 11 . The system intensified gradually as it tracked quickly westward toward the Philippines . An anticyclone aloft allowed for strengthening , and the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Nepartak on November 12 . Simultaneously , the cyclone entered the area of responsibility of the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration , which named it Tropical Storm Weng . At around 1600 UTC on November 13 , Nepartak made landfall on northern Samar Island in the Philippines before traversing the remainder of the archipelago from east to west . The cyclone emerged into the South China Sea weakened but quickly re @-@ intensified while continuing to the west @-@ northwest . The JTWC estimated peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) on November 16 , and later that day , the JMA upgraded the storm to typhoon status , estimating peak 10 @-@ minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . On November 18 , Nepartak passed near southwestern Hainan and weakened , with the convection diminishing from the circulation . By the next day , the system weakened to tropical depression status , and dissipated shortly after moving ashore over Beihai , China . " " . China mainland in minor were Effects . ) USD 2003 ( million 197 $ to amounted Hainan on damage , destroyed homes 800 about With . livestock of head 400 killing and fields of ) acres 000 @,@ 160 ( ha 000 @,@ 64 wrecking , damage crop heavy left also it although , years 65 almost in droughts summer worst the of one end helped storm the , Hainan On . storm the during lives their lost people 13 of total a , report storm @-@ post its in PAGASA the to According . disruptions ferry and outages power widespread caused storm The . seas rough and , rainfall heavy , winds strong produced Nepartak , Philippines the In "," In the Philippines , Nepartak produced strong winds , heavy rainfall , and rough seas . The storm caused widespread power outages and ferry disruptions . According to the PAGASA in its post @-@ storm report , a total of 13 people lost their lives during the storm . On Hainan , the storm helped end one of the worst summer droughts in almost 65 years , although it also left heavy crop damage , wrecking 64 @,@ 000 ha ( 160 @,@ 000 acres ) of fields and killing 400 head of livestock . With about 800 homes destroyed , damage on Hainan amounted to $ 197 million ( 2003 USD ) . Effects were minor in mainland China . " " . 2 December on Japan of south extratropical became Lupit , northeast the to recurving after and , conditions unfavorable of variety a to due weakened later It . ) mph 115 ( h / km 185 of winds sustained minute – 10 peak with , 26 November on intensity peak reached typhoon The . State Yap in islands several near passed it which during , northwest the to movement prolonged a began later Lupit . eye an developing , typhoon a into strengthened it , later days two and , Lupit Storm Tropical into intensified depression the , 21 November On . southwest @-@ west or west the to generally moved it , duration its in Early . Islands Marshall the of west the to trough monsoon the from 18 November on formed Lupit Typhoon "," Typhoon Lupit formed on November 18 from the monsoon trough to the west of the Marshall Islands . Early in its duration , it moved generally to the west or west @-@ southwest . On November 21 , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Lupit , and two days later , it strengthened into a typhoon , developing an eye . Lupit later began a prolonged movement to the northwest , during which it passed near several islands in Yap State . The typhoon reached peak intensity on November 26 , with peak 10 – minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . It later weakened due to a variety of unfavorable conditions , and after recurving to the northeast , Lupit became extratropical south of Japan on December 2 . " " . cancellations flight and mudslides in resulted that rainfall dropped storm The . years 13 in Japan threaten to December in typhoon first the became it , extratropical becoming was Lupit While . government federal States United the from declaration disaster a as well as , areas disaster as states two declare to government FSM the prompted damage The . deaths no were there although , million 7 @.@ 1 $ about totaled damage , FSM the Throughout . ) mph 98 ( h / km 158 reached gusts and , Ulithi on ) in 35 @.@ 10 ( mm 263 reached Rainfall . crops the wrecked and supply water the contaminated typhoon the , islands both On . Island Fais and atoll Ulithi small the in mostly , State Yap in heaviest was Damage . crops damaged winds high while , homes and roads flooded waves high , There . State Chuuk in homes 200 about destroyed or damaged it later and , winds gusty with Pohnpei affected first Lupit Typhoon "," Typhoon Lupit first affected Pohnpei with gusty winds , and later it damaged or destroyed about 200 homes in Chuuk State . There , high waves flooded roads and homes , while high winds damaged crops . Damage was heaviest in Yap State , mostly in the small Ulithi atoll and Fais Island . On both islands , the typhoon contaminated the water supply and wrecked the crops . Rainfall reached 263 mm ( 10 @.@ 35 in ) on Ulithi , and gusts reached 158 km / h ( 98 mph ) . Throughout the FSM , damage totaled about $ 1 @.@ 7 million , although there were no deaths . The damage prompted the FSM government to declare two states as disaster areas , as well as a disaster declaration from the United States federal government . While Lupit was becoming extratropical , it became the first typhoon in December to threaten Japan in 13 years . The storm dropped rainfall that resulted in mudslides and flight cancellations . " " . advisories discontinued had agencies warning all , 20 May by and , center the from decreased convection the , after Soon . Depression Tropical as it classified PAGASA , day same the on and , 03W Storm Tropical to system the upgraded JTWC the , 19 May On . shear wind increasing of area an into north the to more turned depression the , initially westward Moving . organized gradually it although , centers circulation multiple with association in disorganized was convection The . depression tropical a as system the classified both JTWC the and JMA the , day next The . shear wind weak of area an within located , Palau of southwest the to 16 May on formed convection of area An "," An area of convection formed on May 16 to the southwest of Palau , located within an area of weak wind shear . The next day , the JMA and the JTWC both classified the system as a tropical depression . The convection was disorganized in association with multiple circulation centers , although it gradually organized . Moving westward initially , the depression turned more to the north into an area of increasing wind shear . On May 19 , the JTWC upgraded the system to Tropical Storm 03W , and on the same day , PAGASA classified it as Tropical Depression . Soon after , the convection decreased from the center , and by May 20 , all warning agencies had discontinued advisories . " " . , Xiamen in ) in 24 @.@ 3 ( mm 4 @.@ 82 reaching , China across rainfall spread system The . day next the advisories ending before 19 August on storm tropical a as classified briefly PAGASA . westward generally moved system overall the and , Taiwan near northeast the to Storm Tropical with , region the in circulations several were There . it naming PAGASA with , 18 August on Luzon of north depression tropical a spawned trough monsoon The . damage in ) USD 000 @,@ 145 $ , PHP ( million about causing , day next the dissipated depression The . Mindanao of coast east the off 30 July on Depression Tropical on advisories issued briefly PAGASA , month the in Later . 9 July on later them dropping before advisories initiated briefly also JMA The . Philippines the of coast west the off , Falcon Depression Tropical as system a classified PAGASA , 9 July On "," On July 9 , PAGASA classified a system as Tropical Depression Falcon , off the west coast of the Philippines . The JMA also briefly initiated advisories before dropping them later on July 9 . Later in the month , PAGASA briefly issued advisories on Tropical Depression on July 30 off the east coast of Mindanao . The depression dissipated the next day , causing about million ( PHP , $ 145 @,@ 000 USD ) in damage . The monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression north of Luzon on August 18 , with PAGASA naming it . There were several circulations in the region , with Tropical Storm to the northeast near Taiwan , and the overall system moved generally westward . PAGASA briefly classified as a tropical storm on August 19 before ending advisories the next day . The system spread rainfall across China , reaching 82 @.@ 4 mm ( 3 @.@ 24 in ) in Xiamen , . " " . wan @-@ Choi Typhoon spawned also system broad The . 19 September on Luzon of west dissipating , intensified never but westward moved system The . 15 September on Depression Tropical as classified PAGASA that Philippines the of east disturbance a spawned trough monsoon the , month the in Later . dissipated quickly center the and , convection the from exposed largely was circulation the , time that By . basin the into Line Date International the crossed Jimena Hurricane former , 5 September On "," On September 5 , former Hurricane Jimena crossed the International Date Line into the basin . By that time , the circulation was largely exposed from the convection , and the center quickly dissipated . Later in the month , the monsoon trough spawned a disturbance east of the Philippines that PAGASA classified as Tropical Depression on September 15 . The system moved westward but never intensified , dissipating west of Luzon on September 19 . The broad system also spawned Typhoon Choi @-@ wan . " " . Thailand in rainfall heavy dropping , Ocean Indian the into crossed and northwestward moved which , Thailand of Gulf the in depression tropical a spawned trough monsoon the , October in Also . damage minor caused and person one killed depression the , Philippines the In . 24 October on dissipating before Palawan crossed and eastward moved system The . Ursula as PAGASA by classified , Sea China South the in developed depression tropical a , 22 October On . Islands Marianas the of east the to depression tropical a classified briefly JMA the , 16 October On . drownings to due people two killed also depression The . power without homes 000 @,@ 9 about left and , people two killing , cranes two over knocked winds The . downburst produced @-@ storm a through ) mph 135 ( h / km 217 reached associated winds strong while , Kōchi in rainfall of ) in 2 @.@ 11 ( mm 285 dropped depression The . 13 October on dissipating before Honshu and Kyushu through moved depression The . front cold approaching an to due Japan toward northeastward generally moved depression the , low subtropical a as Described . convection of area an produced storm extratropical an after 12 October on developed which , 19W Depression Tropical monitored JTWC the , later days few A . County Ilan in ) in 0 @.@ 6 ( mm 153 at peaked that rainfall heavy producing , island the near passed later that Taiwan of southeast depression tropical a monitored JMA the , 5 October On . China southern of coast the off just dissipated depression the , 10 October On . northwest the to looping before southwestward slowly moved system the , currents steering weak With . Luzon of coast west the off month the in early 18W Depression Tropical classified JTWC the , October In "," In October , the JTWC classified Tropical Depression 18W early in the month off the west coast of Luzon . With weak steering currents , the system moved slowly southwestward before looping to the northwest . On October 10 , the depression dissipated just off the coast of southern China . On October 5 , the JMA monitored a tropical depression southeast of Taiwan that later passed near the island , producing heavy rainfall that peaked at 153 mm ( 6 @.@ 0 in ) in Ilan County . A few days later , the JTWC monitored Tropical Depression 19W , which developed on October 12 after an extratropical storm produced an area of convection . Described as a subtropical low , the depression moved generally northeastward toward Japan due to an approaching cold front . The depression moved through Kyushu and Honshu before dissipating on October 13 . The depression dropped 285 mm ( 11 @.@ 2 in ) of rainfall in Kōchi , while strong winds associated reached 217 km / h ( 135 mph ) through a storm @-@ produced downburst . The winds knocked over two cranes , killing two people , and left about 9 @,@ 000 homes without power . The depression also killed two people due to drownings . On October 16 , the JMA briefly classified a tropical depression to the east of the Marianas Islands . On October 22 , a tropical depression developed in the South China Sea , classified by PAGASA as Ursula . The system moved eastward and crossed Palawan before dissipating on October 24 . In the Philippines , the depression killed one person and caused minor damage . Also in October , the monsoon trough spawned a tropical depression in the Gulf of Thailand , which moved northwestward and crossed into the Indian Ocean , dropping heavy rainfall in Thailand . " " . rainfall heavy bringing , 27 December on dissipated and Mindanao northeastern in landfall made system The . Zigzag Storm Tropical as it classified PAGASA , time this During . storm tropical a into intensified depression the estimated JTWC the and , south the to turned it , west the to moving initially After . Philippines the of east 24 December on trough monsoon the of out originated that depression tropical a was year the of system final The . unknown winds and pressure the with , 17 December on dissipated finally It . 16 December on Vietnam of coast the off depression tropical a tracked briefly also agency The . Island Wake near depression tropical weak a tracked briefly JMA the , November @-@ mid In "," In mid @-@ November , the JMA briefly tracked a weak tropical depression near Wake Island . The agency also briefly tracked a tropical depression off the coast of Vietnam on December 16 . It finally dissipated on December 17 , with the pressure and winds unknown . The final system of the year was a tropical depression that originated out of the monsoon trough on December 24 east of the Philippines . After initially moving to the west , it turned to the south , and the JTWC estimated the depression intensified into a tropical storm . During this time , PAGASA classified it as Tropical Storm Zigzag . The system made landfall in northeastern Mindanao and dissipated on December 27 , bringing heavy rainfall . " " . gray in marked are names Unused . season each published are ten first the which of list auxiliary an from taken be will names then exhausted be region Philippine the for names of list the Should . Committee Typhoon the and PAGASA both by , retired are cyclones tropical significant of names The . it to assigned name international an had has cyclone the if even N ° 25 @-@ N ° 5 between and E ° 115 and E ° 135 between located responsibility of area their in depression tropical a as form or into move which cyclones tropical to names assigns Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine the While . ) mph 40 ( , h / km 65 of windspeeds sustained minute @-@ 10 have to judged be they should , Committee Typhoon 's Organization Meteorological World the of behalf on cyclones tropical to names international assigns Center Typhoon — Tokyo RSMC 's Agency Meteorological Japan The . names two having cyclone tropical a in result can which , Pacific Western the in develop that cyclones tropical to names assign Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine the and ) JMA ( Agency Meteorological Japan the both , Ocean Pacific western @-@ North the Within "," Within the North @-@ western Pacific Ocean , both the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) and the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific , which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names . The Japan Meteorological Agency 's RSMC Tokyo — Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization 's Typhoon Committee , should they be judged to have 10 @-@ minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km / h , ( 40 mph ) . While the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135 ° E and 115 ° E and between 5 ° N @-@ 25 ° N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it . The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired , by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee . Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season . Unused names are marked in gray . " " . Committee Typhoon WMO / ESCAP the of territories and nations members fourteen the by submitted names 140 a of list a to contributed were names These . storms tropical become had they that determined was it when , Agency Meteorological Japan the by named were and Pacific Western the in developed cyclones tropical named 21 season the During "," During the season 21 named tropical cyclones developed in the Western Pacific and were named by the Japan Meteorological Agency , when it was determined that they had become tropical storms . These names were contributed to a list of a 140 names submitted by the fourteen members nations and territories of the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee . " " . gray in marked are assigned not were that Names . season 2007 the in again used be will list this from retired not names The . starts season the before year each published are which of 10 first the , list auxiliary an from taken are names , insufficient be to prove year given a for names of list the Should . responsibility of area their into move might that cyclone tropical any and responsibility of area their within form that depressions tropical to names assigns PAGASA . responsibility of area their in cyclones tropical for scheme naming own its uses Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine The "," The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration uses its own naming scheme for tropical cyclones in their area of responsibility . PAGASA assigns names to tropical depressions that form within their area of responsibility and any tropical cyclone that might move into their area of responsibility . Should the list of names for a given year prove to be insufficient , names are taken from an auxiliary list , the first 10 of which are published each year before the season starts . The names not retired from this list will be used again in the 2007 season . Names that were not assigned are marked in gray . " " . misspelling a was Koni that found was it after , "" "" by replaced was "" Koni "" name the , Also . replace to chosen was Hanna name The . damage extensive to due retired name its had name the that announced ) PAGASA ( Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine The . Dolphin by replaced was and , list the in removed be to Kong Hong by requested was While . respectively Maemi and Imbudo replace to chosen were and names The . Committee Typhoon WMO / ESCAP the by retired were Maemi and Imbudo names The "," The names Imbudo and Maemi were retired by the ESCAP / WMO Typhoon Committee . The names and were chosen to replace Imbudo and Maemi respectively . While was requested by Hong Kong to be removed in the list , and was replaced by Dolphin . The Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) announced that the name had its name retired due to extensive damage . The name Hanna was chosen to replace . Also , the name "" Koni "" was replaced by "" "" , after it was found that Koni was a misspelling . " " . * asterisk an with noted are and , Pacific western the in while information their include only Pacific Central the from entering Storms . parentheses in provided are storms for names PAGASA . included not are cyclones tropical unnamed ; format tabular in season typhoon Pacific 2003 the from cyclone tropical each for information impact and meteorological basic provides table following The "," The following table provides basic meteorological and impact information for each tropical cyclone from the 2003 Pacific typhoon season in tabular format ; unnamed tropical cyclones are not included . PAGASA names for storms are provided in parentheses . Storms entering from the Central Pacific only include their information while in the western Pacific , and are noted with an asterisk * . " " . center nitrogen the at chirality of possibility the for allowing , nitrogen the of inversion to barrier high a of property the have also Some . substrates other as well as to transfer oxygen asymmetric effect derivatives Chiral . membered @-@ five substituted form to various with cycloadditions ] 2 + 3 [ in participate and amides to precursors as serve also . reactions transfer heteroatom other and , olefins of and epoxidation , of hydroxylation alpha including , oxidations of variety a for chemistry organic in reagents specialized as used also are derivatives . hydrazine of production industrial the in intermediates are , application largest their In . carbon and , nitrogen , oxygen containing membered @-@ three a features that molecule organic an is An "," An is an organic molecule that features a three @-@ membered containing oxygen , nitrogen , and carbon . In their largest application , are intermediates in the industrial production of hydrazine . derivatives are also used as specialized reagents in organic chemistry for a variety of oxidations , including alpha hydroxylation of , epoxidation and of olefins , and other heteroatom transfer reactions . also serve as precursors to amides and participate in [ 3 + 2 ] cycloadditions with various to form substituted five @-@ membered . Chiral derivatives effect asymmetric oxygen transfer to as well as other substrates . Some also have the property of a high barrier to inversion of the nitrogen , allowing for the possibility of chirality at the nitrogen center . " " . 1970s early the in developed was ketones of presence the in peroxide hydrogen with ammonia of oxidation the through hydrazine of production industrial the for process Peroxide The "," The Peroxide process for the industrial production of hydrazine through the oxidation of ammonia with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of ketones was developed in the early 1970s . " " . with hydroxylation @-@ α asymmetric feature synthesis total Taxol Wender the and synthesis total Taxol Holton the Both . agent chemotherapy a as marketed is which taxol as such , product natural complex of syntheses the in useful proved Chiral "," Chiral proved useful in the syntheses of complex natural product , such as taxol which is marketed as a chemotherapy agent . Both the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Wender Taxol total synthesis feature asymmetric α @-@ hydroxylation with . " " . ) B ( carbonyls of amination and ) A ( with of oxidation are @-@ N and , alkyl @-@ N , H @-@ N of synthesis to approaches main two The "," The two main approaches to synthesis of N @-@ H , N @-@ alkyl , and N @-@ are oxidation of with ( A ) and amination of carbonyls ( B ) . " " . reported are nitrogen stable to due entirely is stereochemistry where . mol / kcal 31 to 24 of barrier inversion an to due temperature room at atoms nitrogen stable of property unique the have Some . yield may chiral with of oxidation and chiral of oxidation , Additionally "," Additionally , oxidation of chiral and oxidation of with chiral may yield . Some have the unique property of stable nitrogen atoms at room temperature due to an inversion barrier of 24 to 31 kcal / mol . where stereochemistry is entirely due to stable nitrogen are reported . " " . prevalent most now is oxidant the as using synthesis improved an , chloride catalyst transfer phase the and with synthesized originally While . today of class used predominantly most the are and , reagents transfer oxygen as exclusively act which , @-@ N first the synthesized Davis A. Franklin 1980s early and 1970s late the In "," In the late 1970s and early 1980s Franklin A. Davis synthesized the first N @-@ , which act exclusively as oxygen transfer reagents , and are the most predominantly used class of today . While originally synthesized with and the phase transfer catalyst chloride , an improved synthesis using as the oxidant is now most prevalent . " " . below table the in summarized are reagents These . reactivity and properties different slightly with each , today used are @-@ N Many "," Many N @-@ are used today , each with slightly different properties and reactivity . These reagents are summarized in the table below . " " . scavenger HF an as act to fluoride metal a and peroxide to imine perfluorinated a subjecting by synthesized be may . selectivity high with bonds H @-@ C certain , Notably . typical than of that to similar more reactivity exhibit , substituents withdrawing electron highly With "," With highly electron withdrawing substituents , exhibit reactivity more similar to that of than typical . Notably , certain C @-@ H bonds with high selectivity . may be synthesized by subjecting a perfluorinated imine to peroxide and a metal fluoride to act as an HF scavenger . " " : the give to ketone ethyl methyl of presence the in oxidized is ammonia wherein step a involves that method this by annually produced are hydrazine of kilograms of millions Many . hydrazine of production the for process Peroxide the in intermediates are "," are intermediates in the Peroxide process for the production of hydrazine . Many millions of kilograms of hydrazine are produced annually by this method that involves a step wherein ammonia is oxidized in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone to give the : " " : hydrazine to route en immediate the is which , the to converted is the steps subsequent In "," In subsequent steps the is converted to the , which is the immediate en route to hydrazine : " " . and including , auxiliaries chiral with ketones and ketones chiral other many with demonstrated been has induction Chiral . the as @-@ N with auxiliary chiral ' Evans the with hydroxylation @-@ α for reported are ) 1 : 99 - 5 : 95 ( dr and ) % 91 @-@ 77 ( yield High . oxidants other and to relative observed invariably almost is induction chiral higher that is @-@ N using of advantage One . process this in implemented oxygen of sources electrophilic common most the are @-@ N and ) ( ) ( - ) pyridine ( . an of oxidation direct and group leaving a for hydroxyl a of substitution , @-@ α of reduction including , ways many in synthesized been have @-@ α natural many in present motifs synthetic important an are , or , @-@ α "," α @-@ , or , are an important synthetic motifs present in many natural α @-@ have been synthesized in many ways , including reduction of α @-@ , substitution of a hydroxyl for a leaving group and direct oxidation of an . ( pyridine ) - ( ) ( ) and N @-@ are the most common electrophilic sources of oxygen implemented in this process . One advantage of using N @-@ is that higher chiral induction is almost invariably observed relative to and other oxidants . High yield ( 77 @-@ 91 % ) and dr ( 95 : 5 - 99 : 1 ) are reported for α @-@ hydroxylation with the Evans ' chiral auxiliary with N @-@ as the . Chiral induction has been demonstrated with many other chiral ketones and ketones with chiral auxiliaries , including and . " " . approach of face the determines R1 of bulk steric the where state transition open an involves outcome this justifies that state transition proposed accepted commonly The . excess enantiomeric high to moderate achieving , derivatives with of hydroxylation asymmetric on reported been has work Extensive "," Extensive work has been reported on asymmetric hydroxylation of with derivatives , achieving moderate to high enantiomeric excess . The commonly accepted proposed transition state that justifies this outcome involves an open transition state where the steric bulk of R1 determines the face of approach . " " . skeleton camphor the on groups coordinating and sulfate the from chelation by stabilized is oxyanion metal the where state transition closed a through proceeds reaction the that proposed is it instances these In . above table the in 3c and 3b as ring the to alpha groups coordinating of addition the with cases some in improved drastically be may some of selectivity The "," The selectivity of some may be drastically improved in some cases with the addition of coordinating groups alpha to the ring as 3b and 3c in the table above . In these instances it is proposed that the reaction proceeds through a closed transition state where the metal oxyanion is stabilized by chelation from the sulfate and coordinating groups on the camphor skeleton . " " . acid of System ) ene @-@ 3 @-@ ] 5 @.@ 5 [ @-@ 7 @,@ 1 Substituted ( C14 @-@ C3 the of synthesis his in transformation the implemented Forsyth , Additionally . synthesis total Taxol Wender the and synthesis total Taxol Holton the both in step key a is It . synthesis total in implemented widely been has with @-@ α "," α @-@ with has been widely implemented in total synthesis . It is a key step in both the Holton Taxol total synthesis and the Wender Taxol total synthesis . Additionally , Forsyth implemented the transformation in his synthesis of the C3 @-@ C14 ( Substituted 1 @,@ 7 @-@ [ 5 @.@ 5 ] @-@ 3 @-@ ene ) System of acid . " " . below seen as transformation stage late a as epoxidation via synthesized was ) − ( . epoxides sensitive acid highly of formation the for useful be to found been have . other or with out carried is epoxidation laboratory , Classically . ways useful of number a in be can epoxides because reaction common a is alkenes of "," of alkenes is a common reaction because epoxides can be in a number of useful ways . Classically , laboratory epoxidation is carried out with or other . have been found to be useful for the formation of highly acid sensitive epoxides . ( − ) was synthesized via epoxidation as a late stage transformation as seen below . " " . below seen oxidant stoichiometric the as using salt chiral a with epoxidation asymmetric investigated have al. et . synthesis scale large for practical become excess of levels before required be may reactions these into investigation Further . unit chiral the in catalytically epoxidation effect to possible even has It . alkenes many on act Chiral . ketones unsaturated β @-@ α requires epoxidation Juliá the and , alkenes aryl disubstituted @-@ cis requires epoxidation Jacobsen the , alcohols to specific is epoxidation Sharpless The . selectivity achieve to order in functionality specific require methods These . Colonna @-@ Juliá the and , epoxidation @-@ Jacobsen the , epoxidation Sharpless the : exist asymmetric of number A . epoxidation asymmetric is utility synthetic high of transformation Another "," Another transformation of high synthetic utility is asymmetric epoxidation . A number of asymmetric exist : the Sharpless epoxidation , the Jacobsen @-@ epoxidation , and the Juliá @-@ Colonna . These methods require specific functionality in order to achieve selectivity . The Sharpless epoxidation is specific to alcohols , the Jacobsen epoxidation requires cis @-@ disubstituted aryl alkenes , and the Juliá epoxidation requires α @-@ β unsaturated ketones . Chiral act on many alkenes . It has even possible to effect epoxidation catalytically in the chiral unit . Further investigation into these reactions may be required before levels of excess become practical for large scale synthesis . et al. have investigated asymmetric epoxidation with a chiral salt using as the stoichiometric oxidant seen below . " " . ) salt fluoride a of addition the by enhanced further be may stereochemistry of ( . % 98 - 95 often , high very is stereochemistry of Retention . observed been never have sites two with compound a of and carbons primary of . hydrogens tertiary toward selectivity high show . oxidant the of nature nonmetallic the considering especially , rivaled seldom is specificity and reactivity similar and , transformation coveted highly a is This . and , regio remarkable with hydrocarbons unactivated to known are "," are known to unactivated hydrocarbons with remarkable regio , and . This is a highly coveted transformation , and similar reactivity and specificity is seldom rivaled , especially considering the nonmetallic nature of the oxidant . show high selectivity toward tertiary hydrogens . of primary carbons and of a compound with two sites have never been observed . Retention of stereochemistry is very high , often 95 - 98 % . ( of stereochemistry may be further enhanced by the addition of a fluoride salt ) . " " . attention less considerably received has reactivity this although , transfer atom nitrogen of capable are nitrogens acylated or unsubstituted with "," with unsubstituted or acylated nitrogens are capable of nitrogen atom transfer , although this reactivity has received considerably less attention . " " . corresponding of attack by formed be may @-@ α and thioethers from formed be may , thiols and alcohols corresponding their from formed be may and , amines tertiary or secondary of amination the from derived be may . products corresponding and nucleophiles possible of breadth the in versatile quite is unsubstituted @-@ N with nucleophiles of "," of nucleophiles with N @-@ unsubstituted is quite versatile in the breadth of possible nucleophiles and corresponding products . may be derived from the amination of secondary or tertiary amines , and may be formed from their corresponding alcohols and thiols , may be formed from thioethers and α @-@ may be formed by attack of corresponding . " " . literature the in exist do some although , performed successfully been have nucleophiles carbon to nitrogens acylated of transfers few Very . nucleophiles as and amines using performed been primarily has transfer . amines acylated transfer directly that methods alternative no are there , by transfer amine unlike , although , amines unsubstituted of that than difficult more is amines acylated of transfer The "," The transfer of acylated amines is more difficult than that of unsubstituted amines , although , unlike amine transfer by , there are no alternative methods that directly transfer acylated amines . transfer has primarily been performed using amines and as nucleophiles . Very few transfers of acylated nitrogens to carbon nucleophiles have been successfully performed , although some do exist in the literature . " " . favored is intermediate radical stable less the from derived product the right the on reaction the in while , exclusively observed is product unfavorable thermodynamically the left the on rearrangement the In . below rearrangements the in observed by demonstrated is phenomenon This . rearrangement the direct to barrier inversion high to due nitrogen chiral the of advantage take to possible is it , effect this of light In . product migration predominant the be always will nitrogen the on pair lone the to trans group the where effect a by determined is substituent migrating the , Interestingly . lactam corresponding the to expansions ring undergo as such reagent transfer electron single a of presence the in or light UV with irradiated when mechanism radical a via reactions rearrangement undergo to found been have "," have been found to undergo rearrangement reactions via a radical mechanism when irradiated with UV light or in the presence of a single electron transfer reagent such as undergo ring expansions to the corresponding lactam . Interestingly , the migrating substituent is determined by a effect where the group trans to the lone pair on the nitrogen will always be the predominant migration product . In light of this effect , it is possible to take advantage of the chiral nitrogen due to high inversion barrier to direct the rearrangement . This phenomenon is demonstrated by observed in the rearrangements below . In the rearrangement on the left the thermodynamically unfavorable product is observed exclusively , while in the reaction on the right the product derived from the less stable radical intermediate is favored . " " . inhibitors reuptake serotonin selective by caused problems sexual the and dysfunction erectile of treatment the in effective possibly as NIH the by classified medicine natural a , ) + ( of synthesis his in step key the as rearrangement this of advantage takes "," takes advantage of this rearrangement as the key step in his synthesis of ( + ) , a natural medicine classified by the NIH as possibly effective in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and the sexual problems caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . " " . intermediate a through time over some that thought is It . excellent to good are yields , however , poor is resulting the of selectivity trans @-@ Cis . to rearrange thermally will that notable also is It "," It is also notable that will thermally rearrange to . Cis @-@ trans selectivity of the resulting is poor , however , yields are good to excellent . It is thought that some over time through a intermediate . " " . bond O @-@ N weak and ring membered three strained the to due is reactivity This . below figure the in depicted as , membered five unique of number a afford to with reactions undergo "," undergo reactions with to afford a number of unique five membered , as depicted in the figure below . This reactivity is due to the strained three membered ring and weak N @-@ O bond . " " . mountains the and river the between plain flood the in fought was battle the and Donau der an Krems nearby and between curve shaped @-@ crescent a makes river The . Austria , Vienna from upstream ) mi 45 ( kilometers 73 , Danube River the on , Valley the in located is ) modern ( Dürenstein . Coalition Third the of War the during Wars Napoleonic the in engagement an was 1805 November 11 on , ) bei : German ; of Battle and of Battle , of Battle the as known also ( Dürenstein of Battle The "," The Battle of Dürenstein ( also known as the Battle of , Battle of and Battle of ; German : bei ) , on 11 November 1805 was an engagement in the Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition . Dürenstein ( modern ) is located in the Valley , on the River Danube , 73 kilometers ( 45 mi ) upstream from Vienna , Austria . The river makes a crescent @-@ shaped curve between and nearby Krems an der Donau and the battle was fought in the flood plain between the river and the mountains . " " . staff of chiefs capable most 's Austria of one , Schmitt von Heinrich Johann of action in death the was significant most the perhaps 16 to heavy had also Russians and Austrians The . losses percent 40 over experienced division 's Gazan and , participants their of third a than more lost French The . victory claimed sides Both . night the into well extended battle The . 'Étang l de Dupont Pierre of command under , division second a of arrival timely the by rescued were They . columns Russian two between valley a in caught were troops French and trap a into division 's Gazan send to Mortier enticed , force Coalition the of commander , Kutuzov Mikhail . Danube the of bank north the along divisions three his extended @-@ over had Mortier , Bavaria from retreat Austrian the pursuing In . Mortier Édouard of command under , Mortier Corps called @-@ so the , Corps VIII created newly the of part was division French The . Gazan Maxime Théodore by commanded division French a trapped troops Austrian and Russian of force combined a Dürenstein At "," At Dürenstein a combined force of Russian and Austrian troops trapped a French division commanded by Théodore Maxime Gazan . The French division was part of the newly created VIII Corps , the so @-@ called Corps Mortier , under command of Édouard Mortier . In pursuing the Austrian retreat from Bavaria , Mortier had over @-@ extended his three divisions along the north bank of the Danube . Mikhail Kutuzov , commander of the Coalition force , enticed Mortier to send Gazan 's division into a trap and French troops were caught in a valley between two Russian columns . They were rescued by the timely arrival of a second division , under command of Pierre Dupont de l 'Étang . The battle extended well into the night . Both sides claimed victory . The French lost more than a third of their participants , and Gazan 's division experienced over 40 percent losses . The Austrians and Russians also had heavy to 16 perhaps the most significant was the death in action of Johann Heinrich von Schmitt , one of Austria 's most capable chiefs of staff . " " . Empire Roman Holy the to allegiance their from states German the releasing , Emperor Roman Holy as abdicated II Francis and indemnity high a demanded French The . war the from withdrew Austria Austerlitz After . Austerlitz of Battle the at defeat Austrian @-@ Russo the before weeks three and Ulm at capitulation Austrian the after weeks three fought was battle The "," The battle was fought three weeks after the Austrian capitulation at Ulm and three weeks before the Russo @-@ Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz . After Austerlitz Austria withdrew from the war . The French demanded a high indemnity and Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor , releasing the German states from their allegiance to the Holy Roman Empire . " " . Wars Napoleonic the concluded Helena Saint of Island the to banishment and abdication his , himself and army his of pursuit the , Waterloo of Battle the at defeat his , Days Hundred the as known , 1815 in return spectacular a made Napoleon Although . France in monarchy Bourbon the of restoration the in resulting , campaigns 14 – 1813 the in defeat military complete suffered ultimately empire 's Napoleon . 1812 in Russia of invasion disastrous the after rapidly collapsed and , Europe of most conquered Armée Grande the as quickly rose power French , Napoleon of leadership the Under . conscription mass to due mainly , militarization unprecedented an to led and armies European of training and organization , formation the revolutionized further these , ) 1789 ( Revolution French the by sparked wars the Like . Empire French First the against coalitions five formed powers European various , Wars Napoleonic the as known 15 @-@ 1803 from conflicts of series a In "," In a series of conflicts from 1803 @-@ 15 known as the Napoleonic Wars , various European powers formed five coalitions against the First French Empire . Like the wars sparked by the French Revolution ( 1789 ) , these further revolutionized the formation , organization and training of European armies and led to an unprecedented militarization , mainly due to mass conscription . Under the leadership of Napoleon , French power rose quickly as the Grande Armée conquered most of Europe , and collapsed rapidly after the disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812 . Napoleon 's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat in the 1813 – 14 campaigns , resulting in the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy in France . Although Napoleon made a spectacular return in 1815 , known as the Hundred Days , his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo , the pursuit of his army and himself , his abdication and banishment to the Island of Saint Helena concluded the Napoleonic Wars . " " . valley Danube middle the in , campaign Vienna the and Danube upper the in campaign Ulm the : valley Danube the in operations land major two in predominantly , continent the on decided was war the of outcome the , seas the of control determined battles naval several Although . ) right at table see ( states client its and Empire French First the fought Coalition Third the 06 @-@ 1803 From "," From 1803 @-@ 06 the Third Coalition fought the First French Empire and its client states ( see table at right ) . Although several naval battles determined control of the seas , the outcome of the war was decided on the continent , predominantly in two major land operations in the Danube valley : the Ulm campaign in the upper Danube and the Vienna campaign , in the middle Danube valley . " " . commander as , Ferdinand Archduke , law @-@ in @-@ brother his appointed and generalissimo as post his from Charles dismissed Francis , Vienna in fever French @-@ anti rampant and report the to Responding . contrary the to advice own ' Charles despite , France against conflict the enter to , II Francis , emperor the advising party war the convinced reports His . dispositions French of weakness the on Vienna to reported also Mack , Württemberg in maneuvers 's Napoleon misreading after , Furthermore . readiness 's military the on Vienna to report enthusiastic an sent Mack , Regardless . structure organizational and command overall the undermined also plan 's Mack , field the in Occurring . approach methodical ' Charles bypassed Mack . restructuring own his implemented , Army the of General @-@ Quartermaster and Marshal Field Lieutenant , Mack Karl when 1805 in incomplete was implementation but , 04 – 1803 in beginning effect into plan this put carefully He . plan restructuring military a develop to peace of years subsequent the of advantage 's emperor Archduke , 1801 in ended Coalition Second the of War the of hostilities After . 1805 until Coalition Third the into entry 's Austria delayed Vienna in conflicts Political "," Political conflicts in Vienna delayed Austria 's entry into the Third Coalition until 1805 . After hostilities of the War of the Second Coalition ended in 1801 , Archduke emperor 's advantage of the subsequent years of peace to develop a military restructuring plan . He carefully put this plan into effect beginning in 1803 – 04 , but implementation was incomplete in 1805 when Karl Mack , Lieutenant Field Marshal and Quartermaster @-@ General of the Army , implemented his own restructuring . Mack bypassed Charles ' methodical approach . Occurring in the field , Mack 's plan also undermined the overall command and organizational structure . Regardless , Mack sent an enthusiastic report to Vienna on the military 's readiness . Furthermore , after misreading Napoleon 's maneuvers in Württemberg , Mack also reported to Vienna on the weakness of French dispositions . His reports convinced the war party advising the emperor , Francis II , to enter the conflict against France , despite Charles ' own advice to the contrary . Responding to the report and rampant anti @-@ French fever in Vienna , Francis dismissed Charles from his post as generalissimo and appointed his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Archduke Ferdinand , as commander . " " . army large a such of command the in inexperienced but officer cavalry able an , Schwarzenberg of Prince , Philipp Karl Marshal Field Lieutenant to devolved further command , Consequently . army the of charge full take to unable was he , campaign the in early wounded was Mack When . assignment important an such for suited @-@ ill equally , Mack of hands the in placed were decisions day @-@ to @-@ day , command nominal retained Ferdinand Although . assignment the for aptitude nor maturity neither having , Charles capable the for replacement of choice poor a was Ferdinand inexperienced The "," The inexperienced Ferdinand was a poor choice of replacement for the capable Charles , having neither maturity nor aptitude for the assignment . Although Ferdinand retained nominal command , day @-@ to @-@ day decisions were placed in the hands of Mack , equally ill @-@ suited for such an important assignment . When Mack was wounded early in the campaign , he was unable to take full charge of the army . Consequently , command further devolved to Lieutenant Field Marshal Karl Philipp , Prince of Schwarzenberg , an able cavalry officer but inexperienced in the command of such a large army . " " . Ulm toward columns Austrian large two chased , humiliatingly , and Danube the over bridge a stormed Line the of Regiment 59th French Danube the of south , town small another at , later day A . wounded or killed were 400 over and captured were Austrians 000 @,@ 3 Nearly . grenadiers 000 @,@ 8 and dragoons 000 @,@ 4 the from themselves protect to enough quickly squares defensive their form to unable and line a in arrayed were Austrians The . size its half force Austrian an surprised Corps V ' Lannes of grenadiers and , Corps Cavalry Reserve 's Murat of part , dragoons of Regiment 1st the October 8 on , Augsburg of northwest ) mi 25 ( kilometers 40 , Wertingen of town Bavarian the Near . Swabia in clashes several with , October in began valley Danube upper the in campaign The "," The campaign in the upper Danube valley began in October , with several clashes in Swabia . Near the Bavarian town of Wertingen , 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) northwest of Augsburg , on 8 October the 1st Regiment of dragoons , part of Murat 's Reserve Cavalry Corps , and grenadiers of Lannes ' V Corps surprised an Austrian force half its size . The Austrians were arrayed in a line and unable to form their defensive squares quickly enough to protect themselves from the 4 @,@ 000 dragoons and 8 @,@ 000 grenadiers . Nearly 3 @,@ 000 Austrians were captured and over 400 were killed or wounded . A day later , at another small town , south of the Danube French 59th Regiment of the Line stormed a bridge over the Danube and , humiliatingly , chased two large Austrian columns toward Ulm . " " . wagons ammunition 18 and guns 11 , men 900 captured also force 's Klenau , Dragoons 17th and 15th the of and Eagles Imperial the taking from Aside . wounded and killed men 500 @,@ 1 lost French The . men 000 @,@ 8 than fewer with force 's Klenau attacked 'Étang l de Dupont Pierre Division of General confident overly the , October 11 on , and position defensive prime a in cavalry and infantry 000 @,@ 25 his arranged Klenau von Johann , Haslach At . Vienna for news bad entirely not was campaign The "," The campaign was not entirely bad news for Vienna . At Haslach , Johann von Klenau arranged his 25 @,@ 000 infantry and cavalry in a prime defensive position and , on 11 October , the overly confident General of Division Pierre Dupont de l 'Étang attacked Klenau 's force with fewer than 8 @,@ 000 men . The French lost 1 @,@ 500 men killed and wounded . Aside from taking the Imperial Eagles and of the 15th and 17th Dragoons , Klenau 's force also captured 900 men , 11 guns and 18 ammunition wagons . " " . Danube the across bridges the destroy to failed also column 's Reisch . colors four and captured or wounded , dead ) participants total 000 @,@ 8 of out ( 000 @,@ 6 , park artillery reserve their half than more lost Austrians the , alone engagement this In . ran and broke infantry Austrian the but , French the off fend to tried unsuccessfully cavalry Austrian The . point bayonet at hill the of top the at abbey located strategically a captured and attacked French the , bridge a from pickets Austrian clearing After . position 's Riesch against west moved and east the to river the crossed division another time same the At . Elchingen at assault the began division This . Danube the of bank right the on Elchingen of south the to division one sent Ney attack pronged @-@ two a In . Danube the of north still was who , Dupont with contact establish @-@ re to forward Corps VI his of rest the hurried Ney Michel Marshal , opportunity the Recognizing . artillery heavy the of most with north went Werneck von Franz under other the and , there bridge the secure to Elchingen toward headed Riesch Sigismund Johann under one : north the to breakout a for preparation in Ulm of out columns two sent Mack October 14 On . success singular a was victory 's Klenau "," Klenau 's victory was a singular success . On 14 October Mack sent two columns out of Ulm in preparation for a breakout to the north : one under Johann Sigismund Riesch headed toward Elchingen to secure the bridge there , and the other under Franz von Werneck went north with most of the heavy artillery . Recognizing the opportunity , Marshal Michel Ney hurried the rest of his VI Corps forward to re @-@ establish contact with Dupont , who was still north of the Danube . In a two @-@ pronged attack Ney sent one division to the south of Elchingen on the right bank of the Danube . This division began the assault at Elchingen . At the same time another division crossed the river to the east and moved west against Riesch 's position . After clearing Austrian pickets from a bridge , the French attacked and captured a strategically located abbey at the top of the hill at bayonet point . The Austrian cavalry unsuccessfully tried to fend off the French , but the Austrian infantry broke and ran . In this engagement alone , the Austrians lost more than half their reserve artillery park , 6 @,@ 000 ( out of 8 @,@ 000 total participants ) dead , wounded or captured and four colors . Reisch 's column also failed to destroy the bridges across the Danube . " " . held they which to agreement an , Austrians the by captured officers French for exchanged formally until France against serve not they that condition the on released were officers The . cavalry 273 @,@ 3 and infantry 000 @,@ 20 of army encircled his surrendered Mack Karl October 16 on Ulm At . men 000 @,@ 80 to close of command personal take to arrived Napoleon . fortifications Ulm the toward withdrew Austrians surviving the , separately unit each defeated French the as ; forces his scattered and dispositions French the misread completely Mack . apparatus supply poor and structure command indecisive Austrian the exposed campaign lightning 's Napoleon "," Napoleon 's lightning campaign exposed the Austrian indecisive command structure and poor supply apparatus . Mack completely misread the French dispositions and scattered his forces ; as the French defeated each unit separately , the surviving Austrians withdrew toward the Ulm fortifications . Napoleon arrived to take personal command of close to 80 @,@ 000 men . At Ulm on 16 October Karl Mack surrendered his encircled army of 20 @,@ 000 infantry and 3 @,@ 273 cavalry . The officers were released on the condition that they not serve against France until formally exchanged for French officers captured by the Austrians , an agreement to which they held . " " . afternoon late the until , Krems village the near , Stein of hamlet the at one last the holding , Danube the across bridges the destroyed they November 9 on Late . day next the river Danube the crossed and Pölten St. in arrived Russians the November 7 On . in action rearguard successful a held forces Coalition the November 5 On . Kienmayer von Michael by commanded corps Austrian retreating the with joined it October 22 on river Ill the At . east the to withdrawing , French the from away maneuvered also Kutuzov Mikhail Gen. under army Russian A . pursuit close in French the with , Vienna toward withdrew Ulm at trapped not corps Austrian few The "," The few Austrian corps not trapped at Ulm withdrew toward Vienna , with the French in close pursuit . A Russian army under Gen. Mikhail Kutuzov also maneuvered away from the French , withdrawing to the east . At the Ill river on 22 October it joined with the retreating Austrian corps commanded by Michael von Kienmayer . On 5 November the Coalition forces held a successful rearguard action in . On 7 November the Russians arrived in St. Pölten and crossed the Danube river the next day . Late on 9 November they destroyed the bridges across the Danube , holding the last one at the hamlet of Stein , near the village Krems , until the late afternoon . " " . river the of bank the to mountain the of base the from ) ft 500 @,@ 2 ( meters 762 most the at extending , widest its at was plain flood the , hamlets the Near . and of hamlets the lay , plain flood the on , Stein and Dürenstein Between . below plain the into widen and , mountain the through cut canyons Narrow . rocks the from ruins the distinguish to difficult was it , vegetated sparsely was mountain the Because . granite of pinnacles and clefts with fissured mountain a of ridge highest the on , ) ft 522 ( meters 159 at stands It . withdrew they when it demolished then and castle the fortified had Swedes the , War Years Thirty the during , 46 – 1645 In . 1193 in England of I Richard for prison a as served had castle The . Dürenstein Schloss as known , castle its with Dürenstein was , edge 's river the to almost down came mountains the where , floodplain the of end western far the At . mountains the and it between floodplain shaped @-@ crescent a creating , curve large a made Danube the Stein of west the To . Danube the and name that of stream the of confluence the at , hundred few a of population small its with , Krems lay , road old an down ) mi 2 @.@ 1 ( kilometers 2 , Stein of east the To "," To the east of Stein , 2 kilometers ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) down an old road , lay Krems , with its small population of a few hundred , at the confluence of the stream of that name and the Danube . To the west of Stein the Danube made a large curve , creating a crescent @-@ shaped floodplain between it and the mountains . At the far western end of the floodplain , where the mountains came down almost to the river 's edge , was Dürenstein with its castle , known as Schloss Dürenstein . The castle had served as a prison for Richard I of England in 1193 . In 1645 – 46 , during the Thirty Years War , the Swedes had fortified the castle and then demolished it when they withdrew . It stands at 159 meters ( 522 ft ) , on the highest ridge of a mountain fissured with clefts and pinnacles of granite . Because the mountain was sparsely vegetated , it was difficult to distinguish the ruins from the rocks . Narrow canyons cut through the mountain , and widen into the plain below . Between Dürenstein and Stein , on the flood plain , lay the hamlets of and . Near the hamlets , the flood plain was at its widest , extending at the most 762 meters ( 2 @,@ 500 ft ) from the base of the mountain to the bank of the river . " " . towns two the between sight @-@ of @-@ line clear prevent slopes terraced steeply the and mountains the ; curve wide its makes river the Krems to Dürenstein From . rock primordial , dark the from built terraces in grew vines the , steeper became terrain the As . agriculture and viticulture both supported plain The . cultivation for unsuitable was terrain and stream mountain a became it until River Krems the of sides the up extended vineyards Terraced . world speaking @-@ German the in guild such oldest the , 1447 in Guild ' Paul St. formed producers wine the and viticulture practiced inhabitants local the century 15th the Since . wine its for known was region The "," The region was known for its wine . Since the 15th century the local inhabitants practiced viticulture and the wine producers formed St. Paul ' Guild in 1447 , the oldest such guild in the German @-@ speaking world . Terraced vineyards extended up the sides of the Krems River until it became a mountain stream and terrain was unsuitable for cultivation . The plain supported both viticulture and agriculture . As the terrain became steeper , the vines grew in terraces built from the dark , primordial rock . From Dürenstein to Krems the river makes its wide curve ; the mountains and the steeply terraced slopes prevent clear line @-@ of @-@ sight between the two towns . " " . Russia to escaping and river the crossing from Kutuzov prevent , importantly more , and another one reinforcing from groups Russian or Austrian the of any block , Danube the of shore north the secure to was corps This . Corps VIII new a create to Armée Grande the of corps seven other the of four from divisions drew Napoleon , Consequently . war the decide would battle this that and , Vienna at battle great a in engage would armies the that envisioned he ; Russia from reinforcements expecting , Vienna toward withdraw would Kutuzov that calculated had Napoleon "," Napoleon had calculated that Kutuzov would withdraw toward Vienna , expecting reinforcements from Russia ; he envisioned that the armies would engage in a great battle at Vienna , and that this battle would decide the war . Consequently , Napoleon drew divisions from four of the other seven corps of the Grande Armée to create a new VIII Corps . This corps was to secure the north shore of the Danube , block any of the Austrian or Russian groups from reinforcing one another and , more importantly , prevent Kutuzov from crossing the river and escaping to Russia . " " . Vienna and Linz between Danube the of crossings all secure to Mortier advised also Napoleon . orders written subsequent in reiterated he advice , reinforcements Russian possible against times all at flank north his protect to him instructed Napoleon , mission his on Mortier sending Before . Danube the across communications provided Passau at acquired boats 50 of flotilla A . rear the up brought , Dupont behind day another marching , ) 000 @,@ 4 another ( division 's Baptiste @-@ Jean . behind march 's day one about ) 000 @,@ 4 another ( division 's Dupont Gen. by followed were They . them with was Mortier ; lead the took ) men 000 @,@ 6 about ( division 's Gazan Gen. . flanks the on and them of ahead reconnaissance conducted cavalry 's corp the , independently Operating . Danube the of bank north the on , east marched and 1805 November early in Passau and Linz at Danube the crossed , known was it as , Mortier Corps . ) below Battle of Order see ( cavalry of division a and divisions infantry three included , Mortier Édouard of command overall the under , Corps VIII new The "," The new VIII Corps , under the overall command of Édouard Mortier , included three infantry divisions and a division of cavalry ( see Order of Battle below ) . Corps Mortier , as it was known , crossed the Danube at Linz and Passau in early November 1805 and marched east , on the north bank of the Danube . Operating independently , the corp 's cavalry conducted reconnaissance ahead of them and on the flanks . Gen. Gazan 's division ( about 6 @,@ 000 men ) took the lead ; Mortier was with them . They were followed by Gen. Dupont 's division ( another 4 @,@ 000 ) about one day 's march behind . Jean @-@ Baptiste 's division ( another 4 @,@ 000 ) , marching another day behind Dupont , brought up the rear . A flotilla of 50 boats acquired at Passau provided communications across the Danube . Before sending Mortier on his mission , Napoleon instructed him to protect his north flank at all times against possible Russian reinforcements , advice he reiterated in subsequent written orders . Napoleon also advised Mortier to secure all crossings of the Danube between Linz and Vienna . " " . flank ) north ( left his protect to neglected and instructions strict 's Napoleon ignored had he , secure seemed position the Although . hospital field small a of establishment the directed and post command his up set Mortier itself Dürenstein In . Stein from upstream just post forward a established French the , confident Feeling . them expelled and town the of east the to patrols Russian some with skirmished it Here . afternoon following the on early by Dürenstein to ) mi 31 ( kilometers 50 the covered and Donau der an Marbach reached division 's Gazan November 9 On "," On 9 November Gazan 's division reached Marbach an der Donau and covered the 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) to Dürenstein by early on the following afternoon . Here it skirmished with some Russian patrols to the east of the town and expelled them . Feeling confident , the French established a forward post just upstream from Stein . In Dürenstein itself Mortier set up his command post and directed the establishment of a small field hospital . Although the position seemed secure , he had ignored Napoleon 's strict instructions and neglected to protect his left ( north ) flank . " " . one political a over solution military a chose Kutuzov . Galicia from reinforcements with uniting of security the for , southwest and west , north the from capital Austrian the on converging were who , French the to Vienna abandoned Kutuzov decision this In . retreat of case the in risk further at division French entire the of deployment the putting , Danube the across route possible a of commanders French the deprived actions His . him behind bridge the destroyed and , Stein past distance short a , Krems at Danube the across army Coalition the led had Kutuzov . them of ahead lay what knowing not , Dürenstein of west canyon narrow the through blindly marched Gazan and Mortier , Consequently . command 's Gazan of independently operating were and division the left had These . reconnaissance for available Dragoons 4th the of squadrons three only leaving , northwest the to veered had dragoons French the , Danube the crossed had Gazan and he after : "" eyes "" called @-@ so ' corps his lost Mortier when factor important an was failure This "," This failure was an important factor when Mortier lost his corps ' so @-@ called "" eyes "" : after he and Gazan had crossed the Danube , the French dragoons had veered to the northwest , leaving only three squadrons of the 4th Dragoons available for reconnaissance . These had left the division and were operating independently of Gazan 's command . Consequently , Mortier and Gazan marched blindly through the narrow canyon west of Dürenstein , not knowing what lay ahead of them . Kutuzov had led the Coalition army across the Danube at Krems , a short distance past Stein , and destroyed the bridge behind him . His actions deprived the French commanders of a possible route across the Danube , putting the deployment of the entire French division at further risk in the case of retreat . In this decision Kutuzov abandoned Vienna to the French , who were converging on the Austrian capital from the north , west and southwest , for the security of uniting with reinforcements from Galicia . Kutuzov chose a military solution over a political one . " " . movement French scale @-@ large any of warning ample have would Kutuzov . prepare to time require would they , river the crossed army French the of body main the If . away march ' weeks two than less , Moravia in stood reinforcements , Furthermore . prisoners as soldiers French 40 taken had they November 9 on , indeed ; bank river the patrolling for suited @-@ well were , Cossacks feared greatly the of units , cavalry Russian The . command overall had , Suvorov Generalissimo Russian legendary the of tutelage the under arts military the learned had who , Kutuzov . pieces artillery 68 than more by accompanied , cavalry Austrian and Russian and musketeers Russian , ) skirmishers as deployed usually ( Jägers , infantry of mixture a was force Russian @-@ Austro The . men 000 @,@ 6 only had division 's Gazan , comparison In . Dürenstein at position French the of kilometers few a within ) Austrians few a and Russians mostly ( men 000 @,@ 24 approximately of force a concentrated had Coalition the , Mortier or Gazan either to Unknown "," Unknown to either Gazan or Mortier , the Coalition had concentrated a force of approximately 24 @,@ 000 men ( mostly Russians and a few Austrians ) within a few kilometers of the French position at Dürenstein . In comparison , Gazan 's division had only 6 @,@ 000 men . The Austro @-@ Russian force was a mixture of infantry , Jägers ( usually deployed as skirmishers ) , Russian musketeers and Russian and Austrian cavalry , accompanied by more than 68 artillery pieces . Kutuzov , who had learned the military arts under the tutelage of the legendary Russian Generalissimo Suvorov , had overall command . The Russian cavalry , units of the greatly feared Cossacks , were well @-@ suited for patrolling the river bank ; indeed , on 9 November they had taken 40 French soldiers as prisoners . Furthermore , reinforcements stood in Moravia , less than two weeks ' march away . If the main body of the French army crossed the river , they would require time to prepare . Kutuzov would have ample warning of any large @-@ scale French movement . " " . bait as Gazan and Mortier offer to what knew he so , orders 's Napoleon about , supposition good a made had or , knew also He . north turned had but flank French the covering not were dragoons the of most that knew he and , positions its division French the of size the knew Kutuzov . him behind further ) mi 4 ( kilometers 7 another was and , upstream ) mi 31 ( kilometers 50 , Marbach at stood , November 10 by , and Passau at crossed had Dupont : reinforcements French any of ahead well was and Linz at crossed had Gazan that knew also He . captured had Cossacks his prisoners from French the of positions the knew he , First . things several knew He . there abbey great the at , Melk at November 10 of evening the on war of council a held Kutuzov , French the with skirmishing initial 's afternoon the After "," After the afternoon 's initial skirmishing with the French , Kutuzov held a council of war on the evening of 10 November at Melk , at the great abbey there . He knew several things . First , he knew the positions of the French from prisoners his Cossacks had captured . He also knew that Gazan had crossed at Linz and was well ahead of any French reinforcements : Dupont had crossed at Passau and , by 10 November , stood at Marbach , 50 kilometers ( 31 mi ) upstream , and was another 7 kilometers ( 4 mi ) further behind him . Kutuzov knew the size of the French division its positions , and he knew that most of the dragoons were not covering the French flank but had turned north . He also knew , or had made a good supposition , about Napoleon 's orders , so he knew what to offer Mortier and Gazan as bait . " " . geography local the of knowledge had who , ) 1824 – 1753 ( von Freiherr Christoph Capt. one force Austrian the among found had generals The . Army Coalition the of Staff General Quartermaster the of Chief appointed was Schmitt , recall his Upon . victories ' Charles of several planning in assisted had and 1800 to 1796 from campaigns the during adviser trusted ' Charles Archduke been had he ; military Habsburg the in posts of variety a in served had and strategist and tactician experienced an was He . Emperor the by recommended highly Kutuzov to come had and debacle Ulm the after service into recalled been had , 1800 in military the from retired had who , Schmitt . Hohenlohe zu Fürst , Wilhelm Karl Friedrich and Schmitt von Heinrich Johann Marshal Field Lieutenant commanders Austrian included council the , generals Russian the to addition In "," In addition to the Russian generals , the council included Austrian commanders Lieutenant Field Marshal Johann Heinrich von Schmitt and Friedrich Karl Wilhelm , Fürst zu Hohenlohe . Schmitt , who had retired from the military in 1800 , had been recalled into service after the Ulm debacle and had come to Kutuzov highly recommended by the Emperor . He was an experienced tactician and strategist and had served in a variety of posts in the Habsburg military ; he had been Archduke Charles ' trusted adviser during the campaigns from 1796 to 1800 and had assisted in planning several of Charles ' victories . Upon his recall , Schmitt was appointed Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Coalition Army . The generals had found among the Austrian force one Capt. Christoph Freiherr von ( 1753 – 1824 ) , who had knowledge of the local geography . " " . Krems at left be would rearguard a only and Moravia into retreating was army Russian the : rumor a , bait as , offer would They . north the and west the from French the outflank would , Schmitt and Gen. Maj. , ) ( Dmitry by commanded , columns additional Three . place in French the pin and , corps 's Bagration Petr by supported , east the from division 's Gazan approach would Andreyevich Mikhail commander Russian . Dürenstein at French the encircle to plan a concocted , terrain local the on advice 's von with , generals other the and Kutuzov , Schmitt , Together "," Together , Schmitt , Kutuzov and the other generals , with von 's advice on the local terrain , concocted a plan to encircle the French at Dürenstein . Russian commander Mikhail Andreyevich would approach Gazan 's division from the east , supported by Petr Bagration 's corps , and pin the French in place . Three additional columns , commanded by Dmitry ( ) , Maj. Gen. and Schmitt , would outflank the French from the west and the north . They would offer , as bait , a rumor : the Russian army was retreating into Moravia and only a rearguard would be left at Krems . " " . army Coalition the of grip like @-@ vise the escape not would they , Marbach to west retreat to tried French the if even , way this In . assaults earlier the support and afternoon @-@ mid and early in arrive would , Schmitt and under , columns third and second the , plan the of success the ensure To . die to but option no have would they , encircled ; vise a into French the force would , Stein from assault frontal 's with combined , attack flanking This . right French the on assault flanking a launch and first mountains the from emerge would column 's morning late in , plan the to According . bank river the along extended were who , French the attack and mountains the through pass to planning , semicircles wider in moved , Schmitt and under , columns more two ; noon by Dürenstein at arriving on intent , canyons narrow the through passage its began command 's under column Russian a November 11 – 10 of night the On "," On the night of 10 – 11 November a Russian column under 's command began its passage through the narrow canyons , intent on arriving at Dürenstein by noon ; two more columns , under and Schmitt , moved in wider semicircles , planning to pass through the mountains and attack the French , who were extended along the river bank . According to the plan , in late morning 's column would emerge from the mountains first and launch a flanking assault on the French right . This flanking attack , combined with 's frontal assault from Stein , would force the French into a vise ; encircled , they would have no option but to die . To ensure the success of the plan , the second and third columns , under and Schmitt , would arrive in early and mid @-@ afternoon and support the earlier assaults . In this way , even if the French tried to retreat west to Marbach , they would not escape the vise @-@ like grip of the Coalition army . " " . column French the engaged and appeared troops Russian more and more , would guard rear a as , withdrawing of Instead . at farm the and , of villages the though spread Fighting . Stein of town the towards east push and counterattack to Gazan Gen. ordered Mortier , guard rear Russian rumored the was force this Thinking . positions forward French the attacked troops 's of column a , Stein approached they As . behind guard @-@ rear small a only left or settlements the abandoned either had Russians the presuming , Krems and Stein seize to Dürenstein from departed Gazan and he November 11 of morning early the In . retreat Russian rumored a of bait the accepted Mortier "," Mortier accepted the bait of a rumored Russian retreat . In the early morning of 11 November he and Gazan departed from Dürenstein to seize Stein and Krems , presuming the Russians had either abandoned the settlements or left only a small rear @-@ guard behind . As they approached Stein , a column of 's troops attacked the French forward positions . Thinking this force was the rumored Russian rear guard , Mortier ordered Gen. Gazan to counterattack and push east towards the town of Stein . Fighting spread though the villages of , and the farm at . Instead of withdrawing , as a rear guard would , more and more Russian troops appeared and engaged the French column . " " . seen be to were columns flanking 's nor 's neither for , option no had . river the along attack an pressing while Stein toward back them forced and Russians 600 @,@ 2 opposed French 500 @,@ 4 His . sought he numbers of superiority the achieved he minutes 30 Within . right Russian the attack to rest the sent and , flank northern his cover 300 single a leaving , back driving to forces remaining his of most committed Mortier ; stalled had momentum French the morning @-@ mid By . forward hurry to division 's Dupont to orders sent Mortier , rapidly tiring were troops 's Gazan that and duped been had he Realizing . army retreating a of guard rear typical the than stronger much was force opposing the that recognized quickly he but , progress rapid made Gazan Initially "," Initially Gazan made rapid progress , but he quickly recognized that the opposing force was much stronger than the typical rear guard of a retreating army . Realizing he had been duped and that Gazan 's troops were tiring rapidly , Mortier sent orders to Dupont 's division to hurry forward . By mid @-@ morning the French momentum had stalled ; Mortier committed most of his remaining forces to driving back , leaving a single 300 cover his northern flank , and sent the rest to attack the Russian right . Within 30 minutes he achieved the superiority of numbers he sought . His 4 @,@ 500 French opposed 2 @,@ 600 Russians and forced them back toward Stein while pressing an attack along the river . had no option , for neither 's nor 's flanking columns were to be seen . " " . by rear the in and 's by middle the in , column 's by front the in assaulted , one to three than more outnumbered were French The . battle the joined and line French the behind appeared column 's , point this At . hillside the in fissure narrow the up back Russians the pushed Gazan and Mortier , hours three to two next the in assault continuous 's Despite . waves in attack and ranks form , canyons the of out march to had men 's ; Russians the hampered defiles narrow The . retreat their block to appeared Russians 's of more when trapped were division his and Gazan , rear their at force Russian the off fighting and canyon Danube narrow the through Withdrawing . troops exhausted his evacuate could flotilla the where river the reach to , Dürenstein through back way his push to attempted Gazan , forces strong two between Caught . Dürenstein of out French the pushing , battalions three with line 's Gazan assaulted immediately and first arrived . 00 : 14 or 00 : 12 around at paused fighting : consulted are reports whose on depending , varies respite the of timing The . distance greatest the march to had it because fight the join to last the be to expected was column 's Schmitt . 's and 's for waited and Kutuzov while arrival 's Dupont for waited Gazan and Mortier . paused fighting battle the of stage this At "," At this stage of the battle fighting paused . Mortier and Gazan waited for Dupont 's arrival while Kutuzov and waited for 's and 's . Schmitt 's column was expected to be the last to join the fight because it had to march the greatest distance . The timing of the respite varies , depending on whose reports are consulted : fighting paused at around 12 : 00 or 14 : 00 . arrived first and immediately assaulted Gazan 's line with three battalions , pushing the French out of Dürenstein . Caught between two strong forces , Gazan attempted to push his way back through Dürenstein , to reach the river where the flotilla could evacuate his exhausted troops . Withdrawing through the narrow Danube canyon and fighting off the Russian force at their rear , Gazan and his division were trapped when more of 's Russians appeared to block their retreat . The narrow defiles hampered the Russians ; 's men had to march out of the canyons , form ranks and attack in waves . Despite 's continuous assault in the next two to three hours , Mortier and Gazan pushed the Russians back up the narrow fissure in the hillside . At this point , 's column appeared behind the French line and joined the battle . The French were outnumbered more than three to one , assaulted in the front by 's column , in the middle by 's and in the rear by . " " . west the in mountains the through way its had which , column 's Schmitt of arrival the until , rear and front his at attackers face to turn 's was It . size their of advantage taking from them prevented space narrow the and , artillery supporting no had column 's , numbers in superior Although . assailants new these face to force beleaguered 's Gazan from attention their turn to troops 's caused , fire cannon by heralded , assault French The . flank the in Russians the take to them deployed and battle of sound the toward troops his hustled Dupont , division forward the from him separate would this Realizing . Dürenstein to road the take to mountains the from descending was ) 's ( column Russian a that report to back came They . cause the discover to ahead riders sent and distance the in artillery of sound the heard he , courier 's Mortier of arrival the before Even . instructions to according , Marbach from , river the along east and south column his with proceeded had Dupont morning the in Earlier "," Earlier in the morning Dupont had proceeded with his column south and east along the river , from Marbach , according to instructions . Even before the arrival of Mortier 's courier , he heard the sound of artillery in the distance and sent riders ahead to discover the cause . They came back to report that a Russian column ( 's ) was descending from the mountains to take the road to Dürenstein . Realizing this would separate him from the forward division , Dupont hustled his troops toward the sound of battle and deployed them to take the Russians in the flank . The French assault , heralded by cannon fire , caused 's troops to turn their attention from Gazan 's beleaguered force to face these new assailants . Although superior in numbers , 's column had no supporting artillery , and the narrow space prevented them from taking advantage of their size . It was 's turn to face attackers at his front and rear , until the arrival of Schmitt 's column , which had its way through the mountains in the west . " " . bank north the on and Spitz only of possession maintained they while , Danube the of shore north the from evacuated were men remaining the morning following the and , action guard rear necessary any provided force 's Gazan of Portions . dark the in another one encountered sentries as night the into fitfully skirmish to continued Russians and French The . bank south the to troops exhausted his evacuate to flotilla French the used Mortier , darkness of cover the Under . dark the in foe from friend apart tell not could combatants the when subsided shooting the of most but , overwhelmed were French the , force additional the With . Russians of another and French of battalion a between came they , fray the entered Russians his As . flank 's Dupont assail to troops his deployed and defiles the of out descended Schmitt , darkness the Despite . climes Danube upper the in 00 : 17 to close at falls night November @-@ mid in ; dark after well continued action the and , dusk at arrived Schmitt "," Schmitt arrived at dusk , and the action continued well after dark ; in mid @-@ November night falls at close to 17 : 00 in the upper Danube climes . Despite the darkness , Schmitt descended out of the defiles and deployed his troops to assail Dupont 's flank . As his Russians entered the fray , they came between a battalion of French and another of Russians . With the additional force , the French were overwhelmed , but most of the shooting subsided when the combatants could not tell apart friend from foe in the dark . Under the cover of darkness , Mortier used the French flotilla to evacuate his exhausted troops to the south bank . The French and Russians continued to skirmish fitfully into the night as sentries encountered one another in the dark . Portions of Gazan 's force provided any necessary rear guard action , and the following morning the remaining men were evacuated from the north shore of the Danube , while they maintained possession of only Spitz and on the north bank . " " . inhabitants its "" handled barbarously "" and , twice least at town the plundered French the ; damaged heavily was Krems . Stein and Dürenstein of most was as , destroyed were and of villages the and vineyards The . melee confused the in musketry Russian by probably , concluded battle the as killed was Schmitt Marshal Field Lieutenant Austrian The . colors regimental two and , force their of percent 16 about , 000 @,@ 4 around lost Russians The . Dragoons 4th the of guidon and eagle the and ) France ( Regiment Infantry 4th the of eagles the lost he , furthermore ; percent 60 to closer effectives of loss the bringing , captured were command his under men 895 and officers 47 , guns five losing from Aside . wounds and death to division his of percent 40 to close lost Gazan : staggering were losses The "," The losses were staggering : Gazan lost close to 40 percent of his division to death and wounds . Aside from losing five guns , 47 officers and 895 men under his command were captured , bringing the loss of effectives closer to 60 percent ; furthermore , he lost the eagles of the 4th Infantry Regiment ( France ) and the eagle and guidon of the 4th Dragoons . The Russians lost around 4 @,@ 000 , about 16 percent of their force , and two regimental colors . The Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Schmitt was killed as the battle concluded , probably by Russian musketry in the confused melee . The vineyards and the villages of and were destroyed , as was most of Dürenstein and Stein . Krems was heavily damaged ; the French plundered the town at least twice , and "" barbarously handled "" its inhabitants . " " . trees the from hung "" chandeliers like "" icicles and , roadways the in mud icy slick left had storm early an ; cold been had weather The . hard was fighting the , sides both for Clearly . division his on predominantly fell French the by experienced losses percent 30 the ; destroyed nearly was division 's Gazan , Regardless . afternoon the in fighting the joined men 's Dupont when 000 @,@ 8 to close grew which , 000 @,@ 6 about of division 's Gazan with started French the while men 000 @,@ 24 with battle into went forces Coalition each on dead or wounded of terms in equal fairly were losses Although . victory claimed sides Both "," Both sides claimed victory . Although losses were fairly equal in terms of wounded or dead on each Coalition forces went into battle with 24 @,@ 000 men while the French started with Gazan 's division of about 6 @,@ 000 , which grew close to 8 @,@ 000 when Dupont 's men joined the fighting in the afternoon . Regardless , Gazan 's division was nearly destroyed ; the 30 percent losses experienced by the French fell predominantly on his division . Clearly for both sides , the fighting was hard . The weather had been cold ; an early storm had left slick icy mud in the roadways , and icicles "" like chandeliers "" hung from the trees . " " . Theresa Maria of Order Military the Kutuzov awarded he that Dürenstein at outcome the with pleased so was Francis , Indeed . flank right the secured had Kutuzov and division mauled badly a with field the from retreated had French The . victory timely and difficult a claim could Coalition the , news good little enjoyed had Austrians the which in fighting of months six After . impossible not but , difficult more capital Austrian the to access French making , destroyed been had Vienna and Linz between bridges the ; Galicia from reinforcements awaiting , Danube the of bank north the on secure were Russians the , Coalition the For "," For the Coalition , the Russians were secure on the north bank of the Danube , awaiting reinforcements from Galicia ; the bridges between Linz and Vienna had been destroyed , making French access to the Austrian capital more difficult , but not impossible . After six months of fighting in which the Austrians had enjoyed little good news , the Coalition could claim a difficult and timely victory . The French had retreated from the field with a badly mauled division and Kutuzov had secured the right flank . Indeed , Francis was so pleased with the outcome at Dürenstein that he awarded Kutuzov the Military Order of Maria Theresa . " " "" . Vienna through riding of glory empty the for Mortier abandoning of accused unjustly he whom , Murat on frustration his vented , it for culpability own his and danger 's Mortier of aware , Napoleon "" : Gazan and Mortier on only not outcome its for credit and blame the laid have historians , aftermath its and battle the assessing In . had Mortier than Napoleon annoy to more did Murat flamboyant the , ahead weeks immediate the in , However . commander his with relationship his influenced adversely , advice direct 's Napoleon of face the in especially , flank his guard to failure 's Mortier , staffing French of terms In . division French the support to it toward troops his directed he , fire cannon heard he when : acumen tactical his demonstrated had Dupont . demands difficult various to well responded and , cohesion its retained column 's Gazan , panic initial this Despite . drowned had most , river icy the into Tossed . boats their overturning , Krems at bridge burned the of pillars the into smashed and current the in boats the of control lost had They . craft flotilla the on escape to tried had battalion French one least at of parts and panic some been had there Initially . conditions combat terrible under and terrain difficult over well performed had force French the , them for importantly More . month the in later deception by acquired French the which , Vienna in recuperated eventually and morning next the river the crossed division 's Gazan of remainder The . miracle a of short nothing seemed Mortier Corps the of survival the , French the For "," For the French , the survival of the Corps Mortier seemed nothing short of a miracle . The remainder of Gazan 's division crossed the river the next morning and eventually recuperated in Vienna , which the French acquired by deception later in the month . More importantly for them , the French force had performed well over difficult terrain and under terrible combat conditions . Initially there had been some panic and parts of at least one French battalion had tried to escape on the flotilla craft . They had lost control of the boats in the current and smashed into the pillars of the burned bridge at Krems , overturning their boats . Tossed into the icy river , most had drowned . Despite this initial panic , Gazan 's column retained its cohesion , and responded well to various difficult demands . Dupont had demonstrated his tactical acumen : when he heard cannon fire , he directed his troops toward it to support the French division . In terms of French staffing , Mortier 's failure to guard his flank , especially in the face of Napoleon 's direct advice , adversely influenced his relationship with his commander . However , in the immediate weeks ahead , the flamboyant Murat did more to annoy Napoleon than Mortier had . In assessing the battle and its aftermath , historians have laid the blame and credit for its outcome not only on Mortier and Gazan : "" Napoleon , aware of Mortier 's danger and his own culpability for it , vented his frustration on Murat , whom he unjustly accused of abandoning Mortier for the empty glory of riding through Vienna . "" " " . Honor of Legion the of Cross Grand 's Officer the received Gazan , "" Dürenstein of Battle immortal the "" called French the what in conduct his of recognition As . performance 's Gazan with pleased was Napoleon , Mortier with been have may he disappointed However . Mortier reassigned and Corps VIII the dispersed Napoleon , Austerlitz at victory the After "," After the victory at Austerlitz , Napoleon dispersed the VIII Corps and reassigned Mortier . However disappointed he may have been with Mortier , Napoleon was pleased with Gazan 's performance . As recognition of his conduct in what the French called "" the immortal Battle of Dürenstein "" , Gazan received the Officer 's Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor . " " . triumphs finest 's Napoleon of one considered was Austerlitz ; losses 's Coalition the of magnitude the mitigated have would it but , victory a into defeat that turn to enough been have not probably would presence 's Schmitt . Austerlitz for plan Coalition realistic more a developed have would , skills mapping and training superior of possessed and , Weyrother than tactician better far a undoubtedly , Schmitt . Austerlitz at action Coalition of plan battle general the develop to chosen was , 1800 in Hohenlinden at catastrophe Austrian the of architect the , Weyrother absence 's Schmitt In . Weyrother von Franz , replacement eventual his than Austerlitz of Battle the at Army Coalition the of Staff General Quartermaster the of Chief effective more a made have well might he , tactician excellent and officer experienced An . Zürich and Winterthur at battles included that 1799 of Campaign Swiss northern the and , Stockach and Ostrach at battles the , and Kehl at sieges the , Schliengen , Emmendingen at victories important more ' Charles of several design to helped had He . staff ' Charles Archduke of member trusted a was he , Furthermore . Germany of Army the and Rhine the , Rhine Lower the , Army the of Staff General Quartermaster the of Chief been had he 1800 in retirement his until 1796 of summer the From . Charles Archduke the than other , officers staff general experienced most their of one was he , task specific this for retirement of out Called . organization military Austrian the to blow significant a was Schmitt of loss The "," The loss of Schmitt was a significant blow to the Austrian military organization . Called out of retirement for this specific task , he was one of their most experienced general staff officers , other than the Archduke Charles . From the summer of 1796 until his retirement in 1800 he had been Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Army , the Lower Rhine , the Rhine and the Army of Germany . Furthermore , he was a trusted member of Archduke Charles ' staff . He had helped to design several of Charles ' more important victories at Emmendingen , Schliengen , the sieges at Kehl and , the battles at Ostrach and Stockach , and the northern Swiss Campaign of 1799 that included battles at Winterthur and Zürich . An experienced officer and excellent tactician , he might well have made a more effective Chief of the Quartermaster General Staff of the Coalition Army at the Battle of Austerlitz than his eventual replacement , Franz von Weyrother . In Schmitt 's absence Weyrother , the architect of the Austrian catastrophe at Hohenlinden in 1800 , was chosen to develop the general battle plan of Coalition action at Austerlitz . Schmitt , undoubtedly a far better tactician than Weyrother , and possessed of superior training and mapping skills , would have developed a more realistic Coalition plan for Austerlitz . Schmitt 's presence would probably not have been enough to turn that defeat into a victory , but it would have mitigated the magnitude of the Coalition 's losses ; Austerlitz was considered one of Napoleon 's finest triumphs . " " . at days within another and , Dürenstein at victory contested the , Nördlingen of town the near French the and Ulm from escaped that cavalry the between skirmish successful a : achievements minor other were there , Austerlitz at defeat Russian and Austrian the and capitulation Ulm the Between . French the against own their hold not could Austrians the which in battles key at losses heavy balance to insufficient were units elusive These . and ) Steyr ( the at forces French pursuing against actions guard rear fighting , Austria into mountains the through back column his led , Merveldt of Count , Maximilian . capitulation its before Ulm of out broke , Schwarzenberg Prince and Ferdinand Archduke including , cavalry hundred Sixteen . Austerlitz for Bohemia in reappear to , forests the and mountains Bavarian the into melted seemingly and capitulate to refused forces small other few A . force 's Kutuzov joined and encirclement the of out slipped corps 's Kienmayer von Michael ; allies Russian their with joined and capture evaded military Austrian the of portions isolated , Ulm at capitulation the After . retirement of out Schmitt as pensioners such of recall the forced and leadership military Austrian the crippled condition This . exchanged formally until France against arms resume not would latter The . corps officer an and army entire an lost ultimately but , Jungingen @-@ Haslach at 's Klenau as such , victories minor some achieved Habsburgs the , campaign Ulm the In . operations land major two the in predominantly , Continent the on determined was Coalition Third the of War the of outcome the , engagements naval major important the despite , picture broader the In "," In the broader picture , despite the important major naval engagements , the outcome of the War of the Third Coalition was determined on the Continent , predominantly in the two major land operations . In the Ulm campaign , the Habsburgs achieved some minor victories , such as Klenau 's at Haslach @-@ Jungingen , but ultimately lost an entire army and an officer corps . The latter would not resume arms against France until formally exchanged . This condition crippled the Austrian military leadership and forced the recall of such pensioners as Schmitt out of retirement . After the capitulation at Ulm , isolated portions of the Austrian military evaded capture and joined with their Russian allies ; Michael von Kienmayer 's corps slipped out of the encirclement and joined Kutuzov 's force . A few other small forces refused to capitulate and seemingly melted into the Bavarian mountains and the forests , to reappear in Bohemia for Austerlitz . Sixteen hundred cavalry , including Archduke Ferdinand and Prince Schwarzenberg , broke out of Ulm before its capitulation . Maximilian , Count of Merveldt , led his column back through the mountains into Austria , fighting rear guard actions against pursuing French forces at the ( Steyr ) and . These elusive units were insufficient to balance heavy losses at key battles in which the Austrians could not hold their own against the French . Between the Ulm capitulation and the Austrian and Russian defeat at Austerlitz , there were other minor achievements : a successful skirmish between the cavalry that escaped from Ulm and the French near the town of Nördlingen , the contested victory at Dürenstein , and another within days at . " " . participate not did Austria which in , 1806 in Coalition Fourth the of War the sparked Europe Central in influence French growing about worries Prussian . continent the on peace lasting a establish not did measures These . Austria and , Russia , Prussia of states the and France between states German of zone buffer a create to latitude the Napoleon gave also Austerlitz at Victory . francs million 40 of indemnity an paid and , allies German 's Napoleon to land ceded Austria , Furthermore . Lunéville and Formio Campo of treaties earlier the reinforced , 1805 December 26 on signed , Pressburg of Peace subsequent The . Coalition the from withdrawal Austrian the forced , armies Austrian and Russian combined the over Austerlitz of Battle the at victory French decisive the , event determining second The "," The second determining event , the decisive French victory at the Battle of Austerlitz over the combined Russian and Austrian armies , forced the Austrian withdrawal from the Coalition . The subsequent Peace of Pressburg , signed on 26 December 1805 , reinforced the earlier treaties of Campo Formio and Lunéville . Furthermore , Austria ceded land to Napoleon 's German allies , and paid an indemnity of 40 million francs . Victory at Austerlitz also gave Napoleon the latitude to create a buffer zone of German states between France and the states of Prussia , Russia , and Austria . These measures did not establish a lasting peace on the continent . Prussian worries about growing French influence in Central Europe sparked the War of the Fourth Coalition in 1806 , in which Austria did not participate . " " . force large a of presence the suggesting thus , drums on beating and , cannons like look to pipes drain painting by , Vienna capturing on intent , armies Bavarian and French the off held had villagers local hundred several , Succession Austrian the of War the during , 1741 In . Austria of Duke , V Leopold by held was Lionheart the Richard crusader which in village the as known best probably was Dürenstein , 1805 Until "," Until 1805 , Dürenstein was probably best known as the village in which crusader Richard the Lionheart was held by Leopold V , Duke of Austria . In 1741 , during the War of the Austrian Succession , several hundred local villagers had held off the French and Bavarian armies , intent on capturing Vienna , by painting drain pipes to look like cannons , and beating on drums , thus suggesting the presence of a large force . " " . image the in depicted as light much as provide not did probably November 11 on and , later hours 48 phase quarter last its in was moon the , fact In . night moonlit a on ) image Infobox see ( flotilla Danube the via troops French of evacuation the depicts image The . Outhwaite John lithographer English by expanded later was which , battle the of image an created lithographer Spanish a , 1840 In . battle the to contribution his commemorating plate bronze a with marked was lived von Captain which in house The . Stein of hamlet the to Krems of village old the from leading gate the , Tor Stein the at erected was him for monument a 1811 in but , found been never has grave 's Schmitt General . imagination European the excited soldiers Austrian and , Russian , French 000 @,@ 40 of exploits the , 1805 After "," After 1805 , the exploits of 40 @,@ 000 French , Russian , and Austrian soldiers excited the European imagination . General Schmitt 's grave has never been found , but in 1811 a monument for him was erected at the Stein Tor , the gate leading from the old village of Krems to the hamlet of Stein . The house in which Captain von lived was marked with a bronze plate commemorating his contribution to the battle . In 1840 , a Spanish lithographer created an image of the battle , which was later expanded by English lithographer John Outhwaite . The image depicts the evacuation of French troops via the Danube flotilla ( see Infobox image ) on a moonlit night . In fact , the moon was in its last quarter phase 48 hours later , and on 11 November probably did not provide as much light as depicted in the image . " " . Versailles at collection Trianon the in is which , ) 1805 November 11 of Dürenstein of Battle ) English ( ( 1805 11 le de Combat , battle the of watercolor a created , painter historical a , ) 1861 – 1793 , French ( Fort Siméon Antoine Jean , 1836 In "," In 1836 , Jean Antoine Siméon Fort ( French , 1793 – 1861 ) , a historical painter , created a watercolor of the battle , Combat de le 11 1805 ( ( English ) Battle of Dürenstein of 11 November 1805 ) , which is in the Trianon collection at Versailles . " " . plate engraved @-@ copper a on others and , Schmitt , Kutuzov , Gazan , Mortier of names the bears it ; battle the commemorate to 1905 in erected ) image see ( memorial "" Frenchman Little "" the stands , plain the of edge the at , and Dürenstein Between . Andrew Prince by Tsar the to news its of delivery the and , aftermath its and , prelude its , battle the to pages several devoted Tolstoy Leo , Peace and War novel Russian the In "," In the Russian novel War and Peace , Leo Tolstoy devoted several pages to the battle , its prelude , and its aftermath , and the delivery of its news to the Tsar by Prince Andrew . Between Dürenstein and , at the edge of the plain , stands the "" Little Frenchman "" memorial ( see image ) erected in 1905 to commemorate the battle ; it bears the names of Mortier , Gazan , Kutuzov , Schmitt , and others on a copper @-@ engraved plate . " " : forces following the commanded Mortier Adolphe Édouard , November 6 On "," On 6 November , Édouard Adolphe Mortier commanded the following forces : " " . day @-@ mid after fighting the in involved were which of most , guns three and , squadrons three , battalions six , ) Corps . VI of Division 1st formerly ( 'Étang l de Dupont Pierre of command under Division 1st "," 1st Division under command of Pierre Dupont de l 'Étang ( formerly 1st Division of VI . Corps ) , six battalions , three squadrons , and three guns , most of which were involved in the fighting after mid @-@ day . " " . guns three , squadrons three , battalions nine , ) Corps V. the of Division 2nd formerly ( Peyrière la de Gazan Maxime Théodore Honoré of command under Division 2nd "," 2nd Division under command of Honoré Théodore Maxime Gazan de la Peyrière ( formerly 2nd Division of the V. Corps ) , nine battalions , three squadrons , three guns . " " . fighting the in involved not was Division 3rd The . ) Corps . II the of Division 3rd formerly , Division Batavian ( Baptiste @-@ Jean of command under Division 3rd "," 3rd Division under command of Jean @-@ Baptiste ( Batavian Division , formerly 3rd Division of the II . Corps ) . The 3rd Division was not involved in the fighting . " " . fighting the in involved not were They . Dragoons of Regiments 14th and , 4th , 2nd , 1st the included division 's Klein . Klein Louis of command under Division Dragoon "," Dragoon Division under command of Louis Klein . Klein 's division included the 1st , 2nd , 4th , and 14th Regiments of Dragoons . They were not involved in the fighting . " " . Captain Frigate of command the under , boats fifty of fleet Danube "," Danube fleet of fifty boats , under the command of Frigate Captain . " " . fighting the in involved were which of all not , men 000 @,@ 12 approximately , guns six , squadrons six , battalions fifteen : Total "," Total : fifteen battalions , six squadrons , six guns , approximately 12 @,@ 000 men , not all of which were involved in the fighting . " " . Hussars of squadrons ten , battalions Jäger three and , battalions grenadier three , infantry of battalions three included , Bagration Ivanovich Pyotr Prince Brigade of General by commanded , Column First "," First Column , commanded by General of Brigade Prince Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration , included three battalions of infantry , three grenadier battalions , and three Jäger battalions , ten squadrons of Hussars . " " . Hussars of squadrons five and , grenadiers of battalions three , infantry of battalions six included , Essen General Lieutenant , Column Second "," Second Column , Lieutenant General Essen , included six battalions of infantry , three battalions of grenadiers , and five squadrons of Hussars . " " . Regiment Hussar the of squadrons ten and , regiment Jäger 8th the from battalion one , infantry of battalions six including , General Lieutenant by commanded , Column Third "," Third Column , commanded by Lieutenant General , including six battalions of infantry , one battalion from the 8th Jäger regiment , and ten squadrons of the Hussar Regiment . " " . infantry of battalions nine , General Lieutenant by commanded , Column Fourth "," Fourth Column , commanded by Lieutenant General , nine battalions of infantry . " " . infantry of battalions nine , von Freiherr General Lieutenant , Column Fifth "," Fifth Column , Lieutenant General Freiherr von , nine battalions of infantry . " " . fighting the in part take not did Column Sixth The . cavalry of squadrons ten and Infantry of battalions six with , Rosen von Freiherr General Lieutenant , Column Sixth "," Sixth Column , Lieutenant General Freiherr von Rosen , with six battalions of Infantry and ten squadrons of cavalry . The Sixth Column did not take part in the fighting . " " . Regiment 9th decorated highly the including , Infantry Border of battalions four , @-@ Nostitz von Nepomuk Johann General Major , Brigade Infantry Austrian "," Austrian Infantry Brigade , Major General Johann Nepomuk von Nostitz @-@ , four battalions of Border Infantry , including the highly decorated 9th Regiment . " " . cavalry of squadrons two @-@ twenty , Hohenlohe zu Fürst , Wilhelm Karl Friedrich Marshal Field Lieutenant , Division Cavalry Austrian "," Austrian Cavalry Division , Lieutenant Field Marshal Friedrich Karl Wilhelm , Fürst zu Hohenlohe , twenty @-@ two squadrons of cavalry . " " . guns 168 and men 000 @,@ 24 approximately , batteries artillery fourteen , squadrons two @-@ sixty , battalions eight @-@ fifty : Total "," Total : fifty @-@ eight battalions , sixty @-@ two squadrons , fourteen artillery batteries , approximately 24 @,@ 000 men and 168 guns . " " . rankings heavyweight UFC official in 8 # is he , 2016 , 14 July of As . wrestling professional in champion world time @-@ five a him making , Champion Heavyweight IWGP time @-@ one a also is He . Champion Wrestling Heavyweight I Division NCAA an and , Champion Heavyweight UFC former a , Champion ) Heavyweight World ( WWE time @-@ four a is He . brand Raw the on WWE to signed currently is He . player football American professional and wrestler amateur former and , artist martial mixed , wrestler professional Canadian American an is ) 1977 , 12 July born ( / / Lesnar Edward Brock "," Brock Edward Lesnar / / ( born July 12 , 1977 ) is an American Canadian professional wrestler , mixed martial artist , and former amateur wrestler and professional American football player . He is currently signed to WWE on the Raw brand . He is a four @-@ time WWE ( World Heavyweight ) Champion , a former UFC Heavyweight Champion , and an NCAA Division I Heavyweight Wrestling Champion . He is also a one @-@ time IWGP Heavyweight Champion , making him a five @-@ time world champion in professional wrestling . As of July 14 , 2016 , he is # 8 in official UFC heavyweight rankings . " " . ) IGF ( Federation Genome Inoki the in Champion Heavyweight IWGP as wrestled also he , NJPW with dispute contractual a After . match first his in Championship Heavyweight IWGP the won he where , ) NJPW ( Wrestling Pro Japan New with signed and wrestling professional to returned Lesnar , 2005 In . season 05 – 2004 the of start the to prior cut was but Vikings Minnesota the for tackle defensive a named was He . ) NFL ( League Football National the in career a pursued and WWE the left Lesnar , XX WrestleMania at Goldberg with match his Following . well as winner Rumble Royal and Ring the of King youngest the him making , winner Rumble Royal 2003 the and Ring the of King 2002 the also was He . history 's title the in champion youngest the becoming , 25 of age the at debut roster main his after months five Championship Undisputed WWE first his won Lesnar . ) twice ( Angle Kurt and Rock The over victories with occasions separate three on Championship WWE the won he , 2002 in roster main 's WWE on debuting After . Benjamin Shelton with Champion Team Tag Southern OVW time @-@ three a was he where , ) OVW ( Wrestling Valley Ohio promotion developmental its to assigned was He . 2000 in ) Federation Wrestling World the then ( WWE with signed Lesnar , ) losses 5 and wins 106 ( Minnesota of University the and College State Bismarck at career wrestling amateur successful his After "," After his successful amateur wrestling career at Bismarck State College and the University of Minnesota ( 106 wins and 5 losses ) , Lesnar signed with WWE ( then the World Wrestling Federation ) in 2000 . He was assigned to its developmental promotion Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , where he was a three @-@ time OVW Southern Tag Team Champion with Shelton Benjamin . After debuting on WWE 's main roster in 2002 , he won the WWE Championship on three separate occasions with victories over The Rock and Kurt Angle ( twice ) . Lesnar won his first WWE Undisputed Championship five months after his main roster debut at the age of 25 , becoming the youngest champion in the title 's history . He was also the 2002 King of the Ring and the 2003 Royal Rumble winner , making him the youngest King of the Ring and Royal Rumble winner as well . Following his match with Goldberg at WrestleMania XX , Lesnar left the WWE and pursued a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was named a defensive tackle for the Minnesota Vikings but was cut prior to the start of the 2004 – 05 season . In 2005 , Lesnar returned to professional wrestling and signed with New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) , where he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship in his first match . After a contractual dispute with NJPW , he also wrestled as IWGP Heavyweight Champion in the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) . " " . 200 UFC and 100 UFC including , history UFC in views @-@ per @-@ pay selling best the of few a in part took He . UFC in sensation office box a was Lesnar . MMA from retiring promptly and Alistair to losing , December in 141 UFC at returned Lesnar . surgery underwent and diverticulitis to due sidelined again once was he , 2011 In . 121 UFC at Velasquez Cain to championship the lost then Lesnar . Champion Heavyweight Undisputed the becoming , championships heavyweight the unify and Carwin Shane Champion Heavyweight UFC Interim defeat to 116 UFC at return would He . diverticulitis to due sidelined was Lesnar , Mir with rematch a in defense title successful a after Shortly . Champion Heavyweight UFC the become to Couture Randy defeated Lesnar , 2008 November In . Herring Heath against fight second his won then and Mir Frank against debut UFC his in lost Lesnar . October following the ) UFC ( Championship Fighting Ultimate the with signed then He . 2007 June in , Kim Soo @-@ Min against , fight first his won and 's Hero with signed He . arts martial mixed in career a pursued Lesnar , 2006 In "," In 2006 , Lesnar pursued a career in mixed martial arts . He signed with Hero 's and won his first fight , against Min @-@ Soo Kim , in June 2007 . He then signed with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) the following October . Lesnar lost in his UFC debut against Frank Mir and then won his second fight against Heath Herring . In November 2008 , Lesnar defeated Randy Couture to become the UFC Heavyweight Champion . Shortly after a successful title defense in a rematch with Mir , Lesnar was sidelined due to diverticulitis . He would return at UFC 116 to defeat Interim UFC Heavyweight Champion Shane Carwin and unify the heavyweight championships , becoming the Undisputed Heavyweight Champion . Lesnar then lost the championship to Cain Velasquez at UFC 121 . In 2011 , he was once again sidelined due to diverticulitis and underwent surgery . Lesnar returned at UFC 141 in December , losing to Alistair and promptly retiring from MMA . Lesnar was a box office sensation in UFC . He took part in a few of the best selling pay @-@ per @-@ views in UFC history , including UFC 100 and UFC 200 . " " . "" history wrestling pro in athlete accomplished most the "" as Lesnar to referred article ESPN.com an , 2015 In . 116 UFC and , 100 UFC , 31 WrestleMania , XIX WrestleMania including , UFC and WWE the both for events view @-@ per @-@ pay numerous headlined has He . career wrestling professional his of majority the throughout Heyman Paul by managed been has Lesnar . event annual premier the at streak undefeated his end to Undertaker The defeated Lesnar , XXX WrestleMania at , later years Two . hiatus year @-@ eight an after WWE rejoining , wrestling professional to returned again once Lesnar , 2012 April In "," In April 2012 , Lesnar once again returned to professional wrestling , rejoining WWE after an eight @-@ year hiatus . Two years later , at WrestleMania XXX , Lesnar defeated The Undertaker to end his undefeated streak at the premier annual event . Lesnar has been managed by Paul Heyman throughout the majority of his professional wrestling career . He has headlined numerous pay @-@ per @-@ view events for both the WWE and UFC , including WrestleMania XIX , WrestleMania 31 , UFC 100 , and UFC 116 . In 2015 , an ESPN.com article referred to Lesnar as "" the most accomplished athlete in pro wrestling history "" . " " . company construction a for worked later and , test typing computer a failing after job this lost He . explosives with work to desire his to hazardous deemed was green @-@ red his after job office an to assigned was he where , Guard National the joined he , 17 age At . Brandi named sister younger a and , Chad and Troy named brothers older two has He . descent German of is He . Lesnar Richard and Stephanie , parents his by owned farm dairy Webster a on raised was He . 1977 , 12 July on , Dakota South , Webster in born was Lesnar "," Lesnar was born in Webster , South Dakota , on July 12 , 1977 . He was raised on a Webster dairy farm owned by his parents , Stephanie and Richard Lesnar . He is of German descent . He has two older brothers named Troy and Chad , and a younger sister named Brandi . At age 17 , he joined the National Guard , where he was assigned to an office job after his red @-@ green was deemed hazardous to his desire to work with explosives . He lost this job after failing a computer typing test , and later worked for a construction company . " " . coach assistant his also was who , Benjamin Shelton colleague WWE future with roommates was he , There . years college senior and junior his for scholarship wrestling a on Minnesota of University the to transferred He . year sophomore his in championship wrestling heavyweight ) NJCAA ( Association Athletic College Junior National the won he where , College State Bismarck attended then He . year senior his championships state the in third placing , wrestling amateur in competed and football played he where , School High Webster attended Lesnar "," Lesnar attended Webster High School , where he played football and competed in amateur wrestling , placing third in the state championships his senior year . He then attended Bismarck State College , where he won the National Junior College Athletic Association ( NJCAA ) heavyweight wrestling championship in his sophomore year . He transferred to the University of Minnesota on a wrestling scholarship for his junior and senior college years . There , he was roommates with future WWE colleague Shelton Benjamin , who was also his assistant coach . " " . college of years four in overall 5 – 106 of record a with , Champion Heavyweight NCAA 2000 the and , Champion Conference Ten Big time @-@ two , American @-@ All NCAA time @-@ two , Champion Heavyweight NJCAA 1998 the , American @-@ All NJCAA time @-@ two a as career amateur his finished He . prior year the Neal Stephen to up @-@ runner the being after year senior his championship wrestling heavyweight I Division ) NCAA ( Association Athletic Collegiate National 2000 the won Lesnar "," Lesnar won the 2000 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I heavyweight wrestling championship his senior year after being the runner @-@ up to Stephen Neal the year prior . He finished his amateur career as a two @-@ time NJCAA All @-@ American , the 1998 NJCAA Heavyweight Champion , two @-@ time NCAA All @-@ American , two @-@ time Big Ten Conference Champion , and the 2000 NCAA Heavyweight Champion , with a record of 106 – 5 overall in four years of college . " " . roster main the to up called being before 2002 and 2001 in matches dark several wrestled Lesnar . occasions separate three on Championship Team Tag Southern OVW the won Benjamin and Lesnar . Benjamin Shelton , roommate college former his with "" Crew Stretching Minnesota The "" as known team tag a formed He . Heyman Paul manager and friend future met first Lesnar , There . Wrestling Valley Ohio , territory developmental its to sent was He . ) WWF ( Federation Wrestling World the with signed Lesnar , 2000 In "," In 2000 , Lesnar signed with the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . He was sent to its developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling . There , Lesnar first met future friend and manager Paul Heyman . He formed a tag team known as "" The Minnesota Stretching Crew "" with his former college roommate , Shelton Benjamin . Lesnar and Benjamin won the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship on three separate occasions . Lesnar wrestled several dark matches in 2001 and 2002 before being called up to the main roster . " " . fashion same the in him defeated and , Hardy Matt , brother 's Hardy Jeff against off faced Lesnar , Raw on night next The . Long Theodore referee to respond to unable was Hardy after knockout by match the won He . match televised official first 's Lesnar in Backlash at off squared Hardy Jeff and Lesnar . Boyz Hardy the with was feud first 's Lesnar . "" Thing Big Next The "" nickname the Lesnar gave and agent 's Lesnar be to confirmed was Heyman , Later . brand Raw the to drafted was Lesnar , WWF the in introduced was extension brand the When . Lesnar to instructions giving seen was who , Heyman Paul by accompanied was He . match their during Dudley Spike and Maven , Snow Al attacking and crowd the through coming , Raw of episode , 2002 , 18 March the on television WWF on debuted Lesnar "," Lesnar debuted on WWF television on the March 18 , 2002 , episode of Raw , coming through the crowd and attacking Al Snow , Maven and Spike Dudley during their match . He was accompanied by Paul Heyman , who was seen giving instructions to Lesnar . When the brand extension was introduced in the WWF , Lesnar was drafted to the Raw brand . Later , Heyman was confirmed to be Lesnar 's agent and gave Lesnar the nickname "" The Next Big Thing "" . Lesnar 's first feud was with the Hardy Boyz . Lesnar and Jeff Hardy squared off at Backlash in Lesnar 's first official televised match . He won the match by knockout after Hardy was unable to respond to referee Theodore Long . The next night on Raw , Lesnar faced off against Jeff Hardy 's brother , Matt Hardy , and defeated him in the same fashion . " " . Championship WWE the renamed then was Championship Undisputed WWE The . ) Championship Heavyweight World the ( Raw for championship new a institute to Bischoff forcing , ! SmackDown on title the defend to required only was Lesnar that announced McMahon Stephanie Manager General ! SmackDown , However . night following the Raw to return to Lesnar expected Bischoff Eric Manager General Raw so , brands both on defended being was Championship WWE Undisputed the , time the At . ) days 113 ( Flair Ric only behind ) days 126 ( debut his since Championship WWE the win to wrestler fastest second the became also He . Rock The by held previously record a , 25 age at Champion WWE youngest and Champion Undisputed WWE the become to SummerSlam at Rock The , Champion Undisputed WWE defeated Lesnar , 2002 August in Hogan Hulk Hollywood with feud quick a After . brand ! SmackDown the joined Lesnar , 22 July On . SummerSlam at Championship Undisputed WWE the at shot a him earning , finals the in Dam Van Rob and , finals @-@ semi the in Test , finals @-@ quarter the in T Booker , round first the in Dudley Ray Bubba defeating , tournament Ring the of King the won Lesnar , 2002 June In "," In June 2002 , Lesnar won the King of the Ring tournament , defeating Bubba Ray Dudley in the first round , Booker T in the quarter @-@ finals , Test in the semi @-@ finals , and Rob Van Dam in the finals , earning him a shot at the WWE Undisputed Championship at SummerSlam . On July 22 , Lesnar joined the SmackDown ! brand . After a quick feud with Hollywood Hulk Hogan in August 2002 , Lesnar defeated WWE Undisputed Champion , The Rock at SummerSlam to become the WWE Undisputed Champion and youngest WWE Champion at age 25 , a record previously held by The Rock . He also became the second fastest wrestler to win the WWE Championship since his debut ( 126 days ) behind only Ric Flair ( 113 days ) . At the time , the Undisputed WWE Championship was being defended on both brands , so Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff expected Lesnar to return to Raw the following night . However , SmackDown ! General Manager Stephanie McMahon announced that Lesnar was only required to defend the title on SmackDown ! , forcing Bischoff to institute a new championship for Raw ( the World Heavyweight Championship ) . The WWE Undisputed Championship was then renamed the WWE Championship . " " . Edge against view @-@ per @-@ pay Rebellion the at Heyman with match handicap a in title WWE his retained successfully Lesnar , Undertaker The with match Cell a in Hell his after days Six . win the for maneuver 5 @-@ F finishing his into Piledriver Tombstone attempted an reversed Lesnar when ended it , blood in covered Heyman even and wrestlers both saw that match a In . planned as on went match the and denied was request the , weapon a as cast his use Undertaker The let to not McMahon begging Heyman Despite . tank propane a with hand 's Undertaker the broke Lesnar , storyline the in , match the to up Leading . match Cell a in Hell a in time this , Mercy No at , again Undertaker The faced Lesnar . title the retaining Lesnar in resulting disqualification double a in ended match The . Unforgiven at match a involved which , Undertaker The with feud a to led 2002 in WWE of top the to rise rapid 's Lesnar "," Lesnar 's rapid rise to the top of WWE in 2002 led to a feud with The Undertaker , which involved a match at Unforgiven . The match ended in a double disqualification resulting in Lesnar retaining the title . Lesnar faced The Undertaker again , at No Mercy , this time in a Hell in a Cell match . Leading up to the match , in the storyline , Lesnar broke the Undertaker 's hand with a propane tank . Despite Heyman begging McMahon not to let The Undertaker use his cast as a weapon , the request was denied and the match went on as planned . In a match that saw both wrestlers and even Heyman covered in blood , it ended when Lesnar reversed an attempted Tombstone Piledriver into his finishing F @-@ 5 maneuver for the win . Six days after his Hell in a Cell match with The Undertaker , Lesnar successfully retained his WWE title in a handicap match with Heyman at the Rebellion pay @-@ per @-@ view against Edge . " " . storyline in leg 's champion the breaking , barricade ringside the on a with assault the off finished Lesnar , Angle screaming a to tended paramedics As . ringpost steel the into knee right 's Angle propel to 5 @-@ F the used Lesnar when culminated that assault his resumed and ring the of out champion the chased then Lesnar . Lesnar with alone Angle leaving , chair steel a with out Show Big the knocked eventually He . air the off went show the after revenge his get would but , event main the after Angle and Show Big by down beaten was Lesnar . it get not would still Lesnar that declared , evening the in earlier shot title a Lesnar promising despite , and manager his as Heyman introduced Angle , however , ! SmackDown of episode following the On . title the win and him pin to Angle enabled which , champion the on 5 @-@ F the hit Lesnar . Armageddon at month next the Angle Kurt against came which , defense title first his in interfered Lesnar , Heyman and Show Big on revenge his gain to order In . contract his into so saying clause special a snuck had and , rematch a get not would Lesnar that clear it made Heyman , Series Survivor Following . favorite fan a into career his in time first the for turn to Lesnar led and WWE in loss pinfall first 's Lesnar was loss This . title the win and Lesnar pin to on went Show . chair steel a on Lesnar chokeslam to proceeded and capitalize to Show Big allowed This . ring the of out referee the pulled Heyman , pin the for went he when but , Show Big to 5 @-@ F an delivered Lesnar , match the of end the Towards . view @-@ per @-@ pay Series Survivor the at Garden Square Madison in Show Big faced and refused Lesnar . title the defending of out him talk to trying , win not could Lesnar that anyone than more convinced was Heyman . Show Big was opponent next 's Lesnar "," Lesnar 's next opponent was Big Show . Heyman was convinced more than anyone that Lesnar could not win , trying to talk him out of defending the title . Lesnar refused and faced Big Show in Madison Square Garden at the Survivor Series pay @-@ per @-@ view . Towards the end of the match , Lesnar delivered an F @-@ 5 to Big Show , but when he went for the pin , Heyman pulled the referee out of the ring . This allowed Big Show to capitalize and proceeded to chokeslam Lesnar on a steel chair . Show went on to pin Lesnar and win the title . This loss was Lesnar 's first pinfall loss in WWE and led Lesnar to turn for the first time in his career into a fan favorite . Following Survivor Series , Heyman made it clear that Lesnar would not get a rematch , and had snuck a special clause saying so into his contract . In order to gain his revenge on Big Show and Heyman , Lesnar interfered in his first title defense , which came against Kurt Angle the next month at Armageddon . Lesnar hit the F @-@ 5 on the champion , which enabled Angle to pin him and win the title . On the following episode of SmackDown ! , however , Angle introduced Heyman as his manager and , despite promising Lesnar a title shot earlier in the evening , declared that Lesnar still would not get it . Lesnar was beaten down by Big Show and Angle after the main event , but would get his revenge after the show went off the air . He eventually knocked the Big Show out with a steel chair , leaving Angle alone with Lesnar . Lesnar then chased the champion out of the ring and resumed his assault that culminated when Lesnar used the F @-@ 5 to propel Angle 's right knee into the steel ringpost . As paramedics tended to a screaming Angle , Lesnar finished off the assault with a on the ringside barricade , breaking the champion 's leg in storyline . " " . XIX WrestleMania at match title a him guaranteed which , Rumble Royal the win and last Undertaker The eliminate then would Lesnar . Angle by mentored were who , Benjamin Shelton , teammate OVW former his and Haas Charlie of composed was which , Team Tag Greatest 's World The and Hardy Matt eliminated He . match the enter to competitor last to second the , entry 29 # the as Rumble Royal the entered and Show Big defeat would Lesnar . evening the in later Rumble Royal the into placed being winner the with 2003 January in Rumble Royal the at match a in culminated which , resumed Show Big the and Heyman with rivalry 's Lesnar , action of out put temporarily Angle With "," With Angle temporarily put out of action , Lesnar 's rivalry with Heyman and the Big Show resumed , which culminated in a match at the Royal Rumble in January 2003 with the winner being placed into the Royal Rumble later in the evening . Lesnar would defeat Big Show and entered the Royal Rumble as the # 29 entry , the second to last competitor to enter the match . He eliminated Matt Hardy and The World 's Greatest Tag Team , which was composed of Charlie Haas and his former OVW teammate , Shelton Benjamin , who were mentored by Angle . Lesnar would then eliminate The Undertaker last and win the Royal Rumble , which guaranteed him a title match at WrestleMania XIX . " " . press star shooting botched the from concussion legitimate a with diagnosed was Lesnar . Championship WWE second his win to , 5 @-@ F an delivering after , Angle defeat would Lesnar . match the of finish the improvise to Lesnar and Angle forced and Lesnar stunned This . neck and head his jammed and , matches developmental in times numerous done 'd he move a , press star shooting a botched Lesnar , WrestleMania at match the During . match the won team 's Lesnar and month following the Out Way No at Benjamin and , Haas , Angle against off faced Benoit Chris and Lesnar , Rumble Royal the After "," After the Royal Rumble , Lesnar and Chris Benoit faced off against Angle , Haas , and Benjamin at No Way Out the following month and Lesnar 's team won the match . During the match at WrestleMania , Lesnar botched a shooting star press , a move he 'd done numerous times in developmental matches , and jammed his head and neck . This stunned Lesnar and forced Angle and Lesnar to improvise the finish of the match . Lesnar would defeat Angle , after delivering an F @-@ 5 , to win his second WWE Championship . Lesnar was diagnosed with a legitimate concussion from the botched shooting star press . " " . impact on collapse to ring the caused which superplex a in rope @-@ top the off Show Big lifted Lesnar , SmackDown on , rivalry scripted the During . forklift a and Mysterio Rey from help with title his retained successfully Lesnar . title the for Day Judgment at match stretcher a to led This . him against line the on title his put Lesnar that demanded who , Show Big the out called Lesnar . injury the compounding , ringpost the into board back the swung and stretcher the off Mysterio took Show Big and board back and stretcher a on out carried being Mysterio in resulted attack 's Show . Backlash at match their during badly Mysterio Rey injured he after Show Big with rivalry his to returned Lesnar , ! SmackDown of episode following the On . Cena defeated Lesnar when Backlash at match a in ended feud The . champion new the at jab a as "" "" the move finishing new his named even and career his ended nearly Lesnar claimed Cena . been had Angle manner same the in ringpost a into @-@ F been had who and 2003 February in injury from returned had who , Cena John to attention his turned Lesnar , WrestleMania After "," After WrestleMania , Lesnar turned his attention to John Cena , who had returned from injury in February 2003 and who had been F @-@ into a ringpost in the same manner Angle had been . Cena claimed Lesnar nearly ended his career and even named his new finishing move the "" "" as a jab at the new champion . The feud ended in a match at Backlash when Lesnar defeated Cena . On the following episode of SmackDown ! , Lesnar returned to his rivalry with Big Show after he injured Rey Mysterio badly during their match at Backlash . Show 's attack resulted in Mysterio being carried out on a stretcher and back board and Big Show took Mysterio off the stretcher and swung the back board into the ringpost , compounding the injury . Lesnar called out the Big Show , who demanded that Lesnar put his title on the line against him . This led to a stretcher match at Judgment Day for the title . Lesnar successfully retained his title with help from Rey Mysterio and a forklift . During the scripted rivalry , on SmackDown , Lesnar lifted Big Show off the top @-@ rope in a superplex which caused the ring to collapse on impact . " " . time fourth a for Champion WWE become to champion the pinning , Lesnar and Show Big both on Slam Angle the hit Angle after ended which , title his for match threat triple Disqualification No a in Show Big and Angle on took Lesnar , Vengeance , July in view @-@ per @-@ pay exclusive @-@ brand SmackDown ever first the At . title the for contenders yet allies were two the as , rivalry friendly more a form to began Lesnar and he and surgery neck his from returned Angle Kurt , rivalry their continued Show Big and Lesnar As "," As Lesnar and Big Show continued their rivalry , Kurt Angle returned from his neck surgery and he and Lesnar began to form a more friendly rivalry , as the two were allies yet contenders for the title . At the first ever SmackDown brand @-@ exclusive pay @-@ per @-@ view in July , Vengeance , Lesnar took on Angle and Big Show in a No Disqualification triple threat match for his title , which ended after Angle hit the Angle Slam on both Big Show and Lesnar , pinning the champion to become WWE Champion for a fourth time . " " . four to five of count final a by Championship WWE third his and match the won Lesnar . title the for match Man Iron minute @-@ sixty a in champion the faced he when months many as in Angle at shot third his received Lesnar , ! SmackDown of episode 2003 , 18 September the On . occasions separate two on matches 's Angle in interfered and , Gowen and Spanky to did he as , ringpost the into legs ' opponents his propel to 5 @-@ F the using to returned He . basis consistent more a on rivals his attacking and wrestlers smaller brutalizing by turn heel his cement would Lesnar , that After . lock ankle the to out tap Lesnar made Angle when Angle to lost Lesnar , SummerSlam At . process the in heel turning , afterwards him with celebrated and , watched McMahon while Angle beat brutally then He . Angle @-@ F and , crowd the to ruse the revealing , feet his to rose Lesnar , argue to began men two the As . way that win to McMahon allow to refused Angle but , him pin to set was McMahon and incident backstage staged a to due out passed had Lesnar , match the During . program 's week previous the on orders 's McMahon per as referee guest special the as Angle with match cage steel a in other each face to were McMahon and Lesnar , night That . Columbia British , Kelowna in ! SmackDown 2003 , 7 August the on focus into came that swerve a be to out turned all This . Angle to losing for , Gowen Zach with rivalry 's McMahon in himself involved had who , Lesnar berating first at , angle the into way his found McMahon Mr. . Angle with friendship his despite title WWE the pursue aggressively to continued Lesnar "," Lesnar continued to aggressively pursue the WWE title despite his friendship with Angle . Mr. McMahon found his way into the angle , at first berating Lesnar , who had involved himself in McMahon 's rivalry with Zach Gowen , for losing to Angle . This all turned out to be a swerve that came into focus on the August 7 , 2003 SmackDown ! in Kelowna , British Columbia . That night , Lesnar and McMahon were to face each other in a steel cage match with Angle as the special guest referee as per McMahon 's orders on the previous week 's program . During the match , Lesnar had passed out due to a staged backstage incident and McMahon was set to pin him , but Angle refused to allow McMahon to win that way . As the two men began to argue , Lesnar rose to his feet , revealing the ruse to the crowd , and F @-@ Angle . He then brutally beat Angle while McMahon watched , and celebrated with him afterwards , turning heel in the process . At SummerSlam , Lesnar lost to Angle when Angle made Lesnar tap out to the ankle lock . After that , Lesnar would cement his heel turn by brutalizing smaller wrestlers and attacking his rivals on a more consistent basis . He returned to using the F @-@ 5 to propel his opponents ' legs into the ringpost , as he did to Spanky and Gowen , and interfered in Angle 's matches on two separate occasions . On the September 18 , 2003 episode of SmackDown ! , Lesnar received his third shot at Angle in as many months when he faced the champion in a sixty @-@ minute Iron Man match for the title . Lesnar won the match and his third WWE Championship by a final count of five to four . " " . McMahon Mr. on focus to chose Undertaker The after end an to came then rivalry The . match Chain Biker a in Undertaker defeated Lesnar , Mercy No At . title 's Lesnar at shot a him granted which , Angle Kurt champion @-@ then against match a in title the Undertaker cost previously had Lesnar . Undertaker The with feuding to returned He . ! SmackDown of edition 9 October on London Paul debuting the against title won newly his defended successfully Lesnar "," Lesnar successfully defended his newly won title against the debuting Paul London on October 9 edition of SmackDown ! . He returned to feuding with The Undertaker . Lesnar had previously cost Undertaker the title in a match against then @-@ champion Kurt Angle , which granted him a shot at Lesnar 's title . At No Mercy , Lesnar defeated Undertaker in a Biker Chain match . The rivalry then came to an end after The Undertaker chose to focus on Mr. McMahon . " " . hold submission Lock Brock debuting 's Lesnar to out passed Benoit after won Lesnar where , ! SmackDown on Championship WWE the for later weeks two bout singles a in Benoit faced Lesnar . out tap Lesnar make to wrestler second only the became Benoit Chris , match the of climax the In . since wrestled 't hadn he and before year the Holly injured had Lesnar ; member fifth the as Holly Hardcore added Angle and , team 's Angle joined instead Cena . team 's Lesnar join to invitation an accept to refused who , Cena John attacked he after them for spot final and fifth the fill to Train @-@ A picked team 's Lesnar . him for replacement a find to forced was team 's Angle and Lesnar with match a during injured was Faarooq , However . team his join to APA The and Benoit Chris chose Angle . four to number team the bring to Morgan Matt debuting a and Jones Nathan returning a adding Heyman with , teammate first his as Show Big chose Lesnar . match team tag elimination Series Survivor traditional a to Angle challenge to decided Lesnar , up coming Series Survivor With . manager former his with himself aligned Lesnar , ! SmackDown of manager general as WWE to returned Heyman Paul After "," After Paul Heyman returned to WWE as general manager of SmackDown ! , Lesnar aligned himself with his former manager . With Survivor Series coming up , Lesnar decided to challenge Angle to a traditional Survivor Series elimination tag team match . Lesnar chose Big Show as his first teammate , with Heyman adding a returning Nathan Jones and a debuting Matt Morgan to bring the team number to four . Angle chose Chris Benoit and The APA to join his team . However , Faarooq was injured during a match with Lesnar and Angle 's team was forced to find a replacement for him . Lesnar 's team picked A @-@ Train to fill the fifth and final spot for them after he attacked John Cena , who refused to accept an invitation to join Lesnar 's team . Cena instead joined Angle 's team , and Angle added Hardcore Holly as the fifth member ; Lesnar had injured Holly the year before and he hadn 't wrestled since . In the climax of the match , Chris Benoit became the only second wrestler to make Lesnar tap out . Lesnar faced Benoit in a singles bout two weeks later for the WWE Championship on SmackDown ! , where Lesnar won after Benoit passed out to Lesnar 's debuting Brock Lock submission hold . " " . him eliminate to Angle Kurt enabling , 5 @-@ F an delivered and Goldberg attacked Lesnar , match Rumble Royal the in Later . Championship WWE the retain to Holly defeated Lesnar , 2004 in Rumble Royal the At . year a for action of out and surgery neck of need in Holly left which 2002 in two the between match previous a during neck his injuring legitimately for Lesnar on revenge wanted Holly , storyline the In . Holly Hardcore involving feud a with rivalry this followed Lesnar . staredown a with leaving before him with hands shaking , Lesnar to himself introduced and interview the interrupted Goldberg , world the in anybody beat could he that interview backstage a in claimed Lesnar After . brand Raw the from Goldberg met Lesnar time first the marked event Series Survivor The "," The Survivor Series event marked the first time Lesnar met Goldberg from the Raw brand . After Lesnar claimed in a backstage interview that he could beat anybody in the world , Goldberg interrupted the interview and introduced himself to Lesnar , shaking hands with him before leaving with a staredown . Lesnar followed this rivalry with a feud involving Hardcore Holly . In the storyline , Holly wanted revenge on Lesnar for legitimately injuring his neck during a previous match between the two in 2002 which left Holly in need of neck surgery and out of action for a year . At the Royal Rumble in 2004 , Lesnar defeated Holly to retain the WWE Championship . Later in the Royal Rumble match , Lesnar attacked Goldberg and delivered an F @-@ 5 , enabling Kurt Angle to eliminate him . " " . Austin from Cold Stone received subsequently men both and Lesnar to Jackhammer a delivering after victory gained Goldberg . vociferously wrestlers both heckled and jeered Garden Square Madison at fans the as fiasco a became Goldberg with match 's Lesnar , result a As . ) NFL ( League Football National the in career a pursue to leaving was , too , Lesnar that surfaced rumors , WrestleMania before week a Only . WWE in last 's Goldberg was match the that known widely was it , scenes the Behind . show televised WWE weekly a on match last his in Holly Hardcore defeated Lesnar , SmackDown of episode 4 March the On . match WrestleMania the for referee guest special the as inserted was Austin , wheeler @-@ four his stole and Raw on Austin attacked Lesnar After . Out Way No at Lesnar attack he that Goldberg to suggesting shown was who , Austin Steve Cold Stone with odds at also was Lesnar , Goldberg with feud the During . XX WrestleMania at two the between up set was match a and , title his losing for him blaming , Goldberg with feuding began then Lesnar angry An . Championship WWE the win to Lesnar pinning ; splash frog a hit then Guerrero . DDT a into it reversed Guerrero but Guerrero 5 @-@ F to attempted then Lesnar . two at out kicked Lesnar but Lesnar pin to went Guerrero , Afterwards . unconscious was ref the while Lesnar to spear a delivered Goldberg , match the in Late . Out Way No at title WWE the for Guerrero Eddie faced Lesnar , February In "," In February , Lesnar faced Eddie Guerrero for the WWE title at No Way Out . Late in the match , Goldberg delivered a spear to Lesnar while the ref was unconscious . Afterwards , Guerrero went to pin Lesnar but Lesnar kicked out at two . Lesnar then attempted to F @-@ 5 Guerrero but Guerrero reversed it into a DDT . Guerrero then hit a frog splash ; pinning Lesnar to win the WWE Championship . An angry Lesnar then began feuding with Goldberg , blaming him for losing his title , and a match was set up between the two at WrestleMania XX . During the feud with Goldberg , Lesnar was also at odds with Stone Cold Steve Austin , who was shown suggesting to Goldberg that he attack Lesnar at No Way Out . After Lesnar attacked Austin on Raw and stole his four @-@ wheeler , Austin was inserted as the special guest referee for the WrestleMania match . On the March 4 episode of SmackDown , Lesnar defeated Hardcore Holly in his last match on a weekly WWE televised show . Behind the scenes , it was widely known that the match was Goldberg 's last in WWE . Only a week before WrestleMania , rumors surfaced that Lesnar , too , was leaving to pursue a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) . As a result , Lesnar 's match with Goldberg became a fiasco as the fans at Madison Square Garden jeered and heckled both wrestlers vociferously . Goldberg gained victory after delivering a Jackhammer to Lesnar and both men subsequently received Stone Cold from Austin . " " . WWE against lawsuit his to referring was name this that stated Lesnar , match the After . name 5 @-@ F the on trademark the owns WWE since Verdict the renamed had he which , 5 @-@ F an after Chono Masahiro pinning by match the won He . title this held have to wrestlers American few the of one is Lesnar . Dome Tokyo the in show ) NJPW ( Wrestling Pro Japan New a at Chono Masahiro and Fujita Kazuyuki with match way @-@ three a in match debut his on Championship Heavyweight IWGP the won Lesnar , 2005 , 8 October On "," On October 8 , 2005 , Lesnar won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship on his debut match in a three @-@ way match with Kazuyuki Fujita and Masahiro Chono at a New Japan Pro Wrestling ( NJPW ) show in the Tokyo Dome . Lesnar is one of the few American wrestlers to have held this title . He won the match by pinning Masahiro Chono after an F @-@ 5 , which he had renamed the Verdict since WWE owns the trademark on the F @-@ 5 name . After the match , Lesnar stated that this name was referring to his lawsuit against WWE . " " . 1990 in Hansen Stan vs. Vader since NJPW in match title American vs. American first the was This . 2006 , 3 May on Bernard Giant against defense title successful another had Lesnar . Hall Sumo the at , 19 March on Akebono Champion Grand Wrestling Sumo former against championship his retain to on went he as enforced not also was which Championship Heavyweight IWGP the defending from him stop to Lesnar against injunction an filed again once WWE , 13 January On . Nakamura Shinsuke champion former against , 2006 , 4 January on championship his defended successfully Lesnar . Nagata Yuji and Nakanishi Manabu against victories title @-@ non two had he , that Following . it grant not did court the but , NJPW with work to continuing from Lesnar prevent to order restraining temporary a for motion a filed WWE , 6 December On "," On December 6 , WWE filed a motion for a temporary restraining order to prevent Lesnar from continuing to work with NJPW , but the court did not grant it . Following that , he had two non @-@ title victories against Manabu Nakanishi and Yuji Nagata . Lesnar successfully defended his championship on January 4 , 2006 , against former champion Shinsuke Nakamura . On January 13 , WWE once again filed an injunction against Lesnar to stop him from defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship which was also not enforced as he went on to retain his championship against former Sumo Wrestling Grand Champion Akebono on March 19 , at the Sumo Hall . Lesnar had another successful title defense against Giant Bernard on May 3 , 2006 . This was the first American vs. American title match in NJPW since Vader vs. Stan Hansen in 1990 . " " . 2007 June late until belt Championship IWGP physical the possess to continued Lesnar . Tanahashi Hiroshi by won was which champion new the determine to 16 July on held was tournament A . title the of stripped been had and "" issues visa "" to due Championship Heavyweight IWGP the defend to return not would Lesnar announced Wrestling Pro Japan New , 2006 , 15 July On "," On July 15 , 2006 , New Japan Pro Wrestling announced Lesnar would not return to defend the IWGP Heavyweight Championship due to "" visa issues "" and had been stripped of the title . A tournament was held on July 16 to determine the new champion which was won by Hiroshi Tanahashi . Lesnar continued to possess the physical IWGP Championship belt until late June 2007 . " " . WWE with signed @-@ re he when , 2012 until wrestler professional a as match last 's Lesnar was This . ) TNA ( Wrestling Action Nonstop Total and IGF by recognized as Championship Heavyweight IWGP the win to lock Angle the to out tap to him forcing by Lesnar defeat would Angle . title the for defeated not was he as Champion Heavyweight IWGP "" proper "" the was Lesnar stated had Inoki Antonio promoter Federation Genome Inoki . match champion versus champion a in Angle Kurt Champion Heavyweight World TNA against Championship Heavyweight IWGP his defended Lesnar , 2007 , 29 June on later year one Approximately "," Approximately one year later on June 29 , 2007 , Lesnar defended his IWGP Heavyweight Championship against TNA World Heavyweight Champion Kurt Angle in a champion versus champion match . Inoki Genome Federation promoter Antonio Inoki had stated Lesnar was the "" proper "" IWGP Heavyweight Champion as he was not defeated for the title . Angle would defeat Lesnar by forcing him to tap out to the Angle lock to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship as recognized by IGF and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) . This was Lesnar 's last match as a professional wrestler until 2012 , when he re @-@ signed with WWE . " " . solved get not did but , 21 September on talks settlement enter to began lawsuit The . company the with involvement any from withdrawn had Lesnar that reported website official 's WWE , 2005 , 2 August on but , contract a Lesnar offered had WWE . relationship their renew to negotiations entered and claims their dropped sides two the , 2005 July In . 2004 in show Wrestling Pro Japan New a at appearing by agreement the breached Lesnar after counterclaim a with responded WWE . court in ruling this challenge to decided he , However . 2010 June before companies wrestling professional other any for working from him prohibited which , WWE with contract his from released be to order in clause compete @-@ non a signed previously had Lesnar "," Lesnar had previously signed a non @-@ compete clause in order to be released from his contract with WWE , which prohibited him from working for any other professional wrestling companies before June 2010 . However , he decided to challenge this ruling in court . WWE responded with a counterclaim after Lesnar breached the agreement by appearing at a New Japan Pro Wrestling show in 2004 . In July 2005 , the two sides dropped their claims and entered negotiations to renew their relationship . WWE had offered Lesnar a contract , but on August 2 , 2005 , WWE 's official website reported that Lesnar had withdrawn from any involvement with the company . The lawsuit began to enter settlement talks on September 21 , but did not get solved . " " . parties legal both of request the at case the dismissed judge federal a , 12 June On . settlement a reached had parties both that WWE.com on announced WWE , 24 April On . postponement deadline a granted later was WWE . immediately , anywhere work to Lesnar enabled have would This . judgment summary a him giving , Lesnar of favor in rule would he , 25th the and then between argument good a him gave WWE unless that stated Droney Christopher Judge , 2006 , 14 January On "," On January 14 , 2006 , Judge Christopher Droney stated that unless WWE gave him a good argument between then and the 25th , he would rule in favor of Lesnar , giving him a summary judgment . This would have enabled Lesnar to work anywhere , immediately . WWE was later granted a deadline postponement . On April 24 , WWE announced on WWE.com that both parties had reached a settlement . On June 12 , a federal judge dismissed the case at the request of both legal parties . " " . match the lost Lesnar and steps steel onto Lesnar to Adjustment Attitude the delivered then Cena . fist his around wrapped chain steel a with face the in Lesnar punched Cena until match the throughout dominant was Lesnar . match the to added later stipulation Rules Extreme the with Rules Extreme at Cena face would Lesnar that announced also Laurinaitis . "" WWE the of face new "" the become and WWE the to back "" legitimacy "" bring to Lesnar signed he that revealed Laurinaitis John manager general , Raw on week following The . Cena John to 5 @-@ F an delivering and confronting by heel a as , Raw on , 2012 , 2 April on WWE the to returned Lesnar "," Lesnar returned to the WWE on April 2 , 2012 , on Raw , as a heel by confronting and delivering an F @-@ 5 to John Cena . The following week on Raw , general manager John Laurinaitis revealed that he signed Lesnar to bring "" legitimacy "" back to the WWE and become the "" new face of the WWE "" . Laurinaitis also announced that Lesnar would face Cena at Extreme Rules with the Extreme Rules stipulation later added to the match . Lesnar was dominant throughout the match until Cena punched Lesnar in the face with a steel chain wrapped around his fist . Cena then delivered the Attitude Adjustment to Lesnar onto steel steps and Lesnar lost the match . " " . company the in everything conquered had he that stating , H Triple over victory his after WWE from depart would he that said and "" Kings of King "" new the himself declared Lesnar , Raw on night following The . storyline in arm his breaking again once after submission via match Disqualification No a in H Triple defeated Lesnar , SummerSlam at , 19 August On . 1000 Raw at 23 July on behalf 's Lesnar on match the accepting into Heyman goad later would McMahon Stephanie . refused Lesnar which SummerSlam at match a to , present not was who , Lesnar challenged H Triple , June in Out Way No At . contract of breach for WWE against lawsuit a announced later He . WWE quitting was Lesnar that claimed and representative legal 's Lesnar as return his made Heyman Paul , Raw on week next The . storyline in lock Kimura a with arm his breaking and him attacking Lesnar in resulting , ) Lesnar Brock Starring Raw Night Monday to renamed Raw having and jet personal own his given being included which ( demands contract unreasonable 's Lesnar to in give to refused H Triple Officer Operating Chief 's WWE , Raw on night following The "," The following night on Raw , WWE 's Chief Operating Officer Triple H refused to give in to Lesnar 's unreasonable contract demands ( which included being given his own personal jet and having Raw renamed to Monday Night Raw Starring Brock Lesnar ) , resulting in Lesnar attacking him and breaking his arm with a Kimura lock in storyline . The next week on Raw , Paul Heyman made his return as Lesnar 's legal representative and claimed that Lesnar was quitting WWE . He later announced a lawsuit against WWE for breach of contract . At No Way Out in June , Triple H challenged Lesnar , who was not present , to a match at SummerSlam which Lesnar refused . Stephanie McMahon would later goad Heyman into accepting the match on Lesnar 's behalf on July 23 at Raw 1000 . On August 19 , at SummerSlam , Lesnar defeated Triple H in a No Disqualification match via submission after once again breaking his arm in storyline . The following night on Raw , Lesnar declared himself the new "" King of Kings "" and said that he would depart from WWE after his victory over Triple H , stating that he had conquered everything in the company . " " . match disqualification no a in Punk defeated Lesnar where , SummerSlam at match a to Lesnar challenged Punk , Raw on week following The . Raw of episode 15 July the on Punk attacking and return his making Lesnar to led which , Lesnar beat not could Punk that claimed and , Punk on turned Heyman , July in , However . him on attack 's Lesnar behind not was he that claimed Heyman , Punk from accusations the Despite . 5 @-@ F an with Punk CM client fellow 's Heyman attacking , Raw of episode 17 June the on returned Lesnar . feud their ended and H Triple defeated he , Heyman from interference after , view @-@ per @-@ pay the at 19 May On . week following the accepted H Triple which , Rules Extreme at match cage steel a in Lesnar face to H Triple challenged Heyman before ) Mahal and , McIntyre Drew , Slater Heath ( attacked Lesnar , Raw of episode 15 April the On . steps steel the onto Pedigree a with him hit H Triple after match the losing up ended Lesnar . line the on career 's H Triple with Barred Holds No as revealed was stipulation the , Heyman assaulted and contract the signed H Triple after , week following The . stipulation the named Lesnar and contract a signed Triple after only but accepted Lesnar which , 29 WrestleMania at him with rematch a requesting , Lesnar to challenge a issued H Triple , week following The . stitches eighteen requiring and open split head his having legitimately Lesnar in resulted which , H Triple returning the with brawl a into get to only , McMahon attack to attempted again once Lesnar , Raw of episode 25 February the On . McMahon impress to contract new a to Lesnar signed who one the as herself revealed Guerrero Vickie Supervisor Managing Raw , show talk 's Miz The during , week following The . storyline in pelvis 's McMahon breaking , 5 @-@ F an with McMahon hit Lesnar , pleas 's Heyman Despite and , Heyman fire to about was who McMahon Vince confronting , Raw of episode 2013 , 28 January the on returned Lesnar "," Lesnar returned on the January 28 , 2013 episode of Raw , confronting Vince McMahon who was about to fire Heyman , and Despite Heyman 's pleas , Lesnar hit McMahon with an F @-@ 5 , breaking McMahon 's pelvis in storyline . The following week , during The Miz 's talk show , Raw Managing Supervisor Vickie Guerrero revealed herself as the one who signed Lesnar to a new contract to impress McMahon . On the February 25 episode of Raw , Lesnar once again attempted to attack McMahon , only to get into a brawl with the returning Triple H , which resulted in Lesnar legitimately having his head split open and requiring eighteen stitches . The following week , Triple H issued a challenge to Lesnar , requesting a rematch with him at WrestleMania 29 , which Lesnar accepted but only after Triple signed a contract and Lesnar named the stipulation . The following week , after Triple H signed the contract and assaulted Heyman , the stipulation was revealed as No Holds Barred with Triple H 's career on the line . Lesnar ended up losing the match after Triple H hit him with a Pedigree onto the steel steps . On the April 15 episode of Raw , Lesnar attacked ( Heath Slater , Drew McIntyre , and Mahal ) before Heyman challenged Triple H to face Lesnar in a steel cage match at Extreme Rules , which Triple H accepted the following week . On May 19 at the pay @-@ per @-@ view , after interference from Heyman , he defeated Triple H and ended their feud . Lesnar returned on the June 17 episode of Raw , attacking Heyman 's fellow client CM Punk with an F @-@ 5 . Despite the accusations from Punk , Heyman claimed that he was not behind Lesnar 's attack on him . However , in July , Heyman turned on Punk , and claimed that Punk could not beat Lesnar , which led to Lesnar making his return and attacking Punk on the July 15 episode of Raw . The following week on Raw , Punk challenged Lesnar to a match at SummerSlam , where Lesnar defeated Punk in a no disqualification match . " " . "" Screwjob Montreal the since result shocking most the "" being as Illustrated Sports by described was that feat a , 21 at streak WrestleMania undefeated his ending , 5s @-@ F three executing after Undertaker defeated Lesnar . WrestleMania at match their up setting , table a through Lesnar chokeslammed and returned then Undertaker The , choosing his of else anyone face to contract open an receiving instead , XXX WrestleMania at Championship Heavyweight World WWE the for match a requested had Lesnar that stated Heyman after , Raw of episode 2014 , 24 February the On . began match the before chair steel a with him attacking after Show Big the defeated Lesnar where , Rumble Royal at settled was which feud a starting thus , Lesnar confront to afterwards out came to Show Big led this and , storyline in lock Kimura the with elbow his dislocate Lesnar have to only , again Lesnar challenged Henry , Raw on week following The . Henry to 5 @-@ F an delivering Lesnar with ending , ensue would brawl a and , Henry Mark by answered was which , him challenge to notion that of disapproved who wrestler any dared then Lesnar . Rumble Royal the at Cena John and Orton Randy between match Championship Heavyweight World WWE upcoming the of winner the challenge to intentions his announce to Heyman with returned Lesnar , Raw of episode 30 December the On "," On the December 30 episode of Raw , Lesnar returned with Heyman to announce his intentions to challenge the winner of the upcoming WWE World Heavyweight Championship match between Randy Orton and John Cena at the Royal Rumble . Lesnar then dared any wrestler who disapproved of that notion to challenge him , which was answered by Mark Henry , and a brawl would ensue , ending with Lesnar delivering an F @-@ 5 to Henry . The following week on Raw , Henry challenged Lesnar again , only to have Lesnar dislocate his elbow with the Kimura lock in storyline , and this led Big Show to came out afterwards to confront Lesnar , thus starting a feud which was settled at Royal Rumble , where Lesnar defeated the Big Show after attacking him with a steel chair before the match began . On the February 24 , 2014 episode of Raw , after Heyman stated that Lesnar had requested a match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania XXX , instead receiving an open contract to face anyone else of his choosing , The Undertaker then returned and chokeslammed Lesnar through a table , setting up their match at WrestleMania . Lesnar defeated Undertaker after executing three F @-@ 5s , ending his undefeated WrestleMania streak at 21 , a feat that was described by Sports Illustrated as being "" the most shocking result since the Montreal Screwjob "" . " " . match the during rib broken storyline a suffering despite won Lesnar which , match threat triple a it making , Rumble Royal at match championship 's Cena and Lesnar to added was he , Authority The with reunited Rollins after , year the in Later . disqualification via lost be not could which , championship his retained but , interfering Rollins Seth to due disqualified was Lesnar where , Champions of Night at Lesnar against clause rematch championship his invoking was Cena that announced H Triple , Event Main of episode 19 August the On . offense any managed barely who , Cena to 5s @-@ F two and ) suplexes German were which of most ( suplexes sixteen delivered he match the during and , Champion Heavyweight World WWE the become to Cena defeated Lesnar , SummerSlam At . Championship Heavyweight World WWE the for SummerSlam at Cena John face would Lesnar that announced H Triple , Raw of episode 2014 , 21 July the On "," On the July 21 , 2014 episode of Raw , Triple H announced that Lesnar would face John Cena at SummerSlam for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship . At SummerSlam , Lesnar defeated Cena to become the WWE World Heavyweight Champion , and during the match he delivered sixteen suplexes ( most of which were German suplexes ) and two F @-@ 5s to Cena , who barely managed any offense . On the August 19 episode of Main Event , Triple H announced that Cena was invoking his championship rematch clause against Lesnar at Night of Champions , where Lesnar was disqualified due to Seth Rollins interfering , but retained his championship , which could not be lost via disqualification . Later in the year , after Rollins reunited with The Authority , he was added to Lesnar and Cena 's championship match at Royal Rumble , making it a triple threat match , which Lesnar won despite suffering a storyline broken rib during the match . " " . storyline in indefinitely Lesnar suspending McMahon Stephanie to led which , rematch the refused Rollins after cameraman a as well as , Cole Michael and , Layfield "" Bradshaw "" John , T Booker commentators attacked subsequently and clause rematch his invoke to tried Lesnar , Raw on night following The . title the win to Reigns pinned then Rollins ; threat triple a it making , progress in was match the while contract Bank the in Money his in cashed Rollins , finishes false few a traded Reigns and Lesnar After . motifs merchandise and catchphrases signature his of one became "" City Suplex "" thereafter and , "" ! bitch , City Suplex "" , exclaiming heard was and suplexes multiple delivered Lesnar , Reigns against match event @-@ main his During . 31 WrestleMania at title the for Lesnar face to right the earn to match Rumble Royal the won who , Reigns Roman was challenger next 's Lesnar "," Lesnar 's next challenger was Roman Reigns , who won the Royal Rumble match to earn the right to face Lesnar for the title at WrestleMania 31 . During his main @-@ event match against Reigns , Lesnar delivered multiple suplexes and was heard exclaiming , "" Suplex City , bitch ! "" , and thereafter "" Suplex City "" became one of his signature catchphrases and merchandise motifs . After Lesnar and Reigns traded a few false finishes , Rollins cashed in his Money in the Bank contract while the match was in progress , making it a triple threat ; Rollins then pinned Reigns to win the title . The following night on Raw , Lesnar tried to invoke his rematch clause and subsequently attacked commentators Booker T , John "" Bradshaw "" Layfield , and Michael Cole , as well as a cameraman after Rollins refused the rematch , which led to Stephanie McMahon suspending Lesnar indefinitely in storyline . " " . championship the retaining Rollins and disqualification by winning Lesnar with , match the ended this ; Tombstone two and chokeslam a with Lesnar incapacitated who , Undertaker The by attacked was he , 5 @-@ F an performing after , pinfall @-@ mid ; suplexes 13 delivering , Rollins dominated Lesnar , Battleground at 19 July On . match the after Woods Xavier and E Big stablemates Day New 's Kingston to 5s @-@ F delivered also he ; effort winning quick a in Tokyo in event live East the in Beast The at Kingston Kofi defeating , return 2012 his since WWE for appearance wrestling televised @-@ non first his made Lesnar , 4 July On . Battleground at Championship Heavyweight World WWE ' Rollins to contender one number the as Authority The by chosen being , favorite fan a as Raw of episode 15 June the on returned Lesnar "," Lesnar returned on the June 15 episode of Raw as a fan favorite , being chosen by The Authority as the number one contender to Rollins ' WWE World Heavyweight Championship at Battleground . On July 4 , Lesnar made his first non @-@ televised wrestling appearance for WWE since his 2012 return , defeating Kofi Kingston at The Beast in the East live event in Tokyo in a quick winning effort ; he also delivered F @-@ 5s to Kingston 's New Day stablemates Big E and Xavier Woods after the match . On July 19 at Battleground , Lesnar dominated Rollins , delivering 13 suplexes ; mid @-@ pinfall , after performing an F @-@ 5 , he was attacked by The Undertaker , who incapacitated Lesnar with a chokeslam and two Tombstone ; this ended the match , with Lesnar winning by disqualification and Rollins retaining the championship . " " . Dallas to 5 @-@ F an and suplexes German 3 delivering by responded then Lesnar ; defeat his about Lesnar mocked who , Dallas Bo by confronted be to only , rematch immediate an to Undertaker challenged Heyman and Lesnar , Raw on night following The . Gate 's Hell , hold submission 's Undertaker to out passed Lesnar and blow low a with Lesnar hitting then Undertaker saw which , continue match the that demanded and the see not did referee the but , bell the rang timekeeper the and Lesnar by lock Kimura a to out tapped Undertaker , match the during ; Lesnar defeat controversially would Undertaker where , 23 August on SummerSlam for scheduled being rematch WrestleMania a and arena the throughout brawling two the to led this ; it about Undertaker taunt constantly to Heyman allowing Lesnar for rather but , streak WrestleMania his ending for not Lesnar attacked had he that explained Undertaker , Raw on night following The "," The following night on Raw , Undertaker explained that he had attacked Lesnar not for ending his WrestleMania streak , but rather for Lesnar allowing Heyman to constantly taunt Undertaker about it ; this led to the two brawling throughout the arena and a WrestleMania rematch being scheduled for SummerSlam on August 23 , where Undertaker would controversially defeat Lesnar ; during the match , Undertaker tapped out to a Kimura lock by Lesnar and the timekeeper rang the bell , but the referee did not see the and demanded that the match continue , which saw Undertaker then hitting Lesnar with a low blow and Lesnar passed out to Undertaker 's submission hold , Hell 's Gate . The following night on Raw , Lesnar and Heyman challenged Undertaker to an immediate rematch , only to be confronted by Bo Dallas , who mocked Lesnar about his defeat ; Lesnar then responded by delivering 3 German suplexes and an F @-@ 5 to Dallas . " " . Family Wyatt The of rest the from help with Wyatt Bray by eliminated being before competitors four eliminating , entrant 23rd the was Lesnar , Rumble Royal the At . Family Wyatt The by attacked both were they until Reigns with brawl would Lesnar , Raw on week following The . Reigns Roman to 5 @-@ F an giving before , Owens Kevin and , ) Rio Del Alberto and , Rusev , Barrett King , Sheamus ( Nations of League The , Day New The attacking , returned Lesnar , Raw of episode 11 January the On . Awards Slammy 2015 the during "" Year the of Match "" voted later was match The . feud their ending , floor ring exposed the onto 5 @-@ F and blow low a after Undertaker The defeated Lesnar where , view @-@ per @-@ pay Cell a in Hell the at Undertaker The face would Lesnar that announced was it , Champions of Night During "," During Night of Champions , it was announced that Lesnar would face The Undertaker at the Hell in a Cell pay @-@ per @-@ view , where Lesnar defeated The Undertaker after a low blow and F @-@ 5 onto the exposed ring floor , ending their feud . The match was later voted "" Match of the Year "" during the 2015 Slammy Awards . On the January 11 episode of Raw , Lesnar returned , attacking The New Day , The League of Nations ( Sheamus , King Barrett , Rusev , and Alberto Del Rio ) , and Kevin Owens , before giving an F @-@ 5 to Roman Reigns . The following week on Raw , Lesnar would brawl with Reigns until they were both attacked by The Wyatt Family . At the Royal Rumble , Lesnar was the 23rd entrant , eliminating four competitors before being eliminated by Bray Wyatt with help from the rest of The Wyatt Family . " " . Raw to drafted was Lesnar , Draft WWE 2016 the at , 19 July On . SummerSlam at Orton Randy returning the facing be would Lesnar that announced was it , SmackDown of edition 7 July the On . Ambrose defeated Lesnar where , 32 WrestleMania at match Fight Street Barred Holds No a to Lesnar challenged he and , ambulance an hijacked having , night the in later return would Ambrose but , Raw for arena the at arriving was he as lot parking the in Ambrose attacked Lesnar , this of Because . Ambrose pinned Reigns after match the lose ultimately would he ; Reigns and Ambrose by tables announce two through put was he before match the of most dominated Lesnar , Fastlane At . Lesnar by attacks subsequent the from him saving Reigns with , Ambrose by provoked continuously be would Lesnar , weeks following the In . 32 WrestleMania at Championship Heavyweight World WWE the for H Triple face would who determine to Ambrose Dean and , Reigns Roman , Lesnar between match threat triple a be would Fastlane of event main the that announced McMahon Stephanie , Raw of episode 25 January the On "," On the January 25 episode of Raw , Stephanie McMahon announced that the main event of Fastlane would be a triple threat match between Lesnar , Roman Reigns , and Dean Ambrose to determine who would face Triple H for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 32 . In the following weeks , Lesnar would be continuously provoked by Ambrose , with Reigns saving him from the subsequent attacks by Lesnar . At Fastlane , Lesnar dominated most of the match before he was put through two announce tables by Ambrose and Reigns ; he would ultimately lose the match after Reigns pinned Ambrose . Because of this , Lesnar attacked Ambrose in the parking lot as he was arriving at the arena for Raw , but Ambrose would return later in the night , having hijacked an ambulance , and he challenged Lesnar to a No Holds Barred Street Fight match at WrestleMania 32 , where Lesnar defeated Ambrose . On the July 7 edition of SmackDown , it was announced that Lesnar would be facing the returning Randy Orton at SummerSlam . On July 19 , at the 2016 WWE Draft , Lesnar was drafted to Raw . " " : departure his following , WWE.com , website official their on statement this issued WWE The . school high since football American playing not despite ) NFL ( League Football National the in career a pursue to WWE in career his sidelined Lesnar , XX WrestleMania at match his After "," After his match at WrestleMania XX , Lesnar sidelined his career in WWE to pursue a career in the National Football League ( NFL ) despite not playing American football since high school . The WWE issued this statement on their official website , WWE.com , following his departure : " " . endeavor new his in best the him wish and accomplishments his of proud are we and WWE the in career professional entire his wrestled has Brock . season this League Football National the for tryout to prepare to hold on career WWE his put to decision personal a made has Lesnar Brock "," Brock Lesnar has made a personal decision to put his WWE career on hold to prepare to tryout for the National Football League this season . Brock has wrestled his entire professional career in the WWE and we are proud of his accomplishments and wish him the best in his new endeavor . " " : stated he , NFL the about interview an In . football in "" it made "" have could he if wondering and old years 40 be to want not did he that adding , football pro play to wanted always and unhappy grown had but , WWE in "" years wonderful three "" had he that show radio Minnesota a told later Lesnar "," Lesnar later told a Minnesota radio show that he had "" three wonderful years "" in WWE , but had grown unhappy and always wanted to play pro football , adding that he did not want to be 40 years old and wondering if he could have "" made it "" in football . In an interview about the NFL , he stated : " " . thinks else anybody what damn a give 't don I , that have I as long As . me break could Nobody . head hard a and , conditioning great had , strong was I but wrestling amateur in technician best the 't wasn I . everything for fight to had always 've I . better not if , NFL the in guys of lot a as athlete an good as 'm I . can I say I . joke a 's it that , football play 't can I say people Now . wrestling for offers college zero got I . five was I since athletics in underdog an been 've I . anybody of afraid 't ain I and anything of afraid 't ain I . this about serious dead am I . stunt WWE no 's it ; bull of load no is This "," This is no load of bull ; it 's no WWE stunt . I am dead serious about this . I ain 't afraid of anything and I ain 't afraid of anybody . I 've been an underdog in athletics since I was five . I got zero college offers for wrestling . Now people say I can 't play football , that it 's a joke . I say I can . I 'm as good an athlete as a lot of guys in the NFL , if not better . I 've always had to fight for everything . I wasn 't the best technician in amateur wrestling but I was strong , had great conditioning , and a hard head . Nobody could break me . As long as I have that , I don 't give a damn what anybody else thinks . " " . Vikings the with time his during him of produced cards football several had He . family his with States United the in stay to desire his to due declined but Europa NFL in Vikings the for representative a as play to invitation an received Lesnar . 2004 , 30 August on Vikings the by released was He . team the for games preseason several in played and 27 July on Vikings the with signed He . injury groin his from recovered nearly was he that reported was it 24 July On . accident motorcycle April the in suffered injury groin the by hampered was he but 2004 , 11 June on Lesnar out worked Vikings Minnesota The . out work Lesnar watching in interest expressed teams NFL Several . groin pulled a and , pelvis bruised a , hand left and jaw broken a suffered he ; motorbike his with collided minivan a , 2004 , 17 April On . Combine NFL the at showing great a had Lesnar "," Lesnar had a great showing at the NFL Combine . On April 17 , 2004 , a minivan collided with his motorbike ; he suffered a broken jaw and left hand , a bruised pelvis , and a pulled groin . Several NFL teams expressed interest in watching Lesnar work out . The Minnesota Vikings worked out Lesnar on June 11 , 2004 but he was hampered by the groin injury suffered in the April motorcycle accident . On July 24 it was reported that he was nearly recovered from his groin injury . He signed with the Vikings on July 27 and played in several preseason games for the team . He was released by the Vikings on August 30 , 2004 . Lesnar received an invitation to play as a representative for the Vikings in NFL Europa but declined due to his desire to stay in the United States with his family . He had several football cards produced of him during his time with the Vikings . " " . match MMA official first his win to round first the of 09 : 1 in strikes with Kim Soo submitted Lesnar . Kim Soo Min by replaced was Man @-@ Hong , match the to prior , However . show USA ! ! Dynamite 1 @-@ K the at , 2007 , 2 June on Korea of man @-@ Hong Choi against scheduled was fight first His . promotion 1 @-@ K the with deal a signed had he that Vegas Las in 12 August on announced Lesnar . Morgan Marty coach wrestling Head Assistant Minnesota and Nelson Greg under Academy Arts Martial Minnesota with trained He . 's Hero , league arts martial mixed 's 1 @-@ K join to intent his announced Lesnar , Vegas Las in 2006 Prix Grand World 1 @-@ K the of match final the after , 2006 , 29 April On "," On April 29 , 2006 , after the final match of the K @-@ 1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Las Vegas , Lesnar announced his intent to join K @-@ 1 's mixed martial arts league , Hero 's . He trained with Minnesota Martial Arts Academy under Greg Nelson and Minnesota Assistant Head wrestling coach Marty Morgan . Lesnar announced on August 12 in Las Vegas that he had signed a deal with the K @-@ 1 promotion . His first fight was scheduled against Choi Hong @-@ man of Korea on June 2 , 2007 , at the K @-@ 1 Dynamite ! ! USA show . However , prior to the match , Hong @-@ Man was replaced by Min Soo Kim . Lesnar submitted Soo Kim with strikes in 1 : 09 of the first round to win his first official MMA match . " " . decision unanimous by Herring defeated Lesnar . Herring Heath by replaced was and injury an to due fight the from withdrew Coleman , However . 87 UFC at Lesnar fight to announced was Coleman Mark Famer of Hall and Champion Heavyweight UFC former , 82 UFC At . debut UFC his in lost Lesnar and round first the of 30 : 1 at submission a force and a secure to managed Mir , Lesnar by takedown another Following . head the of back the on Mir hit punch a after point a docked was but punches numerous landing began and takedown early an secured Lesnar . man @-@ Hong Choi after gloves such wear to history sports combat 's Nevada in man second the him making , fight the for gloves wearing was Lesnar , hands large his to Due . Mir Frank , Champion Heavyweight UFC former against Point Breaking : 81 UFC titled event an in promotion the with debut his made Lesnar , 2008 , 2 February On . ) UFC ( Championship Fighting Ultimate the with fight to deal a reached had Lesnar that announced was it , 77 UFC During "," During UFC 77 , it was announced that Lesnar had reached a deal to fight with the Ultimate Fighting Championship ( UFC ) . On February 2 , 2008 , Lesnar made his debut with the promotion in an event titled UFC 81 : Breaking Point against former UFC Heavyweight Champion , Frank Mir . Due to his large hands , Lesnar was wearing gloves for the fight , making him the second man in Nevada 's combat sports history to wear such gloves after Choi Hong @-@ man . Lesnar secured an early takedown and began landing numerous punches but was docked a point after a punch hit Mir on the back of the head . Following another takedown by Lesnar , Mir managed to secure a and force a submission at 1 : 30 of the first round and Lesnar lost in his UFC debut . At UFC 82 , former UFC Heavyweight Champion and Hall of Famer Mark Coleman was announced to fight Lesnar at UFC 87 . However , Coleman withdrew from the fight due to an injury and was replaced by Heath Herring . Lesnar defeated Herring by unanimous decision . " " . Champion Heavyweight UFC new the become to round second the in ) TKO ( knockout technical a via Couture beat would Lesnar . 15 November on 91 UFC at Championship Heavyweight UFC the for Couture Randy face then would Lesnar "," Lesnar would then face Randy Couture for the UFC Heavyweight Championship at UFC 91 on November 15 . Lesnar would beat Couture via a technical knockout ( TKO ) in the second round to become the new UFC Heavyweight Champion . " " . product their endorsed and Light Bud of bottle a held he where , conference press fight @-@ post the at remarks his for apologized later Lesnar . instead Light Coors promoted and "" ' nothin me pay 't won "" they claiming , Light Bud sponsor primary 's view @-@ per @-@ pay the about comment disparaging a made also Lesnar . him booing been had who crowd the off flipped Lesnar , celebration match @-@ post his During . 2009 for Sherdog from , Silva Anderson with , honors Year the of Lesnar earned win The . round second the in knockout technical via , 2009 , 11 July on 100 UFC at Mir with rematch postponed the won Lesnar . postponed was event main 98 UFC the be to slated originally was that Lesnar with match unification title the , Mir to injury knee a to Due . "" belt my got 've You "" , shouted and crowd the in Lesnar found Mir , title Heavyweight Interim the winning after Immediately . 98 UFC at Championship Heavyweight UFC Undisputed the for Lesnar face to was and Championship Heavyweight Interim the for Nogueira Antônio defeated Mir Frank , 92 UFC at , 2008 , 27 December On "," On December 27 , 2008 , at UFC 92 , Frank Mir defeated Antônio Nogueira for the Interim Heavyweight Championship and was to face Lesnar for the Undisputed UFC Heavyweight Championship at UFC 98 . Immediately after winning the Interim Heavyweight title , Mir found Lesnar in the crowd and shouted , "" You 've got my belt "" . Due to a knee injury to Mir , the title unification match with Lesnar that was originally slated to be the UFC 98 main event was postponed . Lesnar won the postponed rematch with Mir at UFC 100 on July 11 , 2009 , via technical knockout in the second round . The win earned Lesnar of the Year honors , with Anderson Silva , from Sherdog for 2009 . During his post @-@ match celebration , Lesnar flipped off the crowd who had been booing him . Lesnar also made a disparaging comment about the pay @-@ per @-@ view 's primary sponsor Bud Light , claiming they "" won 't pay me nothin ' "" and promoted Coors Light instead . Lesnar later apologized for his remarks at the post @-@ fight press conference , where he held a bottle of Bud Light and endorsed their product . " " . "" happen to reform care health want 't don that States United the in doctors the of behalf the on "" speak to effort an in experience his shared he that stated and further care health Canadian criticize to on went Lesnar . life his saved U.S. the in treatment better seeking that and , Manitoba , Brandon in hospital a at "" treatment World Third "" received had he that reporters told later but , Canada in treatment sought initially Lesnar . 2010 , 2 January on 108 UFC for rescheduled was Carwin with fight his ; recover to while a him take would it that and life his in sick this been never had he claiming , weeks three for ill been had Lesnar said White Dana President UFC . illness an to due bout Carwin his of out pulled Lesnar that announced was it , 2009 , 26 October On . 21 November on 106 UFC at Carwin Shane against belt his defend to scheduled was Lesnar and scrapped was match the but Lesnar face would 104 UFC at fight Velasquez Cain vs. Carwin Shane the of winner the that reported was it , 2009 , 1 July On "," On July 1 , 2009 , it was reported that the winner of the Shane Carwin vs. Cain Velasquez fight at UFC 104 would face Lesnar but the match was scrapped and Lesnar was scheduled to defend his belt against Shane Carwin at UFC 106 on November 21 . On October 26 , 2009 , it was announced that Lesnar pulled out of his Carwin bout due to an illness . UFC President Dana White said Lesnar had been ill for three weeks , claiming he had never been this sick in his life and that it would take him a while to recover ; his fight with Carwin was rescheduled for UFC 108 on January 2 , 2010 . Lesnar initially sought treatment in Canada , but later told reporters that he had received "" Third World treatment "" at a hospital in Brandon , Manitoba , and that seeking better treatment in the U.S. saved his life . Lesnar went on to criticize Canadian health care further and stated that he shared his experience in an effort to speak "" on the behalf of the doctors in the United States that don 't want health care reform to happen "" . " " . year a around for ongoing been had condition intestinal the that estimated surgeon the , system 's Lesnar to damage of level the From . mononucleosis contracted he that point the to system immune his overtaxing and , abscesses , pain causing , abdomen his into matter fecal leaking been had that intestine his in perforation a close to 16 November on surgery underwent Lesnar , diagnosis further After . surgery required which , disorder intestinal an , diverticulitis of case serious a from suffering was he that revealed was it , mononucleosis to addition In . up set be to need might match title interim an that and "" soon anytime well getting be to going not 's he and well not s ' ] Lesnar [ "" , stated White Dana , conference fight @-@ post 105 UFC the at , 14 November On . cancelled was championship heavyweight 's Lesnar for fight the and longer bit a wait to have would Carwin with bout his that and mononucleosis from suffering was Lesnar that confirmed was it , 4 November On "," On November 4 , it was confirmed that Lesnar was suffering from mononucleosis and that his bout with Carwin would have to wait a bit longer and the fight for Lesnar 's heavyweight championship was cancelled . On November 14 , at the UFC 105 post @-@ fight conference , Dana White stated , "" [ Lesnar ] ' s not well and he 's not going to be getting well anytime soon "" and that an interim title match might need to be set up . In addition to mononucleosis , it was revealed that he was suffering from a serious case of diverticulitis , an intestinal disorder , which required surgery . After further diagnosis , Lesnar underwent surgery on November 16 to close a perforation in his intestine that had been leaking fecal matter into his abdomen , causing pain , abscesses , and overtaxing his immune system to the point that he contracted mononucleosis . From the level of damage to Lesnar 's system , the surgeon estimated that the intestinal condition had been ongoing for around a year . " " . defenses Championship Heavyweight successful consecutive most for record UFC a tied also win The . loss first his Carwin giving and Night the of Submission first his earning , Champion Heavyweight UFC Undisputed the became Lesnar , victory the With . choke triangle arm an with fight the finish and control @-@ side into move then , mount full a attain , down Carwin take to able was Lesnar , round next the In . round the of rest the attack pound and ground a used and , eye left his above cut a him gave , punch with down Lesnar knocked Carwin , round first the in Early . titles heavyweight the unify to 116 UFC at Carwin faced Lesnar . "" belt championship real the got 've I . belt believe @-@ make a 's that belt a wearing 's he but fight good a was It "" , stated and ring the into came Lesnar , fight the After . Champion Interim new the becoming , round first the in knockout via Mir defeated Carwin Shane . opponent next 's Lesnar and , Champion Heavyweight Interim the determine to 111 UFC at 27 March on place took Carwin Shane and Mir Frank between match A . summer the in UFC the to return a make to scheduled was he that SportsCenter 's ESPN on announced Lesnar , 2010 January In "," In January 2010 , Lesnar announced on ESPN 's SportsCenter that he was scheduled to make a return to the UFC in the summer . A match between Frank Mir and Shane Carwin took place on March 27 at UFC 111 to determine the Interim Heavyweight Champion , and Lesnar 's next opponent . Shane Carwin defeated Mir via knockout in the first round , becoming the new Interim Champion . After the fight , Lesnar came into the ring and stated , "" It was a good fight but he 's wearing a belt that 's a make @-@ believe belt . I 've got the real championship belt "" . Lesnar faced Carwin at UFC 116 to unify the heavyweight titles . Early in the first round , Carwin knocked Lesnar down with punch , gave him a cut above his left eye , and used a ground and pound attack the rest of the round . In the next round , Lesnar was able to take Carwin down , attain a full mount , then move into side @-@ control and finish the fight with an arm triangle choke . With the victory , Lesnar became the Undisputed UFC Heavyweight Champion , earning his first Submission of the Night and giving Carwin his first loss . The win also tied a UFC record for most consecutive successful Heavyweight Championship defenses . " " . round first the in TKO by title the for Velasquez by defeated was He . fight the hype to Primetime UFC back bring would UFC the that SportsNation via announced White Dana . 121 UFC at California , Anaheim in Center Honda the at , 23 October on Velasquez Cain contender top undefeated against was defense next 's Lesnar "," Lesnar 's next defense was against undefeated top contender Cain Velasquez on October 23 , at the Honda Center in Anaheim , California at UFC 121 . Dana White announced via SportsNation that the UFC would bring back UFC Primetime to hype the fight . He was defeated by Velasquez for the title by TKO in the first round . " " . removed colon his of piece inch @-@ 12 a had he that said White Dana . diverticulitis with problems his battle help to 27 May on surgery underwent Lesnar . Santos dos against losing up ended who , Carwin Shane by replaced was He . 12 May on fight the from withdraw to had and diverticulitis of bout another with struck was he , however , 131 UFC at 11 June on fight to expected two the with , Santos dos Junior opposite , 13 Season Fighter Ultimate The of coach a as announced was Lesnar , 2011 , 11 January On "," On January 11 , 2011 , Lesnar was announced as a coach of The Ultimate Fighter Season 13 , opposite Junior dos Santos , with the two expected to fight on June 11 at UFC 131 , however , he was struck with another bout of diverticulitis and had to withdraw from the fight on May 12 . He was replaced by Shane Carwin , who ended up losing against dos Santos . Lesnar underwent surgery on May 27 to help battle his problems with diverticulitis . Dana White said that he had a 12 @-@ inch piece of his colon removed . " " . bonuses view @-@ per @-@ pay estimated and salaries bout reported his included which , million 3 @.@ 5 $ at MMA for list the topped Lesnar . sports 30 in season recent most or year calendar recent most the for earnings and salary base on based athlete paid highest the listing story a published magazine 's ESPN , issue 2011 May its In "," In its May 2011 issue , ESPN 's magazine published a story listing the highest paid athlete based on base salary and earnings for the most recent calendar year or most recent season in 30 sports . Lesnar topped the list for MMA at $ 5 @.@ 3 million , which included his reported bout salaries and estimated pay @-@ per @-@ view bonuses . " " . "" octagon the in me see 'll you time last the was tonight "" saying and diverticulitis with struggles his mentioning , MMA from retirement his announced then Lesnar . fight next his to prior testosterone of levels elevated for positive tested as , controversial remains fight the of result The . round first the in knockout technical of way by fight the won . Alistair champion heavyweight Strikeforce former against Vegas Las in 30 December on 141 UFC at be to scheduled was match return His . "" feel to used I like feel I . Strong . Healthy . man new a like feel I "" , stating , action to returning was he that announced Lesnar , 2011 of summer the In "," In the summer of 2011 , Lesnar announced that he was returning to action , stating , "" I feel like a new man . Healthy . Strong . I feel like I used to feel "" . His return match was scheduled to be at UFC 141 on December 30 in Las Vegas against former Strikeforce heavyweight champion Alistair . won the fight by way of technical knockout in the first round . The result of the fight remains controversial , as tested positive for elevated levels of testosterone prior to his next fight . Lesnar then announced his retirement from MMA , mentioning his struggles with diverticulitis and saying "" tonight was the last time you 'll see me in the octagon "" . " " . "" pay time @-@ full with time @-@ part work "" could he because MMA to returning of instead WWE with sign to chose he that and "" decisions caveman smarter makes ] he [ so , now caveman older an ] 's he [ "" that added Lesnar . "" mentally lacking was something but great physically "" felt he , UFC the to return a for months for training was he while , that elaborated further He . career MMA his in previously made had he what than "" more times ten "" deal a offered was he though even , MMA to return a on door the closed officially and WWE with signed @-@ re had he that SportsCenter on interview an in announced Lesnar when , 2015 , 24 March until lasted MMA to return a about Speculation "," Speculation about a return to MMA lasted until March 24 , 2015 , when Lesnar announced in an interview on SportsCenter that he had re @-@ signed with WWE and officially closed the door on a return to MMA , even though he was offered a deal "" ten times more "" than what he had made previously in his MMA career . He further elaborated that , while he was training for months for a return to the UFC , he felt "" physically great but something was lacking mentally "" . Lesnar added that "" [ he 's ] an older caveman now , so [ he ] makes smarter caveman decisions "" and that he chose to sign with WWE instead of returning to MMA because he could "" work part @-@ time with full @-@ time pay "" . " " . 21 August on SummerSlam for company the to return would he before 200 UFC at compete to "" opportunity off @-@ one a "" Lesnar granted had it confirmed WWE . 9 July on 200 UFC at return would he that , 2016 , 4 June on announced UFC , 2015 March in "" MMA on door the closing "" was he said Lesnar Though "," Though Lesnar said he was "" closing the door on MMA "" in March 2015 , UFC announced on June 4 , 2016 , that he would return at UFC 200 on July 9 . WWE confirmed it had granted Lesnar "" a one @-@ off opportunity "" to compete at UFC 200 before he would return to the company for SummerSlam on August 21 . " " . purse million 5 @.@ 2 $ record @-@ UFC a won also He . round final the in 32 , strikes ground significant 43 land to times four down him taking and , strikes standing attempted 30 's Hunt of 19 avoiding , ) 27 @-@ 29 ( decision unanimous by Hunt Mark defeated , career his in time first the for Canada representing , Lesnar "," Lesnar , representing Canada for the first time in his career , defeated Mark Hunt by unanimous decision ( 29 @-@ 27 ) , avoiding 19 of Hunt 's 30 attempted standing strikes , and taking him down four times to land 43 significant ground strikes , 32 in the final round . He also won a UFC @-@ record $ 2 @.@ 5 million purse . " " . sample competition @-@ of @-@ out previous the in discovered substance banned same the for positive tested 9 July on competition @-@ in taken sample second a that announced UFC the , 19 July On "" . this of bottom the to get will We "" , Press Associated the told Lesnar . Hunt to responded publicly yet not has UFC . purse whole the for asked and , Twitter on mind his changed later He . contract his of out him let or purse 's Lesnar of half him pay either to UFC told Hunt . place take still would SummerSlam at Orton Randy with match 's Lesnar said WWE , announced was this after Shortly . 28 June on collected sample competition @-@ of @-@ out an in substance banned undisclosed an from stemming ) USADA ( Agency Doping @-@ Anti States United the by violation policy doping @-@ anti potential a of notified was Lesnar , 15 July On "," On July 15 , Lesnar was notified of a potential anti @-@ doping policy violation by the United States Anti @-@ Doping Agency ( USADA ) stemming from an undisclosed banned substance in an out @-@ of @-@ competition sample collected on June 28 . Shortly after this was announced , WWE said Lesnar 's match with Randy Orton at SummerSlam would still take place . Hunt told UFC to either pay him half of Lesnar 's purse or let him out of his contract . He later changed his mind on Twitter , and asked for the whole purse . UFC has not yet publicly responded to Hunt . Lesnar told the Associated Press , "" We will get to the bottom of this . "" On July 19 , the UFC announced that a second sample taken in @-@ competition on July 9 tested positive for the same banned substance discovered in the previous out @-@ of @-@ competition sample . " " . husband late her with daughter 's Greek , Mariah of stepfather the is and , twins the of custody full has Lesnar . Luke than older minutes 10 is Mya . ) 2002 , 10 April born ( Lynn Mya named daughter a second the and ) . Jr Brock born ( Luke named son a being first the , McClain Nicole , fiancée former his with twins has also Lesnar . ) 2010 , 21 July born ( Duke and ) 2009 , 3 June born ( Turk : sons two have They . Minnesota , Plain Maple in lived previously having , Saskatchewan , in farm a on reside They . 2006 , 6 May on , Sable as known better , Greek Rena married Lesnar "," Lesnar married Rena Greek , better known as Sable , on May 6 , 2006 . They reside on a farm in , Saskatchewan , having previously lived in Maple Plain , Minnesota . They have two sons : Turk ( born June 3 , 2009 ) and Duke ( born July 21 , 2010 ) . Lesnar also has twins with his former fiancée , Nicole McClain , the first being a son named Luke ( born Brock Jr . ) and the second a daughter named Mya Lynn ( born April 10 , 2002 ) . Mya is 10 minutes older than Luke . Lesnar has full custody of the twins , and is the stepfather of Mariah , Greek 's daughter with her late husband . " " . Ammunition Fusion for spokesman a as role his and hunting for passion his discuss to 2011 May in meeting annual their at appearance an made and , Association Rifle National the of member a is He . Party Republican the of supporter a and conservative a is Lesnar "," Lesnar is a conservative and a supporter of the Republican Party . He is a member of the National Rifle Association , and made an appearance at their annual meeting in May 2011 to discuss his passion for hunting and his role as a spokesman for Fusion Ammunition . " " . career WWE his of "" years two entire an "" remember not does he , exhaustion mental and addiction his of result a as , that claims Lesnar . pain of source particular a as XIX WrestleMania at accident his named he ; body his on tear and wear by caused pain the manage to month per pills Vicodin of hundreds taking and day per vodka of bottle a drinking allegedly , painkillers and alcohol both to addictions developed Lesnar , WWE in run first his During "," During his first run in WWE , Lesnar developed addictions to both alcohol and painkillers , allegedly drinking a bottle of vodka per day and taking hundreds of Vicodin pills per month to manage the pain caused by wear and tear on his body ; he named his accident at WrestleMania XIX as a particular source of pain . Lesnar claims that , as a result of his addiction and mental exhaustion , he does not remember "" an entire two years "" of his WWE career . " " . "" thing of type vitamin "" a as it described lawyer His . hormone growth legal a were substances the that discovered was it when dropped were charges The . steroids anabolic of amounts large possessing of suspicion for Kentucky , Louisville in police by arrested was Lesnar , 2001 January In "," In January 2001 , Lesnar was arrested by police in Louisville , Kentucky for suspicion of possessing large amounts of anabolic steroids . The charges were dropped when it was discovered that the substances were a legal growth hormone . His lawyer described it as a "" vitamin type of thing "" . " " . suspension hunting month @-@ six a given and 725 @,@ 1 $ fined was He . animal an of tagging improper of charge the to guilty pleaded Lesnar but , dropped were charges Two . 2010 , 19 November on Alberta to trip a on infractions hunting with charged was Lesnar , 2011 , 15 December On "," On December 15 , 2011 , Lesnar was charged with hunting infractions on a trip to Alberta on November 19 , 2010 . Two charges were dropped , but Lesnar pleaded guilty to the charge of improper tagging of an animal . He was fined $ 1 @,@ 725 and given a six @-@ month hunting suspension . " " . wrestling amateur in Canada of all in 4 # and Saskatchewan in 1 # ranked is Jr. Brock , son eldest 's Lesnar , 2016 July of As "," As of July 2016 , Lesnar 's eldest son , Brock Jr. is ranked # 1 in Saskatchewan and # 4 in all of Canada in amateur wrestling . " " . 2K17 WWE and , 2K16 WWE , 2K15 WWE , 2K14 WWE , 13 ' WWE , 12 ' WWE , 2010 Undisputed UFC , Undisputed 2009 UFC , 06 NFL Madden , Pain the Comes Here ! SmackDown WWE , Mouth Your Shut ! SmackDown WWE games video the in appears Lesnar "," Lesnar appears in the video games WWE SmackDown ! Shut Your Mouth , WWE SmackDown ! Here Comes the Pain , Madden NFL 06 , UFC 2009 Undisputed , UFC Undisputed 2010 , WWE ' 12 , WWE ' 13 , WWE 2K14 , WWE 2K15 , WWE 2K16 , and WWE 2K17 . " " . interviews and matches new include to expanded also was It . return WWE 's Lesnar with in tie to edition 's collector ray @-@ Blu disc @-@ two and DVD disc @-@ three a as 2012 in released @-@ re was It . Pain the Comes Here : Lesnar Brock entitled career 's Lesnar chronicling DVD a released Video Home WWE , 2003 In "," In 2003 , WWE Home Video released a DVD chronicling Lesnar 's career entitled Brock Lesnar : Here Comes the Pain . It was re @-@ released in 2012 as a three @-@ disc DVD and two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray collector 's edition to tie in with Lesnar 's WWE return . It was also expanded to include new matches and interviews . " " . 2008 in Pages City ' Minneapolis and , 2004 in magazine Fitness & Muscle and Flex of covers the on featured was Lesnar "," Lesnar was featured on the covers of Flex and Muscle & Fitness magazine in 2004 , and Minneapolis ' City Pages in 2008 . " " . product "" "" 's with included was training Lesnar of footage containing CD A . Nutrition with deal endorsement an signed Lesnar , 2009 In "," In 2009 , Lesnar signed an endorsement deal with Nutrition . A CD containing footage of Lesnar training was included with 's "" "" product . " " . Heyman Paul with written @-@ co was It . ) @-@ 978 ISBN ( Survival and , Domination , Determination of Story My : Clutch Death titled autobiography an published Lesnar , 2011 In "," In 2011 , Lesnar published an autobiography titled Death Clutch : My Story of Determination , Domination , and Survival ( ISBN 978 @-@ ) . It was co @-@ written with Paul Heyman . " " . Titan Armored the of character the for Lesnar from inspiration drew he that revealed Isayama Hajime author Titan on Attack , blog his on post 2013 a In "," In a 2013 post on his blog , Attack on Titan author Hajime Isayama revealed that he drew inspiration from Lesnar for the character of the Armored Titan . " " . Stonestreet Eric actor by videos Vine and Instagram comedic multiple in appeared also has Lesnar "," Lesnar has also appeared in multiple comedic Instagram and Vine videos by actor Eric Stonestreet . " " moves Finishing "," Finishing moves " " 2004 – 2002 – ) crab Boston leg single shoulder @-@ the @-@ Over ( Lock Brock "," Brock Lock ( Over @-@ the @-@ shoulder single leg Boston crab ) – 2002 – 2004 " " present – 2012 ; 2006 – 2002 – ) facebuster carry 's Fireman ( ) IGF / NJPW ( Verdict / ) WWE ( 5 @-@ F "," F @-@ 5 ( WWE ) / Verdict ( NJPW / IGF ) ( Fireman 's carry facebuster ) – 2002 – 2006 ; 2012 – present " " present – 2012 – lock Kimura "," Kimura lock – 2012 – present " " WWE in once used only ; OVW – press star Shooting "," Shooting star press – OVW ; only used once in WWE " " moves Signature "," Signature moves " " Backbreaker "," Backbreaker " " slam "," slam " " slam press Gorilla "," Gorilla press slam " " midsection 's opponent the to lifts Knee "," Knee lifts to the opponent 's midsection " " variations suplex Multiple "," Multiple suplex variations " " once at opponents two to sometimes , back @-@ to @-@ Belly "," Belly @-@ to @-@ back , sometimes to two opponents at once " " delaying while sometimes , 's Fisherman "," Fisherman 's , sometimes while delaying " " ring the of out or into sometimes , belly @-@ to @-@ belly Overhead "," Overhead belly @-@ to @-@ belly , sometimes into or out of the ring " " German Rolling / Release "," Release / Rolling German " " Snap "," Snap " " Vertical "," Vertical " " thrusts turnbuckle Multiple "," Multiple turnbuckle thrusts " " "," " " choke naked Rear "," Rear naked choke " " powerbomb Running "," Running powerbomb " " punches mounted by followed takedown leg double Standing "," Standing double leg takedown followed by mounted punches " " powerbomb release @-@ non Triple "," Triple non @-@ release powerbomb " " Managers "," Managers " " McMahon Mr. "," Mr. McMahon " " Sable "," Sable " " Heyman Paul "," Paul Heyman " " Nicknames "," Nicknames " " "" Anomaly The "" "," "" The Anomaly "" " " "" ) Incarnate ( Beast The "" "," "" The Beast ( Incarnate ) "" " " "" Conqueror The "" "," "" The Conqueror "" " " "" Freak The "" "," "" The Freak "" " " "" Thing Big Next The "" "," "" The Next Big Thing "" " " "" 1 @-@ 22 / 1 – 21 in One The "" "," "" The One in 21 – 1 / 22 @-@ 1 "" " " "" City Suplex of Nightmare The "" "," "" The Nightmare of Suplex City "" " " themes Entrance "," Entrance themes " " Championship Fighting Ultimate "," Ultimate Fighting Championship " " Metallica by "" Sandman Enter "" "," "" Enter Sandman "" by Metallica " " Sunny by "" ) Winds Damaging the And ( Hail Size Nickel "" "," "" Nickel Size Hail ( And the Damaging Winds ) "" by Sunny " " WWE / Entertainment Wrestling World "," World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE " " ) 2002 , 3 June – 2002 , 8 April ( Johnston Jim by "" Enforcer "" "," "" Enforcer "" by Jim Johnston ( April 8 , 2002 – June 3 , 2002 ) " " ) 2012 , 20 August – 2012 , 2 April ; 2004 , 14 March – 2002 , 10 June ( Johnston Jim by "" Thing Big Next "" "," "" Next Big Thing "" by Jim Johnston ( June 10 , 2002 – March 14 , 2004 ; April 2 , 2012 – August 20 , 2012 ) " " ) present – 2013 , 28 January ( Johnston Jim by "" ) Remix ( Thing Big Next "" "," "" Next Big Thing ( Remix ) "" by Jim Johnston ( January 28 , 2013 – present ) " " Association Athletic Collegiate National "," National Collegiate Athletic Association " " ) 2000 , 1999 ( American @-@ All I Division NCAA "," NCAA Division I All @-@ American ( 1999 , 2000 ) " " ) 2000 ( Champion Heavyweight I Division NCAA "," NCAA Division I Heavyweight Champion ( 2000 ) " " ) 2000 , 1999 ( Champion Conference Ten Big "," Big Ten Conference Champion ( 1999 , 2000 ) " " Association Athletic College Junior National "," National Junior College Athletic Association " " ) 1998 , 1997 ( American @-@ All NJCAA "," NJCAA All @-@ American ( 1997 , 1998 ) " " ) 1998 ( Champion Heavyweight NJCAA "," NJCAA Heavyweight Champion ( 1998 ) " " ) 1999 – 1997 ( Champion Tournament Bison University State Dakota North "," North Dakota State University Bison Tournament Champion ( 1997 – 1999 ) " " Fights Inside "," Inside Fights " " ) 2008 ( Draw Biggest "," Biggest Draw ( 2008 ) " " ) 2008 ( Year the of Rookie "," Rookie of the Year ( 2008 ) " " Awards Sherdog "," Sherdog Awards " " ) 2009 ( Year the of "," of the Year ( 2009 ) " " Illustrated Sports "," Sports Illustrated " " ) 2008 ( Year the of Newcomer Top "," Top Newcomer of the Year ( 2008 ) " " Championship Fighting Ultimate "," Ultimate Fighting Championship " " ) time 1 ( Championship Heavyweight UFC "," UFC Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) " " ) time 1 ( Night the of Submission "," Submission of the Night ( 1 time ) " " Awards MMA World "," World MMA Awards " " ) 2009 ( Year the of Fighter Breakthrough "," Breakthrough Fighter of the Year ( 2009 ) " " Newsletter Observer Wrestling "," Wrestling Observer Newsletter " " ) 2010 – 2008 ( Draw Office Box Best "," Best Box Office Draw ( 2008 – 2010 ) " " ) 2010 – 2008 ( Fighter Valuable Most MMA "," MMA Most Valuable Fighter ( 2008 – 2010 ) " " Records World Guinness "," Guinness World Records " " ) days 44 , years 25 aged ( Championship WWE the win to person Youngest : record World "," World record : Youngest person to win the WWE Championship ( aged 25 years , 44 days ) " " Federation Genome Inoki "," Inoki Genome Federation " " 1 ) time 1 ( Championship Heavyweight IWGP "," IWGP Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) 1 " " Wrestling Pro Japan New "," New Japan Pro Wrestling " " 1 ) time 1 ( Championship Heavyweight IWGP "," IWGP Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) 1 " " Wrestling Valley Ohio "," Ohio Valley Wrestling " " Benjamin Shelton with – ) times 3 ( Championship Team Tag Southern OVW "," OVW Southern Tag Team Championship ( 3 times ) – with Shelton Benjamin " " Illustrated Wrestling Pro "," Pro Wrestling Illustrated " " Angle Kurt vs. ) 2003 ( Year the of Feud "," Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle " " Undertaker The vs. ) 2015 ( Year the of Feud "," Feud of the Year ( 2015 ) vs. The Undertaker " " 16 September on ! SmackDown on match Man Iron an in Angle Kurt vs. ) 2003 ( Year the of Match "," Match of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle in an Iron Man match on SmackDown ! on September 16 " " ) 2002 ( Year the of Wrestler Improved Most "," Most Improved Wrestler of the Year ( 2002 ) " " ) 2014 , 2002 ( Year the of Wrestler "," Wrestler of the Year ( 2002 , 2014 ) " " 2003 in 500 PWI the in wrestlers singles 500 top the of 1 # Ranked "," Ranked # 1 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2003 " " Newsletter Observer Wrestling "," Wrestling Observer Newsletter " " ) 2003 ( Brawler Best "," Best Brawler ( 2003 ) " " 5 @-@ F ) 2002 ( Maneuver Wrestling Best "," Best Wrestling Maneuver ( 2002 ) F @-@ 5 " " Angle Kurt vs. ) 2003 ( Year the of Feud "," Feud of the Year ( 2003 ) vs. Kurt Angle " " ) 2003 , 2002 ( Wrestler Improved Most "," Most Improved Wrestler ( 2002 , 2003 ) " " ) 2015 of Class ( Fame of Hall Newsletter Observer Wrestling "," Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame ( Class of 2015 ) " " WWE / Entertainment Wrestling World "," World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE " " 2 ) times 4 ( Championship WWE "," WWE Championship ( 4 times ) 2 " " ) 2002 ( Ring the of King "," King of the Ring ( 2002 ) " " ) 2003 ( Rumble Royal "," Royal Rumble ( 2003 ) " " ) times 5 ( Awards Slammy "," Slammy Awards ( 5 times ) " " # – ) 2015 ( Year the of "," of the Year ( 2015 ) – # " " Cell a in Hell at Undertaker The vs – ) 2015 ( Year the of Match "," Match of the Year ( 2015 ) – vs The Undertaker at Hell in a Cell " " Undertaker The vs – ) 2015 ( Year the of Rivalry "," Rivalry of the Year ( 2015 ) – vs The Undertaker " " 31 WrestleMania at "" City Suplex "" – ) 2015 ( Year the of Moment "" That Say Just 't Didn You Me Tell "" "," "" Tell Me You Didn 't Just Say That "" Moment of the Year ( 2015 ) – "" Suplex City "" at WrestleMania 31 " " XXX WrestleMania at streak WrestleMania 's Undertaker The Ending – ) 2014 ( Year the of Moment Shocking OMG The "," The OMG Shocking Moment of the Year ( 2014 ) – Ending The Undertaker 's WrestleMania streak at WrestleMania XXX " " . NJPW from reign his of continuation a considered is IGF at reign Championship Heavyweight IWGP 's Lesnar ^ 1 "," 1 ^ Lesnar 's IWGP Heavyweight Championship reign at IGF is considered a continuation of his reign from NJPW . " " . Champion Heavyweight World WWE as was one final his while , Champion WWE simply as were reigns two next His . Championship Undisputed WWE the as known was it time first the for title the won Lesnar When ^ 2 "," 2 ^ When Lesnar won the title for the first time it was known as the WWE Undisputed Championship . His next two reigns were as simply WWE Champion , while his final one was as WWE World Heavyweight Champion . " " . response filter of prediction their in accurate more are which methodologies other by superseded been having them behind principles the , design modern a for considered rarely are they , However . sections of number sufficient a of addition the with limit prescribed any within to response frequency filter ideal the approach could that filters first the are they , Historically . components passive of sections identical of network ladder a of consist and methodology this by produced filters simplest and original the are They . method image the using designed filter electronic of type a are , filters type @-@ k also , filters k Constant "," Constant k filters , also k @-@ type filters , are a type of electronic filter designed using the image method . They are the original and simplest filters produced by this methodology and consist of a ladder network of identical sections of passive components . Historically , they are the first filters that could approach the ideal filter frequency response to within any prescribed limit with the addition of a sufficient number of sections . However , they are rarely considered for a modern design , the principles behind them having been superseded by other methodologies which are more accurate in their prediction of filter response . " " . them distinguish to order in filter Campbell the for k constant term the coined who Zobel by filter derived @-@ m the was variation ) important and ( early an ; invented subsequently were filter wave of forms new Many . others not but frequencies some of waves passes that filter any mean to came later term this but , filters wave electric filters his called Campbell . previously used been had that circuits element single simpler the to superior far were filters 's Campbell . time this at design the to improvements making already was , Zobel Otto , Co T & AT at colleague his as , before time some filters the invented clearly had but , 1922 in work his published He . Campbell George by invented were filters k Constant "," Constant k filters were invented by George Campbell . He published his work in 1922 , but had clearly invented the filters some time before , as his colleague at AT & T Co , Otto Zobel , was already making improvements to the design at this time . Campbell 's filters were far superior to the simpler single element circuits that had been used previously . Campbell called his filters electric wave filters , but this term later came to mean any filter that passes waves of some frequencies but not others . Many new forms of wave filter were subsequently invented ; an early ( and important ) variation was the m @-@ derived filter by Zobel who coined the term constant k for the Campbell filter in order to distinguish them . " " . obtained was response desired the until sections filter more add to necessary only was It . band stop and band pass between transition of steepness or rejection band stop of degree desired any for designed be could they that was time the of filters simple other and circuit RL the over had filters 's Campbell advantage great The "," The great advantage Campbell 's filters had over the RL circuit and other simple filters of the time was that they could be designed for any desired degree of stop band rejection or steepness of transition between pass band and stop band . It was only necessary to add more filter sections until the desired response was obtained . " " . possible also are filters band multiple and stop @-@ Band . filters pass @-@ band and pass @-@ high , pass @-@ low for designs k constant gave Campbell . filter Tchebyscheff the as such designs filter modern of implementations with today use in still is k constant the with Campbell by used topology ladder the , However . superseded been largely have Campbell by used techniques design The . that than widespread more much been has use subsequent their but , lines transmission on channels telephone multiplexed separating of purpose the for Campbell by designed were filters The "," The filters were designed by Campbell for the purpose of separating multiplexed telephone channels on transmission lines , but their subsequent use has been much more widespread than that . The design techniques used by Campbell have largely been superseded . However , the ladder topology used by Campbell with the constant k is still in use today with implementations of modern filter designs such as the Tchebyscheff filter . Campbell gave constant k designs for low @-@ pass , high @-@ pass and band @-@ pass filters . Band @-@ stop and multiple band filters are also possible . " " . "" L "" letter inverted resembles which shape filter specific the to refers "" L "" , topology filter electronic in – L inductance the with confused be not should "" L "" Here . sections @-@ L of network ladder infinite an , discussed being filters the of case the in and , sections port @-@ two of cascade infinite an of terms in quantities defines theory Image . below diagram the in pictured are article this in used terms section and terms impedance the of Some "," Some of the impedance terms and section terms used in this article are pictured in the diagram below . Image theory defines quantities in terms of an infinite cascade of two @-@ port sections , and in the case of the filters being discussed , an infinite ladder network of L @-@ sections . Here "" L "" should not be confused with the inductance L – in electronic filter topology , "" L "" refers to the specific filter shape which resembles inverted letter "" L "" . " " . section @-@ half a using of ways variant two thus are There . ZiΠ shunt @-@ mid the to equal is it element shunt the presenting side the on but , ZiT series @-@ mid the to equal is it element series the presenting side the on : ports output and input the on dissimilar is section @-@ half the of impedance image The . section @-@ L full the of values element the half with but section @-@ L an also is which , section @-@ half a called is section "" Π "" or "" T "" a such of Half . topology "" Π "" the to due ZiΠ designated is section shunt @-@ mid a of impedance image the , Likewise . section series @-@ mid a of topology "" T "" the to due ZiT designated is impedance image This . symmetry to due ports both on impedance image same the have will ) element series next the through halfway to element series a through halfway from section a , is that ( section series @-@ mid a for , However . same the be not generally will section a of port output and input the of impedance image The . disappears it where sections @-@ half of terms in work to usual is it since , convenience mathematical for introduced is two of factor The . admittance with elements shunt and 2Z impedance having elements series of made are filter infinite hypothetical the of sections The "," The sections of the hypothetical infinite filter are made of series elements having impedance 2Z and shunt elements with admittance . The factor of two is introduced for mathematical convenience , since it is usual to work in terms of half @-@ sections where it disappears . The image impedance of the input and output port of a section will generally not be the same . However , for a mid @-@ series section ( that is , a section from halfway through a series element to halfway through the next series element ) will have the same image impedance on both ports due to symmetry . This image impedance is designated ZiT due to the "" T "" topology of a mid @-@ series section . Likewise , the image impedance of a mid @-@ shunt section is designated ZiΠ due to the "" Π "" topology . Half of such a "" T "" or "" Π "" section is called a half @-@ section , which is also an L @-@ section but with half the element values of the full L @-@ section . The image impedance of the half @-@ section is dissimilar on the input and output ports : on the side presenting the series element it is equal to the mid @-@ series ZiT , but on the side presenting the shunt element it is equal to the mid @-@ shunt ZiΠ . There are thus two variant ways of using a half @-@ section . " " . signals of representation domain frequency the of knowledge on and inductors and capacitors of representation impedance complex the of knowledge 's reader the on rely section or article this of Parts "," Parts of this article or section rely on the reader 's knowledge of the complex impedance representation of capacitors and inductors and on knowledge of the frequency domain representation of signals . " " , by given value the is "" k constant "" in "" k "" The Y. admittance shunt a and , Z impedance series a of composed , network "" L "" section @-@ half the is filters k constant of block building The "," The building block of constant k filters is the half @-@ section "" L "" network , composed of a series impedance Z , and a shunt admittance Y. The "" k "" in "" constant k "" is the value given by , " " "," " " . "," . " " , impedances image for ) below ( formulae the from and , zero approaching both are , however Y and Z . k of value same the retaining while small arbitrarily made be can C and L Elements "," Elements L and C can be made arbitrarily small while retaining the same value of k . Z and Y however , are both approaching zero , and from the formulae ( below ) for image impedances , " " . "," . " " Derivation # impedance Image also See "," See also Image impedance # Derivation " " by given are section the of impedances image The "," The image impedances of the section are given by " " "," " " and "," and " " "," " " , section @-@ half pass @-@ low pictured the for , example For . imaginary purely is it band stop the in and real purely is filter the of band pass the in impedance image the , elements resistive any contain not does filter the that Given "," Given that the filter does not contain any resistive elements , the image impedance in the pass band of the filter is purely real and in the stop band it is purely imaginary . For example , for the pictured low @-@ pass half @-@ section , " " "," " " by given frequency off @-@ cut a at occurs transition The "," The transition occurs at a cut @-@ off frequency given by " " "," " " , real is impedance image the , frequency this Below "," Below this frequency , the image impedance is real , " " "," " " , imaginary is impedance image the frequency off @-@ cut the Above "," Above the cut @-@ off frequency the image impedance is imaginary , " " "," " " by given are section @-@ half k constant general a for parameters transmission The "," The transmission parameters for a general constant k half @-@ section are given by " " "," " " sections @-@ half n of chain a for and "," and for a chain of n half @-@ sections " " "," " " by given are parameters transmission the , frequency off @-@ cut the below , section shape @-@ L pass @-@ low the For "," For the low @-@ pass L @-@ shape section , below the cut @-@ off frequency , the transmission parameters are given by " " "," " " : are parameters transmission the , frequency off @-@ cut the Above . changing signal the of phase the only with band @-@ pass the in lossless is transmission the , is That "," That is , the transmission is lossless in the pass @-@ band with only the phase of the signal changing . Above the cut @-@ off frequency , the transmission parameters are : " " "," " " ωc of frequency off @-@ cut a has prototype The . section filter prototype pass @-@ low a to correspond change phase and attenuation , impedance image of plots presented The "," The presented plots of image impedance , attenuation and phase change correspond to a low @-@ pass prototype filter section . The prototype has a cut @-@ off frequency of ωc " " L inductance with section @-@ half filter a by produced is This . Ω 1 "," 1 Ω . This is produced by a filter half @-@ section with inductance L " " . transformations frequency suitable of application by types stop @-@ band or pass @-@ band , pass @-@ high into transformed be also can prototype pass @-@ low The . values desired the to scaled frequency and scaled impedance be can prototype This . farad 1 "," 1 farad . This prototype can be impedance scaled and frequency scaled to the desired values . The low @-@ pass prototype can also be transformed into high @-@ pass , band @-@ pass or band @-@ stop types by application of suitable frequency transformations . " " . elements shunt or series with end and start may which network ladder a forms section these of either to sections @-@ half of additions Further . section T a is formed so section the ZiΠ faces ZiΠ Where . section Π a called is section the , ZiT another faces ZiT impedance image of port a Where . sections @-@ half shaped @-@ L identical two with formed be can that circuits two therefore are There . combinations these in like face always must impedance Like . filter composite a form to cascaded be may sections @-@ half shape @-@ L Several "," Several L @-@ shape half @-@ sections may be cascaded to form a composite filter . Like impedance must always face like in these combinations . There are therefore two circuits that can be formed with two identical L @-@ shaped half @-@ sections . Where a port of image impedance ZiT faces another ZiT , the section is called a Π section . Where ZiΠ faces ZiΠ the section so formed is a T section . Further additions of half @-@ sections to either of these section forms a ladder network which may start and end with series or shunt elements . " " . sections intervening the by masked are impedances terminating the of effects the since , become will prediction the accurate more the , filter the of end the from is section the further The . resistance fixed a with terminated usually are which , end either at sections the of true not usually is This . impedance image its with terminated is section the if accurate only are method image the by predicted filter the of characteristics the that mind in borne be should It "," It should be borne in mind that the characteristics of the filter predicted by the image method are only accurate if the section is terminated with its image impedance . This is usually not true of the sections at either end , which are usually terminated with a fixed resistance . The further the section is from the end of the filter , the more accurate the prediction will become , since the effects of the terminating impedances are masked by the intervening sections . " " . Metzstein Saul by directed and Moffat Steven producer executive and writer head by written was It . series a within be to first the and revival 2005 's show the since special Christmas eighth the is It . One BBC on 2012 Day Christmas on broadcast first , Who Doctor series television fiction science British the of episode an is "" Snowmen The "" "," "" The Snowmen "" is an episode of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on Christmas Day 2012 on BBC One . It is the eighth Christmas special since the show 's 2005 revival and the first to be within a series . It was written by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat and directed by Saul Metzstein . " " . ) Grant E. Richard ( Simeon Dr named man a of help the with ) McKellen Ian of voice ( Intelligence Great the by animated being are snowmen the that discover They . snowmen the investigating also governess a , ) Coleman Louise @-@ Jenna ( Oswald Clara meets and themselves building are that snowmen sentient , mysterious investigate to hiding of out forced is He . "" Manhattan Take Angels The "" , episode previous the in Williams Rory and Pond Amy companions of loss the after , ) Starkey Dan ( Strax Sontaran and ) Stewart Catrin ( Flint Jenny wife her , ) McIntosh Neve ( Vastra Madame Silurian of assistance the with brooding ) Smith Matt ( Doctor the sees and era Victorian the in set is episode The "," The episode is set in the Victorian era and sees the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) brooding with the assistance of Silurian Madame Vastra ( Neve McIntosh ) , her wife Jenny Flint ( Catrin Stewart ) and Sontaran Strax ( Dan Starkey ) , after the loss of companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams in the previous episode , "" The Angels Take Manhattan "" . He is forced out of hiding to investigate mysterious , sentient snowmen that are building themselves and meets Clara Oswald ( Jenna @-@ Louise Coleman ) , a governess also investigating the snowmen . They discover that the snowmen are being animated by the Great Intelligence ( voice of Ian McKellen ) with the help of a man named Dr Simeon ( Richard E. Grant ) . " " . characterisation on focus the of because slight was plot the or villains as underused were McKellen and Grant that felt some , However . well Clara of character and introduction the received whom of most , critics from reviews positive mostly with met was "" Snowmen The "" . Day Christmas of programme watched @-@ most fourth the becoming , UK the in viewers million 87 @.@ 9 of ratings final received It . Bristol and Wales , Newport in filming location with , 2012 August in produced was special The . costume 's Doctor the to changes sees and , music theme and sequence title revised , TARDIS redesigned a introduces also "" Snowmen The "" , Clara to addition In . "" John Saint of Bells The "" with starting Doctor the with travel would that character her of version third a be would it ultimately though , companion new 's Doctor the as Clara introduces "" Snowmen The "" , "" Daleks the of Asylum "" in introduction surprise 's character the upon Building "," Building upon the character 's surprise introduction in "" Asylum of the Daleks "" , "" The Snowmen "" introduces Clara as the Doctor 's new companion , though ultimately it would be a third version of her character that would travel with the Doctor starting with "" The Bells of Saint John "" . In addition to Clara , "" The Snowmen "" also introduces a redesigned TARDIS , revised title sequence and theme music , and sees changes to the Doctor 's costume . The special was produced in August 2012 , with location filming in Newport , Wales and Bristol . It received final ratings of 9 @.@ 87 million viewers in the UK , becoming the fourth most @-@ watched programme of Christmas Day . "" The Snowmen "" was met with mostly positive reviews from critics , most of whom received the introduction and character of Clara well . However , some felt that Grant and McKellen were underused as villains or the plot was slight because of the focus on characterisation . " " . retired has he that group the tells and , Doctor the be to himself reveals detective fourth The . detective fourth shadowed a to phenomena strange of number a describe ) "" War to Goes Man Good A "" from returning all ( Strax Sontaran the and , Flint Jenny wife human her , Vastra Madame Silurian The . "" Detective Great The "" titled , 2012 November 16 on telethon Need in Children 2012 the during broadcast was first The . released were prequels three , special the promote To "," To promote the special , three prequels were released . The first was broadcast during the 2012 Children in Need telethon on 16 November 2012 , titled "" The Great Detective "" . The Silurian Madame Vastra , her human wife Jenny Flint , and the Sontaran Strax ( all returning from "" A Good Man Goes to War "" ) describe a number of strange phenomena to a shadowed fourth detective . The fourth detective reveals himself to be the Doctor , and tells the group that he has retired . " " . sky the in clouds no are there because impossible be should snow the that notes Vastra and snow to beginning is it notices Jenny , home ride carriage the On . Jenny with love in fell she when changed that though , humans disliked initially and Underground London the to extension an by awoken was she that reveals Vastra . astonishment his to much , officer the to own her as well as origin alien 's Strax explains Vastra . punishment 's culprit the for wishes violent 's Strax for apologise and Yard Scotland from officer an with converse Jenny and Vastra , case a of end the At . 2012 December 17 on online released was , "" Investigates Vastra "" titled , prequel second A "," A second prequel , titled "" Vastra Investigates "" , was released online on 17 December 2012 . At the end of a case , Vastra and Jenny converse with an officer from Scotland Yard and apologise for Strax 's violent wishes for the culprit 's punishment . Vastra explains Strax 's alien origin as well as her own to the officer , much to his astonishment . Vastra reveals that she was awoken by an extension to the London Underground and initially disliked humans , though that changed when she fell in love with Jenny . On the carriage ride home , Jenny notices it is beginning to snow and Vastra notes that the snow should be impossible because there are no clouds in the sky . " " . employ 's Vastra in be to came and resurrected was Strax how ask would fans that anticipation the to due extra an as filmed been had scene The . London 1800s to back them accompany to him invite and wounded mortally not is he that Strax convince Jenny and Vastra , "" War to Goes Man Good A "" of events the after days Two . 2013 March 25 on stores Video Amazon and iTunes States United the on released was "" Later Days Two — Run 's Demon of Battle The "" titled , prequel third A "," A third prequel , titled "" The Battle of Demon 's Run — Two Days Later "" was released on the United States iTunes and Amazon Video stores on 25 March 2013 . Two days after the events of "" A Good Man Goes to War "" , Vastra and Jenny convince Strax that he is not mortally wounded and invite him to accompany them back to 1800s London . The scene had been filmed as an extra due to the anticipation that fans would ask how Strax was resurrected and came to be in Vastra 's employ . " " . city the throughout mysteries investigating time their fill also They . him from away people keep to Strax and , Jenny , Vastra allies his uses He . clouds the among London Victorian above TARDIS his parked has , Williams Rory and Pond Amy companions former his losing after despondent still , Doctor The . snowmen animated of group a to men the feeding before laboratory his in globe filled @-@ snow large a in places he which , snow of samples collect to men hires He . Institute Intelligence Great the of proprietor , Simeon Walter Dr. be to up grown has boy the , later years Fifty . silly are children other the that assertions his repeating , boy the to speaking starts snowman The . children other the with play to refuses but , snowman a builds boy young a , England 1842 In "," In 1842 England , a young boy builds a snowman , but refuses to play with the other children . The snowman starts speaking to the boy , repeating his assertions that the other children are silly . Fifty years later , the boy has grown up to be Dr. Walter Simeon , proprietor of the Great Intelligence Institute . He hires men to collect samples of snow , which he places in a large snow @-@ filled globe in his laboratory before feeding the men to a group of animated snowmen . The Doctor , still despondent after losing his former companions Amy Pond and Rory Williams , has parked his TARDIS above Victorian London among the clouds . He uses his allies Vastra , Jenny , and Strax to keep people away from him . They also fill their time investigating mysteries throughout the city . " " . interest his arouses and Doctor the shocks which , "" Pond "" word the chooses Clara . help his wants she if with Doctor the impress to word one only gets she Clara tells Vastra . Vastra see to her takes who , Jenny of attention the attracts instead but Doctor the down track to attempts She . them around frozen still thing only the is body ' governess old the contains that pond the that realises Clara . dead the from returning governess previous their about dreams horrible having been has daughter 's Latimer that learns She . Latimer Captain of children the for governess as job other her to returns Clara . answers Doctor the when staircase the down flees and hides she but , door the on knocks and him follows Clara . TARDIS the to return to sky the to staircase a ascends and go to her allows reluctantly Doctor The . snowmen the with deal to how forget will she , memory her wipes he if that Doctor the cautions Clara . melting them of think to her instructing by threat the ends and snowmen the creating are thoughts 's Clara that realises Doctor The . group the attack who properties psychic with snow from created snowmen by surrounded are they , so do can they Before . touch a just with memories 's Clara of hour last the erase will that worm memory a him bring to Strax instructs Doctor the , matters in involved become to wishing Not . coach a to him follows Clara but , discreetly leave to attempts He . by walking Doctor the finds and at works she tavern the outside disturbance a investigates Oswald Oswin Clara barmaid , Elsewhere "," Elsewhere , barmaid Clara Oswin Oswald investigates a disturbance outside the tavern she works at and finds the Doctor walking by . He attempts to leave discreetly , but Clara follows him to a coach . Not wishing to become involved in matters , the Doctor instructs Strax to bring him a memory worm that will erase the last hour of Clara 's memories with just a touch . Before they can do so , they are surrounded by snowmen created from snow with psychic properties who attack the group . The Doctor realises that Clara 's thoughts are creating the snowmen and ends the threat by instructing her to think of them melting . Clara cautions the Doctor that if he wipes her memory , she will forget how to deal with the snowmen . The Doctor reluctantly allows her to go and ascends a staircase to the sky to return to the TARDIS . Clara follows him and knocks on the door , but she hides and flees down the staircase when the Doctor answers . Clara returns to her other job as governess for the children of Captain Latimer . She learns that Latimer 's daughter has been having horrible dreams about their previous governess returning from the dead . Clara realises that the pond that contains the old governess ' body is the only thing still frozen around them . She attempts to track down the Doctor but instead attracts the attention of Jenny , who takes her to see Vastra . Vastra tells Clara she gets only one word to impress the Doctor with if she wants his help . Clara chooses the word "" Pond "" , which shocks the Doctor and arouses his interest . " " . cloud the off down Clara pulls and arrives governess ice the but , key TARDIS a Clara gives Doctor the TARDIS the Inside . crystals ice frozen of layer a under traps Doctor the whom , governess ice the by pursued are They . overhead hovering TARDIS the to then and mansion the of roof the to Clara with flees Doctor The . body ice ' governess the wants he them tells and snowmen more with arrives Simeon Dr. . Strax and Jenny , Vastra by joined is and off her fights Doctor The . house the into breaks governess the of body frozen the , bed to children the putting is Clara While . melt not and form its retain will that creature ice an form to blueprint DNA a as body ' governess old the using is Intelligence Great the that deduces and pond the visits Doctor The . pond 's Latimer in interest taken has and snowmen the controlling been has Intelligence Great the that learns He . boy a was he since Simeon Dr. to speaking been has that entity the , Intelligence Great the to speaks Doctor The . snow psychic contains that office 's Simeon in globe glass large a find and Simeon Dr. confronts He . Holmes Sherlock as posing Institute Intelligence Great the visits Doctor the , Strax from tip a on Acting "," Acting on a tip from Strax , the Doctor visits the Great Intelligence Institute posing as Sherlock Holmes . He confronts Dr. Simeon and find a large glass globe in Simeon 's office that contains psychic snow . The Doctor speaks to the Great Intelligence , the entity that has been speaking to Dr. Simeon since he was a boy . He learns that the Great Intelligence has been controlling the snowmen and has taken interest in Latimer 's pond . The Doctor visits the pond and deduces that the Great Intelligence is using the old governess ' body as a DNA blueprint to form an ice creature that will retain its form and not melt . While Clara is putting the children to bed , the frozen body of the governess breaks into the house . The Doctor fights her off and is joined by Vastra , Jenny and Strax . Dr. Simeon arrives with more snowmen and tells them he wants the governess ' ice body . The Doctor flees with Clara to the roof of the mansion and then to the TARDIS hovering overhead . They are pursued by the ice governess , whom the Doctor traps under a layer of frozen ice crystals . Inside the TARDIS the Doctor gives Clara a TARDIS key , but the ice governess arrives and pulls Clara down off the cloud . " " . tombstone 's Clara by pausing , graveyard same the through walks Clara resembling woman young a where , times contemporary in concludes episode The . Clara find and investigate to TARDIS the in departs Doctor the , now for allies his to farewell bidding , and impossibility an is twice dying person a that announces gleefully He . "" Girl "" as to refers he whom , Dalek a became who "" Daleks the of Asylum "" in met he woman the is she realises and tombstone her on name full 's Clara reads Doctor the , funeral her At . her to key TARDIS the returns Doctor the as away passes she and , left moments has only Clara that mansion Latimer the to return his upon Doctor the informs Strax . Clara for crying , family Latimer the : Intelligence Great the from snow the of control taken has ability psychic another that sees Doctor the and , started has rain water @-@ salt a , Outside . dead falls Simeon and , wanes quickly Intelligence Great the of influence The . Doctor the and Vastra attack to uses it which , body 's Simeon control now can it that enough long existed it that reveals Intelligence the , Instead . memories 's Simeon of erasure the with vanish will , thoughts 's Simeon Dr of mirror a as existing been has which , Intelligence Great the that states Doctor The . him to on latches which , worm memory the find to only it opens and tin the grabs Simeon Dr . DNA necessary the with tin the up holds and creatures ice with humanity replace to plan 's Intelligence the notes Doctor the where , lab 's Simeon to travel Vastra and He . tin biscuit Underground London souvenir a in them places and governess the from fragments ice the collects He . Strax of care medical under her placing , mansion 's Latimer to back her takes and Clara up picks Doctor The "," The Doctor picks up Clara and takes her back to Latimer 's mansion , placing her under medical care of Strax . He collects the ice fragments from the governess and places them in a souvenir London Underground biscuit tin . He and Vastra travel to Simeon 's lab , where the Doctor notes the Intelligence 's plan to replace humanity with ice creatures and holds up the tin with the necessary DNA . Dr Simeon grabs the tin and opens it only to find the memory worm , which latches on to him . The Doctor states that the Great Intelligence , which has been existing as a mirror of Dr Simeon 's thoughts , will vanish with the erasure of Simeon 's memories . Instead , the Intelligence reveals that it existed long enough that it can now control Simeon 's body , which it uses to attack Vastra and the Doctor . The influence of the Great Intelligence quickly wanes , and Simeon falls dead . Outside , a salt @-@ water rain has started , and the Doctor sees that another psychic ability has taken control of the snow from the Great Intelligence : the Latimer family , crying for Clara . Strax informs the Doctor upon his return to the Latimer mansion that Clara only has moments left , and she passes away as the Doctor returns the TARDIS key to her . At her funeral , the Doctor reads Clara 's full name on her tombstone and realises she is the woman he met in "" Asylum of the Daleks "" who became a Dalek , whom he refers to as "" Girl "" . He gleefully announces that a person dying twice is an impossibility and , bidding farewell to his allies for now , the Doctor departs in the TARDIS to investigate and find Clara . The episode concludes in contemporary times , where a young woman resembling Clara walks through the same graveyard , pausing by Clara 's tombstone . " " . Underground the via London on attack Yeti future the ) motion in setting possibly and ( to referring , "" living metropolitan in weakness strategic key "" a is Underground the that remarks Doctor The . tin the on design map Underground London 1967 the to reference in , "" markings these understand not do I "" , states Intelligence the ; laboratory 's Simeon Dr in Intelligence Great the to tin biscuit Underground London the presents he when "" Snowmen The "" in Doctor the by to alluded are Fear of Web The of events The . presence physical its as Yeti robot uses Intelligence Great the , stories these In . 1960s the in set , ) 1968 ( Fear of Web The and , 1930s the in set , ) 1967 ( Snowmen Abominable The serials the in Intelligence Great the encountered previously Doctor Second The "," The Second Doctor previously encountered the Great Intelligence in the serials The Abominable Snowmen ( 1967 ) , set in the 1930s , and The Web of Fear ( 1968 ) , set in the 1960s . In these stories , the Great Intelligence uses robot Yeti as its physical presence . The events of The Web of Fear are alluded to by the Doctor in "" The Snowmen "" when he presents the London Underground biscuit tin to the Great Intelligence in Dr Simeon 's laboratory ; the Intelligence states , "" I do not understand these markings "" , in reference to the 1967 London Underground map design on the tin . The Doctor remarks that the Underground is a "" key strategic weakness in metropolitan living "" , referring to ( and possibly setting in motion ) the future Yeti attack on London via the Underground . " " . 1963 in transmitted first was Who Doctor date the , November 23 is birthdate 's Clara , gravestone her on seen As . person same the are they surmise to Doctor the leading , Oswin as name same the shares Clara that establish graveyard the at scenes final The . wins always Doctor the that comments Craig when ) "" Time Closing "" ( Owens Craig tells he words same the are which , her with acquainted get to staying 't isn he why asks she when "" days the were those "" replies wistfully , Clara meeting after , Doctor The . had also character 's Oswin that trait a , soufflés in interest an has she reveals Clara until clarified not is characters two the between connection the though , "" Daleks the of Asylum "" in Oswald Oswin played previously Coleman "," Coleman previously played Oswin Oswald in "" Asylum of the Daleks "" , though the connection between the two characters is not clarified until Clara reveals she has an interest in soufflés , a trait that Oswin 's character also had . The Doctor , after meeting Clara , wistfully replies "" those were the days "" when she asks why he isn 't staying to get acquainted with her , which are the same words he tells Craig Owens ( "" Closing Time "" ) when Craig comments that the Doctor always wins . The final scenes at the graveyard establish that Clara shares the same name as Oswin , leading the Doctor to surmise they are the same person . As seen on her gravestone , Clara 's birthdate is 23 November , the date Doctor Who was first transmitted in 1963 . " " . TARDIS the to ladder the ascending Clara and Doctor the showing , Times Radio the in released was poster movie A . movie a like promoted was "" Snowmen The "" , episodes five first ' series the with introduced theme the Continuing . time the at team production the by rejected but , 1970s the in Adams Douglas by proposed plot a to Doctor retired a of idea the attributed also He . 2005 in ) Eccleston Christopher ( Doctor Ninth the and 1963 in ) Hartnell William ( Doctor First the of appearances first the to episode the of onset the at seen Doctor withdrawn the compared Moffat "" . ' while a for own my on be to want I — bereavement postponed just is me for Friendship ' , saying 's he where life his in point the reached probably 's he think I "" that said Moffat ; companions previous his losing to responded had Doctor the how show also would story The . special Christmas the to quality "" epic "" an wanted he that stated Moffat Steven Writer "," Writer Steven Moffat stated that he wanted an "" epic "" quality to the Christmas special . The story would also show how the Doctor had responded to losing his previous companions ; Moffat said that "" I think he 's probably reached the point in his life where he 's saying , ' Friendship for me is just postponed bereavement — I want to be on my own for a while ' . "" Moffat compared the withdrawn Doctor seen at the onset of the episode to the first appearances of the First Doctor ( William Hartnell ) in 1963 and the Ninth Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) in 2005 . He also attributed the idea of a retired Doctor to a plot proposed by Douglas Adams in the 1970s , but rejected by the production team at the time . Continuing the theme introduced with the series ' first five episodes , "" The Snowmen "" was promoted like a movie . A movie poster was released in the Radio Times , showing the Doctor and Clara ascending the ladder to the TARDIS . " " . shooting when ship the of "" gallery "" the to access easier an provide and "" moodier and darker "" be to supposed also was interior new the that stated who , Pickwood Michael designer production series by designed was It . machine a than rather "" place magical "" a of more resembled and "" whimsical progressively "" getting was design ' TARDIS the that noticed had Moffat . sequence title the in seen been has face 's Doctor the that , 1989 in series classic the of serial final the , Survival since time first the , face 's Doctor the of glimpse brief a features sequence title new The . tune theme the of variation and sequence title new a as well as , interior TARDIS redesigned a of debut the is "" Snowmen The "" . series the for changes design major several saw episode The "," The episode saw several major design changes for the series . "" The Snowmen "" is the debut of a redesigned TARDIS interior , as well as a new title sequence and variation of the theme tune . The new title sequence features a brief glimpse of the Doctor 's face , the first time since Survival , the final serial of the classic series in 1989 , that the Doctor 's face has been seen in the title sequence . Moffat had noticed that the TARDIS ' design was getting "" progressively whimsical "" and resembled more of a "" magical place "" rather than a machine . It was designed by series production designer Michael Pickwood , who stated that the new interior was also supposed to be "" darker and moodier "" and provide an easier access to the "" gallery "" of the ship when shooting . " " . theme Sherlock the to resemblance a bears scene the during music incidental the , addition In . Doctor the as cast being before Watson Doctor of role the for auditioned Smith which for , Sherlock series BBC the of creator @-@ co is Moffat . him as up dressing Doctor the including , Holmes Sherlock to references several contains also "" Snowmen The "" . episode this for Burden Howard by designed was costume The . and "" up @-@ grown "" more felt and "" now life his of phase different a "" in was Doctor the as "" progression "" a as outfit new the described Moffat . "" Doctor the meets Dodger Artful bit a "" as described Smith which , themed @-@ Victorian , costume off @-@ one a wears also Doctor The "," The Doctor also wears a one @-@ off costume , Victorian @-@ themed , which Smith described as "" a bit Artful Dodger meets the Doctor "" . Moffat described the new outfit as a "" progression "" as the Doctor was in "" a different phase of his life now "" and felt more "" grown @-@ up "" and . The costume was designed by Howard Burden for this episode . "" The Snowmen "" also contains several references to Sherlock Holmes , including the Doctor dressing up as him . Moffat is co @-@ creator of the BBC series Sherlock , for which Smith auditioned for the role of Doctor Watson before being cast as the Doctor . In addition , the incidental music during the scene bears a resemblance to the Sherlock theme . " " . mystery her to "" payoff a be would there that trust "" with individuals as version each played she that stated Coleman . "" Snowmen The "" of end the at cameo brief a for save ; "" John Saint of Bells The "" , premiere Spring the until debut not would Doctor the of companion travelling a become would who Clara The . answers pursuing as beginning the at Doctor the following for reason the citing , intimidated not and resourceful as her described Coleman . Doctor the of side different a see to audience the allowed which , ) Gillan Karen ( Pond Amy predecessor her from different was Clara that said Smith . Doctor the meeting person different a with "" beginning new a "" to story the brought and "" different feel show the "" made companion new a of introduction the that stated Moffat . successful ultimately was effort the ; broadcast was "" Asylum "" until secret a appearance 's Coleman keep screenings advanced attended who fans and press the that requested team production The . Clara for casting whilst Moffat to occurred only same the being characters two the of concept the as , "" Asylum "" from Oswin not , Clara of role the for auditioned She . him than faster talk to able was she because especially and , Smith Matt with chemistry her of because cast was Coleman . "" Daleks the of Asylum "" , opener series the in appeared previously who , Coleman Louise @-@ Jenna of return the marks episode This "," This episode marks the return of Jenna @-@ Louise Coleman , who previously appeared in the series opener , "" Asylum of the Daleks "" . Coleman was cast because of her chemistry with Matt Smith , and especially because she was able to talk faster than him . She auditioned for the role of Clara , not Oswin from "" Asylum "" , as the concept of the two characters being the same only occurred to Moffat whilst casting for Clara . The production team requested that the press and fans who attended advanced screenings keep Coleman 's appearance a secret until "" Asylum "" was broadcast ; the effort was ultimately successful . Moffat stated that the introduction of a new companion made "" the show feel different "" and brought the story to "" a new beginning "" with a different person meeting the Doctor . Smith said that Clara was different from her predecessor Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) , which allowed the audience to see a different side of the Doctor . Coleman described her as resourceful and not intimidated , citing the reason for following the Doctor at the beginning as pursuing answers . The Clara who would become a travelling companion of the Doctor would not debut until the Spring premiere , "" The Bells of Saint John "" ; save for a brief cameo at the end of "" The Snowmen "" . Coleman stated that she played each version as individuals with "" trust that there would be a payoff "" to her mystery . " " . Alden @-@ Darcey Ellie and Joseph sister and brother life @-@ real by played were , Francesca and Digby , to governess is Clara children two The . McKellen Ian Sir by voiced was Intelligence Great The . programme the in appeared he that pleased were children young his stated also and , script the of quality the of because role his to drawn was Ward Tom . 2012 August 5 midnight at appearance his announcing , Twitter via BBC the by teased was Who Doctor in appearance 's Grant . "" tone and level perfect that on it pitches He . villain Who a be to born "" was Grant that commented Smith . 2005 in revived was it before series the of continuation a be to intended been had which Shalka the of Scream story animated the in Doctor Ninth alternative an as and Moffat by written was which , Death Fatal of Curse the and Who Doctor special charity spoof the in Doctor Tenth alternative an as , occasions two on Doctor the played previously had Grant E. Richard . series main the in back them bring to decided he , Instead . it do to time the have not did he though , them featuring off @-@ spin a considered Moffat ; Jenny and Vastra of popularity the to due returned They . prequels the in and episode this in both roles their reprised and "" War to Goes Man Good A "" in appeared previously three All . Jenny as Stewart Catrin and Strax as Starkey Dan , Vastra Madame as McIntosh Neve are series the to returning Also "," Also returning to the series are Neve McIntosh as Madame Vastra , Dan Starkey as Strax and Catrin Stewart as Jenny . All three previously appeared in "" A Good Man Goes to War "" and reprised their roles both in this episode and in the prequels . They returned due to the popularity of Vastra and Jenny ; Moffat considered a spin @-@ off featuring them , though he did not have the time to do it . Instead , he decided to bring them back in the main series . Richard E. Grant had previously played the Doctor on two occasions , as an alternative Tenth Doctor in the spoof charity special Doctor Who and the Curse of Fatal Death , which was written by Moffat and as an alternative Ninth Doctor in the animated story Scream of the Shalka which had been intended to be a continuation of the series before it was revived in 2005 . Smith commented that Grant was "" born to be a Who villain . He pitches it on that perfect level and tone "" . Grant 's appearance in Doctor Who was teased by the BBC via Twitter , announcing his appearance at midnight 5 August 2012 . Tom Ward was drawn to his role because of the quality of the script , and also stated his young children were pleased that he appeared in the programme . The Great Intelligence was voiced by Sir Ian McKellen . The two children Clara is governess to , Digby and Francesca , were played by real @-@ life brother and sister Joseph and Ellie Darcey @-@ Alden . " " . snow fake with sprayed and off blocked were locations The . Oxford in building century @-@ sixteenth a on based was said he which , pub the of back the with Street London the is set favourite his that stated Pickwood . architecture era @-@ Victorian had it because chosen was Bristol . 2012 August 22 – 21 on overnight place took filming where , Bristol , Square Portland in filmed were props snow used which scenes Some . August 21 on later weeks two Bristol in filming spotted also were Smith and Coleman while , Wales , Newport in filmed were setting Victorian a in stars guest several and Coleman featuring Scenes . studios Lock Roath new ' Wales BBC in filmed be to special Christmas first the was This . 2012 August 2 on place taken had through @-@ read The . special Christmas the writing was Moffat while episodes later on worked had Coleman after , 2012 August 6 of week the until filming begin not did it , however ; character her as shot Coleman episode first the be and series the of block production fourth the in produced be to intended originally was "" Snowmen The "" "," "" The Snowmen "" was originally intended to be produced in the fourth production block of the series and be the first episode Coleman shot as her character ; however , it did not begin filming until the week of 6 August 2012 , after Coleman had worked on later episodes while Moffat was writing the Christmas special . The read @-@ through had taken place on 2 August 2012 . This was the first Christmas special to be filmed in BBC Wales ' new Roath Lock studios . Scenes featuring Coleman and several guest stars in a Victorian setting were filmed in Newport , Wales , while Coleman and Smith were also spotted filming in Bristol two weeks later on 21 August . Some scenes which used snow props were filmed in Portland Square , Bristol , where filming took place overnight on 21 – 22 August 2012 . Bristol was chosen because it had Victorian @-@ era architecture . Pickwood stated that his favourite set is the London Street with the back of the pub , which he said was based on a sixteenth @-@ century building in Oxford . The locations were blocked off and sprayed with fake snow . " " . machine time the of nature "" outside the than inside the on bigger "" the emphasize further to shot this include to wanted Metzstein . show the of days early the since seen not effect an , console TARDIS the of circle complete a does camera the , shot following the In . audience the to shown nature dimensional @-@ trans 's TARDIS the of implication the with , interior its to TARDIS the from away feet few a from tracking camera shot @-@ single a was first The . show the for effects novel two introduced TARDIS the to introduction 's Clara . faces CGI menacing more created team effects the so and , appearance an of "" cute "" too was which Rainbow from to likened he ones first the ; snowmen the for look desired the achieve to difficult was it that explained Metzstein Saul Director . effects special production @-@ post and floor studio the on fog of mix a through achieved was cloud the on TARDIS The "," The TARDIS on the cloud was achieved through a mix of fog on the studio floor and post @-@ production special effects . Director Saul Metzstein explained that it was difficult to achieve the desired look for the snowmen ; the first ones he likened to from Rainbow which was too "" cute "" of an appearance , and so the effects team created more menacing CGI faces . Clara 's introduction to the TARDIS introduced two novel effects for the show . The first was a single @-@ shot camera tracking from a few feet away from the TARDIS to its interior , with the implication of the TARDIS 's trans @-@ dimensional nature shown to the audience . In the following shot , the camera does a complete circle of the TARDIS console , an effect not seen since the early days of the show . Metzstein wanted to include this shot to further emphasize the "" bigger on the inside than the outside "" nature of the time machine . " " . laughing begins and character breaks everyone before , on look castmates his as Strax as character in songs Christmas several of versions modified singing Starkey featured video The . broadcast the to up leading days the during uploaded BBC the which "" , Carols "" , video promotional additional an filmed also cast the , episodes @-@ mini prequel three the to addition In "," In addition to the three prequel mini @-@ episodes , the cast also filmed an additional promotional video , "" Carols , "" which the BBC uploaded during the days leading up to the broadcast . The video featured Starkey singing modified versions of several Christmas songs in character as Strax as his castmates look on , before everyone breaks character and begins laughing . " " . 49 – 18 aged adults of demographic the in rating 6 @.@ 0 a with , viewers million 43 @.@ 1 by seen was airing US The . Christmas over iPlayer on show TV popular most the it making , views 220 @,@ 467 @,@ 1 had version iPlayer The . specials Christmas Who Doctor the of most than higher , 87 of figure Index Appreciation an received also It . night the for fourth in coming , viewers million 87 @.@ 9 by watched was episode the that showed ) viewers iPlayer BBC including not ( figures consolidated Final . night the for sixth in coming , viewers million 6 @.@ 7 by watched been had special the that showed ratings overnight UK . Zealand New in Prime on and Australia in ABC1 on day next the and Canada in Space and US the in America BBC on day same the , pm 15 : 5 at 2012 December 25 on One BBC on aired "" Snowmen The "" "," "" The Snowmen "" aired on BBC One on 25 December 2012 at 5 : 15 pm , the same day on BBC America in the US and Space in Canada and the next day on ABC1 in Australia and on Prime in New Zealand . UK overnight ratings showed that the special had been watched by 7 @.@ 6 million viewers , coming in sixth for the night . Final consolidated figures ( not including BBC iPlayer viewers ) showed that the episode was watched by 9 @.@ 87 million viewers , coming in fourth for the night . It also received an Appreciation Index figure of 87 , higher than most of the Doctor Who Christmas specials . The iPlayer version had 1 @,@ 467 @,@ 220 views , making it the most popular TV show on iPlayer over Christmas . The US airing was seen by 1 @.@ 43 million viewers , with a 0 @.@ 6 rating in the demographic of adults aged 18 – 49 . " " . injured look not did she that "" silly plainly "" was it as "" death her by unmoved "" was he , Clara towards positive was he While . original the of "" menace the lacks "" music theme the of variation the felt he though , special the of direction and "" images lovely "" the praised and , found he timeline the in inconsistency an despite Intelligence Great the of return the with pleased was Mulkern Patrick reviewer Times Radio . Clara "" unpredictable "" 's Coleman towards positive very was he , underused were McKellen and Grant that felt he While . "" characterisation fascinating and design set gorgeous , dialogue sparkling some of favour in "" references Christmas traditional lacked "" refreshingly "" which "" storytelling in masterclass riveting , rollicking a "" as it describing , 10 of out 4 @.@ 9 of score a "" Snowmen The "" gave Risley Matt 's IGN . Strax and , Jenny , Vastra of gang the and Clara as introduction 's Coleman praised He . Christmas and Who Doctor about "" like we everything "" with , "" scary actually "" be to first the and "" ' Invasion Christmas The ' since Special Christmas best the actually "" it called Guardian The of Martin Dan . reviews positive mostly received episode The "," The episode received mostly positive reviews . Dan Martin of The Guardian called it "" actually the best Christmas Special since ' The Christmas Invasion ' "" and the first to be "" actually scary "" , with "" everything we like "" about Doctor Who and Christmas . He praised Coleman 's introduction as Clara and the gang of Vastra , Jenny , and Strax . IGN 's Matt Risley gave "" The Snowmen "" a score of 9 @.@ 4 out of 10 , describing it as "" a rollicking , riveting masterclass in storytelling "" which "" refreshingly "" lacked traditional Christmas references "" in favour of some sparkling dialogue , gorgeous set design and fascinating characterisation "" . While he felt that Grant and McKellen were underused , he was very positive towards Coleman 's "" unpredictable "" Clara . Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern was pleased with the return of the Great Intelligence despite an inconsistency in the timeline he found , and praised the "" lovely images "" and direction of the special , though he felt the variation of the theme music "" lacks the menace "" of the original . While he was positive towards Clara , he was "" unmoved by her death "" as it was "" plainly silly "" that she did not look injured . " " "" rushed and truncated feels story the "" that noted she , "" enjoyable "" was it that feeling Despite . "" ' Carol Christmas A ' to up live to is it if go to way a has still "" but , series the of story overall the to connected was it as "" Wardrobe the and , Widow the , Doctor The "" 's year previous the than stronger was "" Snowmen The "" that wrote Independent The of Debnath Neela . "" relief sharp into comes quite never "" threat their felt ultimately he , "" schtick ' ! again meet we , So ' usual the than interesting more tad a "" was Intelligence Great the of callback subtle the that wrote he While . TARDIS and sequence title new the as well as , Grant "" underused surprisingly "" the and Coleman , Strax with comedy "" terrific "" the towards positive was Setchfield . story the in referenced fairytales many and festivities the of light in appropriate was "" again day the saves emotion of power the "" that writing , stars five of out half a and four special the gave SFX of Setchfield Nick "," Nick Setchfield of SFX gave the special four and a half out of five stars , writing that "" the power of emotion saves the day again "" was appropriate in light of the festivities and many fairytales referenced in the story . Setchfield was positive towards the "" terrific "" comedy with Strax , Coleman and the "" surprisingly underused "" Grant , as well as the new title sequence and TARDIS . While he wrote that the subtle callback of the Great Intelligence was "" a tad more interesting than the usual ' So , we meet again ! ' schtick "" , he ultimately felt their threat "" never quite comes into sharp relief "" . Neela Debnath of The Independent wrote that "" The Snowmen "" was stronger than the previous year 's "" The Doctor , the Widow , and the Wardrobe "" as it was connected to the overall story of the series , but "" still has a way to go if it is to live up to ' A Christmas Carol ' "" . Despite feeling that it was "" enjoyable "" , she noted that "" the story feels truncated and rushed "" " " . script the of "" complexity like @-@ Sudoku "" the and Strax criticised he , cloud the on TARDIS the and Smith towards positive was he While . be to hyped been had it as scary as not was it that disappointed , stars five of out three "" Snowmen The "" gave Telegraph Daily The of Cavendish Dominic . anniversary fiftieth 's programme the for time in fans for much offered but , viewers casual for accessible been have not may episode the that felt He . "" whole coherent a than pieces @-@ set more ] and [ explanation of lack a from suffers ultimately that up @-@ set Who classic a "" was which , plot the of detriment the to was story heavy @-@ character the felt he , However . ) Eccleston Christopher ( Doctor Ninth the challenging ) Piper Billie ( Tyler Rose to it comparing , shown was that Doctor the of side new the and Coleman praised also Cooper Jon 's Mirror The "," The Mirror 's Jon Cooper also praised Coleman and the new side of the Doctor that was shown , comparing it to Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) challenging the Ninth Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) . However , he felt the character @-@ heavy story was to the detriment of the plot , which was "" a classic Who set @-@ up that ultimately suffers from a lack of explanation [ and ] more set @-@ pieces than a coherent whole "" . He felt that the episode may not have been accessible for casual viewers , but offered much for fans in time for the programme 's fiftieth anniversary . Dominic Cavendish of The Daily Telegraph gave "" The Snowmen "" three out of five stars , disappointed that it was not as scary as it had been hyped to be . While he was positive towards Smith and the TARDIS on the cloud , he criticised Strax and the "" Sudoku @-@ like complexity "" of the script . " " . "" Blackwater "" episode Thrones of Game the to lost but , "" Manhattan Take Angels The "" and "" Daleks the of Asylum "" alongside , ) Form Short ( Presentation Dramatic Best for Award Hugo 2013 the for nominated was episode The "," The episode was nominated for the 2013 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , alongside "" Asylum of the Daleks "" and "" The Angels Take Manhattan "" , but lost to the Game of Thrones episode "" Blackwater "" . " " . 2013 September in Series Seventh Complete The : Who Doctor set box ray @-@ Blu / DVD the of part as included later was It . America North and UK the in ray @-@ Blu and DVD on standalone a as released initially was "" Snowmen The "" "," "" The Snowmen "" was initially released as a standalone on DVD and Blu @-@ ray in the UK and North America . It was later included as part of the DVD / Blu @-@ ray box set Doctor Who : The Complete Seventh Series in September 2013 . " " . 2015 October 19 on Specials Christmas 10 The – Who Doctor titled boxset a in inclusive "" Christmas Last "" and "" Invasion Christmas The "" between specials Christmas the alongside recently most , compilations set box several in reissued been subsequently has It "," It has subsequently been reissued in several box set compilations , most recently alongside the Christmas specials between "" The Christmas Invasion "" and "" Last Christmas "" inclusive in a boxset titled Doctor Who – The 10 Christmas Specials on 19 October 2015 . " " . Records Screen Silva by 2013 October 21 on released soundtrack a on included were , Gold Murray by composed as , special Christmas preceding the and "" Snowmen The "" from score of pieces Selected "," Selected pieces of score from "" The Snowmen "" and the preceding Christmas special , as composed by Murray Gold , were included on a soundtrack released on 21 October 2013 by Silva Screen Records . " " . 2015 April in squadron support airfield an as reactivated was It . 1946 March in disbanded was squadron the , hostilities of conclusion the Following . theatre Pacific the in targets Japanese against missions bombing and submarine @-@ anti , laying @-@ mine , rescue @-@ and @-@ search conducting , Territory Northern the and Queensland , Guinea New in bases from boats flying Empire Short and Catalina PBY operated it , 1941 August in Raised . II War World during unit patrol maritime a as originated squadron The . Australia South , Woomera Base RAAF at airfield the of management the for responsible is it , Wing 96 No. of control the under Coming . squadron support ) RAAF ( Force Air Australian Royal a is Squadron 20 No. "," No. 20 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) support squadron . Coming under the control of No. 96 Wing , it is responsible for the management of the airfield at RAAF Base Woomera , South Australia . The squadron originated as a maritime patrol unit during World War II . Raised in August 1941 , it operated PBY Catalina and Short Empire flying boats from bases in New Guinea , Queensland and the Northern Territory , conducting search @-@ and @-@ rescue , mine @-@ laying , anti @-@ submarine and bombing missions against Japanese targets in the Pacific theatre . Following the conclusion of hostilities , the squadron was disbanded in March 1946 . It was reactivated as an airfield support squadron in April 2015 . " " . Squadron 11 No. from transferred boats flying Empire Short two by augmented were Catalinas 's Squadron 20 No. , November 18 On . Squadron 11 No. with conjunction in north 's Australia to islands the around scattered bases between patrols range @-@ long conducted squadron The . initially available were personnel 55 and ) Squadron 11 No. from transferred all ( aircraft five only but , personnel 133 and boats flying Catalina PBY six was establishment Its . Gibson Leader Squadron of command the under , role reconnaissance general a for 1941 August 1 on , Guinea New , Moresby Port at formed was Squadron 20 No. "," No. 20 Squadron was formed at Port Moresby , New Guinea , on 1 August 1941 for a general reconnaissance role , under the command of Squadron Leader Gibson . Its establishment was six PBY Catalina flying boats and 133 personnel , but only five aircraft ( all transferred from No. 11 Squadron ) and 55 personnel were available initially . The squadron conducted long @-@ range patrols between bases scattered around the islands to Australia 's north in conjunction with No. 11 Squadron . On 18 November , No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas were augmented by two Short Empire flying boats transferred from No. 11 Squadron . " " . loss combat first 's squadron the was it ; fire aircraft @-@ anti by down shot being before defenders Australian 's town the to warning a signalled and Rabaul for steaming fleet Japanese the located Catalinas its of one , January 21 On . invasion by threatened areas from civilians white evacuating for responsible also was Squadron 20 No. , Pacific West South the into advanced Japanese the As . bases Japanese against raids bombing , 1942 January in , and patrols submarine @-@ anti commenced it month the in Later . Queensland , Island Thursday of vicinity the in luggers Japanese three located Catalina a ; December 8 on War Pacific the of sortie first its undertook squadron The . men 118 and officers 14 numbered December of beginning the at personnel Its . boats flying Empire two and Catalinas six of strength a had Squadron 20 No. , Pacific the in war of outbreak the By . slicks oil only found they but , missions rescue @-@ and @-@ search in Catalina Squadron 11 No. a join to Australia Western to despatched was Catalinas 's Squadron 20 No. of one , Sydney HMAS of loss the following , 1941 November 25 On "," On 25 November 1941 , following the loss of HMAS Sydney , one of No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas was despatched to Western Australia to join a No. 11 Squadron Catalina in search @-@ and @-@ rescue missions , but they found only oil slicks . By the outbreak of war in the Pacific , No. 20 Squadron had a strength of six Catalinas and two Empire flying boats . Its personnel at the beginning of December numbered 14 officers and 118 men . The squadron undertook its first sortie of the Pacific War on 8 December ; a Catalina located three Japanese luggers in the vicinity of Thursday Island , Queensland . Later in the month it commenced anti @-@ submarine patrols and , in January 1942 , bombing raids against Japanese bases . As the Japanese advanced into the South West Pacific , No. 20 Squadron was also responsible for evacuating white civilians from areas threatened by invasion . On 21 January , one of its Catalinas located the Japanese fleet steaming for Rabaul and signalled a warning to the town 's Australian defenders before being shot down by anti @-@ aircraft fire ; it was the squadron 's first combat loss . " " . trace without disappeared subsequently and captured also were second the of crew the ; beheaded and captured been have to found later were first the of crewmen nine the ; May 6 and 4 on patrols during Catalinas two lost Squadron 20 No. . Squadron ) Transport ( 33 No. formed newly the to transferred were Squadrons 20 and 11 Nos. by operated Empires Short the , 1942 February In . records squadron and , facilities , aircraft destroyed which , attacks frequent increasingly to subjected was itself Moresby Port months following the in and , advance Japanese the stem to little did Rabaul on raids Their . Japanese the against weapon offensive only 's RAAF the became Squadrons 20 and 11 Nos. of Catalinas the , Rabaul of fall the of wake the In "," In the wake of the fall of Rabaul , the Catalinas of Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons became the RAAF 's only offensive weapon against the Japanese . Their raids on Rabaul did little to stem the Japanese advance , and in the following months Port Moresby itself was subjected to increasingly frequent attacks , which destroyed aircraft , facilities , and squadron records . In February 1942 , the Short Empires operated by Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons were transferred to the newly formed No. 33 ( Transport ) Squadron . No. 20 Squadron lost two Catalinas during patrols on 4 and 6 May ; the nine crewmen of the first were later found to have been captured and beheaded ; the crew of the second were also captured and subsequently disappeared without trace . " " . drops supply and raids bombing some make to continued it though , Philippines the and Indies East Netherlands the over operations laying @-@ mine commenced it when 1943 June in changed role 's squadron The . bombs of tons 227 dropped and hours 629 @,@ 9 of total a flew aircraft 's Squadron 20 No. , 1943 March and 1942 December Between . Guinea New around waters the over operations bombing occasional and submarine @-@ anti , reconnaissance conduct to continued it Cairns From . 1942 November 11 on Cairns to relocated squadron the , men and officers 252 comprising Now . bombing night on focus greater a saw year the of half latter the ; Caledonia New and , Islands Solomon the , Guinea New as far as reconnaissance maritime was 1942 early in responsibility prime Its . personnel 415 and aircraft nine of establishment planned a of out , personnel 175 and Catalinas six was strength 's Squadron 20 No. , July 1 By . "" scream a and whistle shrill a between something "" , history official the to according , was air the through falling made they sound the — sleep ' soldiers enemy the disrupt to bottles beer dropped crews RAAF the , bombs as well as , which during Salamaua and Lae over raid hour @-@ four a to aircraft an contributed squadron each , June 27 On . Rabaul and Salamaua , Lae in targets Japanese attacking soon were They . 1942 May 7 on , Queensland , Bowen to moved Squadrons 20 and 11 Nos. , Moresby Port at invasion of threat the to response In "," In response to the threat of invasion at Port Moresby , Nos. 11 and 20 Squadrons moved to Bowen , Queensland , on 7 May 1942 . They were soon attacking Japanese targets in Lae , Salamaua and Rabaul . On 27 June , each squadron contributed an aircraft to a four @-@ hour raid over Lae and Salamaua during which , as well as bombs , the RAAF crews dropped beer bottles to disrupt the enemy soldiers ' sleep — the sound they made falling through the air was , according to the official history , "" something between a shrill whistle and a scream "" . By 1 July , No. 20 Squadron 's strength was six Catalinas and 175 personnel , out of a planned establishment of nine aircraft and 415 personnel . Its prime responsibility in early 1942 was maritime reconnaissance as far as New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , and New Caledonia ; the latter half of the year saw a greater focus on night bombing . Now comprising 252 officers and men , the squadron relocated to Cairns on 11 November 1942 . From Cairns it continued to conduct reconnaissance , anti @-@ submarine and occasional bombing operations over the waters around New Guinea . Between December 1942 and March 1943 , No. 20 Squadron 's aircraft flew a total of 9 @,@ 629 hours and dropped 227 tons of bombs . The squadron 's role changed in June 1943 when it commenced mine @-@ laying operations over the Netherlands East Indies and the Philippines , though it continued to make some bombing raids and supply drops . " " . July 30 on mission laying @-@ mine last 's RAAF the flew aircraft its of Three . Pacific the in war the during infiltrated aircraft Australian any that north furthest the , China in harbour mined Catalinas its of four , May 26 on , and April 8 on harbour Kong Hong to entrance the mined aircraft 's squadron the of Three . action enemy than rather weather bad to owing likely most , March 8 / 7 of night the on lost was Catalinas 's Squadron 20 No. of One . Philippines the in Gulf Leyte from conducted were operations these ; area this in offensive Wing 76 No. a of part as and China southern of coast the off mines laid , Squadron 43 No. from four with along , aircraft Squadron 20 No. four of detachment a , March In . Surabaya mine to campaign the during , Sea Timor the over cyclone a in possibly , 1945 January 28 / 27 of night the on down went Catalinas 's squadron the of Another . Japanese the by captured was and plane the aboard was , Navy Australian Royal the of Carr P.E. Commander Lieutenant , campaign mining the of coordinators the of one that fact the by compounded was loss the ; Indies East Dutch the in at ship a attacking while down shot was Squadron 20 No. of Catalina a , September 30 of night the On . laying @-@ mine being purpose primary their , Catalinas operated squadrons three All . Territory Northern , Darwin to moved and , Squadrons 43 and 42 Nos. with along , RAAF Wing 76 No. of part became Squadron 20 No. , 1944 September In "," In September 1944 , No. 20 Squadron became part of No. 76 Wing RAAF , along with Nos. 42 and 43 Squadrons , and moved to Darwin , Northern Territory . All three squadrons operated Catalinas , their primary purpose being mine @-@ laying . On the night of 30 September , a Catalina of No. 20 Squadron was shot down while attacking a ship at in the Dutch East Indies ; the loss was compounded by the fact that one of the coordinators of the mining campaign , Lieutenant Commander P.E. Carr of the Royal Australian Navy , was aboard the plane and was captured by the Japanese . Another of the squadron 's Catalinas went down on the night of 27 / 28 January 1945 , possibly in a cyclone over the Timor Sea , during the campaign to mine Surabaya . In March , a detachment of four No. 20 Squadron aircraft , along with four from No. 43 Squadron , laid mines off the coast of southern China and as part of a No. 76 Wing offensive in this area ; these operations were conducted from Leyte Gulf in the Philippines . One of No. 20 Squadron 's Catalinas was lost on the night of 7 / 8 March , most likely owing to bad weather rather than enemy action . Three of the squadron 's aircraft mined the entrance to Hong Kong harbour on 8 April and , on 26 May , four of its Catalinas mined harbour in China , the furthest north that any Australian aircraft infiltrated during the war in the Pacific . Three of its aircraft flew the RAAF 's last mine @-@ laying mission on 30 July . " " . March 27 on Rathmines at disbanded and , 1946 January 21 on , Balikpapan to flight transport a , mission last its flew Squadron 20 No. . November 21 on , Wales South New , Rathmines Station RAAF to relocated It . Asia East South in locations various from home war of prisoners Australian ferried and role transport the in operated squadron the , war the of end the Following . 1945 August 14 on patrol a was sortie wartime final 's Squadron 20 No. "," No. 20 Squadron 's final wartime sortie was a patrol on 14 August 1945 . Following the end of the war , the squadron operated in the transport role and ferried Australian prisoners of war home from various locations in South East Asia . It relocated to RAAF Station Rathmines , New South Wales , on 21 November . No. 20 Squadron flew its last mission , a transport flight to Balikpapan , on 21 January 1946 , and disbanded at Rathmines on 27 March . " " . Range Test Woomera RAAF being unit other the , Complex Range Woomera the of reorganisation a of part as 2015 January 12 on established formally units Force Air two of one was , Village Woomera incorporating , Woomera Base RAAF . CSG by administered be should it , airfields RAAF other with common in , that recommended Force Air of Chief the by commissioned review control @-@ and @-@ command a but , Group Support Operational Aerospace of auspices the under managed been previously had airfield The . ) CSG ( Group Support Combat of component a , Wing 96 No. of part formed squadron the , Bartlett Simon Leader Squadron of command the under member Service Public Australian one and personnel uniformed nine of Consisting . Australia South , Woomera Base RAAF at operations airfield support to 2015 April 1 on reactivated was Squadron 20 No. "," No. 20 Squadron was reactivated on 1 April 2015 to support airfield operations at RAAF Base Woomera , South Australia . Consisting of nine uniformed personnel and one Australian Public Service member under the command of Squadron Leader Simon Bartlett , the squadron formed part of No. 96 Wing , a component of Combat Support Group ( CSG ) . The airfield had previously been managed under the auspices of Aerospace Operational Support Group , but a command @-@ and @-@ control review commissioned by the Chief of Air Force recommended that , in common with other RAAF airfields , it should be administered by CSG . RAAF Base Woomera , incorporating Woomera Village , was one of two Air Force units formally established on 12 January 2015 as part of a reorganisation of the Woomera Range Complex , the other unit being RAAF Woomera Test Range . " " . people local the of folklore the in features which , cluster star Pleiades the and , Australia South represent to Pea Desert 's Sturt , heritage indigenous its and town the symbolise to thrower spear a , nobility and courage denote to eagle tailed @-@ wedge a includes crest 's squadron reactivated the of design The "," The design of the reactivated squadron 's crest includes a wedge @-@ tailed eagle to denote courage and nobility , a spear thrower to symbolise the town and its indigenous heritage , Sturt 's Desert Pea to represent South Australia , and the Pleiades star cluster , which features in the folklore of the local people . " " . produced were tanks the of 177 to 100 only , consequence a as and , factors several by delayed was Production . 220 to increased eventually that order an , tanks 70 ordered Office War The . gun pounder @-@ 2 a of firepower extra the introducing by , Tank Light Mk the , predecessor its upon improved It . Army British the for company the by built tanks light of line the in latest the as designed originally was Tetrarch The . II War World the during deployed and 1930s late the in Armstrongs @-@ Vickers by produced tank light British a was , Tetrarch the as known also , ) A17 ( VII Mk Tank Light The "," The Light Tank Mk VII ( A17 ) , also known as the Tetrarch , was a British light tank produced by Vickers @-@ Armstrongs in the late 1930s and deployed during the World War II . The Tetrarch was originally designed as the latest in the line of light tanks built by the company for the British Army . It improved upon its predecessor , the Mk Light Tank , by introducing the extra firepower of a 2 @-@ pounder gun . The War Office ordered 70 tanks , an order that eventually increased to 220 . Production was delayed by several factors , and as a consequence , only 100 to 177 of the tanks were produced . " " . Regiment Reconnaissance Armoured Airborne 6th the of part became and Division Airborne 6th new the to attached were they instead ; 1943 in Sicily of invasion Allied the in participation their prevented gliders of lack A . gliders Hamilcar Aircraft General designed specially in landed and transported were Tetrarchs The . forces airborne British support to tank light portable @-@ air an as use its allowed design the that decided was it after Division Airborne 1st the to attached were Tetrarchs , 1942 June in , and , Madagascar of invasion the in participated which force British the of part formed Tetrarchs of number small a , 1942 May In . Tetrarchs with equipped was which of one , operations amphibious overseas in use for squadrons three formed Corps Armoured Royal the , 1941 early In . program Lease @-@ Lend the of part as USSR the to sent were 20 although , Britain in remained tanks the of majority the , result a As . Campaign African North the in Tetrarchs of use the out ruled , divisions armoured British in tanks light use to not Office War the by decision the with combined , flaws design 's tank The "," The tank 's design flaws , combined with the decision by the War Office not to use light tanks in British armoured divisions , ruled out the use of Tetrarchs in the North African Campaign . As a result , the majority of the tanks remained in Britain , although 20 were sent to the USSR as part of the Lend @-@ Lease program . In early 1941 , the Royal Armoured Corps formed three squadrons for use in overseas amphibious operations , one of which was equipped with Tetrarchs . In May 1942 , a small number of Tetrarchs formed part of the British force which participated in the invasion of Madagascar , and , in June 1942 , Tetrarchs were attached to the 1st Airborne Division after it was decided that the design allowed its use as an air @-@ portable light tank to support British airborne forces . The Tetrarchs were transported and landed in specially designed General Aircraft Hamilcar gliders . A lack of gliders prevented their participation in the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943 ; instead they were attached to the new 6th Airborne Division and became part of the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment . " " . 1944 December in Locust M22 the by replaced were remainder the and , tanks cruiser Cromwell with replaced were action in Tetrarchs the of most , 1944 August By . support fire provide to only used and armour German with engagement direct from removed were tanks the , operation the of beginning the after days few A . forces German the of vehicles fighting armoured the to armour and firepower in inferior be to proved action see did that those and , accidents in lost were Several . well perform not did they but , glider by landed successfully were tanks The . 1944 June in Normandy in landings airborne British the during Tetrarchs 20 approximately used division The "," The division used approximately 20 Tetrarchs during the British airborne landings in Normandy in June 1944 . The tanks were successfully landed by glider , but they did not perform well . Several were lost in accidents , and those that did see action proved to be inferior in firepower and armour to the armoured fighting vehicles of the German forces . A few days after the beginning of the operation , the tanks were removed from direct engagement with German armour and used only to provide fire support . By August 1944 , most of the Tetrarchs in action were replaced with Cromwell cruiser tanks , and the remainder were replaced by the M22 Locust in December 1944 . " " . Army British the with service active in used ever were these of none but , VIII Mk Tank Light the and gun propelled @-@ self Alecto the including , design Tetrarch the on variations several were There . 1950 in retired was last the ; 1946 by obsolete deemed were and combat further any see not did Tetrarchs "," Tetrarchs did not see any further combat and were deemed obsolete by 1946 ; the last was retired in 1950 . There were several variations on the Tetrarch design , including the Alecto self @-@ propelled gun and the Light Tank Mk VIII , but none of these were ever used in active service with the British Army . " " . sprung independently was wheels the of each and , damping for oil of cushions and springing for air of pockets with struts on relied that design new a also was system suspension The . wastage power its reduce and the on strain mechanical lessen to designed was turning of system dual the ; tank the turn to track one braking of method conventional the to returned system the , turns sharper For . tracks the bending by turns gentle for allow to steered be could wheels front The . models Vickers earlier into incorporated system mechanical a and method steering unusual an on relied design VII Mk The . speed top ) h / km 64 ( hour per miles 40 a of capable was it and wheels idler or driver separate no with , side per four , wheels road eight on was Suspension . engine Meadows ) kW 123 ( horsepower @-@ 165 a by powered was and ) kg 600 @,@ 7 ( pounds 800 @,@ 16 approximately weighed prototype The . armour of ) in 55 @.@ 0 ( millimetres 14 of maximum a possessed tank The . turret man @-@ two a in guns two the mounted and , gun machine ) in 312 @.@ 0 ( millimetre @-@ 92 @.@ 7 a with paired gun main ) in 6 @.@ 1 ( millimetre @-@ 40 pounder @-@ 2 a VIIs Mk the on installed Armstrong @-@ Vickers . guns machine with only fitted were that tanks light earlier in armament insufficient of shortcomings the overcome to designed was tank The . company the by produced tanks light of series a in latest the be to was It . militaries foreign to or Army British the to either sold be to intended was and , venture private a as Armstrongs @-@ Vickers by 1937 in developed first was , ' ' nicknamed , ) A17 ( VII Mk Tank Light the of prototype The "," The prototype of the Light Tank Mk VII ( A17 ) , nicknamed ' ' , was first developed in 1937 by Vickers @-@ Armstrongs as a private venture , and was intended to be sold either to the British Army or to foreign militaries . It was to be the latest in a series of light tanks produced by the company . The tank was designed to overcome the shortcomings of insufficient armament in earlier light tanks that were fitted only with machine guns . Vickers @-@ Armstrong installed on the Mk VIIs a 2 @-@ pounder 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) main gun paired with a 7 @.@ 92 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 312 in ) machine gun , and mounted the two guns in a two @-@ man turret . The tank possessed a maximum of 14 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) of armour . The prototype weighed approximately 16 @,@ 800 pounds ( 7 @,@ 600 kg ) and was powered by a 165 @-@ horsepower ( 123 kW ) Meadows engine . Suspension was on eight road wheels , four per side , with no separate driver or idler wheels and it was capable of a 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) top speed . The Mk VII design relied on an unusual steering method and a mechanical system incorporated into earlier Vickers models . The front wheels could be steered to allow for gentle turns by bending the tracks . For sharper turns , the system returned to the conventional method of braking one track to turn the tank ; the dual system of turning was designed to lessen mechanical strain on the and reduce its power wastage . The suspension system was also a new design that relied on struts with pockets of air for springing and cushions of oil for damping , and each of the wheels was independently sprung . " " . range 's tank the increase to tank fuel external an of fitting the included which changes minor few a requesting after production limited for it accepted , 1938 November in , and , A17 number specification Staff General official the Tetrarch the gave Office War the , Accordingly . program tank light the of end the at in brought be they that suggested was it and , produced be to Tetrarchs some for essential was it that decided was it , this Despite . performance crossing obstacle and speed better offered A13 Nuffield the because cruiser light a as acceptable not was tank the that view the took then Office War The . VI Mark the , predecessor its by met already were needs tank light Office War since "" cruiser light "" possible a as tested was model the ; 1938 June and May during trials of series a through prototype the put and design the examined Office War The "," The War Office examined the design and put the prototype through a series of trials during May and June 1938 ; the model was tested as a possible "" light cruiser "" since War Office light tank needs were already met by its predecessor , the Mark VI . The War Office then took the view that the tank was not acceptable as a light cruiser because the Nuffield A13 offered better speed and obstacle crossing performance . Despite this , it was decided that it was essential for some Tetrarchs to be produced , and it was suggested that they be brought in at the end of the light tank program . Accordingly , the War Office gave the Tetrarch the official General Staff specification number A17 , and , in November 1938 , accepted it for limited production after requesting a few minor changes which included the fitting of an external fuel tank to increase the tank 's range . " " . tanks many that for plating armour ordered already had it indicated , tanks the producing be would that Armstrong @-@ Vickers by owned part company a , Wagon and Carriage Cammell Metropolitan after 220 to increased further number The . 100 to number the increasing before 70 of order original its to returned temporarily Office War the meanwhile but , 1940 July in begin to was Production . November in conference day @-@ three a after 120 to request the increased then , produced be tanks the of 70 that requested it , 1938 July in ; demand their in vacillated Office War the as fluctuation to subject was produced be to number The "," The number to be produced was subject to fluctuation as the War Office vacillated in their demand ; in July 1938 , it requested that 70 of the tanks be produced , then increased the request to 120 after a three @-@ day conference in November . Production was to begin in July 1940 , but meanwhile the War Office temporarily returned to its original order of 70 before increasing the number to 100 . The number further increased to 220 after Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon , a company part owned by Vickers @-@ Armstrong that would be producing the tanks , indicated it had already ordered armour plating for that many tanks . " " . assembled were tanks the where factories the against 1941 May during Luftwaffe the of raids bombing the by caused were delays Further . abilities country @-@ cross better had and crews smaller used that cars scout to suited better be to found been had meanwhile , reconnaissance of that , tank light the of role war @-@ pre The . design tank light the of suitability the evaluate @-@ re to Office War the led casualties high resulting the ; them against deployed nevertheless were , armour German against use for designed not were that tanks light , tanks suitable more of shortage the to Due . battle that during tanks light British of performance poor the to due , tanks cruiser and infantry on production military focus to decision France of Battle @-@ post a in hold on order their put Office War The . factors of number a by delayed was tank the of Production "," Production of the tank was delayed by a number of factors . The War Office put their order on hold in a post @-@ Battle of France decision to focus military production on infantry and cruiser tanks , due to the poor performance of British light tanks during that battle . Due to the shortage of more suitable tanks , light tanks that were not designed for use against German armour , were nevertheless deployed against them ; the resulting high casualties led the War Office to re @-@ evaluate the suitability of the light tank design . The pre @-@ war role of the light tank , that of reconnaissance , meanwhile had been found to be better suited to scout cars that used smaller crews and had better cross @-@ country abilities . Further delays were caused by the bombing raids of the Luftwaffe during May 1941 against the factories where the tanks were assembled . " " . year the of end the at delivered and 1942 of quarter first the in built were tanks the of last The . Office War the of orders the on , 1941 September 22 on , VII Mk the to given was ' Tetrarch ' name The . 177 and 100 between be to produced total final the place estimates ; VIIs Mk of number small a only of production the in resulted delays these of effect cumulative The "," The cumulative effect of these delays resulted in the production of only a small number of Mk VIIs ; estimates place the final total produced to be between 100 and 177 . The name ' Tetrarch ' was given to the Mk VII , on 22 September 1941 , on the orders of the War Office . The last of the tanks were built in the first quarter of 1942 and delivered at the end of the year . " " . heat African North intense the with cope to unable be to determined were systems cooling their when Britain in left were Campaign African North the for East Middle the in Army Eighth the to deployed be to destined tanks the of several ; service active in Tetrarch the for end the marked have may decision This . obsolete be to considered was Tetrarch the and , combat further in use for vulnerable too and liability a were tanks light that , point this at , concluding were Army the and Office War The "," The War Office and the Army were concluding , at this point , that light tanks were a liability and too vulnerable for use in further combat , and the Tetrarch was considered to be obsolete . This decision may have marked the end for the Tetrarch in active service ; several of the tanks destined to be deployed to the Eighth Army in the Middle East for the North African Campaign were left in Britain when their cooling systems were determined to be unable to cope with the intense North African heat . " " . forces airborne the by used be to available therefore was and , design obsolete an was it because chosen was Tetrarch The . Carriers Universal two or tank Tetrarch single a transport to used be would , development under currently , Hamilcar Aircraft General the that decided was it , 1941 January 16 on held conference a In . task the for designed specifically be to have would aircraft the although , accepted was glider a in ) km 560 ( miles 350 for carried be to tank ) tons long 4 @.@ 5 ( tons metric 5 @.@ 5 a of feasibility the , 1941 May by , but , revisions of number a through went tank a transport to Plans . tank of form some and artillery include to was , 1941 by , which , equipment heavy and troops transport would gliders ; component integral an be would gliders that concluded Office War the at officials , forces airborne the for equipment the selecting When . Churchill Winston , Minister Prime the of orders the under 1940 June in formed , forces airborne fledgling 's Britain by used be to equipment the considering was it as , 1941 @-@ mid in Office War the by made decision a by prevented was Tetrarch of demise The "," The demise of Tetrarch was prevented by a decision made by the War Office in mid @-@ 1941 , as it was considering the equipment to be used by Britain 's fledgling airborne forces , formed in June 1940 under the orders of the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill . When selecting the equipment for the airborne forces , officials at the War Office concluded that gliders would be an integral component ; gliders would transport troops and heavy equipment , which , by 1941 , was to include artillery and some form of tank . Plans to transport a tank went through a number of revisions , but , by May 1941 , the feasibility of a 5 @.@ 5 metric tons ( 5 @.@ 4 long tons ) tank to be carried for 350 miles ( 560 km ) in a glider was accepted , although the aircraft would have to be specifically designed for the task . In a conference held on 16 January 1941 , it was decided that the General Aircraft Hamilcar , currently under development , would be used to transport a single Tetrarch tank or two Universal Carriers . The Tetrarch was chosen because it was an obsolete design , and was therefore available to be used by the airborne forces . " " . penetration armour and velocity muzzle their increase to pounders 2 their possessed still which Tetrarchs those to added were adaptors Littlejohn , Additionally . ) Support Close ( CS 1 Tetrarch as designated then were tanks these ; howitzer support infantry ) in 00 @.@ 3 ( millimetre @-@ 2 @.@ 76 a with replaced guns pounder 2 their had tanks of number A . design its to made were changes several , tank airborne an as designated @-@ re was Tetrarch the When . training the during killed pilots seven with , injuries or fatalities in resulted incidents three Only . crew per lifts 50 of average an with made were lifts 800 @,@ 2 over , Hamilcars the flying in specialised which , Regiment Pilot Glider the of Squadron ' C ' by training the during ; successful were exercises These . gliders Hamilcar inside crews their and Tetrarchs the carrying conducted were exercises training , 1944 January in Beginning "," Beginning in January 1944 , training exercises were conducted carrying the Tetrarchs and their crews inside Hamilcar gliders . These exercises were successful ; during the training by ' C ' Squadron of the Glider Pilot Regiment , which specialised in flying the Hamilcars , over 2 @,@ 800 lifts were made with an average of 50 lifts per crew . Only three incidents resulted in fatalities or injuries , with seven pilots killed during the training . When the Tetrarch was re @-@ designated as an airborne tank , several changes were made to its design . A number of tanks had their 2 pounder guns replaced with a 76 @.@ 2 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 00 in ) infantry support howitzer ; these tanks were then designated as Tetrarch 1 CS ( Close Support ) . Additionally , Littlejohn adaptors were added to those Tetrarchs which still possessed their 2 pounders to increase their muzzle velocity and armour penetration . " " . Locust M22 US the by replacement eventual 's Tetrarch the to led , India in formed be to division airborne unnamed an and Division Airborne 1st the for required be would tanks airborne 287 some that report Office War a with combined , reserves replacement sufficient of lack This . combat in lost those replace to reserves no with , remained actually 50 only whereas , available were tanks the of 70 that informed been had he that complained Hopkinson , Division Airborne 1st the of commander , Hopkinson F. George General Major by , 1943 January dated , memorandum a In . use for available were Tetrarchs 50 approximately that stated 1942 December in issued report Corps Armoured Royal A . Madagascar of invasion the , Ironclad Operation during more several of loss the did as , forces airborne by use for available number the depleted Act Lease @-@ Lend the under USSR the to tanks the of 20 of transport The . forces airborne the affected particularly which , 1942 in ended production after existed that tanks these of number limited the was problems major the of One . forces airborne and Army the with deployment and development its throughout setbacks several experienced Tetrarch The "," The Tetrarch experienced several setbacks throughout its development and deployment with the Army and airborne forces . One of the major problems was the limited number of these tanks that existed after production ended in 1942 , which particularly affected the airborne forces . The transport of 20 of the tanks to the USSR under the Lend @-@ Lease Act depleted the number available for use by airborne forces , as did the loss of several more during Operation Ironclad , the invasion of Madagascar . A Royal Armoured Corps report issued in December 1942 stated that approximately 50 Tetrarchs were available for use . In a memorandum , dated January 1943 , by Major General George F. Hopkinson , commander of the 1st Airborne Division , Hopkinson complained that he had been informed that 70 of the tanks were available , whereas only 50 actually remained , with no reserves to replace those lost in combat . This lack of sufficient replacement reserves , combined with a War Office report that some 287 airborne tanks would be required for the 1st Airborne Division and an unnamed airborne division to be formed in India , led to the Tetrarch 's eventual replacement by the US M22 Locust . " " . impossible almost be would combat during Tetrarchs of troop a controlling , tank the control and fight both to had commander the as that stated 1941 January in written tank the on report A . combat in delays caused which , pounder 2 the for loader as act to had , duties own his to addition in , commander or gunner The . effectively Tetrarch the operate to members crew few too in resulting , turret the in commander and gunner a and hull the in driver a , three to crew possible the limited size Its . use operational its through revealed were Tetrarch the of faults design of number A "," A number of design faults of the Tetrarch were revealed through its operational use . Its size limited the possible crew to three , a driver in the hull and a gunner and commander in the turret , resulting in too few crew members to operate the Tetrarch effectively . The gunner or commander , in addition to his own duties , had to act as loader for the 2 pounder , which caused delays in combat . A report on the tank written in January 1941 stated that as the commander had to both fight and control the tank , controlling a troop of Tetrarchs during combat would be almost impossible . " " . manufacture to time took which , rounds piercing @-@ armour designed specially fire only could and , removed be not could adapters the fitted been had they after ; power penetration and range its increase to pounder @-@ 2 the to fitted adaptor Littlejohn the with found also were Problems "," Problems were also found with the Littlejohn adaptor fitted to the 2 @-@ pounder to increase its range and penetration power ; after they had been fitted the adapters could not be removed , and could only fire specially designed armour @-@ piercing rounds , which took time to manufacture . " " . Africa North and East Middle the as such , climates hotter in service for unsuitable tank the making , faulty system cooling 's Tetrarch the considered also Office War The "," The War Office also considered the Tetrarch 's cooling system faulty , making the tank unsuitable for service in hotter climates , such as the Middle East and North Africa . " " . service further for suitable not as divisions armoured British of establishments the from discarded were tanks light all , after Shortly . Campaign African North the in participate to East Middle the to sent were that units into integrated being from them precluded system cooling Tetrarch the with discovered faults the , However . Division Armoured 6th formed newly the and ) France of Battle the during tanks previous its of majority the losing after refitted being was which ( Division Armoured 1st the with deployed initially were and , 1940 November in Army the to delivered were Tetrarchs first The "," The first Tetrarchs were delivered to the Army in November 1940 , and were initially deployed with the 1st Armoured Division ( which was being refitted after losing the majority of its previous tanks during the Battle of France ) and the newly formed 6th Armoured Division . However , the faults discovered with the Tetrarch cooling system precluded them from being integrated into units that were sent to the Middle East to participate in the North African Campaign . Shortly after , all light tanks were discarded from the establishments of British armoured divisions as not suitable for further service . " " . region Caucasus the in fighting were who troops Soviet of photographs in appearing , purposes propaganda for used also were Several . fire artillery of casualty a latter the , October 2 on other the and September 30 on one , combat in destroyed were tanks both ; Brigade Tank Guards 5th the to attached was which , Battalion Tank Separated 132nd the to assigned were two 1943 September in and , battle into sent subsequently were which Schools Training Tank to sent were Tetrarchs of number A . combat in used be to suitable was it that decided and , time the at use in tank light 70 @-@ T the to comparable be to it believed authorities Soviet , design 's Tetrarch the in drawbacks these Despite . speed 's tank the in reduction unacceptable an caused plating armour extra of weight the as , solved be not could which one and problem a be to found was armour 's Tetrarch the of thinness The . designs Soviet contemporary unlike , fuel quality @-@ low on run to ability its well as , speed and , manoeuvrability , controllability its for admired was design the and military Soviet the by conducted was Tetrarchs the of testing Additional . tracks and suspension 's tank the on effect deleterious a had weather cold the , additionally ; conditions cold in present also were system cooling the with problems design the that apparent was it , however , USSR the in arrived tanks the When . Tetrarchs the use could so and , British the than tanks light of number greater a utilised military Soviet The . tanks Infantry I Mk Matilda and Valentine of number a as well as , Tetrarchs 20 of shipment a included , 1942 early in which , USSR the to materials war supplying began government British the , program the of part As . USSR the to extended therefore was , China and Britain to materials defensive supply to America of States United the by 1941 March in begun , program Lease @-@ Lend The . Britain of ally an became USSR the and , began Barbarossa Operation , USSR the of invasion German the 1941 June 22 on but , service from retired being before vehicles training as used been have probably would and , Britain in remained Tetrarchs The "," The Tetrarchs remained in Britain , and would probably have been used as training vehicles before being retired from service , but on 22 June 1941 the German invasion of the USSR , Operation Barbarossa began , and the USSR became an ally of Britain . The Lend @-@ Lease program , begun in March 1941 by the United States of America to supply defensive materials to Britain and China , was therefore extended to the USSR . As part of the program , the British government began supplying war materials to the USSR , which in early 1942 , included a shipment of 20 Tetrarchs , as well as a number of Valentine and Matilda Mk I Infantry tanks . The Soviet military utilised a greater number of light tanks than the British , and so could use the Tetrarchs . When the tanks arrived in the USSR , however , it was apparent that the design problems with the cooling system were also present in cold conditions ; additionally , the cold weather had a deleterious effect on the tank 's suspension and tracks . Additional testing of the Tetrarchs was conducted by the Soviet military and the design was admired for its controllability , manoeuvrability , and speed , as well its ability to run on low @-@ quality fuel , unlike contemporary Soviet designs . The thinness of the Tetrarch 's armour was found to be a problem and one which could not be solved , as the weight of extra armour plating caused an unacceptable reduction in the tank 's speed . Despite these drawbacks in the Tetrarch 's design , Soviet authorities believed it to be comparable to the T @-@ 70 light tank in use at the time , and decided that it was suitable to be used in combat . A number of Tetrarchs were sent to Tank Training Schools which were subsequently sent into battle , and in September 1943 two were assigned to the 132nd Separated Tank Battalion , which was attached to the 5th Guards Tank Brigade ; both tanks were destroyed in combat , one on 30 September and the other on 2 October , the latter a casualty of artillery fire . Several were also used for propaganda purposes , appearing in photographs of Soviet troops who were fighting in the Caucasus region . " " . training in squadron the of rest the join to Britain to returned unit the , 1942 March in and , groundless proved fears These . occurred this if Africa of coast the off islands Spanish of number a capture to readied was force the and , Germany of side the on conflict the enter might government Spanish the that fears were there war the of period this during ; Africa West in Freetown for sailed which force a of part formed , Tetrarchs six including , Squadron ' C ' of elements , September early In . operations amphibious potential in action for them prepare to craft landing and ships from disembarkation and embarkation on focused that training intensive for Scotland in Inverary to transported were squadrons three All . climate tropical unspecified an in Squadrons ' B ' and ' A ' alongside service overseas for prepare to orders received immediately and activated officially was Squadron ' C ' , 1941 July 31 On . Division Armoured 1st , Brigade Armoured 2nd the from transferred Tetrarchs twelve with equipped was Squadron ' C ' but , tanks light Mark and tanks Infantry Valentine with equipped were Squadrons ' B ' and ' A ' Both . Squadrons Service Special ' C ' and ' B ' , ' A ' as known , operations overseas special for squadrons tank three created Britain in Corps Armoured Royal the , 1941 @-@ mid In "," In mid @-@ 1941 , the Royal Armoured Corps in Britain created three tank squadrons for special overseas operations , known as ' A ' , ' B ' and ' C ' Special Service Squadrons . Both ' A ' and ' B ' Squadrons were equipped with Valentine Infantry tanks and Mark light tanks , but ' C ' Squadron was equipped with twelve Tetrarchs transferred from the 2nd Armoured Brigade , 1st Armoured Division . On 31 July 1941 , ' C ' Squadron was officially activated and immediately received orders to prepare for overseas service alongside ' A ' and ' B ' Squadrons in an unspecified tropical climate . All three squadrons were transported to Inverary in Scotland for intensive training that focused on embarkation and disembarkation from ships and landing craft to prepare them for action in potential amphibious operations . In early September , elements of ' C ' Squadron , including six Tetrarchs , formed part of a force which sailed for Freetown in West Africa ; during this period of the war there were fears that the Spanish government might enter the conflict on the side of Germany , and the force was readied to capture a number of Spanish islands off the coast of Africa if this occurred . These fears proved groundless , and in March 1942 , the unit returned to Britain to join the rest of the squadron in training . " " . tank Valentine a of armour the penetrating of capable weapons no had defenders the that believed was it although , vague and limited was forces defending French Vichy the and , port the by possessed defences the , beaches landing the about Information . rear the from approach and ) km 32 ( miles 20 approximately advance to forces British the allow would which , tip the of side west the on beaches four on landing assault amphibious an for called plan invasion The . Suarez Diego of bay the and near , May 4 on Madagascar of tip northern the of coast west the off assembled force invasion The . Tetrarchs five remaining the from formed two and , Valentines four of one , Tetrarch one and Valentines three of troop Headquarters one , troops four into formed was squadron The . unit single a into Squadron ' C ' from Tetrarchs six and Squadron ' B ' from Valentines six amalgamating by created , Squadron Service Special ' B ' was command its under and , operations amphibious in training its to due force invasion the of core the formed Brigade 29th The . Division Infantry 5th from groups brigade 13th and 17th the and , Group Brigade Independent 29th , Commando 5 No. of consisted and Sturges G. Robert General Major of command the under was Ironclad Operation . Ocean Indian the into advanced recently had which , forces naval Japanese to of port the deny to possible as rapidly as occupied be should Madagascar that decided Staff of Chiefs Combined the and Minister Prime The . control French Vichy under then and world the in island largest third the , Madagascar of invasion the was , Ironclad Operation , assignment next The "," The next assignment , Operation Ironclad , was the invasion of Madagascar , the third largest island in the world and then under Vichy French control . The Prime Minister and the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided that Madagascar should be occupied as rapidly as possible to deny the port of to Japanese naval forces , which had recently advanced into the Indian Ocean . Operation Ironclad was under the command of Major General Robert G. Sturges and consisted of No. 5 Commando , 29th Independent Brigade Group , and the 17th and 13th brigade groups from 5th Infantry Division . The 29th Brigade formed the core of the invasion force due to its training in amphibious operations , and under its command was ' B ' Special Service Squadron , created by amalgamating six Valentines from ' B ' Squadron and six Tetrarchs from ' C ' Squadron into a single unit . The squadron was formed into four troops , one Headquarters troop of three Valentines and one Tetrarch , one of four Valentines , and two formed from the remaining five Tetrarchs . The invasion force assembled off the west coast of the northern tip of Madagascar on 4 May , near and the bay of Diego Suarez . The invasion plan called for an amphibious assault landing on four beaches on the west side of the tip , which would allow the British forces to advance approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) and approach from the rear . Information about the landing beaches , the defences possessed by the port , and the Vichy French defending forces was limited and vague , although it was believed that the defenders had no weapons capable of penetrating the armour of a Valentine tank . " " . back way the on encountered it truck a and combination motorcycle a gunning machine , resistance French the on report to order in retreated Tetrarch third the ; fate same the suffered them behind moving were that Tetrarchs two and , fire artillery by out knocked were but first advanced Valentines two The . Valentines the and Tetrarchs the both of armour the penetrate could , role tank @-@ anti an for designed specifically not although , latter the ; pieces artillery mm 75 in @-@ dug and nests gun @-@ machine , pillboxes camouflaged included and War World First the to prior built been had This . defence of line main French Vichy the encountered it until advance to continued force small the ; beaches the from dispatched Tetrarchs other two by joined soon were they and , island the into further advance and defences the outflank to ordered were tanks The . day the in later assault infantry an by cleared be to had line the but , fire gun @-@ machine and pounder 2 with targets of number a engaged they ; trenches and pillboxes the with close not could they and difficult manoeuvring made ground rocky the but , them breach to attempted tanks The . ridge a along in dug pillboxes and trenches camouflaged of consisting , defences French first the encountered force invasion the Here . of town the near infantry the of elements lead the with up catching , support in dispatched were Tetrarch single a and Valentines two eventually but , squadron the without toward advanced brigades infantry The . sand the in stuck became and craft landing a from loose came Tetrarch a after hours several for blocked was craft landing its for designated beach of area the ; trouble more had Squadron ' B ' , successfully landed infantry the although but , town nearby a and of control take to was support armoured their and brigades infantry the of objective The . Bay at landing Squadron ' B ' and brigades infantry three the and Bay Courrier at landing Commando 5 with , May 5 on 30 : 04 at began landings The "," The landings began at 04 : 30 on 5 May , with 5 Commando landing at Courrier Bay and the three infantry brigades and ' B ' Squadron landing at Bay . The objective of the infantry brigades and their armoured support was to take control of and a nearby town , but although the infantry landed successfully , ' B ' Squadron had more trouble ; the area of beach designated for its landing craft was blocked for several hours after a Tetrarch came loose from a landing craft and became stuck in the sand . The infantry brigades advanced toward without the squadron , but eventually two Valentines and a single Tetrarch were dispatched in support , catching up with the lead elements of the infantry near the town of . Here the invasion force encountered the first French defences , consisting of camouflaged trenches and pillboxes dug in along a ridge . The tanks attempted to breach them , but the rocky ground made manoeuvring difficult and they could not close with the pillboxes and trenches ; they engaged a number of targets with 2 pounder and machine @-@ gun fire , but the line had to be cleared by an infantry assault later in the day . The tanks were ordered to outflank the defences and advance further into the island , and they were soon joined by two other Tetrarchs dispatched from the beaches ; the small force continued to advance until it encountered the Vichy French main line of defence . This had been built prior to the First World War and included camouflaged pillboxes , machine @-@ gun nests and dug @-@ in 75 mm artillery pieces ; the latter , although not specifically designed for an anti @-@ tank role , could penetrate the armour of both the Tetrarchs and the Valentines . The two Valentines advanced first but were knocked out by artillery fire , and two Tetrarchs that were moving behind them suffered the same fate ; the third Tetrarch retreated in order to report on the French resistance , machine gunning a motorcycle combination and a truck it encountered on the way back . " " . Brigade 29th of part as Campaign Burma the in part took and India to shipped was it when , 1943 early until Madagascar in remained It . wounded six and killed seven suffered had squadron the and , May 7 by functional were tanks twelve of out Tetrarchs three and Valentine one only ; invasion the during casualties heavy suffered Squadron ' C ' . November late until warfare guerrilla in force occupying British the engage to continue would troops French although , day following the surrender formal a negotiated authorities French Vichy the as , battle the in part further no played squadron The . Valentine another disabled which fire artillery sporadic under coming , May 6 of afternoon the until positions defensive in remained , Tetrarchs three and Valentines two , Squadron ' B ' of tanks remaining the ; Marines Royal by assault amphibious an by aided , Brigade 29th by broken eventually was line French The . positions original their to back retreating before pieces artillery the with fire of volleys several exchanged tanks remaining The . destroyed and hit were Tetrarch one and Valentine one and , however , assault the face and turn to able were pieces artillery the ; cover as hills several using , side hand @-@ right the from advancing by line the flank @-@ out to attempted then and line defensive the to leading road the followed tanks The . defences French the breach to attempt again once and arrived recently had which Tetrarchs two and Valentines four of command take to ordered then was and , report his made Tetrarch the of commander The "," The commander of the Tetrarch made his report , and was then ordered to take command of four Valentines and two Tetrarchs which had recently arrived and once again attempt to breach the French defences . The tanks followed the road leading to the defensive line and then attempted to out @-@ flank the line by advancing from the right @-@ hand side , using several hills as cover ; the artillery pieces were able to turn and face the assault , however , and one Valentine and one Tetrarch were hit and destroyed . The remaining tanks exchanged several volleys of fire with the artillery pieces before retreating back to their original positions . The French line was eventually broken by 29th Brigade , aided by an amphibious assault by Royal Marines ; the remaining tanks of ' B ' Squadron , two Valentines and three Tetrarchs , remained in defensive positions until the afternoon of 6 May , coming under sporadic artillery fire which disabled another Valentine . The squadron played no further part in the battle , as the Vichy French authorities negotiated a formal surrender the following day , although French troops would continue to engage the British occupying force in guerrilla warfare until late November . ' C ' Squadron suffered heavy casualties during the invasion ; only one Valentine and three Tetrarchs out of twelve tanks were functional by 7 May , and the squadron had suffered seven killed and six wounded . It remained in Madagascar until early 1943 , when it was shipped to India and took part in the Burma Campaign as part of 29th Brigade . " " . armour and infantry enemy attacking @-@ counter and positions enemy of reconnaissance including , duties new its for prepare to exercises of number a in participated and , unit portable @-@ air an as train to continued squadron The . conflict the of rest the for it with remained Squadron ' C ' and , 1943 April in raised been had which , Division Airborne 6th the to transferred was squadron the ; Tetrarchs its transport to departed division the time the by built been had gliders Hamilcar enough not as , Britain in remained Squadron ' C ' . Sicily of invasion Allied the in participate could it so East Middle the to transported was division the , 1943 @-@ mid during ; long for Division Airborne 1st the to attached not was but , training began immediately unit The . vehicles other its among Tetrarchs seven it with bringing , 1942 June 24 on Division Airborne 1st the to transferred officially was Squadron ' C ' . Office War the by tank airborne an as designated @-@ re been had it ; Tetrarchs using still was that unit only the was , importantly more , and unit tank independent an as act to trained was it as , Squadron Services Special ' C ' was conversion for unit obvious The . units other by relieved until them holding then and objectives capture to speed ' tanks their using , division the of fore the to operate would and tanks light nineteen of formed be to was , Squadron Tank Light the designated , unit This . division the to attached units support the of one be would unit tank light a that decided Office War the 1942 January 19 on and , Division Airborne 1st the including , units airborne trained specifically existed there , 1942 By . unit Commando retrained a by conducted was , Colossus Operation , operation airborne British first the that slow so was aircraft transport suitable acquiring and facilities training proper up setting in Progress . troops airborne as training for volunteers 500 only accept to able was Office War the , formed was establishment airborne British the when , 1940 @-@ mid in facilities training equipment of lack a of Because "," Because of a lack of equipment training facilities in mid @-@ 1940 , when the British airborne establishment was formed , the War Office was able to accept only 500 volunteers for training as airborne troops . Progress in setting up proper training facilities and acquiring suitable transport aircraft was so slow that the first British airborne operation , Operation Colossus , was conducted by a retrained Commando unit . By 1942 , there existed specifically trained airborne units , including the 1st Airborne Division , and on 19 January 1942 the War Office decided that a light tank unit would be one of the support units attached to the division . This unit , designated the Light Tank Squadron , was to be formed of nineteen light tanks and would operate to the fore of the division , using their tanks ' speed to capture objectives and then holding them until relieved by other units . The obvious unit for conversion was ' C ' Special Services Squadron , as it was trained to act as an independent tank unit and , more importantly , was the only unit that was still using Tetrarchs ; it had been re @-@ designated as an airborne tank by the War Office . ' C ' Squadron was officially transferred to the 1st Airborne Division on 24 June 1942 , bringing with it seven Tetrarchs among its other vehicles . The unit immediately began training , but was not attached to the 1st Airborne Division for long ; during mid @-@ 1943 , the division was transported to the Middle East so it could participate in the Allied invasion of Sicily . ' C ' Squadron remained in Britain , as not enough Hamilcar gliders had been built by the time the division departed to transport its Tetrarchs ; the squadron was transferred to the 6th Airborne Division , which had been raised in April 1943 , and ' C ' Squadron remained with it for the rest of the conflict . The squadron continued to train as an air @-@ portable unit , and participated in a number of exercises to prepare for its new duties , including reconnaissance of enemy positions and counter @-@ attacking enemy infantry and armour . " " . lift second the in land to Brigade Airlanding 6th the allowing , zones landing the clear to lift first the in land should ) gliders utilise not did which ( Brigade Parachute 5th and Brigade Parachute 3rd the that decided Gale , Therefore . brigade the for selected zone landing the in erected been had poles glider @-@ anti that revealed photography aerial , however ; first landed be to , attached was Regiment Reconnaissance Armoured Airborne 6th the which to , Brigade Airlanding 6th the for intended initially had Gale Richard General Major . day the in later lift second a in landed be to have would one ; simultaneously brigades 's division the of three all land to available were aircraft transport Insufficient . battery artillery coastal a destroying and , Dives River and Canal Caen the over bridges important several capturing , Caen of east areas important strategically securing , landings seaborne Allied the of flank eastern the protecting with tasked was It . Normandy eastern to Division Airborne 6th of deployment the with , June 5 of night the on began operation The . Normandy in landings airborne British the in participate to from transported be would regiment the , airfields two these from ; day next the airfield Norton RAF to moved regiment the of rest the while , airfield Rushton Tarrant at camp transit a to area training their from moved Squadron ' A ' , manoeuvres and exercises of series further a in participating after , 1944 May 24 On . adaptors Littlejohn with fitted pounders 2 with armed were rest the and variation CS the of were which of two , troops six between split Tetrarchs nineteen approximately had Squadron ' A ' . Tetrarchs the of majority the received , Squadron ' A ' as known also , Squadron Tank Light the but , Squadron Headquarters the to attached were , variation CS 1 Mark the , Tetrarchs two ; Squadron Reconnaissance a and Squadron Tank Light a , Squadron Headquarters a of consisted regiment The . Regiment Reconnaissance Armoured Airborne 6th the as designated @-@ re was it , 1944 April 1 on and , cars scout as such vehicles reconnaissance conventional and tanks light of combination a with equipped regiment a into squadron the expand to decided Office War the , 1943 December 13 On "," On 13 December 1943 , the War Office decided to expand the squadron into a regiment equipped with a combination of light tanks and conventional reconnaissance vehicles such as scout cars , and on 1 April 1944 , it was re @-@ designated as the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment . The regiment consisted of a Headquarters Squadron , a Light Tank Squadron and a Reconnaissance Squadron ; two Tetrarchs , the Mark 1 CS variation , were attached to the Headquarters Squadron , but the Light Tank Squadron , also known as ' A ' Squadron , received the majority of the Tetrarchs . ' A ' Squadron had approximately nineteen Tetrarchs split between six troops , two of which were of the CS variation and the rest were armed with 2 pounders fitted with Littlejohn adaptors . On 24 May 1944 , after participating in a further series of exercises and manoeuvres , ' A ' Squadron moved from their training area to a transit camp at Tarrant Rushton airfield , while the rest of the regiment moved to RAF Norton airfield the next day ; from these two airfields , the regiment would be transported from to participate in the British airborne landings in Normandy . The operation began on the night of 5 June , with the deployment of 6th Airborne Division to eastern Normandy . It was tasked with protecting the eastern flank of the Allied seaborne landings , securing strategically important areas east of Caen , capturing several important bridges over the Caen Canal and River Dives , and destroying a coastal artillery battery . Insufficient transport aircraft were available to land all three of the division 's brigades simultaneously ; one would have to be landed in a second lift later in the day . Major General Richard Gale had initially intended for the 6th Airlanding Brigade , to which the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment was attached , to be landed first ; however , aerial photography revealed that anti @-@ glider poles had been erected in the landing zone selected for the brigade . Therefore , Gale decided that the 3rd Parachute Brigade and 5th Parachute Brigade ( which did not utilise gliders ) should land in the first lift to clear the landing zones , allowing the 6th Airlanding Brigade to land in the second lift . " " . torches welding with away lines the cut to crews their forcing , suspensions their in tangled became lines rigging parachute when immobile temporarily rendered then were tanks surviving The . injury without escaped crew the although , unusable it rendering , down upside tank the flipped and unloaded being was it as Tetrarch another hit Hamilcar third a ; carried they Tetrarchs the and themselves destroying , zone landing the in other each with collided gliders two when weakened further was strength 's squadron The . flight @-@ mid sea the into fall to both causing , it carrying was that glider the of nose the through crashed and shackles its of loose broke Tetrarch the when landed formation the before tank one lost It . Normandy in landed it time the by depleted severely was tanks twenty of strength 's squadron the but , speed their to due role reconnaissance this in part integral an play to were Squadron ' A ' of Tetrarchs The . attack @-@ counter to attempting forces German of movement the impede and positions German out scout to force reconnaissance a as acting , task latter the in aid to was Squadron Reconnaissance Armoured Airborne 6th the ; division the by held area the consolidating in brigades parachute two the aid to and , supplies and reinforcements in bring to were brigade the of tasks primary The . Brigade Parachute 5th the by obstructions of cleared zone landing a in June 6 on 00 : 21 at landed brigade the of gliders Hamilcar and Horsa The "," The Horsa and Hamilcar gliders of the brigade landed at 21 : 00 on 6 June in a landing zone cleared of obstructions by the 5th Parachute Brigade . The primary tasks of the brigade were to bring in reinforcements and supplies , and to aid the two parachute brigades in consolidating the area held by the division ; the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Squadron was to aid in the latter task , acting as a reconnaissance force to scout out German positions and impede the movement of German forces attempting to counter @-@ attack . The Tetrarchs of ' A ' Squadron were to play an integral part in this reconnaissance role due to their speed , but the squadron 's strength of twenty tanks was severely depleted by the time it landed in Normandy . It lost one tank before the formation landed when the Tetrarch broke loose of its shackles and crashed through the nose of the glider that was carrying it , causing both to fall into the sea mid @-@ flight . The squadron 's strength was further weakened when two gliders collided with each other in the landing zone , destroying themselves and the Tetrarchs they carried ; a third Hamilcar hit another Tetrarch as it was being unloaded and flipped the tank upside down , rendering it unusable , although the crew escaped without injury . The surviving tanks were then rendered temporarily immobile when parachute rigging lines became tangled in their suspensions , forcing their crews to cut the lines away with welding torches . " " . Squadron ' A ' of troop Headquarters the to assigned , remained Tetrarchs three only ; tanks cruiser fast Cromwell with replaced were Squadron ' A ' in Tetrarchs of majority the , bridgehead Normandy the from breakout planned the for preparation 's division the in , August By . support fire provide and patrols infantry support to used were Tetrarchs the and , division the outside units armoured from it summoned it , support armoured required division the when , Instead . III Sturmgeschütz the and IV Panzer the as such , guns propelled @-@ self and tanks German the by outclassed completely be to proved they as , armour German with Tetrarchs the engaging , possible when , avoid to decided Gale , time this At . duties reconnaissance its continued squadron the while , Normandy through push to began it and beaches invasion the from advancing were who troops British by reinforced was division The . mine a hitting by second the and gun propelled @-@ self German a by destroyed one , action enemy to lost been had Tetrarchs two , June 7 of end the By . encountered they armour and infantry German engaged and , reconnoitring began squadron the , battalion the with linking After . duties reconnaissance conduct and area Bavent de Bois the in Battalion Parachute 8th the support to orders received they , there ; regiment the of rest the with up link to zone landing the of south the to advanced and Tetrarchs remaining the of all retrieved squadron The "," The squadron retrieved all of the remaining Tetrarchs and advanced to the south of the landing zone to link up with the rest of the regiment ; there , they received orders to support the 8th Parachute Battalion in the Bois de Bavent area and conduct reconnaissance duties . After linking with the battalion , the squadron began reconnoitring , and engaged German infantry and armour they encountered . By the end of 7 June , two Tetrarchs had been lost to enemy action , one destroyed by a German self @-@ propelled gun and the second by hitting a mine . The division was reinforced by British troops who were advancing from the invasion beaches and it began to push through Normandy , while the squadron continued its reconnaissance duties . At this time , Gale decided to avoid , when possible , engaging the Tetrarchs with German armour , as they proved to be completely outclassed by the German tanks and self @-@ propelled guns , such as the Panzer IV and the Sturmgeschütz III . Instead , when the division required armoured support , it summoned it from armoured units outside the division , and the Tetrarchs were used to support infantry patrols and provide fire support . By August , in the division 's preparation for the planned breakout from the Normandy bridgehead , the majority of Tetrarchs in ' A ' Squadron were replaced with Cromwell fast cruiser tanks ; only three Tetrarchs remained , assigned to the Headquarters troop of ' A ' Squadron . " " . service from withdrawn Tetrarchs the and 1950 in stopped was regiment the by training glider , However . gliders the with exercises training for regiment the by kept was Tetrarchs of troop a and , Fairford RAF at stationed was flight glider Hamilcar a ; 1949 until Hussars 3rd the with service in remained Tetrarchs of number small A . design in new entirely be would formations airborne war @-@ post in used tanks light any and , obsolete considered was design Tetrarch the that confirmed 1946 January in Office War the of ) Air ( Director the by issued report A . Rhine river the cross to operation airborne the , Varsity Operation during 1945 March in regiment the by used were Locusts eight ; design American of tank light airborne built @-@ purpose a , Locust M22 the with replaced were They . retired were Tetrarchs remaining the all and , restructured completely was it which in , reorganization extensive an underwent Regiment Reconnaissance Armoured Airborne 6th the , 1944 October of week first the During . combat active of saw Tetrarchs that last the was Tonga Operation "," Operation Tonga was the last that Tetrarchs saw of active combat . During the first week of October 1944 , the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment underwent an extensive reorganization , in which it was completely restructured , and all the remaining Tetrarchs were retired . They were replaced with the M22 Locust , a purpose @-@ built airborne light tank of American design ; eight Locusts were used by the regiment in March 1945 during Operation Varsity , the airborne operation to cross the river Rhine . A report issued by the Director ( Air ) of the War Office in January 1946 confirmed that the Tetrarch design was considered obsolete , and any light tanks used in post @-@ war airborne formations would be entirely new in design . A small number of Tetrarchs remained in service with the 3rd Hussars until 1949 ; a Hamilcar glider flight was stationed at RAF Fairford , and a troop of Tetrarchs was kept by the regiment for training exercises with the gliders . However , glider training by the regiment was stopped in 1950 and the Tetrarchs withdrawn from service . " " . ended production when , 1945 by produced were VIIIs Mark 100 approximately ; service active in tank the using against decided Office War the when , 1943 into persist to continued problems These . problems developmental to due delayed been had VIII Mark the of production that stated 1942 December in issued report a and , prototypes the of tests further with encountered were problems , However . September in constructed be to 000 @,@ 1 ordered Office War the of Board Tank the and , success a considered was design new The . 1941 April in models prototype three of construction the authorised Office War The . Tetrarch the of that as same the remained also armament its ; ) h / km 48 ( hour per miles 30 to decreased speed maximum its that meant weight increased the although , VIII Mark the to fitted was Tetrarch the of engine cylinder @-@ 12 The . Hamilcar a by carried be to heavy too was it as , portable @-@ air longer no was tank new The . heavier and ) m 38 @.@ 0 ( inches 3 foot 1 by wider , ) m 15 @.@ 0 ( inches 6 by longer was VIII Mark the ; changed also were Tetrarch the of dimensions The . tank the at fired shells deflect help to surfaces sloped more given hull and turret the and , ) in 67 @.@ 0 ( millimetres 17 to armour side the and ) in 5 @.@ 1 ( millimetres 38 of thickness a to increased armour turret and hull front the with , Tetrarch the than armour thicker had It . areas of number a in Tetrarch the of design the upon improve to intended was VIII Mark The . Office War the by A25 number design Staff General the given was and , advisor diplomatic chief 's Roosevelt President after named , Hopkins Harry the as known also was VIII Mark The . Tetrarch the to successor proposed 's Armstrong @-@ Vickers , VIII Mk Tank Light the was first The . design Tetrarch the of variants several were There "," There were several variants of the Tetrarch design . The first was the Light Tank Mk VIII , Vickers @-@ Armstrong 's proposed successor to the Tetrarch . The Mark VIII was also known as the Harry Hopkins , named after President Roosevelt 's chief diplomatic advisor , and was given the General Staff design number A25 by the War Office . The Mark VIII was intended to improve upon the design of the Tetrarch in a number of areas . It had thicker armour than the Tetrarch , with the front hull and turret armour increased to a thickness of 38 millimetres ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) and the side armour to 17 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 67 in ) , and the turret and hull given more sloped surfaces to help deflect shells fired at the tank . The dimensions of the Tetrarch were also changed ; the Mark VIII was longer by 6 inches ( 0 @.@ 15 m ) , wider by 1 foot 3 inches ( 0 @.@ 38 m ) and heavier . The new tank was no longer air @-@ portable , as it was too heavy to be carried by a Hamilcar . The 12 @-@ cylinder engine of the Tetrarch was fitted to the Mark VIII , although the increased weight meant that its maximum speed decreased to 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) ; its armament also remained the same as that of the Tetrarch . The War Office authorised the construction of three prototype models in April 1941 . The new design was considered a success , and the Tank Board of the War Office ordered 1 @,@ 000 to be constructed in September . However , problems were encountered with further tests of the prototypes , and a report issued in December 1942 stated that production of the Mark VIII had been delayed due to developmental problems . These problems continued to persist into 1943 , when the War Office decided against using the tank in active service ; approximately 100 Mark VIIIs were produced by 1945 , when production ended . " " . beaches invasion the on land would tanks medium Sherman M4 when , Overlord Operation during used be would system The . Valentine the as such , tanks heavier on tested be to system Drive Duplex the allowing , reservoirs and lakes of number a on tested successfully was tank converted the ; time the at available tank light lightest the was Tetrarch the as , 1941 June during fitted was system The . land reached tank the once charge explosive small a using by collapsed be could screen The . engine 's tank the by powered propeller small a by along propelled then was and , float to buoyancy sufficient tank the gave this ; struts steel and tubes inflatable six @-@ thirty by supported was which , tracks its above tank the around screen canvas waterproof large a erecting by functioned system The . operations amphibious in participate and water through ' swim ' to tank a allow to designed was and , Nicholas by invented was system Drive Duplex The . ) "" DD Tetrarch "" ( Drive Duplex Tetrarch the was design Tetrarch the on variant second A "," A second variant on the Tetrarch design was the Tetrarch Duplex Drive ( "" Tetrarch DD "" ) . The Duplex Drive system was invented by Nicholas , and was designed to allow a tank to ' swim ' through water and participate in amphibious operations . The system functioned by erecting a large waterproof canvas screen around the tank above its tracks , which was supported by thirty @-@ six inflatable tubes and steel struts ; this gave the tank sufficient buoyancy to float , and was then propelled along by a small propeller powered by the tank 's engine . The screen could be collapsed by using a small explosive charge once the tank reached land . The system was fitted during June 1941 , as the Tetrarch was the lightest light tank available at the time ; the converted tank was successfully tested on a number of lakes and reservoirs , allowing the Duplex Drive system to be tested on heavier tanks , such as the Valentine . The system would be used during Operation Overlord , when M4 Sherman medium tanks would land on the invasion beaches . " " . characters cartoon Disney Walt on based were that Sega by published games of series a of part is and , hunters @-@ treasure as , Louie and , Dewey , Huey , nephews three his and Duck Donald stars . 1991 , 20 December on Japan in and 1991 , 19 December on America North in , 1991 in Europe in released was game The . Genesis Sega the for Sega by published and developed game video platforming 1991 a is , ) no Ō Rabu Ai : Hepburn , : Japanese ( Hihou no Ou Georgia : Duck Donald Love I as Japan in known , "," , known in Japan as I Love Donald Duck : Georgia Ou no Hihou ( Japanese : , Hepburn : Ai Rabu Ō no ) , is a 1991 platforming video game developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis . The game was released in Europe in 1991 , in North America on December 19 , 1991 and in Japan on December 20 , 1991 . stars Donald Duck and his three nephews , Huey , Dewey , and Louie , as treasure @-@ hunters , and is part of a series of games published by Sega that were based on Walt Disney cartoon characters . " " . had time the of games Genesis other several which , samples speech of lack its as well as overall difficulty of lack its for criticized also was game The . difficult unnecessarily game the of segments certain making and "" y @-@ float "" as IGN by described being , controls its for criticized was , However . game the in use clever their as well as , puzzles and music its for praised also was game The "" . around graphics best the of some "" as them describing Pro Sega like magazines with , graphics its for lauded universally was game The . journalists game video from reviews positive mostly to released was "," was released to mostly positive reviews from video game journalists . The game was universally lauded for its graphics , with magazines like Sega Pro describing them as "" some of the best graphics around . "" The game was also praised for its music and puzzles , as well as their clever use in the game . However , was criticized for its controls , being described by IGN as "" float @-@ y "" and making certain segments of the game unnecessarily difficult . The game was also criticized for its lack of difficulty overall as well as its lack of speech samples , which several other Genesis games of the time had . " " . return to chooses player the if area that of entrance dungeon the to return will and , biplane ' nephews his calling by leave may he , area an of section overland the completed has Donald Once . sections later in progress to needed puzzles solve which clues vital with player the provide levels some , this to addition In . order specific a of outside dungeons the entering from player the prevent obstacles various , sections overland the play to order any choose may player the Although . resides Treasure Duck Great the which in temple the or palace 's Maharajah the as such , dungeon a and part overland an into divided is level each , Generally . levels scrolling @-@ side of variety a through ventures , Donald as , player The "," The player , as Donald , ventures through a variety of side @-@ scrolling levels . Generally , each level is divided into an overland part and a dungeon , such as the Maharajah 's palace or the temple in which the Great Duck Treasure resides . Although the player may choose any order to play the overland sections , various obstacles prevent the player from entering the dungeons outside of a specific order . In addition to this , some levels provide the player with vital clues which solve puzzles needed to progress in later sections . Once Donald has completed the overland section of an area , he may leave by calling his nephews ' biplane , and will return to the dungeon entrance of that area if the player chooses to return . " " . path his in enemies out knock and speed his increase , invincible become to him allowing temporarily eventually , temper his increase which peppers chili up pick also can Donald , Egypt and India , In . distances longer traverse to Donald allows , bird passing a to stuck when , and with walls climb to platform temporary a as act to upgraded is plunger the , game the in Later . from latter the get or way the along gum and popcorn collect can and , ) with damaged be still can bosses though ( enemies stun temporarily only can which unlimited has Donald . gum bubble or popcorn , shoot can that gun special a with armed is Donald "," Donald is armed with a special gun that can shoot , popcorn or bubble gum . Donald has unlimited which can only temporarily stun enemies ( though bosses can still be damaged with ) , and can collect popcorn and gum along the way or get the latter from . Later in the game , the plunger is upgraded to act as a temporary platform to climb walls with and , when stuck to a passing bird , allows Donald to traverse longer distances . In , India and Egypt , Donald can also pick up chili peppers which increase his temper , eventually temporarily allowing him to become invincible , increase his speed and knock out enemies in his path . " " . treasure the steal to hoping game the throughout Donald pursues and overhears Pete Bad Big Unfortunately . riches to path his is this thinks Donald . death his before shortly place secret a in hidden , possession prized most 's king the of location the to leads map The . times ancient in Kingdom Duck Great the of ruler , King of treasure the to relating book a of out falls map a , library 's Scrooge in books some through flipping is Donald While "," While Donald is flipping through some books in Scrooge 's library , a map falls out of a book relating to the treasure of King , ruler of the Great Duck Kingdom in ancient times . The map leads to the location of the king 's most prized possession , hidden in a secret place shortly before his death . Donald thinks this is his path to riches . Unfortunately Big Bad Pete overhears and pursues Donald throughout the game hoping to steal the treasure . " " . map treasure real the carries Count the that him tells who ghost a encounters Donald where , Transylvania in castle 's Dracula Count is map partial the on location last The . walls through break can that ammo bubblegum , invention latest 's given is Donald , meet to of rooftops the across Travelling . in back him for looking is that him tells and , places higher reach him help to plunger a and note strange a him gives who , Goofy meets Donald , pyramid the Inside . pyramid the open to in back explorer an from "" key hero "" a obtain to "" sweet "" a by directed is he , pyramid the Outside . Mexico in pyramid Aztec an to directed being trail the with , in search his begins Donald , library the from map partial the using and , Louie and , Dewey , Huey nephews his with "," with his nephews Huey , Dewey , and Louie , and using the partial map from the library , Donald begins his search in , with the trail being directed to an Aztec pyramid in Mexico . Outside the pyramid , he is directed by a "" sweet "" to obtain a "" hero key "" from an explorer back in to open the pyramid . Inside the pyramid , Donald meets Goofy , who gives him a strange note and a plunger to help him reach higher places , and tells him that is looking for him back in . Travelling across the rooftops of to meet , Donald is given 's latest invention , bubblegum ammo that can break through walls . The last location on the partial map is Count Dracula 's castle in Transylvania , where Donald encounters a ghost who tells him that the Count carries the real treasure map . " " . diary the reach to minions bird 's Pete of one on ride a hitching , Pole South the to returns then Donald . creatures flying to attaches that "" plunger Viking ancient "" an him gives and , Pole South the near ice in hidden is diary the that him informs captain the where , deck the to returns Donald , warrior Viking skeletal a defeating After . them of rid get to decks below Donald sends captain Viking the and , ghosts by haunted is ship The . treasure the locating to secret the with diary ancient an contains which , ship Viking a of hold the unlocks key The . key the grab and ice the melt to Ra of Scepter the uses and , ice in frozen key a finds he where , Pole South the to journeys he , there From . cart mine a in escaping before Ra of Scepter the obtains and , him given had Goofy note the using "" Sphinx the of Riddle "" the solve to able is Donald . Egypt in temple a open to key the is which , Tear Sphinx the receives and succeeds Donald . Tear Sphinx a for exchange in garden her in tiger the defeat to him challenges she where , Maharajah the of palace the enters Donald , India In . map complete more a receives Donald , Dracula defeating After "," After defeating Dracula , Donald receives a more complete map . In India , Donald enters the palace of the Maharajah , where she challenges him to defeat the tiger in her garden in exchange for a Sphinx Tear . Donald succeeds and receives the Sphinx Tear , which is the key to open a temple in Egypt . Donald is able to solve the "" Riddle of the Sphinx "" using the note Goofy had given him , and obtains the Scepter of Ra before escaping in a mine cart . From there , he journeys to the South Pole , where he finds a key frozen in ice , and uses the Scepter of Ra to melt the ice and grab the key . The key unlocks the hold of a Viking ship , which contains an ancient diary with the secret to locating the treasure . The ship is haunted by ghosts , and the Viking captain sends Donald below decks to get rid of them . After defeating a skeletal Viking warrior , Donald returns to the deck , where the captain informs him that the diary is hidden in ice near the South Pole , and gives him an "" ancient Viking plunger "" that attaches to flying creatures . Donald then returns to the South Pole , hitching a ride on one of Pete 's bird minions to reach the diary . " " . together sunset the into off fly two the and Daisy to necklace the gives Donald . inside hidden was necklace jeweled golden a reveals which , statue the break accidentally Louie and Dewey , Huey , home returns Donald disappointed the When . statue stone simple a find to only vault the opens Donald , treasure the guarding spirit ancient the defeating After . vault treasure the reach to order in traps its evade to manages and hidden is treasure the where island the to flies Donald . Treasure Duck Great the of location the reveal will , water in dipped when , map the that reveals diary The . back diary the get and Pete defeat to hideout 's Pete to travels Donald , diary the Pete giving After . diary the for exchange in hostage nephews 's Donald holding , up shows Pete , diary the finding upon , However "," However , upon finding the diary , Pete shows up , holding Donald 's nephews hostage in exchange for the diary . After giving Pete the diary , Donald travels to Pete 's hideout to defeat Pete and get the diary back . The diary reveals that the map , when dipped in water , will reveal the location of the Great Duck Treasure . Donald flies to the island where the treasure is hidden and manages to evade its traps in order to reach the treasure vault . After defeating the ancient spirit guarding the treasure , Donald opens the vault only to find a simple stone statue . When the disappointed Donald returns home , Huey , Dewey and Louie accidentally break the statue , which reveals a golden jeweled necklace was hidden inside . Donald gives the necklace to Daisy and the two fly off into the sunset together . " " . Mouse Mickey Love I : Ages Sega entitled , 1998 in series Ages Sega the of part as again Illusion of Castle alongside Japan in exclusively released and Saturn Sega the to ported also was game The . Illusion of Castle alongside 1996 in Genesis for Collection Disney The called bundle a of part as released later was . 1991 , 20 December on Japan in and 1991 , 19 December on America North in , 1991 in Europe in released was game The . characters cartoon Disney Walt on based were that games of series a of part as Genesis Sega the for Sega by published and developed was "," was developed and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis as part of a series of games that were based on Walt Disney cartoon characters . The game was released in Europe in 1991 , in North America on December 19 , 1991 and in Japan on December 20 , 1991 . was later released as part of a bundle called The Disney Collection for Genesis in 1996 alongside Castle of Illusion . The game was also ported to the Sega Saturn and released exclusively in Japan alongside Castle of Illusion again as part of the Sega Ages series in 1998 , entitled Sega Ages : I Love Mickey Mouse . " " . pleasing was music the saying and excellent as animation and graphics the lauding also , 10 / 3 @.@ 7 a gave IGN from Buchanan Levi "" . taking @-@ breath of short nothing is overload to pace the accelerate to together strung are they way the , original not are ideas the if ven ] e [ "" that explaining , game the in use their and puzzles various 's game the noted also He "" . excellent consistently are backgrounds and sprites the "" that and "" around graphics best the of some doubt ] a [ without "" has game the that stating , graphics the praised also Pro Sega from Butt Damian "" . complete to easy is game the but , excellent are graphics the "" that simply explaining , level difficulty easy 's game the criticized but , graphics 's game the praised magazine MegaTech . list "" Time All of Games Drive Mega Top "" their in 7 # at game the placed Mega . reviews 2 on based % 77 of score a game the assigned , reviews game video for aggregator an , GameRankings . release upon critics from response positive mostly a received "," received a mostly positive response from critics upon release . GameRankings , an aggregator for video game reviews , assigned the game a score of 77 % based on 2 reviews . Mega placed the game at # 7 in their "" Top Mega Drive Games of All Time "" list . MegaTech magazine praised the game 's graphics , but criticized the game 's easy difficulty level , explaining simply that "" the graphics are excellent , but the game is easy to complete . "" Damian Butt from Sega Pro also praised the graphics , stating that the game has "" without [ a ] doubt some of the best graphics around "" and that "" the sprites and backgrounds are consistently excellent . "" He also noted the game 's various puzzles and their use in the game , explaining that "" [ e ] ven if the ideas are not original , the way they are strung together to accelerate the pace to overload is nothing short of breath @-@ taking . "" Levi Buchanan from IGN gave a 7 @.@ 3 / 10 , also lauding the graphics and animation as excellent and saying the music was pleasing . " " "" . collection Genesis your in nicely fit would that platformer bit @-@ 16 enjoyable mildly a "" as game the recommended and "" controls questionable some by up tripped platformer good "" a being as game the up summed Buchanan "" . more and be should game cartoon a everything is "" that and "" quest 's Donald by enthralled be instantly will players ] y [ "" that said Butt , Ultimately "" . voice his by defined so is that character a with drag a of bit a "" 's it that explaining , samples speech of lack the with disappointed was Buchanan "" . island treasure the reach to skill considerable need still "" will player the that but , continues unlimited with easy seem may game the that stating "" , credits of number the of dubious "" also was Butt "" . doom your to slip and column narrow a shoot @-@ under or over- to easy too far 's t ] i [ "" that explaining , jumps precision executing in difficulty the noted and "" y @-@ float "" them calling , controls the criticized also Buchanan . puzzles and levels some of difficulty the as well as , game the in situations certain in controls 's Donald criticized Butt "," Butt criticized Donald 's controls in certain situations in the game , as well as the difficulty of some levels and puzzles . Buchanan also criticized the controls , calling them "" float @-@ y "" and noted the difficulty in executing precision jumps , explaining that "" [ i ] t 's far too easy to over- or under @-@ shoot a narrow column and slip to your doom . "" Butt was also "" dubious of the number of credits , "" stating that the game may seem easy with unlimited continues , but that the player will "" still need considerable skill to reach the treasure island . "" Buchanan was disappointed with the lack of speech samples , explaining that it 's "" a bit of a drag with a character that is so defined by his voice . "" Ultimately , Butt said that "" [ y ] players will instantly be enthralled by Donald 's quest "" and that "" is everything a cartoon game should be and more . "" Buchanan summed up the game as being a "" good platformer tripped up by some questionable controls "" and recommended the game as "" a mildly enjoyable 16 @-@ bit platformer that would fit nicely in your Genesis collection . "" " " . unclear remain sites these to stone the transport to used logistics and method the but , centres Olmec major at groups or lines in arranged variously were heads The . headdress distinctive a has examples known the of Each . rulers Olmec individual powerful of portraits represent monuments the that thought is it , resources and effort human of deal great a requiring , distances large over transported were production their in used stone of slabs large extremely the that Given . Veracruz of mountains los de Sierra the from brought were boulders The . flat are often monuments the of backs The . Veracruz and Tabasco of inhabitants the among common still is that type a to correspond characteristics physical their ; eyes crossed slightly and , noses flat , cheeks fleshy with men mature portray All . Mesoamerica ancient of civilization Olmec the of feature distinctive a are and BC 900 before least at from date heads The . boulders basalt large from sculpted heads human of representations stone monumental seventeen least at are heads colossal Olmec The "," The Olmec colossal heads are at least seventeen monumental stone representations of human heads sculpted from large basalt boulders . The heads date from at least before 900 BC and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization of ancient Mesoamerica . All portray mature men with fleshy cheeks , flat noses , and slightly crossed eyes ; their physical characteristics correspond to a type that is still common among the inhabitants of Tabasco and Veracruz . The backs of the monuments often are flat . The boulders were brought from the Sierra de los mountains of Veracruz . Given that the extremely large slabs of stone used in their production were transported over large distances , requiring a great deal of human effort and resources , it is thought that the monuments represent portraits of powerful individual Olmec rulers . Each of the known examples has a distinctive headdress . The heads were variously arranged in lines or groups at major Olmec centres , but the method and logistics used to transport the stone to these sites remain unclear . " " . heartland Olmec the outside from example known only the is This . head colossal a from carved been have may that throne a is , Guatemala in Abaj Takalik at , monument additional An . thrones stone massive from carved @-@ re were Lorenzo San from two but boulders spherical from sculpted were heads colossal Most . Mexico of Coast Gulf the on heartland Olmec the within sites four from known are examples confirmed Seventeen . 1938 in Stirling Matthew by culture Olmec of investigations archaeological first the spurred century nineteenth the in Tres at head colossal a of discovery The "," The discovery of a colossal head at Tres in the nineteenth century spurred the first archaeological investigations of Olmec culture by Matthew Stirling in 1938 . Seventeen confirmed examples are known from four sites within the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Most colossal heads were sculpted from spherical boulders but two from San Lorenzo were re @-@ carved from massive stone thrones . An additional monument , at Takalik Abaj in Guatemala , is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head . This is the only known example from outside the Olmec heartland . " " . stone its of source the to close unfinished left and abandoned was it although , tons 50 to 40 weigh to estimated variously is largest the while , tons 6 weigh smallest The . period ) BC 400 – 1000 ( Preclassic Middle the to some with ) BC 1000 – 1500 ( period Preclassic Early the to dated been have Most . investigation archaeological to prior contexts original their from many of movement the of because difficult remains monuments the Dating "," Dating the monuments remains difficult because of the movement of many from their original contexts prior to archaeological investigation . Most have been dated to the Early Preclassic period ( 1500 – 1000 BC ) with some to the Middle Preclassic ( 1000 – 400 BC ) period . The smallest weigh 6 tons , while the largest is variously estimated to weigh 40 to 50 tons , although it was abandoned and left unfinished close to the source of its stone . " " . setting forest tropical lowland a in developed civilization Olmec the only , these Of . Iraq ancient of civilization Sumerian the and Egypt ancient of civilization the , Asia south of Civilization Valley Indus the , River Yellow 's China of culture the , America South of culture Chico Norte the being others the , worldwide civilization of cradles six of one is heartland Olmec the and Mesoamerica in develop to civilization first the as regarded are Olmecs The . coast the from inland ) mi 62 ( kilometres 100 about extending and west to east ) mi 171 ( kilometres 275 approximately measuring area an , Tabasco and Veracruz of states the within Mexico of Coast Gulf the on lies heartland Olmec The . BC 400 and 1500 between Mexico southeastern of lowlands the in developed civilization Olmec The "," The Olmec civilization developed in the lowlands of southeastern Mexico between 1500 and 400 BC . The Olmec heartland lies on the Gulf Coast of Mexico within the states of Veracruz and Tabasco , an area measuring approximately 275 kilometres ( 171 mi ) east to west and extending about 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) inland from the coast . The Olmecs are regarded as the first civilization to develop in Mesoamerica and the Olmec heartland is one of six cradles of civilization worldwide , the others being the Norte Chico culture of South America , the culture of China 's Yellow River , the Indus Valley Civilization of south Asia , the civilization of ancient Egypt and the Sumerian civilization of ancient Iraq . Of these , only the Olmec civilization developed in a lowland tropical forest setting . " " . controversial remains concept this although , Mesoamerica of "" Culture Mother "" the as regarded being Olmecs the to led has heartland Olmec the in developing society complex of evidence The . scripts Mesoamerican other to similarity their on based deciphered partially been have and short are texts the ; artefacts stone and stamps roller on found been have script of Examples . BC 650 around to dating hieroglyphs Olmec of examples earliest the with , writing Olmec of emerged evidence century 21st the of decade first the In . sculpture stone of style sophisticated a develop to Americas the in people first the also were They . cities and towns in settle to and architecture monumental construct to Americas the of inhabitants first the were Olmecs The "," The Olmecs were the first inhabitants of the Americas to construct monumental architecture and to settle in towns and cities . They were also the first people in the Americas to develop a sophisticated style of stone sculpture . In the first decade of the 21st century evidence emerged of Olmec writing , with the earliest examples of Olmec hieroglyphs dating to around 650 BC . Examples of script have been found on roller stamps and stone artefacts ; the texts are short and have been partially deciphered based on their similarity to other Mesoamerican scripts . The evidence of complex society developing in the Olmec heartland has led to the Olmecs being regarded as the "" Mother Culture "" of Mesoamerica , although this concept remains controversial . " " . art Olmec of theme major this within fall heads colossal the and , form human the represents sculpture monumental Olmec of thirds Two . heads colossal the to differences and similarities both present masks face stone evocative These . context Olmec an of identification archaeological proper the allow that circumstances in excavated been yet have none because called so , stone in "" masks style @-@ Olmec "" the are heads colossal the to relevance particular of , these with Together . population the to available widely presumably were these ; pottery in mostly are and numbers large in recovered been have figurines The . Wrestler The as such sculptures larger and , figurines Olmec notably , forms several in survives , elite an for made clearly much , art Olmec fine Very . unclear remains population rural widespread a over centres the by exercised control the of degree and nature The . significant less much were centres urban other ; role the sharing possibly los de Laguna and Tres with , BC 900 about in Venta La by civilization the of centre main the as succeeded was Lorenzo San of city The . functions religious served have to seem rulers ' Olmecs the of Some "," Some of the Olmecs ' rulers seem to have served religious functions . The city of San Lorenzo was succeeded as the main centre of the civilization by La Venta in about 900 BC , with Tres and Laguna de los possibly sharing the role ; other urban centres were much less significant . The nature and degree of the control exercised by the centres over a widespread rural population remains unclear . Very fine Olmec art , much clearly made for an elite , survives in several forms , notably Olmec figurines , and larger sculptures such as The Wrestler . The figurines have been recovered in large numbers and are mostly in pottery ; these were presumably widely available to the population . Together with these , of particular relevance to the colossal heads are the "" Olmec @-@ style masks "" in stone , so called because none have yet been excavated in circumstances that allow the proper archaeological identification of an Olmec context . These evocative stone face masks present both similarities and differences to the colossal heads . Two thirds of Olmec monumental sculpture represents the human form , and the colossal heads fall within this major theme of Olmec art . " " . ) BC 400 – 1000 ( Preclassic Middle the to attributed are Head La the and heads Tres two the although , ) BC 1000 – 1500 ( Preclassic Early the to generally , chronology Mesoamerican of period Preclassic the to assigned been have heads stone the of All . executed skillfully most the are and , oldest the be to believed are heads Lorenzo San The . years 200 to 50 from vary produced were heads colossal which during span time the of Estimates . millennium a or century a spanned it whether is as , unknown therefore is heads colossal the of production of period The . surface ground modern the on exposed partially found were Venta La from heads the and archaeologists by investigated were they before context original their from moved been had Tres from heads The . still earlier was use and manufacture of period their that indicating , BC 900 by buried were heads Lorenzo San the , However . dated precisely be cannot heads colossal The "," The colossal heads cannot be precisely dated . However , the San Lorenzo heads were buried by 900 BC , indicating that their period of manufacture and use was earlier still . The heads from Tres had been moved from their original context before they were investigated by archaeologists and the heads from La Venta were found partially exposed on the modern ground surface . The period of production of the colossal heads is therefore unknown , as is whether it spanned a century or a millennium . Estimates of the time span during which colossal heads were produced vary from 50 to 200 years . The San Lorenzo heads are believed to be the oldest , and are the most skillfully executed . All of the stone heads have been assigned to the Preclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology , generally to the Early Preclassic ( 1500 – 1000 BC ) , although the two Tres heads and the La Head are attributed to the Middle Preclassic ( 1000 – 400 BC ) . " " . lobes ear the into inserted earspools large wear heads the of Most . rulers specific identify perhaps or , dynasties different represent may headdresses specific that speculation to led has that heads the of some on headdresses the between similarities are There . bird a of head the with decorated is Venta La from head A . feathers with decorated are some and , head the of back the at knot tied a have examples Some . originals hide animal or cloth represent probably that headdresses distinctive wear heads colossal Olmec of examples All . wall a against placed originally were monuments the if as , flat often are heads the of backs The . times modern in region Olmec the in people among common still is that type a of are heads the of characteristics physical general The . crossed slightly be to tend eyes the ; cheeks fleshy and noses flat with men mature depict heads colossal Olmec the of All . tons 50 and 6 between weigh and ) ft 2 @.@ 11 to 8 @.@ 4 ( metres 4 @.@ 3 to 47 @.@ 1 from height in vary heads colossal Olmec "," Olmec colossal heads vary in height from 1 @.@ 47 to 3 @.@ 4 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 to 11 @.@ 2 ft ) and weigh between 6 and 50 tons . All of the Olmec colossal heads depict mature men with flat noses and fleshy cheeks ; the eyes tend to be slightly crossed . The general physical characteristics of the heads are of a type that is still common among people in the Olmec region in modern times . The backs of the heads are often flat , as if the monuments were originally placed against a wall . All examples of Olmec colossal heads wear distinctive headdresses that probably represent cloth or animal hide originals . Some examples have a tied knot at the back of the head , and some are decorated with feathers . A head from La Venta is decorated with the head of a bird . There are similarities between the headdresses on some of the heads that has led to speculation that specific headdresses may represent different dynasties , or perhaps identify specific rulers . Most of the heads wear large earspools inserted into the ear lobes . " " . stone from sculpted works than sculptures perishable more many created have to likely are Olmecs the that demonstrate Manatí El from recovered sculpture wooden of examples surviving Some . progressed time as sculpture stylised more towards tendency a with , antecedents surviving without suddenly appearing , earliest the is art Olmec naturalistic most The . smiling to placid through stern from vary heads the on depicted expressions Facial . ballgame Mesoamerican the for equipped rulers represent they that , however , possible is it ; held widely longer no is theory this although ballplayers represent to thought once were They . features individualised displaying , naturalistic and distinct is head Each . sculptors the to known well rulers ) deceased recently or ( living of portraits were they that likely is It . men the of descriptions frank and , realistic are heads the of All "," All of the heads are realistic , and frank descriptions of the men . It is likely that they were portraits of living ( or recently deceased ) rulers well known to the sculptors . Each head is distinct and naturalistic , displaying individualised features . They were once thought to represent ballplayers although this theory is no longer widely held ; it is possible , however , that they represent rulers equipped for the Mesoamerican ballgame . Facial expressions depicted on the heads vary from stern through placid to smiling . The most naturalistic Olmec art is the earliest , appearing suddenly without surviving antecedents , with a tendency towards more stylised sculpture as time progressed . Some surviving examples of wooden sculpture recovered from El Manatí demonstrate that the Olmecs are likely to have created many more perishable sculptures than works sculpted from stone . " " . Ann and Diehl Richard as such scholars Mesoamerican by seriously taken not is speculation Such . van Ivan of writings the in 1970s the in and Medellín Alfonso of work the in 1960 in resurfaced origins African had Olmec the that speculations and features "" Ethiopian "" having as head colossal a described Serrano y José , century nineteenth late the In "," In the late nineteenth century , José y Serrano described a colossal head as having "" Ethiopian "" features and speculations that the Olmec had African origins resurfaced in 1960 in the work of Alfonso Medellín and in the 1970s in the writings of Ivan van . Such speculation is not taken seriously by Mesoamerican scholars such as Richard Diehl and Ann . " " . itself rulership of concept very the incorporated also they ; rulers Olmec individual represent just not did Heads . decorated brightly originally were heads the that suggesting , paint red and plaster of traces bears Lorenzo San from heads the of One . execution their in differences stylistic distinct are there , similar broadly are heads colossal the all Although "," Although all the colossal heads are broadly similar , there are distinct stylistic differences in their execution . One of the heads from San Lorenzo bears traces of plaster and red paint , suggesting that the heads were originally brightly decorated . Heads did not just represent individual Olmec rulers ; they also incorporated the very concept of rulership itself . " " . end to beginning from years taken have well may project whole the and monument the of production the plan to account into taken been have to needed levels river and cycles agricultural and seasonal The . workers these to attend otherwise and feed to needed support the to addition in , monument the move and make to tools the producing other and , boatmen , overseers , labourers , sculptors included have would workforce The . resources such mobilise to able were rulers Olmec powerful more the only that likely seems it ; available were resources necessary the ensure to required effort the given , planned carefully been have must head colossal each of production The "," The production of each colossal head must have been carefully planned , given the effort required to ensure the necessary resources were available ; it seems likely that only the more powerful Olmec rulers were able to mobilise such resources . The workforce would have included sculptors , labourers , overseers , boatmen , and other producing the tools to make and move the monument , in addition to the support needed to feed and otherwise attend to these workers . The seasonal and agricultural cycles and river levels needed to have been taken into account to plan the production of the monument and the whole project may well have taken years from beginning to end . " " . completed never was work the that but head colossal a into monument the carving @-@ re of stages initial the by caused was damage this that possible is It . abandoned being before location another to dragged was it and away broken were sides Its . niche a from emerging figure a with throne damaged extensively an is Lorenzo San at 20 Monument . headdresses and earspools the on relief lower and face the on relief higher feature to tended they ; work same the on relief of levels varying with monuments round @-@ the @-@ in as fashioned were heads colossal Olmec . detail fine of finishing the in use their indicating , Lorenzo San at workshops with association in found were . case the always not was this although , itself monument the as basalt same the of be could that cobbles rounded generally were which , using surface the retouching by refined then was sculpture The . stone of flakes small and large both away chip to percussion direct using shaped roughly first were heads colossal the that suggest workshops basalt Olmec of investigation Archaeological "," Archaeological investigation of Olmec basalt workshops suggest that the colossal heads were first roughly shaped using direct percussion to chip away both large and small flakes of stone . The sculpture was then refined by retouching the surface using , which were generally rounded cobbles that could be of the same basalt as the monument itself , although this was not always the case . were found in association with workshops at San Lorenzo , indicating their use in the finishing of fine detail . Olmec colossal heads were fashioned as in @-@ the @-@ round monuments with varying levels of relief on the same work ; they tended to feature higher relief on the face and lower relief on the earspools and headdresses . Monument 20 at San Lorenzo is an extensively damaged throne with a figure emerging from a niche . Its sides were broken away and it was dragged to another location before being abandoned . It is possible that this damage was caused by the initial stages of re @-@ carving the monument into a colossal head but that the work was never completed . " " . hill same the from came ) Q and A Monuments Tres as known also ( 1 Head Colossal and 1 Head Colossal Tres from stone the and los de Sierra the in hill Vigia El on found was head La The . source the from distance considerable a transported was heads Venta La and Lorenzo San the for stone The . head human a of shape the mimic to selected carefully were boulders spherical Roughly . heads the sculpting for material raw the quarry to need not did Olmecs the that suggests which , slopes mountain the down stone of blocks substantial carried that ) mudslides volcanic ( lahars large by affected area an in found are boulders These . monuments the for stone the of source the are mountains the of slopes southeastern the on found boulders basalt Cerro large that proposed have Investigators . range the in volcano a after basalt Cerro as known basalt grey dark grained coarse from formed were Most . Veracruz of mountains los de Sierra the in mined basalt from sculpted were heartland Olmec the in heads confirmed the of seventeen All "," All seventeen of the confirmed heads in the Olmec heartland were sculpted from basalt mined in the Sierra de los mountains of Veracruz . Most were formed from coarse grained dark grey basalt known as Cerro basalt after a volcano in the range . Investigators have proposed that large Cerro basalt boulders found on the southeastern slopes of the mountains are the source of the stone for the monuments . These boulders are found in an area affected by large lahars ( volcanic mudslides ) that carried substantial blocks of stone down the mountain slopes , which suggests that the Olmecs did not need to quarry the raw material for sculpting the heads . Roughly spherical boulders were carefully selected to mimic the shape of a human head . The stone for the San Lorenzo and La Venta heads was transported a considerable distance from the source . The La head was found on El Vigia hill in the Sierra de los and the stone from Tres Colossal Head 1 and Colossal Head 1 ( also known as Tres Monuments A and Q ) came from the same hill . " " . earthworks scale @-@ large build to resources the commit could and knowledge necessary the possessed Olmec the that demonstrate plateau the upon causeways and platforms , mounds as such structures Earth . Plateau Lorenzo San the to floodplains the across route direct a allowed have would soils floodplain plentiful and suitable the using causeways temporary of construction The . country hill undulating crossing necessitated have would these avoiding ; floodplains and swamps as such obstacles significant offers terrain regional The . heads the moving facilitate to roads and ramps , causeways used have to likely are Olmecs the , necessary was land over transport When . monuments their into fashioned be would that stone the of transport the overseeing rulers Olmec depict well may sculptures These . side the over hanging legs their with , block each upon rides figure human destroyed largely A . ropes with bound blocks stone rectangular depict sculptures Olmec damaged badly Two . impractical more or tons 20 weighing monuments of transport waterborne the made have might estuaries river in and Mexico of Gulf the of currents Coastal . possible whenever transport water used have to likely were they and , wheels functional and burden of beasts lacked Olmecs the since especially , unknown are rock of masses large such of transportation of method exact The . stone the of source the from ) mi 93 ( kilometres 150 over transported were boulders The "," The boulders were transported over 150 kilometres ( 93 mi ) from the source of the stone . The exact method of transportation of such large masses of rock are unknown , especially since the Olmecs lacked beasts of burden and functional wheels , and they were likely to have used water transport whenever possible . Coastal currents of the Gulf of Mexico and in river estuaries might have made the waterborne transport of monuments weighing 20 tons or more impractical . Two badly damaged Olmec sculptures depict rectangular stone blocks bound with ropes . A largely destroyed human figure rides upon each block , with their legs hanging over the side . These sculptures may well depict Olmec rulers overseeing the transport of the stone that would be fashioned into their monuments . When transport over land was necessary , the Olmecs are likely to have used causeways , ramps and roads to facilitate moving the heads . The regional terrain offers significant obstacles such as swamps and floodplains ; avoiding these would have necessitated crossing undulating hill country . The construction of temporary causeways using the suitable and plentiful floodplain soils would have allowed a direct route across the floodplains to the San Lorenzo Plateau . Earth structures such as mounds , platforms and causeways upon the plateau demonstrate that the Olmec possessed the necessary knowledge and could commit the resources to build large @-@ scale earthworks . " " . monuments earlier from reworked definitely were so and thrones Olmec monumental of characteristic are that niches of traces have Lorenzo San from heads Two . ropes with monuments the hauling for form stable a providing , transport their ease to flattened been have may monuments massive these of many of backs the , Alternatively . monuments reworked were majority the that possibility the indicating , backs flattened have not do heads heartland seventeen the of four Only . reworked were they which from thrones monumental the of bases flat the represented heads colossal the of many of backs flat The "," The flat backs of many of the colossal heads represented the flat bases of the monumental thrones from which they were reworked . Only four of the seventeen heartland heads do not have flattened backs , indicating the possibility that the majority were reworked monuments . Alternatively , the backs of many of these massive monuments may have been flattened to ease their transport , providing a stable form for hauling the monuments with ropes . Two heads from San Lorenzo have traces of niches that are characteristic of monumental Olmec thrones and so were definitely reworked from earlier monuments . " " . sculpture of style Olmec the by influenced be to believed generally are monuments latter these , Olmec @-@ pre are they that made been have arguments some Although . sculpture of style potbelly the with associated are they where area Maya Southern the in known also are heads stone colossal Crude . Tabasco in Fernando San at and Lorenzo San at recovered been have heads colossal additional of fragments Possible . Mexico of Coast Gulf the on heartland Olmec the of outside example known only the is This . head colossal a from carved been have may that throne a is , Guatemala in Abaj Takalik at , monument additional An . known are examples confirmed Seventeen "," Seventeen confirmed examples are known . An additional monument , at Takalik Abaj in Guatemala , is a throne that may have been carved from a colossal head . This is the only known example outside of the Olmec heartland on the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Possible fragments of additional colossal heads have been recovered at San Lorenzo and at San Fernando in Tabasco . Crude colossal stone heads are also known in the Southern Maya area where they are associated with the potbelly style of sculpture . Although some arguments have been made that they are pre @-@ Olmec , these latter monuments are generally believed to be influenced by the Olmec style of sculpture . " " . thrones older from carved @-@ re been had heads Lorenzo San the of Two . history dynastic its displaying powerfully , site the across route processional a formed probably , thrones stone monumental of number a with together , heads These . erosion local by buried been had and placements original their to close found were they , ravines from recovered were some Although . site the across south @-@ north running lines parallel roughly two formed originally Lorenzo San from heads colossal ten The "," The ten colossal heads from San Lorenzo originally formed two roughly parallel lines running north @-@ south across the site . Although some were recovered from ravines , they were found close to their original placements and had been buried by local erosion . These heads , together with a number of monumental stone thrones , probably formed a processional route across the site , powerfully displaying its dynastic history . Two of the San Lorenzo heads had been re @-@ carved from older thrones . " " . ) "" Xalapa of Museum Anthropological "" ( Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved been has head The . subject 's portrait the of features physical the reflect accurately may or sculptors the of part the on error to due be may which , asymmetric slightly is face The . executed well particularly are ears the and pronounced are cheeks The . teeth the revealing without parted slightly are lips The . frown a in wrinkled is forehead The . ear the of front in passes and headdress the from descends strap a face the of side each On . pieces two the between space a leaving , band horizontal the meet not does piece scalp The . motifs semicircular five with decorated is it portion front the On . forehead the on terminating , headdress the of front the across descends element This . motif shaped @-@ U a with decorated is headdress the of portion upper The . head the of back the at tied is that band plain a possesses headdress The . ) AD 1000 – 800 , period Classic Late ( phase Alta Villa the to dated been have pieces some ; BC 400 and 800 between to dated been have remains ceramic these of majority The . figurines and vessels ceramic broken of number large a with associated was It . upwards looking , back its on lying was it discovered When . 1945 in Stirling Matthew by gully a of edge the at buried partially discovered was monument The . tons 3 @.@ 25 weighs it and wide ) ft 9 @.@ 6 ( metres 11 @.@ 2 measures it ; high ) ft 3 @.@ 9 ( metres 84 @.@ 2 is 1 Head Colossal . site Olmec the of discovery the to led and eye its uncovered monument the of top on passing path a of erosion The . excavated when upwards facing lying was ) 1 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 1 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 1 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 1 ) was lying facing upwards when excavated . The erosion of a path passing on top of the monument uncovered its eye and led to the discovery of the Olmec site . Colossal Head 1 is 2 @.@ 84 metres ( 9 @.@ 3 ft ) high ; it measures 2 @.@ 11 metres ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) wide and it weighs 25 @.@ 3 tons . The monument was discovered partially buried at the edge of a gully by Matthew Stirling in 1945 . When discovered it was lying on its back , looking upwards . It was associated with a large number of broken ceramic vessels and figurines . The majority of these ceramic remains have been dated to between 800 and 400 BC ; some pieces have been dated to the Villa Alta phase ( Late Classic period , 800 – 1000 AD ) . The headdress possesses a plain band that is tied at the back of the head . The upper portion of the headdress is decorated with a U @-@ shaped motif . This element descends across the front of the headdress , terminating on the forehead . On the front portion it is decorated with five semicircular motifs . The scalp piece does not meet the horizontal band , leaving a space between the two pieces . On each side of the face a strap descends from the headdress and passes in front of the ear . The forehead is wrinkled in a frown . The lips are slightly parted without revealing the teeth . The cheeks are pronounced and the ears are particularly well executed . The face is slightly asymmetric , which may be due to error on the part of the sculptors or may accurately reflect the physical features of the portrait 's subject . The head has been moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa ( "" Anthropological Museum of Xalapa "" ) . " " . chin pronounced a has head the ; teeth the reveal to parted slightly and thick are lips The . frown a into creased forehead the with man ageing an depict to appear features surviving The . holes larger 2 and hollows smaller 60 least at with face entire the has process This . process reworking unfinished an to due damaged badly is head The . right the on absent feature a , left the on lines radial with , different are ornaments right and left The . discs framed or hoops squared large by formed is jewellery ear The . ears the of front in headdress the from down hang straps short Two . plain is band horizontal the above headdress the of front The . head the of back the towards running strips six from formed is piece scalp The . temples and forehead the above located are that heads 's bird three with decorated is this ; head the of back the at tied band horizontal a sports that headdress complex a wears 2 Head Colossal . periods Classic Late and Preclassic Early the to dated been have they ; finds ceramic of number a with associated was head The . City Mexico in Antropología de Nacional Museo the in currently is 2 Head Colossal Lorenzo San . 1963 in Houston in Arts Fine of Museum the at exhibition "" tradition Olmec The "" of part as display on it put to order in plateau Lorenzo San the from removed was monument the 1962 In . Drucker Philip and Stirling by 1946 in excavated was and , sky the facing , back its on lying found was monument The . it covered that mud and vegetation the of some away cleared guide 's Stirling Matthew when 1945 in discovered was 2 Head Colossal . tons 20 weighs it ; deep ) ft 4 @.@ 3 ( metres 05 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 0 @.@ 6 ( metres 83 @.@ 1 measures and high ) ft 8 @.@ 8 ( metres 69 @.@ 2 stands head The . throne monumental a from reworked was ) 2 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 2 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 2 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 2 ) was reworked from a monumental throne . The head stands 2 @.@ 69 metres ( 8 @.@ 8 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 83 metres ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 05 metres ( 3 @.@ 4 ft ) deep ; it weighs 20 tons . Colossal Head 2 was discovered in 1945 when Matthew Stirling 's guide cleared away some of the vegetation and mud that covered it . The monument was found lying on its back , facing the sky , and was excavated in 1946 by Stirling and Philip Drucker . In 1962 the monument was removed from the San Lorenzo plateau in order to put it on display as part of "" The Olmec tradition "" exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston in 1963 . San Lorenzo Colossal Head 2 is currently in the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City . The head was associated with a number of ceramic finds ; they have been dated to the Early Preclassic and Late Classic periods . Colossal Head 2 wears a complex headdress that sports a horizontal band tied at the back of the head ; this is decorated with three bird 's heads that are located above the forehead and temples . The scalp piece is formed from six strips running towards the back of the head . The front of the headdress above the horizontal band is plain . Two short straps hang down from the headdress in front of the ears . The ear jewellery is formed by large squared hoops or framed discs . The left and right ornaments are different , with radial lines on the left , a feature absent on the right . The head is badly damaged due to an unfinished reworking process . This process has the entire face with at least 60 smaller hollows and 2 larger holes . The surviving features appear to depict an ageing man with the forehead creased into a frown . The lips are thick and slightly parted to reveal the teeth ; the head has a pronounced chin . " " . depressions artificial spaced irregularly 27 with pitted is headdress the of front lower the and , completely away broken has lip lower the of front the ; parted slightly and thick are lips The . eyelids defined clearly has , unusually , and brow frowning typically a has face The . ears the covering completely , head the of sides both down drops cords four of formed flap large A . headdress the tops skullcap small A . eye each above folds diagonal with , cords horizontal four by formed being band basal horizontal the with , complex is headdress The . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved been has 3 Head . sculpture the of movement significant in resulted have may gully the of erosion ; unknown is location original its , however , Lorenzo San at mound main the of southwest ) mi 50 @.@ 0 ( kilometres 8 @.@ 0 found was monument The . gully the in conditions wet the to due difficult was excavation its and down face lying found was it ; 1946 in Stirling Matthew by gully deep a in discovered was head The . tons 4 @.@ 9 weighs and deep ) ft 1 @.@ 3 ( metres 95 @.@ 0 by wide ) ft 3 @.@ 5 ( metres 63 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 8 @.@ 5 ( metres 78 @.@ 1 measures head The . 3 Monument Lorenzo San as known also is 3 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 3 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 3 . The head measures 1 @.@ 78 metres ( 5 @.@ 8 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 63 metres ( 5 @.@ 3 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 95 metres ( 3 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and weighs 9 @.@ 4 tons . The head was discovered in a deep gully by Matthew Stirling in 1946 ; it was found lying face down and its excavation was difficult due to the wet conditions in the gully . The monument was found 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) southwest of the main mound at San Lorenzo , however , its original location is unknown ; erosion of the gully may have resulted in significant movement of the sculpture . Head 3 has been moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . The headdress is complex , with the horizontal basal band being formed by four horizontal cords , with diagonal folds above each eye . A small skullcap tops the headdress . A large flap formed of four cords drops down both sides of the head , completely covering the ears . The face has a typically frowning brow and , unusually , has clearly defined eyelids . The lips are thick and slightly parted ; the front of the lower lip has broken away completely , and the lower front of the headdress is pitted with 27 irregularly spaced artificial depressions . " " . parted slightly and thick are lips The . chin prominent a and cheekbones low , forehead creased a with man ageing an of that is face The . peg and disc plain a of formed is it ; side hand right the on visible only is The . ear the across descend cords vertical three , side hand @-@ left the On . monument the of base the to continue and ear the across descend cords two , side hand right the on Also . cords than rather hair represent to judged are tassels These . band horizontal the across down hang that strips eight of total a in terminate they ; headdress the of portion upper the from descend tassels three , side hand @-@ right the On . 3 Head of those to similar , cords sculpted four of formed band horizontal a with decorated is headdress The . difficult monument the of dating ceramic making , 5 Head with associated ceramics with mixed became head the with excavated materials Ceramic . preservation of state good very a in and side hand @-@ right its on lying be to found was it , excavated When . gully a of edge the at , mound principal the of northwest ) yd 600 ( metres 550 , 1946 in Stirling Matthew by discovered was head The . deep ) ft 1 @.@ 3 ( metres 95 @.@ 0 and wide ) ft 8 @.@ 3 ( metres 17 @.@ 1 , high ) ft 8 @.@ 5 ( metres 78 @.@ 1 is 4 Head Colossal . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved been has and tons 6 weighs ) 4 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 4 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 4 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 4 ) weighs 6 tons and has been moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . Colossal Head 4 is 1 @.@ 78 metres ( 5 @.@ 8 ft ) high , 1 @.@ 17 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) wide and 0 @.@ 95 metres ( 3 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . The head was discovered by Matthew Stirling in 1946 , 550 metres ( 600 yd ) northwest of the principal mound , at the edge of a gully . When excavated , it was found to be lying on its right @-@ hand side and in a very good state of preservation . Ceramic materials excavated with the head became mixed with ceramics associated with Head 5 , making ceramic dating of the monument difficult . The headdress is decorated with a horizontal band formed of four sculpted cords , similar to those of Head 3 . On the right @-@ hand side , three tassels descend from the upper portion of the headdress ; they terminate in a total of eight strips that hang down across the horizontal band . These tassels are judged to represent hair rather than cords . Also on the right hand side , two cords descend across the ear and continue to the base of the monument . On the left @-@ hand side , three vertical cords descend across the ear . The is only visible on the right hand side ; it is formed of a plain disc and peg . The face is that of an ageing man with a creased forehead , low cheekbones and a prominent chin . The lips are thick and slightly parted . " " . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved been has 5 Head Colossal . parted slightly are lips The . frown a in creased is that forehead a and , nose the of bridge the across and eyes the under wrinkles with man ageing an of that is face The . pegs with earspools shaped @-@ disc with adorned are ears The . ears the of front in headdress the from descend straps short Two . motifs disc with decorated net a form strips interlaced ten , head the of back the At . prey of bird a of claws the as them identifies she ; each claws three have "" paws "" the since Fuente la de Beatriz by contested is decoration the of identification general this ; paws jaguar with decorated is headdress The . nose the of bridge the above notch a has and angle an at set is headdress the of band The . site archaeological the from moved was head the when damaged was band headdress the of back the although , preserved well particularly is 5 Head Colossal . ) respectively AD 1000 – 800 and BC 1000 – 1400 approximately ( phases Alta Villa and Lorenzo San the to dated been have ceramics mixed The . 4 Head of excavation the from those with mixed became excavation its during recovered Ceramics . location original its to close found been have to likely is and executed well particularly is head The . mound principal the of south the to gully a in down face , 1946 in Stirling Matthew by discovered was head The . tons 6 @.@ 11 weighs It . deep ) ft 8 @.@ 3 ( metres 15 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 8 @.@ 4 ( metres 47 @.@ 1 measures and high ) ft 1 @.@ 6 ( metres 86 @.@ 1 stands monument The . 5 Monument Lorenzo San as known also is 5 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 5 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 5 . The monument stands 1 @.@ 86 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 47 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 15 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) deep . It weighs 11 @.@ 6 tons . The head was discovered by Matthew Stirling in 1946 , face down in a gully to the south of the principal mound . The head is particularly well executed and is likely to have been found close to its original location . Ceramics recovered during its excavation became mixed with those from the excavation of Head 4 . The mixed ceramics have been dated to the San Lorenzo and Villa Alta phases ( approximately 1400 – 1000 BC and 800 – 1000 AD respectively ) . Colossal Head 5 is particularly well preserved , although the back of the headdress band was damaged when the head was moved from the archaeological site . The band of the headdress is set at an angle and has a notch above the bridge of the nose . The headdress is decorated with jaguar paws ; this general identification of the decoration is contested by Beatriz de la Fuente since the "" paws "" have three claws each ; she identifies them as the claws of a bird of prey . At the back of the head , ten interlaced strips form a net decorated with disc motifs . Two short straps descend from the headdress in front of the ears . The ears are adorned with disc @-@ shaped earspools with pegs . The face is that of an ageing man with wrinkles under the eyes and across the bridge of the nose , and a forehead that is creased in a frown . The lips are slightly parted . Colossal Head 5 has been moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . " " . monument the of execution the in errors to due possibly , asymmetric somewhat is face The . nose the of side either on creases deep and cheeks sagging , eyes the under wrinkles , frown a in creased forehead the with male ageing an of that is face The . back the at than ear the of front the at larger are and complex are ornaments ear The . ear the to head the of side either from descends strap short A . head entire the around extending , ear right the above begins and strips four into divided is headband The . neck the of half back the cover to headdress the under from descends covering A . beads sculpted with together joined covering head like @-@ net a with sculpted is It . City Mexico in Antropología de Nacional Museo the in placed was it , Mexico to return its After . exhibition centenary 's museum the for York New in Art of Museum Metropolitan the to transported was it 1970 In . side hand left its on down face found was and weight own its under ravine a into collapsed had head The . Chan Román and Luis by 1965 in excavated was and farmworker local a by discovered was head The . tons 10 and 8 between weigh to estimated is and deep ) ft 1 @.@ 4 ( metres 26 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 6 @.@ 4 ( metres 41 @.@ 1 measures It . ) ft 5 @.@ 5 ( metres 67 @.@ 1 standing , heads colossal of examples smaller the of one is ) 17 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 6 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 6 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 17 ) is one of the smaller examples of colossal heads , standing 1 @.@ 67 metres ( 5 @.@ 5 ft ) . It measures 1 @.@ 41 metres ( 4 @.@ 6 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 26 metres ( 4 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and is estimated to weigh between 8 and 10 tons . The head was discovered by a local farmworker and was excavated in 1965 by Luis and Román Chan . The head had collapsed into a ravine under its own weight and was found face down on its left hand side . In 1970 it was transported to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for the museum 's centenary exhibition . After its return to Mexico , it was placed in the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City . It is sculpted with a net @-@ like head covering joined together with sculpted beads . A covering descends from under the headdress to cover the back half of the neck . The headband is divided into four strips and begins above the right ear , extending around the entire head . A short strap descends from either side of the head to the ear . The ear ornaments are complex and are larger at the front of the ear than at the back . The face is that of an ageing male with the forehead creased in a frown , wrinkles under the eyes , sagging cheeks and deep creases on either side of the nose . The face is somewhat asymmetric , possibly due to errors in the execution of the monument . " " . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to transported was head the 1986 In . teeth the displaying , open is mouth the and damaged badly are lips the ; eyes set @-@ deep and cheeks sagging , cheeks and nose the between wrinkles has face The . distinguish to difficult form exact their makes erosion severe although , earlobes the cover completely that large sports head The . ear right the of front in hangs and headband the from descends strap short A . front the adorn discs two and headband the of back the at carved is ornament feathered a ; hands human of pair a with decorated is headdress The . damage deliberate and erosion from both suffered has and preserved poorly is head The . side hand right its on northwards slightly leaning , upwards facing lying was and ) ft 3 @.@ 3 ( metre 1 than less of depth a at buried was It . survey magnetometer a of result a as , University Yale and Historia e Antropología de Nacional Instituto the by project archaeological joint a by discovered was it ; throne monumental a from reworked was 7 Head Colossal Lorenzo San . tons 18 weighs and deep ) ft 4 @.@ 4 ( metres 35 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 1 @.@ 6 ( metres 85 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 9 @.@ 8 ( metres 7 @.@ 2 measures ) 53 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 7 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 53 ) measures 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 8 @.@ 9 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 85 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 35 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) deep and weighs 18 tons . San Lorenzo Colossal Head 7 was reworked from a monumental throne ; it was discovered by a joint archaeological project by the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and Yale University , as a result of a magnetometer survey . It was buried at a depth of less than 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) and was lying facing upwards , leaning slightly northwards on its right hand side . The head is poorly preserved and has suffered both from erosion and deliberate damage . The headdress is decorated with a pair of human hands ; a feathered ornament is carved at the back of the headband and two discs adorn the front . A short strap descends from the headband and hangs in front of the right ear . The head sports large that completely cover the earlobes , although severe erosion makes their exact form difficult to distinguish . The face has wrinkles between the nose and cheeks , sagging cheeks and deep @-@ set eyes ; the lips are badly damaged and the mouth is open , displaying the teeth . In 1986 the head was transported to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . " " . finish fine a displays and preserved well very is head The . another within contained shape mark question one by represented and stylised are These . ears the being exception the , manner realistic a in carved is head the of Most . teeth the reveal to parted slightly is mouth The . frown a in gathered is forehead The . nose the and these between wrinkles and cheeks sagging with male mature a of that is face The . pegs of form the in ornaments ear large sports head The . ears the of front in descend straps short Two . ears the behind proper headdress the under from descends that cover a and headband a has It . eagle an or jaguar a either of claws or talons the with decorated is headdress The . 1986 in Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved was it ; reburied initially was it discovery After . Preclassic Early the to dated been has it ; 1968 in site the of survey magnetometer a during ) ft 16 ( metres 5 of depth a at discovered was monument The . throne monumental a of south the to side its on lying found was It . head colossal Olmec an of examples finest the of one is It . tons 13 weighs and deep ) ft 2 @.@ 5 ( metres 6 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 4 @.@ 5 ( metres 65 @.@ 1 measures it ; high ) ft 2 @.@ 7 ( metres 2 @.@ 2 stands ) 61 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 8 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 8 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 61 ) stands 2 @.@ 2 metres ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) high ; it measures 1 @.@ 65 metres ( 5 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) deep and weighs 13 tons . It is one of the finest examples of an Olmec colossal head . It was found lying on its side to the south of a monumental throne . The monument was discovered at a depth of 5 metres ( 16 ft ) during a magnetometer survey of the site in 1968 ; it has been dated to the Early Preclassic . After discovery it was initially reburied ; it was moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa in 1986 . The headdress is decorated with the talons or claws of either a jaguar or an eagle . It has a headband and a cover that descends from under the headdress proper behind the ears . Two short straps descend in front of the ears . The head sports large ear ornaments in the form of pegs . The face is that of a mature male with sagging cheeks and wrinkles between these and the nose . The forehead is gathered in a frown . The mouth is slightly parted to reveal the teeth . Most of the head is carved in a realistic manner , the exception being the ears . These are stylised and represented by one question mark shape contained within another . The head is very well preserved and displays a fine finish . " " . headdress and face the into hollowed pits nine with , antiquity in mutilation some suffered sculpture The . damaged badly is lip upper the and closed is mouth The . eyes wide and cheeks sagging has It . mouth the of edge the at and eyes the under wrinkles has and smiling is face The . ring @-@ nose a wearing depicted also is head The . front the at element trapezoid additional an with plates rectangular are The . monument the of bottom the to trailing hair long represent to intended possibly are that features display sides The . headband distinct a without piece single a of is headdress The . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the to moved being before discovery of place its in time some for remained it , archaeologists by documented was it Although . stream a by washed and gully a of side collapsed the by covered half , upwards facing and side hand right its on slightly leaning found was it ; Lorenzo San at gullies the of erosion by 1982 in exposed was head The . deep ) ft 8 @.@ 3 ( metres 17 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 5 @.@ 4 ( metres 36 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 4 @.@ 5 ( metres 65 @.@ 1 measures It . 66 Monument Lorenzo San as known also is 9 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 9 is also known as San Lorenzo Monument 66 . It measures 1 @.@ 65 metres ( 5 @.@ 4 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 36 metres ( 4 @.@ 5 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 17 metres ( 3 @.@ 8 ft ) deep . The head was exposed in 1982 by erosion of the gullies at San Lorenzo ; it was found leaning slightly on its right hand side and facing upwards , half covered by the collapsed side of a gully and washed by a stream . Although it was documented by archaeologists , it remained for some time in its place of discovery before being moved to the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . The headdress is of a single piece without a distinct headband . The sides display features that are possibly intended to represent long hair trailing to the bottom of the monument . The are rectangular plates with an additional trapezoid element at the front . The head is also depicted wearing a nose @-@ ring . The face is smiling and has wrinkles under the eyes and at the edge of the mouth . It has sagging cheeks and wide eyes . The mouth is closed and the upper lip is badly damaged . The sculpture suffered some mutilation in antiquity , with nine pits hollowed into the face and headdress . " " . chin pronounced a possesses head the and carved sensitively is mouth The . eyes the under lines and cheeks sagging , closed mouth the with man mature a of that is face The . portion central sunken circular a with square rounded a of form the have spools The . headdress the of beads the beyond protrude that earspools large wears head The . bird a of foot the possibly , nails long with foot toed @-@ three a forming element large a is forehead the Above . back and sides the across descend and head the of part upper the cover completely that beads circular 92 of formed is headdress The . Ann by excavated was and ravine a of bottom the in upwards face lying , buried found was it ; 1994 in survey magnetometer a by discovered was head The . tons 8 weighs it ; deep ) ft 0 @.@ 3 ( metres 92 @.@ 0 by wide ) ft 7 @.@ 4 ( metres 43 @.@ 1 measures and tall ) ft 9 @.@ 5 ( metres 8 @.@ 1 stands It . near Lorenzo San de Museo the to moved been has ) 89 Monument Lorenzo San as known also ( 10 Head Colossal Lorenzo San "," San Lorenzo Colossal Head 10 ( also known as San Lorenzo Monument 89 ) has been moved to the Museo de San Lorenzo near . It stands 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 @.@ 9 ft ) tall and measures 1 @.@ 43 metres ( 4 @.@ 7 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 92 metres ( 3 @.@ 0 ft ) deep ; it weighs 8 tons . The head was discovered by a magnetometer survey in 1994 ; it was found buried , lying face upwards in the bottom of a ravine and was excavated by Ann . The headdress is formed of 92 circular beads that completely cover the upper part of the head and descend across the sides and back . Above the forehead is a large element forming a three @-@ toed foot with long nails , possibly the foot of a bird . The head wears large earspools that protrude beyond the beads of the headdress . The spools have the form of a rounded square with a circular sunken central portion . The face is that of a mature man with the mouth closed , sagging cheeks and lines under the eyes . The mouth is sensitively carved and the head possesses a pronounced chin . " " . 1 Monument of north the to ) mi 56 @.@ 0 ( kilometres 9 @.@ 0 approximately located were They . 1940 in head first the excavating was he while them to Stirling Matthew guided boy local a until archaeologists to unknown remained three other the ; 1925 in Venta La of exploration archaeological during found was , discovered be to heads Venta La the of first the , latter The . sculptures other of number a included that plaza a in , Pyramid Great the of south the to B Complex in found was head other The . centre city the from away , northwards faced three all ; I Complex northern the in west @-@ east running line a in found were heads Venta La the of Three "," Three of the La Venta heads were found in a line running east @-@ west in the northern Complex I ; all three faced northwards , away from the city centre . The other head was found in Complex B to the south of the Great Pyramid , in a plaza that included a number of other sculptures . The latter , the first of the La Venta heads to be discovered , was found during archaeological exploration of La Venta in 1925 ; the other three remained unknown to archaeologists until a local boy guided Matthew Stirling to them while he was excavating the first head in 1940 . They were located approximately 0 @.@ 9 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 56 mi ) to the north of Monument 1 . " " . BC 600 and 1000 between to dated radiocarbon been have finds associated ; context original its in found was head The . Villahermosa in Venta La Museo @-@ Parque the to moved been has 1 Monument . years intervening the in it covered had that vegetation thick the clearing after , 1940 in monument the excavated fully Stirling Matthew . completely it excavate to unable were discoverers the that meant size massive its ; buried @-@ half was it discovered When . 1925 in University Tulane of behalf on remains Venta La the investigated who Farge La Oliver and Blom Franz by described first was head The . back the at particularly , erosion from suffered has but Venta La at head preserved best the is 1 Monument . nose and eyes , mouth the around wrinkles with , man mature a of those are features The . monument the of base the to earlobe the from descends that ornament ear prominent a has ear Each . ear the of front in passing , headdress the from descends strap a monument the of side each On . scalp the from descending decoration shaped @-@ U angular an is symbols these Above . animal an of fangs or claws the represent apparently that motifs three with decorated is headdress the of front The . tons 24 weighs it ; deep ) ft 4 @.@ 6 ( metres 95 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 8 @.@ 6 ( metres 08 @.@ 2 by high ) ft 9 @.@ 7 ( metres 41 @.@ 2 measures 1 Monument . ruler final 's Venta La of portrait the been have to speculated is 1 Monument Venta La "," La Venta Monument 1 is speculated to have been the portrait of La Venta 's final ruler . Monument 1 measures 2 @.@ 41 metres ( 7 @.@ 9 ft ) high by 2 @.@ 08 metres ( 6 @.@ 8 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 95 metres ( 6 @.@ 4 ft ) deep ; it weighs 24 tons . The front of the headdress is decorated with three motifs that apparently represent the claws or fangs of an animal . Above these symbols is an angular U @-@ shaped decoration descending from the scalp . On each side of the monument a strap descends from the headdress , passing in front of the ear . Each ear has a prominent ear ornament that descends from the earlobe to the base of the monument . The features are those of a mature man , with wrinkles around the mouth , eyes and nose . Monument 1 is the best preserved head at La Venta but has suffered from erosion , particularly at the back . The head was first described by Franz Blom and Oliver La Farge who investigated the La Venta remains on behalf of Tulane University in 1925 . When discovered it was half @-@ buried ; its massive size meant that the discoverers were unable to excavate it completely . Matthew Stirling fully excavated the monument in 1940 , after clearing the thick vegetation that had covered it in the intervening years . Monument 1 has been moved to the Parque @-@ Museo La Venta in Villahermosa . The head was found in its original context ; associated finds have been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . " " . Villahermosa in Tabasco de Estado del Museo the to moved been has head The A. Monument Tres of those to similar stylistically are and headdress the of details surviving The . peg or clip associated an with , earlobe the covers that disc a of form the in ornaments ear with adorned is head The . earlobe the as far as descending , head the of side each on ear the of front in descends strap A . erased been has detail individual any and eroded badly is this but headdress prominent a has head The . discovery to prior elements the to exposure its from damage erosion suffered has 2 Monument . BC 600 and 1000 between to it dates context 's monument the of dating Radiocarbon . 2 @-@ A platform @-@ pyramid of corner northwest the of north metres few a context original its in found was head The . mutilated deliberately been have nose the of part a and lip upper the , damage erosion severe the to addition In . features the distorting , eroded badly is face The . headdress the of rim the by covered is heads other in visible normally is that brow the ; smiling of action the by prominence given are cheeks The . teeth upper the of four reveals that expression smiling broadly a has face The . tons 8 @.@ 11 weighs head the ; deep ) ft 2 @.@ 3 ( metres 98 @.@ 0 by wide ) ft 4 @.@ 4 ( metres 35 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 3 @.@ 5 ( metres 63 @.@ 1 measures 2 Monument Venta La "," La Venta Monument 2 measures 1 @.@ 63 metres ( 5 @.@ 3 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 35 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 0 @.@ 98 metres ( 3 @.@ 2 ft ) deep ; the head weighs 11 @.@ 8 tons . The face has a broadly smiling expression that reveals four of the upper teeth . The cheeks are given prominence by the action of smiling ; the brow that is normally visible in other heads is covered by the rim of the headdress . The face is badly eroded , distorting the features . In addition to the severe erosion damage , the upper lip and a part of the nose have been deliberately mutilated . The head was found in its original context a few metres north of the northwest corner of pyramid @-@ platform A @-@ 2 . Radiocarbon dating of the monument 's context dates it to between 1000 and 600 BC . Monument 2 has suffered erosion damage from its exposure to the elements prior to discovery . The head has a prominent headdress but this is badly eroded and any individual detail has been erased . A strap descends in front of the ear on each side of the head , descending as far as the earlobe . The head is adorned with ear ornaments in the form of a disc that covers the earlobe , with an associated clip or peg . The surviving details of the headdress and are stylistically similar to those of Tres Monument A. The head has been moved to the Museo del Estado de Tabasco in Villahermosa . " " . heads colossal Olmec other the of expressions frowning the to common is that feature a , evident still is nose the of bridge the of the , lost is detail facial the of most Although . region Olmec the in recovered been have that type a of ornaments jade represent probably they ; straps the overlap that rings flattened large wearing are ears The . monument the of base the to continue and ear each of front in descend . erosion through lost been have details any but eyebrows the to reaches that headdress large a had It . difficult analysis making , weathering through damage severe suffered has and unfinished appears It . BC 600 and 1000 between to dated radiocarbon been has context its , heads Venta La other the Like . Villahermosa in Venta La Museo @-@ Parque the to moved was but , 2 Monument of east the to metres few a located was 3 Monument . tons 8 @.@ 12 weighs it ; deep ) ft 3 @.@ 3 ( metre 1 by wide ) ft 2 @.@ 5 ( metres 6 @.@ 1 measures and high ) ft 5 @.@ 6 ( metres 98 @.@ 1 stands 3 Monument Venta La "," La Venta Monument 3 stands 1 @.@ 98 metres ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) wide by 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) deep ; it weighs 12 @.@ 8 tons . Monument 3 was located a few metres to the east of Monument 2 , but was moved to the Parque @-@ Museo La Venta in Villahermosa . Like the other La Venta heads , its context has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . It appears unfinished and has suffered severe damage through weathering , making analysis difficult . It had a large headdress that reaches to the eyebrows but any details have been lost through erosion . descend in front of each ear and continue to the base of the monument . The ears are wearing large flattened rings that overlap the straps ; they probably represent jade ornaments of a type that have been recovered in the Olmec region . Although most of the facial detail is lost , the of the bridge of the nose is still evident , a feature that is common to the frowning expressions of the other Olmec colossal heads . " " . teeth prominent displays head The . cheeks and nose the around and frown a display features surviving The . damaged are lips the and away eroded completely been have ears The . motif cross a with decorated is and , square rounded a of form the in , flat is it ; survives one Only . monument the of base the to headdress the from , face the of side either on descend hair of plaits or straps Either . prey of bird a of foot clawed the with decorated is headdress the of top The . it of trace any obliterated has side right the to damage , so if ; other the on repeated been have may that motif disc @-@ double a with decorated is side One . forehead the over running strips horizontal three by formed is headdress the of base The . discernible still are details various , damaged although , and elaborate is headdress The . BC 600 and 1000 between to dated radiocarbon been has context archaeological its , group the in heads other the with As . Venta La Museo @-@ Parque the to moved been has and 2 Monument of west the to metres few a found was It . tons 8 @.@ 19 weighs It . deep ) ft 1 @.@ 6 ( metres 86 @.@ 1 and wide ) ft 5 @.@ 6 ( metres 98 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 4 @.@ 7 ( metres 26 @.@ 2 measures 4 Monument Venta La "," La Venta Monument 4 measures 2 @.@ 26 metres ( 7 @.@ 4 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 98 metres ( 6 @.@ 5 ft ) wide and 1 @.@ 86 metres ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . It weighs 19 @.@ 8 tons . It was found a few metres to the west of Monument 2 and has been moved to the Parque @-@ Museo La Venta . As with the other heads in the group , its archaeological context has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 600 BC . The headdress is elaborate and , although damaged , various details are still discernible . The base of the headdress is formed by three horizontal strips running over the forehead . One side is decorated with a double @-@ disc motif that may have been repeated on the other ; if so , damage to the right side has obliterated any trace of it . The top of the headdress is decorated with the clawed foot of a bird of prey . Either straps or plaits of hair descend on either side of the face , from the headdress to the base of the monument . Only one survives ; it is flat , in the form of a rounded square , and is decorated with a cross motif . The ears have been completely eroded away and the lips are damaged . The surviving features display a frown and around the nose and cheeks . The head displays prominent teeth . " " . 1938 in Stirling Matthew by out carried , culture Olmec of investigations archaeological first the to led century nineteenth the in heads Tres the of one of discovery The . site the from monuments stone known earliest the are heads Tres two The . features facial distinctive and proportions wide , squat have they ; headdresses simple relatively with sculpted are heads These . settlement frontier a in expected be to variant regional of kind the merely are they that argue scholars other while tradition older an of survival regional late a as them views Fuente la de Beatriz . examples known other the from distinct stylistically are , head La the with , Tres at heads two The "," The two heads at Tres , with the La head , are stylistically distinct from the other known examples . Beatriz de la Fuente views them as a late regional survival of an older tradition while other scholars argue that they are merely the kind of regional variant to be expected in a frontier settlement . These heads are sculpted with relatively simple headdresses ; they have squat , wide proportions and distinctive facial features . The two Tres heads are the earliest known stone monuments from the site . The discovery of one of the Tres heads in the nineteenth century led to the first archaeological investigations of Olmec culture , carried out by Matthew Stirling in 1938 . " " . away flaking portion left the with , damage recent suffered has lip upper The . frown a into creased is forehead the ; mouth the around and nose the and cheeks the between creases deep with carved is face The . cheeks the onto forwards project that ornaments ear rectangular wears and , unadorned otherwise is that band wide a with headdress simple a with sculpted is head The . tons 8 @.@ 7 weigh to estimated is and , deep ) ft 8 @.@ 4 ( metres 45 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 9 @.@ 4 ( metres 5 @.@ 1 measures it ; tall ) ft 8 @.@ 4 ( metres 47 @.@ 1 stands A Monument . Tres de Museo the to moved been since has It . 1960s early the in probably , village modern the of plaza the to moved was it point some At . 1939 in Stirling Matthew by excavated was it until buried @-@ half remained it discovery its After . Tres of village modern the of north the to ) mi 62 @.@ 0 ( kilometre 1 , century nineteenth the of middle the in accident by discovered , found be to head colossal first the was ) 1 Head Colossal Tres as known also ( A Monument Tres "," Tres Monument A ( also known as Tres Colossal Head 1 ) was the first colossal head to be found , discovered by accident in the middle of the nineteenth century , 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the north of the modern village of Tres . After its discovery it remained half @-@ buried until it was excavated by Matthew Stirling in 1939 . At some point it was moved to the plaza of the modern village , probably in the early 1960s . It has since been moved to the Museo de Tres . Monument A stands 1 @.@ 47 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) tall ; it measures 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 45 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) deep , and is estimated to weigh 7 @.@ 8 tons . The head is sculpted with a simple headdress with a wide band that is otherwise unadorned , and wears rectangular ear ornaments that project forwards onto the cheeks . The face is carved with deep creases between the cheeks and the nose and around the mouth ; the forehead is creased into a frown . The upper lip has suffered recent damage , with the left portion flaking away . " " . eyes and mouth , nose the around creases pronounced has face The . monument the of base the to and ears the over passing , headdress the of side each from descends strap A . tassels with bound hair of plaits seven with sculpted is head the of back the and , ornament shaped @-@ tongue frontal a with decorated is headdress The . 1965 in published article an in Heizer and Williams by described first was Q Monument . day this to there remains and 1951 in Tuxtla Santiago of plaza the to moved was It . discovered be to head colossal eleventh the was Q Monument . hill from vegetation clear to used being machinery by struck was it when , 1940s the in time some been have to estimated is but unknown is discovery of date exact Its . tons 5 @.@ 8 weighs and deep ) ft 1 @.@ 4 ( metres 26 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 4 @.@ 4 ( metres 34 @.@ 1 by high ) ft 8 @.@ 4 ( metres 45 @.@ 1 measures ) 2 Head Colossal Tres and Head the as known also ( Q Monument Tres "," Tres Monument Q ( also known as the Head and Tres Colossal Head 2 ) measures 1 @.@ 45 metres ( 4 @.@ 8 ft ) high by 1 @.@ 34 metres ( 4 @.@ 4 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 26 metres ( 4 @.@ 1 ft ) deep and weighs 8 @.@ 5 tons . Its exact date of discovery is unknown but is estimated to have been some time in the 1940s , when it was struck by machinery being used to clear vegetation from hill . Monument Q was the eleventh colossal head to be discovered . It was moved to the plaza of Santiago Tuxtla in 1951 and remains there to this day . Monument Q was first described by Williams and Heizer in an article published in 1965 . The headdress is decorated with a frontal tongue @-@ shaped ornament , and the back of the head is sculpted with seven plaits of hair bound with tassels . A strap descends from each side of the headdress , passing over the ears and to the base of the monument . The face has pronounced creases around the nose , mouth and eyes . " " . Santiago at plaza main the to location original its from moved been has head La The . sculpted was head the after long deposited been have to believed is offering The . head the towards northwards pointing placed knife obsidian long ) in 7 @.@ 4 ( centimetre @-@ 12 a and vessel ceramic a of consisting head the with associated offering ) AD 900 – 600 ( Classic Late a uncovered excavations ; found when buried largely was head The . Tuxtla Santiago to near volcano Vigia El of side north the on , los de Sierra the in pass mountain a in discovered was It . recorded be to fifteenth the was and 1970 in discovered was head colossal La The . heartland Olmec the in heads colossal the of all carving for used basalt the of source the was region La The "," The La region was the source of the basalt used for carving all of the colossal heads in the Olmec heartland . The La colossal head was discovered in 1970 and was the fifteenth to be recorded . It was discovered in a mountain pass in the Sierra de los , on the north side of El Vigia volcano near to Santiago Tuxtla . The head was largely buried when found ; excavations uncovered a Late Classic ( 600 – 900 AD ) offering associated with the head consisting of a ceramic vessel and a 12 @-@ centimetre ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) long obsidian knife placed pointing northwards towards the head . The offering is believed to have been deposited long after the head was sculpted . The La head has been moved from its original location to the main plaza at Santiago . " " . band horizontal plain a of form the in is headdress The . manner realistic a in sculpted not was mouth the and nostrils lacks and flattened is nose the , closed are monument the of eyes The . production late its than rather state unfinished its from stem monument the of differences stylistic apparent the that argues Hammond Norman . person deceased a represents it that suggesting investigators some to led have sculpture the of characteristics The . frame time Olmec the in late it placed Fuente la de Beatriz and , examples other the from distinct stylistically is It . tons 40 weigh to estimated is sculpture massive This . head known largest the it making , high ) ft 11 ( metres 4 @.@ 3 by ) ft 8 @.@ 9 by 8 @.@ 9 ( metres 3 by 3 measures and rounded less or more is head La The "," The La head is more or less rounded and measures 3 by 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 by 9 @.@ 8 ft ) by 3 @.@ 4 metres ( 11 ft ) high , making it the largest known head . This massive sculpture is estimated to weigh 40 tons . It is stylistically distinct from the other examples , and Beatriz de la Fuente placed it late in the Olmec time frame . The characteristics of the sculpture have led to some investigators suggesting that it represents a deceased person . Norman Hammond argues that the apparent stylistic differences of the monument stem from its unfinished state rather than its late production . The eyes of the monument are closed , the nose is flattened and lacks nostrils and the mouth was not sculpted in a realistic manner . The headdress is in the form of a plain horizontal band . " " . throne a from sculpted being than rather boulder raw a from carved certainly almost was head La The . unfinished also were area eye and cheek right the that indicating probably , relief in sculpted been has portion rear the while line sculpted a with marked is portion forward the ; incomplete appears also hand right The . detail finished without out roughed be to seem monument the of parts Large . base the towards narrow not does and , heads other on as earspools the around from removed not was Rock . base the above stone rough of area an and mouth the below symmetry of lack a as such , unfinished was it that suggest head the of features Various . destination intended its to transport during or source its at abandoned either was head the that likely is it and site archaeological major a not was head La the of location original The "," The original location of the La head was not a major archaeological site and it is likely that the head was either abandoned at its source or during transport to its intended destination . Various features of the head suggest that it was unfinished , such as a lack of symmetry below the mouth and an area of rough stone above the base . Rock was not removed from around the earspools as on other heads , and does not narrow towards the base . Large parts of the monument seem to be roughed out without finished detail . The right hand also appears incomplete ; the forward portion is marked with a sculpted line while the rear portion has been sculpted in relief , probably indicating that the right cheek and eye area were also unfinished . The La head was almost certainly carved from a raw boulder rather than being sculpted from a throne . " " . heartland Olmec the outside from example known only the be would it then head colossal a originally If . sculpture figure niche a into carved @-@ re head colossal style @-@ Olmec an be to appears It . Retalhuleu of department modern the in , coast Pacific Guatemalan the of foothills the in city important an , Abaj Takalik in found is and , period Preclassic Middle the to dates 23 Monument Abaj Takalik "," Takalik Abaj Monument 23 dates to the Middle Preclassic period , and is found in Takalik Abaj , an important city in the foothills of the Guatemalan Pacific coast , in the modern department of Retalhuleu . It appears to be an Olmec @-@ style colossal head re @-@ carved into a niche figure sculpture . If originally a colossal head then it would be the only known example from outside the Olmec heartland . " " . evident clearly is figure niche a into head colossal a of face the of carving @-@ re the that claimed has Porter James , this Countering . upwards gazing monster jawed @-@ open an of eyes scrolled the rather as , ears as Graham by identified , ornaments side the views he ; head colossal carved @-@ re a as 23 Monument of identification 's Graham John contests Parsons Lee . back flat a features monument the , heartland Olmec the from examples the Like . deep ) ft 1 @.@ 5 ( metres 56 @.@ 1 by wide ) ft 9 @.@ 3 ( metres 2 @.@ 1 measures and high ) ft 0 @.@ 6 ( metres 84 @.@ 1 stands It . heads colossal confirmed for range size the of middle the in falls and andesite from sculpted is 23 Monument "," Monument 23 is sculpted from andesite and falls in the middle of the size range for confirmed colossal heads . It stands 1 @.@ 84 metres ( 6 @.@ 0 ft ) high and measures 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) wide by 1 @.@ 56 metres ( 5 @.@ 1 ft ) deep . Like the examples from the Olmec heartland , the monument features a flat back . Lee Parsons contests John Graham 's identification of Monument 23 as a re @-@ carved colossal head ; he views the side ornaments , identified by Graham as ears , as rather the scrolled eyes of an open @-@ jawed monster gazing upwards . Countering this , James Porter has claimed that the re @-@ carving of the face of a colossal head into a niche figure is clearly evident . " " . place into back put been have and archaeologists by recovered were pieces broken the although , fragmented is top the , result a As . chisel steel a using portion upper exposed its break to attempted who mason local a by century twentieth @-@ mid the in damaged was 23 Monument "," Monument 23 was damaged in the mid @-@ twentieth century by a local mason who attempted to break its exposed upper portion using a steel chisel . As a result , the top is fragmented , although the broken pieces were recovered by archaeologists and have been put back into place . " " . Tres de Museo the in is head Tres other The . Head La the and Tres from one ; Tuxtla Santiago of plaza the in display on are heads Two . Tabasco de Estado del Museo the in one and Venta La Museo @-@ Parque the in are Three . Tabasco of capital state the , Villahermosa in now are Venta La from heads four All . near Lorenzo San de Museo the in is head Lorenzo San remaining The . 1 Patio in is one and 2 Sala in is one , 1 Sala in are them of Five . Xalapa de Antropología de Museo the in display on are heads Lorenzo San the of Seven . City Mexico in Antropología de Nacional Museo the at display permanent on are Lorenzo San from heads Two . Mexico in remain heads colossal confirmed 17 the of All "," All of the 17 confirmed colossal heads remain in Mexico . Two heads from San Lorenzo are on permanent display at the Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City . Seven of the San Lorenzo heads are on display in the Museo de Antropología de Xalapa . Five of them are in Sala 1 , one is in Sala 2 and one is in Patio 1 . The remaining San Lorenzo head is in the Museo de San Lorenzo near . All four heads from La Venta are now in Villahermosa , the state capital of Tabasco . Three are in the Parque @-@ Museo La Venta and one in the Museo del Estado de Tabasco . Two heads are on display in the plaza of Santiago Tuxtla ; one from Tres and the La Head . The other Tres head is in the Museo de Tres . " " . 2011 May 8 to February 19 from ran which , exhibition Mexico Ancient of Masterworks Colossal : Olmec its for 9 and 5 heads colossal Lorenzo San loaned was Museum Young de The . Francisco San in Museum Young de the to time this , 2005 in loaned again was 4 Head Lorenzo San . 1996 October 20 to June 30 from ran that D.C. , Washington , Art of Gallery National the in exhibition Mexico Ancient of Art Olmec the to lent were 8 and 4 heads colossal Lorenzo San . 1970 in York New in Art of Museum Metropolitan the to loaned was 6 Head Colossal Lorenzo San ; abroad exhibitions temporary to loaned been have heads colossal Several "," Several colossal heads have been loaned to temporary exhibitions abroad ; San Lorenzo Colossal Head 6 was loaned to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 1970 . San Lorenzo colossal heads 4 and 8 were lent to the Olmec Art of Ancient Mexico exhibition in the National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. that ran from 30 June to 20 October 1996 . San Lorenzo Head 4 was again loaned in 2005 , this time to the de Young Museum in San Francisco . The de Young Museum was loaned San Lorenzo colossal heads 5 and 9 for its Olmec : Colossal Masterworks of Ancient Mexico exhibition , which ran from 19 February to 8 May 2011 . " " . each pesos 000 @,@ 330 paying after arrest their after soon released were vandals three The . months four last would process restoration the and , damage the repair to needed be would ) 900 @,@ 21 $ US ( pesos 000 @,@ 300 that estimated was It . heads the on thrown were oil and juice grape , salts which during , ritual Columbian @-@ pre supposed a out carrying been have to appeared and church evangelical an of members all were vandals The . heads colossal Venta La four the including , pieces archaeological 30 under just damaged and Villahermosa in Venta La Museo @-@ Parque the entered , American one and Mexicans two including , people three least at , 2009 January 12 On "," On 12 January 2009 , at least three people , including two Mexicans and one American , entered the Parque @-@ Museo La Venta in Villahermosa and damaged just under 30 archaeological pieces , including the four La Venta colossal heads . The vandals were all members of an evangelical church and appeared to have been carrying out a supposed pre @-@ Columbian ritual , during which salts , grape juice and oil were thrown on the heads . It was estimated that 300 @,@ 000 pesos ( US $ 21 @,@ 900 ) would be needed to repair the damage , and the restoration process would last four months . The three vandals were released soon after their arrest after paying 330 @,@ 000 pesos each . " " : States United the within locations their and replicas of list a is following The . Veracruz of state the of governor former , Velasco Alemán Miguel of leadership the under placed were world the around replicas of majority the , him by placed were replicas the of all not Although "," Although not all of the replicas were placed by him , the majority of replicas around the world were placed under the leadership of Miguel Alemán Velasco , former governor of the state of Veracruz . The following is a list of replicas and their locations within the United States : " " . 2008 November in Texas of University the at Studies American Latin of Institute Long Lozano Teresa the in placed was 1 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . Texas , Austin "," Austin , Texas . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 was placed in the Teresa Lozano Long Institute of Latin American Studies at the University of Texas in November 2008 . " " . 2000 in History Natural of Museum Field the in placed was Solano Perez Ignacio by made 8 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . Illinois , Chicago "," Chicago , Illinois . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 made by Ignacio Perez Solano was placed in the Field Museum of Natural History in 2000 . " " . 2012 June in Park Jalapa , Glen 's Jobe to relocated and 2011 in removed was It . station police the outside installed instead was it potential over concerns to Due . Park Jalapa in placed be to intended originally , 1989 in Covina to donated was 5 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . California , Covina "," Covina , California . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 5 was donated to Covina in 1989 , originally intended to be placed in Jalapa Park . Due to concerns over potential it was instead installed outside the police station . It was removed in 2011 and relocated to Jobe 's Glen , Jalapa Park in June 2012 . " " . 2010 – 2004 between office in time his during , Veracruz of governor then , Beltrán Herrera Fidel by dedicated was it but , unknown is placement date specific The . Science & Art of Museum International the in located is 8 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . Texas , McAllen "," McAllen , Texas . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 is located in the International Museum of Art & Science . The specific date placement is unknown , but it was dedicated by Fidel Herrera Beltrán , then governor of Veracruz , during his time in office between 2004 – 2010 . " " . 2012 in , Nations United the outside , Park Dag in first was it ; Trade Mexico and Cumbre , state of government the by gift a was replica The . college the at housed , Studies Mexican of Institute CUNY the of anniversary first the celebrate to 2013 in installed was It . York New , Bronx the in College Lehman of grounds the in plaza main the to next placed was 1 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . York New "," New York . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 was placed next to the main plaza in the grounds of Lehman College in the Bronx , New York . It was installed in 2013 to celebrate the first anniversary of the CUNY Institute of Mexican Studies , housed at the college . The replica was a gift by the government of state , Cumbre and Mexico Trade ; it was first in Dag Park , outside the United Nations , in 2012 . " " . 2004 October in Campus Ocean , College City Francisco San in placed was Solano Perez Ignacio by created 1 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . California , Francisco San "," San Francisco , California . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 1 created by Ignacio Perez Solano was placed in San Francisco City College , Ocean Campus in October 2004 . " " . 2001 October in History Natural of Museum National Smithsonian the of entrance Avenue Constitution the near placed was Solano Perez Ignacio by sculpted 4 Head Lorenzo San of replica A D.C. , Washington "," Washington , D.C. A replica of San Lorenzo Head 4 sculpted by Ignacio Perez Solano was placed near the Constitution Avenue entrance of the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in October 2001 . " " . 2004 May in Center Celebration Cultural Utah the in placed was 8 Head Lorenzo San of replica A . Utah , City Valley West "," West Valley City , Utah . A replica of San Lorenzo Head 8 was placed in the Utah Cultural Celebration Center in May 2004 . " " . Brussels in Cinquantenaire du Musée the in display on is it ; Belgium to head colossal Olmec an of replica resin a donated Mexico "," Mexico donated a resin replica of an Olmec colossal head to Belgium ; it is on display in the Musée du Cinquantenaire in Brussels . " " . Ababa Addis in Mexico Plaza in placed be to , Ethiopia to head colossal Olmec replica a donating be would Historia e Antropología de Nacional Instituto the that announced ) Affairs Foreign of Secretariat ( de Secretaría Mexican the , 2010 February In "," In February 2010 , the Mexican Secretaría de ( Secretariat of Foreign Affairs ) announced that the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia would be donating a replica Olmec colossal head to Ethiopia , to be placed in Plaza Mexico in Addis Ababa . " " . nominee America @-@ All Academic time @-@ three a was and times multiple team conference @-@ all the made He . economics in degree a earned and basketball played he where , University DePauw attended he , school high After . records school four setting , team basketball School High Community the on starred he where , Indiana , in up grew he , player basketball former A . Indianapolis in University Butler at coach head the previously was He . NBA the of Celtics Boston the for coach head basketball professional American an is ) 1976 , 22 October born ( Stevens "" Brad "" Kent Bradley "," Bradley Kent "" Brad "" Stevens ( born October 22 , 1976 ) is an American professional basketball head coach for the Boston Celtics of the NBA . He was previously the head coach at Butler University in Indianapolis . A former basketball player , he grew up in , Indiana , where he starred on the Community High School basketball team , setting four school records . After high school , he attended DePauw University , where he played basketball and earned a degree in economics . He made the all @-@ conference team multiple times and was a three @-@ time Academic All @-@ America nominee . " " . season win @-@ 30 a have to history I Division NCAA in coach head youngest @-@ third the becoming , wins 30 to Butler led Stevens , year first his In . Hawkeyes Iowa the coach to left Todd after coach head the became he , 2007 , 4 April On . season 02 – 2001 the for position coaching assistant time @-@ full a to promoted was He . Company and Lilly Eli at job his quitting after season 01 – 2000 the to prior volunteer a as program basketball Butler the joined Stevens "," Stevens joined the Butler basketball program as a volunteer prior to the 2000 – 01 season after quitting his job at Eli Lilly and Company . He was promoted to a full @-@ time assistant coaching position for the 2001 – 02 season . On April 4 , 2007 , he became the head coach after Todd left to coach the Iowa Hawkeyes . In his first year , Stevens led Butler to 30 wins , becoming the third @-@ youngest head coach in NCAA Division I history to have a 30 @-@ win season . " " . Connecticut of University the of Huskies the to lost team the where , 2011 , 4 April on game championship national consecutive second their in Bulldogs the coached Stevens . Fours Final two to go to coach youngest the became Stevens , Four Final the making team 11 – 2010 the With . season 12 – 2011 the through Butler with extension contract a signed he , ended season the after Shortly . Duke to 59 – 61 losing , game Championship National NCAA a make to coach head youngest @-@ second the became Stevens , old years 33 At . history school in Four Final first the to Butler coached Stevens , postseason the In . eight by record previous the exceeding , years three first 's coach a in wins most for record NCAA the broke Stevens , coach head as year third his , 2010 In "," In 2010 , his third year as head coach , Stevens broke the NCAA record for most wins in a coach 's first three years , exceeding the previous record by eight . In the postseason , Stevens coached Butler to the first Final Four in school history . At 33 years old , Stevens became the second @-@ youngest head coach to make a NCAA National Championship game , losing 61 – 59 to Duke . Shortly after the season ended , he signed a contract extension with Butler through the 2011 – 12 season . With the 2010 – 11 team making the Final Four , Stevens became the youngest coach to go to two Final Fours . Stevens coached the Bulldogs in their second consecutive national championship game on April 4 , 2011 , where the team lost to the Huskies of the University of Connecticut . " " . record 42 – 40 a with Conference Eastern the in seed 7th the as Playoffs NBA the to Celtics the led Stevens , 2015 April In . NBA the in Celtics Boston the of coach head the become to contract dollar million 22 , year @-@ six a signed he , 2013 July In . children young two with married is He . Wooden John to compared and prodigy coaching a called been has Stevens . career his of years three all finalist Award Phelan Jim and Award Durham Hugh a both been also has He . 2009 January in honors season @-@ mid Award Durham Hugh 's won and Year the of Coach League Horizon the named been twice has Stevens . demeanor calm and style coaching ' Stevens to attributed been has athletes superior with teams against success 's Butler . basketball oriented team and defensive on emphasis strong a puts He . game each play 's team his to wrinkles new adding , analysis statistical using opponents analyzing time of lot a spends He . style coaching focused , calm a for known is Stevens "," Stevens is known for a calm , focused coaching style . He spends a lot of time analyzing opponents using statistical analysis , adding new wrinkles to his team 's play each game . He puts a strong emphasis on defensive and team oriented basketball . Butler 's success against teams with superior athletes has been attributed to Stevens ' coaching style and calm demeanor . Stevens has twice been named the Horizon League Coach of the Year and won 's Hugh Durham Award mid @-@ season honors in January 2009 . He has also been both a Hugh Durham Award and Jim Phelan Award finalist all three years of his career . Stevens has been called a coaching prodigy and compared to John Wooden . He is married with two young children . In July 2013 , he signed a six @-@ year , 22 million dollar contract to become the head coach of the Boston Celtics in the NBA . In April 2015 , Stevens led the Celtics to the NBA Playoffs as the 7th seed in the Eastern Conference with a 40 – 42 record . " " . said later Stevens , "" Indiana in up growing kid a 're you when ] basketball with love in [ be to not hard 's It "" . games Hoosiers Indiana watch to , Bloomington to him drive often would father His . "" kindergarten afternoon to went he before "" games basketball taped watch would Stevens , five age at Starting . basketball for love his developed he where , Indiana , in up grew Stevens Kent Bradley "," Bradley Kent Stevens grew up in , Indiana , where he developed his love for basketball . Starting at age five , Stevens would watch taped basketball games "" before he went to afternoon kindergarten "" . His father would often drive him to Bloomington , to watch Indiana Hoosiers games . "" It 's hard not to be [ in love with basketball ] when you 're a kid growing up in Indiana "" , Stevens later said . " " . cook to sandwiches the for waiting time waste not would he that so , house 's Monk to over sandwiches cheese grilled for ingredients unprepared the bring would he that game the to dedicated so was He "" . instantaneously appeared "" Stevens , yard back his in installed court basketball a had , Monk Brandon , friend a When "" . era that in up grow to fun of lot a was It . out hung I and friends my where s ’ That "" . remarked later he "" , driveway your in dream to fun much so s ’ It "" . hoop basketball new a received Stevens , birthday eighth his For "," For his eighth birthday , Stevens received a new basketball hoop . "" It ’ s so much fun to dream in your driveway , "" he later remarked . "" That ’ s where my friends and I hung out . It was a lot of fun to grow up in that era . "" When a friend , Brandon Monk , had a basketball court installed in his back yard , Stevens "" appeared instantaneously . "" He was so dedicated to the game that he would bring the unprepared ingredients for grilled cheese sandwiches over to Monk 's house , so that he would not waste time waiting for the sandwiches to cook . " " . weaknesses their find to teams opposing analyzing to applied later he skill a , puzzles solving enjoyed also Stevens young the , basketball playing Besides . streak competitive ' Stevens develop helped games These . games pickup hold would areas surrounding the from kids and kids where , place gathering a became soon court 's Monk "," Monk 's court soon became a gathering place , where kids and kids from the surrounding areas would hold pickup games . These games helped develop Stevens ' competitive streak . Besides playing basketball , the young Stevens also enjoyed solving puzzles , a skill he later applied to analyzing opposing teams to find their weaknesses . " " . ) ppg 3 @.@ 32 ( play sectional state in scorer leading the was and MVP sectional the named was he , 1995 In . times three team conference @-@ all the to named was Stevens . ) 1995 in 644 ( record points season @-@ single the as well as , ) 156 ( steals and , ) 444 ( assists , ) 1508 ( points for records the holds still he , 2010 of As . goals field point @-@ three and , steals , assists , scoring career for records school set had Stevens , complete was career school high his time the By . year same that team varsity the made Stevens as off paid work hard The . school before gym local a at shooting practice to early up get would he , year freshman his During . Miller Reggie guard Pacers Indiana of honor in school high in 31 No. wore He . player basketball star a became he where , School High Community attended Stevens "," Stevens attended Community High School , where he became a star basketball player . He wore No. 31 in high school in honor of Indiana Pacers guard Reggie Miller . During his freshman year , he would get up early to practice shooting at a local gym before school . The hard work paid off as Stevens made the varsity team that same year . By the time his high school career was complete , Stevens had set school records for career scoring , assists , steals , and three @-@ point field goals . As of 2010 , he still holds the records for points ( 1508 ) , assists ( 444 ) , and steals ( 156 ) , as well as the single @-@ season points record ( 644 in 1995 ) . Stevens was named to the all @-@ conference team three times . In 1995 , he was named the sectional MVP and was the leading scorer in state sectional play ( 32 @.@ 3 ppg ) . " " . basketball AAU playing country the traveled he , summers During . at days his during baseball in one and , track in three , basketball in letters three earned He . 165 of class his in seventh graduating , Society Honor National the of member a was He . years four all Award Medal Gold A Straight the received and team first state @-@ all academic the made Stevens "," Stevens made the academic all @-@ state first team and received the Straight A Gold Medal Award all four years . He was a member of the National Honor Society , graduating seventh in his class of 165 . He earned three letters in basketball , three in track , and one in baseball during his days at . During summers , he traveled the country playing AAU basketball . " " "" . around been ever 've I ] sic [ person oriented @-@ team , selfless most the of one "" as Stevens described later Fenlon Bill Coach . Award ’ Coaches the received Stevens , year senior his After . game a in rebounds 8 and points 24 were highs career His . years four his of three game per points 8 than more averaged and , year senior his captain team a was He . nominee America @-@ All Academic time @-@ three a was and , awards conference @-@ all academic and conference @-@ all multiple earned He . letters varsity four earning , games DePauw 101 all in played he , stay his During . college for University DePauw oriented academically attend to chose he , such As . far very him get to likely not and modest were skills basketball his that realized he , game the for passion strong a had Stevens Although "," Although Stevens had a strong passion for the game , he realized that his basketball skills were modest and not likely to get him very far . As such , he chose to attend academically oriented DePauw University for college . During his stay , he played in all 101 DePauw games , earning four varsity letters . He earned multiple all @-@ conference and academic all @-@ conference awards , and was a three @-@ time Academic All @-@ America nominee . He was a team captain his senior year , and averaged more than 8 points per game three of his four years . His career highs were 24 points and 8 rebounds in a game . After his senior year , Stevens received the Coaches ’ Award . Coach Bill Fenlon later described Stevens as "" one of the most selfless , team @-@ oriented person [ sic ] I 've ever been around . "" " " . economics in degree a with 1999 in graduated and list 's Dean the to named was He . camps basketball Butler at teaching time spent Stevens , vacations summer During . fraternity Omega Tau Alpha the of brother a also was He . board executive Night Sports ’ Services Community DePauw the and Program Honors Fellows Management the of member a was Stevens , DePauw at While "," While at DePauw , Stevens was a member of the Management Fellows Honors Program and the DePauw Community Services ’ Sports Night executive board . He was also a brother of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity . During summer vacations , Stevens spent time teaching at Butler basketball camps . He was named to the Dean 's list and graduated in 1999 with a degree in economics . " " "" . leave to be would it harder the , Lilly at had you success more The . that do to position a in be to going not probably were we , road the down years Five "" . said later Tracy "" , chance our was this realized and 23 were We "" . Brad for out work not did things if couple the support could that degree law a get to school to back went Tracy "" . try to wanted really I something was it thought I , time the At "" . remarked later Stevens "" , idea great a like looks it , Now "" . it for go to him telling before hours two for it about thought She . Wilhelmy Tracy girlfriend longtime @-@ then by Lilly Eli at job his quitting of idea the ran He . office basketball Butler the in volunteer to opportunity the offered was Stevens , 2000 of summer the In "," In the summer of 2000 , Stevens was offered the opportunity to volunteer in the Butler basketball office . He ran the idea of quitting his job at Eli Lilly by then @-@ longtime girlfriend Tracy Wilhelmy . She thought about it for two hours before telling him to go for it . "" Now , it looks like a great idea , "" Stevens later remarked . "" At the time , I thought it was something I really wanted to try . "" Tracy went back to school to get a law degree that could support the couple if things did not work out for Brad . "" We were 23 and realized this was our chance , "" Tracy later said . "" Five years down the road , we were probably not going to be in a position to do that . The more success you had at Lilly , the harder it would be to leave . "" " " "" . profession coaching the into get to risk a take to willing was and passion great a had He . coaching into get to desperate was that kid young hungry a just was ] Stevens [ "" , recalled Matta , later Years . acquitted later was he which of , charges drug and solicitation on arrested being after resigned Meeks Jamal coach assistant when up opened had position The . Matta Thad coach @-@ then under operations basketball of coordinator as position administrative paying @-@ low a offered was he , 's Applebee at training started he Before . bills the pay to s ’ Applebee at job a took and basement 's friend a in live to planned Stevens "," Stevens planned to live in a friend 's basement and took a job at Applebee ’ s to pay the bills . Before he started training at Applebee 's , he was offered a low @-@ paying administrative position as coordinator of basketball operations under then @-@ coach Thad Matta . The position had opened up when assistant coach Jamal Meeks resigned after being arrested on solicitation and drug charges , of which he was later acquitted . Years later , Matta recalled , "" [ Stevens ] was just a hungry young kid that was desperate to get into coaching . He had a great passion and was willing to take a risk to get into the coaching profession . "" " " . coach assistant an as time ' Stevens during 61 – 131 was Butler . recruiting and , coaching game @-@ in , preparation game , instruction skills : game the of aspect every in active was Stevens , Under . coach assistant time @-@ full a to Stevens promoted Todd coach head new , season 01 – 2000 the following school the left Matta After "," After Matta left the school following the 2000 – 01 season , new head coach Todd promoted Stevens to a full @-@ time assistant coach . Under , Stevens was active in every aspect of the game : skills instruction , game preparation , in @-@ game coaching , and recruiting . Butler was 131 – 61 during Stevens ' time as an assistant coach . " " . said Collier "" , season the of course the during through shine ability his seen 'd I because factor a 't wasn Age "" . Collier by "" Way Butler The "" dubbed , system Butler the learning experience of years six : match never could candidates outside , older something had Stevens , Collier to According . coach head new 's Butler named was Stevens interviews the of hours 24 Within . job the for interviewed coaches assistant other two 's Butler and Stevens resigned after day The . agreed , team the with interaction ' coaches assistant the observing season entire the spent having , Collier . within from promote to him urging , Collier Barry director athletic with meeting a had players Butler The . Iowa of University the at position coaching @-@ head the take to order in resigned , 2007 , 2 April On "," On April 2 , 2007 , resigned in order to take the head @-@ coaching position at the University of Iowa . The Butler players had a meeting with athletic director Barry Collier , urging him to promote from within . Collier , having spent the entire season observing the assistant coaches ' interaction with the team , agreed . The day after resigned Stevens and Butler 's two other assistant coaches interviewed for the job . Within 24 hours of the interviews Stevens was named Butler 's new head coach . According to Collier , Stevens had something older , outside candidates could never match : six years of experience learning the Butler system , dubbed "" The Butler Way "" by Collier . "" Age wasn 't a factor because I 'd seen his ability shine through during the course of the season , "" Collier said . " " "" . win to expect they and them about toughness got 've they "" added Greenberg Seth coach Tech Virginia "" . do they as smart as played we wish I "" said , victim early an was team Tech Texas whose , Knight Bob coach Legendary . 42 – 43 State Wright to falling before games eight first his winning , start fast a to off got He . basketball I Division in coach youngest second the was Stevens , season 08 – 2007 the of start the At "," At the start of the 2007 – 08 season , Stevens was the second youngest coach in Division I basketball . He got off to a fast start , winning his first eight games before falling to Wright State 43 – 42 . Legendary coach Bob Knight , whose Texas Tech team was an early victim , said "" I wish we played as smart as they do . "" Virginia Tech coach Seth Greenberg added "" they 've got toughness about them and they expect to win . "" " " . said Stevens "" . coach head a like think and game next the win to way a out figure to trying just was I . doing was I what not s ’ that And . step next the for looking always people of lot a got ve ’ You "" . veteran seasoned a of composure and calm the had Stevens that state to on went Times The "" . easy look ] coach head to [ transition the made has Stevens , far so "" wrote Times York New The , 1 – 12 at Bulldogs the with , season first ' Stevens through Midway "," Midway through Stevens ' first season , with the Bulldogs at 12 – 1 , The New York Times wrote "" so far , Stevens has made the transition [ to head coach ] look easy . "" The Times went on to state that Stevens had the calm and composure of a seasoned veteran . "" You ’ ve got a lot of people always looking for the next step . And that ’ s not what I was doing . I was just trying to figure out a way to win the next game and think like a head coach . "" Stevens said . " " . overtime in 71 – 76 Tennessee seeded @-@ second to falling before , round first the in 61 – 81 Alabama South seeded @-@ tenth beat They . Regional East the in seed seven the awarded was Butler . tournament NCAA 2008 the to bid automatic an and title tournament 's league the claim to 55 – 70 State Cleveland and 50 – 66 Chicago @-@ Illinois beat team The . mark conference in 2 – 16 a with League Horizon the in place first taking , record 3 – 27 a with season regular the ended Butler "," Butler ended the regular season with a 27 – 3 record , taking first place in the Horizon League with a 16 – 2 in conference mark . The team beat Illinois @-@ Chicago 66 – 50 and Cleveland State 70 – 55 to claim the league 's tournament title and an automatic bid to the 2008 NCAA tournament . Butler was awarded the seven seed in the East Regional . They beat tenth @-@ seeded South Alabama 81 – 61 in the first round , before falling to second @-@ seeded Tennessee 76 – 71 in overtime . " " . Ryan Bo to losing , Award Year the of Coach National Phelan Jim the for finalist a and , Drake of Davis Keno to losing , Award Durham Hugh the for finalist a was Stevens . Four Final the reach not did that teams among best the was record 4 – 30 's Butler . weeks consecutive 19 record league and school a for ranked nationally was Butler . coach year @-@ first winningest @-@ fourth the became and , season a in wins 30 to team a lead to history I Division NCAA in coach head youngest @-@ third the became he , doing so In . way the along – State Ohio , State Florida , Tech Texas , Michigan – schools name big several beating , wins 30 record league Horizon and school a with up ended Stevens "," Stevens ended up with a school and Horizon league record 30 wins , beating several big name schools – Michigan , Texas Tech , Florida State , Ohio State – along the way . In so doing , he became the third @-@ youngest head coach in NCAA Division I history to lead a team to 30 wins in a season , and became the fourth @-@ winningest first @-@ year coach . Butler was nationally ranked for a school and league record 19 consecutive weeks . Butler 's 30 – 4 record was the best among teams that did not reach the Final Four . Stevens was a finalist for the Hugh Durham Award , losing to Keno Davis of Drake , and a finalist for the Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year Award , losing to Bo Ryan . " " . remarked Collier "" , program our lead to continue Brad have to agreement term @-@ long this reach to excited extremely are We "" . contract year @-@ seven a to Stevens signed Butler , season the of conclusion the At "," At the conclusion of the season , Butler signed Stevens to a seven @-@ year contract . "" We are extremely excited to reach this long @-@ term agreement to have Brad continue to lead our program , "" Collier remarked . " " . overall 6 – 26 at year the finish to 71 – 75 of score a by round first the in State Louisiana seeded @-@ eighth to lost and , Regional South the in seed nine the received team The . selection large @-@ at an as tournament NCAA the made but , State Cleveland to 54 – 57 final tournament League Horizon the lost Butler . expectations preseason defying , record conference in 3 – 15 a with League Horizon the in first finished Butler . fewer or games 56 in wins 50 reach to history NCAA in coach head sixth the became Stevens , doing so In . 61 – 66 Detroit beat Butler as win 50th his notched Stevens , 5 February On . award coaching season @-@ mid Durham Hugh the Stevens won that start 1 – 12 a to off got team The . season 09 – 2008 the during league Horizon the in fifth finish to picked was and , season 08 – 2007 the after starters four lost Butler "," Butler lost four starters after the 2007 – 08 season , and was picked to finish fifth in the Horizon league during the 2008 – 09 season . The team got off to a 12 – 1 start that won Stevens the Hugh Durham mid @-@ season coaching award . On February 5 , Stevens notched his 50th win as Butler beat Detroit 66 – 61 . In so doing , Stevens became the sixth head coach in NCAA history to reach 50 wins in 56 games or fewer . Butler finished first in the Horizon League with a 15 – 3 in conference record , defying preseason expectations . Butler lost the Horizon League tournament final 57 – 54 to Cleveland State , but made the NCAA tournament as an at @-@ large selection . The team received the nine seed in the South Regional , and lost to eighth @-@ seeded Louisiana State in the first round by a score of 75 – 71 to finish the year at 26 – 6 overall . " " . season the of conclusion the at extension contract year @-@ one a given was Stevens . Award Year the of Coach Iba Henry the for finalist a as named also was He . Year the of Coach League Horizon the named was and year straight second the for Awards Phelan Jim and Durham Hugh the both for finalist a was Stevens . coach head as years two first 's one during wins total in ) 58 ( Bill to only second him places record year @-@ two 10 – 56 ' Stevens "," Stevens ' 56 – 10 two @-@ year record places him second only to Bill ( 58 ) in total wins during one 's first two years as head coach . Stevens was a finalist for both the Hugh Durham and Jim Phelan Awards for the second straight year and was named the Horizon League Coach of the Year . He was also named as a finalist for the Henry Iba Coach of the Year Award . Stevens was given a one @-@ year contract extension at the conclusion of the season . " " "" . far really go to ought we , year next but , year this go can we far how sure not m ’ I and , team good really a have We "" , father his telling privately , sure so not was Stevens . Four Final the make to "" team sleeper "" possible a as Bulldogs the picked commentators few A . Poll AP the in 11th and Poll ' Coaches the in 10th ranked season the began Butler , season @-@ off the during Championship World 19 @-@ Under FIBA the in medal gold the to USA Team leading in roles 's Mack and 's Hayward Gordon by part large in Fueled "," Fueled in large part by Gordon Hayward 's and Mack 's roles in leading Team USA to the gold medal in the FIBA Under @-@ 19 World Championship during the off @-@ season , Butler began the season ranked 10th in the Coaches ' Poll and 11th in the AP Poll . A few commentators picked the Bulldogs as a possible "" sleeper team "" to make the Final Four . Stevens was not so sure , privately telling his father , "" We have a really good team , and I ’ m not sure how far we can go this year , but next year , we ought to go really far . "" " " . 23 # at Poll Coaches the in remained team the , However . rankings AP the of out fell and 4 – 9 at stood Butler , later days three UAB at 57 – 67 losing After . home at both , 68 – 69 Xavier rival conference former out edging and 66 – 74 State Ohio 15 # beating games two next its won team The . Classic V Jimmy the in 65 – 72 Georgetown ranked @-@ 13th to falling before games two next its won Butler . Poll ' Coaches the in 20 # and Poll AP the in 23 # to dropped team the and 2 – 4 at stood record 's Butler tournament the After . 69 – 70 Clemson ranked @-@ 19th to and Minnesota ranked @-@ 22nd to 73 – 82 Classic 76 the in twice losing , start mediocre a to off got Butler "," Butler got off to a mediocre start , losing twice in the 76 Classic 82 – 73 to 22nd @-@ ranked Minnesota and to 19th @-@ ranked Clemson 70 – 69 . After the tournament Butler 's record stood at 4 – 2 and the team dropped to # 23 in the AP Poll and # 20 in the Coaches ' Poll . Butler won its next two games before falling to 13th @-@ ranked Georgetown 72 – 65 in the Jimmy V Classic . The team won its next two games beating # 15 Ohio State 74 – 66 and edging out former conference rival Xavier 69 – 68 , both at home . After losing 67 – 57 at UAB three days later , Butler stood at 9 – 4 and fell out of the AP rankings . However , the team remained in the Coaches Poll at # 23 . " " . 2007 in Nevada of Fox Mark by tied and 2002 in Gonzaga of Few Mark by set seasons three first his in coach head a by ) 81 ( wins most for record NCAA the tied Stevens and 53 – 70 Siena beat Butler . game a in Siena facing before games straight 16 win to proceeded they and , team the rallied Stevens "," Stevens rallied the team , and they proceeded to win 16 straight games before facing Siena in a game . Butler beat Siena 70 – 53 and Stevens tied the NCAA record for most wins ( 81 ) by a head coach in his first three seasons set by Mark Few of Gonzaga in 2002 and tied by Mark Fox of Nevada in 2007 . " " . championship conference season @-@ regular straight third his earned Stevens . Conference Collegiate Indiana defunct now the in record 0 – 6 a to team 1978 the led Joe since first and , League Horizon the joining since record conference undefeated first 's Butler was It . schedule conference undefeated 0 – 18 an completed Butler and week prior the tied had he record coaching the broke Stevens , doing so In . 69 – 74 won still team the but , pain back lower with sidelined was Hayward Gordon scorer Leading . finale season regular their for Valparaiso to traveled Butler , 2010 , 26 February On "," On February 26 , 2010 , Butler traveled to Valparaiso for their regular season finale . Leading scorer Gordon Hayward was sidelined with lower back pain , but the team still won 74 – 69 . In so doing , Stevens broke the coaching record he had tied the prior week and Butler completed an 18 – 0 undefeated conference schedule . It was Butler 's first undefeated conference record since joining the Horizon League , and first since Joe led the 1978 team to a 6 – 0 record in the now defunct Indiana Collegiate Conference . Stevens earned his third straight regular @-@ season conference championship . " " . season 10 – 2009 the during schedule conference undefeated an to team his lead to I Division in coach only the also was Stevens . 1979 in formed was league the since tournament conference and season regular undefeated an both to team League Horizon a lead to coach first the became Stevens . play league through run 0 – 20 a completed and , tournament NCAA 2010 the into bid automatic an team the earned win The . finals the in 45 – 70 State Wright beat to and finals @-@ semi the in 59 – 68 Milwaukee beat to advantage court @-@ home their used Bulldogs ' Stevens , tournament league Horizon the In "," In the Horizon league tournament , Stevens ' Bulldogs used their home @-@ court advantage to beat Milwaukee 68 – 59 in the semi @-@ finals and to beat Wright State 70 – 45 in the finals . The win earned the team an automatic bid into the 2010 NCAA tournament , and completed a 20 – 0 run through league play . Stevens became the first coach to lead a Horizon League team to both an undefeated regular season and conference tournament since the league was formed in 1979 . Stevens was also the only coach in Division I to lead his team to an undefeated conference schedule during the 2009 – 10 season . " " . 18 March on UTEP seeded twelfth with up match round @-@ first a given and tournament NCAA the of regional West the in fifth seeded were Bulldogs the , Sunday Selection On . Poll AP corresponding the in 11th and Poll ' Coaches tournament NCAA @-@ pre final the in 8th ranked were Bulldogs the , season their For "," For their season , the Bulldogs were ranked 8th in the final pre @-@ NCAA tournament Coaches ' Poll and 11th in the corresponding AP Poll . On Selection Sunday , the Bulldogs were seeded fifth in the West regional of the NCAA tournament and given a first @-@ round match up with twelfth seeded UTEP on March 18 . " " . career his of appearance Sixteen Sweet first the Stevens gave win The . clock the on seconds five than less with court back the into pass State Murray a deflected Hayward when 52 – 54 victorious emerged Butler but , throughout close was game The . State Murray seeded thirteenth with off faced next Butler . 59 – 77 game the won and half second the dominated team The . half second the in cylinders all on firing out came Bulldogs the and , adjustments halftime of number a made Stevens . 27 – 33 led UTEP as , right be might they like looked it halftime at and , upset the pull to UTEP picked commentators basketball Many "," Many basketball commentators picked UTEP to pull the upset , and at halftime it looked like they might be right , as UTEP led 33 – 27 . Stevens made a number of halftime adjustments , and the Bulldogs came out firing on all cylinders in the second half . The team dominated the second half and won the game 77 – 59 . Butler next faced off with thirteenth seeded Murray State . The game was close throughout , but Butler emerged victorious 54 – 52 when Hayward deflected a Murray State pass into the back court with less than five seconds on the clock . The win gave Stevens the first Sweet Sixteen appearance of his career . " " . history school in time first the for Eight Elite the to advancing , 59 – 63 win to on held Butler . go to 59 : 0 with lead 54 – 60 a taking , minutes 5 next the for scoreless Syracuse holding by responded Butler . team the focused @-@ re and out time called again Stevens . lead 50 – 54 and dunk a with ended that opportunity break fast rare a got Syracuse , mark 32 : 5 the At . run the stopping , possession next its on lead the regained Butler and timeout called Stevens . pointer @-@ three Johnson Wes a off , 39 – 40 , game the of lead first its taking , half second the in rallied Syracuse . advantage halftime 25 – 35 a and lead 1 – 12 a to out jumping , start good a to off got Bulldogs The . Syracuse seeded @-@ top faced Butler , 2010 , 25 March On "," On March 25 , 2010 , Butler faced top @-@ seeded Syracuse . The Bulldogs got off to a good start , jumping out to a 12 – 1 lead and a 35 – 25 halftime advantage . Syracuse rallied in the second half , taking its first lead of the game , 40 – 39 , off a Wes Johnson three @-@ pointer . Stevens called timeout and Butler regained the lead on its next possession , stopping the run . At the 5 : 32 mark , Syracuse got a rare fast break opportunity that ended with a dunk and 54 – 50 lead . Stevens again called time out and re @-@ focused the team . Butler responded by holding Syracuse scoreless for the next 5 minutes , taking a 60 – 54 lead with 0 : 59 to go . Butler held on to win 63 – 59 , advancing to the Elite Eight for the first time in school history . " " . tournament the of images iconic the of one became that bump @-@ back flying a on connected Kampen Emerson forward on @-@ walk and Stevens , celebration game post the In . 56 – 63 game the won and way the of rest the 4 – 12 State Kansas outscored They . good for lead the regained Butler , possession ensuing the On . them told he "" , game your play Just . game your Play "" . team the focused @-@ re and out time called immediately Stevens . lead 51 – 52 a took and run 2 – 13 a on went State Kansas before , half second the of most for digits single upper the in lead the kept Butler . 20 – 27 trail to half first the in points 20 just scoring , start slow a to off got State Kansas , prior days two win 96 – 101 overtime double their of effects the feeling Perhaps . finals regional the in State Kansas seeded @-@ second met Bulldogs ' Stevens , later days Two "," Two days later , Stevens ' Bulldogs met second @-@ seeded Kansas State in the regional finals . Perhaps feeling the effects of their double overtime 101 – 96 win two days prior , Kansas State got off to a slow start , scoring just 20 points in the first half to trail 27 – 20 . Butler kept the lead in the upper single digits for most of the second half , before Kansas State went on a 13 – 2 run and took a 52 – 51 lead . Stevens immediately called time out and re @-@ focused the team . "" Play your game . Just play your game , "" he told them . On the ensuing possession , Butler regained the lead for good . They outscored Kansas State 12 – 4 the rest of the way and won the game 63 – 56 . In the post game celebration , Stevens and walk @-@ on forward Emerson Kampen connected on a flying back @-@ bump that became one of the iconic images of the tournament . " " . 1979 in began seeding since Four Final the make to ) 200 @,@ 4 enrollment ( school smallest the became Butler . 1973 in 32 age at appearance Four Final first his made Knight Bob since Four Final the to team a lead to coach youngest the , 33 age at , Stevens made win The . history League Horizon and school in appearance Four Final first the for Indianapolis to back trip a Bulldogs the earned win The "," The win earned the Bulldogs a trip back to Indianapolis for the first Final Four appearance in school and Horizon League history . The win made Stevens , at age 33 , the youngest coach to lead a team to the Final Four since Bob Knight made his first Final Four appearance at age 32 in 1973 . Butler became the smallest school ( enrollment 4 @,@ 200 ) to make the Final Four since seeding began in 1979 . " " . points 60 under opponents tournament straight five hold to season 86 – 1985 the for adopted was clock shot the since team first the became Butler . victory the seal to rebound the with down came Hayward . throw free second the missed intentionally Lucious , first the making After . pointer @-@ 3 tying game potentially a prevent to remaining seconds 2 with Lucious foul team his had Stevens , out time State Michigan a After . lead 49 – 52 a Butler giving , shots foul both hit Nored . foul to forced was and empty up came State Michigan , remaining seconds 30 under with 49 – 50 Trailing . 2 of 1 hitting , out run resulting the on fouled got Shawn and ball the stole Nored . screen a off Lucious onto switch , defender best 's team the , Nored Ronald had and call play the anticipated correctly Stevens . play a up set to out time a called State Michigan . Butler 44 – 47 was score the , game the in go to 45 : 2 With . sides both for defense tight by dominated was half second The . halftime at 28 at tied was game the and attitude "" up man next "" a with focused team the kept Stevens . half first the most sitting , trouble foul early in got Howard Matt and , lead 7 – 14 early an took State Michigan . finals @-@ semi national the in State Michigan with off faced Bulldogs Butler the and Stevens Brad , 3 April On "," On April 3 , Brad Stevens and the Butler Bulldogs faced off with Michigan State in the national semi @-@ finals . Michigan State took an early 14 – 7 lead , and Matt Howard got in early foul trouble , sitting most the first half . Stevens kept the team focused with a "" next man up "" attitude and the game was tied at 28 at halftime . The second half was dominated by tight defense for both sides . With 2 : 45 to go in the game , the score was 47 – 44 Butler . Michigan State called a time out to set up a play . Stevens correctly anticipated the play call and had Ronald Nored , the team 's best defender , switch onto Lucious off a screen . Nored stole the ball and Shawn got fouled on the resulting run out , hitting 1 of 2 . Trailing 50 – 49 with under 30 seconds remaining , Michigan State came up empty and was forced to foul . Nored hit both foul shots , giving Butler a 52 – 49 lead . After a Michigan State time out , Stevens had his team foul Lucious with 2 seconds remaining to prevent a potentially game tying 3 @-@ pointer . After making the first , Lucious intentionally missed the second free throw . Hayward came down with the rebound to seal the victory . Butler became the first team since the shot clock was adopted for the 1985 – 86 season to hold five straight tournament opponents under 60 points . " " . 32 – 33 at stood lead 's Duke , time half At . high season his tying , points half first 10 scored Jukes . Butler for big up came who Jukes Avery center backup on call to forced was Stevens , trouble foul in bench the on Nored Ronald and Howard Matt starters With . timeout a called Stevens . lead 20 – 26 a take to run 0 – 8 an on went Duke , half first the in Late . "" years in game championship awaited eagerly most the "" called Times York New The what in off faced Duke and Butler , 2010 , 5 April On "," On April 5 , 2010 , Butler and Duke faced off in what The New York Times called "" the most eagerly awaited championship game in years "" . Late in the first half , Duke went on an 8 – 0 run to take a 26 – 20 lead . Stevens called a timeout . With starters Matt Howard and Ronald Nored on the bench in foul trouble , Stevens was forced to call on backup center Avery Jukes who came up big for Butler . Jukes scored 10 first half points , tying his season high . At half time , Duke 's lead stood at 33 – 32 . " " . 59 – 61 margin final the making , expired time as court shot court @-@ half desperation a missed narrowly Hayward . remaining seconds 4 than less with fouled quickly was He . Duke for rebound the with down came Brian and jumper away @-@ fade baseline a missed Hayward , later timeout a and attempt inbounds failed A . play a up set to timeout a called Stevens and offense their initiate to unable was Butler . lead the retake to chance a got , remaining seconds 36 with shot jump Singler Kyle missed a after , and minute final the in point one to lead the cut Butler . Smith Nolan by throws free made two on lead 55 – 60 a took Duke , play to 16 : 3 With . lead substantial a taking team neither with , closely very played was half second The "," The second half was played very closely , with neither team taking a substantial lead . With 3 : 16 to play , Duke took a 60 – 55 lead on two made free throws by Nolan Smith . Butler cut the lead to one point in the final minute and , after a missed Kyle Singler jump shot with 36 seconds remaining , got a chance to retake the lead . Butler was unable to initiate their offense and Stevens called a timeout to set up a play . A failed inbounds attempt and a timeout later , Hayward missed a baseline fade @-@ away jumper and Brian came down with the rebound for Duke . He was quickly fouled with less than 4 seconds remaining . Hayward narrowly missed a desperation half @-@ court shot court as time expired , making the final margin 61 – 59 . " " . Marlin Bob by won was which , Award Year the of Man Prosser Skip the for finalist a also was He . respectively Dixon Jamie and Young Mike to losing , year consecutive third the for finalist Award Phelan Jim and Durham Hugh a both as named was Stevens . 31 age at Championship National 1940 the to Hoosiers Indiana the led who McCracken Branch behind , Game Championship National NCAA the in coach to coach head youngest @-@ second the became Stevens . 1970 in Jacksonville since Championship National a for play to school smallest the became Butler . history school in longest the , streak winning game @-@ 25 's Butler snapped loss The "," The loss snapped Butler 's 25 @-@ game winning streak , the longest in school history . Butler became the smallest school to play for a National Championship since Jacksonville in 1970 . Stevens became the second @-@ youngest head coach to coach in the NCAA National Championship Game , behind Branch McCracken who led the Indiana Hoosiers to the 1940 National Championship at age 31 . Stevens was named as both a Hugh Durham and Jim Phelan Award finalist for the third consecutive year , losing to Mike Young and Jamie Dixon respectively . He was also a finalist for the Skip Prosser Man of the Year Award , which was won by Bob Marlin . " " . record school the tying , weeks consecutive 19 for ranked was school The . history school in ranking highest the , Poll ' Coaches the in 2 # ranked year the finished Butler "," Butler finished the year ranked # 2 in the Coaches ' Poll , the highest ranking in school history . The school was ranked for 19 consecutive weeks , tying the school record . " " . added he "" , guy simple pretty a 'm I because , overwhelming little a been 's It "" "" . president the to talk to expect 't don you , up @-@ runner the are you If "" . said Stevens "" , surreal very been all 's It "" . 10 May on Chicago in game Marlins Florida vs. Cubs Chicago the before pitch first ceremonial the throw to invited was He . hook the off rang phone his and , world the around from letters fan received Stevens . % 67 up shot inquiries admissions Butler . appearance guest a for show his on Stevens had Letterman David . season 's Butler on him congratulate to Stevens called personally Obama Barack President . attention considerable attract to continued Butler and Stevens Brad , season 10 – 2009 the of end the After "," After the end of the 2009 – 10 season , Brad Stevens and Butler continued to attract considerable attention . President Barack Obama personally called Stevens to congratulate him on Butler 's season . David Letterman had Stevens on his show for a guest appearance . Butler admissions inquiries shot up 67 % . Stevens received fan letters from around the world , and his phone rang off the hook . He was invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch before the Chicago Cubs vs. Florida Marlins game in Chicago on May 10 . "" It 's all been very surreal , "" Stevens said . "" If you are the runner @-@ up , you don 't expect to talk to the president . "" "" It 's been a little overwhelming , because I 'm a pretty simple guy , "" he added . " " "" . opportunity coaching great a as humble remain you sure making and values core your to sticking and changing not of challenge new this at look I "" . university the or him spoil not better it said Stevens , things change would fame increased the if Asked . profile recruiting 's Butler increase helped also season 10 – 2009 The "," The 2009 – 10 season also helped increase Butler 's recruiting profile . Asked if the increased fame would change things , Stevens said it better not spoil him or the university . "" I look at this new challenge of not changing and sticking to your core values and making sure you remain humble as a great coaching opportunity . "" " " . seed 8 an received and , bid tournament NCAA automatic an secure to Tournament League Horizon the won then Bulldogs The . 5 – 13 at title conference the of share a winning up ended Butler , forward perimeter a as success 's Howard Matt and center at Smith Andrew of emergence the by Bolstered . record conference 5 – 6 a having and games straight three losing point one at , season the in early patch rough a through went Butler and Draft NBA the for early leave to chose Hayward , However "" . year next favorite a be 'll They ... 2 No. or 1 No. , there up right "" be would Butler saying , agreed Krzyzewski Mike coach Duke . season 2011 – 2010 the for third Butler had both game Championship 2010 the after shortly released Goodman Jeff ' Sports Fox and Katz Andy 's ESPN by Rankings "," Rankings by ESPN 's Andy Katz and Fox Sports ' Jeff Goodman released shortly after the 2010 Championship game both had Butler third for the 2010 – 2011 season . Duke coach Mike Krzyzewski agreed , saying Butler would be "" right up there , No. 1 or No. 2 ... They 'll be a favorite next year . "" However , Hayward chose to leave early for the NBA Draft and Butler went through a rough patch early in the season , at one point losing three straight games and having a 6 – 5 conference record . Bolstered by the emergence of Andrew Smith at center and Matt Howard 's success as a perimeter forward , Butler ended up winning a share of the conference title at 13 – 5 . The Bulldogs then won the Horizon League Tournament to secure an automatic NCAA tournament bid , and received an 8 seed . " " . Connecticut to time this , game championship national the in fell Bulldogs the , year consecutive second the For . game championship national consecutive second a to it make to 62 – 70 VCU team Cinderella fellow beat Butler , 2 April On . Four Final the to trips back @-@ to @-@ back earn to overtime in 71 – 74 Florida beat Bulldogs the , 2011 , 26 March On . Wisconsin defeated they when game next their won Butler . win the in points 30 scored Mack . finish dramatic a in Pitt beat to remaining second one than less a with throw free a hitting , game next their in clutch also was Howard . Howard by in @-@ tip second @-@ last a on advanced Butler , Dominion Old against up @-@ match round @-@ first a lose to many by Picked "," Picked by many to lose a first @-@ round match @-@ up against Old Dominion , Butler advanced on a last @-@ second tip @-@ in by Howard . Howard was also clutch in their next game , hitting a free throw with a less than one second remaining to beat Pitt in a dramatic finish . Mack scored 30 points in the win . Butler won their next game when they defeated Wisconsin . On March 26 , 2011 , the Bulldogs beat Florida 74 – 71 in overtime to earn back @-@ to @-@ back trips to the Final Four . On April 2 , Butler beat fellow Cinderella team VCU 70 – 62 to make it to a second consecutive national championship game . For the second consecutive year , the Bulldogs fell in the national championship game , this time to Connecticut . " " . figures seven low or six high the in estimated clause buyout a contains contract his and Butler at seasons three his of each after raise a received had Stevens . 000 @,@ 750 $ US at estimated was 10 – 2009 for compensation total His . coach basketball head I Division successful a for figure low relatively a , salary base in benefits plus 000 @,@ 395 $ US made previously had Stevens . prior days few a 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 1 $ US approximately to salary base ' Stevens increase to afford could university the that stated publicly had Fong Bobby president Butler , however ; disclosed not were contract the of terms Financial . season 22 – 2021 the through contract his extending , Butler with deal term @-@ long a signed Stevens , 2010 , 8 April On "," On April 8 , 2010 , Stevens signed a long @-@ term deal with Butler , extending his contract through the 2021 – 22 season . Financial terms of the contract were not disclosed ; however , Butler president Bobby Fong had publicly stated that the university could afford to increase Stevens ' base salary to approximately US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 a few days prior . Stevens had previously made US $ 395 @,@ 000 plus benefits in base salary , a relatively low figure for a successful Division I head basketball coach . His total compensation for 2009 – 10 was estimated at US $ 750 @,@ 000 . Stevens had received a raise after each of his three seasons at Butler and his contract contains a buyout clause estimated in the high six or low seven figures . " " "" . out me kicked they if guess I "" replied Stevens , Butler leave ever would he if asked When . said Stevens "" , Butler to loyal m ’ I , foremost and First "" . Butler leave to contracts dollar million @-@ multi Stevens offering in interested be to said all were Forest Wake and , Clemson , Oregon . job paying higher a for university the leave would he that speculation ended temporarily Stevens , Butler with signing @-@ re By "," By re @-@ signing with Butler , Stevens temporarily ended speculation that he would leave the university for a higher paying job . Oregon , Clemson , and Wake Forest were all said to be interested in offering Stevens multi @-@ million dollar contracts to leave Butler . "" First and foremost , I ’ m loyal to Butler , "" Stevens said . When asked if he would ever leave Butler , Stevens replied "" I guess if they kicked me out . "" " " . offer their declined he before vacancy coaching their fill to Illinois by vigorously pursued was Stevens , season 12 – 2011 the After "," After the 2011 – 12 season , Stevens was pursued vigorously by Illinois to fill their coaching vacancy before he declined their offer . " " . "" way right "" the program the running continue to university the of support the had he as long as leave to intentions no had and Butler at happy very was he that reiterated Stevens , later days few A "" . leaving 's he assume would people why understand 't doesn Brad "" said Stevens to close source a , situation the on Commenting . Butler at stayed Stevens and false proved rumors the ultimately but , UCLA with negotiations contract in was Stevens that circulated Rumors . Butler leave to year a million 3 $ and 5 @.@ 2 $ between Stevens offered reportedly UCLA , 2013 March In "," In March 2013 , UCLA reportedly offered Stevens between $ 2 @.@ 5 and $ 3 million a year to leave Butler . Rumors circulated that Stevens was in contract negotiations with UCLA , but ultimately the rumors proved false and Stevens stayed at Butler . Commenting on the situation , a source close to Stevens said "" Brad doesn 't understand why people would assume he 's leaving . "" A few days later , Stevens reiterated that he was very happy at Butler and had no intentions to leave as long as he had the support of the university to continue running the program the "" right way "" . " " . extension contract a received Stevens , 2016 , 1 June On . record 34 – 48 a with season the finishing Playoffs NBA 2016 the in seed 5th the as tenure his under appearance playoff consecutive second their to Celtics the led Stevens Brad , 2016 April In . February during played games for Month the of Coach Conference Eastern the named was Stevens , 2016 , 1 March On . Award Year the of Coach 's NBA the for voting in fourth finished Stevens that announced was it , 2015 , 21 April On . record 42 – 40 a with Conference Eastern the in seed 7th the as Playoffs NBA the to Celtics the led Stevens , 2015 April In . deal million 22 $ , year @-@ six a is contract new his that state Reports . Celtics Boston the by coach head the as signed was Stevens , 2013 , 3 July On "," On July 3 , 2013 , Stevens was signed as the head coach by the Boston Celtics . Reports state that his new contract is a six @-@ year , $ 22 million deal . In April 2015 , Stevens led the Celtics to the NBA Playoffs as the 7th seed in the Eastern Conference with a 40 – 42 record . On April 21 , 2015 , it was announced that Stevens finished fourth in voting for the NBA 's Coach of the Year Award . On March 1 , 2016 , Stevens was named the Eastern Conference Coach of the Month for games played during February . In April 2016 , Brad Stevens led the Celtics to their second consecutive playoff appearance under his tenure as the 5th seed in the 2016 NBA Playoffs finishing the season with a 48 – 34 record . On June 1 , 2016 , Stevens received a contract extension . " " . play bad a making for yanked being of fear in living not , confident be to players his wants Stevens , all Above . Graves Matthew coach assistant former to according , "" decibel louder little a at just , reinforcement positive "" with it does he , player a correct to need the feels Stevens occasion rare the On "" . game the win to going 're we and us loves he , us in believes he said he Then . words calm few a said and timeout a called Coach , came ] State Kansas and Syracuse by [ runs big those When "" , saying by run Four Final 2010 's Butler explained Willie player Butler . happened just what than rather "" play next the "" on focus to preferring , mistakes player or referees by calls bad about upset get not does He . arms folded with sideline the on observing quietly instead , emotional gets or voice his raises rarely He . games during focused and calm remaining always of strategy a developed he , Accordingly . himself told he "" , approach my of because game a lose to want t ’ don I "" . edge on plays that team a means coach nervous a while , situations game difficult in poised remain will that team a means coach calm a ; coach its of mood the reflect will play 's team a that decided He . it of because "" edge on played team our like felt "" and nervous was he , coach head as games first his of one in , Stevens to According "," According to Stevens , in one of his first games as head coach , he was nervous and "" felt like our team played on edge "" because of it . He decided that a team 's play will reflect the mood of its coach ; a calm coach means a team that will remain poised in difficult game situations , while a nervous coach means a team that plays on edge . "" I don ’ t want to lose a game because of my approach , "" he told himself . Accordingly , he developed a strategy of always remaining calm and focused during games . He rarely raises his voice or gets emotional , instead quietly observing on the sideline with folded arms . He does not get upset about bad calls by referees or player mistakes , preferring to focus on "" the next play "" rather than what just happened . Butler player Willie explained Butler 's 2010 Final Four run by saying , "" When those big runs [ by Syracuse and Kansas State ] came , Coach called a timeout and said a few calm words . Then he said he believes in us , he loves us and we 're going to win the game . "" On the rare occasion Stevens feels the need to correct a player , he does it with "" positive reinforcement , just at a little louder decibel "" , according to former assistant coach Matthew Graves . Above all , Stevens wants his players to be confident , not living in fear of being yanked for making a bad play . " " "" . careers college better having ’ players about arguing or two @-@ on @-@ two playing whether , constantly it into get would We . know I as guy a of competitive as about s ’ he but , coach cool and calm , headed @-@ level a as Brad sees Everyone "" says Cornette Joel player Former "" . you beat can he how about thinking always s ’ He . competitive fiercely s ’ he but , collected and calm s ’ He "" , adds Tracy wife His . says Stevens "" , thinks everybody as calm as not 'm I "" . it from far is he internally but , calm always is Stevens , Externally "," Externally , Stevens is always calm , but internally he is far from it . "" I 'm not as calm as everybody thinks , "" Stevens says . His wife Tracy adds , "" He ’ s calm and collected , but he ’ s fiercely competitive . He ’ s always thinking about how he can beat you . "" Former player Joel Cornette says "" Everyone sees Brad as a level @-@ headed , calm and cool coach , but he ’ s about as competitive of a guy as I know . We would get into it constantly , whether playing two @-@ on @-@ two or arguing about players ’ having better college careers . "" " " . time of ahead "" down broken are tendencies their all , opponents our about to need we everything know We "" : agrees Nored Ronald player Former "" . weaknesses ' opponents find to trends statistical at looking and tape down breaking on "" expert an Stevens calls Illustrated Sports . opponent 's game that to specific wrinkles new few a add to tries always and , game each for preparing time of lot a spends Stevens "," Stevens spends a lot of time preparing for each game , and always tries to add a few new wrinkles specific to that game 's opponent . Sports Illustrated calls Stevens an expert "" on breaking down tape and looking at statistical trends to find opponents ' weaknesses . "" Former player Ronald Nored agrees : "" We know everything we need to about our opponents , all their tendencies are broken down "" ahead of time . " " . play teams the analyze to statisticians of team a hire would he says Stevens , resources the had he If . staff the to Cannon Drew added he when research statistical for solely someone hire to coach college first the became Stevens , 2012 In . defense by fueled run March a on went ultimately and , season the throughout improved , message the got team The . "" country the in 20 top be will which defense percentage goal field percent 40 at be will we then , game a baskets less 3 up give we if , is it , defensively better get just not 's It ? mean really that does what But . go to want we where to get to acceptable 't isn This . are we where is ] percentage goal field defensive % 46 [ this "" : team his challenged Stevens , 2010 late in slumping was Butler when , example For . explains he , "" players your to communicate best help to able be may that game the at looking of way unique a 's it think I "" . film game watching as statistics at looking time much as almost spending , decisions coaching his enhance to analysis statistical using of proponent a is Stevens "," Stevens is a proponent of using statistical analysis to enhance his coaching decisions , spending almost as much time looking at statistics as watching game film . "" I think it 's a unique way of looking at the game that may be able to help best communicate to your players "" , he explains . For example , when Butler was slumping in late 2010 , Stevens challenged his team : "" this [ 46 % defensive field goal percentage ] is where we are . This isn 't acceptable to get to where we want to go . But what does that really mean ? It 's not just get better defensively , it is , if we give up 3 less baskets a game , then we will be at 40 percent field goal percentage defense which will be top 20 in the country "" . The team got the message , improved throughout the season , and ultimately went on a March run fueled by defense . In 2012 , Stevens became the first college coach to hire someone solely for statistical research when he added Drew Cannon to the staff . If he had the resources , Stevens says he would hire a team of statisticians to analyze the teams play . " " "" . defend and energy great with play , basketball the share we when floor the on it see can you but "" , says Stevens "" , define to easy 't isn ' Way Butler the ' players the tell I "" . team basketball great a into players basketball good of group a transform that things little the all doing – "" Way Butler The "" in believer strong a is Stevens , short In . says he , "" won are championships way the also 's It . boring 's It . focus our 's That . possession next the Win . game next the Win "" . says Stevens "" , else anything about worry 't don and ability your of best the to job the do to just "" is – life and – basketball to secret The . mistakes uncharacteristic into opponents forcing , defense their for known are teams His . skill basketball individual than rather , work team good and fundamentals basketball solid around built are teams ' Stevens "," Stevens ' teams are built around solid basketball fundamentals and good team work , rather than individual basketball skill . His teams are known for their defense , forcing opponents into uncharacteristic mistakes . The secret to basketball – and life – is "" just to do the job to the best of your ability and don 't worry about anything else , "" Stevens says . "" Win the next game . Win the next possession . That 's our focus . It 's boring . It 's also the way championships are won "" , he says . In short , Stevens is a strong believer in "" The Butler Way "" – doing all the little things that transform a group of good basketball players into a great basketball team . "" I tell the players ' the Butler Way ' isn 't easy to define , "" Stevens says , "" but you can see it on the floor when we share the basketball , play with great energy and defend . "" " " . professionally playing while degree his getting to committed was he if player "" done and one "" a recruit only would he said has and education on emphasis strong a puts Stevens "" . intangibles had all they But . players great as seen 't weren they other the or reason one for but , ) transfers ( places other at careers or careers school high good very had They "" . says Stevens "" , ranked highly very 't weren them of most , recruited ] have [ we guys The "" "" . recruits top "" after going of instead players team strong recruit to prefers Stevens "," Stevens prefers to recruit strong team players instead of going after "" top recruits . "" "" The guys we [ have ] recruited , most of them weren 't very highly ranked , "" Stevens says . "" They had very good high school careers or careers at other places ( transfers ) , but for one reason or the other they weren 't seen as great players . But they all had intangibles . "" Stevens puts a strong emphasis on education and has said he would only recruit a "" one and done "" player if he was committed to getting his degree while playing professionally . " " . "" money the about "" not and , modest , humble as described been has He . positions coaching open for name his leak to or , money more for posture to known been not has He . mentors his and , department athletic , players the to receives he praise the deflect to prefers instead He . promotion @-@ self in interested not is but , prodigy coaching a as to referred been often has Stevens "," Stevens has often been referred to as a coaching prodigy , but is not interested in self @-@ promotion . He instead prefers to deflect the praise he receives to the players , athletic department , and his mentors . He has not been known to posture for more money , or to leak his name for open coaching positions . He has been described as humble , modest , and not "" about the money "" . " " "" . play of style ] 's Butler [ enjoy much very and ] Stevens [ watching enjoy I "" , saying , agreed Wooden "" . sideline the on composed and calm – way Wooden the Butler at winning is Stevens Brad "" writing Wooden John coach legendary to Stevens compared Sports ! Yahoo "" . team his with ability communication and rapport great has he , Obviously "" . says Collier "" , strengths his to and personality his to coaches He "" . success 's team the to led has confidence resulting the that says and , "" easily rattle not do they and , opponents their for prepared well very are Bulldogs the "" , remarks Times The . style coaching ' Stevens to athletes superior with teams against success 's Butler attributed have commentators other and , ESPN , Today USA , Times York New The "," The New York Times , USA Today , ESPN , and other commentators have attributed Butler 's success against teams with superior athletes to Stevens ' coaching style . The Times remarks , "" the Bulldogs are very well prepared for their opponents , and they do not rattle easily "" , and says that the resulting confidence has led to the team 's success . "" He coaches to his personality and to his strengths , "" Collier says . "" Obviously , he has great rapport and communication ability with his team . "" Yahoo ! Sports compared Stevens to legendary coach John Wooden writing "" Brad Stevens is winning at Butler the Wooden way – calm and composed on the sideline . "" Wooden agreed , saying , "" I enjoy watching [ Stevens ] and very much enjoy [ Butler 's ] style of play . "" " " . agent 's Brad as serves also Tracy . lawyer employment and labor a as works Tracy . 2003 August in married couple the and , Indianapolis in school law of year final her finished She . Brad see to weekends on Indianapolis to school law 's Western Case from hours five driving , 2000 in school to returned She . 1999 in DePauw from and , 1995 in School High River Rocky from graduated Tracy . game basketball school high a attend to half a and hour an her drove he date third their on ; basketball for love 's Brad of learned quickly , DePauw for soccer played who , Tracy . University DePauw attending while , ) Wilhelmy née ( Tracy , wife his met Stevens "" . stuff this all over cake the take to going 're they , faith and family and Friends ... heck as happy as been have would I , same the remained else everything If "" replies he , coaching up taken never had he if like be would life his what Asked . sidelines the from look "" corporate "" , professional a projecting for known also is He . player a for mistaken been has he , occasion On "" . shaving start to time 's it if see to morning every mirror the checks he like looks Stevens "" , remarked commentator One . "" faced @-@ baby "" as described being often , looks youthful his for known is Stevens Brad "," Brad Stevens is known for his youthful looks , often being described as "" baby @-@ faced "" . One commentator remarked , "" Stevens looks like he checks the mirror every morning to see if it 's time to start shaving . "" On occasion , he has been mistaken for a player . He is also known for projecting a professional , "" corporate "" look from the sidelines . Asked what his life would be like if he had never taken up coaching , he replies "" If everything else remained the same , I would have been as happy as heck ... Friends and family and faith , they 're going to take the cake over all this stuff . "" Stevens met his wife , Tracy ( née Wilhelmy ) , while attending DePauw University . Tracy , who played soccer for DePauw , quickly learned of Brad 's love for basketball ; on their third date he drove her an hour and a half to attend a high school basketball game . Tracy graduated from Rocky River High School in 1995 , and from DePauw in 1999 . She returned to school in 2000 , driving five hours from Case Western 's law school to Indianapolis on weekends to see Brad . She finished her final year of law school in Indianapolis , and the couple married in August 2003 . Tracy works as a labor and employment lawyer . Tracy also serves as Brad 's agent . " " . 2016 , 17 January on service memorial the at eulogy the delivered Brad , Sam , widow 's Andrew of request the At . later week a than less died Smith ; cancer of dying was who teams Four Final 's Butler of both on player a , Smith Andrew with visit to 2016 January in Celtics the from leave game @-@ one a took notably he ; family basketball Butler the with touch close in remains Stevens . Jukes Avery player Butler former by run children Ugandan benefiting charity a , Kids for Foundation Jukes the to time his volunteered also has Stevens Brad . organization the for fundraiser a hosted they , appearance Four Final 2010 's Butler before day The . 2004 June in disease the of died mother 's Tracy after them for home hit really cause the that says Brad . Cancer . Vs Coaches 's Society Cancer American the with involved are Stevens Tracy and Brad "," Brad and Tracy Stevens are involved with the American Cancer Society 's Coaches Vs . Cancer . Brad says that the cause really hit home for them after Tracy 's mother died of the disease in June 2004 . The day before Butler 's 2010 Final Four appearance , they hosted a fundraiser for the organization . Brad Stevens has also volunteered his time to the Jukes Foundation for Kids , a charity benefiting Ugandan children run by former Butler player Avery Jukes . Stevens remains in close touch with the Butler basketball family ; he notably took a one @-@ game leave from the Celtics in January 2016 to visit with Andrew Smith , a player on both of Butler 's Final Four teams who was dying of cancer ; Smith died less than a week later . At the request of Andrew 's widow , Sam , Brad delivered the eulogy at the memorial service on January 17 , 2016 . " " . Butler at taught previously has She . professor university a is , Jan , mother His . player football Hoosiers Indiana former and Indianapolis in surgeon orthopedic an is , Mark , father ' Stevens "," Stevens ' father , Mark , is an orthopedic surgeon in Indianapolis and former Indiana Hoosiers football player . His mother , Jan , is a university professor . She has previously taught at Butler . " " ) 2009 ( finalist Award Year the of Coach Iba Henry "," Henry Iba Coach of the Year Award finalist ( 2009 ) " " ) 2010 , 2009 ( Year the of Coach League Horizon "," Horizon League Coach of the Year ( 2009 , 2010 ) " " ) 2010 , 2009 , 2008 ( finalist Year the of Coach major @-@ Mid for Award Durham Hugh "," Hugh Durham Award for Mid @-@ major Coach of the Year finalist ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) " " ) 2009 ( honors season @-@ Mid Award Durham Hugh "," Hugh Durham Award Mid @-@ season honors ( 2009 ) " " ) 2010 , 2009 , 2008 ( finalist Award Year the of Coach National Phelan Jim "," Jim Phelan National Coach of the Year Award finalist ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 ) " " ) 2010 ( finalist Award Year the of Man Prosser Skip "," Skip Prosser Man of the Year Award finalist ( 2010 ) " " . Shackleton Ernest explorer Antarctic after named is crater The . ice water of presence the indicate may which , crater the within hydrogen of amounts normal than higher showed spacecraft Prospector Lunar the by Measurements . Moon the on impacts comet during shed volatiles freeze and capture may that trap cold a as functions crater this of interior temperature @-@ low The . ) darkness eternal of Crater a ( shadow in perpetually is interior the while , sunlight continual almost to exposed are rim 's crater the along peaks The . Moon the of pole south the at lies that crater impact an is Shackleton "," Shackleton is an impact crater that lies at the south pole of the Moon . The peaks along the crater 's rim are exposed to almost continual sunlight , while the interior is perpetually in shadow ( a Crater of eternal darkness ) . The low @-@ temperature interior of this crater functions as a cold trap that may capture and freeze volatiles shed during comet impacts on the Moon . Measurements by the Lunar Prospector spacecraft showed higher than normal amounts of hydrogen within the crater , which may indicate the presence of water ice . The crater is named after Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton . " " . years billion two last the least at for pole lunar south the of proximity the in been has it and years billion 6 @.@ 3 about is crater the of age The . Earth the from ° 90 – 50 direction the toward ° 5 @.@ 1 about sloped is it and , rim the intersect craters significant No . impacted lightly only been has that rampart outer an has it and surface surrounding the about raised slightly is rim The . massif a on basin Aitken @-@ Pole South the within located is It . terrain cratered , rough of region a in on @-@ edge viewed is it , Earth the From . deep km 2 @.@ 4 and diameter in km 21 is crater The . center its from kilometers few a only , Shackleton within lies Moon the of axis rotational The "," The rotational axis of the Moon lies within Shackleton , only a few kilometers from its center . The crater is 21 km in diameter and 4 @.@ 2 km deep . From the Earth , it is viewed edge @-@ on in a region of rough , cratered terrain . It is located within the South Pole @-@ Aitken basin on a massif . The rim is slightly raised about the surrounding surface and it has an outer rampart that has been only lightly impacted . No significant craters intersect the rim , and it is sloped about 1 @.@ 5 ° toward the direction 50 – 90 ° from the Earth . The age of the crater is about 3 @.@ 6 billion years and it has been in the proximity of the south lunar pole for at least the last two billion years . " " . 1900s the since exist to predicted been have and light eternal of peaks termed been have mountains illuminated Continuously . Sun the to exposed orbit lunar each of % 90 – 80 about spending , sunlight by illuminated continually almost are crater the of rim the along Peaks . studies radar based @-@ Earth from obtained were shadow permanent in area the of Estimates . darkness perpetual in lies crater this of interior the , ecliptic the from ° 5 only tilted is Moon the of orbit the Because "," Because the orbit of the Moon is tilted only 5 ° from the ecliptic , the interior of this crater lies in perpetual darkness . Estimates of the area in permanent shadow were obtained from Earth @-@ based radar studies . Peaks along the rim of the crater are almost continually illuminated by sunlight , spending about 80 – 90 % of each lunar orbit exposed to the Sun . Continuously illuminated mountains have been termed peaks of eternal light and have been predicted to exist since the 1900s . " " . height in m 200 about is peak central The . thick m 400 to 300 is that feature like @-@ mound uneven an by covered is bottom The . meters hundred few a than more no span interior the along craters of handful The . floor diameter km 6 @.@ 6 a to down leads that slope ° 30 symmetrical a of consists crater the of interior The . rim the off reflected sunlight of illumination the using spacecraft SELENE Japanese the of Camera Terrain the with imaged was crater the of portion shadowed The "," The shadowed portion of the crater was imaged with the Terrain Camera of the Japanese SELENE spacecraft using the illumination of sunlight reflected off the rim . The interior of the crater consists of a symmetrical 30 ° slope that leads down to a 6 @.@ 6 km diameter floor . The handful of craters along the interior span no more than a few hundred meters . The bottom is covered by an uneven mound @-@ like feature that is 300 to 400 m thick . The central peak is about 200 m in height . " " . ice surface exposed no is there that suggesting , side @-@ far lunar the matches floor crater the of albedo surface the , However . surface the below or on frozen permanently lie would Moon the on impact cometary a following here arrives that vapor water Any . s / m 27 − 10 to 26 − 10 be would interior the in ice any from loss of rate estimated the , conditions these Under . floor crater the at K 88 reaching , K 90 about be to determined was temperature average the , Shackleton For K. 100 about exceeds never that temperature a maintain to formations these of floors the cause craters polar south the in shadows continuous The "," The continuous shadows in the south polar craters cause the floors of these formations to maintain a temperature that never exceeds about 100 K. For Shackleton , the average temperature was determined to be about 90 K , reaching 88 K at the crater floor . Under these conditions , the estimated rate of loss from any ice in the interior would be 10 − 26 to 10 − 27 m / s . Any water vapor that arrives here following a cometary impact on the Moon would lie permanently frozen on or below the surface . However , the surface albedo of the crater floor matches the lunar far @-@ side , suggesting that there is no exposed surface ice . " " . continent Antarctic the of explorers early other two after named , Scott and Amundsen craters larger the are , side near lunar the of hemisphere eastern the on , away farther Somewhat . and , Sverdrup , Gerlache de , Haworth , Shoemaker include note of craters Nearby . 1994 in Union Astronomical International the by adopted officially was name The . 1922 in death his until 1901 from Antarctica of explorer Irish @-@ Anglo an , Shackleton Henry Ernest after named was crater This "," This crater was named after Ernest Henry Shackleton , an Anglo @-@ Irish explorer of Antarctica from 1901 until his death in 1922 . The name was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1994 . Nearby craters of note include Shoemaker , Haworth , de Gerlache , Sverdrup , and . Somewhat farther away , on the eastern hemisphere of the lunar near side , are the larger craters Amundsen and Scott , named after two other early explorers of the Antarctic continent . " " . interior lunar the about information useful provide could properties its of exploration an and , deep kilometers 12 over is basin This . System Solar the in formations impact known largest the of one is which , basin Aitken @-@ Pole South immense the of rim the within entirely lies Shackleton . spacecraft orbiting of advent the until occur not did Moon the of and regions polar the of mapping Detailed . difficult observation making , Moon the of limb southern the along lies crater this , Earth the of perspective the From "," From the perspective of the Earth , this crater lies along the southern limb of the Moon , making observation difficult . Detailed mapping of the polar regions and of the Moon did not occur until the advent of orbiting spacecraft . Shackleton lies entirely within the rim of the immense South Pole @-@ Aitken basin , which is one of the largest known impact formations in the Solar System . This basin is over 12 kilometers deep , and an exploration of its properties could provide useful information about the lunar interior . " " . vapor water of quantities significant liberate to regolith the into enough deeply excavate not did crash the that possible is it , Alternatively . ice any contain not did site impact the that or , minerals hydrated of form the in not is hydrogen the that indication an be may this and , vapor water detectable any produce not did event impact The . vapor water containing plume generated @-@ impact an telescopes based @-@ Earth from detecting of hope the in Shoemaker crater nearby the into crashed was spacecraft the , 1999 July in mission this of end the At . Shackleton crater the including , poles lunar southern and northern the to close hydrogen of concentrations enhanced detected spacecraft Prospector Lunar the board on spectrometer neutron A "," A neutron spectrometer on board the Lunar Prospector spacecraft detected enhanced concentrations of hydrogen close to the northern and southern lunar poles , including the crater Shackleton . At the end of this mission in July 1999 , the spacecraft was crashed into the nearby crater Shoemaker in the hope of detecting from Earth @-@ based telescopes an impact @-@ generated plume containing water vapor . The impact event did not produce any detectable water vapor , and this may be an indication that the hydrogen is not in the form of hydrated minerals , or that the impact site did not contain any ice . Alternatively , it is possible that the crash did not excavate deeply enough into the regolith to liberate significant quantities of water vapor . " " ) . example for , ) crater lunar ( Shoemaker See ( . ice water of form the in possibly , hydrogen of deposits significant contain may and , older considerably are vicinity the in craters other However . formation its since volatiles of quantity significant a collected have not might floor interior the that possible is it , addition In . vehicle robotic a for difficult relatively sides the traversing make may which , steep relatively are sides inner the that mean may This . impacts subsequent from eroded significantly been not has that crater young a like much ; intact relatively be to appears Shackleton , edge crater the of images spacecraft and radar based @-@ Earth From "," From Earth @-@ based radar and spacecraft images of the crater edge , Shackleton appears to be relatively intact ; much like a young crater that has not been significantly eroded from subsequent impacts . This may mean that the inner sides are relatively steep , which may make traversing the sides relatively difficult for a robotic vehicle . In addition , it is possible that the interior floor might not have collected a significant quantity of volatiles since its formation . However other craters in the vicinity are considerably older , and may contain significant deposits of hydrogen , possibly in the form of water ice . ( See Shoemaker ( lunar crater ) , for example . ) " " . deposits ice water for evidence no show cm 13 of wavelength a at crater the of images Radar . community scientific the within upon agreed universally not is , however , interpretation This . mission Clementine the involving experiment radar a from suggested previously was as , deposits ice not and , roughness surface of result a are properties radar its that suggesting , blanket ejecta its in blocks of number significant a contain to appear surroundings the , particular In . craters sunlit some of those to characteristics reflective in similar are Shackleton of walls inner the that demonstrate mission Prospector Lunar the following and preceding studies Radar "," Radar studies preceding and following the Lunar Prospector mission demonstrate that the inner walls of Shackleton are similar in reflective characteristics to those of some sunlit craters . In particular , the surroundings appear to contain a significant number of blocks in its ejecta blanket , suggesting that its radar properties are a result of surface roughness , and not ice deposits , as was previously suggested from a radar experiment involving the Clementine mission . This interpretation , however , is not universally agreed upon within the scientific community . Radar images of the crater at a wavelength of 13 cm show no evidence for water ice deposits . " " . pixel per m 10 of resolution image the to down , ice water of amount significant of evidence any have not did It . 2007 in Kaguya spacecraft orbiter lunar Japanese the by time first the for done was crater the inside imaging Optical "," Optical imaging inside the crater was done for the first time by the Japanese lunar orbiter spacecraft Kaguya in 2007 . It did not have any evidence of significant amount of water ice , down to the image resolution of 10 m per pixel . " " . water for search to used be will which , spectrometer mass a and , system imaging video , altimeter radar a carried probe The . later minutes 25 surface the reached and spacecraft I @-@ Chandrayaan Indian the from launched was ) ( probe impact moon The . crater the near landing hard a made probe kg @-@ 34 a , 2008 , 15 November On "," On November 15 , 2008 , a 34 @-@ kg probe made a hard landing near the crater . The moon impact probe ( ) was launched from the Indian Chandrayaan @-@ I spacecraft and reached the surface 25 minutes later . The probe carried a radar altimeter , video imaging system , and a mass spectrometer , which will be used to search for water . " " . night lunar the during C ° 150 − as low as to , overhead is Sun the when C ° 100 of extremes temperature daily the experience not does it as latitudes equatorial more at than favorable more also is site this at temperature The . landings Moon future for locations good them making potentially , panels solar using electricity into conversion for available always almost is sunlight locales these At . illumination constant almost receive rim 's Shackleton along sites Some "," Some sites along Shackleton 's rim receive almost constant illumination . At these locales sunlight is almost always available for conversion into electricity using solar panels , potentially making them good locations for future Moon landings . The temperature at this site is also more favorable than at more equatorial latitudes as it does not experience the daily temperature extremes of 100 ° C when the Sun is overhead , to as low as − 150 ° C during the lunar night . " " . Earth the from directly deliver to expensive is that commodity a , form water in hydrogen of deposits for "" mined "" be potentially could floor crater the that suggests water of presence The . Moon the to missions future require will issue this of Resolution . surface the below depth with "" ore "" this of concentration the to as well as , ice of form the in is hydrogen the not or whether to as scientists among doubts are There . definitive from far is evidence current the , craters polar the in water of presence the indicate could Prospector Lunar and Clementine by performed experiments scientific While "," While scientific experiments performed by Clementine and Lunar Prospector could indicate the presence of water in the polar craters , the current evidence is far from definitive . There are doubts among scientists as to whether or not the hydrogen is in the form of ice , as well as to the concentration of this "" ore "" with depth below the surface . Resolution of this issue will require future missions to the Moon . The presence of water suggests that the crater floor could potentially be "" mined "" for deposits of hydrogen in water form , a commodity that is expensive to deliver directly from the Earth . " " . equipped suitably when station relay radio a as serve could which and , Earth the from visible perpetually is that peak a , Mountain tall km @-@ 5 the lies crater the from kilometers 120 About . observatory the to power continuous @-@ near provide could rim the along placed cells solar and , observations infrared for ideal it makes floor crater the of temperature low The . telescope infrared large a for site future a as proposed been also has crater This "," This crater has also been proposed as a future site for a large infrared telescope . The low temperature of the crater floor makes it ideal for infrared observations , and solar cells placed along the rim could provide near @-@ continuous power to the observatory . About 120 kilometers from the crater lies the 5 @-@ km tall Mountain , a peak that is perpetually visible from the Earth , and which could serve as a radio relay station when suitably equipped . " " . manufacture fuel for harvested be also could and consumption human for necessary water frozen the contain to believed are regions polar shadowed the , Furthermore . panels solar for energy provide would pole south the on sunlight perpetual as , residents lunar for sustainability @-@ self promote would location The . 2024 by crew a by staffed continuously and 2020 by running and up be to slated , outpost lunar its for candidate potential a as Shackleton of rim the named has NASA "," NASA has named the rim of Shackleton as a potential candidate for its lunar outpost , slated to be up and running by 2020 and continuously staffed by a crew by 2024 . The location would promote self @-@ sustainability for lunar residents , as perpetual sunlight on the south pole would provide energy for solar panels . Furthermore , the shadowed polar regions are believed to contain the frozen water necessary for human consumption and could also be harvested for fuel manufacture . " " . redemption and , liberation @-@ self , materialism , beauty , sexuality , love paternal and , romantic of explorations 's film the on focused has analysis ; satisfaction personal and beauty of notions class @-@ middle American of satire a as academics by described is film The . feature also Janney Allison and , Cooper Chris , Bentley Wes . Jane , daughter insecure their plays Birch Thora and , Carolyn , wife materialistic 's Lester as stars @-@ co Bening Annette . ) Suvari Mena ( Angela , friend best 's daughter teenaged his with infatuated becomes he when crisis midlife a has who executive advertising old @-@ year @-@ 42 a , Burnham Lester as stars Spacey Kevin . Ball Alan by written and Mendes Sam by directed film drama American 1999 a is Beauty American "," American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball . Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham , a 42 @-@ year @-@ old advertising executive who has a midlife crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughter 's best friend , Angela ( Mena Suvari ) . Annette Bening co @-@ stars as Lester 's materialistic wife , Carolyn , and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter , Jane . Wes Bentley , Chris Cooper , and Allison Janney also feature . The film is described by academics as a satire of American middle @-@ class notions of beauty and personal satisfaction ; analysis has focused on the film 's explorations of romantic , and paternal love , sexuality , beauty , materialism , self @-@ liberation , and redemption . " " . opportunity the down turned directors "" list @-@ A "" several and considered were others 20 after job the given only , nevertheless , was Mendes , Cabaret and ! Oliver musicals the of productions successful his after courted ; debut film ' Mendes director theater acclaimed marked Beauty American . distributor American North its as served and production million 15 $ the financed DreamWorks . bodies production other several outbidding , 000 @,@ 250 $ for script 's Ball bought studio film fledgling @-@ then the ; DreamWorks to Beauty American took Cohen Bruce and Jinks Dan Producers . sitcoms several for writing tenures frustrating 's Ball by influenced was that outlook cynical a had script modified The . industry film the into break to attempting when 1997 in idea the revived Ball , screenwriter television a as years several After . stage on work not would story the realizing after play the shelved He . 1992 in trial Fisher Amy the around circus media the by inspired partly , 1990s early the in play a as Beauty American writing began Ball "," Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s , partly inspired by the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial in 1992 . He shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage . After several years as a television screenwriter , Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry . The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Ball 's frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms . Producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks ; the then @-@ fledgling film studio bought Ball 's script for $ 250 @,@ 000 , outbidding several other production bodies . DreamWorks financed the $ 15 million production and served as its North American distributor . American Beauty marked acclaimed theater director Mendes ' film debut ; courted after his successful productions of the musicals Oliver ! and Cabaret , Mendes was , nevertheless , only given the job after 20 others were considered and several "" A @-@ list "" directors turned down the opportunity . " " . script the than tone cynical less a film the gave that changes several made Mendes , editing During . events screen @-@ on turbulent the with contrast to compositions shot peaceful with style ' Mendes complemented Hall Conrad Cinematographer . tension generate to zooms and pans slow and shots static of use extensive made he ; composed and deliberate was style dominant ' Mendes . Angeles Los in location on and , California , Burbank in backlot Bros. Warner the at soundstages on 1999 February and 1998 December between place took photography Principal . knowledge ' DreamWorks without Bening to part the offered Mendes until Carolyn of role the for actors several suggested studio the , similarly ; actors known @-@ better consider to director the urged had DreamWorks though , Lester of role the for choice first ' Mendes was Spacey "," Spacey was Mendes ' first choice for the role of Lester , though DreamWorks had urged the director to consider better @-@ known actors ; similarly , the studio suggested several actors for the role of Carolyn until Mendes offered the part to Bening without DreamWorks ' knowledge . Principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and on location in Los Angeles . Mendes ' dominant style was deliberate and composed ; he made extensive use of static shots and slow pans and zooms to generate tension . Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes ' style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on @-@ screen events . During editing , Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script . " " . acting and , writing , direction the for mainly , honors and awards other many won and for nominated was It . Cinematography Best and , Screenplay Original Best , ) Spacey for ( Actor Best , Director Best , Picture Best won film the , year following the Awards Academy 72nd the at ; success Award Academy of chances 's film the increase to campaign major a launched DreamWorks . setting and characters the of familiarity the on focused criticism ; Ball and , Spacey , Mendes on emphasis particular with , production the of aspects most praised Reviewers . worldwide million 356 $ over grossed and year the of film American reviewed @-@ best the was it ; audiences and critics by received positively was Beauty American , 1999 , 17 September on America North in Released "," Released in North America on September 17 , 1999 , American Beauty was positively received by critics and audiences ; it was the best @-@ reviewed American film of the year and grossed over $ 356 million worldwide . Reviewers praised most aspects of the production , with particular emphasis on Mendes , Spacey , and Ball ; criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting . DreamWorks launched a major campaign to increase the film 's chances of Academy Award success ; at the 72nd Academy Awards the following year , the film won Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( for Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay , and Best Cinematography . It was nominated for and won many other awards and honors , mainly for the direction , writing , and acting . " " "" . face your in it rub to have faggots these why "" Ricky asks angrily Fitts Col. homophobic the ; neighborhood the to family the welcome , nearby live who couple gay a , Berkley Jim and Jim . hospital psychiatric a to him committed briefly and school military a to Ricky sent previously who disciplinarian strict a is Fitts Col. . dealing marijuana secret his for front a as serves caterer bar time @-@ part a as job His . bedroom his in videotapes on recordings of hundreds collecting , camcorder a with surroundings his films constantly , Ricky , son teenaged Their . Barbara , wife catatonic @-@ near his and Fitts Frank Colonel Corps Marine States United retired are neighbors new ' Burnhams The . esteem @-@ self low has and parents her abhors , Jane , daughter teenaged their ; broker estate real ambitious fiercely yet neurotic a , Carolyn to married unhappily is He . job his despises who writer magazine and executive advertising aged @-@ middle a is Burnham Lester "," Lester Burnham is a middle @-@ aged advertising executive and magazine writer who despises his job . He is unhappily married to Carolyn , a neurotic yet fiercely ambitious real estate broker ; their teenaged daughter , Jane , abhors her parents and has low self @-@ esteem . The Burnhams ' new neighbors are retired United States Marine Corps Colonel Frank Fitts and his near @-@ catatonic wife , Barbara . Their teenaged son , Ricky , constantly films his surroundings with a camcorder , collecting hundreds of recordings on videotapes in his bedroom . His job as a part @-@ time bar caterer serves as a front for his secret marijuana dealing . Col. Fitts is a strict disciplinarian who previously sent Ricky to a military school and briefly committed him to a psychiatric hospital . Jim and Jim Berkley , a gay couple who live nearby , welcome the family to the neighborhood ; the homophobic Col. Fitts angrily asks Ricky "" why these faggots have to rub it in your face . "" " " . wind the in blown being bag plastic a : filmed has he imagery beautiful most the considers Ricky what over bond Ricky and Jane . Ricky with relationship a starts Jane after wanes friendship ' girls The . Ricky by supplied marijuana smoking begins He . shape in got he if attractive sexually him find would she that Jane tell Angela overhears he after out working starts and , Firebird Pontiac 1970 a , car dream his for Camry Toyota his in trades , restaurant food @-@ fast a at job wage @-@ minimum a takes Lester . job his quits and 000 @,@ 60 $ for him blackmails instead Lester , off laid be to is he that him tells , Brad , boss 's Lester When . Kane Buddy , rival business married her with affair an begins Carolyn . motif recurring a are petals rose red which in , Angela about fantasies sexual having starts He . game basketball school high a at routine dance time @-@ half a perform her seeing after , Hayes Angela , friend vain 's Jane with infatuated becomes Lester "," Lester becomes infatuated with Jane 's vain friend , Angela Hayes , after seeing her perform a half @-@ time dance routine at a high school basketball game . He starts having sexual fantasies about Angela , in which red rose petals are a recurring motif . Carolyn begins an affair with her married business rival , Buddy Kane . When Lester 's boss , Brad , tells him that he is to be laid off , Lester instead blackmails him for $ 60 @,@ 000 and quits his job . Lester takes a minimum @-@ wage job at a fast @-@ food restaurant , trades in his Toyota Camry for his dream car , a 1970 Pontiac Firebird , and starts working out after he overhears Angela tell Jane that she would find him sexually attractive if he got in shape . He begins smoking marijuana supplied by Ricky . The girls ' friendship wanes after Jane starts a relationship with Ricky . Jane and Ricky bond over what Ricky considers the most beautiful imagery he has filmed : a plastic bag being blown in the wind . " " . ordinary and , boring , ugly is she that Angela assures and City York New to him with flee to Jane convinces Ricky . Lester with flirtation 's Angela about Angela with arguing her finding , bedroom 's Jane to goes Ricky . victim a being not about talks radio the on voice a while box glove the of out gun a taking , rain the in car her in sitting is Carolyn , Meanwhile . home their of out him kicking into father his goads and charges the admits falsely Ricky . gay being of him accuses and affair supposed the for Ricky beats and confronts later He . involved sexually is pair the concludes mistakenly colonel the , window garage 's Lester through Lester and Ricky on spying After . gay is Ricky that believe to him leading , chance by captured Ricky which , nude while weights lifting Lester of footage 's son his finds he when friendship 's Ricky and Lester of suspicious becomes Fitts Col. . divorce expensive an fearing , affair the ends Buddy . indifferently reacts but , infidelity 's Carolyn discovers Lester "," Lester discovers Carolyn 's infidelity , but reacts indifferently . Buddy ends the affair , fearing an expensive divorce . Col. Fitts becomes suspicious of Lester and Ricky 's friendship when he finds his son 's footage of Lester lifting weights while nude , which Ricky captured by chance , leading him to believe that Ricky is gay . After spying on Ricky and Lester through Lester 's garage window , the colonel mistakenly concludes the pair is sexually involved . He later confronts and beats Ricky for the supposed affair and accuses him of being gay . Ricky falsely admits the charges and goads his father into kicking him out of their home . Meanwhile , Carolyn is sitting in her car in the rain , taking a gun out of the glove box while a voice on the radio talks about not being a victim . Ricky goes to Jane 's bedroom , finding her arguing with Angela about Angela 's flirtation with Lester . Ricky convinces Jane to flee with him to New York City and assures Angela that she is ugly , boring , and ordinary . " " . kiss they and , does He . beautiful is she her tell to him asks she ; dark the in alone sitting Angela distraught a finds Lester "" ! victim a be to refuse I "" , shouting , handbag her in gun the puts Carolyn . flees tearfully who , colonel the rebuffs Lester ; him kiss to attempts and Lester confronts Fitts Col. "," Col. Fitts confronts Lester and attempts to kiss him ; Lester rebuffs the colonel , who tearfully flees . Carolyn puts the gun in her handbag , shouting , "" I refuse to be a victim ! "" Lester finds a distraught Angela sitting alone in the dark ; she asks him to tell her she is beautiful . He does , and they kiss . " " . world the in "" beauty much so "" is there because happy is he , death his despite , that says he ; life his during experiences meaningful describes narration closing 's Lester . collection his from missing be to shown is gun a where , home returns Fitts Col. bloodied A . closet the in crying down breaks Carolyn while , body 's Lester find Jane and Ricky . wall the on sprays blood and , sounds gunshot a , head his of back the to gun a raises figure unseen An . kitchen his in photograph family a at smiles Lester and bathroom the to goes Angela . frustrations shared their over bond pair the and her comforts instead He . mind his changes Lester and , virgin a is she that admits she , sex have to about are Angela and Lester as Just . Lester to confession a rehearsing , rain the through drives Carolyn "," Carolyn drives through the rain , rehearsing a confession to Lester . Just as Lester and Angela are about to have sex , she admits that she is a virgin , and Lester changes his mind . He instead comforts her and the pair bond over their shared frustrations . Angela goes to the bathroom and Lester smiles at a family photograph in his kitchen . An unseen figure raises a gun to the back of his head , a gunshot sounds , and blood sprays on the wall . Ricky and Jane find Lester 's body , while Carolyn breaks down crying in the closet . A bloodied Col. Fitts returns home , where a gun is shown to be missing from his collection . Lester 's closing narration describes meaningful experiences during his life ; he says that , despite his death , he is happy because there is "" so much beauty "" in the world . " " . "" cutting and inserting , disagreeing and agreeing , production its into put people of hundreds that "" energy creative the is controller true 's film the , Booth to According . "" center elusive the for probe to forgotten have "" Beauty American interpret who those , says Booth "" , 's author original the on intruding voices innumerable "" With . optimistic more something into script his of tone cynical the transformed that ones particularly , vision his from deviations accept to had often he , set on "" influential strongly "" was writer the while even but , 's Ball be to voice the considers Mendes . Ball nor Mendes neither is it , case 's Beauty American in that contends He . "" choices the of all ] unites [ "" who voice controlling a — center its finding of that with tied is film the interpreting of problem the that argues He "" . live should one how or is life what about statements philosophical 's Ricky or Lester either with summarized be cannot It . mores our with disgust 's Ball and , horror and cruelty of scenes the down plays that but , ' misdeeds and miseries American underlying beauty the of portrait a ' as it summarize to tempting more is It . beauty of celebration the down plays that ; ' life American with wrong 's what on satire a is here ' as summarized adequately be cannot ] Beauty American [ "" : interpretation one any resists film the that concludes Booth C. Wayne author and critic literary The "" . sad , angry was it ; funny was It . beauty ] and [ , loneliness ] ... [ , imprisonment about was it ] ... [ ; stories love of series a , suburbia American through journey kaleidoscopic a , story mystery a "" : it read he time each different something about be to seemed script the saying , indecisive is Mendes . filmmakers the even by categorization defied has film the , "" suburbs American the of existence hollow the "" or "" life of meaning the "" about as many by Described . it of interpretations their as , film the of quality the about much so not , divided similarly are critics film ; Beauty American of readings possible many offered have academics and Scholars "," Scholars and academics have offered many possible readings of American Beauty ; film critics are similarly divided , not so much about the quality of the film , as their interpretations of it . Described by many as about "" the meaning of life "" or "" the hollow existence of the American suburbs "" , the film has defied categorization by even the filmmakers . Mendes is indecisive , saying the script seemed to be about something different each time he read it : "" a mystery story , a kaleidoscopic journey through American suburbia , a series of love stories ; [ ... ] it was about imprisonment , [ ... ] loneliness , [ and ] beauty . It was funny ; it was angry , sad . "" The literary critic and author Wayne C. Booth concludes that the film resists any one interpretation : "" [ American Beauty ] cannot be adequately summarized as ' here is a satire on what 's wrong with American life ' ; that plays down the celebration of beauty . It is more tempting to summarize it as ' a portrait of the beauty underlying American miseries and misdeeds ' , but that plays down the scenes of cruelty and horror , and Ball 's disgust with our mores . It cannot be summarized with either Lester or Ricky 's philosophical statements about what life is or how one should live . "" He argues that the problem of interpreting the film is tied with that of finding its center — a controlling voice who "" [ unites ] all of the choices "" . He contends that in American Beauty 's case , it is neither Mendes nor Ball . Mendes considers the voice to be Ball 's , but even while the writer was "" strongly influential "" on set , he often had to accept deviations from his vision , particularly ones that transformed the cynical tone of his script into something more optimistic . With "" innumerable voices intruding on the original author 's , "" Booth says , those who interpret American Beauty "" have forgotten to probe for the elusive center "" . According to Booth , the film 's true controller is the creative energy "" that hundreds of people put into its production , agreeing and disagreeing , inserting and cutting "" . " " . "" him of ahead life whole his see "" could he when point a to regress to him allows which , outlet food @-@ fast a at job a takes he ; "" existence suburban materialist numbingly , banal "" his question must he that sees and attainable is Angela that convinced is Lester , "" confidence profound , attractive "" 's Ricky by Changed . Carolyn against rebel to begins he and released is spirit his , Ricky with joint a shares Lester After . "" despise to come has he life comfortable the of responsibilities the off ] throw [ "" to begins he as points turning several of first the is Angela meeting through reawakening sexual His . center 's story the is journey 's Lester that argues Pennington W. Jody author and academic The . "" out crossed nearly ] and [ confined "" , monitor computer a on numbers of columns behind reflected is he when as such , frames within or bars behind confined is Lester where many of first the is shot the and cell jail a evokes stall shower the ; shower his of confines the in masturbates He . "" him please hardly that rituals reiterating "" , trapped if as framed often is he , scenes these In . clothing characterless and workplace nondescript , gray his through established is existence 's Lester of monotony The . imprisonment from escape and imprisonment about film passage of rite a Beauty American called Mendes "," Mendes called American Beauty a rite of passage film about imprisonment and escape from imprisonment . The monotony of Lester 's existence is established through his gray , nondescript workplace and characterless clothing . In these scenes , he is often framed as if trapped , "" reiterating rituals that hardly please him "" . He masturbates in the confines of his shower ; the shower stall evokes a jail cell and the shot is the first of many where Lester is confined behind bars or within frames , such as when he is reflected behind columns of numbers on a computer monitor , "" confined [ and ] nearly crossed out "" . The academic and author Jody W. Pennington argues that Lester 's journey is the story 's center . His sexual reawakening through meeting Angela is the first of several turning points as he begins to "" [ throw ] off the responsibilities of the comfortable life he has come to despise "" . After Lester shares a joint with Ricky , his spirit is released and he begins to rebel against Carolyn . Changed by Ricky 's "" attractive , profound confidence "" , Lester is convinced that Angela is attainable and sees that he must question his "" banal , numbingly materialist suburban existence "" ; he takes a job at a fast @-@ food outlet , which allows him to regress to a point when he could "" see his whole life ahead of him "" . " " . expected least is it where found is beauty that : film the of "" theme the of culmination the "" is eyes dead 's Lester into staring 's Ricky that said Mendes . Ricky and Jane by discovered is body His . death 's Lester of peace the reflects pan slow the ; out rings gunshot a as blood which onto , wall kitchen the to Lester from slowly pans camera the , photo family a at smiles he As . closure achieves Lester , again age his act to begun Having . "" fate his meet to "" walks he which down hallway a facing stops then , him toward pushes camera the , refrigerator the from beer a gets Lester After . "" quest mythical "" a of conclusion the at Lester show to intended Mendes , scenes final these With . "" been have possibly could there journey ] 's Lester [ to end satisfying most the "" it called Mendes . "" up her wraps "" and close her holds He . daughter a as but , object sex a as her of thinks longer no he , virginity her confesses she after ; sex have almost he and Angela when comes point turning final His . "" daughter and mother of voices the ] respects only [ that home a in voice a regain "" to trying is Lester , "" others in investments superficial "" 's Carolyn and issue the confronting By . her about thinks he what aloud says he time first the is intimacy of lack their about retort angry his , Carolyn by masturbating caught is Lester When "," When Lester is caught masturbating by Carolyn , his angry retort about their lack of intimacy is the first time he says aloud what he thinks about her . By confronting the issue and Carolyn 's "" superficial investments in others "" , Lester is trying to "" regain a voice in a home that [ only respects ] the voices of mother and daughter "" . His final turning point comes when Angela and he almost have sex ; after she confesses her virginity , he no longer thinks of her as a sex object , but as a daughter . He holds her close and "" wraps her up "" . Mendes called it "" the most satisfying end to [ Lester 's ] journey there could possibly have been "" . With these final scenes , Mendes intended to show Lester at the conclusion of a "" mythical quest "" . After Lester gets a beer from the refrigerator , the camera pushes toward him , then stops facing a hallway down which he walks "" to meet his fate "" . Having begun to act his age again , Lester achieves closure . As he smiles at a family photo , the camera pans slowly from Lester to the kitchen wall , onto which blood as a gunshot rings out ; the slow pan reflects the peace of Lester 's death . His body is discovered by Jane and Ricky . Mendes said that Ricky 's staring into Lester 's dead eyes is "" the culmination of the theme "" of the film : that beauty is found where it is least expected . " " "" . rebel a as sympathetically themselves present to enough sly and , choose to enough wealthy those to open always is renunciation and denial through ' self ' individual an finding of luxury the that being premise underlying the ] ... [ ; preoccupation bourgeois of cliché "" a is approach this that and , classes middle the to primarily nonconformity of message its direct to trappings "" house art "" its uses Beauty American that argues R. Sally author and academic feminist The . couples heterosexual in criticizes film the that "" sameness numbing the in ] invest [ "" who , "" bourgeois gay "" of satire a are , neighbors other ' Burnhams the , Jim and Jim . in fit to want just characters gay the even ; it want and need people that deny not does but , conformity against case the argues film The . "" lives meaningful more ] lead [ "" to audience its instructs Beauty American , Magnolia and , Dead the Out Bringing , Club Fight as such — 1999 of films American other Like "," Like other American films of 1999 — such as Fight Club , Bringing Out the Dead , and Magnolia , American Beauty instructs its audience to "" [ lead ] more meaningful lives "" . The film argues the case against conformity , but does not deny that people need and want it ; even the gay characters just want to fit in . Jim and Jim , the Burnhams ' other neighbors , are a satire of "" gay bourgeois "" , who "" [ invest ] in the numbing sameness "" that the film criticizes in heterosexual couples . The feminist academic and author Sally R. argues that American Beauty uses its "" art house "" trappings to direct its message of nonconformity primarily to the middle classes , and that this approach is a "" cliché of bourgeois preoccupation ; [ ... ] the underlying premise being that the luxury of finding an individual ' self ' through denial and renunciation is always open to those wealthy enough to choose , and sly enough to present themselves sympathetically as a rebel . "" " " "" . salvation their for designated have culture their and they that ] ... [ stereotypes sexual and economic the of face the in helpless are they "" that argues Anker . happiness them give to "" beauty American of rudiments "" the expect who "" ethically consumers devout and , philosophically materialists "" are they that unaware are Burnhams The . "" Eden or , Pleasantville of vision millennial American fetching "" a is domain 's Carolyn , outfit gardening and car her to bliss domestic "" beautiful house "" in belief her from ; happiness of views conventional by driven similarly is Carolyn . "" wholeness personal to route sensible a as sexuality male pubescent of exaltation 's media popular the of devotee willing "" a remains therefore he ; Angela with sex of possibility the of because about comes only transformation 's Lester Even . satisfaction and beauty , meaning of notions class middle American satirizes Beauty American , death and rebirth , life 's Lester of examination this Through . "" issues philosophical its and film the view to "" aside it put to audience the allows film the , mystery the to resolution early an presenting by says she ; disagrees Hall C. Ann Professor . mystery further adds — father her killing his of possibility the about Ricky with discussion 's Jane — scene preceding the believes Anker "" . die will or — died has Lester how of question the also is There ? alive being of year last his about tell to wishes he is it whatever with bother why , dead already 's he If ? story this telling he is , being of state what from and , exactly place what from "" , asks Anker ; mysteries of series a sets also It . them around beauty the and mortality own their consider to audiences forcing , die soon will he that admission narrated 's Lester with neighborhood ' Burnhams the of viewpoint unfamiliar an combines opening The . "" closer look "" to audience the to direction its is center thematic 's film the that argues Anker M. Roy Professor "," Professor Roy M. Anker argues that the film 's thematic center is its direction to the audience to "" look closer "" . The opening combines an unfamiliar viewpoint of the Burnhams ' neighborhood with Lester 's narrated admission that he will soon die , forcing audiences to consider their own mortality and the beauty around them . It also sets a series of mysteries ; Anker asks , "" from what place exactly , and from what state of being , is he telling this story ? If he 's already dead , why bother with whatever it is he wishes to tell about his last year of being alive ? There is also the question of how Lester has died — or will die . "" Anker believes the preceding scene — Jane 's discussion with Ricky about the possibility of his killing her father — adds further mystery . Professor Ann C. Hall disagrees ; she says by presenting an early resolution to the mystery , the film allows the audience to put it aside "" to view the film and its philosophical issues "" . Through this examination of Lester 's life , rebirth and death , American Beauty satirizes American middle class notions of meaning , beauty and satisfaction . Even Lester 's transformation only comes about because of the possibility of sex with Angela ; he therefore remains a "" willing devotee of the popular media 's exaltation of pubescent male sexuality as a sensible route to personal wholeness "" . Carolyn is similarly driven by conventional views of happiness ; from her belief in "" house beautiful "" domestic bliss to her car and gardening outfit , Carolyn 's domain is a "" fetching American millennial vision of Pleasantville , or Eden "" . The Burnhams are unaware that they are "" materialists philosophically , and devout consumers ethically "" who expect the "" rudiments of American beauty "" to give them happiness . Anker argues that "" they are helpless in the face of the economic and sexual stereotypes [ ... ] that they and their culture have designated for their salvation . "" " " . is it as world the seen finally has he — "" gratitude shaking @-@ soul and , joy , wonder "" with him infuses that epiphany an had having dies and , times happier in family his of picture a at looks He . "" are they creatures wondrous but fragile and poor the for "" family his and , Angela , himself sees Lester , so doing in ; daughter a as her treat to begins he , child a with confronted Suddenly . virginity her admits she after himself to returns he , Angela with sex having of cusp the On . end 's film the at satisfaction personal only Lester . world the of view 's Ricky to closer move Burnhams the , progresses film the As . God see to "" world created the of splendor radiant the ] grasped [ "" has , "" dross cultural "" the past looking in , Ricky that argues Anker "" . in cave to going is heart my and ... it take 't can I like feel I world the in beauty much so 's there sometimes "" that feels he ; "" things behind life entire an "" was there that realized he when was moment the capturing says He . wall a of front in wind the in tossing , bag plastic a : filmed has he thing beautiful most the considers he what Jane shows He . it missing of fear for can he as much as , life everyday of minutiae the in beauty sees He . "" center mystical and spiritual ] ... [ , visionary "" its as Ricky presents film The "," The film presents Ricky as its "" visionary , [ ... ] spiritual and mystical center "" . He sees beauty in the minutiae of everyday life , as much as he can for fear of missing it . He shows Jane what he considers the most beautiful thing he has filmed : a plastic bag , tossing in the wind in front of a wall . He says capturing the moment was when he realized that there was "" an entire life behind things "" ; he feels that "" sometimes there 's so much beauty in the world I feel like I can 't take it ... and my heart is going to cave in . "" Anker argues that Ricky , in looking past the "" cultural dross "" , has "" [ grasped ] the radiant splendor of the created world "" to see God . As the film progresses , the Burnhams move closer to Ricky 's view of the world . Lester only personal satisfaction at the film 's end . On the cusp of having sex with Angela , he returns to himself after she admits her virginity . Suddenly confronted with a child , he begins to treat her as a daughter ; in doing so , Lester sees himself , Angela , and his family "" for the poor and fragile but wondrous creatures they are "" . He looks at a picture of his family in happier times , and dies having had an epiphany that infuses him with "" wonder , joy , and soul @-@ shaking gratitude "" — he has finally seen the world as it is . " " . wall the on blood his and shot is Lester when unprepared audience the leaves it , consequently ; it to used becoming into "" subliminally ] audience the [ lulls "" red of use constant The . feels Lester release the to contrast deliberate a is that crescendo a to building , red of use the and rain by expressed is film the of end the at epiphany 's Lester . shot the of out — Carolyn thus and — roses the taking finally , closer get Angela and Lester as in pushes camera the ; Carolyn and life previous 's Lester symbolize scene seduction Lester – Angela the in vase the in roses The . die to begin and "" beauty for makes what of vision meretricious "" her adorn they where , vases in them puts and roses the cuts She . "" well is all , roses be can there as long as "" that feels Carolyn . "" reality unbeautiful , bleak a covering mask a "" signify they where , home ' Burnhams the inside shot every almost in included are Roses . "" success suburban for façade "" a represents rose the , Carolyn with associated When . her for desire 's Lester symbolizes rose the , scenes these In . petals rose by surrounded and naked usually is she , Angela about fantasizes Lester when ; symbol as used repeatedly is rose Beauty American The . individuality his regains he as red with himself surrounds Lester , passivity his reflect that colors drab in seen First . "" arc 's Lester ] defines [ "" and story the drives that signature thematic important an is which , red than so more none , film the throughout symbolically used are colors , Patti to According "," According to Patti , colors are used symbolically throughout the film , none more so than red , which is an important thematic signature that drives the story and "" [ defines ] Lester 's arc "" . First seen in drab colors that reflect his passivity , Lester surrounds himself with red as he regains his individuality . The American Beauty rose is repeatedly used as symbol ; when Lester fantasizes about Angela , she is usually naked and surrounded by rose petals . In these scenes , the rose symbolizes Lester 's desire for her . When associated with Carolyn , the rose represents a "" façade for suburban success "" . Roses are included in almost every shot inside the Burnhams ' home , where they signify "" a mask covering a bleak , unbeautiful reality "" . Carolyn feels that "" as long as there can be roses , all is well "" . She cuts the roses and puts them in vases , where they adorn her "" meretricious vision of what makes for beauty "" and begin to die . The roses in the vase in the Angela – Lester seduction scene symbolize Lester 's previous life and Carolyn ; the camera pushes in as Lester and Angela get closer , finally taking the roses — and thus Carolyn — out of the shot . Lester 's epiphany at the end of the film is expressed by rain and the use of red , building to a crescendo that is a deliberate contrast to the release Lester feels . The constant use of red "" lulls [ the audience ] subliminally "" into becoming used to it ; consequently , it leaves the audience unprepared when Lester is shot and his blood on the wall . " " . "" interrogation @-@ self anguished "" an but , homophobic not is reaction ' Fitts Col. that argues Pennington "" . of ashamed be to anything 's it like feel 't don they — Dad , thing the 's That "" , replies Ricky which To "" ? shameless so be they can How ? face your in it rub to have always faggots these come How "" , asks he ; Jim and Jim meeting to disgust with reacts Fitts Col. . her to attraction 's Lester is friend her over has she power only the until weakened has Jane on hold 's Angela , film the of end the By . vulnerability their communicate to used are scenes nude Their . other each address girls the way the and encounters sexual supposed her of descriptions 's Angela through , sex reference constantly Angela and Jane . car her in music the "" with along happily ] sings [ "" who soul carefree more a to "" perfectionist cold "" from her takes that affair an has Carolyn , frustrated sexually Also . contact sexual of lack their through shown part in is Carolyn with relationship his of state the and , Angela for lust his of result direct a are youth his relive to attempts 's Lester . sexuality their through characters its defines Beauty American that argues Pennington "," Pennington argues that American Beauty defines its characters through their sexuality . Lester 's attempts to relive his youth are a direct result of his lust for Angela , and the state of his relationship with Carolyn is in part shown through their lack of sexual contact . Also sexually frustrated , Carolyn has an affair that takes her from "" cold perfectionist "" to a more carefree soul who "" [ sings ] happily along with "" the music in her car . Jane and Angela constantly reference sex , through Angela 's descriptions of her supposed sexual encounters and the way the girls address each other . Their nude scenes are used to communicate their vulnerability . By the end of the film , Angela 's hold on Jane has weakened until the only power she has over her friend is Lester 's attraction to her . Col. Fitts reacts with disgust to meeting Jim and Jim ; he asks , "" How come these faggots always have to rub it in your face ? How can they be so shameless ? "" To which Ricky replies , "" That 's the thing , Dad — they don 't feel like it 's anything to be ashamed of . "" Pennington argues that Col. Fitts ' reaction is not homophobic , but an "" anguished self @-@ interrogation "" . " " . "" again father a becoming his toward step necessary nearly but misguided a "" is Angela toward behavior 's Lester that concludes Hausmann . "" Club Fight like films in celebrated implicitly figure the "" become not does he , positively role that to returns Lester way the portrays film the Although . father a as responsibilities his with conflict "" masculinity traditional strengthen "" to attempts 's Lester . emasculated being for stand not will he and "" ] being of lack [ of brunt the borne has , woman the not and , he that "" conveys transformation 's Lester . "" ' deviant ' deemed "" maleness of aspects "" privilege to even and , on focus "" to need a present films these , "" challenges queer and feminist by and , consumerism by , war by posed threats against "" masculinity of reinforcement their in that charges Hausmann Vincent Professor . "" crisis in masculinity of issue explored widely , broader the raises "" Beauty American , ) 1999 ( Cry 't Don Boys and , ) 2000 ( Psycho American , ) 1997 ( Men of Company the In , Club Fight as such films millennium @-@ the @-@ of @-@ turn other With "," With other turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ millennium films such as Fight Club , In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) , American Psycho ( 2000 ) , and Boys Don 't Cry ( 1999 ) , American Beauty "" raises the broader , widely explored issue of masculinity in crisis "" . Professor Vincent Hausmann charges that in their reinforcement of masculinity "" against threats posed by war , by consumerism , and by feminist and queer challenges "" , these films present a need to "" focus on , and even to privilege "" aspects of maleness "" deemed ' deviant ' "" . Lester 's transformation conveys "" that he , and not the woman , has borne the brunt of [ lack of being ] "" and he will not stand for being emasculated . Lester 's attempts to "" strengthen traditional masculinity "" conflict with his responsibilities as a father . Although the film portrays the way Lester returns to that role positively , he does not become "" the figure implicitly celebrated in films like Fight Club "" . Hausmann concludes that Lester 's behavior toward Angela is "" a misguided but nearly necessary step toward his becoming a father again "" . " " . "" fantasies incest @-@ patriarchal own 's Ball of deferment "" possible a as reads which , homosexual as him revealing delay to Fitts Col. rewrote Ball . unhappiness own his to led desires homosexual repressed whose , father 's Ball represents Fitts Col. . fantasy his of limits the and responsibilities his of him reminds Lester to submission and vulnerability 's Angela while , homosexual is he him telling falsely by father his hurt only can he that realizes Ricky , Consequently . Ricky controls he which with discipline sexualized almost the through exhibited is repression ' Fitts Col. while , daughter own his for lust his of manifestation a is Angela of pursuit 's Lester : desires incestuous unfulfilled two implies film The "" . do can ] they [ what about and repression and fear in based is homophobia how about part in is movie The "" , said Ball . Lester murder to him drives it that homosexuality his of ashamed so is Fitts Col. . violence to lead can repression their how at looks Beauty American , distinction overt an making of Instead . homosexuality and incest against taboos the of comparison his is work 's Ball of theme recurring a ; "" incest against prohibition the upholding of importance the affirms explicitly "" film the says Hausmann "," Hausmann says the film "" explicitly affirms the importance of upholding the prohibition against incest "" ; a recurring theme of Ball 's work is his comparison of the taboos against incest and homosexuality . Instead of making an overt distinction , American Beauty looks at how their repression can lead to violence . Col. Fitts is so ashamed of his homosexuality that it drives him to murder Lester . Ball said , "" The movie is in part about how homophobia is based in fear and repression and about what [ they ] can do . "" The film implies two unfulfilled incestuous desires : Lester 's pursuit of Angela is a manifestation of his lust for his own daughter , while Col. Fitts ' repression is exhibited through the almost sexualized discipline with which he controls Ricky . Consequently , Ricky realizes that he can only hurt his father by falsely telling him he is homosexual , while Angela 's vulnerability and submission to Lester reminds him of his responsibilities and the limits of his fantasy . Col. Fitts represents Ball 's father , whose repressed homosexual desires led to his own unhappiness . Ball rewrote Col. Fitts to delay revealing him as homosexual , which reads as a possible "" deferment of Ball 's own patriarchal @-@ incest fantasies "" . " " . moment vulnerable a at Ricky films Jane which in scene "" exhibitionist and voyeuristic "" similarly a for later reversed is image the and , bra her removes she as window bedroom his from Jane films Ricky . other each film Ricky and Jane which in scenes of pair the is example Another . assertiveness found @-@ new 's Lester by on brought dynamic changed the reflect that language body and placement object in differences minor with , similar broadly is image Each . angle same the from shot , meal evening an to down sitting Burnhams the have scenes two , example For . structure 's film the of core the forms "" repetition of rhythm "" a that argues . "" time of ocean an like forever on stretches "" it that but , eyes his before flash not did life that claim 's Lester citing , "" time all ] or [ time no ] ... [ occupies "" plot the that says Jacqueline . death his of moment the at Lester by narrated is film the , year one spans plot the Although . story the of middle the from Ricky and Jane of scene opening displaced the with deviating only , structure narrative traditional a follows Beauty American "," American Beauty follows a traditional narrative structure , only deviating with the displaced opening scene of Jane and Ricky from the middle of the story . Although the plot spans one year , the film is narrated by Lester at the moment of his death . Jacqueline says that the plot "" occupies [ ... ] no time [ or ] all time "" , citing Lester 's claim that life did not flash before his eyes , but that it "" stretches on forever like an ocean of time "" . argues that a "" rhythm of repetition "" forms the core of the film 's structure . For example , two scenes have the Burnhams sitting down to an evening meal , shot from the same angle . Each image is broadly similar , with minor differences in object placement and body language that reflect the changed dynamic brought on by Lester 's new @-@ found assertiveness . Another example is the pair of scenes in which Jane and Ricky film each other . Ricky films Jane from his bedroom window as she removes her bra , and the image is reversed later for a similarly "" voyeuristic and exhibitionist "" scene in which Jane films Ricky at a vulnerable moment . " " . time teleological and "" Broadway On "" of reintroduction sudden the with ends sequence The . Angela at staring are score the and Lester that so , cue visual a like used is music The . "" instant an like feels nonetheless that ' now ' infinite potentially a , duration enormous an into out stretched present single a "" imparts that music as Kramer Jonathan theorist music and composer the by described , "" time vertical "" to likens Link Stan that one is effect The . length indeterminate an to stretched is that Lester for moment a conveys it ; sequence the in stasis narrative the creating to important is score nondiegetic This . progression or melody lacks that music percussive , discordant by replaced is — action onscreen the to underscore conventional a provides which — "" Broadway On "" . alone him for is performance 's Angela that fantasize to begins Lester and "" hypnosis voyeuristic "" his represent to slows Time . Angela on fixated increasingly becomes Lester , "" Broadway On "" to routine time @-@ half their perform cheerleaders the While . Angela with encounter first 's Lester — scene gymnasium the is example One . fantasy a entering is it that aware audience the make to alters score the and , sequences several in cutbacks triple @-@ and @-@ double uses Mendes ; shots motion @-@ repetitive and by emphasized are fantasies 's Lester "," Lester 's fantasies are emphasized by and repetitive @-@ motion shots ; Mendes uses double @-@ and @-@ triple cutbacks in several sequences , and the score alters to make the audience aware that it is entering a fantasy . One example is the gymnasium scene — Lester 's first encounter with Angela . While the cheerleaders perform their half @-@ time routine to "" On Broadway "" , Lester becomes increasingly fixated on Angela . Time slows to represent his "" voyeuristic hypnosis "" and Lester begins to fantasize that Angela 's performance is for him alone . "" On Broadway "" — which provides a conventional underscore to the onscreen action — is replaced by discordant , percussive music that lacks melody or progression . This nondiegetic score is important to creating the narrative stasis in the sequence ; it conveys a moment for Lester that is stretched to an indeterminate length . The effect is one that Stan Link likens to "" vertical time "" , described by the composer and music theorist Jonathan Kramer as music that imparts "" a single present stretched out into an enormous duration , a potentially infinite ' now ' that nonetheless feels like an instant "" . The music is used like a visual cue , so that Lester and the score are staring at Angela . The sequence ends with the sudden reintroduction of "" On Broadway "" and teleological time . " " . "" self public false a developed willfully has , wife his like , who girl breasted @-@ small , timid the "" reveal to away burns it as — "" ' Beauty American ' the of exterior driven @-@ fantasy , rosy the "" — Angela of view 's Lester for metaphor a as seen be can , "" burning castles "" of speak which , lyrics The . stops seduction the as clashes tone its , appropriate first At . Lester of seduction 's Angela during plays which , "" Down You Bring It Let 't Don "" is exception The . visuals the of tension the matches that "" tempo disturbing a "" creating , prominently more features score 's Newman Thomas , film the of end the Toward . "" closer look viewers that encouragement ] 's film the [ on good making "" , work at element parodic a is there , familiar over be may some although that argues Miller . "" music popular American of history the through progress "" choices song ' Mendes . music rock to listen and cannabis smoke to begins Lester , drugs and music through repression American combated 1960s the of counterculture the how of reminiscent ; youth his recapture to attempts 's Lester "" to context gives and accompanies "" music pop of use obvious most The . subtext the complements and psyches ' characters the to "" voice unconscious ] gives [ "" soundtrack the , Stylus of Miller Drew to According "," According to Drew Miller of Stylus , the soundtrack "" [ gives ] unconscious voice "" to the characters ' psyches and complements the subtext . The most obvious use of pop music "" accompanies and gives context to "" Lester 's attempts to recapture his youth ; reminiscent of how the counterculture of the 1960s combated American repression through music and drugs , Lester begins to smoke cannabis and listen to rock music . Mendes ' song choices "" progress through the history of American popular music "" . Miller argues that although some may be over familiar , there is a parodic element at work , "" making good on [ the film 's ] encouragement that viewers look closer "" . Toward the end of the film , Thomas Newman 's score features more prominently , creating "" a disturbing tempo "" that matches the tension of the visuals . The exception is "" Don 't Let It Bring You Down "" , which plays during Angela 's seduction of Lester . At first appropriate , its tone clashes as the seduction stops . The lyrics , which speak of "" castles burning "" , can be seen as a metaphor for Lester 's view of Angela — "" the rosy , fantasy @-@ driven exterior of the ' American Beauty ' "" — as it burns away to reveal "" the timid , small @-@ breasted girl who , like his wife , has willfully developed a false public self "" . " " . Beauty American writing into — Cybill and Fire Under Grace on tenures his during and — show that on demands network to accede to having at frustration and anger his channeled He . Up Grow , Oh , sitcom television another created Ball , script the developing While . passion most the had Ball which for one the was it felt he because Beauty American selected , concept marketable easily an of lack 's story the Despite . 1990s early the in play a as conceived originally had he which , Beauty American and comedies romantic conventional two : to ideas three pitched Ball . "" screenwriter a as town the to ] himself [ reintroduce "" to script spec a write he suggested , Andrew , representative his where , Agency Talent United the joined He . Cybill and Fire Under Grace sitcoms television the for writing years frustrating several after industry film the into move to resolved Ball Alan , 1997 In "," In 1997 , Alan Ball resolved to move into the film industry after several frustrating years writing for the television sitcoms Grace Under Fire and Cybill . He joined the United Talent Agency , where his representative , Andrew , suggested he write a spec script to "" reintroduce [ himself ] to the town as a screenwriter "" . Ball pitched three ideas to : two conventional romantic comedies and American Beauty , which he had originally conceived as a play in the early 1990s . Despite the story 's lack of an easily marketable concept , selected American Beauty because he felt it was the one for which Ball had the most passion . While developing the script , Ball created another television sitcom , Oh , Grow Up . He channeled his anger and frustration at having to accede to network demands on that show — and during his tenures on Grace Under Fire and Cybill — into writing American Beauty . " " . million 8 – 6 $ for film the make to planned DreamWorks . Entertainment Lakeshore and , Mayer @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Metro , Films October , Pictures Searchlight Fox outbidding , 000 @,@ 250 $ for outright it bought studio the , 1998 April in , instead ; script the option to not decided DreamWorks , move unusual an In . "" out ] edges [ the iron "" not would it that — fare conventional more its for time the at known — studio the from assurances received he ; DreamWorks at project the develop to convinced was Ball , partner studio as capacity his in Spielberg Steven and , Cooper Bob and Williamson Glenn executives of help the With . DreamWorks to it took who , Cohen Bruce and Jinks Dan including , producers several to script the passed . bodies production several from interest drew Beauty American but , card calling a of more as act would it believing , script the sell to expect not did Ball "," Ball did not expect to sell the script , believing it would act as more of a calling card , but American Beauty drew interest from several production bodies . passed the script to several producers , including Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen , who took it to DreamWorks . With the help of executives Glenn Williamson and Bob Cooper , and Steven Spielberg in his capacity as studio partner , Ball was convinced to develop the project at DreamWorks ; he received assurances from the studio — known at the time for its more conventional fare — that it would not "" iron the [ edges ] out "" . In an unusual move , DreamWorks decided not to option the script ; instead , in April 1998 , the studio bought it outright for $ 250 @,@ 000 , outbidding Fox Searchlight Pictures , October Films , Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , and Lakeshore Entertainment . DreamWorks planned to make the film for $ 6 – 8 million . " " . Beauty American consider to him encouraged Spielberg , Cabaret and ! Oliver of productions ' Mendes by impressed ; Spielberg with met later Mendes . childhood own his with parallels as well as , Beauty American in theme same the saw he and landscape mythic a as America contemporary presented ) 1984 ( Texas , Paris film the how by inspired been had he , career his in early ; make to wanted he one the was it that immediately knew and , house 's Swofford at scripts eight of pile a in Beauty American across came Mendes . possibility a was direction film if see to Angeles Los in figures studio with Mendes for meetings arranged Agency Artists Creative the of Swofford Beth . Marshall Rob director fellow with York New in Cabaret musical the revived ) director theater a then ( Mendes , year same the In . accepted neither ; Zemeckis Robert and Nichols Mike to film the offered studio the , Nevertheless . "" content the about nervous "" become to DreamWorks lead and budget the increase would involvement their believed he because directors known @-@ well more the on keen not was Ball . time the at "" list @-@ A "" considered were whom of several , directors interested 20 about with met producers The . selection director and casting including , development 's film the throughout Ball involved Cohen and Jinks "," Jinks and Cohen involved Ball throughout the film 's development , including casting and director selection . The producers met with about 20 interested directors , several of whom were considered "" A @-@ list "" at the time . Ball was not keen on the more well @-@ known directors because he believed their involvement would increase the budget and lead DreamWorks to become "" nervous about the content "" . Nevertheless , the studio offered the film to Mike Nichols and Robert Zemeckis ; neither accepted . In the same year , Mendes ( then a theater director ) revived the musical Cabaret in New York with fellow director Rob Marshall . Beth Swofford of the Creative Artists Agency arranged meetings for Mendes with studio figures in Los Angeles to see if film direction was a possibility . Mendes came across American Beauty in a pile of eight scripts at Swofford 's house , and knew immediately that it was the one he wanted to make ; early in his career , he had been inspired by how the film Paris , Texas ( 1984 ) presented contemporary America as a mythic landscape and he saw the same theme in American Beauty , as well as parallels with his own childhood . Mendes later met with Spielberg ; impressed by Mendes ' productions of Oliver ! and Cabaret , Spielberg encouraged him to consider American Beauty . " " . film the direct to Mendes contracted had it that confirmed DreamWorks , 1998 June In . 000 @,@ 38 $ earned only he , commission 's agent his and taxes after that recalled later and , accepted Mendes . 000 @,@ 150 $ — rules America of Guild Directors under allowed salary minimum the for direct to deal a with Mendes approached soon studio The . studio the to himself pitched Mendes — alone Cooper with second the , MacDonald Laurie and , Parkes Walter , Cooper with first the — meetings two Over . production theater a in has usually playwright the role prominent the of because , him reassured also background ' Mendes . Beauty American of themes the with fit good a be would felt he talent a , surface 's story the under look to liked Mendes that felt Ball . choices obvious make not did he thought and "" sense visual keen "" ' Mendes with impressed was he , Cabaret seen having ; keen also was Ball . him supported they felt and , Cohen and Jinks with film the discussed already had He . direct him let to executives production ' DreamWorks convince to had still he that found Mendes "," Mendes found that he still had to convince DreamWorks ' production executives to let him direct . He had already discussed the film with Jinks and Cohen , and felt they supported him . Ball was also keen ; having seen Cabaret , he was impressed with Mendes ' "" keen visual sense "" and thought he did not make obvious choices . Ball felt that Mendes liked to look under the story 's surface , a talent he felt would be a good fit with the themes of American Beauty . Mendes ' background also reassured him , because of the prominent role the playwright usually has in a theater production . Over two meetings — the first with Cooper , Walter Parkes , and Laurie MacDonald , the second with Cooper alone — Mendes pitched himself to the studio . The studio soon approached Mendes with a deal to direct for the minimum salary allowed under Directors Guild of America rules — $ 150 @,@ 000 . Mendes accepted , and later recalled that after taxes and his agent 's commission , he only earned $ 38 @,@ 000 . In June 1998 , DreamWorks confirmed that it had contracted Mendes to direct the film . " " . roles larger much had instead Jim and Jim ; strongly feature not did Carolyn but , version this in appeared characters main the All . stage a on done be not could it , "" personal intensely "" .. was story 's character each because and , themes visual the of because that felt He . film a as better work would it realized he when stopped but , pages 40 around produced Ball . play a into idea the turn to attempted and , public the to presented story the than "" tragic more way and fascinating more ] was that [ underneath story real a was there like felt "" he said He . commercialized become had it quickly how by struck was he , scandal the of telling book comic a Discovering . trial Fisher Amy the around circus media the with preoccupied became Ball , 1992 In . "" response emotional unexpected "" an provoked it that later saying , minutes 10 for bag the watched He . Center Trade World the outside wind the in blowing bag plastic a saw Ball , 92 – 1991 about In . 1990s early the in had he encounters two by inspired partly was Ball "," Ball was partly inspired by two encounters he had in the early 1990s . In about 1991 – 92 , Ball saw a plastic bag blowing in the wind outside the World Trade Center . He watched the bag for 10 minutes , saying later that it provoked an "" unexpected emotional response "" . In 1992 , Ball became preoccupied with the media circus around the Amy Fisher trial . Discovering a comic book telling of the scandal , he was struck by how quickly it had become commercialized . He said he "" felt like there was a real story underneath [ that was ] more fascinating and way more tragic "" than the story presented to the public , and attempted to turn the idea into a play . Ball produced around 40 pages , but stopped when he realized it would work better as a film . He felt that because of the visual themes , and because each character 's story was .. "" intensely personal "" , it could not be done on a stage . All the main characters appeared in this version , but Carolyn did not feature strongly ; Jim and Jim instead had much larger roles . " " . alone appeared they if than impact more trait each giving , contrast starker a produced juxtaposition the said He . life on outlook own his from unconsciously came it that but , intentional not was drama and comedy of mix 's script the said Ball . "" himself be to chance his up gave "" who man a , Fitts Col. create to idea the used and homosexual was father his suspected Ball . experiences childhood own 's Ball reflect household 's Ricky in Scenes . respect not did he people for hated he jobs in work to passions his aside put Ball , Lester like ; 30s @-@ mid his in had Ball feelings parallels life his of examination @-@ re 's Lester . life own his of aspects on story 's Lester based Ball "," Ball based Lester 's story on aspects of his own life . Lester 's re @-@ examination of his life parallels feelings Ball had in his mid @-@ 30s ; like Lester , Ball put aside his passions to work in jobs he hated for people he did not respect . Scenes in Ricky 's household reflect Ball 's own childhood experiences . Ball suspected his father was homosexual and used the idea to create Col. Fitts , a man who "" gave up his chance to be himself "" . Ball said the script 's mix of comedy and drama was not intentional , but that it came unconsciously from his own outlook on life . He said the juxtaposition produced a starker contrast , giving each trait more impact than if they appeared alone . " " . subtext was drafts later in remained that all though , Fitts Col. to happened what know to benefit own his for it write to had he said Ball . Lester at pass later ' Fitts Col. from surprise of element the removed it because and — flashback a have to character only the was Fitts Col. — film the of rest the of structure the fit not did it because sequence the removed Ball . gay being of "" sin "" the for punished being is he that believe to comes and die man the sees Fitts Col. , Marine another with love In . leanings homosexual his established unequivocally that sequence a , Marines the in service ' Fitts Col. to flashback a included also drafts Early . hired been had director a before script the to changes make to inappropriate be would it felt they as , away right scene the alter to not Ball asked Cohen and Jinks . redemption achieve to — journey emotional his complete to Angela with sex refuse to needed Lester that idea the to him blinded had draft first the writing when anger his said later Ball . "" occurs tragedy ] ... [ before epiphany of moment a has "" hero the , mythology Greek in that indicating by Ball convinced He . Parkes Walter president @-@ then ' DreamWorks from came scene the alter to impetus final the ; puritanical being were they feeling , script the change he that others from counsel rebuffed initially Ball . version final the to scene the rewritten had Ball , shooting of time the by ; sex had Angela and Lester , directors and actors prospective to sent was that script the In "," In the script that was sent to prospective actors and directors , Lester and Angela had sex ; by the time of shooting , Ball had rewritten the scene to the final version . Ball initially rebuffed counsel from others that he change the script , feeling they were being puritanical ; the final impetus to alter the scene came from DreamWorks ' then @-@ president Walter Parkes . He convinced Ball by indicating that in Greek mythology , the hero "" has a moment of epiphany before [ ... ] tragedy occurs "" . Ball later said his anger when writing the first draft had blinded him to the idea that Lester needed to refuse sex with Angela to complete his emotional journey — to achieve redemption . Jinks and Cohen asked Ball not to alter the scene right away , as they felt it would be inappropriate to make changes to the script before a director had been hired . Early drafts also included a flashback to Col. Fitts ' service in the Marines , a sequence that unequivocally established his homosexual leanings . In love with another Marine , Col. Fitts sees the man die and comes to believe that he is being punished for the "" sin "" of being gay . Ball removed the sequence because it did not fit the structure of the rest of the film — Col. Fitts was the only character to have a flashback — and because it removed the element of surprise from Col. Fitts ' later pass at Lester . Ball said he had to write it for his own benefit to know what happened to Col. Fitts , though all that remained in later drafts was subtext . " " . through @-@ read first the before more twice and , actors the to sent was it before twice script the revised Mendes and Ball . ) "" Editing "" see ( writing of time the at "" cynicism and anger "" his of reflection a were they saying , unnecessary were scenes the felt later writer the ; production @-@ post in excised were — Fitts Col. by framed being after murder 's Lester for prosecuted are Jane and Ricky which in — scenes bookend original His . filming of days two but all for script his interpret help to and rewrites for set @-@ on was Ball . Beauty American to close be to off year a take to producers his from permission get to had so , deal development show television a signed had he ; production throughout involved remained Ball "," Ball remained involved throughout production ; he had signed a television show development deal , so had to get permission from his producers to take a year off to be close to American Beauty . Ball was on @-@ set for rewrites and to help interpret his script for all but two days of filming . His original bookend scenes — in which Ricky and Jane are prosecuted for Lester 's murder after being framed by Col. Fitts — were excised in post @-@ production ; the writer later felt the scenes were unnecessary , saying they were a reflection of his "" anger and cynicism "" at the time of writing ( see "" Editing "" ) . Ball and Mendes revised the script twice before it was sent to the actors , and twice more before the first read @-@ through . " " . drafts 10 through been had script the , filming of end the By . Angela with going of instead Ricky with home walk to chooses she that in Jane for "" point turning "" a presents it , schoolyard a in set ; sequence freeway the of loss the accommodate to rewritten was scene Another "" . line the is that , movie this of soul and heart the is line one any If ] ... [ ' ! movie the in scenes important most the of one 's It . mind fucking your of out 're You ' , said I . important not 's it said They . scene that cut to wanted They "" , said Ball "" . Beauty "" : Ricky "" ? see you do what And "" : asks Jane "" . back right look can you , careful 're you if And . second a for just , you at right looking is God like 's it , that like something see you When "" : woman homeless dead a seen once having on reflects he where 's Ricky of line a retain could scene the if only but , agreed Ball . available was day a half only but , crash the filming spent be to days two for called schedule The . costs cut to needed they and schedule behind was production the as , decision practical a was change The . body dead a see and crash car a witness three the which in "" freeway a on scene big "" a as it set which , versions earlier from differed scene the ; beauty and death about talk Jane and Ricky which in car 's Angela in scene a features script shooting The "," The shooting script features a scene in Angela 's car in which Ricky and Jane talk about death and beauty ; the scene differed from earlier versions , which set it as a "" big scene on a freeway "" in which the three witness a car crash and see a dead body . The change was a practical decision , as the production was behind schedule and they needed to cut costs . The schedule called for two days to be spent filming the crash , but only half a day was available . Ball agreed , but only if the scene could retain a line of Ricky 's where he reflects on having once seen a dead homeless woman : "" When you see something like that , it 's like God is looking right at you , just for a second . And if you 're careful , you can look right back . "" Jane asks : "" And what do you see ? "" Ricky : "" Beauty . "" Ball said , "" They wanted to cut that scene . They said it 's not important . I said , ' You 're out of your fucking mind . It 's one of the most important scenes in the movie ! ' [ ... ] If any one line is the heart and soul of this movie , that is the line . "" Another scene was rewritten to accommodate the loss of the freeway sequence ; set in a schoolyard , it presents a "" turning point "" for Jane in that she chooses to walk home with Ricky instead of going with Angela . By the end of filming , the script had been through 10 drafts . " " . Bening and Spacey with negotiations entered had DreamWorks , 1998 September by , Mendes at upset were executives although ; consent 's studio the without Carolyn of role the Bening offered Mendes "" . parts other those than , am I what to , me to closer much actually is This . instincts his by playing , time a at step one living man a is This . waters treacherous of sort , dark in wade usually I ] ... [ . smart and manipulative very , quick very are who characters play usually I "" , said he ; surprised was Spacey . Ross Glen Glengarry 's 1992 and , Seven and Suspects Usual The films 1995 the in performances his on based choice right the was Spacey felt he ; "" down film the weighing "" star big a want not did Mendes . Carolyn play to Hunter Holly or Hunt Helen and , Lester play to Travolta John or , Costner Kevin , Willis Bruce including , alternatives several suggested studio The . unenthusiastic were executives DreamWorks but , beginning the from leads the for mind in Bening and Spacey had Mendes "," Mendes had Spacey and Bening in mind for the leads from the beginning , but DreamWorks executives were unenthusiastic . The studio suggested several alternatives , including Bruce Willis , Kevin Costner , or John Travolta to play Lester , and Helen Hunt or Holly Hunter to play Carolyn . Mendes did not want a big star "" weighing the film down "" ; he felt Spacey was the right choice based on his performances in the 1995 films The Usual Suspects and Seven , and 1992 's Glengarry Glen Ross . Spacey was surprised ; he said , "" I usually play characters who are very quick , very manipulative and smart . [ ... ] I usually wade in dark , sort of treacherous waters . This is a man living one step at a time , playing by his instincts . This is actually much closer to me , to what I am , than those other parts . "" Mendes offered Bening the role of Carolyn without the studio 's consent ; although executives were upset at Mendes , by September 1998 , DreamWorks had entered negotiations with Spacey and Bening . " " . car her in sings Carolyn which in scene a for it include to director the persuaded and enjoyed she which , "" Parade My on Rain 't Don "" song the of version Darin Bobby the Bening lent He . like would Carolyn believed he that music her gave Mendes , mindset 's Carolyn into get Bening help To . "" manor suburban spotless "" a of environment 's Carolyn establish better to catalogs order @-@ mail researched Naomi designer production and Mendes and , hairstyle "" coif president PTA "" a create to collaborated stylist hair a and Bening "" . difference the see and house their inside be then and , outside the on themselves present people how see and church to go 'd You . constantly babysit to used I "" : performance her inform to youth her from women recalled Bening . loneliness — 's film the and — 's Lester evoked it felt Mendes . character dead a by retrospect in narrated also is which , ) 1950 ( Boulevard Sunset to throwback a is voiceover 's Spacey . "" man special a yet and man ordinary an was he way the and office that in was he way the , looked he way the , moved ] Lemmon [ way the "" emulate to Spacey wanted Mendes because , ) 1960 ( Apartment The in performance 's Lemmon Jack analyzed Spacey and Mendes , filming Before . stages the portray to postures varied Spacey , order chronological of out scenes the shot Mendes because but , body his improve to filming during out worked Spacey ; toned to flabby from improves physique 's Lester , film the During . Matthau Walter on deportment "" "" early 's Lester based loosely Spacey "," Spacey loosely based Lester 's early "" "" deportment on Walter Matthau . During the film , Lester 's physique improves from flabby to toned ; Spacey worked out during filming to improve his body , but because Mendes shot the scenes out of chronological order , Spacey varied postures to portray the stages . Before filming , Mendes and Spacey analyzed Jack Lemmon 's performance in The Apartment ( 1960 ) , because Mendes wanted Spacey to emulate "" the way [ Lemmon ] moved , the way he looked , the way he was in that office and the way he was an ordinary man and yet a special man "" . Spacey 's voiceover is a throwback to Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) , which is also narrated in retrospect by a dead character . Mendes felt it evoked Lester 's — and the film 's — loneliness . Bening recalled women from her youth to inform her performance : "" I used to babysit constantly . You 'd go to church and see how people present themselves on the outside , and then be inside their house and see the difference . "" Bening and a hair stylist collaborated to create a "" PTA president coif "" hairstyle , and Mendes and production designer Naomi researched mail @-@ order catalogs to better establish Carolyn 's environment of a "" spotless suburban manor "" . To help Bening get into Carolyn 's mindset , Mendes gave her music that he believed Carolyn would like . He lent Bening the Bobby Darin version of the song "" Don 't Rain on My Parade "" , which she enjoyed and persuaded the director to include it for a scene in which Carolyn sings in her car . " " . forename same the had who knew he couple gay a of aspects included also Ball "" . boring as just be can couple gay a when time the for wait 't can I "" : clothes matching wore who "" couple heterosexual , boring , bland "" a seeing after had he thought a from came characters the for inspiration 's Ball . film the in couple — boring and — happy , normal most the as depicted deliberately were Jim and Jim . Berkley Jim plays Robards Sam and , Jim plays Bakula Scott , Fitts Colonel plays Cooper Chris . silence of moments shared their through successfully conveyed was — vulnerability and humanity their — pair the about said be to needed what that felt he as , her and Fitts Colonel between conversations including , dialogue 's Barbara of much cut Mendes "" . somewhere there in is character Your "" , her told He . Munch Edvard by paintings of book a Janney gave Mendes . 1998 December in began filming after ) Fitts Barbara and Kane Buddy as ( cast were Janney Alison and Gallagher Peter . would Ricky what film to actor the telling , camera video a with Bentley provided Mendes , prepare To . part the landed he after and before , actors young other several and , Bentley followed Break Big My documentary 2009 The . cast be to 25 of age the under actors top from competition overcame Bentley . scene the of shooting the for set the on were they and representatives labor Child . movie the in scene topless brief her approve to had parents her , States United the in minor a as classified thus and , film the made she time the at 16 was Birch As . scene nude her for underage was she fact the despite , case 's Birch in — parts the in cast been had Suvari Mena and , Bentley Wes , Birch Thora , 1998 November By . blanche carte Mendes gave DreamWorks , Angela and , Ricky , Jane of roles the For "," For the roles of Jane , Ricky , and Angela , DreamWorks gave Mendes carte blanche . By November 1998 , Thora Birch , Wes Bentley , and Mena Suvari had been cast in the parts — in Birch 's case , despite the fact she was underage for her nude scene . As Birch was 16 at the time she made the film , and thus classified as a minor in the United States , her parents had to approve her brief topless scene in the movie . Child labor representatives and they were on the set for the shooting of the scene . Bentley overcame competition from top actors under the age of 25 to be cast . The 2009 documentary My Big Break followed Bentley , and several other young actors , before and after he landed the part . To prepare , Mendes provided Bentley with a video camera , telling the actor to film what Ricky would . Peter Gallagher and Alison Janney were cast ( as Buddy Kane and Barbara Fitts ) after filming began in December 1998 . Mendes gave Janney a book of paintings by Edvard Munch . He told her , "" Your character is in there somewhere . "" Mendes cut much of Barbara 's dialogue , including conversations between Colonel Fitts and her , as he felt that what needed to be said about the pair — their humanity and vulnerability — was conveyed successfully through their shared moments of silence . Chris Cooper plays Colonel Fitts , Scott Bakula plays Jim , and Sam Robards plays Jim Berkley . Jim and Jim were deliberately depicted as the most normal , happy — and boring — couple in the film . Ball 's inspiration for the characters came from a thought he had after seeing a "" bland , boring , heterosexual couple "" who wore matching clothes : "" I can 't wait for the time when a gay couple can be just as boring . "" Ball also included aspects of a gay couple he knew who had the same forename . " " . "" contentious strictly "" originally was car a buying 's Lester over argues pair the after Carolyn seduces almost Lester which in scene the , example for ; another one for had once Carolyn and Lester that love the of sense a create to worked Bening and Spacey . reached had relationship 's Lester and Carolyn that point low the show to on later inserted was work for home leaving Burnhams the showing scene early An . script the into incorporated were actors the by suggestions and improvisations Several . one every at present be not could actors the and , theater the in to used was he as formal as not were sessions the although , rehearsals cast of weeks two on insisted Mendes "," Mendes insisted on two weeks of cast rehearsals , although the sessions were not as formal as he was used to in the theater , and the actors could not be present at every one . Several improvisations and suggestions by the actors were incorporated into the script . An early scene showing the Burnhams leaving home for work was inserted later on to show the low point that Carolyn and Lester 's relationship had reached . Spacey and Bening worked to create a sense of the love that Lester and Carolyn once had for one another ; for example , the scene in which Lester almost seduces Carolyn after the pair argues over Lester 's buying a car was originally "" strictly contentious "" . " " . "" symmetry ] and [ darkness exaggerated "" in depicted is home ' Fitts the ; "" household American @-@ all perfect "" a of appearance the it give least at to desire 's Carolyn to leading , "" balance inner "" in lacking and graceless but , ideal pristine a former the — ' Fitts the of reverse the as designed was household ' Burnhams The "" . constructs are lives their and , strained very are them of All "" , said . archetypes also are who , characters the reflect to setting the for was intent The "" . suburbia mobile upwardly — USA , Anywhere much pretty was milieu The ] ... [ . archetype an about 's it , place a about not 's it "" , said but , Illinois , Evanston to locale the likened Naomi designer Production . town American unidentified an in neighborhood class @-@ middle upper an in set is film The . students High South were crowd gym the in extras several ; California , Torrance in School High South at shot were scenes school the of many and , California , Sacramento in captured were film the of end and beginning the at shots aerial The . Angeles Los in Brentwood and Park Hancock at and , California , Burbank in backlot Bros. Warner the at soundstages on filmed was Beauty American . 1999 February to , 1998 , 14 December from days 50 about lasted photography Principal "," Principal photography lasted about 50 days from December 14 , 1998 , to February 1999 . American Beauty was filmed on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank , California , and at Hancock Park and Brentwood in Los Angeles . The aerial shots at the beginning and end of the film were captured in Sacramento , California , and many of the school scenes were shot at South High School in Torrance , California ; several extras in the gym crowd were South High students . The film is set in an upper middle @-@ class neighborhood in an unidentified American town . Production designer Naomi likened the locale to Evanston , Illinois , but said , "" it 's not about a place , it 's about an archetype . [ ... ] The milieu was pretty much Anywhere , USA — upwardly mobile suburbia . "" The intent was for the setting to reflect the characters , who are also archetypes . said , "" All of them are very strained , and their lives are constructs . "" The Burnhams ' household was designed as the reverse of the Fitts ' — the former a pristine ideal , but graceless and lacking in "" inner balance "" , leading to Carolyn 's desire to at least give it the appearance of a "" perfect all @-@ American household "" ; the Fitts ' home is depicted in "" exaggerated darkness [ and ] symmetry "" . " " . "" palette military depressed "" a in kept is ' Fitts the while , blues cool uses home ' Burnhams The . elsewhere signature thematic important an was it as , red of use the minimized deliberately production The . side voyeuristic his reflect to equipment tech @-@ high the with blending time same the at while , personality "" "" his suggest to like @-@ cell be to designed was bedroom 's Ricky . neighborhood Park Hancock 's city the in shot was home ' Fitts the of inside the ; Angeles Los in Boulevard Sunset and 405 Interstate to close house a at shot was home ' Burnhams the of inside The . needed were shots overhead when soundstages on and , location on , backlot the on filmed were interiors house The . shot the with familiarity of sense a feel audience the make to film the in on early sight of line the establish to sure made Mendes . sex for Ricky paying is Lester that assumes mistakenly — bedroom 's Ricky from watching — Fitts Col. which in film the of end the toward shot crucial the obtain to specifically designed were windows garage The . garage 's Lester and bedroom 's Ricky between and , windows bedroom 's Jane and Ricky between — sight of lines established that rooms false incorporate to houses the rebuilt crew The . homes ' Fitts and Burnham the for "" Street Blondie "" 's backlot Warner the on properties adjacent two selected production The "," The production selected two adjacent properties on the Warner backlot 's "" Blondie Street "" for the Burnham and Fitts ' homes . The crew rebuilt the houses to incorporate false rooms that established lines of sight — between Ricky and Jane 's bedroom windows , and between Ricky 's bedroom and Lester 's garage . The garage windows were designed specifically to obtain the crucial shot toward the end of the film in which Col. Fitts — watching from Ricky 's bedroom — mistakenly assumes that Lester is paying Ricky for sex . Mendes made sure to establish the line of sight early on in the film to make the audience feel a sense of familiarity with the shot . The house interiors were filmed on the backlot , on location , and on soundstages when overhead shots were needed . The inside of the Burnhams ' home was shot at a house close to Interstate 405 and Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles ; the inside of the Fitts ' home was shot in the city 's Hancock Park neighborhood . Ricky 's bedroom was designed to be cell @-@ like to suggest his "" "" personality , while at the same time blending with the high @-@ tech equipment to reflect his voyeuristic side . The production deliberately minimized the use of red , as it was an important thematic signature elsewhere . The Burnhams ' home uses cool blues , while the Fitts ' is kept in a "" depressed military palette "" . " " . bag the of outline the to definition gave wall the way the by satisfied was Mendes . ground the on leaves added and wall brick a of front the to location the changed he , attempt last the for but , grace lacked take first his felt He . himself scene the shot he so , Mendes satisfy not did unit second the by two ; takes four took scene The . air the in bag the move to machines wind used Mendes , footage bag @-@ plastic the For . wanted he level the to footage 's Ricky of quality the get to time long a took Mendes . footage camcorder 's Ricky of excerpts the for held @-@ hand went also He . "" energy balance @-@ off ] ... [ kinetic "" a with scene the provided camera the said Mendes . Ricky beats Fitts Col. which in scene the for camera held @-@ hand a use did Mendes . table the left Jane when away cut only he so , scene the in tension the keep to wanted He . characters the between distance putting of importance the him taught director theater a as training his because shot the held he , table dinner ' Burnhams the to in push slow a used Mendes when , example For . tension more generated shots stable that feeling , steadicams of use minimal made Mendes and , "" graceful and fluid more "" scenes fantasy 's Lester made He . frame the empty to dressers set his directed constantly Mendes ; "" suburbia American on take like @-@ Magritte near , edged hard , crisp , bright a — feeling surreal almost , sparse a "" provided that design minimalist a with , composed and deliberate was style visual dominating ' Mendes "," Mendes ' dominating visual style was deliberate and composed , with a minimalist design that provided "" a sparse , almost surreal feeling — a bright , crisp , hard edged , near Magritte @-@ like take on American suburbia "" ; Mendes constantly directed his set dressers to empty the frame . He made Lester 's fantasy scenes "" more fluid and graceful "" , and Mendes made minimal use of steadicams , feeling that stable shots generated more tension . For example , when Mendes used a slow push in to the Burnhams ' dinner table , he held the shot because his training as a theater director taught him the importance of putting distance between the characters . He wanted to keep the tension in the scene , so he only cut away when Jane left the table . Mendes did use a hand @-@ held camera for the scene in which Col. Fitts beats Ricky . Mendes said the camera provided the scene with a "" kinetic [ ... ] off @-@ balance energy "" . He also went hand @-@ held for the excerpts of Ricky 's camcorder footage . Mendes took a long time to get the quality of Ricky 's footage to the level he wanted . For the plastic @-@ bag footage , Mendes used wind machines to move the bag in the air . The scene took four takes ; two by the second unit did not satisfy Mendes , so he shot the scene himself . He felt his first take lacked grace , but for the last attempt , he changed the location to the front of a brick wall and added leaves on the ground . Mendes was satisfied by the way the wall gave definition to the outline of the bag . " " "" ' . it explain please , about talking 're you what understand 't don I ' , embarrassment without , say to , technically something understand 't didn I if , on early decision conscious very a made I "" : Hall of experience the on drew Mendes , novice a was he that Aware "" . fault my all was It . asking was I what doing was everybody and ; ] ... [ fault my , costumes bad , fault my , composed badly , fault my , shot badly was it ] ... [ : big too way it played actors the And . scene comedy a , actually , scene wrong a with started I "" , said He . scenes the reshoot to DreamWorks from permission obtained he that filming ' days three first his with dissatisfied so was Mendes . sum projected their above slightly , produce to million 15 $ DreamWorks cost Beauty American . rates usual their than less significantly for worked Hall and Bening , Spacey . content 's film the with little interfered studio the although , budget and schedule the over constantly fought Mendes and DreamWorks , support 's Spielberg Despite "" . movie the in all are they and , times four or three happened That "" , said Mendes . day working long a of end the toward "" idea great "" a had he if costs about worry to not Mendes advised also — times few a set the visited who — Spielberg . screen ) m 10 ( foot @-@ 40 a on display for shooting was he that mind in keep to , monitor camera the of bottom the at silhouetted audience an imagine should he that advice 's Spielberg cited also he ; overused was technique the believed he as , ups @-@ close using avoided Mendes "," Mendes avoided using close @-@ ups , as he believed the technique was overused ; he also cited Spielberg 's advice that he should imagine an audience silhouetted at the bottom of the camera monitor , to keep in mind that he was shooting for display on a 40 @-@ foot ( 10 m ) screen . Spielberg — who visited the set a few times — also advised Mendes not to worry about costs if he had a "" great idea "" toward the end of a long working day . Mendes said , "" That happened three or four times , and they are all in the movie . "" Despite Spielberg 's support , DreamWorks and Mendes fought constantly over the schedule and budget , although the studio interfered little with the film 's content . Spacey , Bening and Hall worked for significantly less than their usual rates . American Beauty cost DreamWorks $ 15 million to produce , slightly above their projected sum . Mendes was so dissatisfied with his first three days ' filming that he obtained permission from DreamWorks to reshoot the scenes . He said , "" I started with a wrong scene , actually , a comedy scene . And the actors played it way too big : [ ... ] it was badly shot , my fault , badly composed , my fault , bad costumes , my fault [ ... ] ; and everybody was doing what I was asking . It was all my fault . "" Aware that he was a novice , Mendes drew on the experience of Hall : "" I made a very conscious decision early on , if I didn 't understand something technically , to say , without embarrassment , ' I don 't understand what you 're talking about , please explain it . ' "" " " . digitally added instead was it ; escaped steam the which through , ceiling the in cut be to had hole a , camera the position To . shot overhead the in for save , real was steam the , bath petal @-@ rose a in Angela about fantasizes Lester When . removed digitally them holding wires the had and real were some although , production @-@ post in added were fantasies 's Lester in petals rose the of Most . imagery generated @-@ computer of amounts small used production The . times 10 shot be to had scene the meant which , face straight a keep always not could Bening but , phrases 35 with up coming eventually , obliged Spacey "" . through break to him wanted I — control in so is ] Spacey [ . thinking without mouth his of out it blurting was he like seem to it wanted I . rehearsed seem to it want 't didn I because but ] ... [ funny was it because just not that wanted I "" , said Mendes . take each in act the for euphemisms several improvise to Spacey asked director the , Carolyn beside bed in masturbates Lester when , example for ; improvisation some encouraged Mendes "," Mendes encouraged some improvisation ; for example , when Lester masturbates in bed beside Carolyn , the director asked Spacey to improvise several euphemisms for the act in each take . Mendes said , "" I wanted that not just because it was funny [ ... ] but because I didn 't want it to seem rehearsed . I wanted it to seem like he was blurting it out of his mouth without thinking . [ Spacey ] is so in control — I wanted him to break through . "" Spacey obliged , eventually coming up with 35 phrases , but Bening could not always keep a straight face , which meant the scene had to be shot 10 times . The production used small amounts of computer @-@ generated imagery . Most of the rose petals in Lester 's fantasies were added in post @-@ production , although some were real and had the wires holding them digitally removed . When Lester fantasizes about Angela in a rose @-@ petal bath , the steam was real , save for in the overhead shot . To position the camera , a hole had to be cut in the ceiling , through which the steam escaped ; it was instead added digitally . " " . sequence dream the in effects bluescreen the for shot plate the as intended originally was — neighborhood the of view aerial an — shot subsequent The . guilt his to as ambiguity lingering a leave to Ricky of shot reaction a and score the used Mendes — later out plays scene full the when and — opening the in used he portion the in , However . serious not was request 's Jane that clear it made acted and scored was it way the as , death 's Lester for responsible not was pair the that audience the to revelation the be to was scene This . father her kill to Ricky tells Jane where film the of middle the from scene a reused cut final the in opening The . set to trying was he tone the for inappropriate therefore and — "" movie brothers Coen a like "" — whimsical too be to it believed he as sequence the removed but , bluescreen against Spacey filming days two spent Mendes . town the above flying himself imagines Lester which in dream a included opening The . edit original his from minutes 30 about cut he , total In . lines these along film the craft to discard to intended had he shots and score the use to began he ; darkness and emotion the to drawn was Mendes , Instead . suite edit the in together came what than film "" kaleidoscopic ] ... [ , whimsical more much "" a making been had he believed He . envisioned had he one the from different was film the that editing during realized Mendes . appointments the between days 10 for film the edited assistant an and Mendes . ) starred also Cooper Chris which in ( ) 2000 ( Irene and Myself , Me with conflict scheduling a of because production @-@ post through halfway leave to had but , position the in began ; Anwar Tariq and Christopher by edited was Beauty American "," American Beauty was edited by Christopher and Tariq Anwar ; began in the position , but had to leave halfway through post @-@ production because of a scheduling conflict with Me , Myself and Irene ( 2000 ) ( in which Chris Cooper also starred ) . Mendes and an assistant edited the film for 10 days between the appointments . Mendes realized during editing that the film was different from the one he had envisioned . He believed he had been making a "" much more whimsical , [ ... ] kaleidoscopic "" film than what came together in the edit suite . Instead , Mendes was drawn to the emotion and darkness ; he began to use the score and shots he had intended to discard to craft the film along these lines . In total , he cut about 30 minutes from his original edit . The opening included a dream in which Lester imagines himself flying above the town . Mendes spent two days filming Spacey against bluescreen , but removed the sequence as he believed it to be too whimsical — "" like a Coen brothers movie "" — and therefore inappropriate for the tone he was trying to set . The opening in the final cut reused a scene from the middle of the film where Jane tells Ricky to kill her father . This scene was to be the revelation to the audience that the pair was not responsible for Lester 's death , as the way it was scored and acted made it clear that Jane 's request was not serious . However , in the portion he used in the opening — and when the full scene plays out later — Mendes used the score and a reaction shot of Ricky to leave a lingering ambiguity as to his guilt . The subsequent shot — an aerial view of the neighborhood — was originally intended as the plate shot for the bluescreen effects in the dream sequence . " " . "" heart romantic really a had darkness its all for "" that something into evolved had and optimistic more was film the , scenes the without that felt Ball ; completely sequences the cut Mendes after accepting more was Ball but , argued he and Mendes . "" register really 't didn "" they that short so were they that felt He . scenes these of versions truncated with version a was it , edit completed a saw first Ball When . "" resolution narrative and memory and dream of mixture poetic a "" be to ending the wanted he , Instead . "" Blue NYPD of episode an into "" film the turned and characters the from away focus drew trial the believed Mendes . production during emerged had that redemption of theme the with fit not did they because and , mystery its lose film the made they felt he because editing of week last the in these excised Mendes but , murder 's Lester of convicted are Ricky and Jane which in scenes bookend included edit first the ; opening the of versions several trialled He . together taken film the of rest the than minutes 10 first the time more spent Mendes "," Mendes spent more time the first 10 minutes than the rest of the film taken together . He trialled several versions of the opening ; the first edit included bookend scenes in which Jane and Ricky are convicted of Lester 's murder , but Mendes excised these in the last week of editing because he felt they made the film lose its mystery , and because they did not fit with the theme of redemption that had emerged during production . Mendes believed the trial drew focus away from the characters and turned the film "" into an episode of NYPD Blue "" . Instead , he wanted the ending to be "" a poetic mixture of dream and memory and narrative resolution "" . When Ball first saw a completed edit , it was a version with truncated versions of these scenes . He felt that they were so short that they "" didn 't really register "" . Mendes and he argued , but Ball was more accepting after Mendes cut the sequences completely ; Ball felt that without the scenes , the film was more optimistic and had evolved into something that "" for all its darkness had a really romantic heart "" . " " . visuals the to approach his on ideas fresh him gave which , rehearsals cast during them with identify to able felt only he ; characters the like not would audiences that concerned initially was Hall . Mendes meeting before approach his refine to him allowed passes further and , script the of reading first his with began film the lighting for ideas his ; preproduction during month one for involved was Hall . film whole the storyboarded already had and , Beauty American on preproduction during Room Blue The play the in Kidman Nicole wife @-@ then 's Cruise directing was Mendes . produced executive had Cruise which , ) 1998 ( Limits Without on work 's Hall of because , Cruise Tom by Mendes to recommended was Hall . script the like not did he because down job the turned who , Elmes Fred asked Mendes , Instead . with work to difficult was Hall that told been had he and , job the want to "" experienced too and old too "" was he believed Mendes ; photography of director for choice first the not was Hall Conrad "," Conrad Hall was not the first choice for director of photography ; Mendes believed he was "" too old and too experienced "" to want the job , and he had been told that Hall was difficult to work with . Instead , Mendes asked Fred Elmes , who turned the job down because he did not like the script . Hall was recommended to Mendes by Tom Cruise , because of Hall 's work on Without Limits ( 1998 ) , which Cruise had executive produced . Mendes was directing Cruise 's then @-@ wife Nicole Kidman in the play The Blue Room during preproduction on American Beauty , and had already storyboarded the whole film . Hall was involved for one month during preproduction ; his ideas for lighting the film began with his first reading of the script , and further passes allowed him to refine his approach before meeting Mendes . Hall was initially concerned that audiences would not like the characters ; he only felt able to identify with them during cast rehearsals , which gave him fresh ideas on his approach to the visuals . " " . intended originally he what to closer image an generated have would conversion anamorphic – 35 Super the from diffusion the , filter the used not he had that and unclear slightly was image the that felt Hall , theater a in film the saw he When . required not was filter the from diffusion the , therefore ; degradation of amount slight a to led print release anamorphic its for up 35 Super blow to required steps optical the as , choice best the been have not may retrospect in said he which , scene every almost for filter Black Tiffen inch 8 / 1 a used Hall . contrast in lower % 5 was that of batch a him sent who , Kodak contacted Hall . contrast much too with look a created , style lighting heavy @-@ contrast his with combined , which , stock print release Vision introduced newly 's Kodak to adjusting difficulty had He . effects daylight with scenes for stock and Vision Kodak employed Hall . lenses zoom and prime of series Primo 's company the with cameras Platinum Panavision used He . effects lighting subtle more for allow to stocks speed @-@ high favored Hall , wide that shooting for preference his given ; ) ( stop @-@ T same the at film whole the shot He . within Angela around frame a creating , shot overhead its in pool filled @-@ petal the of corners the as such elements capture to him allowed scope larger its because partly 35 Super used He . stock film mm 35 500T Vision Kodak using , format 35 Super the in ratio aspect 1 : 39 @.@ 2 a in Beauty American shot Hall . spill of free areas dark the and unobtrusive light fill the keeping while shadows the over control more Hall gave approach This . ceiling the on card white or from reflected he which , light fill adding before , whites and blacks the "" in painting "" by subject 's scene the lit first Hall , cases most In . necessary felt he way any in shot the light to allowed was he but , scene a of mood intended the discussed first Mendes and Hall . action the in take to audiences allow and events screen @-@ on turbulent the with contrast to , classicism evoked that compositions peaceful create to was approach 's Hall "," Hall 's approach was to create peaceful compositions that evoked classicism , to contrast with the turbulent on @-@ screen events and allow audiences to take in the action . Hall and Mendes first discussed the intended mood of a scene , but he was allowed to light the shot in any way he felt necessary . In most cases , Hall first lit the scene 's subject by "" painting in "" the blacks and whites , before adding fill light , which he reflected from or white card on the ceiling . This approach gave Hall more control over the shadows while keeping the fill light unobtrusive and the dark areas free of spill . Hall shot American Beauty in a 2 @.@ 39 : 1 aspect ratio in the Super 35 format , using Kodak Vision 500T 35 mm film stock . He used Super 35 partly because its larger scope allowed him to capture elements such as the corners of the petal @-@ filled pool in its overhead shot , creating a frame around Angela within . He shot the whole film at the same T @-@ stop ( ) ; given his preference for shooting that wide , Hall favored high @-@ speed stocks to allow for more subtle lighting effects . He used Panavision Platinum cameras with the company 's Primo series of prime and zoom lenses . Hall employed Kodak Vision and stock for scenes with daylight effects . He had difficulty adjusting to Kodak 's newly introduced Vision release print stock , which , combined with his contrast @-@ heavy lighting style , created a look with too much contrast . Hall contacted Kodak , who sent him a batch of that was 5 % lower in contrast . Hall used a 1 / 8 inch Tiffen Black filter for almost every scene , which he said in retrospect may not have been the best choice , as the optical steps required to blow Super 35 up for its anamorphic release print led to a slight amount of degradation ; therefore , the diffusion from the filter was not required . When he saw the film in a theater , Hall felt that the image was slightly unclear and that had he not used the filter , the diffusion from the Super 35 – anamorphic conversion would have generated an image closer to what he originally intended . " " . room entire the lighting without wanted he where patterns rain produce to boxes rain used also He . Lester behind ceiling the onto window the through lighting , frame the in rain keep to tried Hall , couch the to move Angela and Lester when ups @-@ close the For . ) produced it contrasts strong the of because justified it felt Hall , scene night a for unrealistic was light outside the of strength the although ( light the intensifying , slower run rain the make to material added had he which to windows French through pair the lit partly he , another in ; lights cross foreground the on effects rain created Hall , home ' Burnhams the at Angela with encounter 's Lester during shot one In . film the of end the near shot every in , it of suggestion the or , rain keep to sure made Hall . "" scene the of tone the for perfectly worked "" shot wide consequent the felt Hall . camera the behind light soft a with and , actors the crossing light large a with , left the from it lit he ; lighting the rethink to had Hall and truck the removed He . seen were they if care not did characters the that explained he , returned Mendes When . truck the of top the from light to intending , building the and truck a between passage narrow a in them placed he so , privacy for look would characters the assumed Hall ; absence his in shot the prepare to Hall asked Mendes . Mendes and Hall between misunderstanding a from came building a behind joint cannabis a share Ricky and Lester where shot A "," A shot where Lester and Ricky share a cannabis joint behind a building came from a misunderstanding between Hall and Mendes . Mendes asked Hall to prepare the shot in his absence ; Hall assumed the characters would look for privacy , so he placed them in a narrow passage between a truck and the building , intending to light from the top of the truck . When Mendes returned , he explained that the characters did not care if they were seen . He removed the truck and Hall had to rethink the lighting ; he lit it from the left , with a large light crossing the actors , and with a soft light behind the camera . Hall felt the consequent wide shot "" worked perfectly for the tone of the scene "" . Hall made sure to keep rain , or the suggestion of it , in every shot near the end of the film . In one shot during Lester 's encounter with Angela at the Burnhams ' home , Hall created rain effects on the foreground cross lights ; in another , he partly lit the pair through French windows to which he had added material to make the rain run slower , intensifying the light ( although the strength of the outside light was unrealistic for a night scene , Hall felt it justified because of the strong contrasts it produced ) . For the close @-@ ups when Lester and Angela move to the couch , Hall tried to keep rain in the frame , lighting through the window onto the ceiling behind Lester . He also used rain boxes to produce rain patterns where he wanted without lighting the entire room . " " "" . ] that [ preserve to worked music what of terms in act balancing delicate real a was It "" : script the of "" ambiguity moral "" the disturbing without along film the move helped score the believed Newman . mandolin detuned a using and finger a with bowls mixing metal tapping as such , methods unorthodox more employed tracks "" quirkier "" on and music electronic used also Newman . instruments music world and , flute , guitars were featured also ; marimbas and , xylophones , piano , cymbals , bongos , tablas included instruments percussion The . "" bars eight for texture the of thinning "" a through variety only the , often — "" phrases repeating endlessly , small "" around cue each built He . created previously had he than score minimalist more a for making , "" melody over color and , rhythm , pulse favored "" Newman . Mendes by provided was which for inspiration the , rhythm and mood the create to instruments percussion used mainly He . California , Monica Santa in recorded was score 's Newman Thomas "," Thomas Newman 's score was recorded in Santa Monica , California . He mainly used percussion instruments to create the mood and rhythm , the inspiration for which was provided by Mendes . Newman "" favored pulse , rhythm , and color over melody "" , making for a more minimalist score than he had previously created . He built each cue around "" small , endlessly repeating phrases "" — often , the only variety through a "" thinning of the texture for eight bars "" . The percussion instruments included tablas , bongos , cymbals , piano , xylophones , and marimbas ; also featured were guitars , flute , and world music instruments . Newman also used electronic music and on "" quirkier "" tracks employed more unorthodox methods , such as tapping metal mixing bowls with a finger and using a detuned mandolin . Newman believed the score helped move the film along without disturbing the "" moral ambiguity "" of the script : "" It was a real delicate balancing act in terms of what music worked to preserve [ that ] . "" " " . "" storytelling screen and music between relationships innovative and complex "" the to spoke believed it soundtracks essential 20 of one as score the chose magazine the , 2006 In . "" aspirations transcendentalist 's film the ] enabled [ "" it saying , best 's Newman of one be to score the considered Filmmaker . Album Soundtrack Score Best for Award Grammy the won and , 2000 , 11 January on released was score 's Newman from tracks 19 featuring album An . Album Soundtrack Best for Award Grammy a for nominated be to on went and , 1999 , 5 October on released was album soundtrack abridged an , Douridas Chris supervisor music 's film the by Produced . Lennox Annie by performed "" Down You Bring It Let 't Don "" 's Young Neil and , Smith Elliott by performed "" Because "" ' Beatles The — versions cover two as well as , Dylan Bob and , Gomez , Implosion Folk The , Lee Peggy , Carter Betty , Withers Bill , Who Guess The , Eels , Free , Who The , Darin Bobby , Newman by songs features soundtrack The "," The soundtrack features songs by Newman , Bobby Darin , The Who , Free , Eels , The Guess Who , Bill Withers , Betty Carter , Peggy Lee , The Folk Implosion , Gomez , and Bob Dylan , as well as two cover versions — The Beatles ' "" Because "" performed by Elliott Smith , and Neil Young 's "" Don 't Let It Bring You Down "" performed by Annie Lennox . Produced by the film 's music supervisor Chris Douridas , an abridged soundtrack album was released on October 5 , 1999 , and went on to be nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album . An album featuring 19 tracks from Newman 's score was released on January 11 , 2000 , and won the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album . Filmmaker considered the score to be one of Newman 's best , saying it "" [ enabled ] the film 's transcendentalist aspirations "" . In 2006 , the magazine chose the score as one of 20 essential soundtracks it believed spoke to the "" complex and innovative relationships between music and screen storytelling "" . " " . well very went screening the claimed Mendes . California , Jose San in audience young a to film the showed and agreed reluctantly studio The . afterward audience the question could he where one on insisted he but , it with pleased was studio the , Mendes to according ; film the screen test to want not did DreamWorks "" . something find gonna 're you time this , thinking , again and again poster the to return You "" , said he ; tagline the evoked it saying , highly 's Beauty American rated Weekly Entertainment of Hochman David , films 1999 several of posters the Reviewing . rose a holding girl a of image poster the with ended trailers Both . teenagers at other the , adults at aimed one — trailers and campaigns marketing parallel ran DreamWorks . dresser set the by cubicle workplace 's Lester on pasted cutting a from came originally — "" closer look "" — tagline 's film The . Bening and Spacey with interviews exclusive and , filmographies crew and cast , gallery photo a , overview an included website The . film feature a to devoted section special a created had Amazon that time first the marking , website official the create to Amazon.com contracted DreamWorks "," DreamWorks contracted Amazon.com to create the official website , marking the first time that Amazon had created a special section devoted to a feature film . The website included an overview , a photo gallery , cast and crew filmographies , and exclusive interviews with Spacey and Bening . The film 's tagline — "" look closer "" — originally came from a cutting pasted on Lester 's workplace cubicle by the set dresser . DreamWorks ran parallel marketing campaigns and trailers — one aimed at adults , the other at teenagers . Both trailers ended with the poster image of a girl holding a rose . Reviewing the posters of several 1999 films , David Hochman of Entertainment Weekly rated American Beauty 's highly , saying it evoked the tagline ; he said , "" You return to the poster again and again , thinking , this time you 're gonna find something . "" DreamWorks did not want to test screen the film ; according to Mendes , the studio was pleased with it , but he insisted on one where he could question the audience afterward . The studio reluctantly agreed and showed the film to a young audience in San Jose , California . Mendes claimed the screening went very well . " " . University Northwestern and , Austin at Texas of University the , Angeles Los at California of University the , University York New , Berkeley at California of University the including , universities American several at screened it , attendance in cast and filmmakers the With . Festival Film International Toronto the at appeared film the , later days Three . Angeles Los in Theatre Egyptian 's Grauman at , 1999 , 8 September on premiere world its had film The "," The film had its world premiere on September 8 , 1999 , at Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Los Angeles . Three days later , the film appeared at the Toronto International Film Festival . With the filmmakers and cast in attendance , it screened at several American universities , including the University of California at Berkeley , New York University , the University of California at Los Angeles , the University of Texas at Austin , and Northwestern University . " " . million 1 @.@ 130 $ grossed having , 2000 , 4 June on run theatrical American North its ended film The . March in 990 @,@ 1 of high a to , February @-@ mid in 7 of low a from presence theater the expanded @-@ re DreamWorks , Awards Globe Golden 57th the at wins 's Beauty American Following . decline gradual a before , month the of end the at 528 @,@ 1 of high a hit count theater The . average on grade "" + B "" a Beauty American gave CinemaScore firm research market the by polled Audiences . office box the at third ranking , weekend the over 587 @,@ 188 @,@ 8 $ grossed film The . America North across theaters 706 in screening by release wide entered officially film the , 1 October on and , run limited the during added were theaters More . York New in three and Angeles Los in theaters three at release limited in public the to opened Beauty American , 1999 , 15 September On "," On September 15 , 1999 , American Beauty opened to the public in limited release at three theaters in Los Angeles and three in New York . More theaters were added during the limited run , and on October 1 , the film officially entered wide release by screening in 706 theaters across North America . The film grossed $ 8 @,@ 188 @,@ 587 over the weekend , ranking third at the box office . Audiences polled by the market research firm CinemaScore gave American Beauty a "" B + "" grade on average . The theater count hit a high of 1 @,@ 528 at the end of the month , before a gradual decline . Following American Beauty 's wins at the 57th Golden Globe Awards , DreamWorks re @-@ expanded the theater presence from a low of 7 in mid @-@ February , to a high of 1 @,@ 990 in March . The film ended its North American theatrical run on June 4 , 2000 , having grossed $ 130 @.@ 1 million . " " . Zealand New and , Slovakia , Republic Czech the , Denmark , Hungary in debuts "" dazzling "" had film The . America North outside million 4 @.@ 65 $ of total a for , territories 21 from million 7 @.@ 11 $ grossed film the — Awards Academy 72nd the for nominations eight 's Beauty American following — 18 February of weekend the On . million 7 @.@ 1 $ with office box the at first ranked film the , Kingdom United the in theaters 303 to Expanding . Belgium and France in debuted Beauty American , 4 February On . America North outside million 1 @.@ 12 $ of total a for countries 12 in million 7 $ earned had Beauty American , Norway and Spain , Kingdom United the , Australia in weekends opening 28 January After . 21 January on followed Finland and Netherlands the , Switzerland , Austria , Italy , Germany in releases limited and , returns "" potent "" to Israel in debuted It . America North outside territories various in screen to began it , 2000 January in ; 1999 , 18 November on Festival Film London the at premiere European its had Beauty American "," American Beauty had its European premiere at the London Film Festival on November 18 , 1999 ; in January 2000 , it began to screen in various territories outside North America . It debuted in Israel to "" potent "" returns , and limited releases in Germany , Italy , Austria , Switzerland , the Netherlands and Finland followed on January 21 . After January 28 opening weekends in Australia , the United Kingdom , Spain and Norway , American Beauty had earned $ 7 million in 12 countries for a total of $ 12 @.@ 1 million outside North America . On February 4 , American Beauty debuted in France and Belgium . Expanding to 303 theaters in the United Kingdom , the film ranked first at the box office with $ 1 @.@ 7 million . On the weekend of February 18 — following American Beauty 's eight nominations for the 72nd Academy Awards — the film grossed $ 11 @.@ 7 million from 21 territories , for a total of $ 65 @.@ 4 million outside North America . The film had "" dazzling "" debuts in Hungary , Denmark , the Czech Republic , Slovakia , and New Zealand . " " . worldwide million 3 @.@ 356 $ for , internationally million 2 @.@ 226 $ and America North in million 1 @.@ 130 $ grossed Beauty American , total In . days nine after million 2 @.@ 1 $ of return a with , continued performance Korean South impressive The . "" fare upscale of kind this to receptive not "" traditionally markets , Singapore and , Taiwan , Kong Hong in strongly debuted Beauty American , 2000 , 3 March of weekend the On . Turkey and , Greece , Argentina in returns robust included spots high Other . Korea South and , Mexico , Brazil in debuts strong with , countries 27 in million 9 @.@ 10 $ grossed Beauty American , weekend following the ; board the across continued performances strong meant nominations Award Academy The . ) million 3 @.@ 5 $ ( France and , ) million 6 $ ( Australia , ) million 5 @.@ 10 $ ( Germany , ) million 8 @.@ 10 $ ( Italy , ) million 2 @.@ 15 $ ( Kingdom United the were territories successful most the , 18 February of As "," As of February 18 , the most successful territories were the United Kingdom ( $ 15 @.@ 2 million ) , Italy ( $ 10 @.@ 8 million ) , Germany ( $ 10 @.@ 5 million ) , Australia ( $ 6 million ) , and France ( $ 5 @.@ 3 million ) . The Academy Award nominations meant strong performances continued across the board ; the following weekend , American Beauty grossed $ 10 @.@ 9 million in 27 countries , with strong debuts in Brazil , Mexico , and South Korea . Other high spots included robust returns in Argentina , Greece , and Turkey . On the weekend of March 3 , 2000 , American Beauty debuted strongly in Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore , markets traditionally "" not receptive to this kind of upscale fare "" . The impressive South Korean performance continued , with a return of $ 1 @.@ 2 million after nine days . In total , American Beauty grossed $ 130 @.@ 1 million in North America and $ 226 @.@ 2 million internationally , for $ 356 @.@ 3 million worldwide . " " . % 65 usual the with compared , week first the in outlets large from were rentals 's film the of % 53 Only . promoted fully Blockbuster that films for 40 @.@ 3 $ with compared , 12 @.@ 3 $ averaged Beauty American ; fees rental affected also strategy 's Blockbuster . Beauty American of that % 29 just was performance theatrical American North 's latter the though , million 1 @.@ 8 $ made Club Fight while , million 22 $ made Sense Sixth The , year same the In . agreement an reached Blockbuster and DreamWorks had expected been have would than lower was return This . million 8 @.@ 6 $ made Beauty American , release rental of week first its In . retailers other from increase order % 30 a to leading , 9 May before leaked strategy 's Blockbuster . availability reduced the to due "" demand customer ] monitoring [ "" only was it claimed Blockbuster ; situation the explaining customers to statement a read to staff required strategy The . it for ask to customers forcing , all at film the display not did others and , copies 60 displayed only stores Blockbuster Some . these of 000 @,@ 400 about been have usually would share 's Blockbuster ; rental for available copies million one around made DreamWorks . intended originally it copies of number the thirds @-@ two ordered Blockbuster so , deal sharing @-@ profit a on agree not could DreamWorks and Blockbuster . copy a guaranteed be would film the rent to wanted who anyone whereby , range "" title guaranteed "" its for copies extra of thousands of hundreds purchase to wanted Video Blockbuster , 9 May on release rental American North the Before . 2000 , 24 October on format DTS the with DVD on and , 2000 , 9 May on VHS on released was Beauty American "," American Beauty was released on VHS on May 9 , 2000 , and on DVD with the DTS format on October 24 , 2000 . Before the North American rental release on May 9 , Blockbuster Video wanted to purchase hundreds of thousands of extra copies for its "" guaranteed title "" range , whereby anyone who wanted to rent the film would be guaranteed a copy . Blockbuster and DreamWorks could not agree on a profit @-@ sharing deal , so Blockbuster ordered two @-@ thirds the number of copies it originally intended . DreamWorks made around one million copies available for rental ; Blockbuster 's share would usually have been about 400 @,@ 000 of these . Some Blockbuster stores only displayed 60 copies , and others did not display the film at all , forcing customers to ask for it . The strategy required staff to read a statement to customers explaining the situation ; Blockbuster claimed it was only "" [ monitoring ] customer demand "" due to the reduced availability . Blockbuster 's strategy leaked before May 9 , leading to a 30 % order increase from other retailers . In its first week of rental release , American Beauty made $ 6 @.@ 8 million . This return was lower than would have been expected had DreamWorks and Blockbuster reached an agreement . In the same year , The Sixth Sense made $ 22 million , while Fight Club made $ 8 @.@ 1 million , though the latter 's North American theatrical performance was just 29 % that of American Beauty . Blockbuster 's strategy also affected rental fees ; American Beauty averaged $ 3 @.@ 12 , compared with $ 3 @.@ 40 for films that Blockbuster fully promoted . Only 53 % of the film 's rentals were from large outlets in the first week , compared with the usual 65 % . " " . integrity 's film the from detract would use to not chose previously he scenes show to that felt Mendes ; commentary the recording after mind his changed he as , DVD the on not are scenes these , However . release the in include to intended he scenes deleted to refers Mendes , commentary film the In . Hall and Mendes from discussion with presentation storyboard a and , Ball and Mendes from commentary audio film , featurette scenes @-@ the @-@ behind a included release DVD The "," The DVD release included a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurette , film audio commentary from Mendes and Ball , and a storyboard presentation with discussion from Mendes and Hall . In the film commentary , Mendes refers to deleted scenes he intended to include in the release . However , these scenes are not on the DVD , as he changed his mind after recording the commentary ; Mendes felt that to show scenes he previously chose not to use would detract from the film 's integrity . " " . HD to upgraded trailers theatrical the with , present were release DVD the from extras the All . Series Sapphire 's Paramount of part as , ray @-@ Blu on Beauty American released Entertainment Home Paramount , 2010 , 21 September On "," On September 21 , 2010 , Paramount Home Entertainment released American Beauty on Blu @-@ ray , as part of Paramount 's Sapphire Series . All the extras from the DVD release were present , with the theatrical trailers upgraded to HD . " " "" . about @-@ talked most film the , festival the of buzz the was Beauty American "" , said , Handling Piers , director 's TIFF . audiences 's festival the of ballot a after award Choice 's People the won it where , ) TIFF ( Festival Film International Toronto the at title received @-@ best the was It "" . raves universal such from benefited has movie 1999 other no "" that reported Variety . Ball and Mendes , Spacey for chiefly , praise overwhelming received It . press American the by 1999 of film best the considered widely was Beauty American "," American Beauty was widely considered the best film of 1999 by the American press . It received overwhelming praise , chiefly for Spacey , Mendes and Ball . Variety reported that "" no other 1999 movie has benefited from such universal raves . "" It was the best @-@ received title at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) , where it won the People 's Choice award after a ballot of the festival 's audiences . TIFF 's director , Piers Handling , said , "" American Beauty was the buzz of the festival , the film most talked @-@ about . "" " " . concluded Turan "" , ] characters these [ like do we , odds considerable Against "" . sympathetic being always not Lester despite involvement audience commanded actor the saying , "" film the drives that energy the "" performance 's Spacey called he ; roles difficult were what with "" faultlessly "" coped actors the said Times Angeles Los the of Turan Kenneth . memorable them made characterizations detailed their said but , unoriginal were characters some that agreed Maslin . "" herself of image unworthy an to up live "" to attempts "" familiar painfully "" her with particular in , teenager believable most the was Angela said . "" projects own ] his [ finance "" to able artist wealthy absurdly an 's who boy teenaged a — "" figure fantasy "" their was latter the saying , Ricky and Jane with readily too identifying of Ball and Mendes accused . stereotypes were Fitts Col. and Carolyn as such characters that said but , actors the praised Gary , Quarterly Film in Writing . "" hero and sap both "" of portrayal his being aspect satisfying most the , performances previous his from distinct ways in impressed Spacey said Sound & Sight of Jackson Kevin . "" himself deceive 't doesn ] who but [ things foolish and reckless does "" who man a portraying successfully for out Spacey singled Times @-@ Sun Chicago the of Ebert Roger and , date to "" agile most and wittiest "" his at was Spacey said Times York New The in Maslin Janet . "" feeling genuine "" with Lester imbued he way the and "" talk blunt and , sarcasm subtle , innuendo of handling "" 's Spacey praised he ; "" better be not could "" ensemble cast the said McCarthy Todd , Variety in Writing "," Writing in Variety , Todd McCarthy said the cast ensemble "" could not be better "" ; he praised Spacey 's "" handling of innuendo , subtle sarcasm , and blunt talk "" and the way he imbued Lester with "" genuine feeling "" . Janet Maslin in The New York Times said Spacey was at his "" wittiest and most agile "" to date , and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times singled Spacey out for successfully portraying a man who "" does reckless and foolish things [ but who ] doesn 't deceive himself "" . Kevin Jackson of Sight & Sound said Spacey impressed in ways distinct from his previous performances , the most satisfying aspect being his portrayal of "" both sap and hero "" . Writing in Film Quarterly , Gary praised the actors , but said that characters such as Carolyn and Col. Fitts were stereotypes . accused Mendes and Ball of identifying too readily with Jane and Ricky , saying the latter was their "" fantasy figure "" — a teenaged boy who 's an absurdly wealthy artist able to "" finance [ his ] own projects "" . said Angela was the most believable teenager , in particular with her "" painfully familiar "" attempts to "" live up to an unworthy image of herself "" . Maslin agreed that some characters were unoriginal , but said their detailed characterizations made them memorable . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times said the actors coped "" faultlessly "" with what were difficult roles ; he called Spacey 's performance "" the energy that drives the film "" , saying the actor commanded audience involvement despite Lester not always being sympathetic . "" Against considerable odds , we do like [ these characters ] , "" Turan concluded . " " . "" talents considerable "" their off showed film the admitted , choices 's Ball and Mendes of many of critical while , . characters "" real painfully and ] ... [ caricatured "" simultaneously the — script 's Ball of "" duality ] the [ enhance and capture "" to was accomplishment ' Mendes that felt Turan . avoided have might directors seasoned more that beats attempt him made "" daring possible 's anything "" his as , inexperience ' Mendes from benefited have may Beauty American that suggested Turan . particular in Newman and Hall naming , "" shrewd "" was collaborators of choice ' Mendes that agreed Turan . work a of themes the conveying at "" unsurpassed "" was cinematographer the as , Mendes for fortunate as involvement 's Hall cited McCarthy . work theater his as "" controlled and precise as "" was "" hand sure "" ' Mendes said He . Ball and Mendes débutantes film for "" introduction of card stunning "" a Beauty American believed McCarthy . skillfully shifts tonal the staged and , strengths 's ensemble the to , smoothly intricacies 's script the worked Mendes that said He . film the overshadow not did performance 's Spacey that was aspect "" remarkable most "" the that and , showed rarely roots theatrical ' Mendes said Jackson . work theater his of "" vignettes playing @-@ power eroticized , delicate "" the evoked he that and "" bright and mordant the "" balanced style minimalist his saying , "" flair visual terrific "" with directed Mendes that felt Maslin "," Maslin felt that Mendes directed with "" terrific visual flair "" , saying his minimalist style balanced "" the mordant and bright "" and that he evoked the "" delicate , eroticized power @-@ playing vignettes "" of his theater work . Jackson said Mendes ' theatrical roots rarely showed , and that the "" most remarkable "" aspect was that Spacey 's performance did not overshadow the film . He said that Mendes worked the script 's intricacies smoothly , to the ensemble 's strengths , and staged the tonal shifts skillfully . McCarthy believed American Beauty a "" stunning card of introduction "" for film débutantes Mendes and Ball . He said Mendes ' "" sure hand "" was "" as precise and controlled "" as his theater work . McCarthy cited Hall 's involvement as fortunate for Mendes , as the cinematographer was "" unsurpassed "" at conveying the themes of a work . Turan agreed that Mendes ' choice of collaborators was "" shrewd "" , naming Hall and Newman in particular . Turan suggested that American Beauty may have benefited from Mendes ' inexperience , as his "" anything 's possible daring "" made him attempt beats that more seasoned directors might have avoided . Turan felt that Mendes ' accomplishment was to "" capture and enhance [ the ] duality "" of Ball 's script — the simultaneously "" caricatured [ ... ] and painfully real "" characters . , while critical of many of Mendes and Ball 's choices , admitted the film showed off their "" considerable talents "" . " " . "" picture a of hell a "" was it concluding , surprising and , complex , subversive , layered was it said Turan and , four of out stars four Beauty American awarded Ebert . "" novelty corrosive "" own its had film the , surprise not did nonconformity of theme the that and , "" fresh too none are that targets at aim takes "" it while that said she ; agreed Maslin . "" tale judged acutely and subtle "" its tell to which from "" point starting "" a with film the provided merely it said but , familiar was setting the that conceded McCarthy . "" hackneyed "" were suburbia American in conformity and materialism of themes 's film the that believed , Nevertheless . Lolita as such , theme the of "" treatments literary enduring most the "" beside stood irony romantic its , familiar was dynamic 's Angela and Lester although that and , point best its was "" lives 's other each imagine adults and teenagers which ways the "" of examination 's film the felt he ; "" uneven but vital "" was Beauty American that concluded . story the to "" ] s [ counterpoint ironic "" creating at good was soundtrack the said and , pluses as design costume and production the cited McCarthy . suspense generating of way a simply and manipulative it believing , murder 's Lester of mystery a made film the how criticized . "" nuance unexpected "" with so did it , laughs sitcom for played film the when even that said He . "" comedy sombre and resourceful wonderfully "" a become to setup clichéd its transcended film the said Jackson . "" hoary "" evoked said he which , homosexuality ' Fitts Col. of revelation the was , said McCarthy , flaw other One . "" drawn deeply "" were — excepted Carolyn — characters the said and "" tart "" dialogue 's Ball called He . pace narrative compromising not while characters the analyzed it how praised and , contemporaries film American its of any as "" distinctive and fresh as "" was script the said McCarthy . tone in changes subtle 's script the particular in , uniqueness its for reason the as film the writing when constraint of lack 's Ball cited Turan "," Turan cited Ball 's lack of constraint when writing the film as the reason for its uniqueness , in particular the script 's subtle changes in tone . McCarthy said the script was "" as fresh and distinctive "" as any of its American film contemporaries , and praised how it analyzed the characters while not compromising narrative pace . He called Ball 's dialogue "" tart "" and said the characters — Carolyn excepted — were "" deeply drawn "" . One other flaw , McCarthy said , was the revelation of Col. Fitts ' homosexuality , which he said evoked "" hoary "" . Jackson said the film transcended its clichéd setup to become a "" wonderfully resourceful and sombre comedy "" . He said that even when the film played for sitcom laughs , it did so with "" unexpected nuance "" . criticized how the film made a mystery of Lester 's murder , believing it manipulative and simply a way of generating suspense . McCarthy cited the production and costume design as pluses , and said the soundtrack was good at creating "" ironic counterpoint [ s ] "" to the story . concluded that American Beauty was "" vital but uneven "" ; he felt the film 's examination of "" the ways which teenagers and adults imagine each other 's lives "" was its best point , and that although Lester and Angela 's dynamic was familiar , its romantic irony stood beside "" the most enduring literary treatments "" of the theme , such as Lolita . Nevertheless , believed that the film 's themes of materialism and conformity in American suburbia were "" hackneyed "" . McCarthy conceded that the setting was familiar , but said it merely provided the film with a "" starting point "" from which to tell its "" subtle and acutely judged tale "" . Maslin agreed ; she said that while it "" takes aim at targets that are none too fresh "" , and that the theme of nonconformity did not surprise , the film had its own "" corrosive novelty "" . Ebert awarded American Beauty four stars out of four , and Turan said it was layered , subversive , complex , and surprising , concluding it was "" a hell of a picture "" . " " "" . time the at little a was it — justified entirely was it of some thought I "" , saying , reappraisal critical the of inevitability the accepted Mendes ; "" time all of movies overrated most "" 20 of one as Beauty American named Premiere , 2005 In . wane regard critical its seen have since years the and , press American the in appeared backlash a of reports , release 's film the after months few A "," A few months after the film 's release , reports of a backlash appeared in the American press , and the years since have seen its critical regard wane . In 2005 , Premiere named American Beauty as one of 20 "" most overrated movies of all time "" ; Mendes accepted the inevitability of the critical reappraisal , saying , "" I thought some of it was entirely justified — it was a little at the time . "" " " "" . acclaim universal "" indicating , reviews 33 on based , 86 of score a film the gives Metacritic "" . film Hollywood mainstream 90s ' late of point high provocative , smart a is Beauty American , wit acid , dark with brimming and cast "" , reads consensus critical the ; 10 / 2 @.@ 8 of rating average an with , reviews 180 on based Tomatoes Rotten on score % 88 an holds film the , Currently "," Currently , the film holds an 88 % score on Rotten Tomatoes based on 180 reviews , with an average rating of 8 @.@ 2 / 10 ; the critical consensus reads , "" cast and brimming with dark , acid wit , American Beauty is a smart , provocative high point of late ' 90s mainstream Hollywood film . "" Metacritic gives the film a score of 86 , based on 33 reviews , indicating "" universal acclaim . "" " " . Screenplay Best and Director Best , Film Best won Beauty American , 2000 January in Awards Globe Golden the at , however ; Picture Best for race the in underdog the was Beauty American suggested backlash critical a of reports , year the of end the By . films other to awards top their gave they , Beauty American recognized Association Critics Film Angeles Los the and Critics Film of Society National the , Circle Critics Film York New the while but , 1999 of best the film the named Association Critics Film Broadcast the and Association Critics Film Chicago The . lists year @-@ of @-@ end their compiling when them among honors their spread critics US and , 1999 of end the at opened contenders other Several . season awards American the dominate to favorite immediate an considered not was Beauty American "," American Beauty was not considered an immediate favorite to dominate the American awards season . Several other contenders opened at the end of 1999 , and US critics spread their honors among them when compiling their end @-@ of @-@ year lists . The Chicago Film Critics Association and the Broadcast Film Critics Association named the film the best of 1999 , but while the New York Film Critics Circle , the National Society of Film Critics and the Los Angeles Film Critics Association recognized American Beauty , they gave their top awards to other films . By the end of the year , reports of a critical backlash suggested American Beauty was the underdog in the race for Best Picture ; however , at the Golden Globe Awards in January 2000 , American Beauty won Best Film , Best Director and Best Screenplay . " " . attendance in were who voters several meeting , Hopkins Anthony of honor in dinner private a attended Ball where , Festival Film International Barbara Santa the to Ball took Feldman Bruce . voters also were actors participating many as , America of Fund Actors the of members 000 @,@ 1 about to Beauty American screen to arranged Olson . newspapers major to addition in — voters many to home — Hills Beverly in circulated that publications free in advertise to studio the advised Olson Dale . Arts Television and Film of Academy British the for Mendes with session answer @-@ and @-@ question a arrange to and , bookstores ' communities the in film the of displays up set to , Beauty American of making the about special a produce to DreamWorks encouraged Willen Nancy . "" small think "" to studio the told who , consultants veteran three hired It . campaign the for input provide to outsiders hiring by approach new a took studio the so , Love in Shakespeare to lost , Ryan Private Saving , year previous the Picture Best for candidate 's studio The . communities ' voters in "" settings comfortable , casual "" in film the promoting by voters reached DreamWorks , prohibited was campaigning mail direct Although . strategies focused more with publicity and advertising traditional combined campaign Its . voters Award Academy 600 @,@ 5 the to sent be to due were ballots before weeks five Beauty American for campaign major a launched had DreamWorks . emerged not had frontrunner a , approached Awards Academy 72nd the for nominations the As "," As the nominations for the 72nd Academy Awards approached , a frontrunner had not emerged . DreamWorks had launched a major campaign for American Beauty five weeks before ballots were due to be sent to the 5 @,@ 600 Academy Award voters . Its campaign combined traditional advertising and publicity with more focused strategies . Although direct mail campaigning was prohibited , DreamWorks reached voters by promoting the film in "" casual , comfortable settings "" in voters ' communities . The studio 's candidate for Best Picture the previous year , Saving Private Ryan , lost to Shakespeare in Love , so the studio took a new approach by hiring outsiders to provide input for the campaign . It hired three veteran consultants , who told the studio to "" think small "" . Nancy Willen encouraged DreamWorks to produce a special about the making of American Beauty , to set up displays of the film in the communities ' bookstores , and to arrange a question @-@ and @-@ answer session with Mendes for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Dale Olson advised the studio to advertise in free publications that circulated in Beverly Hills — home to many voters — in addition to major newspapers . Olson arranged to screen American Beauty to about 1 @,@ 000 members of the Actors Fund of America , as many participating actors were also voters . Bruce Feldman took Ball to the Santa Barbara International Film Festival , where Ball attended a private dinner in honor of Anthony Hopkins , meeting several voters who were in attendance . " " . screenplays greatest 101 of list its on 38 number screenplay the ranked America of Guild Writers the , 2013 In . ) Magnolia and , Matrix The , Club Fight behind ( 1999 from movie ranked highest @-@ fourth the , critics film 50 and , filmmakers 150 , readers 000 @,@ 10 of poll a after "" Time All of Movie Greatest "" 96th the Beauty American named Empire , 2008 September In . campaign publicity film best the for DreamWorks recognized America of Guild the , 2000 In . Editing Best and Music Film Best , Cinematography Best , ) Bening ( Actress Best , Actor Best , Film Best : nominated was it which for awards 14 the of six won Beauty American , Awards Film Academy British 53rd the At . Cinematography Best and Screenplay Original Best , ) Spacey ( Actor Best , Director Best , Picture Best : Awards Academy five won Beauty American , 2000 , 26 March On . Miramax than Variety in space advertising more % 38 bought DreamWorks ; campaigns aggressive mounted studios Both . Miramax from , Rules House Cider The still was Picture Best for rival closest 's Beauty American . Awards Academy the dominate to favorite the now was film the — shifted had perceptions ; Beauty American to honors top their awarded all organizations labor industry major the , 2000 March In . each nominations seven received , Insider The and Rules House Cider The , rivals closest its ; Awards Academy eight for nominated was Beauty American , 2000 February In "," In February 2000 , American Beauty was nominated for eight Academy Awards ; its closest rivals , The Cider House Rules and The Insider , received seven nominations each . In March 2000 , the major industry labor organizations all awarded their top honors to American Beauty ; perceptions had shifted — the film was now the favorite to dominate the Academy Awards . American Beauty 's closest rival for Best Picture was still The Cider House Rules , from Miramax . Both studios mounted aggressive campaigns ; DreamWorks bought 38 % more advertising space in Variety than Miramax . On March 26 , 2000 , American Beauty won five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor ( Spacey ) , Best Original Screenplay and Best Cinematography . At the 53rd British Academy Film Awards , American Beauty won six of the 14 awards for which it was nominated : Best Film , Best Actor , Best Actress ( Bening ) , Best Cinematography , Best Film Music and Best Editing . In 2000 , the Guild of America recognized DreamWorks for the best film publicity campaign . In September 2008 , Empire named American Beauty the 96th "" Greatest Movie of All Time "" after a poll of 10 @,@ 000 readers , 150 filmmakers , and 50 film critics , the fourth @-@ highest ranked movie from 1999 ( behind Fight Club , The Matrix , and Magnolia ) . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay number 38 on its list of 101 greatest screenplays . " " . 2007 in ) Edition Anniversary 10th ( Movies 100 ... Years 100 's AFI for nominated was film The "," The film was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) in 2007 . " " . government the from them for value full receiving and discount a at debts government Revolutionary purchasing by fortune a built and , Boston in practice law successful a established , Patriots victorious the with sided Gore , Revolution American the by divided family a into Born . diplomat U.S. and , politician Federalist , lawyer Massachusetts prominent a was ) 1827 , 1 March – 1758 , 21 September ( Gore Christopher "," Christopher Gore ( September 21 , 1758 – March 1 , 1827 ) was a prominent Massachusetts lawyer , Federalist politician , and U.S. diplomat . Born into a family divided by the American Revolution , Gore sided with the victorious Patriots , established a successful law practice in Boston , and built a fortune by purchasing Revolutionary government debts at a discount and receiving full value for them from the government . " " . 1812 of War the to opposition led he where , 1813 in Strong Caleb Governor by Senate US the to appointed was He . 1810 in Gerry Elbridge Republican @-@ Democratic to losing , term one served He . 1809 in winning before times several governor for unsuccessfully running , politics state reentered and 1804 in Massachusetts to returned He . Britain Great in claims maritime with dealing commission diplomatic a to Washington George President by appointed then was He . Massachusetts for Attorney District U.S. appointed being before legislature Massachusetts the in briefly serving , 1788 in politics entered Gore "," Gore entered politics in 1788 , serving briefly in the Massachusetts legislature before being appointed U.S. District Attorney for Massachusetts . He was then appointed by President George Washington to a diplomatic commission dealing with maritime claims in Great Britain . He returned to Massachusetts in 1804 and reentered state politics , running unsuccessfully for governor several times before winning in 1809 . He served one term , losing to Democratic @-@ Republican Elbridge Gerry in 1810 . He was appointed to the US Senate by Governor Caleb Strong in 1813 , where he led opposition to the War of 1812 . " " . Landmark Historic National a declared been has and , architecture Federalist of examples extant finest the of one is , Place Gore as known now , Massachusetts , Waltham in mansion palatial His . honor his in named was library first the where , College Harvard of benefactor major a was and , causes charitable of variety a in involved was Gore . Massachusetts , Lowell of city the established business whose , Company Manufacturing Merrimack the and Company Manufacturing Boston the funding , industry textile early the in investor major a was He . River Charles the across bridge a and Canal Middlesex the as such projects infrastructure important including , businesses of variety a in fortune his invested Gore "," Gore invested his fortune in a variety of businesses , including important infrastructure projects such as the Middlesex Canal and a bridge across the Charles River . He was a major investor in the early textile industry , funding the Boston Manufacturing Company and the Merrimack Manufacturing Company , whose business established the city of Lowell , Massachusetts . Gore was involved in a variety of charitable causes , and was a major benefactor of Harvard College , where the first library was named in his honor . His palatial mansion in Waltham , Massachusetts , now known as Gore Place , is one of the finest extant examples of Federalist architecture , and has been declared a National Historic Landmark . " " . Trumbull John and King Rufus with friendships lifelong significant formed and , club speaking a in participated Gore Harvard at While . Concord in operations resume could Harvard until Bradford in studies his continued temporarily Gore and , Army Continental the by occupied were buildings 's Harvard , 1775 in Boston of Siege the and War Revolutionary American the of outset the At . thirteen of age ) time the for even ( young the at College Harvard entered and , School Latin Boston attended He . adulthood to survive to sons three their of youngest the was He . artisan and merchant successful a , Gore John and Frances of children many of one , 1758 , 21 September on Boston in born was Gore Christopher "," Christopher Gore was born in Boston on September 21 , 1758 , one of many children of Frances and John Gore , a successful merchant and artisan . He was the youngest of their three sons to survive to adulthood . He attended Boston Latin School , and entered Harvard College at the young ( even for the time ) age of thirteen . At the outset of the American Revolutionary War and the Siege of Boston in 1775 , Harvard 's buildings were occupied by the Continental Army , and Gore temporarily continued his studies in Bradford until Harvard could resume operations in Concord . While at Harvard Gore participated in a speaking club , and formed significant lifelong friendships with Rufus King and John Trumbull . " " . assets seized 's father his of share 's family remaining the for state the petitioned successfully Gore 1779 In . Boston in remained who , sisters three and mother his support to upon called consequently was Gore . 1776 March in city the evacuated Army British the when Boston left who Loyalist a was father 's Gore : war the by divided was family Gore The . 1778 until clerk a as served he where , Crafts Thomas law @-@ in @-@ brother his of regiment artillery Continental the in enlisted promptly and , 1776 in graduated Gore "," Gore graduated in 1776 , and promptly enlisted in the Continental artillery regiment of his brother @-@ in @-@ law Thomas Crafts , where he served as a clerk until 1778 . The Gore family was divided by the war : Gore 's father was a Loyalist who left Boston when the British Army evacuated the city in March 1776 . Gore was consequently called upon to support his mother and three sisters , who remained in Boston . In 1779 Gore successfully petitioned the state for the remaining family 's share of his father 's seized assets . " " . lawyer trial successful a as seen was he and , reasoned @-@ well generally were briefs His . pursue to claims with merchants British based @-@ London as well as , assets their of some recover to seeking Loyalists included clients 's Gore . Massachusetts fled had lawyers Loyalist many because part in , flourished practice law 's Gore . tutelage brief comparatively a after 1778 in bar the to admitted was and , Lowell John with law studied Gore service military his After "," After his military service Gore studied law with John Lowell , and was admitted to the bar in 1778 after a comparatively brief tutelage . Gore 's law practice flourished , in part because many Loyalist lawyers had fled Massachusetts . Gore 's clients included Loyalists seeking to recover some of their assets , as well as London @-@ based British merchants with claims to pursue . His briefs were generally well @-@ reasoned , and he was seen as a successful trial lawyer . " " . society Boston of members prominent became and graces social their for known were couple The . Massachusetts of Bank the of director and , insurer maritime , merchant wealthy a of daughter , Payne Amory Rebecca married he 1785 In . 000 @,@ 25 $ of value face a had but 700 @,@ 3 $ about him cost , instance for , purchased he securities of batch One . discount steep a at sold often they which , pay of lieu in soldiers Army Continental to given been had that paper were purchased he securities The . bonds and currency revolutionary in carefully investing by fortune his grew Gore "," Gore grew his fortune by investing carefully in revolutionary currency and bonds . The securities he purchased were paper that had been given to Continental Army soldiers in lieu of pay , which they often sold at a steep discount . One batch of securities he purchased , for instance , cost him about $ 3 @,@ 700 but had a face value of $ 25 @,@ 000 . In 1785 he married Rebecca Amory Payne , daughter of a wealthy merchant , maritime insurer , and director of the Bank of Massachusetts . The couple were known for their social graces and became prominent members of Boston society . " " . Constitution new the of support urging , Federalist strongly was nonetheless Gore . power state toward inclined more time the at was , lived he where , Boston because contested was election His . Constitution States United the ratified that convention Massachusetts 1789 the to delegate a elected was Gore , 1788 In . amnesty received number large a , convicted ultimately were rebels many Although . ) Dawes Thomas and , Sr. , Lincoln Levi , Sullivan James , Strong Caleb , Sedgwick Theodore were group this in included ( rebellion the in participants defend to assigned lawyers profile @-@ high several of one was Gore . 1787 in crush to action militia required which , Rebellion ' Shays into blossomed Bowdoin James Governor by pursued policies harsh over Grievances . Massachusetts in sentiment lawyer @-@ anti in rise a about concerned became Gore 1786 In "," In 1786 Gore became concerned about a rise in anti @-@ lawyer sentiment in Massachusetts . Grievances over harsh policies pursued by Governor James Bowdoin blossomed into Shays ' Rebellion , which required militia action to crush in 1787 . Gore was one of several high @-@ profile lawyers assigned to defend participants in the rebellion ( included in this group were Theodore Sedgwick , Caleb Strong , James Sullivan , Levi Lincoln , Sr. , and Thomas Dawes ) . Although many rebels were ultimately convicted , a large number received amnesty . In 1788 , Gore was elected a delegate to the 1789 Massachusetts convention that ratified the United States Constitution . His election was contested because Boston , where he lived , was at the time more inclined toward state power . Gore nonetheless was strongly Federalist , urging support of the new Constitution . " " . seats several opened resignations after held was election special a when , later seat a win to managed He . time the at Boston in fervor nationalist @-@ anti strong to owing , lost but , reelection for stand to decided Gore 1789 In . one choose would Senate the which from , candidates of slate a selected House the whereby process a of favor in rejected ultimately was choice His . choice the to input popular reduce significantly would that process a , Senate States United the for choices on votes separate by agree Senate and House state the that proposed also He . session joint a by chosen be would electors presidential that decided legislature the proposal his By . constitution federal new the by it of required actions for rules 's state the adopting in role leading a took He . Representatives of House Massachusetts the to elected was Gore 1788 In "," In 1788 Gore was elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives . He took a leading role in adopting the state 's rules for actions required of it by the new federal constitution . By his proposal the legislature decided that presidential electors would be chosen by a joint session . He also proposed that the state House and Senate agree by separate votes on choices for the United States Senate , a process that would significantly reduce popular input to the choice . His choice was ultimately rejected in favor of a process whereby the House selected a slate of candidates , from which the Senate would choose one . In 1789 Gore decided to stand for reelection , but lost , owing to strong anti @-@ nationalist fervor in Boston at the time . He managed to win a seat later , when a special election was held after resignations opened several seats . " " . well as those assume to government U.S. the for Congressmen Massachusetts lobbied and , debts related @-@ war Massachusetts purchased also Gore . it for allow would funding his if acquired had he 000 @,@ 11 $ the than more purchase to Craigie encouraged and , 000 @,@ 20 $ about for paper of worth 000 @,@ 90 $ purchased had Gore : goal this met had pair the , year that of October late By . rise would value their that bid speculative a in 000 @,@ 100 $ of value face a with securities Continental purchase to agreement secret a into entered , services legal for Gore retained had who businessman Boston a , Craigie Andrew and he 1788 In . wealth his multiplied significantly 1780s late the in speculations financial 's Gore "," Gore 's financial speculations in the late 1780s significantly multiplied his wealth . In 1788 he and Andrew Craigie , a Boston businessman who had retained Gore for legal services , entered into a secret agreement to purchase Continental securities with a face value of $ 100 @,@ 000 in a speculative bid that their value would rise . By late October of that year , the pair had met this goal : Gore had purchased $ 90 @,@ 000 worth of paper for about $ 20 @,@ 000 , and encouraged Craigie to purchase more than the $ 11 @,@ 000 he had acquired if his funding would allow for it . Gore also purchased Massachusetts war @-@ related debts , and lobbied Massachusetts Congressmen for the U.S. government to assume those as well . " " . country the in lawyer wealthiest the him made speculations 's Gore that wrote Adams Quincy John : documents surviving the from unclear is made he amount exact The . it sold he before value in appreciated received he paper the but , exchange this on win Gore did only Not . value face at paper U.S. new for paper state and Continental exchanged that legislation passed , King Rufus friend 's Gore by supported and Hamilton Alexander by made proposal a on acting , Congress States United the 1790 in when realized was windfall 's Gore "," Gore 's windfall was realized when in 1790 the United States Congress , acting on a proposal made by Alexander Hamilton and supported by Gore 's friend Rufus King , passed legislation that exchanged Continental and state paper for new U.S. paper at face value . Not only did Gore win on this exchange , but the paper he received appreciated in value before he sold it . The exact amount he made is unclear from the surviving documents : John Quincy Adams wrote that Gore 's speculations made him the wealthiest lawyer in the country . " " . ventures land successful less ' partners the avoided and , speculations financial with stayed carefully apparently but , partners these with ventures other in engaged also Gore . Americans the outmaneuvered bankers Dutch experienced and powerful more : failed it , venture this into 000 @,@ 10 $ sank Gore Although . France to obligations U.S. acquire to sought and , Europe in lands U.S. of sales promoted partnership The . Gore impressed lifestyle lavish whose official Department Treasury and businessman York New influential an was Duer and , 's Craigie of partner business a was Parker . terms favorable on obligations debt foreign U.S. acquire to attempt an in Parker Daniel and Duer William , Craigie with partnership a enter to him prompted speculations 's Gore of success The "," The success of Gore 's speculations prompted him to enter a partnership with Craigie , William Duer and Daniel Parker in an attempt to acquire U.S. foreign debt obligations on favorable terms . Parker was a business partner of Craigie 's , and Duer was an influential New York businessman and Treasury Department official whose lavish lifestyle impressed Gore . The partnership promoted sales of U.S. lands in Europe , and sought to acquire U.S. obligations to France . Although Gore sank $ 10 @,@ 000 into this venture , it failed : more powerful and experienced Dutch bankers outmaneuvered the Americans . Gore also engaged in other ventures with these partners , but apparently carefully stayed with financial speculations , and avoided the partners ' less successful land ventures . " " . States United the of Bank First the from competition serious received bank the when , 1791 until dividends high relatively paid held he shares bank The . dollars thousand several as much as for credit of lines on drew also but , deposits personal his of most for bank the used Gore . capital its of stability the improved that move a , repayments loan on regulations its tightened bank the board the on time his During . shareholder a became also he when , 1785 in board its to elected was himself Gore . director a was law @-@ in @-@ father his where , Massachusetts of Bank the through mediated was activity financial 's Gore of Much "," Much of Gore 's financial activity was mediated through the Bank of Massachusetts , where his father @-@ in @-@ law was a director . Gore himself was elected to its board in 1785 , when he also became a shareholder . During his time on the board the bank tightened its regulations on loan repayments , a move that improved the stability of its capital . Gore used the bank for most of his personal deposits , but also drew on lines of credit for as much as several thousand dollars . The bank shares he held paid relatively high dividends until 1791 , when the bank received serious competition from the First Bank of the United States . " " . practice law his of demands the citing , 1794 in board the from resigned Gore . service stable and consistent provide could bank chartered nationally a only that arguing , organization the into banks chartered @-@ state merge to sought and , branch the for decisions hiring making in influential was Gore . investment large relatively a , bank new the in shares 200 purchased also He . Bank U.S. the of branch Boston the of director a became and , bank Massachusetts the in shares his sold He . move the make to decided Gore and , Massachusetts of Bank the in heavily recruited Hamilton . Boston in branch a open to sought and , scale national a on services banking stable provide to Hamilton Alexander by established was States United the of Bank The "," The Bank of the United States was established by Alexander Hamilton to provide stable banking services on a national scale , and sought to open a branch in Boston . Hamilton recruited heavily in the Bank of Massachusetts , and Gore decided to make the move . He sold his shares in the Massachusetts bank , and became a director of the Boston branch of the U.S. Bank . He also purchased 200 shares in the new bank , a relatively large investment . Gore was influential in making hiring decisions for the branch , and sought to merge state @-@ chartered banks into the organization , arguing that only a nationally chartered bank could provide consistent and stable service . Gore resigned from the board in 1794 , citing the demands of his law practice . " " . agriculture in advances to contributing significantly as seen not was organization the ; years several for trustee a as served he which of , Agriculture Promoting for Society Massachusetts the formed Federalists situated @-@ similarly other and He . farmer gentleman a as operated he which of most , estate the on built house a had He . ) ha 120 ( acres 300 to time over grew that Waltham in estate country a bought also and , Square Bowdoin fashionable on mansion large a purchased he 1789 In . Boston of society elite the join to him enabled successes financial 's Gore "," Gore 's financial successes enabled him to join the elite society of Boston . In 1789 he purchased a large mansion on fashionable Bowdoin Square , and also bought a country estate in Waltham that grew over time to 300 acres ( 120 ha ) . He had a house built on the estate , most of which he operated as a gentleman farmer . He and other similarly @-@ situated Federalists formed the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture , of which he served as a trustee for several years ; the organization was not seen as significantly contributing to advances in agriculture . " " . legislators fellow his from pressure of because protest under seat legislative the resigned eventually He . posts federal to apply not did offices multiple holding against prohibitions 's constitution state the that arguing , legislature state the from resign to refused controversially Gore . support his for reward a as Massachusetts for Attorney States United first the Gore appointed Washington George President 1789 In "," In 1789 President George Washington appointed Gore the first United States Attorney for Massachusetts as a reward for his support . Gore controversially refused to resign from the state legislature , arguing that the state constitution 's prohibitions against holding multiple offices did not apply to federal posts . He eventually resigned the legislative seat under protest because of pressure from his fellow legislators . " " . Gore by provided evidence on based Washington George President from orders on expelled eventually was . French the with sympathized that juries local by stymied was he but , Boston of Port the of out privateers operating and arming for , Antoine , Boston in consul French the prosecute to times several attempted He . Wars Revolutionary French the to respect with neutrality U.S. of enforcement the was concern of matter principal His . 1796 until attorney district as served Gore "," Gore served as district attorney until 1796 . His principal matter of concern was the enforcement of U.S. neutrality with respect to the French Revolutionary Wars . He attempted several times to prosecute the French consul in Boston , Antoine , for arming and operating privateers out of the Port of Boston , but he was stymied by local juries that sympathized with the French . was eventually expelled on orders from President George Washington based on evidence provided by Gore . " " U.S. the visited he when Talleyrand statesman French future the hosted he : Frenchmen individual with terms friendly on was he , policy French to hostile was Gore Although . supported vocally Gore ratification whose , Treaty Jay the negotiated and 1794 in London to traveled Jay John . British the with negotiate to England to sent be someone that Washington President to suggested He . positions French @-@ pro support and policy Federalist oppose to formed "" Societies Democratic "" of formation the denounced he , "" Manlius "" pseudonym the under Writing . newspapers Massachusetts in writings political with sentiment French @-@ anti promoted also Gore "," Gore also promoted anti @-@ French sentiment with political writings in Massachusetts newspapers . Writing under the pseudonym "" Manlius "" , he denounced the formation of "" Democratic Societies "" formed to oppose Federalist policy and support pro @-@ French positions . He suggested to President Washington that someone be sent to England to negotiate with the British . John Jay traveled to London in 1794 and negotiated the Jay Treaty , whose ratification Gore vocally supported . Although Gore was hostile to French policy , he was on friendly terms with individual Frenchmen : he hosted the future French statesman Talleyrand when he visited the U.S. " " . Sciences and Arts of Academy American the of Fellow a elected also was he year That . disagreements of event the in votes deciding cast to "" minded @-@ fair "" sufficiently to deemed was he because four other the by chosen was Trumbull ; ) Astley Nicholas and Nicoll John ( commissioners British two and ) Trumbull John and , Pinkney William , Gore ( Americans three of consisted It . Wars Revolutionary French ongoing the in neutrality American of violations to relating claims British from and , cargoes and vessels American of seizures British from emanating claims arbitrate to established was commission The . area Park Hyde fashionable the in residence a establishing , year that England to moved Gores the result a As . Treaty Jay the terms the under claims maritime handle to States United the representing commissioner a as him appointed Washington 1796 In "," In 1796 Washington appointed him as a commissioner representing the United States to handle maritime claims under the terms the Jay Treaty . As a result the Gores moved to England that year , establishing a residence in the fashionable Hyde Park area . The commission was established to arbitrate claims emanating from British seizures of American vessels and cargoes , and from British claims relating to violations of American neutrality in the ongoing French Revolutionary Wars . It consisted of three Americans ( Gore , William Pinkney , and John Trumbull ) and two British commissioners ( John Nicoll and Nicholas Astley ) ; Trumbull was chosen by the other four because he was deemed to sufficiently "" fair @-@ minded "" to cast deciding votes in the event of disagreements . That year he was also elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . " " . property Waltham their for house new a planning began and , estates country of architecture the of note took they , Scotland and England in ones later and , trip this During . Paris in months six spent and , Switzerland and , Belgium , Holland visited They . Europe of tour a on embarked Rebecca and he , stopped still work commission the with , London to return his After . 1799 in fire by destroyed largely been had house the where , estate Waltham his of condition the assess and America to return briefly to break this used Gore . underway got issues other the of resolution until processing claims the stopped British the and , met yet not had States United the against claims War Revolutionary outstanding resolve to treaty the by established board another because halt a to ground it 1800 In . 1798 in transfer a requesting considered he and , "" process of tediousness "" a called Gore what from suffered work the , establishment British the by received well was Gore Although "," Although Gore was well received by the British establishment , the work suffered from what Gore called a "" tediousness of process "" , and he considered requesting a transfer in 1798 . In 1800 it ground to a halt because another board established by the treaty to resolve outstanding Revolutionary War claims against the United States had not yet met , and the British stopped the claims processing until resolution of the other issues got underway . Gore used this break to briefly return to America and assess the condition of his Waltham estate , where the house had been largely destroyed by fire in 1799 . After his return to London , with the commission work still stopped , he and Rebecca embarked on a tour of Europe . They visited Holland , Belgium , and Switzerland , and spent six months in Paris . During this trip , and later ones in England and Scotland , they took note of the architecture of country estates , and began planning a new house for their Waltham property . " " . graces good 's America in remain to sought that administration British a by and , claims the of processing the in interpretations American favored that decisions early key some to also but , claims American of number larger vastly the to due is result lopsided The . claimants American to million 6 $ over and claimants British to 000 @,@ 110 $ awarded It . 1803 August by claims outstanding all resolved had and , 1802 early in work its resumed commission The "," The commission resumed its work in early 1802 , and had resolved all outstanding claims by August 1803 . It awarded $ 110 @,@ 000 to British claimants and over $ 6 million to American claimants . The lopsided result is due to the vastly larger number of American claims , but also to some key early decisions that favored American interpretations in the processing of the claims , and by a British administration that sought to remain in America 's good graces . " " . 1804 of spring the in Boston for sailed Gores The . replacement 's King as Monroe James of arrival the and departure 's King between interval month @-@ two the for role his accepted government British the , appointment formal a issued never Jefferson Thomas President Although . 'affaires d chargé as embassy London the head to Gore named he 1803 May in post his left King When . expatriates Massachusetts other with along , 1796 in Britain Great to Ambassador appointed was who , King Rufus friend good his around revolved England in circle social 's Gore The "," The Gore 's social circle in England revolved around his good friend Rufus King , who was appointed Ambassador to Great Britain in 1796 , along with other Massachusetts expatriates . When King left his post in May 1803 he named Gore to head the London embassy as chargé d 'affaires . Although President Thomas Jefferson never issued a formal appointment , the British government accepted his role for the two @-@ month interval between King 's departure and the arrival of James Monroe as King 's replacement . The Gores sailed for Boston in the spring of 1804 . " " . architecture Federalist of examples extant finest the of one is ) Place Gore as known now ( 1804 in States United the to return their upon built was that house the , Soane John Sir architect English of works the by influenced also probably and Legrand Guillaume @-@ Joseph architect French of assistance the with Designed . sojourn English their during estate Waltham their for building new lavish a design to estates country European to exposure their used Gore Rebecca "," Rebecca Gore used their exposure to European country estates to design a lavish new building for their Waltham estate during their English sojourn . Designed with the assistance of French architect Joseph @-@ Guillaume Legrand and probably also influenced by the works of English architect Sir John Soane , the house that was built upon their return to the United States in 1804 ( now known as Gore Place ) is one of the finest extant examples of Federalist architecture . " " . deliberation ' minutes fifteen after Revere Paul Federalist and Patriot was foreman whose jury a by murder of acquitted was Selfridge ; defense @-@ self in acted Selfridge argued Gore . Otis Gray Harrison Federalist @-@ arch included also defense the and , Sullivan James ) opponent gubernatorial Gore future and ( General Attorney by prosecuted was Selfridge . encounter the in him shot fatally Selfridge and , cane a with Selfridge beat to sought , initiative own his on apparently , had Austin younger The . pistol dueling a with himself armed had , safety own his for fearing , Selfridge , Boston in day the of atmosphere charged politically the In . father Republican 's Austin from debt a of collection the in assist to retained been had , attorney Federalist older an , Selfridge . Austin Charles murdering of accused , Selfridge Thomas of defense 1807 the was on took he cases profile highest the of One . Webster Daniel student a as on took he which in , practice law his resumed He . committee central secret its on sitting , organization Party Federalist state the in active was He . Senate Massachusetts the to election winning , politics state reentered Gore , States United the to return his after Soon "," Soon after his return to the United States , Gore reentered state politics , winning election to the Massachusetts Senate . He was active in the state Federalist Party organization , sitting on its secret central committee . He resumed his law practice , in which he took on as a student Daniel Webster . One of the highest profile cases he took on was the 1807 defense of Thomas Selfridge , accused of murdering Charles Austin . Selfridge , an older Federalist attorney , had been retained to assist in the collection of a debt from Austin 's Republican father . In the politically charged atmosphere of the day in Boston , Selfridge , fearing for his own safety , had armed himself with a dueling pistol . The younger Austin had , apparently on his own initiative , sought to beat Selfridge with a cane , and Selfridge fatally shot him in the encounter . Selfridge was prosecuted by Attorney General ( and future Gore gubernatorial opponent ) James Sullivan , and the defense also included arch @-@ Federalist Harrison Gray Otis . Gore argued Selfridge acted in self @-@ defense ; Selfridge was acquitted of murder by a jury whose foreman was Patriot and Federalist Paul Revere after fifteen minutes ' deliberation . " " . canals Lowell the ) today owns still and ( operated which , Canals and Locks of Proprietors the in shares purchased Gore , Massachusetts , Lowell now is what in locate to decided it When . Company Manufacturing Merrimack the in invested Gore and , success a was , however , mill textile The . Bridge Craigie the of side Cambridge the , Point Lechmere develop to collaborators other with efforts were as , failure financial a run long the in was canal the : out panned ventures his of all Not . estate his near Waltham in was textiles of production site @-@ single the proving factory whose , Company Manufacturing Boston the and , ) Cambridge to Boston connect to first the ( Bridge Craigie the , Canal Middlesex the in investor major a was He . textiles and , canals , locks , bridges , ) fortune his made had law @-@ in @-@ father is where ( insurance maritime including , widely ranged investments His . state the in activity economic spurring , infrastructure and businesses of variety wide a in invested He . return his upon activities business resumed also Gore "," Gore also resumed business activities upon his return . He invested in a wide variety of businesses and infrastructure , spurring economic activity in the state . His investments ranged widely , including maritime insurance ( where is father @-@ in @-@ law had made his fortune ) , bridges , locks , canals , and textiles . He was a major investor in the Middlesex Canal , the Craigie Bridge ( the first to connect Boston to Cambridge ) , and the Boston Manufacturing Company , whose factory proving the single @-@ site production of textiles was in Waltham near his estate . Not all of his ventures panned out : the canal was in the long run a financial failure , as were efforts with other collaborators to develop Lechmere Point , the Cambridge side of the Craigie Bridge . The textile mill , however , was a success , and Gore invested in the Merrimack Manufacturing Company . When it decided to locate in what is now Lowell , Massachusetts , Gore purchased shares in the Proprietors of Locks and Canals , which operated ( and still owns today ) the Lowell canals . " " . winner the as Strong certifying eventually , relented legislature the and , outcry public a raised Federalists other and Gore . ) Strong Caleb Federalist for marked ballots similar discarding and name 's Sullivan James Republican of versions misspelled containing ballots retaining , example for ( manner partisan a in ballots the scrutinized legislature The . recount a require to enough close was governor for election the and , majority the in were Republicans the year That . Senate State the to election won Gore 1806 In "," In 1806 Gore won election to the State Senate . That year the Republicans were in the majority , and the election for governor was close enough to require a recount . The legislature scrutinized the ballots in a partisan manner ( for example , retaining ballots containing misspelled versions of Republican James Sullivan 's name and discarding similar ballots marked for Federalist Caleb Strong ) . Gore and other Federalists raised a public outcry , and the legislature relented , eventually certifying Strong as the winner . " " . Republicans the with joined and post the resigned he that instructions distasteful sufficiently Adams gave and , early months nine successor ' Adams elected legislature The . policy foreign 's Jefferson Thomas of support his over Party Federalist the from Adams Quincy John Senator drive to actions spearheaded also He . electors presidential of slate Federalist a of selection the ensure to efforts Federalist led successfully he where , Representatives of House Massachusetts the to elected 1808 in was Gore . fleet merchant large 's state the on effect negative major a had which , 1807 of Act Embargo the against protests state support aggressively to failure his for criticized was Gore but , policies economic Republican against backlash a in 1808 in legislature state the of control gained Federalists The . Sullivan James Republican moderate to times both losing , state the in Republicanism of tide rising a against 1808 and 1807 in Massachusetts of Governor for unsuccessfully ran Gore "," Gore ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Massachusetts in 1807 and 1808 against a rising tide of Republicanism in the state , losing both times to moderate Republican James Sullivan . The Federalists gained control of the state legislature in 1808 in a backlash against Republican economic policies , but Gore was criticized for his failure to aggressively support state protests against the Embargo Act of 1807 , which had a major negative effect on the state 's large merchant fleet . Gore was in 1808 elected to the Massachusetts House of Representatives , where he successfully led Federalist efforts to ensure the selection of a Federalist slate of presidential electors . He also spearheaded actions to drive Senator John Quincy Adams from the Federalist Party over his support of Thomas Jefferson 's foreign policy . The legislature elected Adams ' successor nine months early , and gave Adams sufficiently distasteful instructions that he resigned the post and joined with the Republicans . " " . unscathed escaped largely banks Massachusetts , England New in failures bank of number a caused crisis the Although . Wars Napoleonic the in embroiled then , France and Britain Great with trade of policy federal the by stimulated crisis banking a was politics state occupying issue domestic principal the term 's Gore During . 1808 in late death 's Sullivan upon governor acting as over taken had who , Sr. , Lincoln Levi , successor 's Sullivan against 1809 in victory to Federalists the led Gore "," Gore led the Federalists to victory in 1809 against Sullivan 's successor , Levi Lincoln , Sr. , who had taken over as acting governor upon Sullivan 's death late in 1808 . During Gore 's term the principal domestic issue occupying state politics was a banking crisis stimulated by the federal policy of trade with Great Britain and France , then embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars . Although the crisis caused a number of bank failures in New England , Massachusetts banks largely escaped unscathed . " " . credentials 's Jackson accept and UK the with relations renew to decision 's Madison James President in role a played have may pressure This . state the visit to , US the to ambassador 's UK the as rejected been had who , Jackson James Francis invited 1810 early in Gore and , ) Wars Napoleonic the in embroiled then ( Kingdom United the with relations diplomatic and trade against policy hardline 's government federal the opposing resolves passed legislature The . administration 's Gore in role major a played policy Foreign "," Foreign policy played a major role in Gore 's administration . The legislature passed resolves opposing the federal government 's hardline policy against trade and diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom ( then embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars ) , and Gore in early 1810 invited Francis James Jackson , who had been rejected as the UK 's ambassador to the US , to visit the state . This pressure may have played a role in President James Madison 's decision to renew relations with the UK and accept Jackson 's credentials . " " . campaign acrimonious another in lost but , 1811 in again Gerry against ran Gore . Gerry but , Gore by not greeted was he but , Boston visit did Jackson . election the won Gerry . patriotism unimpeachable 's Gerry emphasizing while connections family Loyalist his highlighted and , governor as organized he activities pompous and residence Waltham palatial his including , lifestyle lavish his for Gore criticized partisans Republican and Gerry unostentatious The . elections 1810 the in Massachusetts of control Federalist to challenge a brought candidate their as Gerry Elbridge popular the of Republicans the by choice the and , threat war the of lessening The "," The lessening of the war threat , and the choice by the Republicans of the popular Elbridge Gerry as their candidate brought a challenge to Federalist control of Massachusetts in the 1810 elections . The unostentatious Gerry and Republican partisans criticized Gore for his lavish lifestyle , including his palatial Waltham residence and pompous activities he organized as governor , and highlighted his Loyalist family connections while emphasizing Gerry 's unimpeachable patriotism . Gerry won the election . Jackson did visit Boston , but he was greeted not by Gore , but Gerry . Gore ran against Gerry again in 1811 , but lost in another acrimonious campaign . " " . honor his in Hall Gore called is buildings 's House Winthrop residential the of One ) . Cambridge of city the of seal the on found is structure This ( . 1915 in place its in built was Library Widener when demolished was but , honor his in named was , granite Quincy of 1838 in built structure Gothic a , building library first 's Harvard . 1820 to 1816 from Fellow a as and 1815 to 1810 from Overseers of Board 's college the on served He . 1809 in Harvard from degree law honorary an granted was Gore "," Gore was granted an honorary law degree from Harvard in 1809 . He served on the college 's Board of Overseers from 1810 to 1815 and as a Fellow from 1816 to 1820 . Harvard 's first library building , a Gothic structure built in 1838 of Quincy granite , was named in his honor , but was demolished when Widener Library was built in its place in 1915 . ( This structure is found on the seal of the city of Cambridge . ) One of the residential Winthrop House 's buildings is called Gore Hall in his honor . " " . war the of conduct the and country the of governance Republican concerning grievances aired states England New the which in Convention Hartford 1814 the of approval expressed He . interests Federalist to knowledge valuable providing experience diplomatic earlier his with , years these in 1812 of War ongoing the opposed He . 1814 in seat the to reelection winning , 1816 , 30 May to 1813 , 5 May from served He . Lloyd James Senator of resignation the by vacated seat Senate U.S. the fill to Strong Caleb Governor by appointed was he , 1813 of spring the In "," In the spring of 1813 , he was appointed by Governor Caleb Strong to fill the U.S. Senate seat vacated by the resignation of Senator James Lloyd . He served from May 5 , 1813 to May 30 , 1816 , winning reelection to the seat in 1814 . He opposed the ongoing War of 1812 in these years , with his earlier diplomatic experience providing valuable knowledge to Federalist interests . He expressed approval of the 1814 Hartford Convention in which the New England states aired grievances concerning Republican governance of the country and the conduct of the war . " " . Brooks John Governor Federalist of "" mediocrity & moderation great "" the bemoaning and Compromise Missouri 1820 the opposing , day the of subjects the on opinions express to continued he , politics in active longer no was he Although . health poor from suffering and Washington of politics the with unhappy , 1816 June in resigned He . war the from anything gained not had nation the that unhappy was but , war the ended that Ghent of Treaty the to assented Gore "," Gore assented to the Treaty of Ghent that ended the war , but was unhappy that the nation had not gained anything from the war . He resigned in June 1816 , unhappy with the politics of Washington and suffering from poor health . Although he was no longer active in politics , he continued to express opinions on the subjects of the day , opposing the 1820 Missouri Compromise and bemoaning the "" great moderation & mediocrity "" of Federalist Governor John Brooks . " " . Ground Burying Granary its in buried is and Boston in 1827 , 1 March on died He . winters the in Boston to return to 1822 in him led Waltham in scene social of lack and health declining His . difficult increasingly walking made that arthritis rheumatoid worsening from suffering , Waltham in estate country his at years later his of most spent Gore . 1814 in Society Antiquarian American the of member a elected also was He . ) 1818 to 1806 from was he president whose ( Society Historical Massachusetts the and Sciences and Arts of Academy American the including , organizations of number a in active was and , Harvard of administration the in active remained Gore "," Gore remained active in the administration of Harvard , and was active in a number of organizations , including the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society ( whose president he was from 1806 to 1818 ) . He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814 . Gore spent most of his later years at his country estate in Waltham , suffering from worsening rheumatoid arthritis that made walking increasingly difficult . His declining health and lack of social scene in Waltham led him in 1822 to return to Boston in the winters . He died on March 1 , 1827 in Boston and is buried in its Granary Burying Ground . " " . 1970 in Landmark Historic National a declared was It . museum a as it operates now which , ) it preserving of purpose the for established ( Society Place Gore the by demolition from saved was mansion The . time over subdivided was and hands several through passed estate Waltham The . Society Historical Massachusetts the and Sciences and Arts of Academy American the to made also were bequests although , ) 000 @,@ 100 $ estimated an received which ( Harvard was estate Gore the of beneficiary major The . children no had couple the ; 1834 in died wife 's Gore "," Gore 's wife died in 1834 ; the couple had no children . The major beneficiary of the Gore estate was Harvard ( which received an estimated $ 100 @,@ 000 ) , although bequests were also made to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Massachusetts Historical Society . The Waltham estate passed through several hands and was subdivided over time . The mansion was saved from demolition by the Gore Place Society ( established for the purpose of preserving it ) , which now operates it as a museum . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1970 . " " . death ' Claudius following 54 in throne the to succeeded and , successor and heir his become to Claudius uncle @-@ grand his by adopted was Nero . dynasty Claudian @-@ Julio the in last the and , 68 to 54 from Emperor Roman was ) AD 68 June 9 – AD 37 December 15 ; Germanicus Augustus Caesar Claudius : Latin ; / / ( Nero "," Nero ( / / ; Latin : Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ; 15 December 37 AD – 9 June 68 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68 , and the last in the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty . Nero was adopted by his grand @-@ uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor , and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius ' death . " " . War Roman – Jewish First the began and empire the to Kingdom the annexed Nero . Britain in revolt a crushed Paulinus Suetonius general His . Empire Parthian the with peace negotiated and war successful a conducted Corbulo general redoubtable the , reign his During . games athletic promoted and built theatres ordered He . corrupt and compulsive as people Roman the by viewed was he Tacitus historian the to according but , empire the of life cultural the enhancing and trade , diplomacy on attention his of much focused Nero "," Nero focused much of his attention on diplomacy , trade and enhancing the cultural life of the empire , but according to the historian Tacitus he was viewed by the Roman people as compulsive and corrupt . He ordered theatres built and promoted athletic games . During his reign , the redoubtable general Corbulo conducted a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire . His general Suetonius Paulinus crushed a revolt in Britain . Nero annexed the Kingdom to the empire and began the First Jewish – Roman War . " " . Britannicus stepbrother his of poison by murder probable the and , mother his of that including , executions many for known is He . extravagance and tyranny with associated often is rule 's Nero . Emperors Four the of Year the as known wars civil of period brief a sparking , dynasty Claudian @-@ Julio the ended death His . ) so do to emperor Roman first the ( 68 June 9 on suicide committed he , executed be to was who enemy public a as denounced being of report false a Facing . throne the from Nero drove Hispania in Galba of acclamation the later and Gaul in Vindex of rebellion the , 68 In . Aurea Domus the , complex palatial planned his for land clear to order in started had himself Nero believed Romans many which , Rome of Fire Great the in destroyed was Rome of most , AD 64 In "," In 64 AD , most of Rome was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome , which many Romans believed Nero himself had started in order to clear land for his planned palatial complex , the Domus Aurea . In 68 , the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul and later the acclamation of Galba in Hispania drove Nero from the throne . Facing a false report of being denounced as a public enemy who was to be executed , he committed suicide on 9 June 68 ( the first Roman emperor to do so ) . His death ended the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty , sparking a brief period of civil wars known as the Year of the Four Emperors . Nero 's rule is often associated with tyranny and extravagance . He is known for many executions , including that of his mother , and the probable murder by poison of his stepbrother Britannicus . " " . acts tyrannical 's Nero on reporting when sources ancient of reliability the question historians modern Some . East the in especially , people Roman common the with popular was who emperor an as him portray , above mentioned some including , sources Some . light favourable more a in Nero paint sources surviving few a but , reign 's Nero for sources surviving main the , Dio Cassius and Suetonius , Tacitus of writings the on based is view This . light of source a as night at garden his in fire on set and oil in dipped Christians captured had have to rumored was Nero "," Nero was rumored to have had captured Christians dipped in oil and set on fire in his garden at night as a source of light . This view is based on the writings of Tacitus , Suetonius and Cassius Dio , the main surviving sources for Nero 's reign , but a few surviving sources paint Nero in a more favourable light . Some sources , including some mentioned above , portray him as an emperor who was popular with the common Roman people , especially in the East . Some modern historians question the reliability of ancient sources when reporting on Nero 's tyrannical acts . " " . Caligula Emperor of sister , Younger the Agrippina and Domitius Gnaeus of son only the was He . Rome near , ) Nettuno and Anzio modern ( in 37 December 15 on born was , Nero , Domitius Lucius "," Lucius Domitius , Nero , was born on 15 December 37 in ( modern Anzio and Nettuno ) , near Rome . He was the only son of Gnaeus Domitius and Agrippina the Younger , sister of Emperor Caligula . " " . him adopted Claudius after grandson later — grandson @-@ great a as Minor Antonia from descent remote more claimed also and , Major Antonia grandmother paternal his as had Nero , Thus . side 's mother his on Minor Octavia and Antony Mark of grandson the and , side 's father his on probably and ) BC 32 consul ( Domitius Gnaeus of grandson the thus was Gnaeus . Major Antonia and ) BC 16 consul ( Domitius Lucius of son the was , Gnaeus , father 's Nero "," Nero 's father , Gnaeus , was the son of Lucius Domitius ( consul 16 BC ) and Antonia Major . Gnaeus was thus the grandson of Gnaeus Domitius ( consul 32 BC ) and probably on his father 's side , and the grandson of Mark Antony and Octavia Minor on his mother 's side . Thus , Nero had as his paternal grandmother Antonia Major , and also claimed more remote descent from Antonia Minor as a great @-@ grandson — later grandson after Claudius adopted him . " " . ) likely not is this but , here Caesar Gaius son adopted 's Augustus to refers Suetonius think apparently some ( East the to travelled latter the when staff 's Caligula of member a was and praetor a as employed been had father 's Nero . Augustus Caesar of nephew @-@ great the was Nero , Octavia Through "," Through Octavia , Nero was the great @-@ nephew of Caesar Augustus . Nero 's father had been employed as a praetor and was a member of Caligula 's staff when the latter travelled to the East ( some apparently think Suetonius refers to Augustus 's adopted son Gaius Caesar here , but this is not likely ) . " " . two was Nero when 39 in ) "" dropsy "" ( edema of died father 's Nero . charges these escape to him allowing , died Tiberius . incest and adultery , treason with Tiberius Emperor by charged was who cheat a and murderer a as Suetonius by described was father 's Nero "," Nero 's father was described by Suetonius as a murderer and a cheat who was charged by Emperor Tiberius with treason , adultery and incest . Tiberius died , allowing him to escape these charges . Nero 's father died of edema ( "" dropsy "" ) in 39 when Nero was two . " " . Claudius emperor the , husband third her murdering of her accuse also historians ancient many so , Crispus husband second her poisoned Agrippina . Tiberius of son adopted the also was Germanicus . sister elder ' Augustus was Octavia . Antony Mark and Minor Octavia of daughter a was , Minor Antonia mother ' Germanicus . other the on Octavia and Antony Mark to and side one on , Livia , wife 's Augustus of grandson a was , Germanicus , father 's Agrippina . Agrippa Vipsanius Marcus husband her and Elder the Julia daughter their through Scribonia wife his and Augustus Caesar of granddaughter @-@ great a , Younger the Agrippina was mother 's Nero "," Nero 's mother was Agrippina the Younger , a great @-@ granddaughter of Caesar Augustus and his wife Scribonia through their daughter Julia the Elder and her husband Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa . Agrippina 's father , Germanicus , was a grandson of Augustus 's wife , Livia , on one side and to Mark Antony and Octavia on the other . Germanicus ' mother Antonia Minor , was a daughter of Octavia Minor and Mark Antony . Octavia was Augustus ' elder sister . Germanicus was also the adopted son of Tiberius . Agrippina poisoned her second husband Crispus , so many ancient historians also accuse her of murdering her third husband , the emperor Claudius . " " . exile from return to Agrippina allowed Claudius . emperor become to , uncle 's Caligula , Claudius led events These . 41 January 24 on murdered were Drusilla Julia daughter infant their and wife his , Caligula . wife third 's Claudius , Valeria of mother the was who , Domitia , aunt wealthy less his by up brought be to him sent and inheritance 's Nero seized Caligula . death 's husband her after 39 in exiled was and Caligula with favour lost , Agrippina , mother 's Nero . heir own his produce to time enough with 24 of age the at reign his begun had , Caligula , uncle maternal his because Emperor become to expected not was Nero "," Nero was not expected to become Emperor because his maternal uncle , Caligula , had begun his reign at the age of 24 with enough time to produce his own heir . Nero 's mother , Agrippina , lost favour with Caligula and was exiled in 39 after her husband 's death . Caligula seized Nero 's inheritance and sent him to be brought up by his less wealthy aunt , Domitia , who was the mother of Valeria , Claudius 's third wife . Caligula , his wife and their infant daughter Julia Drusilla were murdered on 24 January 41 . These events led Claudius , Caligula 's uncle , to become emperor . Claudius allowed Agrippina to return from exile . " " . 48 year the in Claudius by executed was . ) 41 born ( Britannicus and ) 40 born ( Octavia Claudia – with children two had He . age young a at died who , Drusus , son a including children three produced marriages previous His . Valeria marrying before twice married had Claudius "," Claudius had married twice before marrying Valeria . His previous marriages produced three children including a son , Drusus , who died at a young age . He had two children with – Claudia Octavia ( born 40 ) and Britannicus ( born 41 ) . was executed by Claudius in the year 48 . " " . throne the to heir became thus and , Britannicus stepbrother his than older was Nero . ) Rome in adoption see ( Germanicus Drusus Caesar Claudius Nero name the took and 50 in adopted was Nero young , politically Claudius aid To . niece his being her despite , Agrippina mother 's Nero to , time fourth a married Claudius , AD 49 In "," In 49 AD , Claudius married a fourth time , to Nero 's mother Agrippina , despite her being his niece . To aid Claudius politically , young Nero was adopted in 50 and took the name Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus ( see adoption in Rome ) . Nero was older than his stepbrother Britannicus , and thus became heir to the throne . " " . Octavia Claudia stepsister his married he , 53 In . coinage in featured was and , Claudius with appearances public joint made , Senate the addressed first and entered , proconsul appointed was He . 14 of age the at 51 in adult an proclaimed was Nero "," Nero was proclaimed an adult in 51 at the age of 14 . He was appointed proconsul , entered and first addressed the Senate , made joint public appearances with Claudius , and was featured in coinage . In 53 , he married his stepsister Claudia Octavia . " " . Claudius of death the in involved even was he if or knew Nero much how known not is It . mushrooms poison used she , Elder the Pliny to According . Claudius poisoned Agrippina state historians ancient many , vary accounts Though . Emperor as established was , Germanicus Augustus Caesar Claudius Nero name the taking , Nero and 54 in died Claudius "," Claudius died in 54 and Nero , taking the name Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus , was established as Emperor . Though accounts vary , many ancient historians state Agrippina poisoned Claudius . According to Pliny the Elder , she used poison mushrooms . It is not known how much Nero knew or if he was even involved in the death of Claudius . " " "" . wall mean and low a with except burned was body his where place the enclose to neglected he , Finally . a and madman a of work the as acts and decrees his of many disregarded he and , word the of syllable first the lengthening , mortals among "" fool the play to "" ceased had Claudius that say to his of joke favourite a was it for ; cruelty with now and folly with now him charging , word and act in , insult of kind every him on vented he death ' Claudius after , rate any At . it has proverb Greek the as "" , gods the of food the "" as , Claudius to administered was poison the which in vehicle the , mushrooms laud to afterwards used he for ; admitted openly he as , it to privy least at was he , death 's emperor the of instigator the not was he if even for ... "" wrote Suetonius "," Suetonius wrote "" ... for even if he was not the instigator of the emperor 's death , he was at least privy to it , as he openly admitted ; for he used afterwards to laud mushrooms , the vehicle in which the poison was administered to Claudius , as "" the food of the gods , "" as the Greek proverb has it . At any rate , after Claudius ' death he vented on him every kind of insult , in act and word , charging him now with folly and now with cruelty ; for it was a favourite joke of his to say that Claudius had ceased "" to play the fool "" among mortals , lengthening the first syllable of the word , and he disregarded many of his decrees and acts as the work of a madman and a . Finally , he neglected to enclose the place where his body was burned except with a low and mean wall . "" " " . of Alexander as such , mentioned often less were tutors Other . year first the in especially , Afranius Sextus Prefect Praetorian the and , Seneca Annaeus Lucius tutor his , Agrippina , mother his by influenced strongly being as reign early 's Nero describe historians Ancient . emperor became he time the at ' boyhood his of out scarcely ' being as Nero describes , Annals his of XIII book in , Tacitus . death ' Claudius of time the at 16 him made have would , Suetonius by listed also , birth of date his as year seventeenth his in was he that is meant have may Suetonius what , Although time that at emperor youngest the him making , known made was death ' Claudius of news the when 17 of age the at Emperor became Nero ; Suetonius to According "," According to Suetonius ; Nero became Emperor at the age of 17 when the news of Claudius ' death was made known , making him the youngest emperor at that time Although , what Suetonius may have meant is that he was in his seventeenth year as his date of birth , also listed by Suetonius , would have made him 16 at the time of Claudius ' death . Tacitus , in book XIII of his Annals , describes Nero as being ' scarcely out of his boyhood ' at the time he became emperor . Ancient historians describe Nero 's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother , Agrippina , his tutor Lucius Annaeus Seneca , and the Praetorian Prefect Sextus Afranius , especially in the first year . Other tutors were less often mentioned , such as Alexander of . " " . mother his unlike hear to wanted Nero advice the offered he as court 's Nero in up rose particular in Seneca as jealous felt Agrippina power of position this of because is It . world ancient the in coin a on face 's women a see to unusual extremely is It . them of both the of coin the by evidenced is as continued scheming This . "" ) Nero ( son her for scheming "" as sources ancient by mentioned is also Agrippina . Nero young the influence to attempted also Agrippina . and Seneca , advisers main two 's Nero and Agrippina between influence for competition from arose problems , rule 's Nero in early Very "," Very early in Nero 's rule , problems arose from competition for influence between Agrippina and Nero 's two main advisers , Seneca and . Agrippina also attempted to influence the young Nero . Agrippina also is mentioned by ancient sources as "" scheming for her son ( Nero ) "" . This scheming continued as is evidenced by the coin of the both of them . It is extremely unusual to see a women 's face on a coin in the ancient world . It is because of this position of power Agrippina felt jealous as Seneca in particular rose up in Nero 's court as he offered the advice Nero wanted to hear unlike his mother . " " . mother his of beware to Nero told and Agrippina mistrusted also friends 's Nero . ) business official doing men as room same the in be to woman a for time that at unimaginable was it as ( scene scandalous a prevented and her stopped Seneca but , envoy Armenian an with met he while Nero to next down sit to tried Agrippina , 54 In "," In 54 , Agrippina tried to sit down next to Nero while he met with an Armenian envoy , but Seneca stopped her and prevented a scandalous scene ( as it was unimaginable at that time for a woman to be in the same room as men doing official business ) . Nero 's friends also mistrusted Agrippina and told Nero to beware of his mother . " " . affairs personal his in mother his of intervention the resisted , Seneca of support the with , Nero . dismiss son her that demanded and Octavia of favor in intervene to attempted Agrippina , 55 In . slave former a , Claudia with affair an into entered and Octavia to marriage his with unsatisfied reportedly was Nero "," Nero was reportedly unsatisfied with his marriage to Octavia and entered into an affair with Claudia , a former slave . In 55 , Agrippina attempted to intervene in favor of Octavia and demanded that her son dismiss . Nero , with the support of Seneca , resisted the intervention of his mother in his personal affairs . " " . set been had adult an as proclamation his before day very the , 55 February 12 on suspiciously and suddenly died youth the , However . Nero over state the by throne the to heir true the as seen be would , Claudius of son blood the being , Britannicus , support her with that hoped Agrippina , Tacitus to According . adulthood legal approaching was but , minor a legally still was , adoption 's Nero to prior designate @-@ heir , Britannicus old @-@ year @-@ fourteen Nearly . emperor become to , stepbrother 's Nero , Britannicus for pushing began reportedly she , severed son her over influence 's Agrippina With "," With Agrippina 's influence over her son severed , she reportedly began pushing for Britannicus , Nero 's stepbrother , to become emperor . Nearly fourteen @-@ year @-@ old Britannicus , heir @-@ designate prior to Nero 's adoption , was still legally a minor , but was approaching legal adulthood . According to Tacitus , Agrippina hoped that with her support , Britannicus , being the blood son of Claudius , would be seen as the true heir to the throne by the state over Nero . However , the youth died suddenly and suspiciously on 12 February 55 , the very day before his proclamation as an adult had been set . " " "" . viper a than swifter kill "" would promised she that concoction new a devised then Locusta . usable something with up come not did she if death to put her have to threatened angrily Nero , slave a on unsuccessfully it testing after but , Britannicus kill to mixture a devised She . poisons of manufacture the in specialized who woman a , Locusta of services the enlisted he , Supposedly . him poisoning 's Nero from came death ' Britannicus claim all historians ancient but , seizure epileptic an from died Britannicus that claimed Nero "," Nero claimed that Britannicus died from an epileptic seizure , but ancient historians all claim Britannicus ' death came from Nero 's poisoning him . Supposedly , he enlisted the services of Locusta , a woman who specialized in the manufacture of poisons . She devised a mixture to kill Britannicus , but after testing it unsuccessfully on a slave , Nero angrily threatened to have her put to death if she did not come up with something usable . Locusta then devised a new concoction that she promised would "" kill swifter than a viper . "" " " . residence imperial the of out her ordered Nero and Octavia slandering of accused was Agrippina , Britannicus of death the After . minutes within succumbed and , tasted been already had which , wine his cool to used water from party dinner a at it consumed Britannicus after fulfilled was promise Her "," Her promise was fulfilled after Britannicus consumed it at a dinner party from water used to cool his wine , which had already been tasted , and succumbed within minutes . After the death of Britannicus , Agrippina was accused of slandering Octavia and Nero ordered her out of the imperial residence . " " . Nero of moderation mere to management careful from governing in role their reduced and Seneca , time this at , Dio Cassius to According . acquitted and Pallas , himself having in succeeded Seneca . embezzlement and Agrippina with relations having of accused was Seneca . throne the to Sulla Faustus bring to Emperor the against conspiring of accused was , with along , Pallas . treasury the in position his from , Agrippina of ally an , Pallas Antonius Marcus removed he , 55 In . throne the to rivals eliminating and advisers his of himself freeing , powerful more progressively became Nero , time Over "," Over time , Nero became progressively more powerful , freeing himself of his advisers and eliminating rivals to the throne . In 55 , he removed Marcus Antonius Pallas , an ally of Agrippina , from his position in the treasury . Pallas , along with , was accused of conspiring against the Emperor to bring Faustus Sulla to the throne . Seneca was accused of having relations with Agrippina and embezzlement . Seneca succeeded in having himself , Pallas and acquitted . According to Cassius Dio , at this time , Seneca and reduced their role in governing from careful management to mere moderation of Nero . " " . 62 until Poppaea marry not did Nero as motive unlikely an this find historians modern of number A . 59 in mother his of murder the ordered Nero , alive Agrippina with feasible politically seem not did Octavia from divorce a and Poppaea to marriage a because Reportedly . Otho emperor future and friend his of wife the , Sabina Poppaea with involved romantically became Nero , 58 In "," In 58 , Nero became romantically involved with Poppaea Sabina , the wife of his friend and future emperor Otho . Reportedly because a marriage to Poppaea and a divorce from Octavia did not seem politically feasible with Agrippina alive , Nero ordered the murder of his mother in 59 . A number of modern historians find this an unlikely motive as Nero did not marry Poppaea until 62 . " " . Tacitus by recorded also is incident The . suicide a as it framed and Anicetus by executed her had he , survived Agrippina When . Polla , friend 's Agrippina of life the took it , Instead . Anicetus tutor freedman his by planned shipwreck a through mother his kill to tried Nero , Suetonius to According . throne the on Plautus set to plotting her by prompted was Agrippina of execution 's Nero that theorize historians modern Some . marriage for Nero pressing be would Poppaea married already the that unlikely it making , death 's Agrippina after until husband her divorce not did Poppaea , Suetonius to according , Additionally "," Additionally , according to Suetonius , Poppaea did not divorce her husband until after Agrippina 's death , making it unlikely that the already married Poppaea would be pressing Nero for marriage . Some modern historians theorize that Nero 's execution of Agrippina was prompted by her plotting to set Plautus on the throne . According to Suetonius , Nero tried to kill his mother through a shipwreck planned by his freedman tutor Anicetus . Instead , it took the life of Agrippina 's friend , Polla . When Agrippina survived , he had her executed by Anicetus and framed it as a suicide . The incident is also recorded by Tacitus . " " . return her after shortly executed was she but , exile from return to Octavia allow to forced was Nero , protests public After . Poppaea pregnant the marry to free him leaving , infertility of grounds on Octavia banished and divorced Nero . affairs public from retire to permission for Nero asked Seneca . charges embezzlement with faced again was Seneca , Additionally . died , , adviser 's Nero , 62 In "," In 62 , Nero 's adviser , , died . Additionally , Seneca was again faced with embezzlement charges . Seneca asked Nero for permission to retire from public affairs . Nero divorced and banished Octavia on grounds of infertility , leaving him free to marry the pregnant Poppaea . After public protests , Nero was forced to allow Octavia to return from exile , but she was executed shortly after her return . " " . childbirth or miscarriage of complications of because died have may Poppaea that postulate , events private of accounts eyewitness have not did they that likelihood the and Nero against bias possible 's Dio Cassius and Tacitus , Suetonius noting , historians modern , However . child second his have could she before 65 in death to Poppaea kicked have to reported was also Nero "," Nero also was reported to have kicked Poppaea to death in 65 before she could have his second child . However , modern historians , noting Suetonius , Tacitus and Cassius Dio 's possible bias against Nero and the likelihood that they did not have eyewitness accounts of private events , postulate that Poppaea may have died because of complications of miscarriage or childbirth . " " . period this during "" pleased he death to putting in moderation nor discrimination neither showed "" Nero , Suetonius to According . Sulla Faustus and Plautus , Pallas rivals his including 63 and 62 in people of number a executed Nero , power consolidate To . year this in began Piso Calpurnius Gaius by led conspiracy the of roots the that writes Tacitus . book a in Senate the slandered who Fabricius of exile the ordered Nero , Later . party a at Nero of ill speaking for death to put be should , praetor a , that ruled Senate The . 62 in appeared first Senate the and Nero against plotted being treason of Accusations "," Accusations of treason being plotted against Nero and the Senate first appeared in 62 . The Senate ruled that , a praetor , should be put to death for speaking ill of Nero at a party . Later , Nero ordered the exile of Fabricius who slandered the Senate in a book . Tacitus writes that the roots of the conspiracy led by Gaius Calpurnius Piso began in this year . To consolidate power , Nero executed a number of people in 62 and 63 including his rivals Pallas , Plautus and Faustus Sulla . According to Suetonius , Nero "" showed neither discrimination nor moderation in putting to death he pleased "" during this period . " " . conspiracy Pisonian the to led this and left power no had they that complained senators , 65 By . rule Republican under those to equivalent powers Senate the give to promised Nero , 54 In . Senate the from authority of usurping slow a included also power of consolidation 's Nero "," Nero 's consolidation of power also included a slow usurping of authority from the Senate . In 54 , Nero promised to give the Senate powers equivalent to those under Republican rule . By 65 , senators complained that they had no power left and this led to the Pisonian conspiracy . " " . funeral her at production incense 's Arabia of worth ' years ten burned "" Nero that said is It . honors divine her gave and eulogy funeral the during her praised Nero . funeral state a given was She . Augustus of Mausoleum the in put and embalmed , spices with stuffed was it , cremated not was body Her . mourning deep into went Nero , 65 in died Sabina Poppaea wife 's Nero When "," When Nero 's wife Poppaea Sabina died in 65 , Nero went into deep mourning . Her body was not cremated , it was stuffed with spices , embalmed and put in the Mausoleum of Augustus . She was given a state funeral . Nero praised her during the funeral eulogy and gave her divine honors . It is said that Nero "" burned ten years ' worth of Arabia 's incense production at her funeral . " " . reign his of fall the survived who courtiers 's Nero of few the of one was She . marry could Nero so , 66 in suicide to driven being husband 's with , AD 65 in mistress 's Nero became she when married already was She . married he , 66 of beginning the In "," In the beginning of 66 , he married . She was already married when she became Nero 's mistress in 65 AD , with 's husband being driven to suicide in 66 , so Nero could marry . She was one of the few of Nero 's courtiers who survived the fall of his reign . " " . name 's wife dead his by him called even Nero and , Sabina to resemblance uncanny an bore , Cassius Dion to According . him married then and castrated be to , , freedman young a ordered Nero , 67 In "," In 67 , Nero ordered a young freedman , , to be castrated and then married him . According to Dion Cassius , bore an uncanny resemblance to Sabina , and Nero even called him by his dead wife 's name . " " . popularity personal with obsessed being as criticized was Nero . class lower the pleased that rulings made often Nero , reign his of course the Over "," Over the course of his reign , Nero often made rulings that pleased the lower class . Nero was criticized as being obsessed with personal popularity . " " . period this during taverns and brothels visiting time his spending for known was Nero . Senate the by praised was he which for , enactments to regard with him to refer to others forbade he , year first this In . autonomy more Senate the promising by 54 in reign his began Nero "," Nero began his reign in 54 by promising the Senate more autonomy . In this first year , he forbade others to refer to him with regard to enactments , for which he was praised by the Senate . Nero was known for spending his time visiting brothels and taverns during this period . " " . rule later his with it contrast and Nero of well fairly speak historians ancient some , period this During . 60 and 55 between times four consul was He . administrator an as role active more a on taking began Nero , 55 In "," In 55 , Nero began taking on a more active role as an administrator . He was consul four times between 55 and 60 . During this period , some ancient historians speak fairly well of Nero and contrast it with his later rule . " " . right such no had patrons that ruled and freedmen the supported Nero . freedom revoking of right the have should patrons that made was demand strong a and , class freedmen the of misconduct the on Senate the in discussion a was There . limited were lawyers for fees , Also . fines and bail of amount the on put were restrictions , Nero Under "," Under Nero , restrictions were put on the amount of bail and fines . Also , fees for lawyers were limited . There was a discussion in the Senate on the misconduct of the freedmen class , and a strong demand was made that patrons should have the right of revoking freedom . Nero supported the freedmen and ruled that patrons had no such right . " " . case the by affected freedmen the against measures strong vetoed he , However . law the by affected slaves 400 of execution the organise to troops deployed and , measure their on Senate the supported Nero , people the from riots Despite . household a within slaves all to applied slave one of crimes the which in law a pass to tried Senate The "," The Senate tried to pass a law in which the crimes of one slave applied to all slaves within a household . Despite riots from the people , Nero supported the Senate on their measure , and deployed troops to organise the execution of 400 slaves affected by the law . However , he vetoed strong measures against the freedmen affected by the case . " " . corruption and extortion for arrests with along officials government of removals and many were there , Additionally . populace the sway to method a as used being was venue the that fear for entertainment public exhibiting from procurator or magistrate any banned Nero . commissioners lower to authority collection transferred Nero , poor the to harsh too being of accused were collectors tax After "," After tax collectors were accused of being too harsh to the poor , Nero transferred collection authority to lower commissioners . Nero banned any magistrate or procurator from exhibiting public entertainment for fear that the venue was being used as a method to sway the populace . Additionally , there were many and removals of government officials along with arrests for extortion and corruption . " " . exempt @-@ tax declared were ships merchant , imports food of cost the lower To . public become to ordered were records tax government secret , Additionally . % 5 @.@ 2 to % 5 @.@ 4 from cut were taxes , compromise a As . treasury public the bankrupt would action this him convinced Senate The . taxes indirect all repeal to attempted Nero , taxed overly being were poor the that arose complaints further When "," When further complaints arose that the poor were being overly taxed , Nero attempted to repeal all indirect taxes . The Senate convinced him this action would bankrupt the public treasury . As a compromise , taxes were cut from 4 @.@ 5 % to 2 @.@ 5 % . Additionally , secret government tax records were ordered to become public . To lower the cost of food imports , merchant ships were declared tax @-@ exempt . " " . entertainment on expenditure public large the questioned Some . fashioned old was clothing Greek in dressed performers have to that considered Others . immorality to led theatre that belief a was there that indicate Historians . theater and , poetry , games included festival The . quinquennial the established also Nero . held also were shows gladiatorial Enormous . theatres and gymnasiums of number a built Nero , Greeks the of imitation In "," In imitation of the Greeks , Nero built a number of gymnasiums and theatres . Enormous gladiatorial shows were also held . Nero also established the quinquennial . The festival included games , poetry , and theater . Historians indicate that there was a belief that theatre led to immorality . Others considered that to have performers dressed in Greek clothing was old fashioned . Some questioned the large public expenditure on entertainment . " " . budget 's State the on drain the exacerbated others and projects these that state historians Ancient . Corinth of Isthmus the at dug canal a have to attempted Nero , 67 In . Aurea Domus large the erected He . fire the from rubble with filled Ostia of marshes the had Nero . reign late 's Nero in occurred projects construction major other of number A . reconstruction significant as well as effort relief public a enacted Nero . burned Rome , 64 In "," In 64 , Rome burned . Nero enacted a public relief effort as well as significant reconstruction . A number of other major construction projects occurred in Nero 's late reign . Nero had the marshes of Ostia filled with rubble from the fire . He erected the large Domus Aurea . In 67 , Nero attempted to have a canal dug at the Isthmus of Corinth . Ancient historians state that these projects and others exacerbated the drain on the State 's budget . " " . ) grams 2 @.@ 7 to grams 8 ( 45 to pound Roman per 40 from aureus the of weight the reduced Nero , Furthermore . grams 4 @.@ 3 to grams 83 @.@ 3 from dropping weight silver the — % 5 @.@ 93 to % 5 @.@ 99 from purity silver the reduced also He . ) grams 35 @.@ 3 to grams 85 @.@ 3 ( 96 to pound Roman per 84 from denarius the of weight the reduced He . history 's Empire the in time first the for currency Roman the devalued Nero . have not did treasury state the funds requiring , immense was Rome rebuild to cost The "," The cost to rebuild Rome was immense , requiring funds the state treasury did not have . Nero devalued the Roman currency for the first time in the Empire 's history . He reduced the weight of the denarius from 84 per Roman pound to 96 ( 3 @.@ 85 grams to 3 @.@ 35 grams ) . He also reduced the silver purity from 99 @.@ 5 % to 93 @.@ 5 % — the silver weight dropping from 3 @.@ 83 grams to 3 @.@ 4 grams . Furthermore , Nero reduced the weight of the aureus from 40 per Roman pound to 45 ( 8 grams to 7 @.@ 2 grams ) . " " . Sudan South day @-@ present of Sudd impenetrable the reaching upon failed Nile the up expedition 's Nero , However . history in Europe from Africa equatorial of exploration first the was It . River Nile the of sources the discover to expedition an promoted Nero , Seneca and Elder the to according , 67 and 62 Between "," Between 62 and 67 , according to the Elder and Seneca , Nero promoted an expedition to discover the sources of the Nile River . It was the first exploration of equatorial Africa from Europe in history . However , Nero 's expedition up the Nile failed upon reaching the impenetrable Sudd of present @-@ day South Sudan . " " . troubles economic ease to intended charity and projects works public of form the in came spending 's Nero that likely is it that and deflation with riddled was period the that note , though , historians Modern "" . ruined provinces the "" with "" money of contributions by exhausted thoroughly "" Italy left Nero under expenditures of number large the and extravagant overly were projects construction 's Nero , historians ancient to According . scholars among debate of point a is Nero of policy economic The "," The economic policy of Nero is a point of debate among scholars . According to ancient historians , Nero 's construction projects were overly extravagant and the large number of expenditures under Nero left Italy "" thoroughly exhausted by contributions of money "" with "" the provinces ruined . "" Modern historians , though , note that the period was riddled with deflation and that it is likely that Nero 's spending came in the form of public works projects and charity intended to ease economic troubles . " " . goods flammable selling shops in Maximus Circus the of end southeastern the at started fire The . 64 July 19 to July 18 of night the on erupted Rome of Fire Great The "," The Great Fire of Rome erupted on the night of 18 July to 19 July 64 . The fire started at the southeastern end of the Circus Maximus in shops selling flammable goods . " " . work their of remains what in it of mention no make ) Epictetus and Plutarch , Chrysostom Dio , Josephus including ( period the through lived who historians Other . passing in it about wrote who , Elder the Pliny is fire the mentioned and period the through lived who historian other only The . seven damaged severely and districts Roman fourteen of three destroyed It . days five over for burned and quickly spread it , fire the of time the at nine was who , Tacitus to According . uncertain is fire the of extent The "," The extent of the fire is uncertain . According to Tacitus , who was nine at the time of the fire , it spread quickly and burned for over five days . It destroyed three of fourteen Roman districts and severely damaged seven . The only other historian who lived through the period and mentioned the fire is Pliny the Elder , who wrote about it in passing . Other historians who lived through the period ( including Josephus , Dio Chrysostom , Plutarch and Epictetus ) make no mention of it in what remains of their work . " " . 80 in and 69 in fires large other suffered Rome , fact In . Rome ancient in common were fires accidental , However . torture by induced were confessions these whether known not is it but , crime the to confessed Christians that mentions Tacitus . complex palatial a build could he so , arsonist the as Nero favor Dio Cassius and Suetonius . arson or accident whether — fire the caused actually what or who uncertain is It "," It is uncertain who or what actually caused the fire — whether accident or arson . Suetonius and Cassius Dio favor Nero as the arsonist , so he could build a palatial complex . Tacitus mentions that Christians confessed to the crime , but it is not known whether these confessions were induced by torture . However , accidental fires were common in ancient Rome . In fact , Rome suffered other large fires in 69 and in 80 . " " . rumor only was burned city the while singing and lyre his playing Nero that said also Tacitus . fire the of time the at in Nero has , however , account 's Tacitus ) . century 10th the until invented not was fiddle The ( . performances his and Nero with associated instrument stringed a , lyre the of concept the on merely based anachronism an , fire the of time the at fiddle the played Nero that claims legend Popular . burned city the while costume stage in "" Ilium of Sack "" the sang Nero that Dio Cassius and Suetonius by said was It "," It was said by Suetonius and Cassius Dio that Nero sang the "" Sack of Ilium "" in stage costume while the city burned . Popular legend claims that Nero played the fiddle at the time of the fire , an anachronism based merely on the concept of the lyre , a stringed instrument associated with Nero and his performances . ( The fiddle was not invented until the 10th century . ) Tacitus 's account , however , has Nero in at the time of the fire . Tacitus also said that Nero playing his lyre and singing while the city burned was only rumor . " " . survivors the among starvation prevent to order in delivered be to supplies food for arranged and , homeless the for shelter provide to palaces his opened Nero , fire the After . bodyguards his even without debris the searching days spending , blaze the of victims of rescue and for search the in part taking personally to extended relief the to contributions 's Nero . funds own his from for paid he which , effort relief a organize to Rome to returned Nero , fire the of news hearing upon , Tacitus to According "," According to Tacitus , upon hearing news of the fire , Nero returned to Rome to organize a relief effort , which he paid for from his own funds . Nero 's contributions to the relief extended to personally taking part in the search for and rescue of victims of the blaze , spending days searching the debris without even his bodyguards . After the fire , Nero opened his palaces to provide shelter for the homeless , and arranged for food supplies to be delivered in order to prevent starvation among the survivors . " " . empire the of provinces the on imposed were tributes , reconstruction the for funds necessary the find To . ) acres 300 to 100 from ( debated is complex this of size The . Nero of Colossus the , himself of statue tall @-@ meter @-@ 30 a and landscapes artificial lush included This . fire the by cleared area an in Aurea Domus the as known complex palace new a built also Nero . roads wide on porticos by faced and , brick in built , out spaced were fire the after Houses . plan development urban new a made he , fire the of wake the In "," In the wake of the fire , he made a new urban development plan . Houses after the fire were spaced out , built in brick , and faced by porticos on wide roads . Nero also built a new palace complex known as the Domus Aurea in an area cleared by the fire . This included lush artificial landscapes and a 30 @-@ meter @-@ tall statue of himself , the Colossus of Nero . The size of this complex is debated ( from 100 to 300 acres ) . To find the necessary funds for the reconstruction , tributes were imposed on the provinces of the empire . " " . burned and crucified were others while , dogs to thrown be to Christians ordered He . Christians targeted Nero , blame deflect To . responsible Nero held rumors and scapegoat a for searched population the that notes , Christianity of origins the to references Christian @-@ non earliest the of one in , Tacitus "," Tacitus , in one of the earliest non @-@ Christian references to the origins of Christianity , notes that the population searched for a scapegoat and rumors held Nero responsible . To deflect blame , Nero targeted Christians . He ordered Christians to be thrown to dogs , while others were crucified and burned . " " . audience private a for performed only Nero , first At . empire the throughout entertainers other by performed were that songs composed even He . poetry and lyre the to singing , chariot horse @-@ one a driving enjoyed Nero "," Nero enjoyed driving a one @-@ horse chariot , singing to the lyre and poetry . He even composed songs that were performed by other entertainers throughout the empire . At first , Nero only performed for a private audience . " " . shameful it calling , perform to choice his criticize strongly historians Ancient . people the and circle inner his , Senate the by public in perform and sing to encouraged was Nero that write also historians but , attention the craved Nero that said was It . 65 in quinquennial second the at sang also He . popularity his improve to order in Neapolis in public in singing began Nero , . AD 64 In "," In 64 AD . , Nero began singing in public in Neapolis in order to improve his popularity . He also sang at the second quinquennial in 65 . It was said that Nero craved the attention , but historians also write that Nero was encouraged to sing and perform in public by the Senate , his inner circle and the people . Ancient historians strongly criticize his choice to perform , calling it shameful . " " . emperor as status his and judges the bribing Nero to attributed are victories The . Rome to returned he when them paraded and nevertheless crowns these won he , competitions acting and ) end the before entirely out dropping , case one in ( racing his in faltered Nero Though . singer a and actor an as performed also He . it from thrown being after died nearly and chariot horse @-@ ten a raced Nero , competitor a As . dominance Roman display and Greece with relations improve to order in 67 of Games Olympic the in participate to persuaded was Nero "," Nero was persuaded to participate in the Olympic Games of 67 in order to improve relations with Greece and display Roman dominance . As a competitor , Nero raced a ten @-@ horse chariot and nearly died after being thrown from it . He also performed as an actor and a singer . Though Nero faltered in his racing ( in one case , dropping out entirely before the end ) and acting competitions , he won these crowns nevertheless and paraded them when he returned to Rome . The victories are attributed to Nero bribing the judges and his status as emperor . " " . Rome to Armenia of control relinquished temporarily Parthians The . Corbulo Domitius Gnaeus of command the under region the to military the sending immediately by reacted Nero . situation the handle would Emperor young the how over Rome in concern was There . territory Roman of invasion Parthian a as seen was This . Tiridates prince Parthian the with replaced was he and Rhadamistus prince Iberian their overthrew Armenia of kingdom vassal Roman the , 54 in throne the to accession 's Nero after Shortly "," Shortly after Nero 's accession to the throne in 54 , the Roman vassal kingdom of Armenia overthrew their Iberian prince Rhadamistus and he was replaced with the Parthian prince Tiridates . This was seen as a Parthian invasion of Roman territory . There was concern in Rome over how the young Emperor would handle the situation . Nero reacted by immediately sending the military to the region under the command of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo . The Parthians temporarily relinquished control of Armenia to Rome . " " . Armenia of most controlled again Rome and retreated Tiridates . year same that army Parthian the of most repelled and responded Corbulo Commander . kingdom Armenian the of invasion scale @-@ full a began Parthians The . Armenia from Tiridates brother his remove to refused I Vologases king Parthian The . 58 in out broke war scale @-@ full and last not did peace The "," The peace did not last and full @-@ scale war broke out in 58 . The Parthian king Vologases I refused to remove his brother Tiridates from Armenia . The Parthians began a full @-@ scale invasion of the Armenian kingdom . Commander Corbulo responded and repelled most of the Parthian army that same year . Tiridates retreated and Rome again controlled most of Armenia . " " . reward a as Syria of governor appointed was Corbulo . Armenia of ruler new the as Nero by installed was , Rome in raised noble Cappadocian a , Tigranes . victory initial this for public in acclaimed was Nero "," Nero was acclaimed in public for this initial victory . Tigranes , a Cappadocian noble raised in Rome , was installed by Nero as the new ruler of Armenia . Corbulo was appointed governor of Syria as a reward . " " . deficit budget a and supplies grain eastern about Rome in anxiety was There . instead deal peace a for opted Nero but , war the continue to Nero convince to tried Corbulo . Syria of province Roman the against strike a for up building began Parthia . 63 until continued this and war at were Parthia and Rome , Again . Adiabene of province Parthian the invaded Tigranes , 62 In "," In 62 , Tigranes invaded the Parthian province of Adiabene . Again , Rome and Parthia were at war and this continued until 63 . Parthia began building up for a strike against the Roman province of Syria . Corbulo tried to convince Nero to continue the war , but Nero opted for a peace deal instead . There was anxiety in Rome about eastern grain supplies and a budget deficit . " " . dominance Roman display to meant ceremonies in partake and Rome to come to forced was Tiridates . Romans the from approval required appointment his but , prince Parthian a be to was Armenia of king the , future the In . Nero Emperor by Rome in crowned was but , king Armenian the became again Tiridates where deal a was result The "," The result was a deal where Tiridates again became the Armenian king , but was crowned in Rome by Emperor Nero . In the future , the king of Armenia was to be a Parthian prince , but his appointment required approval from the Romans . Tiridates was forced to come to Rome and partake in ceremonies meant to display Roman dominance . " " . 114 in Armenia invaded Rome of Trajan Emperor until years 50 lasted Rome and Parthia between peace The . well as Parthians the with and Rome of provinces eastern the in popular very became Nero . politically Nero for victory considerable a was 63 of deal peace This "," This peace deal of 63 was a considerable victory for Nero politically . Nero became very popular in the eastern provinces of Rome and with the Parthians as well . The peace between Parthia and Rome lasted 50 years until Emperor Trajan of Rome invaded Armenia in 114 . " " . empire the within struggles power and rebellions of number a faced Nero , emperors many Like . battle to aversion an for praised and criticized both was he but war major only 's Nero not was Parthia with war The "," The war with Parthia was not Nero 's only major war but he was both criticized and praised for an aversion to battle . Like many emperors , Nero faced a number of rebellions and power struggles within the empire . " " ) Uprising 's Boudica ( 61 – 60 of Revolt British "," British Revolt of 60 – 61 ( Boudica 's Uprising ) " " . Petronius Publius passive more the with him replaced Nero , rebellion further provoke would himself Paulinus Fearing . 61 in rebellion the quell and , reinforcements receive , return could Paulinus of army the before cities three destroyed troops her and Boudica . Iceni the of Boudica queen by led revolt a staged southeast the of tribes the , druids the from ) Anglesey ( Mona of island the capturing busy were troops his and Paulinus Suetonius Gaius governor the While . Britannia of province the in out broke rebellion major a , 60 In "," In 60 , a major rebellion broke out in the province of Britannia . While the governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and his troops were busy capturing the island of Mona ( Anglesey ) from the druids , the tribes of the southeast staged a revolt led by queen Boudica of the Iceni . Boudica and her troops destroyed three cities before the army of Paulinus could return , receive reinforcements , and quell the rebellion in 61 . Fearing Paulinus himself would provoke further rebellion , Nero replaced him with the more passive Publius Petronius . " " 65 of Conspiracy Pisonian The "," The Pisonian Conspiracy of 65 " " . conspirators the with plot the discussed he admitting after suicide commit to ordered was Seneca , advisor previous 's Nero . poet the , Lucan including executed were members its and failed conspiracy the , result a As . , secretary 's Nero to it reported and conspiracy the discovered freedman The . Republic the restore and emperor the from "" state the rescue "" to wished conspirators many , Tacitus to According . Guard Praetorian the of centurion a and tribune a , Asper Sulpicius and of help the with Nero against conspiracy a organized , statesman Roman a , Piso Calpurnius Gaius , 65 In "," In 65 , Gaius Calpurnius Piso , a Roman statesman , organized a conspiracy against Nero with the help of and Sulpicius Asper , a tribune and a centurion of the Praetorian Guard . According to Tacitus , many conspirators wished to "" rescue the state "" from the emperor and restore the Republic . The freedman discovered the conspiracy and reported it to Nero 's secretary , . As a result , the conspiracy failed and its members were executed including Lucan , the poet . Nero 's previous advisor , Seneca was ordered to commit suicide after admitting he discussed the plot with the conspirators . " " 70 – 66 of War Jewish First The "," The First Jewish War of 66 – 70 " " . Jerusalem of Temple Second the destroying and Jerusalem of walls the breaching Romans for famous is revolt This . death 's Nero after , 70 in down put eventually was revolt This . order restore to Vespasian dispatched Nero , 67 In . tension religious Jewish and Greek from stemming Judea in revolt Jewish a was there , 66 In "," In 66 , there was a Jewish revolt in Judea stemming from Greek and Jewish religious tension . In 67 , Nero dispatched Vespasian to restore order . This revolt was eventually put down in 70 , after Nero 's death . This revolt is famous for Romans breaching the walls of Jerusalem and destroying the Second Temple of Jerusalem . " " . Nero to opposition in emperor himself declare to , further and rebellion the join to , Tarraconensis Hispania of governor the , Galba Sulpicius Servius upon called Vindex , province own his outside from support gain to attempt an In . rebellion 's Vindex down put to ordered was , Superior Germania of governor the , Rufus Lucius . policies tax 's Nero against rebelled , Gallia of governor the , Vindex Julius Gaius , 68 March In "," In March 68 , Gaius Julius Vindex , the governor of Gallia , rebelled against Nero 's tax policies . Lucius Rufus , the governor of Germania Superior , was ordered to put down Vindex 's rebellion . In an attempt to gain support from outside his own province , Vindex called upon Servius Sulpicius Galba , the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis , to join the rebellion and further , to declare himself emperor in opposition to Nero . " " . him for well bode not did Spain in Galba of opposition continued the and Germany of legions the of discontent the but , Nero against act to refused . Emperor as commander own their proclaim to attempted legions ' , rebel one this down putting after , However . suicide committed latter the and Vindex of those defeated easily forces ' , 68 May in of Battle the At "," At the Battle of in May 68 , ' forces easily defeated those of Vindex and the latter committed suicide . However , after putting down this one rebel , ' legions attempted to proclaim their own commander as Emperor . refused to act against Nero , but the discontent of the legions of Germany and the continued opposition of Galba in Spain did not bode well for him . " " . Galba for support in out came and Emperor the to allegiance his abandoned also , Sabinus Gaius , Guard Praetorian the of prefect The . enemy public a declared officially being his despite increased Galba for support , situation the of control some retained had Nero While "," While Nero had retained some control of the situation , support for Galba increased despite his being officially declared a public enemy . The prefect of the Praetorian Guard , Gaius Sabinus , also abandoned his allegiance to the Emperor and came out in support for Galba . " " . Forum the reach could he before pieces to torn being of fear from it give not dared he that but , desk writing 's Nero in found later was speech this of text the that reports Suetonius . "" Egypt of prefecture the him allow to least at them entreat to , hearts their soften not could he if and "" offences past his for him pardon to them beg and people the to appeal to or , Galba of mercy the upon himself throwing , Parthia to fleeing of idea the with toyed then Nero "" ? die to then thing a dreadful so it Is "" : Aeneid 's Vergil from line a with responding , commands his obey to refused openly officers army some when idea the abandoned Nero , Suetonius to According . provinces eastern loyal @-@ still the of one to fleet a take to , there from , and Ostia of port the to going of intention the with Rome fled Nero , response In "," In response , Nero fled Rome with the intention of going to the port of Ostia and , from there , to take a fleet to one of the still @-@ loyal eastern provinces . According to Suetonius , Nero abandoned the idea when some army officers openly refused to obey his commands , responding with a line from Vergil 's Aeneid : "" Is it so dreadful a thing then to die ? "" Nero then toyed with the idea of fleeing to Parthia , throwing himself upon the mercy of Galba , or to appeal to the people and beg them to pardon him for his past offences "" and if he could not soften their hearts , to entreat them at least to allow him the prefecture of Egypt "" . Suetonius reports that the text of this speech was later found in Nero 's writing desk , but that he dared not give it from fear of being torn to pieces before he could reach the Forum . " " . Tiber the into himself throw to if as out ran and "" ? foe nor friend neither I Have "" , cried He . appeared one no , him kill to sword a with adept else anyone or gladiator a for called he When . abandoned all them found he , personally chambers their to going Upon . answers no received he , come to them for chambers palace ' friends his to messages . left had guard palace the find to midnight about at awoke he , sleeping After . palace the in evening the spent and Rome to returned Nero "," Nero returned to Rome and spent the evening in the palace . After sleeping , he awoke at about midnight to find the palace guard had left . messages to his friends ' palace chambers for them to come , he received no answers . Upon going to their chambers personally , he found them all abandoned . When he called for a gladiator or anyone else adept with a sword to kill him , no one appeared . He cried , "" Have I neither friend nor foe ? "" and ran out as if to throw himself into the Tiber . " " . him for grave a dig to them ordered Nero where , villa the reached , and , , , , freedmen loyal four and Nero , disguise in Travelling . city the outside miles 4 located , villa his offered , , freedman imperial An . thoughts his collect and hide could he where place some for sought Nero , Returning "," Returning , Nero sought for some place where he could hide and collect his thoughts . An imperial freedman , , offered his villa , located 4 miles outside the city . Travelling in disguise , Nero and four loyal freedmen , , , , and , reached the villa , where Nero ordered them to dig a grave for him . " " . produced be could dynasty the to heir future a least at that so , life 's Nero preserve would that governors rebelling the with compromise a out work to hoped Senate the where , Senate the to back Nero returning of goal the had actually men The . himself Nero to not if , bloodline deified the to loyalty of sense a felt and lives their all family imperial the served had senators the of most , Indeed . Family Claudian @-@ Julio the of member last the was Nero as action of course right the on deliberating and reluctant still was actually Senate The . Forum the in place take to act the for him apprehend to sent been had men armed that and death to him beating by him execute to intention their was it that and enemy public a Nero declared had Senate the that report a with arrived courier a , time this At "," At this time , a courier arrived with a report that the Senate had declared Nero a public enemy and that it was their intention to execute him by beating him to death and that armed men had been sent to apprehend him for the act to take place in the Forum . The Senate actually was still reluctant and deliberating on the right course of action as Nero was the last member of the Julio @-@ Claudian Family . Indeed , most of the senators had served the imperial family all their lives and felt a sense of loyalty to the deified bloodline , if not to Nero himself . The men actually had the goal of returning Nero back to the Senate , where the Senate hoped to work out a compromise with the rebelling governors that would preserve Nero 's life , so that at least a future heir to the dynasty could be produced . " " . task the perform to , , secretary private his forced he instead but life own his take to himself bring not could still he , However . end the face to Nero drove horsemen approaching of sound the , last At . himself killing first by example an set to companions his of one for begged first he , nerve his Losing "" . me in dies artist an What "" as English to translates which "" "" muttering down and up pacing , suicide for himself prepared he , courier the by brought news the at and , this know not did , however , Nero "," Nero , however , did not know this , and at the news brought by the courier , he prepared himself for suicide , pacing up and down muttering "" "" which translates to English as "" What an artist dies in me . "" Losing his nerve , he first begged for one of his companions to set an example by first killing himself . At last , the sound of approaching horsemen drove Nero to face the end . However , he still could not bring himself to take his own life but instead he forced his private secretary , , to perform the task . " " . Rome of area ) Hill ( Borghese Villa the now is what in , the of Mausoleum the in buried was and , Octavia of death the of anniversary the , 68 June 9 on died He "" ! fidelity is This ! late Too "" were words final 's Nero . vain in bleeding the stop to attempted he dead but all Nero seeing his upon , entered horsemen the of one When "," When one of the horsemen entered , upon his seeing Nero all but dead he attempted to stop the bleeding in vain . Nero 's final words were "" Too late ! This is fidelity ! "" He died on 9 June 68 , the anniversary of the death of Octavia , and was buried in the Mausoleum of the , in what is now the Villa Borghese ( Hill ) area of Rome . " " . Emperors Four the of year the in ensue would Chaos . emperor new the Galba proclaimed and ) enemy public a as Galba declared initially had Senate the as ( Galba coming the appease to enemy public a Nero declared posthumously , Rome reached death his of news when , Senate The . ended dynasty Claudian @-@ Julio the , death his With "," With his death , the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty ended . The Senate , when news of his death reached Rome , posthumously declared Nero a public enemy to appease the coming Galba ( as the Senate had initially declared Galba as a public enemy ) and proclaimed Galba the new emperor . Chaos would ensue in the year of the Four Emperors . " " . him overthrow to bribed were but , Nero to allegiance had they as , feelings mixed have to said were military the of Members . news the with upset were , hand other the on , "" Nero of excesses famous the by supported were who those "" and , theater the and arena the of , slaves , class @-@ lower The . class upper the and nobility , Senators by welcomed was death 's Nero that mentions Tacitus . environment political complicated more a describes , though , Tacitus . Nero of death the celebrated Rome of people the , Dio Cassius and Suetonius to According "," According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio , the people of Rome celebrated the death of Nero . Tacitus , though , describes a more complicated political environment . Tacitus mentions that Nero 's death was welcomed by Senators , nobility and the upper class . The lower @-@ class , slaves , of the arena and the theater , and "" those who were supported by the famous excesses of Nero "" , on the other hand , were upset with the news . Members of the military were said to have mixed feelings , as they had allegiance to Nero , but were bribed to overthrow him . " " "" . them respected and hand his in liberties our held "" he that and "" character his to alien quite moderation and wisdom a with Hellas of liberties the restored "" he as mourned was death 's Nero that mention , Tyana of Apollonius and II Philostratus namely , sources Eastern "," Eastern sources , namely Philostratus II and Apollonius of Tyana , mention that Nero 's death was mourned as he "" restored the liberties of Hellas with a wisdom and moderation quite alien to his character "" and that he "" held our liberties in his hand and respected them . "" " " "" . nostalgia their to appeal to worthwhile it thought both Vitellius and Otho for , beyond and end the to loyal "" was populace general the , death 's Nero welcomed individuals off @-@ well more and Senate the while , that holds generally scholarship Modern "," Modern scholarship generally holds that , while the Senate and more well @-@ off individuals welcomed Nero 's death , the general populace was "" loyal to the end and beyond , for Otho and Vitellius both thought it worthwhile to appeal to their nostalgia . "" " " . death his after long Nero of images create to continued some that notes and negative necessarily is practice the that doubts , however , Champlin . ) memoriae damnatio see ( posthumously condemned was emperors disgraced of memory the which in way the of part as explained often is images of reworking This . survive images such fifty over , Varner R. Eric to according ; figures other represent to reworked were Nero of portraits Many . "" zeal private of outburst "" an as regards Champlin Edward what in , monuments some from erased was name 's Nero "," Nero 's name was erased from some monuments , in what Edward Champlin regards as an "" outburst of private zeal "" . Many portraits of Nero were reworked to represent other figures ; according to Eric R. Varner , over fifty such images survive . This reworking of images is often explained as part of the way in which the memory of disgraced emperors was condemned posthumously ( see damnatio memoriae ) . Champlin , however , doubts that the practice is necessarily negative and notes that some continued to create images of Nero long after his death . " " . Caligula Emperor of son the be to claimed who , Sabinus included enemy notable such One . enemies future possible and Nero of allies many of execution the with reign short his began Galba . could him before those and Nero as , bloodline imperial the of legitimacy perceived the on rely longer no could emperors that fact the in rooted was instability this , Tacitus to According . period troubling a as historians ancient by described was Emperors Four the of year the during war civil The "," The civil war during the year of the Four Emperors was described by ancient historians as a troubling period . According to Tacitus , this instability was rooted in the fact that emperors could no longer rely on the perceived legitimacy of the imperial bloodline , as Nero and those before him could . Galba began his short reign with the execution of many allies of Nero and possible future enemies . One such notable enemy included Sabinus , who claimed to be the son of Emperor Caligula . " " . Nero by written songs with complete Nero for funeral large a with reign his began Vitellius . Otho overthrew Vitellius . Nero to statues many and surname a as "" Nero "" used Otho . himself Nero as Otho hailed Roman common the that said was It . temperament in somewhat him resembled and 's Nero of friend a been had he because soldiers many by liked be to said was Otho . Galba overthrew Otho "," Otho overthrew Galba . Otho was said to be liked by many soldiers because he had been a friend of Nero 's and resembled him somewhat in temperament . It was said that the common Roman hailed Otho as Nero himself . Otho used "" Nero "" as a surname and many statues to Nero . Vitellius overthrew Otho . Vitellius began his reign with a large funeral for Nero complete with songs written by Nero . " " . Legend Nero the as known be to came belief This . return would somehow and dead not was he that , provinces eastern the in especially , belief widespread a was there , 68 in suicide 's Nero After "," After Nero 's suicide in 68 , there was a widespread belief , especially in the eastern provinces , that he was not dead and somehow would return . This belief came to be known as the Nero Legend . " " . 422 in belief popular a as legend the of wrote Hippo of Augustine . death 's Nero after years of hundreds for lasted return 's Nero of legend The "," The legend of Nero 's return lasted for hundreds of years after Nero 's death . Augustine of Hippo wrote of the legend as a popular belief in 422 . " " . war to came almost matter the and , up him gave reluctantly only who , Parthians the by supported was He . pretender third a was there , Domitian of reign the during , death 's Nero after years Twenty . killed was , too , he but Nero like looked and lyre the of accompaniment the to sang and Asia in appeared impostor another , ) 81 – 79 ( Titus of reign the during Sometime . executed and captured was he , him recognize to some persuading After . Vitellius of reign the during 69 in appeared , emperor dead the of that to similar was face whose and lyre or cithara the played and sang who , first The . rebellions leading emerged imposters Nero three least At "," At least three Nero imposters emerged leading rebellions . The first , who sang and played the cithara or lyre and whose face was similar to that of the dead emperor , appeared in 69 during the reign of Vitellius . After persuading some to recognize him , he was captured and executed . Sometime during the reign of Titus ( 79 – 81 ) , another impostor appeared in Asia and sang to the accompaniment of the lyre and looked like Nero but he , too , was killed . Twenty years after Nero 's death , during the reign of Domitian , there was a third pretender . He was supported by the Parthians , who only reluctantly gave him up , and the matter almost came to war . " " "" . slender very legs his and , prominent belly his , thick over neck his , weak somewhat and blue eyes his , attractive than rather regular features his , blonde light hair his , malodorous and spots with marked body his , height average the about "" as Nero describes Suetonius , Caesars Twelve the of Lives The book his In "," In his book The Lives of the Twelve Caesars , Suetonius describes Nero as "" about the average height , his body marked with spots and malodorous , his hair light blonde , his features regular rather than attractive , his eyes blue and somewhat weak , his neck over thick , his belly prominent , and his legs very slender . "" " " . praised was Nero deeds what for or them wrote who unknown is it but , histories Nero @-@ pro also were There . lost now are that Nero on histories condemning wrote all Elder the Pliny and Rufus Cluvius , Rusticus Fabius . name by known are historians contemporary the of few A . historians of generations next the by written Nero on histories tertiary and secondary surviving of basis the were sources primary lost these , Nonetheless . events of number a on contradict to said also were sources original The . Nero of praising or critical overly either , fantastical and biased as described were and exist did time one at histories first These . Nero with contemporary were that survived sources historical no that in problematic is reign 's Nero of history The "," The history of Nero 's reign is problematic in that no historical sources survived that were contemporary with Nero . These first histories at one time did exist and were described as biased and fantastical , either overly critical or praising of Nero . The original sources were also said to contradict on a number of events . Nonetheless , these lost primary sources were the basis of surviving secondary and tertiary histories on Nero written by the next generations of historians . A few of the contemporary historians are known by name . Fabius Rusticus , Cluvius Rufus and Pliny the Elder all wrote condemning histories on Nero that are now lost . There were also pro @-@ Nero histories , but it is unknown who wrote them or for what deeds Nero was praised . " " . Nero of condemnation their in consistent are they but , 64 of fire Roman the and , Agrippina of death the , Claudius of death the including life 's Nero in events of number a on contradict sources These . death 's Nero after years 150 over history his wrote Dio Cassius while , death his after years fifty over Nero on histories their wrote Suetonius and Tacitus . class senatorial the of all were who , Dio Cassius and Suetonius , Tacitus from comes Nero of known is what of bulk The "," The bulk of what is known of Nero comes from Tacitus , Suetonius and Cassius Dio , who were all of the senatorial class . Tacitus and Suetonius wrote their histories on Nero over fifty years after his death , while Cassius Dio wrote his history over 150 years after Nero 's death . These sources contradict on a number of events in Nero 's life including the death of Claudius , the death of Agrippina , and the Roman fire of 64 , but they are consistent in their condemnation of Nero . " " . east the in especially , people Roman the with popular was who emperor competent a as him portray , though , sources Some . light favourable a in Nero paint sources surviving Few . Nero on perspective varying and limited a add also sources other of handful A "," A handful of other sources also add a limited and varying perspective on Nero . Few surviving sources paint Nero in a favourable light . Some sources , though , portray him as a competent emperor who was popular with the Roman people , especially in the east . " " Dio Cassius "," Cassius Dio " " . Pannonia and Africa in proconsul also and , 205 around consul suffect afterwards and ; Severus Septimius of death the after Smyrna of governor and Commodus under senator a was He . service public in life his of part greater the passed He . senator Roman a , Cassius of son the was ) 229 – 155 . c ( Dio Cassius "," Cassius Dio ( c . 155 – 229 ) was the son of Cassius , a Roman senator . He passed the greater part of his life in public service . He was a senator under Commodus and governor of Smyrna after the death of Septimius Severus ; and afterwards suffect consul around 205 , and also proconsul in Africa and Pannonia . " " . monk century @-@ 11th an , John by altered and abridged was remain does what and remain books these of fragments Only . Nero of reign the describe History Roman 's Dio of 63 – 61 Books "," Books 61 – 63 of Dio 's Roman History describe the reign of Nero . Only fragments of these books remain and what does remain was abridged and altered by John , an 11th @-@ century monk . " " Chrysostom Dio "," Dio Chrysostom " " : appeared they when imposters embraced and gone was he once rule his for longed They . indefinitely rule to him allowed have would and Nero with happy very were people Roman the wrote , historian and philosopher Greek a , ) 120 – 40 . c ( Chrysostom Dio "," Dio Chrysostom ( c . 40 – 120 ) , a Greek philosopher and historian , wrote the Roman people were very happy with Nero and would have allowed him to rule indefinitely . They longed for his rule once he was gone and embraced imposters when they appeared : " " . alive still was he that convinced firmly been had who those with along often but once not died has he sense certain a in although , is still he that believe do majority great the And . alive still were he wishes everybody now even that seeing , time all for Emperor be to continuing his prevent to nothing was there , concerned were subjects his of rest the as far so for ; yet even out come not has this about truth the Indeed "," Indeed the truth about this has not come out even yet ; for so far as the rest of his subjects were concerned , there was nothing to prevent his continuing to be Emperor for all time , seeing that even now everybody wishes he were still alive . And the great majority do believe that he still is , although in a certain sense he has died not once but often along with those who had been firmly convinced that he was still alive . " " Epictetus "," Epictetus " " . man unhappy and angry , spoiled a as Nero describes He . rule his of nature the on remarks no makes but , work his in character 's Nero on comments negative passing few a makes He . scribe 's Nero to slave the was ) 135 – 55 . c ( Epictetus "," Epictetus ( c . 55 – 135 ) was the slave to Nero 's scribe . He makes a few passing negative comments on Nero 's character in his work , but makes no remarks on the nature of his rule . He describes Nero as a spoiled , angry and unhappy man . " " Josephus "," Josephus " " : said he , historians other Of . Nero against bias mention to first the also was , tyrant a Nero calling while , ) 100 – 37 . c ( Josephus historian The "," The historian Josephus ( c . 37 – 100 ) , while calling Nero a tyrant , was also the first to mention bias against Nero . Of other historians , he said : " " . them after time long a lived writers those since , hatred their incurred way no have could actors the when even , time his than earlier were that facts those to as history of truth the preserved writings their in not have they since , Nero of lies told have as such at wonder I do Nor . condemned be to deserve justly they that , lies their with him against raved so have , him bore they which will @-@ ill great the and , him to hatred of out , others while ; him from benefits received having as , favour of out facts of truth the from departed have which of some ; Nero of history the composed have who many great a been have there for ; affairs these about discourse further any omit I But "," But I omit any further discourse about these affairs ; for there have been a great many who have composed the history of Nero ; some of which have departed from the truth of facts out of favour , as having received benefits from him ; while others , out of hatred to him , and the great ill @-@ will which they bore him , have so raved against him with their lies , that they justly deserve to be condemned . Nor do I wonder at such as have told lies of Nero , since they have not in their writings preserved the truth of history as to those facts that were earlier than his time , even when the actors could have no way incurred their hatred , since those writers lived a long time after them . " " Lucan "," Lucan " " . executed was and Nero overthrow to conspiracy a in involved later was he , Ironically . strife and war previous to contrast in Nero under prosperity and peace of writes He . rule 's Nero of accounts kindest the of one has ) 65 – 39 . c ( , historian than poet a of more Though "," Though more of a poet than historian , ( c . 39 – 65 ) has one of the kindest accounts of Nero 's rule . He writes of peace and prosperity under Nero in contrast to previous war and strife . Ironically , he was later involved in a conspiracy to overthrow Nero and was executed . " " Philostratus "," Philostratus " " . East the in Nero of reception positive ' others of speaks he , Nero of view dim or bad generally a has he Though . ) 5 – 4 Books ( Tyana Apollonius of Life the in Nero of spoke ) 250 – 172 . c ( "" Athenian the "" II Philostratus "," Philostratus II "" the Athenian "" ( c . 172 – 250 ) spoke of Nero in the Life of Apollonius Tyana ( Books 4 – 5 ) . Though he has a generally bad or dim view of Nero , he speaks of others ' positive reception of Nero in the East . " " Elder the Pliny "," Pliny the Elder " " "" . mankind of enemy "" an him calls and Nero of opinions worst the of one has Pliny . Histories Natural 's Pliny in Nero to references several are there , Still . survive not did ) 79 – 24 . c ( Elder the Pliny by Nero of history The "," The history of Nero by Pliny the Elder ( c . 24 – 79 ) did not survive . Still , there are several references to Nero in Pliny 's Natural Histories . Pliny has one of the worst opinions of Nero and calls him an "" enemy of mankind . "" " " Plutarch "," Plutarch " " . better as described not are him replace that those but , tyrant a as portrayed is Nero . Otho of Life the and Galba of Life the of account his in indirectly Nero mentions ) 127 – 46 . c ( Plutarch "," Plutarch ( c . 46 – 127 ) mentions Nero indirectly in his account of the Life of Galba and the Life of Otho . Nero is portrayed as a tyrant , but those that replace him are not described as better . " " Younger the Seneca "," Seneca the Younger " " . Nero of well very writes , advisor and teacher 's Nero , ) 65 – BC 4 . c ( Seneca that surprising not is It "," It is not surprising that Seneca ( c . 4 BC – 65 ) , Nero 's teacher and advisor , writes very well of Nero . " " Suetonius "," Suetonius " " . aspects sensational and anecdotal the accentuating , emperors the of biographies writing started Suetonius , position this in While . correspondence imperial the of department the of head the was he and , order equestrian the of member a was ) 130 – 69 . c ( Suetonius "," Suetonius ( c . 69 – 130 ) was a member of the equestrian order , and he was the head of the department of the imperial correspondence . While in this position , Suetonius started writing biographies of the emperors , accentuating the anecdotal and sensational aspects . " " Tacitus "," Tacitus " " : unbalanced was them on writing existing that thought also He . unjust generally as emperors Claudian @-@ Julio the of rule the described Tacitus . 66 year the after incomplete being despite , Nero of rule the on history comprehensive and detailed most the is ) 117 – 56 . c ( Tacitus by Annals The "," The Annals by Tacitus ( c . 56 – 117 ) is the most detailed and comprehensive history on the rule of Nero , despite being incomplete after the year 66 . Tacitus described the rule of the Julio @-@ Claudian emperors as generally unjust . He also thought that existing writing on them was unbalanced : " " . hatred recent a of irritation the under written were death their after and , terror through falsified were , power in were they while , Nero and Claudius , Caius , Tiberius of histories The "," The histories of Tiberius , Caius , Claudius and Nero , while they were in power , were falsified through terror , and after their death were written under the irritation of a recent hatred . " " . true is writing his that protests Tacitus , others to apparent be may bias this that Realising . rivals 's Nero to much owed , admission own ' Tacitus by , and death 's Nero after senator a as life political his entered He . Agricola of family elite the into married who , procurator a of son the was Tacitus "," Tacitus was the son of a procurator , who married into the elite family of Agricola . He entered his political life as a senator after Nero 's death and , by Tacitus ' own admission , owed much to Nero 's rivals . Realising that this bias may be apparent to others , Tacitus protests that his writing is true . " " Cardano Girolamo "," Girolamo Cardano " " . light positive a in Nero portray to era Modern the of references historical first the of one was which , his Basel in published Cardano Girolamo 1562 In "," In 1562 Girolamo Cardano published in Basel his , which was one of the first historical references of the Modern era to portray Nero in a positive light . " " . rebellion the down put to dispatched then was Vespasian . retribution such avoid to Judaism to converted and fled he whereupon "" , me on blame the lay to and House His waste lay to desires He "" , said Nero . out it carry to one the punish would but , destroyed be to Jerusalem in Temple the wanted God that believing , terrified became Nero . ) 14 @,@ 25 . ( "" Israel people my of hand the by Edom upon vengeance my lay will I "" , responded child The . day that learned had he verse the repeat to child passing a asked then He . city the in landed arrows the All . directions four all in arrows shot and Jerusalem to went Nero , Talmud the to According . Caesarea and Jerusalem in Jews and Greeks between out broke conflict , 66 of end the At "," At the end of 66 , conflict broke out between Greeks and Jews in Jerusalem and Caesarea . According to the Talmud , Nero went to Jerusalem and shot arrows in all four directions . All the arrows landed in the city . He then asked a passing child to repeat the verse he had learned that day . The child responded , "" I will lay my vengeance upon Edom by the hand of my people Israel "" ( . 25 @,@ 14 ) . Nero became terrified , believing that God wanted the Temple in Jerusalem to be destroyed , but would punish the one to carry it out . Nero said , "" He desires to lay waste His House and to lay the blame on me , "" whereupon he fled and converted to Judaism to avoid such retribution . Vespasian was then dispatched to put down the rebellion . " " . Mishnah the in sage mentioned frequently most third the is He . the in cited women few the of one is wife His . Judaism to converted had who Nero Emperor Roman the of descendant a was father his , Talmud the to According . ) 163 @-@ 139 ( generation third the of the of greatest the of one considered was He . rule Roman against rebellion Kokhba Bar the of supporter prominent a the of time the in lived who sage Jewish a was ) maker miracle the Meir Rabbi ( Baal Meir Rabbi or Meir Rabbi , Baal Meir Reb sage the that adds Talmud The "," The Talmud adds that the sage Reb Meir Baal , Rabbi Meir or Rabbi Meir Baal ( Rabbi Meir the miracle maker ) was a Jewish sage who lived in the time of the a prominent supporter of the Bar Kokhba rebellion against Roman rule . He was considered one of the greatest of the of the third generation ( 139 @-@ 163 ) . According to the Talmud , his father was a descendant of the Roman Emperor Nero who had converted to Judaism . His wife is one of the few women cited in the . He is the third most frequently mentioned sage in the Mishnah . " " . months 4 aged died , Augusta Claudia , child recorded only his : infancy survived who offspring any having Nero of record no also is There . Judaism to conversion alleged his or Jerusalem to trip alleged 's Nero report nowhere sources Greek and Roman "," Roman and Greek sources nowhere report Nero 's alleged trip to Jerusalem or his alleged conversion to Judaism . There is also no record of Nero having any offspring who survived infancy : his only recorded child , Claudia Augusta , died aged 4 months . " " . fire the with it connect not does and "" superstition mischievous and new a to given "" are they because so does he though , Christians punishing Nero mentions also Suetonius . 64 of fire the after Christians executing and torturing extensively Nero describes Tacitus historian Christian @-@ Non "," Non @-@ Christian historian Tacitus describes Nero extensively torturing and executing Christians after the fire of 64 . Suetonius also mentions Nero punishing Christians , though he does so because they are "" given to a new and mischievous superstition "" and does not connect it with the fire . " " . "" Jews "" , time the at Italy from expelled both , Priscilla , wife his and Pontus of Aquila calling , explicit Bible the is Nor . explicit not is Suetonius although , Christians early been have may "" Jews "" expelled These . ) "" Roma "" ( "" Rome from them expelled ] Claudius emperor [ he , of instigation the at disturbances made constantly Jews the since "" , that writes Suetonius , However . Severus Sulpicius does as . "" God of servants the persecuted first "" Nero that said also ) 320 – 240 . c ( Lactantius . "" doctrine this persecuted that first the was Nero that find will you There . records your Examine "" , wrote He . Christians of persecutor first the Nero call to first the was ) 230 – 155 . c ( Tertullian writer Christian "," Christian writer Tertullian ( c . 155 – 230 ) was the first to call Nero the first persecutor of Christians . He wrote , "" Examine your records . There you will find that Nero was the first that persecuted this doctrine "" . Lactantius ( c . 240 – 320 ) also said that Nero "" first persecuted the servants of God "" . as does Sulpicius Severus . However , Suetonius writes that , "" since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of , he [ emperor Claudius ] expelled them from Rome "" ( "" Roma "" ) . These expelled "" Jews "" may have been early Christians , although Suetonius is not explicit . Nor is the Bible explicit , calling Aquila of Pontus and his wife , Priscilla , both expelled from Italy at the time , "" Jews "" . " " . Nero mean to interpreted was "" hands his into delivered be will one Twelve the Of . planted have Beloved the of Apostles Twelve the which plant the persecute will , king this ) even ( himself who , mother his of slayer the "" , says century 2nd the from writing Christian a , Isaiah of Ascension apocryphal The A.D. 96 around to dated traditional Corinthians the to Clement by letter a is apostle an of execution the ordered Nero that suggest to text first The "," The first text to suggest that Nero ordered the execution of an apostle is a letter by Clement to the Corinthians traditional dated to around 96 A.D. The apocryphal Ascension of Isaiah , a Christian writing from the 2nd century says , "" the slayer of his mother , who himself ( even ) this king , will persecute the plant which the Twelve Apostles of the Beloved have planted . Of the Twelve one will be delivered into his hands "" was interpreted to mean Nero . " " . death his to prior again Rome in trial facing before , Hispania to travelling and Rome in years two his surviving Paul have century 1st the to back going accounts other several , However . orders specific any give not did Nero that but , deaths 's Paul and Peter to led persecution 's Nero that states He . Nero of reign the during Rome in beheaded was Paul that explicitly write to first the was ) 339 – 275 . c ( Caesarea of Eusebius Bishop "," Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea ( c . 275 – 339 ) was the first to write explicitly that Paul was beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero . He states that Nero 's persecution led to Peter and Paul 's deaths , but that Nero did not give any specific orders . However , several other accounts going back to the 1st century have Paul surviving his two years in Rome and travelling to Hispania , before facing trial in Rome again prior to his death . " " . Christians more any persecute to not command 's God by abiding Nero and alive still Paul with ends account The . ) 200 . c ( Peter of Acts apocryphal the in ) Nero by not but ( reign 's Nero during Rome in down @-@ upside crucified been have to said first is Peter "," Peter is first said to have been crucified upside @-@ down in Rome during Nero 's reign ( but not by Nero ) in the apocryphal Acts of Peter ( c . 200 ) . The account ends with Paul still alive and Nero abiding by God 's command not to persecute any more Christians . " " . Paul and Peter killed Nero that stating were writers of number a , century 4th the By "," By the 4th century , a number of writers were stating that Nero killed Peter and Paul . " " . this believe to right not is it that maintains Lactantius , "" verses Sibylline the apply they him to and ; alive reserved still is he , region distant a to conveyed been having , that suppose to imagination extravagant of persons some led has This . seen be to nowhere was beast wild noxious that of place burial the even and , disappeared suddenly "" Nero that wrote Lactantius , 310 In . Antichrist the as return would Nero that belief the fueled , others with along , writings these , communities Christian Within . destruction bringing and returning Nero of speak , century 2nd the in written , 8 and 5 Book , Oracles Sibylline The "," The Sibylline Oracles , Book 5 and 8 , written in the 2nd century , speak of Nero returning and bringing destruction . Within Christian communities , these writings , along with others , fueled the belief that Nero would return as the Antichrist . In 310 , Lactantius wrote that Nero "" suddenly disappeared , and even the burial place of that noxious wild beast was nowhere to be seen . This has led some persons of extravagant imagination to suppose that , having been conveyed to a distant region , he is still reserved alive ; and to him they apply the Sibylline verses "" , Lactantius maintains that it is not right to believe this . " " "" . Antichrist of deeds the as be to seemed already deeds whose , Nero to alluded he ' , work already doth iniquity of mystery the For ' , saying in that so "" , wrote He . Antichrist the as return would or Antichrist the was Nero that believed Christians many that mentions Augustine , theory the rejects he Though . Antichrist the of coming the mentioned Paul believed he where , 11 – 1 : 2 Thessalonians 2 about wrote Hippo of Augustine , 422 In "," In 422 , Augustine of Hippo wrote about 2 Thessalonians 2 : 1 – 11 , where he believed Paul mentioned the coming of the Antichrist . Though he rejects the theory , Augustine mentions that many Christians believed that Nero was the Antichrist or would return as the Antichrist . He wrote , "" so that in saying , ' For the mystery of iniquity doth already work , ' he alluded to Nero , whose deeds already seemed to be as the deeds of Antichrist . "" " " . commentaries Biblical Catholic Roman in supported also is that view a , Nero for code a is Revelation of Book the in 666 number the that contend , Bibles Study Collins Harper & Oxford the of editors the and Research Oriental of Schools American the of ) University Hopkins Johns ( Hillers Delbert as such scholars biblical modern Some "," Some modern biblical scholars such as Delbert Hillers ( Johns Hopkins University ) of the American Schools of Oriental Research and the editors of the Oxford & Harper Collins Study Bibles , contend that the number 666 in the Book of Revelation is a code for Nero , a view that is also supported in Roman Catholic Biblical commentaries . " " . eschatology of belief central a often is Antichrist the as Nero of concept The "," The concept of Nero as the Antichrist is often a central belief of eschatology . " " . Intramuros of City Walled era colonial Spanish the as such , century 16th the to back date which of some , landmarks of multitude a contains and Bay Manila of shore eastern the on situated is It . Philippines the of rules colonial the of most for power of seat the was and country the in cities oldest the of one is It . Legazpi de López Miguel conquistador Spanish by 1571 , 24 June on founded , Philippines the of city capital the is ) / / ( Manila "," Manila ( / / ) is the capital city of the Philippines , founded on June 24 , 1571 by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi . It is one of the oldest cities in the country and was the seat of power for most of the colonial rules of the Philippines . It is situated on the eastern shore of Manila Bay and contains a multitude of landmarks , some of which date back to the 16th century , such as the Spanish colonial era Walled City of Intramuros . " " . city global a as Manila listed Network Research Cities World and Globalization , 2012 In . Philippines the of Region Capital National the , Manila Metro up make that municipality a and cities sixteen the of one is Manila . kilometer square per people 857 @,@ 42 with world the in cities populated densely most the of one as regarded is Manila , population huge and area land small its of Because . 2015 in 148 @,@ 780 @,@ 1 of population a with City Quezon capital former the after Philippines the in city populous most second the is Manila "," Manila is the second most populous city in the Philippines after the former capital Quezon City with a population of 1 @,@ 780 @,@ 148 in 2015 . Because of its small land area and huge population , Manila is regarded as one of the most densely populated cities in the world with 42 @,@ 857 people per square kilometer . Manila is one of the sixteen cities and a municipality that make up Metro Manila , the National Capital Region of the Philippines . In 2012 , Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as a global city . " " . Tondo and Mesa Santa , Cruz Santa , Ana Santa , Nicolas San , Miguel San , Andres San , , Quiapo , Area Port , , Paco , Malate , Intramuros , Ermita , Binondo : namely , districts 16 of composed is city the , Furthermore . Congress Philippine the of house lower the for districts representative six has Manila "," Manila has six representative districts for the lower house of the Philippine Congress . Furthermore , the city is composed of 16 districts , namely : Binondo , Ermita , Intramuros , Malate , Paco , , Port Area , Quiapo , , San Andres , San Miguel , San Nicolas , Santa Ana , Santa Cruz , Santa Mesa and Tondo . " " . CE century 15th the by animist @-@ Hindu and Islamic partly become had It . earlier and CE century sixth the since Indianized been had . Tondo overpower to established , Brunei of state vassal a was . shrub Nila the of presence the to referring term Tagalog a , it renamed and ) Manila day @-@ modern in village a ( captured Brunei of Bolkiah Sultan , Philippines the of invasion Brunei the During . Empire Majapahit Hindu the of province a became briefly it before Manila of vicinity the in ruled once Tondo of Kingdom The "," The Kingdom of Tondo once ruled in the vicinity of Manila before it briefly became a province of the Hindu Majapahit Empire . During the Brunei invasion of the Philippines , Sultan Bolkiah of Brunei captured ( a village in modern @-@ day Manila ) and renamed it , a Tagalog term referring to the presence of the Nila shrub . was a vassal state of Brunei , established to overpower Tondo . had been Indianized since the sixth century CE and earlier . It had become partly Islamic and Hindu @-@ animist by the 15th century CE . " " . Manila to name the shortened and ) Castille of Kingdom New ( Castilla de Reino Nuevo area the renamed Conquistadors The . Church Agustin San including , country the in churches oldest the of some built then and Manila under Tondo incorporated and city the Christianized soon missionaries Spanish . Intramuros is today what in Manila day @-@ present founded and , Pacific the across from , Mexico from arrived Conquistadors Spanish 1571 In "," In 1571 Spanish Conquistadors arrived from Mexico , from across the Pacific , and founded present @-@ day Manila in what today is Intramuros . Spanish missionaries soon Christianized the city and incorporated Tondo under Manila and then built some of the oldest churches in the country , including San Agustin Church . The Conquistadors renamed the area Nuevo Reino de Castilla ( New Kingdom of Castille ) and shortened the name to Manila . " " . Intramuros , city walled old the within especially , projects restoration ongoing are there although , architecture colonial and prewar 's Manila of remains little relatively , result a As . Force Air States United the by bombardment aerial intensive by flattened was city the of most Manila of Battle the during , II War World of end the Towards . planning urban and laws local , education in changes some made and English to Spanish from language official the changed States United the , War American – Spanish the following rule American the Under . Revolution Philippine the of rise the saw Manila , War American – Spanish the Before . Asia in cities modern most the of one was Manila century 19th the In . trade of business the to returned city the and restored quickly usually was Order . Philippines the conquer to attempt unsuccessful their during city the of occupation British a and , attempts invasion and raids Dutch , earthquakes great , attacks pirate massive , insurrections Chinese , revolts local were there period Spanish long the during times different At . 1898 until , centuries three over for lasted archipelago Philippine entire the and Manila of rule Spanish . "" Orient the of Pearl "" the of moniker the received Manila , routes trade sea Pacific the in location central the to Due . globalization of examples earliest the of one , Asia with America Spanish linking , route trade Galleon Acapulco @-@ Manila the of end one and East Far the in activity Spanish of center the became Manila "," Manila became the center of Spanish activity in the Far East and one end of the Manila @-@ Acapulco Galleon trade route , linking Spanish America with Asia , one of the earliest examples of globalization . Due to the central location in the Pacific sea trade routes , Manila received the moniker of the "" Pearl of the Orient "" . Spanish rule of Manila and the entire Philippine archipelago lasted for over three centuries , until 1898 . At different times during the long Spanish period there were local revolts , Chinese insurrections , massive pirate attacks , great earthquakes , Dutch raids and invasion attempts , and a British occupation of the city during their unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Philippines . Order was usually quickly restored and the city returned to the business of trade . In the 19th century Manila was one of the most modern cities in Asia . Before the Spanish – American War , Manila saw the rise of the Philippine Revolution . Under the American rule following the Spanish – American War , the United States changed the official language from Spanish to English and made some changes in education , local laws and urban planning . Towards the end of World War II , during the Battle of Manila most of the city was flattened by intensive aerial bombardment by the United States Air Force . As a result , relatively little remains of Manila 's prewar and colonial architecture , although there are ongoing restoration projects , especially within the old walled city , Intramuros . " " . them assimilated and in migrated Polynesians @-@ Malayo the before Luzon across found were They . Philippines the of inhabitants aboriginal the became , peoples of class a , , Furthermore . BC 3000 around to dated Petroglyphs nearby the is Manila of area the around and in life human of evidence earliest The "," The earliest evidence of human life in and around the area of Manila is the nearby Petroglyphs dated to around 3000 BC . Furthermore , , a class of peoples , became the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines . They were found across Luzon before the Malayo @-@ Polynesians migrated in and assimilated them . " " . ) Kings ( "" 王 "" ) Manila ancient of rulers ( the considered China of Emperor the , ) "" palace the of lord "" ( or ; ) "" heaven of son "" ( ; ) "" lords "" ( Tagalog in or ln as variously addressed were and , chieftains mere not and kings sovereign as rulers its with , empire the of capital traditional the as maintained was district Tondo . China with relations trade direct of result a as Dynasty Ming the of half latter the during flourished Tondo of Kingdom The "," The Kingdom of Tondo flourished during the latter half of the Ming Dynasty as a result of direct trade relations with China . Tondo district was maintained as the traditional capital of the empire , with its rulers as sovereign kings and not mere chieftains , and were addressed variously as ln or in Tagalog ( "" lords "" ) ; ( "" son of heaven "" ) ; or ( "" lord of the palace "" ) , the Emperor of China considered the ( rulers of ancient Manila ) "" 王 "" ( Kings ) . " " . Kalka and , Sulu now is which , alongside 14 Canto in listed is Manila of city the for name historical a is which "" ् ग ् "" . Maharaja by conquest its inscribed which Nagarakretagama poem eulogy epic the in referenced as Majapahit of empire Indianized the by settled then was Manila . towns older previous of top on , River Pasig the of shores the at quarter trading and settlement fortified a of consisted Manila , century 13th the In "," In the 13th century , Manila consisted of a fortified settlement and trading quarter at the shores of the Pasig River , on top of previous older towns . Manila was then settled by the Indianized empire of Majapahit as referenced in the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama which inscribed its conquest by Maharaja . "" ् ग ् "" which is a historical name for the city of Manila is listed in Canto 14 alongside , which is now Sulu , and Kalka . " " . Spain of government colonial the of seat the became it before , inhabitants local the by thwarted was but ) 1574 ( warlord @-@ pirate Chinese of invasion the by besieged temporarily was Manila . Asia Southeast and area Indian @-@ Arab the from traders Muslim of arrival the by strengthened further was Islam . Tondo in Dula of House rich already the to challenge trading a established also He I. Sulayman Tariq or Rajah became and Islam accepted who leader local the under dynasty new a established They . state satellite its as Brunei of Sultanate the to tribute yearly gave and under ruled They . ) of Kingdom The ( "" Kota "" establishing and environs its attacking by trade China 's Tondo of advantage take to wanting , invaded Empire Bruneian the , 1521 to 1485 from Bolkiah Sultan of reign the During "," During the reign of Sultan Bolkiah from 1485 to 1521 , the Bruneian Empire invaded , wanting to take advantage of Tondo 's China trade by attacking its environs and establishing "" Kota "" ( The Kingdom of ) . They ruled under and gave yearly tribute to the Sultanate of Brunei as its satellite state . They established a new dynasty under the local leader who accepted Islam and became Rajah or Tariq Sulayman I. He also established a trading challenge to the already rich House of Dula in Tondo . Islam was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from the Arab @-@ Indian area and Southeast Asia . Manila was temporarily besieged by the invasion of Chinese pirate @-@ warlord ( 1574 ) but was thwarted by the local inhabitants , before it became the seat of the colonial government of Spain . " " . 1898 to 1565 from , centuries three next the for control would empire the which , Philippines the of and Indies East Spanish the of capital the Manila made Spaniards victorious the , which of conclusion the At . allies Visayan and , mercenaries American @-@ Latin their and Spaniards the execute to together band would Empire Bruneian the plus Rajahs and Datus several with Huangs 's Luzon , merchants Japanese between alliance an wherein plot a ; Conspiracy Tondo the of failure the after , exiled or executed royalty local the had Legazpi de López . Intramuros of district the is today what in council city a of establishment the with Spain New of territory a as Manila of city Spanish the of rule exercised then and , ) Mexico now ( Spain New from arrived Legazpi de López Miguel conquistador Spanish , 1571 , 24 June On "," On June 24 , 1571 , Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from New Spain ( now Mexico ) , and then exercised rule of the Spanish city of Manila as a territory of New Spain with the establishment of a city council in what today is the district of Intramuros . López de Legazpi had the local royalty executed or exiled , after the failure of the Tondo Conspiracy ; a plot wherein an alliance between Japanese merchants , Luzon 's Huangs with several Datus and Rajahs plus the Bruneian Empire would band together to execute the Spaniards and their Latin @-@ American mercenaries , and Visayan allies . At the conclusion of which , the victorious Spaniards made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the Philippines , which the empire would control for the next three centuries , from 1565 to 1898 . " " . Manila towards Mexico via transshipped were Africa North and Europe from grown olives and wines Likewise . Europe to flowed even which of some , Asia Southeast the of spices the and , gems Indian , silk Chinese for exchanged were Peru and Mexico in mined was that Silver . versa vice flowed also trade and ) China and Indonesia , India from coming goods for entrepot an already was Which ( Asia Southeast to Islands Pacific the across America Latin and Africa , Europe from goods brought and centuries three for lasted which trade Galleon Acapulco @-@ Manila the during famous became then Manila "," Manila then became famous during the Manila @-@ Acapulco Galleon trade which lasted for three centuries and brought goods from Europe , Africa and Latin America across the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia ( Which was already an entrepot for goods coming from India , Indonesia and China ) and trade also flowed vice versa . Silver that was mined in Mexico and Peru were exchanged for Chinese silk , Indian gems , and the spices of the Southeast Asia , some of which even flowed to Europe . Likewise wines and olives grown from Europe and North Africa were transshipped via Mexico towards Manila . " " . Chinatown oldest 's world the , Binondo at pointed cannons its kept , Mexicans and Europeans by populated mostly , Intramuros of city @-@ fortress small the and , invasion British the supporting for punished were Chinese The . Paris of Treaty 1763 the in agreements per as Manila from withdrew British the , Eventually . War ' Years Seven the during Philippines the conquer to attempt unsuccessful an for base a as used and , 1764 to 1762 from , months twenty for forces British by occupied was Manila "," Manila was occupied by British forces for twenty months , from 1762 to 1764 , and used as a base for an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Philippines during the Seven Years ' War . Eventually , the British withdrew from Manila as per agreements in the 1763 Treaty of Paris . The Chinese were punished for supporting the British invasion , and the small fortress @-@ city of Intramuros , mostly populated by Europeans and Mexicans , kept its cannons pointed at Binondo , the world 's oldest Chinatown . " " . Spain with communications and trade direct facilitated 1869 in Canal Suez the of opening The . centuries two previous the in had it than more flourished education and industry , banking , rule Spanish direct Under . Spain from rule direct necessitated 1821 in Independence Mexican "," Mexican Independence in 1821 necessitated direct rule from Spain . Under direct Spanish rule , banking , industry and education flourished more than it had in the previous two centuries . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade and communications with Spain . " " . Spain from independence sought which Revolution Philippine the of foundations ideological the , ideas liberal espoused which class an of rise the facilitated also developments The . ethnicity of regardless citizenship Filipino nascent a elected whom of all , Manila to provinces the from Europeans and , Latinos , Indians , Chinese , indigenous attracted education and wealth growing The "," The growing wealth and education attracted indigenous , Chinese , Indians , Latinos , and Europeans from the provinces to Manila , all of whom elected a nascent Filipino citizenship regardless of ethnicity . The developments also facilitated the rise of an class which espoused liberal ideas , the ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution which sought independence from Spain . " " . 1901 , 1 April on States United the to allegiance announced who Aguinaldo Emilio president captured and Republic Philippine First the defeated Americans The . Manila of city the of control for Americans the against fought Bulacan nearby at based Republic Philippine First The . States United the to Manila of city surrendered the ceded Spain , ) 1898 ( Manila of Battle the After "," After the Battle of Manila ( 1898 ) , Spain ceded the surrendered city of Manila to the United States . The First Philippine Republic based at nearby Bulacan fought against the Americans for control of the city of Manila . The Americans defeated the First Philippine Republic and captured president Emilio Aguinaldo who announced allegiance to the United States on April 1 , 1901 . " " . Andres San and : more two add would times Later . and Mesa Santa , @-@ , , , namely — as parishes five recognized Church the , these to addition In . Intramuros and Ermita , Malate , Paco , Ana Santa , , Miguel San , , Cruz Santa , Binondo , Tondo presumably — districts municipal eleven of composed was Manila that proclaimed charter city new The . its all also but alone Intramuros not was Manila of City the that : tacit been long had what official made Americans the , 1901 June in Manila for charter new a drafting Upon "," Upon drafting a new charter for Manila in June 1901 , the Americans made official what had long been tacit : that the City of Manila was not Intramuros alone but also all its . The new city charter proclaimed that Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts — presumably Tondo , Binondo , Santa Cruz , , San Miguel , , Santa Ana , Paco , Malate , Ermita and Intramuros . In addition to these , the Church recognized five parishes as — namely , , , @-@ , Santa Mesa and . Later times would add two more : and San Andres . " " . activities various for building various and parkways , parks of construction , waterfronts of improvement the with Manila of beautification and , transportation for waterways of use the , system road the of development included Plan Burnham The . needs modern and times changed to city old the adapt to , Manila of transformation the for Burnham Daniel planner city invited Taft Howard William General @-@ Governor then by headed Government Insular oriented civilian new a , control American Under "," Under American control , a new civilian oriented Insular Government headed by then Governor @-@ General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel Burnham for the transformation of Manila , to adapt the old city to changed times and modern needs . The Burnham Plan included development of the road system , the use of waterways for transportation , and beautification of Manila with the improvement of waterfronts , construction of parks , parkways and various building for various activities . " " . erupted II War World when completed were — departments Agricultural and Finance the of building the and Building Legislative the — units three only , center government proposed 's Burnham Of . end Luneta its at Rizal José to monument a and , center the in lagoon , quadrangle a , departments and bureaus government different of buildings the with , form would and , sea the toward facing , field the of end Avenue Taft the at rise to was Capitol Philippine The . Avenue Taft present the to Luneta from extends which , Field Wallace of all occupying center government a included latter The "," The latter included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field , which extends from Luneta to the present Taft Avenue . The Philippine Capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field , facing toward the sea , and would form , with the buildings of different government bureaus and departments , a quadrangle , lagoon in the center , and a monument to José Rizal at its Luneta end . Of Burnham 's proposed government center , only three units — the Legislative Building and the building of the Finance and Agricultural departments — were completed when World War II erupted . " " . 1942 , 2 January on forces Japanese the by occupied was Manila . city the bomb to continued warplanes Japanese the , this despite ; destruction and death further prevent to city open an Manila declared MacArthur Douglas General . 1941 , 24 December on removed were installations military all and city the from withdraw to ordered were soldiers American , Philippines the of occupation Japanese the to Due "," Due to the Japanese occupation of the Philippines , American soldiers were ordered to withdraw from the city and all military installations were removed on December 24 , 1941 . General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city to prevent further death and destruction ; despite this , the Japanese warplanes continued to bomb the city . Manila was occupied by the Japanese forces on January 2 , 1942 . " " . place took reconstruction , war the after but destroyed were , Intramuros particularly , city the in structures the of all almost , II War World of end the At . War World Second the during Warsaw after world the in city devastated most second the was It . 1945 February in Manila in killed were civilians 000 @,@ 100 Some . 1945 , 3 March to 3 February from troops Filipino and American joint by recaptured was it , 1942 , 2 January on Japan of Empire the to falling After . War World Second the during theater Pacific the in battle bloodiest the of site the also was Manila "," Manila was also the site of the bloodiest battle in the Pacific theater during the Second World War . After falling to the Empire of Japan on January 2 , 1942 , it was recaptured by joint American and Filipino troops from February 3 to March 3 , 1945 . Some 100 @,@ 000 civilians were killed in Manila in February 1945 . It was the second most devastated city in the world after Warsaw during the Second World War . At the end of World War II , almost all of the structures in the city , particularly Intramuros , were destroyed but after the war , reconstruction took place . " " . Luneta at be to centre government the for intent 's Plan Burnham the of implementation any ended move The . him after named was which , Quezon L. Manuel President former by 1938 in created , Manila of northeast fields and suburbs the in city capital new a , City Quezon to Philippines the of government of seat the moved Quirino Elpidio President , 1948 In "," In 1948 , President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government of the Philippines to Quezon City , a new capital city in the suburbs and fields northeast of Manila , created in 1938 by former President Manuel L. Quezon , which was named after him . The move ended any implementation of the Burnham Plan 's intent for the government centre to be at Luneta . " " . Manila of people the of welfare and life of quality the uplifting in legacy lasting their and city the of progress and development the to contribution indelible their for more but , ) 1986 – 1952 from , decades three over for continuously ( executive chief 's city the as tenures long rather their for less "" Manila of Three Big "" the as considered collectively often are and , Villegas , Mayors . Revolution Power People 1986 the until 1970s entire the nearly for mayor was ) Filipino @-@ Indian an ( Ramon . 1960s the of most for Villegas Antonio by led was Manila , 1950s the in term 's After . War World Second the before earned it moniker a , "" Orient the of Pearl "" the as status its earning again once , Age Golden The underwent Manila , ) this to prior appointed were mayors all ( 1952 in mayor elected first its as Arsenio born @-@ Visayan the With "," With the Visayan @-@ born Arsenio as its first elected mayor in 1952 ( all mayors were appointed prior to this ) , Manila underwent The Golden Age , once again earning its status as the "" Pearl of the Orient "" , a moniker it earned before the Second World War . After 's term in the 1950s , Manila was led by Antonio Villegas for most of the 1960s . Ramon ( an Indian @-@ Filipino ) was mayor for nearly the entire 1970s until the 1986 People Power Revolution . Mayors , Villegas , and are often collectively considered as the "" Big Three of Manila "" less for their rather long tenures as the city 's chief executive ( continuously for over three decades , from 1952 – 1986 ) , but more for their indelible contribution to the development and progress of the city and their lasting legacy in uplifting the quality of life and welfare of the people of Manila . " " . culture and education , commerce , trade of center the being Philippines the of city premier the , world the of eyes the in and people Filipino the to been always has Manila that states 940 No. Decree Presidential . Period Spanish the since government of seat the as significance historical its for Philippines the of capital the as Marcos by reinstated was Manila , 1976 , 24 June on foundation 's city the of anniversary the On . government of unit regional separate a as , towns adjoining thirteen and cities four encompassed area The . 1975 , 7 November on 824 No. Decree Presidential of enactment the with unit integrated an as created was Manila Metro the of region the , Marcos Ferdinand President of administration the During "," During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos , the region of the Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7 , 1975 . The area encompassed four cities and thirteen adjoining towns , as a separate regional unit of government . On the anniversary of the city 's foundation on June 24 , 1976 , Manila was reinstated by Marcos as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance as the seat of government since the Spanish Period . Presidential Decree No. 940 states that Manila has always been to the Filipino people and in the eyes of the world , the premier city of the Philippines being the center of trade , commerce , education and culture . " " . power from Marcos authoritarian the ousted , ) Europe in curtain @-@ iron the toppled that revolutions @-@ peaceful the to predecessor ( Revolution Power People violent @-@ non the , resistance of decades After . regime Marcos the to subservient were which military and police the with clashed repeatedly demonstrators student and youth as activity resistance of bed @-@ hot a became Manila , era law martial the During "," During the martial law era , Manila became a hot @-@ bed of resistance activity as youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the police and military which were subservient to the Marcos regime . After decades of resistance , the non @-@ violent People Power Revolution ( predecessor to the peaceful @-@ revolutions that toppled the iron @-@ curtain in Europe ) , ousted the authoritarian Marcos from power . " " . office of out termed being before ) years 9 ( terms 3 for mayor 's city the was He . facilities deteriorating 's city the of rehabilitation and repair the and parks several of establishment the saw which , ) Manila Revive ( "" ang "" ) slogan city and ( campaign his for known was . mayor @-@ vice his as served who , by succeeded was Lim . crusades crime @-@ anti his for known was He . office the hold to Filipino @-@ Chinese first the , mayor elected was Lim Alfredo , 1992 In "," In 1992 , Alfredo Lim was elected mayor , the first Chinese @-@ Filipino to hold the office . He was known for his anti @-@ crime crusades . Lim was succeeded by , who served as his vice @-@ mayor . was known for his campaign ( and city slogan ) "" ang "" ( Revive Manila ) , which saw the establishment of several parks and the repair and rehabilitation of the city 's deteriorating facilities . He was the city 's mayor for 3 terms ( 9 years ) before being termed out of office . " " . against won Lim which in elections city 2010 the during again pitting two the with , bitter turned parties both of relationship The . city the of improvements the to contribution little made projects 's claiming projects 's of all reversed immediately and election city 2007 the in Ali son 's defeated and mayor for ran again once Lim Alfredo "," Alfredo Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated 's son Ali in the 2007 city election and immediately reversed all of 's projects claiming 's projects made little contribution to the improvements of the city . The relationship of both parties turned bitter , with the two pitting again during the 2010 city elections in which Lim won against . " " . in living for and business doing for place best the city the making , 2015 by Philippines the in city competitive most the become has Manila . crime reduced and force police the of efficiency the increased , scanners imaging resonance magnetic and machines dialysis bought and hospitals city six the modernized , incomes ' teachers increased , schools 22 built , markets public city seven renovated or and built , infrastructure 's city the for billion 76 @.@ 6 ₱ unprecedented an 2016 to 2013 from spent , 2016 by billion 6 @.@ 14 ₱ to 2012 in billion 2 @.@ 6 ₱ from times 35 @.@ 2 by revenues increase , debts billion 5 ₱ over 's city the paid has Estrada , term his During . race mayoral the in Lim defeated Estrada Joseph President former , elections 2013 the On . them to "" threatening @-@ life "" were meeting a in statement 's Lim that stating , 2012 in Lim against case another filed councilors city 28 and Moreno Mayor Vice , on Later . Philippines the in crisis hostage deadliest the of one , incident taking hostage Park Rizal the of resolution haphazard his for criticized heavily was and , schools public of rehabilitation the over graft with charged , rights human over 2008 on Dennis councilor by sued was Lim "," Lim was sued by councilor Dennis on 2008 over human rights , charged with graft over the rehabilitation of public schools , and was heavily criticized for his haphazard resolution of the Rizal Park hostage taking incident , one of the deadliest hostage crisis in the Philippines . Later on , Vice Mayor Moreno and 28 city councilors filed another case against Lim in 2012 , stating that Lim 's statement in a meeting were "" life @-@ threatening "" to them . On the 2013 elections , former President Joseph Estrada defeated Lim in the mayoral race . During his term , Estrada has paid the city 's over ₱ 5 billion debts , increase revenues by 2 @.@ 35 times from ₱ 6 @.@ 2 billion in 2012 to ₱ 14 @.@ 6 billion by 2016 , spent from 2013 to 2016 an unprecedented ₱ 6 @.@ 76 billion for the city 's infrastructure , built and or renovated seven city public markets , built 22 schools , increased teachers ' incomes , modernized the six city hospitals and bought dialysis machines and magnetic resonance imaging scanners , increased the efficiency of the police force and reduced crime . Manila has become the most competitive city in the Philippines by 2015 , making the city the best place for doing business and for living in . " " . votes 830 @,@ 2 infinitesimal an by winning only , Amado and Lim against election 2016 the in mayor Manila as elected @-@ re was Estrada , however , Manila of Mayor the as feat unprecedented and achievements his Despite "," Despite his achievements and unprecedented feat as the Mayor of Manila , however , Estrada was re @-@ elected as Manila mayor in the 2016 election against Lim and Amado , only winning by an infinitesimal 2 @,@ 830 votes . " " . Manila bisects River Pasig The . Asia mainland from ) kilometers 300 @,@ 1 ( miles 800 lies Manila . Luzon of shores western the on rests which , bay Manila of shores eastern the on located is Manila "," Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila bay , which rests on the western shores of Luzon . Manila lies 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 kilometers ) from mainland Asia . The Pasig River bisects Manila . " " . ) mi sq 56 @.@ 16 ( kilometres square 88 @.@ 42 of area total a has Manila , 2013 of As . city the of urbanization the to due out evened been have topography in variations natural the of Some . times colonial American the since waterfronts the along reclamation land considerable with , intervention human by substantially altered been has land 's Manila . Bay Manila from reclaimed land some on and Pasig the of waters the by built deposits alluvial prehistoric of centuries of top on sits Manila of all Almost "," Almost all of Manila sits on top of centuries of prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of the Pasig and on some land reclaimed from Manila Bay . Manila 's land has been altered substantially by human intervention , with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the American colonial times . Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out due to the urbanization of the city . As of 2013 , Manila has a total area of 42 @.@ 88 square kilometres ( 16 @.@ 56 sq mi ) . " " . regions surrounding the and Manila to threat a poses System Fault Valley Marikina active seismically The . Re Swiss to according in live to ) city ( capital riskiest second the as ranked be to region metropolitan its and Manila to led This . lines fault several by crossed @-@ criss is and belt typhoon Pacific the astride sits Manila "," Manila sits astride the Pacific typhoon belt and is criss @-@ crossed by several fault lines . This led to Manila and its metropolitan region to be ranked as the second riskiest capital ( city ) to live in according to Swiss Re . The seismically active Marikina Valley Fault System poses a threat to Manila and the surrounding regions . " " . earthquakes frequent the to adapt to order in period colonial Spanish the during architects Colonial the by used was style Baroque Earthquake The . city medieval brick and stone the destroyed which 1677 in and 1645 in notably , earthquakes deadly several endured has Manila "," Manila has endured several deadly earthquakes , notably in 1645 and in 1677 which destroyed the stone and brick medieval city . The Earthquake Baroque style was used by the Colonial architects during the Spanish colonial period in order to adapt to the frequent earthquakes . " " . 1915 , 7 May on ) F ° 5 @.@ 101 ( C ° 6 @.@ 38 to 1914 , 11 January on ) F ° 1 @.@ 58 ( C ° 5 @.@ 14 from ranged have extremes Temperature . ) F ° 100 ( C ° 38 above or ) F ° 68 ( C ° 20 below going rarely , small very is range temperature the that means equator the to proximity Its . tropics the within entirely lies Manila , Philippines the of rest the with Together . ) Aw classification climate Köppen ( climate savanna tropical a features Manila , system classification climate Köppen the Under "," Under the Köppen climate classification system , Manila features a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) . Together with the rest of the Philippines , Manila lies entirely within the tropics . Its proximity to the equator means that the temperature range is very small , rarely going below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) or above 38 ° C ( 100 ° F ) . Temperature extremes have ranged from 14 @.@ 5 ° C ( 58 @.@ 1 ° F ) on January 11 , 1914 to 38 @.@ 6 ° C ( 101 @.@ 5 ° F ) on May 7 , 1915 . " " . September to June from occur usually Typhoons . periods short during heavy very is rainfall the but day all rains rarely it season rainy the In . temperatures cooler slightly with period remaining the covers that season wet lengthy relatively a and , May through December from season dry distinct a has Manila . round year all high very usually are levels Humidity "," Humidity levels are usually very high all year round . Manila has a distinct dry season from December through May , and a relatively lengthy wet season that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler temperatures . In the rainy season it rarely rains all day but the rainfall is very heavy during short periods . Typhoons usually occur from June to September . " " . daily dumped waste industrial of tons 75 and waste domestic of tons 150 with world the in rivers polluted most the of one is River Pasig The , 2003 in report a to According . waste industrial and sites dump open to due district polluted air most 's Manila is Ermita . deaths 000 @,@ 4 than more causes pollution air the , Annually . population the of % 98 affecting , pollution air from suffers Manila , automobiles and waste industrial to Due "," Due to industrial waste and automobiles , Manila suffers from air pollution , affecting 98 % of the population . Annually , the air pollution causes more than 4 @,@ 000 deaths . Ermita is Manila 's most air polluted district due to open dump sites and industrial waste . According to a report in 2003 , The Pasig River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world with 150 tons of domestic waste and 75 tons of industrial waste dumped daily . " " . controls pollution stricter with along , riverside the along parks of creation the in resulted have efforts Rehabilitation . purposes tourism and recreation , transportation for tributaries and River Pasig the up cleaning of charge in is Commission Rehabilitation River Pasig The . network drainage its improve and rivers its dredge to began city the , Typhoon of aftermath the Following . pollution of amount significant a creating and Philippines the in worst the of one to led infrastructure of lack the , Typhoon of aftermath the In . Philippines struck Typhoon , 2009 In . floods creating typhoons 7 to 6 with hit is Manila , Annually "," Annually , Manila is hit with 6 to 7 typhoons creating floods . In 2009 , Typhoon struck Philippines . In the aftermath of Typhoon , the lack of infrastructure led to one of the worst in the Philippines and creating a significant amount of pollution . Following the aftermath of Typhoon , the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage network . The Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission is in charge of cleaning up the Pasig River and tributaries for transportation , recreation and tourism purposes . Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside , along with stricter pollution controls . " " . universities and schools , mansions , theaters , offices government , churches as such Manila in buildings significant designed have Tomás and Arellano M. Juan , Roxas Felipe , Toledo Antonio as such architects Filipino . influences Malay and , Chinese , Spanish , American reflect styles Architectural . periods cultural and historical distinct spanning styles of range wide a in buildings significant architecturally has Manila "," Manila has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods . Architectural styles reflect American , Spanish , Chinese , and Malay influences . Filipino architects such as Antonio Toledo , Felipe Roxas , Juan M. Arellano and Tomás have designed significant buildings in Manila such as churches , government offices , theaters , mansions , schools and universities . " " . Philippines the of street premier the once was which , Street of revival the for pushing are groups advocacy heritage and historians , artists , architects Many . 1930s late the to 1920s the in Rule American the during architects Filipino prominent by designed were which of many , style architectural arts @-@ beaux and classical @-@ neo of buildings many features Binondo in Street historic The . Antonio Pablo and Juan as such Artists National by designed are which theaters Deco Art distinct its for known is Manila "," Manila is known for its distinct Art Deco theaters which are designed by National Artists such as Juan and Pablo Antonio . The historic Street in Binondo features many buildings of neo @-@ classical and beaux @-@ arts architectural style , many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the American Rule in the 1920s to the late 1930s . Many architects , artists , historians and heritage advocacy groups are pushing for the revival of Street , which was once the premier street of the Philippines . " " . glory former its to Manila restore to movement a of part a as , splendor former its to restored be will Nicolas San and , Binondo , Quiapo in houses and shops era @-@ Spanish soon and Theater Metropolitan Manila the and Church Sebastian San , Carmen Del Plaza as such places and buildings historic neglected several rehabilitate to out laid been have Plans . ) Intramuros de Museo ( Church Ignacio San construction under currently the and ) Treasury the of Bureau ( Manila de , ) Museum National ( Building Legislative Old the as such , reconstructed been have war the by destroyed buildings Some . character 's city the of much erasing , ones modern with buildings era @-@ Spanish historic destroyed the replacing , afterwards place took Reconstruction . II War World during destroyed was architecture colonial Spanish and prewar 's Manila of much , Unfortunately "," Unfortunately , much of Manila 's prewar and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during World War II . Reconstruction took place afterwards , replacing the destroyed historic Spanish @-@ era buildings with modern ones , erasing much of the city 's character . Some buildings destroyed by the war have been reconstructed , such as the Old Legislative Building ( National Museum ) , de Manila ( Bureau of the Treasury ) and the currently under construction San Ignacio Church ( Museo de Intramuros ) . Plans have been laid out to rehabilitate several neglected historic buildings and places such as Plaza Del Carmen , San Sebastian Church and the Manila Metropolitan Theater and soon Spanish @-@ era shops and houses in Quiapo , Binondo , and San Nicolas will be restored to its former splendor , as a part of a movement to restore Manila to its former glory . " " . code building 's country the to accordance in quake magnitude 2 @.@ 8 an withstand to retrofitted have or designed are Manila around and in buildings Modern . area surrounding the level periodically did it although , Manila affected barely centuries 19th and 18th the of earthquakes succeeding , result a As . adopted period colonial Spanish the during buildings government and churches the which Baroque Earthquake called style the invented architects colonial Spanish the , earthquakes to prone is Manila Since "," Since Manila is prone to earthquakes , the Spanish colonial architects invented the style called Earthquake Baroque which the churches and government buildings during the Spanish colonial period adopted . As a result , succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila , although it did periodically level the surrounding area . Modern buildings in and around Manila are designed or have retrofitted to withstand an 8 @.@ 2 magnitude quake in accordance to the country 's building code . " " . ) Ana Santa from off partitioned ( Andres San and ) from off partitioned ( Mesa Santa are which , added later were Two . Manila of City the of Charter Revised the as known otherwise , 409 No. Act Republic to according districts fourteen of composed is Manila "," Manila is composed of fourteen districts according to Republic Act No. 409 , otherwise known as the Revised Charter of the City of Manila . Two were later added , which are Santa Mesa ( partitioned off from ) and San Andres ( partitioned off from Santa Ana ) . " " . purposes municipal and administrative for zones 100 into group further are barangays These . names of instead numbers sequential by known are that barangays 896 has city The "," The city has 896 barangays that are known by sequential numbers instead of names . These barangays are further group into 100 zones for administrative and municipal purposes . " " . predecessor its than size smaller much a on operates it although , Command Regional Capital National deactivated the of functions same the bears It . part a is Manila which of , Manila Metro in stability and peace ensure to 2012 in created was Region Capital National @-@ Force Task Joint AFP the , Furthermore . Malate in Boulevard Roxas along located Andrada Jose Station Naval in headquarters its has hand other the on Navy Philippine The . Ermita and Intramuros near Area Port in Harbor South the at located is Guard Coast Philippine the of headquarters The "," The headquarters of the Philippine Coast Guard is located at the South Harbor in Port Area near Intramuros and Ermita . The Philippine Navy on the other hand has its headquarters in Naval Station Jose Andrada located along Roxas Boulevard in Malate . Furthermore , the AFP Joint Task Force @-@ National Capital Region was created in 2012 to ensure peace and stability in Metro Manila , of which Manila is a part . It bears the same functions of the deactivated National Capital Regional Command , although it operates on a much smaller size than its predecessor . " " . 2014 of as Manila in living dwellers slum million 4 estimated an are There "," There are an estimated 4 million slum dwellers living in Manila as of 2014 . " " . Philippines the in city populous most second the it making , 148 @,@ 780 @,@ 1 was city the of population the , census 2015 the to According "," According to the 2015 census , the population of the city was 1 @,@ 780 @,@ 148 , making it the second most populous city in the Philippines . " " . 235 @,@ 19 with area populated densely least the is 5 District . respectively , 710 @,@ 64 with 2 District and 936 @,@ 64 with 1 District by followed , km2 per inhabitants 266 @,@ 68 with dense most the being as listed is 6 District . km2 per inhabitants 079 @,@ 43 with world the in city populated densely most the is Manila "," Manila is the most densely populated city in the world with 43 @,@ 079 inhabitants per km2 . District 6 is listed as being the most dense with 68 @,@ 266 inhabitants per km2 , followed by District 1 with 64 @,@ 936 and District 2 with 64 @,@ 710 , respectively . District 5 is the least densely populated area with 19 @,@ 235 . " " . ) km2 per inhabitants 087 @,@ 10 ( Tokyo and , ) km2 per inhabitants 785 @,@ 56 of density a having , , district dense most its with , km2 per inhabitants 364 @,@ 16 ( Shanghai , ) km2 per inhabitants 447 @,@ 19 ( Dhaka , ) km2 per inhabitants 164 @,@ 20 ( Paris , ) km2 per inhabitants 937 @,@ 22 ( Mumbai , ) km2 per inhabitants 774 @,@ 27 ( Kolkata of that dwarfs density population 's Manila "," Manila 's population density dwarfs that of Kolkata ( 27 @,@ 774 inhabitants per km2 ) , Mumbai ( 22 @,@ 937 inhabitants per km2 ) , Paris ( 20 @,@ 164 inhabitants per km2 ) , Dhaka ( 19 @,@ 447 inhabitants per km2 ) , Shanghai ( 16 @,@ 364 inhabitants per km2 , with its most dense district , , having a density of 56 @,@ 785 inhabitants per km2 ) , and Tokyo ( 10 @,@ 087 inhabitants per km2 ) . " " . itself Philippines the and region Manila Metro the throughout usage everyday in heavily and , business , education in used widely most language the is English , Meanwhile . entertainment and media mass through archipelago the throughout spread having , Philippines the of franca lingua the become essentially has Tagalog speaking of form Manila this and , areas surrounding of Tagalog the on mostly based , Filipino is language vernacular The "," The vernacular language is Filipino , based mostly on the Tagalog of surrounding areas , and this Manila form of speaking Tagalog has essentially become the lingua franca of the Philippines , having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and entertainment . Meanwhile , English is the language most widely used in education , business , and heavily in everyday usage throughout the Metro Manila region and the Philippines itself . " " . community Filipino @-@ Chinese 's city the by spoken is ) oe @-@ as known ( Chinese . use everyday for Filipino or / and English from aside , home at languages ' parents their speak also expatriates or migrants other and , Filipino Indian , Filipino Japanese of children many and , colleges and universities Philippine of curriculum the in subject mandatory a be to used which , Spanish basic speak still can residents older of number A "," A number of older residents can still speak basic Spanish , which used to be a mandatory subject in the curriculum of Philippine universities and colleges , and many children of Japanese Filipino , Indian Filipino , and other migrants or expatriates also speak their parents ' languages at home , aside from English and / or Filipino for everyday use . Chinese ( known as @-@ oe ) is spoken by the city 's Chinese @-@ Filipino community . " " . Philippines the in arts the and , fashion , theater , insurance , accountancy , services legal , advertising , media traditional as well as media new , estate real , tourism , transportation , retailing , finance and banking , commerce for center major a is city The "," The city is a major center for commerce , banking and finance , retailing , transportation , tourism , real estate , new media as well as traditional media , advertising , legal services , accountancy , insurance , theater , fashion , and the arts in the Philippines . " " . business do and in live to place best the it making , 2015 in city competitive most 's country the was Manila , Previously . category ) HUC ( City Highly the in third placed Manila . infrastructure and efficiency government , dynamism economic their to according country the of provinces and municipalities , cities the ranks , Philippines the of Council Competitiveness National the by published , Index Competitiveness Municipalities and Cities The "," The Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index , published by the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines , ranks the cities , municipalities and provinces of the country according to their economic dynamism , government efficiency and infrastructure . Manila placed third in the Highly City ( HUC ) category . Previously , Manila was the country 's most competitive city in 2015 , making it the best place to live in and do business . " " . Mesa Santa in located depository container its and Harbor South Manila the in operations main and office corporate its has , Incorporated Terminal Asian the , operator port Another . Manila of ports the on operations main and headquarters its has world the in operators terminal maritime major five top the of one as Bank Development Asian the by cited Inc. Services Terminal Container International The . ports the of management and operation the oversee to responsible agency government is Authority Ports Philippine The . country the to gateway shipping international premier the it making , Philippines the in seaport largest the is Manila of Port The "," The Port of Manila is the largest seaport in the Philippines , making it the premier international shipping gateway to the country . The Philippine Ports Authority is government agency responsible to oversee the operation and management of the ports . The International Container Terminal Services Inc. cited by the Asian Development Bank as one of the top five major maritime terminal operators in the world has its headquarters and main operations on the ports of Manila . Another port operator , the Asian Terminal Incorporated , has its corporate office and main operations in the Manila South Harbor and its container depository located in Santa Mesa . " " . offices into converted be can and unoccupied all are which , Binondo of Street the along located mostly are buildings These . offices BPO into converted be to identified already are buildings 30 . Manila of government city the by pursued aggressively is and progresses hub ) BPO ( outsourcing process business a into area Chinatown the make to Plans . streets medieval its within found are skyscrapers office and residential Numerous . city the in activities business and commerce of center the was , world the in Chinatown largest the of one and oldest the , Binondo "," Binondo , the oldest and one of the largest Chinatown in the world , was the center of commerce and business activities in the city . Numerous residential and office skyscrapers are found within its medieval streets . Plans to make the Chinatown area into a business process outsourcing ( BPO ) hub progresses and is aggressively pursued by the city government of Manila . 30 buildings are already identified to be converted into BPO offices . These buildings are mostly located along the Street of Binondo , which are all unoccupied and can be converted into offices . " " . station transfer busiest 's Manila it making , constructed is Extension West 2 @-@ LRT the when people 000 @,@ 400 another add to expected is but , month every people million 1 attracts It . Station Main ' Railways National Philippine the of part a is that mall shopping large a , Center the is in landmark famous A . traffic vehicular and pedestrian causes that roads several occupies vendors Small . price bargain at goods and products sells which , place this in located are malls shopping Numerous . "" Philippines the of mecca shopping "" the as dubbed is Tondo in "," in Tondo is dubbed as the "" shopping mecca of the Philippines "" . Numerous shopping malls are located in this place , which sells products and goods at bargain price . Small vendors occupies several roads that causes pedestrian and vehicular traffic . A famous landmark in is the Center , a large shopping mall that is a part of the Philippine National Railways ' Main Station . It attracts 1 million people every month , but is expected to add another 400 @,@ 000 people when the LRT @-@ 2 West Extension is constructed , making it Manila 's busiest transfer station . " " . city the in sector manufacturing major stable most the of one is industry processing @-@ food The . oil coconut and , copra , sugar refined , plywood , rope including , export for commodities primary process to continue entrepreneurs Local . produced also products tobacco and beverages and Food . goods electronic and , clothing , textiles , chemicals as such products related @-@ industrial produce city the within manufacturers Diverse "," Diverse manufacturers within the city produce industrial @-@ related products such as chemicals , textiles , clothing , and electronic goods . Food and beverages and tobacco products also produced . Local entrepreneurs continue to process primary commodities for export , including rope , plywood , refined sugar , copra , and coconut oil . The food @-@ processing industry is one of the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city . " " . park food a even or hub transport a into facility hectare 33 this turn to up set been have plans and , ends 2016 year the before finished be to expected is which demolished being currently is It . deadline this meet to failed it but , 2015 July by city the outside relocated be to depot oil the that ordered has Court Supreme The . Manila of residents the to impact health and environmental its including , concerns various of subject a been has depot oil The . Corporation and Shell Pilipinas , Philippines Caltex namely , industry petroleum 's country the in players major three the of terminals distribution and facilities storage the houses Depot Oil The "," The Oil Depot houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of the three major players in the country 's petroleum industry , namely Caltex Philippines , Pilipinas Shell and Corporation . The oil depot has been a subject of various concerns , including its environmental and health impact to the residents of Manila . The Supreme Court has ordered that the oil depot to be relocated outside the city by July 2015 , but it failed to meet this deadline . It is currently being demolished which is expected to be finished before the year 2016 ends , and plans have been set up to turn this 33 hectare facility into a transport hub or even a food park . " " . Binondo in headquartered is newspaper existing oldest @-@ third 's country the and , newspaper language @-@ Chinese existing oldest ' Philippines the , News Commercial Chinese The . Area Port the inside headquartered are Today Standard Manila and Star Philippine The , Times Manila The like country the in companies publishing major Other . Intramuros inside headquartered is , circulation by newspaper broadsheet largest ' Philippines the , Bulletin Manila . Philippines the in center publishing major a is Manila "," Manila is a major publishing center in the Philippines . Manila Bulletin , the Philippines ' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation , is headquartered inside Intramuros . Other major publishing companies in the country like The Manila Times , The Philippine Star and Manila Standard Today are headquartered inside the Port Area . The Chinese Commercial News , the Philippines ' oldest existing Chinese @-@ language newspaper , and the country 's third @-@ oldest existing newspaper is headquartered in Binondo . " " . Avenue UN along office regional its has also 2000 Global Forbes the in listed company a , Toyota . Paco in Avenue Nations United along office corporate its has Philippines Unilever . Ermita in Avenue Nations United along headquarters its has , capital up @-@ paid and investment , worth net , assets of terms in Philippines the in company insurance life largest the currently , Company Insurance Life . Company Trust Philippine and Philippines the of the are city the in headquarters its has that Philippines the in banks universal Some . Boulevard Roxas along located is which Philippines the of Bank Central the of headquarters the as serves Manila "," Manila serves as the headquarters of the Central Bank of the Philippines which is located along Roxas Boulevard . Some universal banks in the Philippines that has its headquarters in the city are the of the Philippines and Philippine Trust Company . Life Insurance Company , currently the largest life insurance company in the Philippines in terms of assets , net worth , investment and paid @-@ up capital , has its headquarters along United Nations Avenue in Ermita . Unilever Philippines has its corporate office along United Nations Avenue in Paco . Toyota , a company listed in the Forbes Global 2000 also has its regional office along UN Avenue . " " . Park Rizal and Philippines the of Museum National , Zoo Manila , Malate , Ermita , Binondo , Park Ocean Manila , Philippines the of Center Cultural the at Theater National the , Intramuros of city walled the include destinations Major . year each tourists million 1 over approximately welcomes it and , Manila in industry vital a is Tourism "," Tourism is a vital industry in Manila , and it welcomes approximately over 1 million tourists each year . Major destinations include the walled city of Intramuros , the National Theater at the Cultural Center of the Philippines , Manila Ocean Park , Binondo , Ermita , Malate , Manila Zoo , National Museum of the Philippines and Rizal Park . " " . country the of rest the to distances for marker Zero Kilometer the is Monument Rizal the of west flagpole The . subversion of charges on Spaniards the by executed was who , Rizal José hero national 's country the to dedication and honor an as constructed was park The . park the in rise to expected is Manila de Paseo called attraction new A . zone enterprise tourism a become to destination flagship as designated are Intramuros with along Park Rizal , 2009 of Act Tourism the In . Asia in park urban largest the it making , ) acres 140 ( hectares 58 of area an has and country the of park national the is , Park Luneta as known also , Park Rizal "," Rizal Park , also known as Luneta Park , is the national park of the country and has an area of 58 hectares ( 140 acres ) , making it the largest urban park in Asia . In the Tourism Act of 2009 , Rizal Park along with Intramuros are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone . A new attraction called Paseo de Manila is expected to rise in the park . The park was constructed as an honor and dedication to the country 's national hero José Rizal , who was executed by the Spaniards on charges of subversion . The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the Kilometer Zero marker for distances to the rest of the country . " " . ) IA ( Administration Intramuros the by managed is Intramuros . 2009 of Act Tourism the in zone enterprise tourism a become to destination flagship as designated are Park Rizal and Intramuros , value cultural and history its to Owing . rule colonial Empire Spanish the under was Philippines the when time the at itself Manila be to considered was it , Originally . Manila of center historic the is Intramuros "," Intramuros is the historic center of Manila . Originally , it was considered to be Manila itself at the time when the Philippines was under the Spanish Empire colonial rule . Owing to its history and cultural value , Intramuros and Rizal Park are designated as flagship destination to become a tourism enterprise zone in the Tourism Act of 2009 . Intramuros is managed by the Intramuros Administration ( IA ) . " " . Park Rizal the and Ermita , Binondo as such places nearby and Intramuros in transportation of mode popular a is . 1946 in independence its granted is it before States United the and Spain of colony a was Philippines the since , style architectural neoclassical American the and style colonial Spanish the reflects Intramuros of architecture The "," The architecture of Intramuros reflects the Spanish colonial style and the American neoclassical architectural style , since the Philippines was a colony of Spain and the United States before it is granted its independence in 1946 . is a popular mode of transportation in Intramuros and nearby places such as Binondo , Ermita and the Rizal Park . " " . Manila de the and Church Agustin San , Roma de Plaza , Mexico Plaza , del Palacio , Santa de Palacio , Palacio , Cathedral Manila , Santiago Fort , Lucia Santa de Cuartel , Course Golf Intramuros Club , Diego San de Baluarte the include Intramuros in destinations tourist Popular "," Popular tourist destinations in Intramuros include the Baluarte de San Diego , Club Intramuros Golf Course , Cuartel de Santa Lucia , Fort Santiago , Manila Cathedral , Palacio , Palacio de Santa , Palacio del , Plaza Mexico , Plaza de Roma , San Agustin Church and the de Manila . " " . Manila of City the of University the and School High Manila the include institutions educational prominent Other . 1952 in ) name its in "" Manila de "" retaining still while ( City Quezon , Heights Loyola for Intramuros left Ateneo and , 1927 in at campus new a to transferred Tomas Santo of University the ; Intramuros at remains de Juan San de Colegio Only . ) 1859 ( University Manila de Ateneo and , ) 1620 ( de Juan San de Colegio , ) 1611 ( Tomas Santo of University the are these , Intramuros in founded are schools oldest 's country the of Some "," Some of the country 's oldest schools are founded in Intramuros , these are the University of Santo Tomas ( 1611 ) , Colegio de San Juan de ( 1620 ) , and Ateneo de Manila University ( 1859 ) . Only Colegio de San Juan de remains at Intramuros ; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at in 1927 , and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights , Quezon City ( while still retaining "" de Manila "" in its name ) in 1952 . Other prominent educational institutions include the Manila High School and the University of the City of Manila . " " . growth its for hindrances as seen are environment political unstable the and infrastructure inadequate , system health progressive of lack , However . annually revenue in billion 1 $ generate to it expecting , tourism medical of pioneer the as Manila designates Tourism of Department The "," The Department of Tourism designates Manila as the pioneer of medical tourism , expecting it to generate $ 1 billion in revenue annually . However , lack of progressive health system , inadequate infrastructure and the unstable political environment are seen as hindrances for its growth . " " . Manila in thrives bazaars and markets , malls shopping Major . Asia in destinations shopping best the of one as named been has it and country the of hub shopping known @-@ well a is Manila "," Manila is a well @-@ known shopping hub of the country and it has been named as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia . Major shopping malls , markets and bazaars thrives in Manila . " " . Miguel San in Street ) formerly ( Sr. Palanca Carlos at located is Store SM first the of site The . 1972 in established was which Center Clearance SM the now is atop restaurant revolving its for famed is which Quiapo in Hotel Royal Manila former the of building The . Hippodrome Lazaro San former the of site the on constructed was Lazaro San City SM . Cruz Santa in located is It . Manila in SM second the is Lazaro San City SM . Hall City Manila the beside right located is It . SM and Cinemas SM , Supermarket SM , Store SM The like brands SM major featuring city the in SM first the , Manila City SM the is mall shopping their of One . city the in presence maintains SM . John by built ever Mall Robinson largest the , far @-@ by and second the was mall The . city the in mall shopping largest the is Manila Place Robinsons "," Robinsons Place Manila is the largest shopping mall in the city . The mall was the second and by @-@ far , the largest Robinson Mall ever built by John . SM maintains presence in the city . One of their shopping mall is the SM City Manila , the first SM in the city featuring major SM brands like The SM Store , SM Supermarket , SM Cinemas and SM . It is located right beside the Manila City Hall . SM City San Lazaro is the second SM in Manila . It is located in Santa Cruz . SM City San Lazaro was constructed on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome . The building of the former Manila Royal Hotel in Quiapo which is famed for its revolving restaurant atop is now the SM Clearance Center which was established in 1972 . The site of the first SM Store is located at Carlos Palanca Sr. ( formerly ) Street in San Miguel . " " . restaurants and shops Filipino and Chinese of variety wide a with merchants Chinese @-@ Filipino by run businesses of types all for trade and commerce of center 's city the is , world the in Chinatown oldest the , Binondo . price bargain at sold is everything where Philippines the of mecca shopping the as dubbed also is It . city the in malls shopping numerous to home , is destination famous 's Avenue Recto of One . located are stores department of lots where is Avenue Recto C.M. . common are stores electronics and music , shops , markets , where "" Downtown Old "" the as referred is Quiapo "," Quiapo is referred as the "" Old Downtown "" where , markets , shops , music and electronics stores are common . C.M. Recto Avenue is where lots of department stores are located . One of Recto Avenue 's famous destination is , home to numerous shopping malls in the city . It is also dubbed as the shopping mecca of the Philippines where everything is sold at bargain price . Binondo , the oldest Chinatown in the world , is the city 's center of commerce and trade for all types of businesses run by Filipino @-@ Chinese merchants with a wide variety of Chinese and Filipino shops and restaurants . " " . population 's city the of % 4 @.@ 10 remaining the comprises religions other and Islam of Members . ) % 1 @.@ 1 ( Buddhists and ; ) % 8 @.@ 1 ( churches Protestant various ; ) % 9 @.@ 1 ( Cristo ni Iglesia ; ) % 4 @.@ 2 ( Church Independent Philippine the of adherents by followed , population the of % 5 @.@ 83 comprises Catholics Roman , 2010 of As . city ) Catholic ( Christian predominantly a is Manila , influence cultural Spanish of result a As "," As a result of Spanish cultural influence , Manila is a predominantly Christian ( Catholic ) city . As of 2010 , Roman Catholics comprises 83 @.@ 5 % of the population , followed by adherents of the Philippine Independent Church ( 2 @.@ 4 % ) ; Iglesia ni Cristo ( 1 @.@ 9 % ) ; various Protestant churches ( 1 @.@ 8 % ) ; and Buddhists ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) . Members of Islam and other religions comprises the remaining 10 @.@ 4 % of the city 's population . " " . beyond Asia to and Philippines the within both missions Catholic numerous for base the as serves city the when Period Colonial Spanish the to back dating them of some with , city the throughout located parishes other has also Manila . city the in churches Catholic conditioned @-@ air fully two the of one is and Site Heritage World UNESCO a is Intramuros in Church Agustín San The . Sebastián San of Basilica Minor the and , Church Binondo , Church Quiapo : city the in basilicas other three also are there , Cathedral Manila the from Aside . country the in church established oldest the and Manila of Archdiocese Catholic Roman the of seat the is Cathedral Manila The . institutions and churches Catholic prominent of site the is Manila "," Manila is the site of prominent Catholic churches and institutions . The Manila Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila and the oldest established church in the country . Aside from the Manila Cathedral , there are also three other basilicas in the city : Quiapo Church , Binondo Church , and the Minor Basilica of San Sebastián . The San Agustín Church in Intramuros is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the two fully air @-@ conditioned Catholic churches in the city . Manila also has other parishes located throughout the city , with some of them dating back to the Spanish Colonial Period when the city serves as the base for numerous Catholic missions both within the Philippines and to Asia beyond . " " . city the in presence a maintains Saints day @-@ Latter of Christ Jesus of Church The like faiths Other . ) Revolution Philippine the of product a was that church national a , Church the called also ( Independiente Filipina Iglesia the of offices central and cathedral main the are Avenue Taft align while , Philippines Central of Diocese ' Philippines the in Church Episcopal the of see the is district Cruz . Sta the in cathedral @-@ pro Parish 's Stephen St. . city the in headquartered are denominations Protestant Mainline Several "," Several Mainline Protestant denominations are headquartered in the city . St. Stephen 's Parish pro @-@ cathedral in the Sta . Cruz district is the see of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines ' Diocese of Central Philippines , while align Taft Avenue are the main cathedral and central offices of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente ( also called the Church , a national church that was a product of the Philippine Revolution ) . Other faiths like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints maintains a presence in the city . " " . Park Rizal in Grandstand Quirino and Green Burnham the at yearly anniversary its celebrates and , Manila in campuses and branches several has also Church Lord Is Jesus . Avenue Taft along located is Praise of Cathedral the of campus main the , Also . Manila in is Society Bible Philippine the of headquarters The . city the within thrives also denominations Adventist day @-@ Seventh and Pentecostal , Evangelical . Ana . Sta , Punta in ) museum a now ( chapel first very its including , city the in ) parishes to akin ( locales several has Cristo ni Iglesia indigenous The "," The indigenous Iglesia ni Cristo has several locales ( akin to parishes ) in the city , including its very first chapel ( now a museum ) in Punta , Sta . Ana . Evangelical , Pentecostal and Seventh @-@ day Adventist denominations also thrives within the city . The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila . Also , the main campus of the Cathedral of Praise is located along Taft Avenue . Jesus Is Lord Church also has several branches and campuses in Manila , and celebrates its anniversary yearly at the Burnham Green and Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park . " " . Makati with border eastern 's Manila near headquartered is , community 'í Bahá Filipino the of body governing the , Philippines the of 'ís Bahá the of Assembly Spiritual National The . Avenue Nations United along Sikh the at or , city the in temple Hindu large the at worshiping of option the have population expatriate Indian the of Members . @-@ Al Masjid at worships which population Muslim sizable a to home is Quiapo . community Filipino Chinese the serving temples Taoist and Buddhist many are There . religions other hosts also city The "," The city also hosts other religions . There are many Buddhist and Taoist temples serving the Chinese Filipino community . Quiapo is home to a sizable Muslim population which worships at Masjid Al @-@ . Members of the Indian expatriate population have the option of worshiping at the large Hindu temple in the city , or at the Sikh along United Nations Avenue . The National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá 'ís of the Philippines , the governing body of the Filipino Bahá 'í community , is headquartered near Manila 's eastern border with Makati . " " . Day Rizal and Day Bonifacio , Day ' Heroes National , Day 's Year New the include holidays religious @-@ Non . 12 May every held was and Ana Santa of saint patron the , ) Abandoned the of Lady Our ( Manila de los de Señora Nuestra the of Feast the was Manila in held feasts religious Another . devotees Catholic of millions draws which , 9 January every held , Nazarene Black the of Feast the to host the also is city The . saint patron own their by guided festivities own their have also barangays 's city the of each , Locally . Baptist the John of patronage the under , commemorated annually been has and 1962 , 24 June on ) Manila of Mayor Vice then ( Astorga A. Herminio by proclaimed first was , 1571 , 24 June on founding 's city the celebrates which , Day Manila . holidays national and civic celebrates Manila "," Manila celebrates civic and national holidays . Manila Day , which celebrates the city 's founding on June 24 , 1571 , was first proclaimed by Herminio A. Astorga ( then Vice Mayor of Manila ) on June 24 , 1962 and has been annually commemorated , under the patronage of John the Baptist . Locally , each of the city 's barangays also have their own festivities guided by their own patron saint . The city is also the host to the Feast of the Black Nazarene , held every January 9 , which draws millions of Catholic devotees . Another religious feasts held in Manila was the Feast of the Nuestra Señora de los de Manila ( Our Lady of the Abandoned ) , the patron saint of Santa Ana and was held every May 12 . Non @-@ religious holidays include the New Year 's Day , National Heroes ' Day , Bonifacio Day and Rizal Day . " " . Ideas of History a of Museum UP the and , Sciences and Arts of Museum UST , Design and Art Contemporary of Museum the , Shrine Mabini the include institutions educational by established Museums . time American the during center government national proposed Taft facing Park Rizal of part northeast the on located is , History Natural of Museum the and Anthropology of Museum , Arts Fine of Museum National the include which , Complex Philippines the of Museum National The . museums of number a to home the is Manila , Philippines the of center cultural the As "," As the cultural center of the Philippines , Manila is the home to a number of museums . The National Museum of the Philippines Complex , which include the National Museum of Fine Arts , Museum of Anthropology and the Museum of Natural History , is located on the northeast part of Rizal Park facing Taft proposed national government center during the American time . Museums established by educational institutions include the Mabini Shrine , the Museum of Contemporary Art and Design , UST Museum of Arts and Sciences , and the UP Museum of a History of Ideas . " " . culture and arts Filipino the exhibits Manila of Museum Metropolitan The . leaders revolutionary other and leadership 's Rizal under revolution the during freedom for desire Filipinos the chronicles Museum Sound and Light Intramuros The . Philippines the of history the in contributions and lives Chinese the documents , museums prominent most 's Manila of one , "," , one of Manila 's most prominent museums , documents the Chinese lives and contributions in the history of the Philippines . The Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles the Filipinos desire for freedom during the revolution under Rizal 's leadership and other revolutionary leaders . The Metropolitan Museum of Manila exhibits the Filipino arts and culture . " " . museum public a , Luis San Plaza and , artifacts religious houses which , Museum Church Agustin San the and Abandoned the of Lady Our the of Parish the , country the in events political notable exhibits which , History Political Philippine of Museum the , museum 's children a , Museo , history and culture 's city the exhibits that museum owned @-@ city the , Manila of Museum the are city the in museums Other "," Other museums in the city are the Museum of Manila , the city @-@ owned museum that exhibits the city 's culture and history , Museo , a children 's museum , the Museum of Philippine Political History , which exhibits notable political events in the country , the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned and the San Agustin Church Museum , which houses religious artifacts , and Plaza San Luis , a public museum . " " . ) May to April ( summer every held are leagues where courts covered have barangays Larger . streets the on drawn markings court with , court basketball makeshift a have barangays most and , basketball is sport main 's country the general in and , 's city The . history distinguished and long a have Manila in Sports "," Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history . The city 's , and in general the country 's main sport is basketball , and most barangays have a makeshift basketball court , with court markings drawn on the streets . Larger barangays have covered courts where leagues are held every summer ( April to May ) . " " . ) arenas indoor are two latter the ( Stadium Aquino Ninoy the and Coliseum Memorial , Courts Tennis , Stadium Baseball the , Stadium Football and Track Memorial Rizal the houses Complex Sports Memorial Rizal The . Manila defunct now the of home the , Gym Andres San and Complex Sports Memorial Rizal the as such , venues sports known @-@ well several has city The "," The city has several well @-@ known sports venues , such as the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and San Andres Gym , the home of the now defunct Manila . The Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses the Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium , the Baseball Stadium , Tennis Courts , Memorial Coliseum and the Ninoy Aquino Stadium ( the latter two are indoor arenas ) . " " . time that at arena indoor largest 's Asia Southeast , City Quezon in Coliseum Araneta the in held were stages latter the although complex the at held was Championship World FIBA 1978 The . tournaments both on winning team basketball national the with , complex the by hosted was , Championship Asia FIBA the of forerunners , Championship ABC 1973 the and Championship ABC 1960 The . elsewhere held were events most , Games 2005 the in but , complex the at held are events the of most , Games Asian Southeast the hosts country the Whenever . Games Eastern Far 1934 the and Games Asian 1954 the as such , events sport @-@ multi several hosted had complex Rizal The "," The Rizal complex had hosted several multi @-@ sport events , such as the 1954 Asian Games and the 1934 Far Eastern Games . Whenever the country hosts the Southeast Asian Games , most of the events are held at the complex , but in the 2005 Games , most events were held elsewhere . The 1960 ABC Championship and the 1973 ABC Championship , forerunners of the FIBA Asia Championship , was hosted by the complex , with the national basketball team winning on both tournaments . The 1978 FIBA World Championship was held at the complex although the latter stages were held in the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City , Southeast Asia 's largest indoor arena at that time . " " . Complex Sports Memorial Rizal the at games their of some played League Basketball Philippine defunct now the ; Pasay at Astrodome and Coliseum Araneta at games their holds now Association Basketball Philippine the but , city the at play to used also basketball Professional . Complex Sports Memorial Rizal the at held still are sports collegiate Other . City Quezon in Coliseum Araneta the and Arena V Flying 's Juan San to transferred had events basketball although , Stadium Aquino Ninoy and Coliseum Memorial Rizal at held games basketball Association Athletic Collegiate National the and Philippines the of Association Athletic University the with , held also are sports collegiate ; university a by owned venues private are which of both , Complex Sports Tomas Santo of University the and Center Sports Razon M. Enrique the as such facilities sports known @-@ well several hosts also Manila "," Manila also hosts several well @-@ known sports facilities such as the Enrique M. Razon Sports Center and the University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex , both of which are private venues owned by a university ; collegiate sports are also held , with the University Athletic Association of the Philippines and the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball games held at Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium , although basketball events had transferred to San Juan 's Flying V Arena and the Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City . Other collegiate sports are still held at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex . Professional basketball also used to play at the city , but the Philippine Basketball Association now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and Astrodome at Pasay ; the now defunct Philippine Basketball League played some of their games at the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex . " " . Laguna , , Field Plains Southern at matches their playing and ) Park Luneta ( Park Rizal at training team league rugby 's city the are Storm Manila The "," The Manila Storm are the city 's rugby league team training at Rizal Park ( Luneta Park ) and playing their matches at Southern Plains Field , , Laguna . " " . 1934 , 2 December on country the of tour their at stadium the at run home a score to players first the were Ruth Babe and Gehrig Lou ; Philippines Baseball of games hosts stadium The . Stadium Baseball Memorial Rizal the at , country the in stadium baseball sizable only the of home the now is Manila , city the in sport played widely a Previously "," Previously a widely played sport in the city , Manila is now the home of the only sizable baseball stadium in the country , at the Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium . The stadium hosts games of Baseball Philippines ; Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth were the first players to score a home run at the stadium at their tour of the country on December 2 , 1934 . " " . Manila Place Robinsons at held was Pool of Cup World 2010 The . barangays most in feature a are halls billiard and , sports cue are city the in sport popular Another "," Another popular sport in the city are cue sports , and billiard halls are a feature in most barangays . The 2010 World Cup of Pool was held at Robinsons Place Manila . " " . tournaments I Division Nations Five Asian 2012 the hosted it when test rugby first its hosted also stadium The . League Football United the of matches hosts regularly now Stadium Football The . match the to prior program renovation major a undergone had , matches international for unfit previously was which , stadium The . 2011 July in Lanka Sri hosted Philippines the when decades in qualifier Cup World FIFA first the hosted Stadium Football and Track Memorial Rizal The "," The Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium hosted the first FIFA World Cup qualifier in decades when the Philippines hosted Sri Lanka in July 2011 . The stadium , which was previously unfit for international matches , had undergone a major renovation program prior to the match . The Football Stadium now regularly hosts matches of the United Football League . The stadium also hosted its first rugby test when it hosted the 2012 Asian Five Nations Division I tournaments . " " . 2014 of end the at personnel 919 @,@ 11 employs Manila . branch legislative and executive the of control have government city The . region judicial Manila Metro the under Philippines the of Court Supreme the by solely administered is branch judicial The . judiciary and legislative , executive : branches three into divided is Manila of government The "," The government of Manila is divided into three branches : executive , legislative and judiciary . The judicial branch is administered solely by the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the Metro Manila judicial region . The city government have control of the executive and legislative branch . Manila employs 11 @,@ 919 personnel at the end of 2014 . " " . Hall City Manila the at located are offices Their . Sangguniang the of President the and , Captains Barangay of Association the of President local the , Council City Manila the by assisted are they Altogether . mayor vice 's city the as serves currently Moreno actor Former . Mayor Vice the by headed is , councilors city elected six of composed is which arm legislative The . city the of department executive the of head the also is He . 2001 @-@ 1998 from Philippines the of President the as served who , Estrada Joseph is Manila of Mayor current The "," The current Mayor of Manila is Joseph Estrada , who served as the President of the Philippines from 1998 @-@ 2001 . He is also the head of the executive department of the city . The legislative arm which is composed of six elected city councilors , is headed by the Vice Mayor . Former actor Moreno currently serves as the city 's vice mayor . Altogether they are assisted by the Manila City Council , the local President of the Association of Barangay Captains , and the President of the Sangguniang . Their offices are located at the Manila City Hall . " " . 2014 in billion 54 @.@ 3 ₱ at stood income net 's Manila . billion 15 @.@ 7 ₱ estimated an of ) ARI ( income regular annual an having , billion 74 @.@ 1 ₱ was allocation government national its and billion 41 @.@ 5 ₱ at stood income local Its . billion 6 @.@ 18 ₱ of worth asset an with billion 1 @.@ 10 ₱ at income 's city the citing Report Financial Annual 2013 its released Audit on Commission the , 2014 , 25 September On "," On September 25 , 2014 , the Commission on Audit released its 2013 Annual Financial Report citing the city 's income at ₱ 10 @.@ 1 billion with an asset worth of ₱ 18 @.@ 6 billion . Its local income stood at ₱ 5 @.@ 41 billion and its national government allocation was ₱ 1 @.@ 74 billion , having an annual regular income ( ARI ) of an estimated ₱ 7 @.@ 15 billion . Manila 's net income stood at ₱ 3 @.@ 54 billion in 2014 . " " . 2012 in income 's city the of % 46 for accounts revenue Tax . revenue internal and tax highest the with cities the of one also was It . health to allocation budget highest the has Manila , units government local the Among "," Among the local government units , Manila has the highest budget allocation to health . It was also one of the cities with the highest tax and internal revenue . Tax revenue accounts for 46 % of the city 's income in 2012 . " " . district large @-@ at one as senators 12 elects , nation the of rest the with along , city The . council the to members SP six and Representatives of House the to representative one elects district Each . ) Council City ; SP ( Sangguniang the to members regular the of and Philippines the of Congress the of house lower the to representatives 's city the of election the for constituencies the as serve that districts legislative six has Manila "," Manila has six legislative districts that serve as the constituencies for the election of the city 's representatives to the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines and of the regular members to the Sangguniang ( SP ; City Council ) . Each district elects one representative to the House of Representatives and six SP members to the council . The city , along with the rest of the nation , elects 12 senators as one at @-@ large district . " " . government local of form no have zones These . zones 100 into grouped are Manila in barangays the all , convenience administrative For . councilors and chairperson own its has barangay Each . Philippines the in government local of unit smallest the , barangays 896 into divided politically is Manila "," Manila is politically divided into 896 barangays , the smallest unit of local government in the Philippines . Each barangay has its own chairperson and councilors . For administrative convenience , all the barangays in Manila are grouped into 100 zones . These zones have no form of local government . " " . Bay Manila along lies that Tondo of portion western the covers It . district congressional populated densely most ) 's country the and ( 's Manila is ) 906 @,@ 415 : population 2015 ( District 1st The "," The 1st District ( 2015 population : 415 @,@ 906 ) is Manila 's ( and the country 's ) most densely populated congressional district . It covers the western portion of Tondo that lies along Manila Bay . " " . as known district @-@ sub or neighborhood a , Tondo of portion inland eastern the covers ) 457 @,@ 215 : population 2015 ( District 2nd The "," The 2nd District ( 2015 population : 215 @,@ 457 ) covers the eastern inland portion of Tondo , a neighborhood or sub @-@ district known as . " " . Cruz Santa and Nicolas San , Quiapo , Binondo covers ) 242 @,@ 197 : population 2015 ( District 3rd The "," The 3rd District ( 2015 population : 197 @,@ 242 ) covers Binondo , Quiapo , San Nicolas and Santa Cruz . " " . covers ) 046 @,@ 265 : population 2015 ( District 4th The "," The 4th District ( 2015 population : 265 @,@ 046 ) covers . " " . ) 90 Zone except ( Paco of portion a and , Andres San , Intramuros , Area Port , Malate , Ermita covers ) 714 @,@ 366 : population 2015 ( District 5th The "," The 5th District ( 2015 population : 366 @,@ 714 ) covers Ermita , Malate , Port Area , Intramuros , San Andres , and a portion of Paco ( except Zone 90 ) . " " . Mesa Santa and Ana Santa , Miguel San , , ) only 90 Zone ( Paco covers ) 245 @,@ 295 : population 2007 ( District 6th The "," The 6th District ( 2007 population : 295 @,@ 245 ) covers Paco ( Zone 90 only ) , , San Miguel , Santa Ana and Santa Mesa . " " . plebiscite a hold to failure the of because , barangays existing merging by 150 to 897 from number the reducing — 1996 April 23 on passed , Ordinance — legislation local despite prospered not have number its reducing at Attempts . Philippines the in municipality or city any of barangays of number most the has Manila "," Manila has the most number of barangays of any city or municipality in the Philippines . Attempts at reducing its number have not prospered despite local legislation — Ordinance , passed on 23 April 1996 — reducing the number from 897 to 150 by merging existing barangays , because of the failure to hold a plebiscite . " " . Quezon L. Manuel of Government Commonwealth the under abandoned eventually were improvements These .. D.C Washington after patterned city the for plan master a create to Burnham Daniel to given was commission design a and government of center the become to Park Rizal the now is which town former a , was chosen location strategic The . Intramuros of walls the outside city designed @-@ well a envisioned they when country the to colonization American of years early the during started government of center the being for development the for Planning . city the at headquartered offices government national several has , Philippines the of power political of seat the being , Manila "," Manila , being the seat of political power of the Philippines , has several national government offices headquartered at the city . Planning for the development for being the center of government started during the early years of American colonization to the country when they envisioned a well @-@ designed city outside the walls of Intramuros . The strategic location chosen was , a former town which is now the Rizal Park to become the center of government and a design commission was given to Daniel Burnham to create a master plan for the city patterned after Washington D.C .. These improvements were eventually abandoned under the Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. Quezon . " " . administrations subsequent by and II War World during Manila of devastation the after altered substantially were plans the of many , However . Manila in reside still offices government key several but City Quezon in headquarters their up set have agencies government Several . City Quezon now is what or , Manila of northeast hills the on built be to was center government new A "," A new government center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila , or what is now Quezon City . Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in Quezon City but several key government offices still reside in Manila . However , many of the plans were substantially altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations . " " . Hospital General Philippine the and Museum National , Archives National , Library National the as such institutions national important hosts also Manila . home city the call still Highways and Works Public and Employment and Labor , Justice , Health , Finance , Management and Budget of Departments the , Pilipinas ng Sentral the , Appeals of Court the , Court Supreme the as such institutions important , these from Aside . residence official 's president the as well as , President the of Office the hosts still , capital the as , city The "," The city , as the capital , still hosts the Office of the President , as well as the president 's official residence . Aside from these , important institutions such as the Supreme Court , the Court of Appeals , the Sentral ng Pilipinas , the Departments of Budget and Management , Finance , Health , Justice , Labor and Employment and Public Works and Highways still call the city home . Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the National Library , National Archives , National Museum and the Philippine General Hospital . " " . Pasay at land reclaimed at System Insurance Service Government the with shares it building new a to transferred Senate the , 1997 May In . Building Congress Old the at remained Senate the while , Complex Pambansa Batasang the at stayed Representatives of House the , Congress bicameral the restored constitution new a When . Complex Pambansa Batasang new the at office held , Pambansa Batasang unicameral the , successor its ; dissolved was Congress , law martial of declaration to due , 1972 In . Building Congress Old the at office held previously Congress "," Congress previously held office at the Old Congress Building . In 1972 , due to declaration of martial law , Congress was dissolved ; its successor , the unicameral Batasang Pambansa , held office at the new Batasang Pambansa Complex . When a new constitution restored the bicameral Congress , the House of Representatives stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex , while the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building . In May 1997 , the Senate transferred to a new building it shares with the Government Service Insurance System at reclaimed land at Pasay . " " . Manila Metro in distributor power electric sole the , Meralco by provided are services Electric . Water Manila by served is that zone east the to belongs which city the of part southeastern the to service provide not does it but , Manila in system sewerage and water potable of delivery and supply the provides now It . part a is Manila which of zone west the over took Services Water The . zones west and east the into concession water the split which 1997 in privatized was . canals open or , tanks septic , drains storm into dumped directly being sewage other most with city the of % 30 served which , System Sewerage and Waterworks Metropolitan the by provided be to used services Water "," Water services used to be provided by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System , which served 30 % of the city with most other sewage being directly dumped into storm drains , septic tanks , or open canals . was privatized in 1997 which split the water concession into the east and west zones . The Water Services took over the west zone of which Manila is a part . It now provides the supply and delivery of potable water and sewerage system in Manila , but it does not provide service to the southeastern part of the city which belongs to the east zone that is served by Manila Water . Electric services are provided by Meralco , the sole electric power distributor in Metro Manila . " " . Manila of streets the plied once , price set a for routes fixed followed and jeepneys with directly competed which , Kijang Toyota generation third the , FX Tamaraw The . II War World following immediately years the since use in been have these , jeeps army U.S. after Patterned . jeepney the is Manila in transportation of modes famous more the of One "," One of the more famous modes of transportation in Manila is the jeepney . Patterned after U.S. army jeeps , these have been in use since the years immediately following World War II . The Tamaraw FX , the third generation Toyota Kijang , which competed directly with jeepneys and followed fixed routes for a set price , once plied the streets of Manila . " " . franchise government under operated and owned privately are transport road public of types All . Intramuros and Binondo of streets the in transportation of mode and attraction tourist popular a still are drawn @-@ horse era @-@ Spanish . popular are pedicabs motorized , in especially , areas some In . ) pedicabs of version Philippine the , sidecars a with bicycles ( "" "" or "" "" and , ) rickshaw auto the of version Philippine the , sidecars with motorcycles ( "" tricycles "" , taxicabs numerous by served is city the , basis hire @-@ for a On "," On a for @-@ hire basis , the city is served by numerous taxicabs , "" tricycles "" ( motorcycles with sidecars , the Philippine version of the auto rickshaw ) , and "" "" or "" "" ( bicycles with a sidecars , the Philippine version of pedicabs ) . In some areas , especially in , motorized pedicabs are popular . Spanish @-@ era horse @-@ drawn are still a popular tourist attraction and mode of transportation in the streets of Binondo and Intramuros . All types of public road transport are privately owned and operated under government franchise . " " . Marikina in Santolan to up , City Quezon through , Cruz Santa from ) 6 @-@ R ( Boulevard Magsaysay Ramon and ) 1 @-@ C ( Avenue Recto M. Claro along runs 2 Line LRT the and , ) 9 @-@ R ( Avenue Rizal and ) 2 @-@ R ( Avenue Taft of length the along runs 1 Line LRT . expansion dollar @-@ multibillion a undergoing currently are systems These . Asia Southeast in transport rail light first the it making , administration Marcos the under 1970s the in began system railway the of Development . Manila Metro of parts other services that system MRTC the under is which 3 @-@ MRT the from distinct as , system LRTA the forms which 2 @-@ LRT and 1 @-@ LRT the by serviced is city The "," The city is serviced by the LRT @-@ 1 and LRT @-@ 2 which forms the LRTA system , as distinct from the MRT @-@ 3 which is under the MRTC system that services other parts of Metro Manila . Development of the railway system began in the 1970s under the Marcos administration , making it the first light rail transport in Southeast Asia . These systems are currently undergoing a multibillion @-@ dollar expansion . LRT Line 1 runs along the length of Taft Avenue ( R @-@ 2 ) and Rizal Avenue ( R @-@ 9 ) , and the LRT Line 2 runs along Claro M. Recto Avenue ( C @-@ 1 ) and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard ( R @-@ 6 ) from Santa Cruz , through Quezon City , up to Santolan in Marikina . " " . Airport International Clark and Airport International Aquino Ninoy the by served also is city The . transportation of form another is River Pasig the on runs which Service Ferry River Pasig The . Philippines the of seaport chief the is Bay Manila of vicinity the in located , Manila of Port The . Laguna toward ) Tondo ( from direction south @-@ north general a in runs line The . operation in is Manila Metro within railway commuter One . city the within lies Railways National Philippine the of terminal main The "," The main terminal of the Philippine National Railways lies within the city . One commuter railway within Metro Manila is in operation . The line runs in a general north @-@ south direction from ( Tondo ) toward Laguna . The Port of Manila , located in the vicinity of Manila Bay is the chief seaport of the Philippines . The Pasig River Ferry Service which runs on the Pasig River is another form of transportation . The city is also served by the Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Clark International Airport . " " . 2030 to up last will that projects infrastructure term long to medium and projects priority term short of list a of consists It . transportation and planning urban 's Manila Metro of problems the address to seeks which , Plan Dream Manila Metro the on based was metropolis whole the and Manila the of planning urban The . unabated continue congestion and jams traffic the and , impact meaningful any make to yet have projects such , However . roads local and national several of expansion the and , Area Port the or Tondo to Recto from extension ) west ( 2 Line LRT proposed the , 3 Stage Skyway Manila Metro the of construction the , at flyover new a of construction the : include projects the of Some . city the in traffic the alleviate to projects several undertaken has government The . densities high and jams traffic frequent its for notorious become has Manila . "" city congested most 's world the "" Manila ranked magazine Forbes , 2006 In "," In 2006 , Forbes magazine ranked Manila "" the world 's most congested city "" . Manila has become notorious for its frequent traffic jams and high densities . The government has undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city . Some of the projects include : the construction of a new flyover at , the construction of the Metro Manila Skyway Stage 3 , the proposed LRT Line 2 ( west ) extension from Recto to Tondo or the Port Area , and the expansion of several national and local roads . However , such projects have yet to make any meaningful impact , and the traffic jams and congestion continue unabated . The urban planning of the Manila and the whole metropolis was based on the Metro Manila Dream Plan , which seeks to address the problems of Metro Manila 's urban planning and transportation . It consists of a list of short term priority projects and medium to long term infrastructure projects that will last up to 2030 . " " . Manila Philippines the of University the by operated and administered hospital owned @-@ state tertiary the , Hospital General Philippine the of site the also is Manila . Hospital General Santos Abad Jose Justice and , Hospital Ana . Sta , Tondo ng , Center Medical Memorial Bonifacio Andres Gat , ng , Center Medical ng the are hospitals run @-@ city public six The . charge of free are which , hospitals run @-@ city six and centers health 59 operates It . government city the by provided programs care health the of implementation and planning the for responsible is Department Health Manila The "," The Manila Health Department is responsible for the planning and implementation of the health care programs provided by the city government . It operates 59 health centers and six city @-@ run hospitals , which are free of charge . The six public city @-@ run hospitals are the ng Medical Center , ng , Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center , ng Tondo , Sta . Ana Hospital , and Justice Jose Abad Santos General Hospital . Manila is also the site of the Philippine General Hospital , the tertiary state @-@ owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines Manila . " " . Hospital Tomas Santo of University the and , Hospital Lourdes of Lady Our , Center Medical Metropolitan , Center Medical Memorial Reyes R. José Dr. , Center Medical and Hospital General Chinese , Hospital Doctors Manila the are city the in operates that hospitals Private . corporations private by provided also is healthcare 's Manila "," Manila 's healthcare is also provided by private corporations . Private hospitals that operates in the city are the Manila Doctors Hospital , Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center , Dr. José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center , Metropolitan Medical Center , Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital , and the University of Santo Tomas Hospital . " " . Philippines the for Office Country Organization Health World the and Pacific Western the for Office Regional Organization Health World the of headquarters the to home the also is Manila . hospital tertiary referral special a , Hospital Lazaro San the operates also department health national The . Manila in office main its has Health of Department The "," The Department of Health has its main office in Manila . The national health department also operates the San Lazaro Hospital , a special referral tertiary hospital . Manila is also the home to the headquarters of the World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific and the World Health Organization Country Office for the Philippines . " " . 1952 in ) name its in "" Manila de "" retaining still while ( City Quezon , Heights Loyola for Intramuros left Ateneo and , 1927 in at campus new a to transferred Tomas Santo of University the ; Intramuros at remains ) 1620 ( de Juan San de Colegio Only . Technology of Institute the and University Philippines the of Lyceum , ) 1859 ( University Manila de Ateneo , ) 1620 ( de Juan San de Colegio , ) 1611 ( Tomas Santo of University the of home the as served It . ones oldest its as well as colleges and universities Philippine several to home is — Intramuros particularly — Manila , period colonial the since education of center The "," The center of education since the colonial period , Manila — particularly Intramuros — is home to several Philippine universities and colleges as well as its oldest ones . It served as the home of the University of Santo Tomas ( 1611 ) , Colegio de San Juan de ( 1620 ) , Ateneo de Manila University ( 1859 ) , Lyceum of the Philippines University and the Institute of Technology . Only Colegio de San Juan de ( 1620 ) remains at Intramuros ; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at in 1927 , and Ateneo left Intramuros for Loyola Heights , Quezon City ( while still retaining "" de Manila "" in its name ) in 1952 . " " . population student of terms in country the in university largest the , Philippines the of University Polytechnic the of site the also is city The . country the in education sciences health of center the and universities constituent Philippines the of University the of oldest the , Manila Philippines the of University the controls government national The . government city Manila the by operated and owned both are , city walled the outside just located Manila de Universidad and , Intramuros at located ) ng ng ( Manila of City the of University The "," The University of the City of Manila ( ng ng ) located at Intramuros , and Universidad de Manila located just outside the walled city , are both owned and operated by the Manila city government . The national government controls the University of the Philippines Manila , the oldest of the University of the Philippines constituent universities and the center of health sciences education in the country . The city is also the site of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines , the largest university in the country in terms of student population . " " . schools of System University Salle La De all of largest the , University Salle La De of institution educational @-@ co private the as such Pasay with border the near Malate of part southernmost the at found is cluster smaller a still and , districts Ermita and Intramuros the at mostly , River Pasig the of bank southern the along lies colleges of cluster Another . other each of distance walking short a at are here found universities and colleges the of Each . streets side different the and , Street , Avenue , ) formerly ( Avenue Recto M. Claro of end eastern the , ) St. formerly ( St. Reyes Nicanor , Boulevard España of end western the includes it , Generally . meet districts and Quiapo , Miguel San the where one the as understood commonly is it and city the in universities and colleges of cluster a or concentration high a is there where area the to refers Belt University The "," The University Belt refers to the area where there is a high concentration or a cluster of colleges and universities in the city and it is commonly understood as the one where the San Miguel , Quiapo and districts meet . Generally , it includes the western end of España Boulevard , Nicanor Reyes St. ( formerly St. ) , the eastern end of Claro M. Recto Avenue ( formerly ) , Avenue , Street , and the different side streets . Each of the colleges and universities found here are at a short walking distance of each other . Another cluster of colleges lies along the southern bank of the Pasig River , mostly at the Intramuros and Ermita districts , and still a smaller cluster is found at the southernmost part of Malate near the border with Pasay such as the private co @-@ educational institution of De La Salle University , the largest of all De La Salle University System of schools . " " . schools high public 32 , schools elementary public 71 the governs It . system education public tier @-@ three 's city the to refers , Education of Department the of branch a , Manila of Schools City the of Division The "," The Division of the City Schools of Manila , a branch of the Department of Education , refers to the city 's three @-@ tier public education system . It governs the 71 public elementary schools , 32 public high schools . " " . resources information and literary other and heritage cultural recorded and printed 's country the of repository the , Library National the , and ; learning fun and discovery on @-@ hands of place a , Museum 's Children the , Museo the ; arts visual contemporary and modern of museum a , Manila of Museum Metropolitan the ; housed is Luna Juan of the where , Museum National the ; Philippines the of school high science pilot the , School High Science Manila the contains also city The "," The city also contains the Manila Science High School , the pilot science high school of the Philippines ; the National Museum , where the of Juan Luna is housed ; the Metropolitan Museum of Manila , a museum of modern and contemporary visual arts ; the Museo , the Children 's Museum , a place of hands @-@ on discovery and fun learning ; and , the National Library , the repository of the country 's printed and recorded cultural heritage and other literary and information resources . " " Manila of cities Sister "," Sister cities of Manila " " . phylogeny molecular recent a by supported been has This . genus same the in all them keeping for argument an as used been has genera different between hybrids of existence the and types flower intermediate of existence the , flowers male their of basis the on distinguished be only can genera the Since . flowers male the in differences on based genera five or four into split been often has and , history taxonomic complicated a has genus The . trees large and stem aboveground an lacking palms small both includes genus spiny @-@ non , leaved pinnately This . America South and Central , Caribbean the , Mexico to native palms of genus large a is "," is a large genus of palms native to Mexico , the Caribbean , Central and South America . This pinnately leaved , non @-@ spiny genus includes both small palms lacking an aboveground stem and large trees . The genus has a complicated taxonomic history , and has often been split into four or five genera based on differences in the male flowers . Since the genera can only be distinguished on the basis of their male flowers , the existence of intermediate flower types and the existence of hybrids between different genera has been used as an argument for keeping them all in the same genus . This has been supported by a recent molecular phylogeny . " " . megafauna Pleistocene extinct @-@ now by dispersal for adapted been have to thought are which some including , dispersed animal are seeds Their . habitats disturbed in thrive and tolerant fire are species Many . fibre and oil palm of sources important economically include and , use human of history long a have species . species similar of groups or , species single represent groups certain whether determine to difficult it make collections herbarium Incomplete . 100 as many as of estimates with , genus the in recognised are species 67 and 29 between Somewhere "," Somewhere between 29 and 67 species are recognised in the genus , with estimates of as many as 100 . Incomplete herbarium collections make it difficult to determine whether certain groups represent single species , or groups of similar species . species have a long history of human use , and include economically important sources of palm oil and fibre . Many species are fire tolerant and thrive in disturbed habitats . Their seeds are animal dispersed , including some which are thought to have been adapted for dispersal by now @-@ extinct Pleistocene megafauna . " " . leaves longer and more have to tend plants larger ; five @-@ thirty to three about from varies individual per leaves of number The . ) stem aboveground an lack which one ( palms acaulescent and tall ) ft 98 ( metres 30 to up stems stout with trees large both includes and palms spiny @-@ non also are Species . pattern like @-@ fern or like @-@ feather a in leaf the of axis the of side either on emerge leaflets of rows — leaves compound pinnately has genus The "," The genus has pinnately compound leaves — rows of leaflets emerge on either side of the axis of the leaf in a feather @-@ like or fern @-@ like pattern . Species are also non @-@ spiny palms and includes both large trees with stout stems up to 30 metres ( 98 ft ) tall and acaulescent palms ( one which lack an aboveground stem ) . The number of leaves per individual varies from about three to thirty @-@ five ; larger plants tend to have more and longer leaves . " " . mature when purple or brown @-@ orange , yellow , brown usually are and , species some in present are more or fewer although , seeds three or two have usually Fruit . flowers male few a with female predominantly are or , flowers male of entirely consist either Inflorescences . stem the with rachis the connecting , stalk main the is peduncle The . rachis the from emerge , flowers the bear which , The . the , branches smaller of series a and — rachis the and peduncle the — axis main a of consists inflorescence The . leaves the among borne and branched , large are Inflorescences "," Inflorescences are large , branched and borne among the leaves . The inflorescence consists of a main axis — the peduncle and the rachis — and a series of smaller branches , the . The , which bear the flowers , emerge from the rachis . The peduncle is the main stalk , connecting the rachis with the stem . Inflorescences either consist entirely of male flowers , or are predominantly female with a few male flowers . Fruit usually have two or three seeds , although fewer or more are present in some species , and are usually brown , yellow , orange @-@ brown or purple when mature . " " . genus single a group this considering of favour in argument an as used been has fact this ; groups these of any into easily fit not do species Five . stamens the than longer are that petals have defined narrowly more a and in placed those while , stamens the than shorter much are in placed those of petals The . ones straight have groups other the while , anthers coiled have to referred sometimes species The . and , , defined narrowly more a — genera four into split been often has genus the , types flower these of basis the On . exist flowers male of types different Four "," Four different types of male flowers exist . On the basis of these flower types , the genus has often been split into four genera — a more narrowly defined , , and . The species sometimes referred to have coiled anthers , while the other groups have straight ones . The petals of those placed in are much shorter than the stamens , while those placed in and a more narrowly defined have petals that are longer than the stamens . Five species do not fit easily into any of these groups ; this fact has been used as an argument in favour of considering this group a single genus . " " . and , , , containing clade the to sister and , group monophyletic a be to found been has , subtribe this Within . and , , , , , Cocos , , , genera the with together , subtribe the and tribe the , Arecoideae subfamily the in placed been has "," has been placed in the subfamily Arecoideae , the tribe and the subtribe , together with the genera , , , Cocos , , , , , and . Within this subtribe , has been found to be a monophyletic group , and sister to the clade containing , , , and . " " . genus the of review 2008 his in usage this continued Christophe @-@ Jean and , Palms of Checklist World 2005 their in genus single a recognised Dransfield John and . and , , , defined narrowly more a — genera five into group the divided Glassman F. Sidney botanist American , Subtribe Palm of Treatment Taxonomic 1999 his In . , genus single a into ) defined then was it as ( subtribe the in species the all combined Bernal Rodrigo and Galeano Gloria , Henderson Andrew , Americas the of Palms the to Guide Field 1996 their In . genera related of group a or , genus single a considered be should whether to as exists Disagreement "," Disagreement exists as to whether should be considered a single genus , or a group of related genera . In their 1996 Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas , Andrew Henderson , Gloria Galeano and Rodrigo Bernal combined all the species in the subtribe ( as it was then defined ) into a single genus , . In his 1999 Taxonomic Treatment of Palm Subtribe , American botanist Sidney F. Glassman divided the group into five genera — a more narrowly defined , , , and . and John Dransfield recognised a single genus in their 2005 World Checklist of Palms , and Jean @-@ Christophe continued this usage in his 2008 review of the genus . " " . and both to sister a actually was , Glassman by in placed , A. while , ) used was approach genus @-@ five the if ( genus that of members other to were they than in placed species to related closely more actually were in placed species some that found which subtribe the of phylogeny molecular a published colleagues and Alan 2009 In . genus single a in them placing for argument an as used been also has which , system genus @-@ five 's Glassman under genera different considered be would that species between hybrids several are there , addition In . approach genus @-@ single the for argument an as used been has this and ) , genus own its in placed Glassman which ( A. including , types four these between intermediate are that flowers have species few a , However . genus the within found flowers male of types different four to correspond — and , , ) sense narrow a in ( — genera the of Four . another or genus one with associated consistently be could characters other no ; flowers male the of structure the on solely based is approach genus @-@ multi The "," The multi @-@ genus approach is based solely on the structure of the male flowers ; no other characters could be consistently associated with one genus or another . Four of the genera — ( in a narrow sense ) , , and — correspond to four different types of male flowers found within the genus . However , a few species have flowers that are intermediate between these four types , including A. ( which Glassman placed in its own genus , ) and this has been used as an argument for the single @-@ genus approach . In addition , there are several hybrids between species that would be considered different genera under Glassman 's five @-@ genus system , which has also been used as an argument for placing them in a single genus . In 2009 Alan and colleagues published a molecular phylogeny of the subtribe which found that some species placed in were actually more closely related to species placed in than they were to other members of that genus ( if the five @-@ genus approach was used ) , while A. , placed in by Glassman , was actually a sister to both and . " " . 1942 in Cook F. Orator by and , 1857 in Karsten Hermann by described was . respectively 1837 and 1826 in Martius von Philipp Friedrich Carl by described were and genera The . endemic Colombian a , A. is species type The . plants medicinal in interest his for known , Pergamon of king , III Attalus for named was genus The . A. of description 1703 's Plumier Charles including , exist descriptions Linnaean @-@ pre , older although , Bonpland Aimé and Humboldt von Alexander by collected specimens on based 1816 in Kunth Sigismund Carl described first was genus The "," The genus was first described Carl Sigismund Kunth in 1816 based on specimens collected by Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland , although older , pre @-@ Linnaean descriptions exist , including Charles Plumier 's 1703 description of A. . The genus was named for Attalus III , king of Pergamon , known for his interest in medicinal plants . The type species is A. , a Colombian endemic . The genera and were described by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in 1826 and 1837 respectively . was described by Hermann Karsten in 1857 , and by Orator F. Cook in 1942 . " " . species different between variation from species single a within variation differentiate to difficult it make collections incomplete or Sparse . destroyed or lost been have , specimen type including , collections important many , addition In . collect to difficult them makes species many of fruit and inflorescences , leaves the of size large The . collections herbarium in represented poorly are species these of many that fact the by complicated is problem This . species similar morphologically between differences as took Glassman , species within variation as interpreted Henderson what , result a As . Henderson than narrowly more species define to Glassman by decision the is disagreement this of element important An . Palms of Checklist World 2005 their in species 67 recognised Dransfield John and , lead 's Glassman following Largely . group the of treatment 1999 his in species 65 recognised Glassman Sidney while , genus the in species 29 recognised coauthors and Henderson Andrew Americas the of Palms the to Guide Field 1996 their In . genus the in species 100 as many as be may there that estimated Boer Wessels Gerard Jan taxonomist Dutch , 1965 In . ) defined broadly ( genus the in species of number the about disagree Experts "," Experts disagree about the number of species in the genus ( broadly defined ) . In 1965 , Dutch taxonomist Jan Gerard Wessels Boer estimated that there may be as many as 100 species in the genus . In their 1996 Field Guide to the Palms of the Americas Andrew Henderson and coauthors recognised 29 species in the genus , while Sidney Glassman recognised 65 species in his 1999 treatment of the group . Largely following Glassman 's lead , and John Dransfield recognised 67 species in their 2005 World Checklist of Palms . An important element of this disagreement is the decision by Glassman to define species more narrowly than Henderson . As a result , what Henderson interpreted as variation within species , Glassman took as differences between morphologically similar species . This problem is complicated by the fact that many of these species are poorly represented in herbarium collections . The large size of the leaves , inflorescences and fruit of many species makes them difficult to collect . In addition , many important collections , including type specimen , have been lost or destroyed . Sparse or incomplete collections make it difficult to differentiate variation within a single species from variation between different species . " " . species same the represented all they that likely it thought and , similar very all were A. and A. , A. that opinion the of was Christophe @-@ Jean , However . A. and species four 's Glassman both accepted Dransfield and . A. and A. , A. , A. — A. to attributed been previously had that material from species new four described and , species a as A. of validity the doubted Glassman . species five or four of consisting complex species a considered have authors other , , species single a considered Henderson Andrew what , example For . 40 than more or species nine either for account remainder The . them of all by accepted are species 20 only but , species 73 of total a recognised ) Dransfield and and , Glassman , coauthors and Henderson ( treatments recent three The "," The three recent treatments ( Henderson and coauthors , Glassman , and and Dransfield ) recognised a total of 73 species , but only 20 species are accepted by all of them . The remainder account for either nine species or more than 40 . For example , what Andrew Henderson considered a single species , , other authors have considered a species complex consisting of four or five species . Glassman doubted the validity of A. as a species , and described four new species from material that had previously been attributed to A. — A. , A. , A. and A. . and Dransfield accepted both Glassman 's four species and A. . However , Jean @-@ Christophe was of the opinion that A. , A. and A. were all very similar , and thought it likely that they all represented the same species . " " . Dransfield and by accepted is it and , A. , group this of member fourth a described also Glassman . speciosa A. of part it considered Henderson but , concurred Dransfield and and Glassman ; coauthors and Michael by species distinct a as recognised was . taxon dubious a it considered Glassman but , spectabilis A. accepted Dransfield and . microcarpa A. and it between hybrid a or speciosa A. of form acaulescent an be either to latter the considering , spectabilis A. and speciosa A. recognised ) 1995 ( Henderson . species related and speciosa A. includes in complex species Another "," Another species complex in includes A. speciosa and related species . Henderson ( 1995 ) recognised A. speciosa and A. spectabilis , considering the latter to either be an acaulescent form of A. speciosa or a hybrid between it and A. microcarpa . and Dransfield accepted A. spectabilis , but Glassman considered it a dubious taxon . was recognised as a distinct species by Michael and coauthors ; Glassman and and Dransfield concurred , but Henderson considered it part of A. speciosa . Glassman also described a fourth member of this group , A. , and it is accepted by and Dransfield . " " . wind and insects to both attributed been has , speciosa A. and A. in pollination while , A. including , pollinated @-@ insect being as described been have species Various . plant same the by borne are but , separate are flowers female and male — monoecious are species "," species are monoecious — male and female flowers are separate , but are borne by the same plant . Various species have been described as being insect @-@ pollinated , including A. , while pollination in A. and A. speciosa , has been attributed both to insects and wind . " " . tolerance @-@ fire their to contribute to likely it underground are seedlings of tips shoot the that fact The . stem the of portion "" shaped saxophone "" a produces This . stem aboveground the produce and upward grow to turning before downward grows initially stem the , germination After . seed the from away shoot young the pushes it expands cotyledon the as , germination during — tubular remote is germination Seed "," Seed germination is remote tubular — during germination , as the cotyledon expands it pushes the young shoot away from the seed . After germination , the stem initially grows downward before turning to grow upward and produce the aboveground stem . This produces a "" saxophone shaped "" portion of the stem . The fact that the shoot tips of seedlings are underground it likely to contribute to their fire @-@ tolerance . " " . Haiti in one and , region the of edge southern the along , Tobago and Trinidad in two — Caribbean the in present are species Three . America South in 62 and , America Central in four , Mexico in found are species three , coauthors and to According . south the in Brazil southern and , Paraguay , Bolivia to north the in Mexico from Neotropics the across range Species "," Species range across the Neotropics from Mexico in the north to Bolivia , Paraguay , and southern Brazil in the south . According to and coauthors , three species are found in Mexico , four in Central America , and 62 in South America . Three species are present in the Caribbean — two in Trinidad and Tobago , along the southern edge of the region , and one in Haiti . " " . savannas in and understorey forest the in both in found are species smaller while , landscape the on elements conspicuous are species larger the of some of stands Dense . niches ecological different of number a occupy which palms acaulescent small and trees large both includes "," includes both large trees and small acaulescent palms which occupy a number of different ecological niches . Dense stands of some of the larger species are conspicuous elements on the landscape , while smaller species are found in both in the forest understorey and in savannas . " " . patches forest burned dominate to able are and , burning and cutting survive seedlings the — fire using managed are ) fibre for cultivated are which ( Brazil , Bahia in A. of stands , Similarly . cleared been has vegetation forest natural where Brazil of parts many in stands pure forms speciosa . Tobago and Trinidad in fires forest repeated by formed savannas dominates also species the ; openness canopy with correlated was palms A. adult large of density the forests Amazonian dry seasonally In . species large by dominated vegetation of formation the in implicated been has Disturbance "," Disturbance has been implicated in the formation of vegetation dominated by large species . In seasonally dry Amazonian forests the density of large adult A. palms was correlated with canopy openness ; the species also dominates savannas formed by repeated forest fires in Trinidad and Tobago . speciosa forms pure stands in many parts of Brazil where natural forest vegetation has been cleared . Similarly , stands of A. in Bahia , Brazil ( which are cultivated for fibre ) are managed using fire — the seedlings survive cutting and burning , and are able to dominate burned forest patches . " " . Pantanal Brazilian the in A. of seeds the disperse and fruit the consume which Crested include fruit of dispersers Other . seeds the on fed they , declined availability fruit the as , and fruit the upon fed , agoutis including , Rodents . primates and deer , peccaries collared , tapirs by consumed were fruit , Amazon Brazilian the in , , Island On . megafauna Pleistocene extinct @-@ now by dispersal for adapted are which species "" anachronistic "" of examples as mentioned been have of species Certain . beetles by predation seed suffer frequently dispersed not are which fruit ; animals by dispersed are fruit The "," The fruit are dispersed by animals ; fruit which are not dispersed frequently suffer seed predation by beetles . Certain species of have been mentioned as examples of "" anachronistic "" species which are adapted for dispersal by now @-@ extinct Pleistocene megafauna . On Island , , in the Brazilian Amazon , fruit were consumed by tapirs , collared peccaries , deer and primates . Rodents , including agoutis , fed upon the fruit and , as the fruit availability declined , they fed on the seeds . Other dispersers of fruit include Crested which consume the fruit and disperse the seeds of A. in the Brazilian Pantanal . " " . 1996 in farmers Brazilian to income annual in million 20 $ US about generated and , important commercially are , A. of bases leaf the from extracted , fibres . Brazil the throughout households 000 @,@ 450 over support to estimated was it 1985 in and , 2005 in Maranhão of state Brazilian the in households 000 @,@ 300 over support to reported were speciosa A. from extracted Products . economically important most the among speciosa A. with , palms oil are species Several . thatching for extensively used are A. and of leaves The . fibre and seeds edible , thatch , oil edible of sources important remain species of variety A . BP 9000 to back dating Colombia in sites archaeological in found been have seeds . utilisation human of history long a have species "," species have a long history of human utilisation . seeds have been found in archaeological sites in Colombia dating back to 9000 BP . A variety of species remain important sources of edible oil , thatch , edible seeds and fibre . The leaves of and A. are used extensively for thatching . Several species are oil palms , with A. speciosa among the most important economically . Products extracted from A. speciosa were reported to support over 300 @,@ 000 households in the Brazilian state of Maranhão in 2005 , and in 1985 it was estimated to support over 450 @,@ 000 households throughout the Brazil . fibres , extracted from the leaf bases of A. , are commercially important , and generated about US $ 20 million in annual income to Brazilian farmers in 1996 . " " . lost presumed is film The . plot the drive to coincidences fetched @-@ far on hinged film the for Criticism . reviewers most by film average an be to deemed was and Thanhouser from release final the was film The . 1917 , 7 October on Pathé by released was film The . Mary and Jack of marriage the with ends film The . child the over crying nurse a as Mary find and hospital the to rush Jack and Ezra , injured is baby the which in accident carriage a After . Jack leave to girl cabaret the convinces Ezra and right things make to Jack convinces Ezra . own his is child the that reveals ultimately Jack and child the keeps Ezra , wishes 's Jack to Contrary . home 's Jack at child her leaves and upset becomes Mary , girl cabaret a to engagement 's Jack After . Jack for valet the as employment finds he broke becomes Ezra Once . child his bearing later , Jack by abandoned and romanced was Mary wayward The . Mary , daughter age college his for searches who man aged @-@ middle successful a , Greer Ezra on focuses film The . Emile by directed and Company Thanhouser the by produced film drama silent American 1917 a is Greer Ezra of Heart The "," The Heart of Ezra Greer is a 1917 American silent drama film produced by the Thanhouser Company and directed by Emile . The film focuses on Ezra Greer , a successful middle @-@ aged man who searches for his college age daughter , Mary . The wayward Mary was romanced and abandoned by Jack , later bearing his child . Once Ezra becomes broke he finds employment as the valet for Jack . After Jack 's engagement to a cabaret girl , Mary becomes upset and leaves her child at Jack 's home . Contrary to Jack 's wishes , Ezra keeps the child and Jack ultimately reveals that the child is his own . Ezra convinces Jack to make things right and Ezra convinces the cabaret girl to leave Jack . After a carriage accident in which the baby is injured , Ezra and Jack rush to the hospital and find Mary as a nurse crying over the child . The film ends with the marriage of Jack and Mary . The film was released by Pathé on October 7 , 1917 . The film was the final release from Thanhouser and was deemed to be an average film by most reviewers . Criticism for the film hinged on far @-@ fetched coincidences to drive the plot . The film is presumed lost . " " . Jack of valet the as it finds and employment seeks he exhausted money 's Ezra With . Marie , child motherless poor a finds and out her seek to attempts and job his from resigns Ezra , daughter his from word Without . child fatherless a to birth gives and romanced is Mary , wealth and marriage of promise On . Jack , interest romantic her with leaves Mary but , college from return to her for awaits He . college educational @-@ co her at commencement annual the attend to unable was but , Mary , daughter motherless his for deeply cares He . youth his since hard worked has who man aged @-@ middle a , Greer Ezra follows film The "," The film follows Ezra Greer , a middle @-@ aged man who has worked hard since his youth . He cares deeply for his motherless daughter , Mary , but was unable to attend the annual commencement at her co @-@ educational college . He awaits for her to return from college , but Mary leaves with her romantic interest , Jack . On promise of marriage and wealth , Mary is romanced and gives birth to a fatherless child . Without word from his daughter , Ezra resigns from his job and attempts to seek her out and finds a poor motherless child , Marie . With Ezra 's money exhausted he seeks employment and finds it as the valet of Jack . " " . Mary and Jack with concludes film The . right it make to wants and apologizes Jack . men two the between steps Mary but , Jack by mistreated was daughter own his that learning upon enraged is Ezra . child injured the over crying , nurse a as , Mary find and hospital the to rush Ezra and Jack . hospital the to taken is and accident coach a in injured later is son 's Jack . Jack leave to her convinces who Ezra finds but , Jack out seeks Vamp Baby The . Vamp Baby the forget and Mary out seek to Jack convinces Ezra , daughter own his for case the making was he knowing Not . advice his seeks and Ezra to explains and remorse with overcome is Jack , child the seeing continually After . him keep to Ezra begs Marie but , orphanage an to baby the take to Ezra orders Jack . note a with absence his during home 's Jack at child the leaves she , future 's child her of prospect the over Bitter . "" Vamp Baby The "" as known girl cabaret a to engagement 's Jack of announcement an seeks Mary , day One "," One day , Mary seeks an announcement of Jack 's engagement to a cabaret girl known as "" The Baby Vamp "" . Bitter over the prospect of her child 's future , she leaves the child at Jack 's home during his absence with a note . Jack orders Ezra to take the baby to an orphanage , but Marie begs Ezra to keep him . After continually seeing the child , Jack is overcome with remorse and explains to Ezra and seeks his advice . Not knowing he was making the case for his own daughter , Ezra convinces Jack to seek out Mary and forget the Baby Vamp . The Baby Vamp seeks out Jack , but finds Ezra who convinces her to leave Jack . Jack 's son is later injured in a coach accident and is taken to the hospital . Jack and Ezra rush to the hospital and find Mary , as a nurse , crying over the injured child . Ezra is enraged upon learning that his own daughter was mistreated by Jack , but Mary steps between the two men . Jack apologizes and wants to make it right . The film concludes with Jack and Mary . " " Greer Ezra as Warde Frederick "," Frederick Warde as Ezra Greer " " Mary as Frost Leila "," Leila Frost as Mary " " Jack as Forth George "," George Forth as Jack " " guardian 's as Curran A. Thomas "," Thomas A. Curran as 's guardian " " Devers Amy as Mueller Lillian "," Lillian Mueller as Amy Devers " " housekeeper 's as Hastings L. Carey "," Carey L. Hastings as 's housekeeper " " girl little poor the as Badgley Helen "," Helen Badgley as the poor little girl " " baby 's millionaire the as Badgley Gerald "," Gerald Badgley as the millionaire 's baby " " Johnston Ray W. "," W. Ray Johnston " " . Jacques was cameraman The . Lonergan F. Lloyd by written scenario a from Emile by directed was it but , film final this of production the of known is Little . balance bank positive a with close would liabilities no have to announced was Company Thanhouser the , down wound it As . company the from retired had , company the of writer scenario the , Lonergan F. Lloyd that announcement the with concluded article The . Bishop B. Jessie , bookkeeper the and Thanhouser Edwin of consisting staff 's studio the with Thanhouser the of down winding the of told Variety , released was film the before Weeks I. War World to tied industry in slump the and activity trade the of center the from miles 500 @,@ 2 was studio Rochelle New the , work the discard or release to decision their on based were Pathé through releases that including aspects numerous to due retire to decision 's Thanhouser understand to easy was it that writes Bowers David Q. . Thanhouser Edwin by notice advance much with Corporation Film Thanhouser the of closing eventual and down winding the into play would factors Numerous . Pathé through released be to was it and Company Thanhouser the of release and production final the was film The "," The film was the final production and release of the Thanhouser Company and it was to be released through Pathé . Numerous factors would play into the winding down and eventual closing of the Thanhouser Film Corporation with much advance notice by Edwin Thanhouser . Q. David Bowers writes that it was easy to understand Thanhouser 's decision to retire due to numerous aspects including that releases through Pathé were based on their decision to release or discard the work , the New Rochelle studio was 2 @,@ 500 miles from the center of the trade activity and the slump in industry tied to World War I. Weeks before the film was released , Variety told of the winding down of the Thanhouser with the studio 's staff consisting of Edwin Thanhouser and the bookkeeper , Jessie B. Bishop . The article concluded with the announcement that Lloyd F. Lonergan , the scenario writer of the company , had retired from the company . As it wound down , the Thanhouser Company was announced to have no liabilities would close with a positive bank balance . Little is known of the production of this final film , but it was directed by Emile from a scenario written by Lloyd F. Lonergan . The cameraman was Jacques . " " . plausible more story improbable the made had Emile that said reviewer The . performances good give cast the of rest the and excellent be to performance 's Warde found but , improbable highly be to meetings coincidental of use excessive 's film the found Mirror Dramatic York New The the for reviewer A . viewer average the for appeal sentimental hold would it but , audiences for exceptional not was that picture average an be to it found Telegraph Morning The of Agnew Frances . program Pathé the for program strong a prove should which ; suggestiveness sexual without pathos and action sufficient had film the stated Wagner . real too was accident the in involved be to appeared baby the which in stunt the that concerned was but , photography and direction great with film good a be to it found Review Trade 's Exhibitor the of Wagner E. Charles . 1917 , 7 October on Play Rooster Gold Pathé a as Exchange Pathé the through released was film reel five The "," The five reel film was released through the Pathé Exchange as a Pathé Gold Rooster Play on October 7 , 1917 . Charles E. Wagner of the Exhibitor 's Trade Review found it to be a good film with great direction and photography , but was concerned that the stunt in which the baby appeared to be involved in the accident was too real . Wagner stated the film had sufficient action and pathos without sexual suggestiveness ; which should prove a strong program for the Pathé program . Frances Agnew of The Morning Telegraph found it to be an average picture that was not exceptional for audiences , but it would hold sentimental appeal for the average viewer . A reviewer for the The New York Dramatic Mirror found the film 's excessive use of coincidental meetings to be highly improbable , but found Warde 's performance to be excellent and the rest of the cast give good performances . The reviewer said that Emile had made the improbable story more plausible . " " . "" wife his is she Because "" to "" future whole her means it Because "" intertitle the of change a 5 Reel in and ; scenes gambling of closeups two and , . etc "" , father my face cannot I "" , stating letter a of 2 Reel in cutting the required Censors of Board Chicago The . boards censorship film state and city by cuts to subject was Greer Ezra of Heart The , time the of films American many Like "," Like many American films of the time , The Heart of Ezra Greer was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards . The Chicago Board of Censors required the cutting in Reel 2 of a letter stating , "" I cannot face my father , "" etc . , and two closeups of gambling scenes ; and in Reel 5 a change of the intertitle "" Because it means her whole future "" to "" Because she is his wife "" . " " . months following the over high remained tensions but , resumed patrols RUC and barricades the down took residents the days six After . entering from RUC the prevent to arms similar and clubs carried and barricades built Residents . ) RUC ( Constabulary Ulster Royal the of members by the into incursion an following 1969 January 5 on time first the for activists community by secured was , neighbourhoods and the included which , area The . "" Derry Free entering now are You "" , read which 1969 January in the in wall gable a on painted sign a from taken was name Its . 1972 and 1969 between existed that , Ireland Northern , Derry of area nationalist autonomous declared @-@ self a was ) : Irish ( Derry Free "," Free Derry ( Irish : ) was a self @-@ declared autonomous nationalist area of Derry , Northern Ireland , that existed between 1969 and 1972 . Its name was taken from a sign painted on a gable wall in the in January 1969 which read , "" You are now entering Free Derry "" . The area , which included the and neighbourhoods , was secured by community activists for the first time on 5 January 1969 following an incursion into the by members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) . Residents built barricades and carried clubs and similar arms to prevent the RUC from entering . After six days the residents took down the barricades and RUC patrols resumed , but tensions remained high over the following months . " " . in allowed were police military , Report Hunt the of publication following , when 1969 October until continued situation The . area the enter to attempt no made Army British The . met were demands their until Army British the and RUC the both against area the hold to intention their declared ) ( Association Defence Citizens Derry The . withdrawn were RUC the and the of edge the at deployed were Army British the of units August 14 On . RUC the and residents between battle pitched day @-@ three a — the of Battle the in culminating , 1969 August 12 on peak a reached Violence "," Violence reached a peak on 12 August 1969 , culminating in the Battle of the — a three @-@ day pitched battle between residents and the RUC . On 14 August units of the British Army were deployed at the edge of the and the RUC were withdrawn . The Derry Citizens Defence Association ( ) declared their intention to hold the area against both the RUC and the British Army until their demands were met . The British Army made no attempt to enter the area . The situation continued until October 1969 when , following publication of the Hunt Report , military police were allowed in . " " . Police Derry Free the as known body voluntary a by with dealt was crime and , barricades the manned ' auxiliaries ' unarmed , before As . centre city the in campaign bombing a began the and , Army British the on attacks launched they area the within From . IRA Provisional and Official the both of members armed by defended , area go @-@ no a was Derry Free , time This . and the in more once up went barricades , response in and , 1971 August 9 on internment introduced government The . troops British by killed and shot were men young two after IRA the into recruitment of surge a was there 1971 July In . deteriorated , good initially were which , community nationalist the and Army British the between relations , Meanwhile . area Derry Free the of people the by supported were Both . IRA Provisional the and IRA Official the into split it 1969 December In . 1969 August after recruit and arm @-@ re to began ) IRA ( Army Republican Irish The "," The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) began to re @-@ arm and recruit after August 1969 . In December 1969 it split into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA . Both were supported by the people of the Free Derry area . Meanwhile , relations between the British Army and the nationalist community , which were initially good , deteriorated . In July 1971 there was a surge of recruitment into the IRA after two young men were shot and killed by British troops . The government introduced internment on 9 August 1971 , and in response , barricades went up once more in the and . This time , Free Derry was a no @-@ go area , defended by armed members of both the Official and Provisional IRA . From within the area they launched attacks on the British Army , and the began a bombing campaign in the city centre . As before , unarmed ' auxiliaries ' manned the barricades , and crime was dealt with by a voluntary body known as the Free Derry Police . " " . area the occupy to bulldozers and cars armoured with in moved troops British of thousands when , 1972 July 31 on end an to came Derry Free . areas "" go @-@ no "" the against move to decision the took British the , down broke , government British the with talks entered it which during , ceasefire IRA Provisional a After . Army British the from leave on home was who youth local a of IRA Official the by killing the after wane to began support The . ) later months ½ 4 died and wounded was man 14th a ( the in march a at Regiment Parachute 's Army British the by dead shot were boys and men unarmed thirteen when , 1972 January in Sunday Bloody after further increased IRA the for Support "," Support for the IRA increased further after Bloody Sunday in January 1972 , when thirteen unarmed men and boys were shot dead by the British Army 's Parachute Regiment at a march in the ( a 14th man was wounded and died 4 ½ months later ) . The support began to wane after the killing by the Official IRA of a local youth who was home on leave from the British Army . After a Provisional IRA ceasefire , during which it entered talks with the British government , broke down , the British took the decision to move against the "" no @-@ go "" areas . Free Derry came to an end on 31 July 1972 , when thousands of British troops moved in with armoured cars and bulldozers to occupy the area . " " . Derry Free become would that area this was it and , Road Foyle and Street Bishop , , , the comprised Ward South The . condition poor very a of and crowded was area nationalist the in housing that and , list waiting housing the on , unionists no practically and , families nationalist 000 @,@ 2 about were there that was result The . constituency Ward South the outside nationalists to houses denying by , thirdly and ; disenfranchised were , homes own not did who , nationalists of number higher a that so , vote one , man one than rather , elections local in vote to ratepayers only allowing by , secondly ; them between councillors twelve returned , majorities unionist with , Ward Waterside and Ward North smaller much the while councillors eight returned , majority nationalist a with , Ward South the that so ) gerrymandering ( boundaries constituency the manipulating by , firstly , majority their maintained Unionists The . onwards 1923 from , Corporation Londonderry , council local the controlled Party Unionist Ulster the , this Despite . elections local 1920 the in seats of majority a won nationalists and , population nationalist majority a has It . Ireland of Republic the and Ireland Northern between border the near lies City Derry "," Derry City lies near the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland . It has a majority nationalist population , and nationalists won a majority of seats in the 1920 local elections . Despite this , the Ulster Unionist Party controlled the local council , Londonderry Corporation , from 1923 onwards . The Unionists maintained their majority , firstly , by manipulating the constituency boundaries ( gerrymandering ) so that the South Ward , with a nationalist majority , returned eight councillors while the much smaller North Ward and Waterside Ward , with unionist majorities , returned twelve councillors between them ; secondly , by allowing only ratepayers to vote in local elections , rather than one man , one vote , so that a higher number of nationalists , who did not own homes , were disenfranchised ; and thirdly , by denying houses to nationalists outside the South Ward constituency . The result was that there were about 2 @,@ 000 nationalist families , and practically no unionists , on the housing waiting list , and that housing in the nationalist area was crowded and of a very poor condition . The South Ward comprised the , , , Bishop Street and Foyle Road , and it was this area that would become Free Derry . " " . chairman @-@ vice as Cooper Ivan and chairman as Hume John with , formed was ) ( Committee Action ' Citizens Derry the later days four meeting a at and , Derry of area nationalist the in outrage caused action police The . used also were cannons Water "" . indiscriminately batons their used also police these "" and police of party another met escape to trying Marchers . "" Street Duke in people on indiscriminately batons their used and ranks broke "" police the Subsequently . Gerry MP Westminster and McAteer Eddie MP Stormont including , marchers struck and batons their drew police The . cordon ) RUC ( Constabulary Ulster Royal a by stopped were they October 5 on ban the defy to attempted marchers the When "" . march the ban to needed excuse the provided ... tactic particular this "" of Martin of words the In . day same the on march a hold to intending were Derry of Boys Apprentice the that grounds the on march the prohibiting October 3 on order an made , Craig William , Affairs Home of Minister The . march to permitted not traditionally were nationalists where , walls city the inside marchers the take to was route the and ) and McCann by done was organizing the of most reality in although ( formed was committee an , 1968 October 5 was chosen date The . Derry in march a hold to them invited and ) ( Association Rights Civil Ireland Northern the telephoned Eamon , August in disrupted again was Corporation Londonderry of meeting the After . Bridge Craigavon the of deck second the of opening the at protest down @-@ sit a staging and the in Road Lecky the of middle the in four of family a to home was that caravan a placing by traffic blocked May in and 1968 March in Corporation Londonderry of meeting a disrupted It . Eamon and McCann Eamonn including , Club Republican Connolly James the and Party Labour Ireland Northern the of Branch Derry the of members by 1968 March in formed was ) ( Committee Action Housing Derry The "," The Derry Housing Action Committee ( ) was formed in March 1968 by members of the Derry Branch of the Northern Ireland Labour Party and the James Connolly Republican Club , including Eamonn McCann and Eamon . It disrupted a meeting of Londonderry Corporation in March 1968 and in May blocked traffic by placing a caravan that was home to a family of four in the middle of the Lecky Road in the and staging a sit @-@ down protest at the opening of the second deck of the Craigavon Bridge . After the meeting of Londonderry Corporation was again disrupted in August , Eamon telephoned the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( ) and invited them to hold a march in Derry . The date chosen was 5 October 1968 , an committee was formed ( although in reality most of the organizing was done by McCann and ) and the route was to take the marchers inside the city walls , where nationalists were traditionally not permitted to march . The Minister of Home Affairs , William Craig , made an order on 3 October prohibiting the march on the grounds that the Apprentice Boys of Derry were intending to hold a march on the same day . In the words of Martin of "" this particular tactic ... provided the excuse needed to ban the march . "" When the marchers attempted to defy the ban on 5 October they were stopped by a Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) cordon . The police drew their batons and struck marchers , including Stormont MP Eddie McAteer and Westminster MP Gerry . Subsequently the police "" broke ranks and used their batons indiscriminately on people in Duke Street "" . Marchers trying to escape met another party of police and "" these police also used their batons indiscriminately . "" Water cannons were also used . The police action caused outrage in the nationalist area of Derry , and at a meeting four days later the Derry Citizens ' Action Committee ( ) was formed , with John Hume as chairman and Ivan Cooper as vice @-@ chairman . " " "" . great regrettably was police the towards hostility inspiring and passions rousing in effect its "" that added and "" excuse or justification acceptable no be can there force led @-@ well and disciplined a of members among conduct such for "" that remarked Cameron Lord , disturbances the on report his In . residents beating and windows breaking , the in Road Lecky and Wells 's St. into charged RUC the of members , January 5 , morning following the of hours early the In . them after come not did but , the into rioters drove Police . rally the after out broke Rioting . rally a held they where , Square Guildhall reached finally they before Bridge Craigavon to way their on more once attacked were they where Derry to on continued remainder The . hospital to taken were marchers of Dozens . bank the from stones with pelted were and river the into ran whom of many , marchers the protect to failed then and , ambush their prepared they as Specials @-@ B the to chatted , scene the at were who , police The . Specials @-@ B the of members as photographs press from identified later were attackers the of Half . stones and — nails with studded them of some — clubs wielding hundred two about of mob a by attacked were they , Derry outside miles five , Bridge at , Finally . route the along points several at demonstrators @-@ counter loyalist from opposition violent with met march The . 1969 January 1 on people young forty about with out starting , rights civil of support in Derry to Belfast from march a organised They . Belfast University 's Queen in students of group a , Democracy 's People was October 5 of events the of result a as formed group Another "," Another group formed as a result of the events of 5 October was People 's Democracy , a group of students in Queen 's University Belfast . They organised a march from Belfast to Derry in support of civil rights , starting out with about forty young people on 1 January 1969 . The march met with violent opposition from loyalist counter @-@ demonstrators at several points along the route . Finally , at Bridge , five miles outside Derry , they were attacked by a mob of about two hundred wielding clubs — some of them studded with nails — and stones . Half of the attackers were later identified from press photographs as members of the B @-@ Specials . The police , who were at the scene , chatted to the B @-@ Specials as they prepared their ambush , and then failed to protect the marchers , many of whom ran into the river and were pelted with stones from the bank . Dozens of marchers were taken to hospital . The remainder continued on to Derry where they were attacked once more on their way to Craigavon Bridge before they finally reached Guildhall Square , where they held a rally . Rioting broke out after the rally . Police drove rioters into the , but did not come after them . In the early hours of the following morning , 5 January , members of the RUC charged into St. 's Wells and Lecky Road in the , breaking windows and beating residents . In his report on the disturbances , Lord Cameron remarked that "" for such conduct among members of a disciplined and well @-@ led force there can be no acceptable justification or excuse "" and added that "" its effect in rousing passions and inspiring hostility towards the police was regrettably great . "" " " . morning following the down taken were barricades The . barricades the dismantle to them on called and January 10 , Friday on residents addressed Cooper Ivan including the of members , week the in late violence of and destruction of acts some Following "" . patrols of maintenance the beyond developed been not has area the in control revolutionary of infrastructure the "" that reported Times Irish the , this all Despite . patrols the by with dealt were but , crimes attempted breakers @-@ law occasions of number small a On . resistance encouraging and songs rebel playing , residents to broadcasting began "" Derry Free Radio "" itself calling station radio clandestine A . the overlooking hill a on area nationalist another , the include to extended was area barricaded the , January 7 On . "" Corner Derry Free "" as known became later , meetings for venue popular a was which , corner That . Street and Road Lecky of corner the on house a of wall gable the on paint white in "" Derry Free entering now are You "" painted , activist local a , Casey ' ' John . shifts in streets the patrolled armbands wearing men of Groups . in come to was one @-@ no and area the defend to were they that residents of meeting a told Hume John chairman . area the into allowed be not would they that police the told and , and clubs wooden , bars steel with themselves armed , barricades built residents 500 @,@ 1 over afternoon That "," That afternoon over 1 @,@ 500 residents built barricades , armed themselves with steel bars , wooden clubs and , and told the police that they would not be allowed into the area . chairman John Hume told a meeting of residents that they were to defend the area and no @-@ one was to come in . Groups of men wearing armbands patrolled the streets in shifts . John ' ' Casey , a local activist , painted "" You are now entering Free Derry "" in white paint on the gable wall of a house on the corner of Lecky Road and Street . That corner , which was a popular venue for meetings , later became known as "" Free Derry Corner "" . On 7 January , the barricaded area was extended to include the , another nationalist area on a hill overlooking the . A clandestine radio station calling itself "" Radio Free Derry "" began broadcasting to residents , playing rebel songs and encouraging resistance . On a small number of occasions law @-@ breakers attempted crimes , but were dealt with by the patrols . Despite all this , the Irish Times reported that "" the infrastructure of revolutionary control in the area has not been developed beyond the maintenance of patrols . "" Following some acts of destruction and of violence late in the week , members of the including Ivan Cooper addressed residents on Friday , 10 January and called on them to dismantle the barricades . The barricades were taken down the following morning . " " . blazing headlights with area the through drove vehicles police of Convoys . the occupied shields riot carrying and gear riot full in men RUC hundred four midnight At "" . wounds head of number a from profusely bleeding "" hospital to brought was . friends two and family his , Samuel , occupant the beat severely and Street William in house a into broke rioters pursuing Police . Ulster Mid for MP elected newly , Devlin Bernadette of supervision the under often , built were barricades and , followed battles pitched of series A . barracks their to back driven themselves were the into back protesters the drive to attempting Police . Paisley Ian of stance rights civil @-@ anti the with sympathy in unionists — "" "" with clashes to led centre city the in protest A . banned was centre city the to Bridge from march planned a after April 19 , Saturday on head a to came Violence . police at stones throwing youths local with , clashes violent were there months three next the Over "," Over the next three months there were violent clashes , with local youths throwing stones at police . Violence came to a head on Saturday , 19 April after a planned march from Bridge to the city centre was banned . A protest in the city centre led to clashes with "" "" — unionists in sympathy with the anti @-@ civil rights stance of Ian Paisley . Police attempting to drive the protesters back into the were themselves driven back to their barracks . A series of pitched battles followed , and barricades were built , often under the supervision of Bernadette Devlin , newly elected MP for Mid Ulster . Police pursuing rioters broke into a house in William Street and severely beat the occupant , Samuel , his family and two friends . was brought to hospital "" bleeding profusely from a number of head wounds . "" At midnight four hundred RUC men in full riot gear and carrying riot shields occupied the . Convoys of police vehicles drove through the area with headlights blazing . " " . prevented not were patrols routine and , occasion this on maintained not were barricades The . side far the from entering were residents the as even , Gate 's Butcher the through out marched police the , remaining hours two the of minutes fifteen With . out driven be or hours two within withdraw — RUC the to ultimatum an issued and the to withdrew , the by led , residents thousand several , day following The "," The following day , several thousand residents , led by the , withdrew to the and issued an ultimatum to the RUC — withdraw within two hours or be driven out . With fifteen minutes of the two hours remaining , the police marched out through the Butcher 's Gate , even as the residents were entering from the far side . The barricades were not maintained on this occasion , and routine patrols were not prevented . " " . disturbance serious causing without place take not could , August 12 for scheduled , parade ' Boys Apprentice annual the clear was it that angry sufficiently was mood the and , funeral his attended Thousands . died and attack heart further a suffered he July 17 On . beating his after days four attack heart a suffered Samuel "," Samuel suffered a heart attack four days after his beating . On 17 July he suffered a further heart attack and died . Thousands attended his funeral , and the mood was sufficiently angry that it was clear the annual Apprentice Boys ' parade , scheduled for 12 August , could not take place without causing serious disturbance . " " . area barricaded the outside positions up took troops the and , withdrew Specials @-@ B and RUC The . guns machine @-@ sub and rifles automatic carrying , scene the at deployed were troops British , however , engaged they Before . elsewhere and Derry in nationalists by feared greatly force a , ) Specials @-@ B ( Constabulary Special Ulster the mobilised Government Ireland Northern the , August 14 , fighting of day third the On . families their and fighters the to broadcast "" Derry Free Radio "" and line front the in youths the to supply for bombs petrol of crates bottle @-@ milk made girls and Women . volunteers and nurses , doctors by staffed , operating were stations aid first and , Street Westland in house 's Doherty Paddy in headquarters and fighting of areas different between contact maintain to used were talkies @-@ . police the on down bombs petrol threw Street Rossville on flats of block rise @-@ high a of roof the on Youths . crowd the into gas CS of canisters fired police the , repeatedly back driven been having , evening the in Late . the of Battle the as known became battle ensuing The . bombs petrol and stones of hail a with met were They . ' ' the by followed , the against Street William up charged They . in joined police the then , hours two for continued groups two the between Fighting . parade the of opponents and supporters between began hostilities , the of edge the on , Place Waterloo through passed it As . August 12 on planned as place took parade The . August 11 of night the on built were barricades and the of command overall the under formed were committees Street . Club Republican Connolly James the of leader and republican leading another , White Johnnie was secretary the and "" Paddy "" as known sometimes man local popular a , Doherty Paddy was chairman @-@ vice the ; veteran ) IRA ( Army Republican Irish an , Keenan Seán was chairman The . attack an of event the in and the defend to and , parade the of period the during peace preserve to try to formed was ) ( Association Defence Citizens Derry the 1969 July 30 On . residents the to hostile openly often were and , the above walls city the along marched Britain and Ireland Northern across from Participants . year each August 12 on held was parade the time that At . James King of army the against gates 's city the shut boys apprentice young thirteen when began which , 1689 in Derry of Siege the of relief the of unionists by celebration annual an is parade ' Boys Apprentice The "," The Apprentice Boys ' parade is an annual celebration by unionists of the relief of the Siege of Derry in 1689 , which began when thirteen young apprentice boys shut the city 's gates against the army of King James . At that time the parade was held on 12 August each year . Participants from across Northern Ireland and Britain marched along the city walls above the , and were often openly hostile to the residents . On 30 July 1969 the Derry Citizens Defence Association ( ) was formed to try to preserve peace during the period of the parade , and to defend the and in the event of an attack . The chairman was Seán Keenan , an Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) veteran ; the vice @-@ chairman was Paddy Doherty , a popular local man sometimes known as "" Paddy "" and the secretary was Johnnie White , another leading republican and leader of the James Connolly Republican Club . Street committees were formed under the overall command of the and barricades were built on the night of 11 August . The parade took place as planned on 12 August . As it passed through Waterloo Place , on the edge of the , hostilities began between supporters and opponents of the parade . Fighting between the two groups continued for two hours , then the police joined in . They charged up William Street against the , followed by the ' ' . They were met with a hail of stones and petrol bombs . The ensuing battle became known as the Battle of the . Late in the evening , having been driven back repeatedly , the police fired canisters of CS gas into the crowd . Youths on the roof of a high @-@ rise block of flats on Rossville Street threw petrol bombs down on the police . @-@ talkies were used to maintain contact between different areas of fighting and headquarters in Paddy Doherty 's house in Westland Street , and first aid stations were operating , staffed by doctors , nurses and volunteers . Women and girls made milk @-@ bottle crates of petrol bombs for supply to the youths in the front line and "" Radio Free Derry "" broadcast to the fighters and their families . On the third day of fighting , 14 August , the Northern Ireland Government mobilised the Ulster Special Constabulary ( B @-@ Specials ) , a force greatly feared by nationalists in Derry and elsewhere . Before they engaged , however , British troops were deployed at the scene , carrying automatic rifles and sub @-@ machine guns . The RUC and B @-@ Specials withdrew , and the troops took up positions outside the barricaded area . " " . lettering black in painted @-@ re professionally was sign "" Derry Free entering now are You "" the and white painted was wall "" Derry Free "" the visit 's Callaghan for preparation In . window upstairs an from crowds addressed later and , house local a in "" refuge took "" he where , Road Lecky into and Street up "" thousands of crowd surging a by along swept "" was he , Committee Defence the of members by Accompanied . agreed Callaghan . him with soldiers or police either bring to allowed be not would he that told was he , August 28 on the visit to intention his announced and Ireland Northern visited , Callaghan Jim , Secretary Home British the When . order and law maintain to formed was ' corps peace ' A . districts and the enter would police nor troops neither that agreed officers The . ) Ireland Northern of Government and Parliament the ( Stormont of abolition the and Specials @-@ B the of disbandment the , RUC the of disarming the including , met were demands certain until in allowed be not would army the that them told and officers army senior met McCann Eamonn included that deputation A "," A deputation that included Eamonn McCann met senior army officers and told them that the army would not be allowed in until certain demands were met , including the disarming of the RUC , the disbandment of the B @-@ Specials and the abolition of Stormont ( the Parliament and Government of Northern Ireland ) . The officers agreed that neither troops nor police would enter the and districts . A ' peace corps ' was formed to maintain law and order . When the British Home Secretary , Jim Callaghan , visited Northern Ireland and announced his intention to visit the on 28 August , he was told that he would not be allowed to bring either police or soldiers with him . Callaghan agreed . Accompanied by members of the Defence Committee , he was "" swept along by a surging crowd of thousands "" up Street and into Lecky Road , where he "" took refuge "" in a local house , and later addressed crowds from an upstairs window . In preparation for Callaghan 's visit the "" Free Derry "" wall was painted white and the "" You are now entering Free Derry "" sign was professionally re @-@ painted in black lettering . " " . road the on painted line white a with replaced were barricades the September In "" . area the within solidarity for need the on Keenan Seán from lecture stern a of consisted not as often as "" , McCann Eamonn of words the in , Punishment . crime little very was There . barricades the man and streets the patrol to the by organised volunteers — ' corps peace ' a by maintained was order and Law . area the enter to move no made army the Still . reform of evidence concrete awaited people the while remained majority the but , breached were barricades some , visit 's Callaghan Following "," Following Callaghan 's visit , some barricades were breached , but the majority remained while the people awaited concrete evidence of reform . Still the army made no move to enter the area . Law and order was maintained by a ' peace corps ' — volunteers organised by the to patrol the streets and man the barricades . There was very little crime . Punishment , in the words of Eamonn McCann , "" as often as not consisted of a stern lecture from Seán Keenan on the need for solidarity within the area . "" In September the barricades were replaced with a white line painted on the road . " " . unarmed and foot on , the entered police military first the October 12 on and , Derry Free visited Young and Callaghan October 11 On . dissolved be to was the that announced Keenan Seán , day same The . Callaghan with Belfast to travelled and , announced was , Englishman an , Young Arthur , Constable Chief RUC new The . force new a by replaced and out phased be should Specials @-@ B the that and , unarmed ' ordinarily ' be should RUC the that recommendation the included They . public made and accepted were recommendations 's report the which following , October 10 on Belfast in cabinet the with talks held Callaghan Jim . October early in cabinet Stormont the to presented was Ireland Northern in policing of future the on Report Hunt The "," The Hunt Report on the future of policing in Northern Ireland was presented to the Stormont cabinet in early October . Jim Callaghan held talks with the cabinet in Belfast on 10 October , following which the report 's recommendations were accepted and made public . They included the recommendation that the RUC should be ' ordinarily ' unarmed , and that the B @-@ Specials should be phased out and replaced by a new force . The new RUC Chief Constable , Arthur Young , an Englishman , was announced , and travelled to Belfast with Callaghan . The same day , Seán Keenan announced that the was to be dissolved . On 11 October Callaghan and Young visited Free Derry , and on 12 October the first military police entered the , on foot and unarmed . " " . 1969 April in commemoration Rising Easter the at platform the shared two the and , aims republican advance to chance a as 69 @-@ 1968 of unrest the saw sides both , Keenan Seán as such republicans traditional , older the and White Johnnie like leaders younger the between tensions were there Although . join to nationalists other invited then who , republicans by initially formed was Association Defence ' Citizens Derry The . Committee Action Unemployed Derry and Committee Action Housing Derry the up set they whom with , radicals Party Labour with closely worked Club Republican Connolly James the , Derry In . 1967 in of formation the in involved were clubs These . proscribed was Féin Sinn where , Ireland Northern in formed were Clubs Republican . Irish and British both , capitalism overthrow to order in classes working unionist and nationalist Irish the unite to was aim its and struggle class on was focus Its . left the to moved had movement republican the of leadership the 1960s the During "" . it do to guns the nor men the 't haven I . the defend 't couldn "" he that 1969 August in Doherty Paddy and Keenan Seán told Goulding Cathal Staff of Chief — equipment and personnel both in low was It . 1962 in Campaign Border the of end the since militarily inactive been had ) IRA ( Army Republican Irish The "," The Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) had been inactive militarily since the end of the Border Campaign in 1962 . It was low in both personnel and equipment — Chief of Staff Cathal Goulding told Seán Keenan and Paddy Doherty in August 1969 that he "" couldn 't defend the . I haven 't the men nor the guns to do it . "" During the 1960s the leadership of the republican movement had moved to the left . Its focus was on class struggle and its aim was to unite the Irish nationalist and unionist working classes in order to overthrow capitalism , both British and Irish . Republican Clubs were formed in Northern Ireland , where Sinn Féin was proscribed . These clubs were involved in the formation of in 1967 . In Derry , the James Connolly Republican Club worked closely with Labour Party radicals , with whom they set up the Derry Housing Action Committee and Derry Unemployed Action Committee . The Derry Citizens ' Defence Association was formed initially by republicans , who then invited other nationalists to join . Although there were tensions between the younger leaders like Johnnie White and the older , traditional republicans such as Seán Keenan , both sides saw the unrest of 1968 @-@ 69 as a chance to advance republican aims , and the two shared the platform at the Easter Rising commemoration in April 1969 . " " . the join to left later months few a but , Officials the joined initially , barricades the defend helped had 1969 August in who , McGuinness Martin . members younger the of most attracted Officials the start the At . together trial their picketed and Officials , 1970 March in parade Easter 's Official the after arrested were rioters When . both to subscriptions paid commonly householders and elsewhere than organisations two the between hostility less far was there Derry In . campaign offensive an towards planning were the although , only purposes defensive for organised armies both , Initially . IRA Provisional the and IRA Official the into 1969 December in split a to led and , traditionalists the and radicals the between movement the within appeared already had that divisions the head a to brought , homes their of out burned families protect or life of loss prevent to unable was IRA the where Belfast in particularly more and , Derry in 1969 August of events The "," The events of August 1969 in Derry , and more particularly in Belfast where the IRA was unable to prevent loss of life or protect families burned out of their homes , brought to a head the divisions that had already appeared within the movement between the radicals and the traditionalists , and led to a split in December 1969 into the Official IRA and the Provisional IRA . Initially , both armies organised for defensive purposes only , although the were planning towards an offensive campaign . In Derry there was far less hostility between the two organisations than elsewhere and householders commonly paid subscriptions to both . When rioters were arrested after the Official 's Easter parade in March 1970 , Officials and picketed their trial together . At the start the Officials attracted most of the younger members . Martin McGuinness , who in August 1969 had helped defend the barricades , initially joined the Officials , but a few months later left to join the . " " . small numerically remained IRA Provisional the 1971 July to up , Nevertheless . organization the in prominent more becoming militants young in resulted 1970 June in explosion premature a in leading two of deaths The . IRA Provisional the joined them of some and , rioters to attractive more was philosophy This . occupation British of consequence inevitable the as them viewed , riots of disapproving while , The . avail no to but — Association Hooligans Young the named was organization such one — organizations socialist create and rioting from away youth the turn to tried , together working still , republicans Official and radicals Labour The . situation the resolve to attempts hampering as riots the saw who , moderates by hooligans as condemned were rioters The . distance considerable a from seen had they that people of identification the on based and , offence alleged the after days sometimes , random at people arresting were they that belief a also was There . operations arrest army of feature common a became soon squads snatch The . arrests make to batons wielding the into rushed who , ' squads snatch ' used army the that time first the marked 1970 March in parade Easter ' Officials the following riot The . frequent more became troops and youths between Clashes . people young among anger was there , necessary as this accepted nationalists moderate some Although . streets certain on walking from prevented were people and night at closed were centre city the into Roads . controlled previously had they area the in population nationalist the enclose to ' ring peace ' a erected Army British the , King William , man Protestant a of death the to led that crowds unionist and nationalist between clashes after , September In . 1969 August in troops of appearance first the since decayed steadily had residents the and Army British the between Relations "," Relations between the British Army and the residents had steadily decayed since the first appearance of troops in August 1969 . In September , after clashes between nationalist and unionist crowds that led to the death of a Protestant man , William King , the British Army erected a ' peace ring ' to enclose the nationalist population in the area they had previously controlled . Roads into the city centre were closed at night and people were prevented from walking on certain streets . Although some moderate nationalists accepted this as necessary , there was anger among young people . Clashes between youths and troops became more frequent . The riot following the Officials ' Easter parade in March 1970 marked the first time that the army used ' snatch squads ' , who rushed into the wielding batons to make arrests . The snatch squads soon became a common feature of army arrest operations . There was also a belief that they were arresting people at random , sometimes days after the alleged offence , and based on the identification of people that they had seen from a considerable distance . The rioters were condemned as hooligans by moderates , who saw the riots as hampering attempts to resolve the situation . The Labour radicals and Official republicans , still working together , tried to turn the youth away from rioting and create socialist organizations — one such organization was named the Young Hooligans Association — but to no avail . The , while disapproving of riots , viewed them as the inevitable consequence of British occupation . This philosophy was more attractive to rioters , and some of them joined the Provisional IRA . The deaths of two leading in a premature explosion in June 1970 resulted in young militants becoming more prominent in the organization . Nevertheless , up to July 1971 the Provisional IRA remained numerically small . " " . IRA the from fire under came city the around and there troops and , attack sustained under came Lane 's Bligh at post Army British The . rioting scale @-@ large was there and , join to up queued people , meeting the Following . "" IRA the join "" to people on called they which at Sunday following the meeting a held The . IRA the for support of surge a was result The . failed had policies moderate that perception a was there residents among but , protest in Stormont from withdrew , members leading were Cooper Ivan and Hume John which of party formed newly the , ) SDLP ( Party Labour and Democratic Social The . unarmed were both that insisted eyewitnesses while , bombs or guns with them attacking were men the that claimed Army British the cases both In . Derry in Army British the by killed be to people first the were They . 1971 July 8 of afternoon and morning early the in incidents separate in dead shot were , Beattie Desmond and Cusack , men Two "," Two men , Cusack and Desmond Beattie , were shot dead in separate incidents in the early morning and afternoon of 8 July 1971 . They were the first people to be killed by the British Army in Derry . In both cases the British Army claimed that the men were attacking them with guns or bombs , while eyewitnesses insisted that both were unarmed . The Social Democratic and Labour Party ( SDLP ) , the newly formed party of which John Hume and Ivan Cooper were leading members , withdrew from Stormont in protest , but among residents there was a perception that moderate policies had failed . The result was a surge of support for the IRA . The held a meeting the following Sunday at which they called on people to "" join the IRA "" . Following the meeting , people queued up to join , and there was large @-@ scale rioting . The British Army post at Bligh 's Lane came under sustained attack , and troops there and around the city came under fire from the IRA . " " . operate to unable were forces security British which in one , area go @-@ no a — paramilitaries armed by defended was It . Provisional and Official both , presence IRA strong a by marked was Derry Free this , predecessors its Unlike . existence into came Derry Free third the and again once erected were barricades , response In . interned were White Johnnie and Keenan Seán including figures leading nevertheless ; elsewhere than there taken were people fewer and , arrests the resist to streets the onto out came residents , Derry In . raids dawn in arrested were nationalists and republicans of hundreds 1971 August 9 on and , Ireland Northern in introduced be would trial without internment that speculation increasing to led elsewhere and Derry in violence increasing The "," The increasing violence in Derry and elsewhere led to increasing speculation that internment without trial would be introduced in Northern Ireland , and on 9 August 1971 hundreds of republicans and nationalists were arrested in dawn raids . In Derry , residents came out onto the streets to resist the arrests , and fewer people were taken there than elsewhere ; nevertheless leading figures including Seán Keenan and Johnnie White were interned . In response , barricades were erected once again and the third Free Derry came into existence . Unlike its predecessors , this Free Derry was marked by a strong IRA presence , both Official and Provisional . It was defended by armed paramilitaries — a no @-@ go area , one in which British security forces were unable to operate . " " . attempt their abandoned eventually army the , removed were they as quickly as appearing @-@ re barricades With . arrested , Cooper Ivan and Hume John including , protesters the and down hosed was protest down @-@ sit a staging crowd A . killed was , Lafferty Eamonn , officer IRA Provisional young a which in ensued battle gun A . barricades the dismantle to August 18 on force in in moved army The . Derry in IRA either by killed be to first the — killed was soldier a afterwards shortly and , internment after day first the in wounded were soldiers Six . increased Army British the on attacks Gun "," Gun attacks on the British Army increased . Six soldiers were wounded in the first day after internment , and shortly afterwards a soldier was killed — the first to be killed by either IRA in Derry . The army moved in in force on 18 August to dismantle the barricades . A gun battle ensued in which a young Provisional IRA officer , Eamonn Lafferty , was killed . A crowd staging a sit @-@ down protest was hosed down and the protesters , including John Hume and Ivan Cooper , arrested . With barricades re @-@ appearing as quickly as they were removed , the army eventually abandoned their attempt . " " "" . casualties civilian any causing without air the from hit been had it if as looked it until centre city the bomb to managed had , McGuinness Martin under , Derry the "" that wrote McCann Eamonn . people innocent injuring or killing avoid to careful were they , Belfast in Unlike . Derry in campaign bombing their launched they , time same the At . sniping for mainly used they which ) twenty about ( weapons few had They . elsewhere IRA the with contact little had Derry The "," The Derry had little contact with the IRA elsewhere . They had few weapons ( about twenty ) which they used mainly for sniping . At the same time , they launched their bombing campaign in Derry . Unlike in Belfast , they were careful to avoid killing or injuring innocent people . Eamonn McCann wrote that "" the Derry , under Martin McGuinness , had managed to bomb the city centre until it looked as if it had been hit from the air without causing any civilian casualties . "" " " . International Ireland Northern and footballer Derry a , 'Doherty O Tony by headed was which , Police Derry Free the called force volunteer a by with dealt was Crime . ' auxiliaries ' unarmed by manned were barricades The . Derry Free of control in was neither , openly operated both Although "," Although both operated openly , neither was in control of Free Derry . The barricades were manned by unarmed ' auxiliaries ' . Crime was dealt with by a volunteer force called the Free Derry Police , which was headed by Tony O 'Doherty , a Derry footballer and Northern Ireland International . " " . ' moderates ' been have would previously who people among even , IRA the to recruitment increasing hugely of effect the had Sunday Bloody , year previous the Beattie and Cusack of killing the Like . 1972 June in later months four died victim shooting fourteenth A . unarmed be to found subsequently were whom of all , people thirteen killing , fire opened and Derry Free into moved then Para 1 from Troops . soldiers stoned and Street William at barrier the to proceeded youths some but , Corner Derry Free to up and barriers the from away march the turned organisers march , day the On . centre city the reaching from marchers prevent to area Derry Free the around barricades erected Army British The . peacefully off passed march the ensure to day that on operations suspend to , agreed and , asked were Both . 1972 January 30 , Sunday following the on , ban a of defiance in , centre city Derry to the from march a organised had . ) Para 1 ( Regiment Parachute The , Battalion 1st the from violence with met was 1972 January in Camp at ) ( Association Rights Civil Ireland Northern the by organised protest internment @-@ anti An "," An anti @-@ internment protest organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association ( ) at Camp in January 1972 was met with violence from the 1st Battalion , The Parachute Regiment ( 1 Para ) . had organised a march from the to Derry city centre , in defiance of a ban , on the following Sunday , 30 January 1972 . Both were asked , and agreed , to suspend operations on that day to ensure the march passed off peacefully . The British Army erected barricades around the Free Derry area to prevent marchers from reaching the city centre . On the day , march organisers turned the march away from the barriers and up to Free Derry Corner , but some youths proceeded to the barrier at William Street and stoned soldiers . Troops from 1 Para then moved into Free Derry and opened fire , killing thirteen people , all of whom were subsequently found to be unarmed . A fourteenth shooting victim died four months later in June 1972 . Like the killing of Cusack and Beattie the previous year , Bloody Sunday had the effect of hugely increasing recruitment to the IRA , even among people who previously would have been ' moderates ' . " " . estate the in houses over taking from families Catholic prevented troops when Belfast in confrontation violent a following truce the of ending the after resumed not were talks The . Ireland Northern for State of Secretary the , Whitelaw William with talks for London to travelled who senior of party a in representative Derry the was McGuinness Martin . June 26 from ceasefire a announced they Government British the to approaches informal after but , suit follow not would they that stated initially IRA Provisional The . ceasefire a declared IRA Official the , May 29 on , later days Nine . protest in offices Club Republican the to marched women 500 day following The . shot and interrogated , abducted was He . the in house ' parents his at Army British the from leave on home was who man local old @-@ year @-@ 19 a was Best . IRA Official the by Best William Ranger of killing the with , however , changed feelings Local . residents the of support tacit the with , Sunday Bloody after attacks up stepped IRA Official and Provisional the Both "," Both the Provisional and Official IRA stepped up attacks after Bloody Sunday , with the tacit support of the residents . Local feelings changed , however , with the killing of Ranger William Best by the Official IRA . Best was a 19 @-@ year @-@ old local man who was home on leave from the British Army at his parents ' house in the . He was abducted , interrogated and shot . The following day 500 women marched to the Republican Club offices in protest . Nine days later , on 29 May , the Official IRA declared a ceasefire . The Provisional IRA initially stated that they would not follow suit , but after informal approaches to the British Government they announced a ceasefire from 26 June . Martin McGuinness was the Derry representative in a party of senior who travelled to London for talks with William Whitelaw , the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The talks were not resumed after the ending of the truce following a violent confrontation in Belfast when troops prevented Catholic families from taking over houses in the estate . " " . area the occupied and barricades the dismantled , ) AVREs ( bulldozers armoured and cars armoured with equipped , troops British of thousands when launched was Operation , 1972 July 31 On . it resist to not decision the took IRA the and , inevitable considered was attack Army British A . Belfast in Friday Bloody of events the after increased areas "" go @-@ no "" the against action the for pressure Political "," Political pressure for the action against the "" no @-@ go "" areas increased after the events of Bloody Friday in Belfast . A British Army attack was considered inevitable , and the IRA took the decision not to resist it . On 31 July 1972 , Operation was launched when thousands of British troops , equipped with armoured cars and armoured bulldozers ( AVREs ) , dismantled the barricades and occupied the area . " " . state the to and army the to opposed bitterly remained — IRA the support not did who those even — Nationalists . riots street frequent still were there although , area the in ' over was war the ' believe to possible was it where point the to contained was city the in violence IRA years following the Over . posts observation covert dozen a over up setting by and , gathering intelligence of purposes for undertaken fact in were that operations ' search ' scale @-@ large conducting by , area the within troops of numbers large stationing by and the controlled Army British the , Operation After "," After Operation , the British Army controlled the and by stationing large numbers of troops within the area , by conducting large @-@ scale ' search ' operations that were in fact undertaken for purposes of intelligence gathering , and by setting up over a dozen covert observation posts . Over the following years IRA violence in the city was contained to the point where it was possible to believe ' the war was over ' in the area , although there were still frequent street riots . Nationalists — even those who did not support the IRA — remained bitterly opposed to the army and to the state . " " . Derry Free of Museum the and Artists the of murals the , wall Derry Free the by commemorated is era Derry Free The . flats and houses old the replacing housing modern with , redeveloped extensively been has area the then Since . 1923 since time first the for council the on majority a gained Nationalists . 1973 May in held were Elections . vote transferable single the on based suffrage adult universal introduced and boundaries electoral the redrew which , 1972 , Act ) Ireland Northern ( Government Local the of passing the with addressed were grievances original ' residents the of Many "," Many of the residents ' original grievances were addressed with the passing of the Local Government ( Northern Ireland ) Act , 1972 , which redrew the electoral boundaries and introduced universal adult suffrage based on the single transferable vote . Elections were held in May 1973 . Nationalists gained a majority on the council for the first time since 1923 . Since then the area has been extensively redeveloped , with modern housing replacing the old houses and flats . The Free Derry era is commemorated by the Free Derry wall , the murals of the Artists and the Museum of Free Derry . " " . album the on tracks two but all on played who Mayorga Roy drummer Soulfly @-@ ex by replaced eventually was He . constraints family to due band the left Ekman Joel drummer time which during , Sour Stone album debut 2002 their to up @-@ follow the recording began Sour Stone 2006 January In . Slipknot , band other their for material writing were Root James guitarist and Taylor Corey vocalist when 2003 as early as began album the for Writing . Records Roadrunner through , 2006 , 1 August on released was and , California , Angeles Los in 606 Studio at Raskulinecz Nick and band the by produced and recorded was It . Sour Stone band metal alternative American by album studio second the is May ) ever ( What Come "," Come What ( ever ) May is the second studio album by American alternative metal band Stone Sour . It was recorded and produced by the band and Nick Raskulinecz at Studio 606 in Los Angeles , California , and was released on August 1 , 2006 , through Roadrunner Records . Writing for the album began as early as 2003 when vocalist Corey Taylor and guitarist James Root were writing material for their other band , Slipknot . In January 2006 Stone Sour began recording the follow @-@ up to their 2002 debut album Stone Sour , during which time drummer Joel Ekman left the band due to family constraints . He was eventually replaced by ex @-@ Soulfly drummer Roy Mayorga who played on all but two tracks on the album . " " "" . Glass Through "" single the of success the to due mostly , date to album selling @-@ best their remains It . Moscow in band the of performance live complete a and videos music three featured which DVD bonus a and tracks unreleased previously six included it , album the of version edition special a released Sour Stone 2007 , 26 June On . Awards Grammy 49th the at Performance Metal Best for nominated was "" 150 @-@ 30 / 30 "" single the and Canada and States United the in Gold certified also was It . style musical and ability writing song 's band the in progression a showing for praised was It . reviews positive generally received album The . Europe in countries several and Japan , Canada , States United the including , regions several in touring and singles five releasing ; year a over for it promote to on went Sour Stone , album the of release the Following "," Following the release of the album , Stone Sour went on to promote it for over a year ; releasing five singles and touring in several regions , including the United States , Canada , Japan and several countries in Europe . The album received generally positive reviews . It was praised for showing a progression in the band 's song writing ability and musical style . It was also certified Gold in the United States and Canada and the single "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 "" was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards . On June 26 , 2007 Stone Sour released a special edition version of the album , it included six previously unreleased tracks and a bonus DVD which featured three music videos and a complete live performance of the band in Moscow . It remains their best @-@ selling album to date , mostly due to the success of the single "" Through Glass . "" " " . members all by done was May ) ever ( What Come for writing , respectively , album first the for lyrics and music the of most wrote Taylor and Rand Though . written previously had they songs the tune @-@ fine help to "" back and brink the to ] band the [ pushed "" Raskulinecz producer says Rand Josh guitarist which during , production @-@ pre of week a with began studio the in Time . Angeles Los in , ) 606 Studio ( studio personal 's Grohl Dave at Raskulinecz Nick producer with album the on working began Sour Stone 2006 , 22 January on , however , album the produce to slated originally was Fortman Dave . studio the entering before tracks the demoing on working were they that and , Slipknot band other 's Root James guitarist and Taylor vocalist by album third the , ) Verses Subliminal The ( : 3 . Vol of process writing the during some , songs 30 over written had they that said He . album second a with return would Sour Stone that announced Taylor Corey singer lead , 2005 September In "," In September 2005 , lead singer Corey Taylor announced that Stone Sour would return with a second album . He said that they had written over 30 songs , some during the writing process of Vol . 3 : ( The Subliminal Verses ) , the third album by vocalist Taylor and guitarist James Root 's other band Slipknot , and that they were working on demoing the tracks before entering the studio . Dave Fortman was originally slated to produce the album , however , on January 22 , 2006 Stone Sour began working on the album with producer Nick Raskulinecz at Dave Grohl 's personal studio ( Studio 606 ) , in Los Angeles . Time in the studio began with a week of pre @-@ production , during which guitarist Josh Rand says producer Raskulinecz "" pushed [ the band ] to the brink and back "" to help fine @-@ tune the songs they had previously written . Though Rand and Taylor wrote most of the music and lyrics for the first album , respectively , writing for Come What ( ever ) May was done by all members . " " . basis time @-@ full a on Sour Stone joined Mayorga Roy drummer session later month A . concluded May ) ever ( What Come for sessions recording the 2006 , 7 April On . him replace could who drummers few a with talking was band the and Sour Stone left officially Ekman Joel drummer , 2006 March late In . "" darker and melodic more "" is it that explained Taylor "" , one first the above miles be gonna 's album the "" that promising While "" . going ] him [ gets it because , pressure the on thrives "" he that noting also ; larger much were label record the and fans from pressures that said He . 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With the fate of the album in jeopardy , Stone Sour recruited ex @-@ Soulfly member Roy Mayorga as a session drummer . Mayorga recorded drums for all but two tracks on the album , Godsmack drummer Shannon Larkin performed on the track "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 "" and guitarist Root performed drums on the bonus track "" The Day I Let Go . "" In an interview with Revolver during the recording process vocalist Taylor talked about the differences between this album and their previous album , Stone Sour . He said that pressures from fans and the record label were much larger ; also noting that he "" thrives on the pressure , because it gets [ him ] going . "" While promising that "" the album 's gonna be miles above the first one , "" Taylor explained that it is "" more melodic and darker "" . In late March 2006 , drummer Joel Ekman officially left Stone Sour and the band was talking with a few drummers who could replace him . On April 7 , 2006 the recording sessions for Come What ( ever ) May concluded . A month later session drummer Roy Mayorga joined Stone Sour on a full @-@ time basis . " " . 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However , the release date for the album was pushed back until August 22 . Due to the delay Stone Sour released a music video for the track "" Reborn "" , which featured footage of the band working on the album in the studio . The cover artwork from the album was released online on May 20 , 2006 . Shortly after , it was confirmed by a representative from the band 's record label Roadrunner that the release date had been brought forward , and the official release date would be August 1 , 2006 . On July 31 , 2006 , the day before its release the album was made available online for streaming in its entirety through AOL . " " . single the for made was video music no and 2007 Fall in airplay radio receiving started , "" . 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Yahoo through online 2006 , 9 June on released was and Petrossian Tony director with shot was single the for video music A . song the for support high showed US the throughout stations radio , "" Glass Through "" , album the from single second the of release the to Prior . 2006 , 3 June on Ball Headbangers 's MTV on premier a received video the , Angeles Los in Brown P.R. director with shot was single the for video music A . download MP3 free a as online available made was , "" 150 @-@ 30 / 30 "" , album the from single first the 2006 , 22 May On "," On May 22 , 2006 the first single from the album , "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 "" , was made available online as a free MP3 download . A music video for the single was shot with director P.R. Brown in Los Angeles , the video received a premier on MTV 's Headbangers Ball on June 3 , 2006 . Prior to the release of the second single from the album , "" Through Glass "" , radio stations throughout the US showed high support for the song . A music video for the single was shot with director Tony Petrossian and was released on June 9 , 2006 online through Yahoo ! . The third single from the album , "" "" , began receiving radio airplay in November 2006 . A music video for the single was shot in January 2007 and was released online on March 8 , 2007 . The fourth single from the album , "" Made of Scars "" , featured a music video which was recorded live on April 7 , 2007 and was posted online on June 5 , 2007 . The fifth and final single from the album , "" Rd . "" , started receiving radio airplay in Fall 2007 and no music video was made for the single . " " . 2007 in September and August through US the in tour headlining a with album the of support in touring up wrapped They . shows headline select and festivals playing Europe in tour a started then They . Japan and Australia in tours headlining by followed , US the across Tour Music Jägermeister 2007 Spring the headlined then They . Europe of tour headlining a by followed , tour Canadian a for Evanescence joined Sour Stone 2007 January In . Tour Weapon a as Music their for Disturbed joined Sour Stone , 2006 December and November through Then . Tour Values Family the through midway Sonic Summer festival Japanese the at performed also They "" . Glass Through "" single second their perform and promote to Leno Jay with Show Tonight The on appearance guest special a made Sour Stone 2006 , 8 August On . months 3 across dates 33 featured which , US the across Tour Values Family of edition 2006 their for Korn joined then They . Europe in festivals at appearances multiple by Followed . US the in shows free several with touring initiating , release its to prior album the of support in touring began band The "," The band began touring in support of the album prior to its release , initiating touring with several free shows in the US . Followed by multiple appearances at festivals in Europe . They then joined Korn for their 2006 edition of Family Values Tour across the US , which featured 33 dates across 3 months . On August 8 , 2006 Stone Sour made a special guest appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to promote and perform their second single "" Through Glass . "" They also performed at the Japanese festival Summer Sonic midway through the Family Values Tour . Then through November and December 2006 , Stone Sour joined Disturbed for their Music as a Weapon Tour . In January 2007 Stone Sour joined Evanescence for a Canadian tour , followed by a headlining tour of Europe . They then headlined the Spring 2007 Jägermeister Music Tour across the US , followed by headlining tours in Australia and Japan . They then started a tour in Europe playing festivals and select headline shows . They wrapped up touring in support of the album with a headlining tour in the US through August and September in 2007 . " " . Moscow in Live entitled , iTunes on exclusively Moscow in concert their of album live a released Sour Stone , this to addition In "" . towards gravitate really people "" says he which , element live their in them and elements musical different 's band the shows this that saying "" , cool really was which something do to wanted really we "" , said Taylor vocalist , edition special the about talking When "" . "" and "" , Glass Through "" "" , 150 @-@ 30 / 30 "" for videos music the and Moscow in 2006 October from band the by performance concert full a featured DVD The . DVD bonus a and tracks unreleased previously six with album the of version edition special a released Sour Stone , 2007 , 26 June On "," On June 26 , 2007 , Stone Sour released a special edition version of the album with six previously unreleased tracks and a bonus DVD . The DVD featured a full concert performance by the band from October 2006 in Moscow and the music videos for "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 , "" "" Through Glass , "" and "" . "" When talking about the special edition , vocalist Taylor said , "" we really wanted to do something which was really cool , "" saying that this shows the band 's different musical elements and them in their live element , which he says "" people really gravitate towards . "" In addition to this , Stone Sour released a live album of their concert in Moscow exclusively on iTunes , entitled Live in Moscow . " " "" . this do you why and are you who , from came you where forgetting never about "" are they that saying , album the throughout lyrics the with thread common a is there said Taylor . Taylor said "" , me to means she much how but , me saved she much how only not world the tell to me for important very was it but , before that like anything written never 've I "" . suicide of contemplation and alcoholism against struggles his in him helping for wife 's Taylor to written song love a is "" Rd "" . suffered Taylor vocalist that "" attacks anxiety social "" about is "" Socio "" track the while influenced politically were "" May ) ever ( What Come "" including songs , album the throughout evident is subjects in diversity The "" . grief and , happiness , pleasure , pain "" of themes include lyrics 's May ) ever ( What Come . accessibility @-@ radio its with heaviness 's album the balance helping Raskulinecz of production the with "" , triumphant and soaring "" are others while "" , heavy and barbed , bludgeoning "" are parts said he , "" 150 @-@ 30 / 30 "" track the about talking When "" . hook radio @-@ rock a 's there line guitar flailing every for , passage grungy a 's there riff thrash every for "" that said MTV of Wiederhorn Jon "" . stuff heavy the and rock hard the "" maintained others while "" , atmospheric very "" were songs some how Noting "" . 1992 in with started band the what of spirit the from more lot a "" is it stating , band the of roots the to return a was May ) ever ( What Come that said Taylor Corey vocalist , 2006 in MTV with interview an In "," In an interview with MTV in 2006 , vocalist Corey Taylor said that Come What ( ever ) May was a return to the roots of the band , stating it is "" a lot more from the spirit of what the band started with in 1992 . "" Noting how some songs were "" very atmospheric , "" while others maintained "" the hard rock and the heavy stuff . "" Jon Wiederhorn of MTV said that "" for every thrash riff there 's a grungy passage , for every flailing guitar line there 's a rock @-@ radio hook . "" When talking about the track "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 "" , he said parts are "" bludgeoning , barbed and heavy , "" while others are "" soaring and triumphant , "" with the production of Raskulinecz helping balance the album 's heaviness with its radio @-@ accessibility . Come What ( ever ) May 's lyrics include themes of "" pain , pleasure , happiness , and grief . "" The diversity in subjects is evident throughout the album , songs including "" Come What ( ever ) May "" were politically influenced while the track "" Socio "" is about "" social anxiety attacks "" that vocalist Taylor suffered . "" Rd "" is a love song written to Taylor 's wife for helping him in his struggles against alcoholism and contemplation of suicide . "" I 've never written anything like that before , but it was very important for me to tell the world not only how much she saved me , but how much she means to me , "" said Taylor . Taylor said there is a common thread with the lyrics throughout the album , saying that they are "" about never forgetting where you came from , who you are and why you do this . "" " " . "" talent promising a from effort unyielding "" an as album the triumphed Frye Megan , Similarly "" . everyone for something little a has it "" that stating "" album accessible and melodic very "" a as May ) ever ( What Come labeled Bower Chad , review his In . "" melody good a write could Kroeger Chad if be could Nickelback what like sounds it "" said he "" "" track the on noting "" , predecessor its than sounds acoustic and balladry the with liberal more much "" is album the said 411mania of Melchor . Sour Stone album previous their than melodic more is May ) ever ( What Come how was reviewers for interest of point particular A "" . stonewalled and , misdirected completely "" album the calling even "" here fresh or , original , inspired anything do 't doesn Sour Stone "" saying , album the criticized IGN of Fry William reviewer , contrast in , However "" . peers their of many than songwriting of craft the at better much is band the "" said 411mania of Melchor Michael , note similar a On "" . groups grunge @-@ post from much too way heard have who people the boring not simultaneously while songs metal alternative friendly @-@ radio , smooth create to ability ] their 's it [ "" stating , musically apart Sour Stone sets what distinguishing by album the of review her opens Allmusic of Frye Megan "" . personality musical their of sides different many show to band the ] allows [ and diverse very "" was album the that noting , "" debut their since lot a progressed "" had band the that stated About.com of Bower Chad . Sour Stone establish further to helped it how on noted reviewers Several . reviews critical positive generally with met was May ) ever ( What Come "," Come What ( ever ) May was met with generally positive critical reviews . Several reviewers noted on how it helped to further establish Stone Sour . Chad Bower of About.com stated that the band had "" progressed a lot since their debut "" , noting that the album was "" very diverse and [ allows ] the band to show many different sides of their musical personality . "" Megan Frye of Allmusic opens her review of the album by distinguishing what sets Stone Sour apart musically , stating "" [ it 's their ] ability to create smooth , radio @-@ friendly alternative metal songs while simultaneously not boring the people who have heard way too much from post @-@ grunge groups . "" On a similar note , Michael Melchor of 411mania said "" the band is much better at the craft of songwriting than many of their peers . "" However , in contrast , reviewer William Fry of IGN criticized the album , saying "" Stone Sour doesn 't do anything inspired , original , or fresh here "" even calling the album "" completely misdirected , and stonewalled . "" A particular point of interest for reviewers was how Come What ( ever ) May is more melodic than their previous album Stone Sour . Melchor of 411mania said the album is "" much more liberal with the balladry and acoustic sounds than its predecessor , "" noting on the track "" "" he said "" it sounds like what Nickelback could be if Chad Kroeger could write a good melody "" . In his review , Chad Bower labeled Come What ( ever ) May as a "" very melodic and accessible album "" stating that "" it has a little something for everyone . "" Similarly , Megan Frye triumphed the album as an "" unyielding effort from a promising talent "" . " " . Awards Grammy 49th the at Performance Metal Best for nominated was "" 150 @-@ 30 / 30 "" single the , 2007 In . States United the and Canada , UK the in gold certified be to on went and , States United the in 200 Billboard the on spot fourth the at debuted and week first its in copies 000 @,@ 80 over sold May ) ever ( What Come "," Come What ( ever ) May sold over 80 @,@ 000 copies in its first week and debuted at the fourth spot on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and went on to be certified gold in the UK , Canada and the United States . In 2007 , the single "" 30 / 30 @-@ 150 "" was nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 49th Grammy Awards . " " . Sour Stone by composed music all , Taylor Corey by written lyrics All "," All lyrics written by Corey Taylor , all music composed by Stone Sour . " " . track 12th the as version original the replaced "" . Rd "" of version pop the , version deluxe iTunes the On "," On the iTunes deluxe version , the pop version of "" Rd . "" replaced the original version as the 12th track . " " . Chad from medalists no been have there , Olympics London 2012 the of end the of As . round qualification the past advance not did and heats respective their in seventh ranked and Both . 1980 and 1976 between hiatus Olympic its since appearance seventh its and , Japan , Tokyo in Olympics Summer 1964 in been first the , Olympics Summer the at Chad of appearance tenth the marked delegation this of appearance The . ceremonies during flag Chadian the bore also and meters 100 's women the in competed who , Albertine and , meters 100 's men the in competed who , : China , Beijing in Olympics Summer 2008 the at compete to athletes two of delegation a sent Chad "," Chad sent a delegation of two athletes to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China : , who competed in the men 's 100 meters , and Albertine , who competed in the women 's 100 meters and also bore the Chadian flag during ceremonies . The appearance of this delegation marked the tenth appearance of Chad at the Summer Olympics , the first been in 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan , and its seventh appearance since its Olympic hiatus between 1976 and 1980 . Both and ranked seventh in their respective heats and did not advance past the qualification round . As of the end of the 2012 London Olympics , there have been no medalists from Chad . " " . 2008 and 1964 between games other all to sent were delegations although , USSR , Moscow in Olympics Summer 1980 the or Canada , Montréal in Olympics Summer 1976 the attend not did country the from athletes , instability of era greatest 's Chad During . 2008 and then between persisted had threats rebel although , 1990 in ended war civil the ; rebels backed @-@ Sudanese by upheavals and Libya by invasions experienced and war civil in embroiled became Chad , decades three next the For . Japan , Tokyo in Olympics Summer 1964 the at début its made colony French former the , later years four Some . independence declared it when , 1960 until Africa West French of part originally was Chad . north the to Republic African Central the and , west the to Sudan , east the to Niger , south the to Libya borders It . Sahel the of portion eastern the within lies region southern whose and Desert Sahara the of reaches eastern the within lies region northern whose Africa in country landlocked a is Chad "," Chad is a landlocked country in Africa whose northern region lies within the eastern reaches of the Sahara Desert and whose southern region lies within the eastern portion of the Sahel . It borders Libya to the south , Niger to the east , Sudan to the west , and the Central African Republic to the north . Chad was originally part of French West Africa until 1960 , when it declared independence . Some four years later , the former French colony made its début at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . For the next three decades , Chad became embroiled in civil war and experienced invasions by Libya and upheavals by Sudanese @-@ backed rebels ; the civil war ended in 1990 , although rebel threats had persisted between then and 2008 . During Chad 's greatest era of instability , athletes from the country did not attend the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montréal , Canada or the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , USSR , although delegations were sent to all other games between 1964 and 2008 . " " . Chad from medalist a been have to yet has there , games Beijing the including and to Up . ceremonies the at flagbearer 's Chad was . events track in participants both , ) Albertine old @-@ year @-@ 15 ( woman one and ) old @-@ year @-@ 30 ( man one — athletes two of consisted Beijing in arrived that delegation The . behalf 's country the on competed only when , Greece , Athens in Olympics Summer 2004 the during occurred Olympians Chadian of contingency smallest The . delegation Chadian the of part a been has woman one least at , ) games Beijing the to up and ( then Since . Olympian female first 's nation the sent NOC the , games 1992 the During . athletes six sent Committee Olympic National 's Chad , time each ; Spain , Barcelona in Olympics Summer 1992 the at and Korea South , Seoul in Olympics Summer 1988 the in appeared Olympics the reach to delegation Chadian largest The "," The largest Chadian delegation to reach the Olympics appeared in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea and at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , Spain ; each time , Chad 's National Olympic Committee sent six athletes . During the 1992 games , the NOC sent the nation 's first female Olympian . Since then ( and up to the Beijing games ) , at least one woman has been a part of the Chadian delegation . The smallest contingency of Chadian Olympians occurred during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , when only competed on the country 's behalf . The delegation that arrived in Beijing consisted of two athletes — one man ( 30 @-@ year @-@ old ) and one woman ( 15 @-@ year @-@ old Albertine ) , both participants in track events . was Chad 's flagbearer at the ceremonies . Up to and including the Beijing games , there has yet to have been a medalist from Chad . " " . standings overall in not , heat each within those thus are shown Ranks . standings overall in result high a posting was result by qualifying and , heat own their in result high a posting was right by Qualifying . ways two in competition of round next the for qualify could events athletics in Competitors "," Competitors in athletics events could qualify for the next round of competition in two ways . Qualifying by right was posting a high result in their own heat , and qualifying by result was posting a high result in overall standings . Ranks shown are thus those within each heat , not in overall standings . " " . rounds later to advance not did He . 70th ranked sprinter Chadian the , events the in participated who athletes 80 the Of . ) seconds 39 @.@ 10 ( Naoki 's Japan and ) seconds 35 @.@ 10 ( Martina Churandy ' Antilles Netherlands the by led heat a in ) seconds 87 @.@ 10 ( Wilfried 's Gabon behind and ) seconds 48 @.@ 11 ( 's Tuvalu of ahead heat the in seventh placing , seconds 14 @.@ 11 in race the finished He . athletes other seven against heat tenth the in competed , place took round qualification the when , event his in races 2008 , 14 August the of course the During . 30 of age the at Beijing at Olympics the to returned but , Greece , Athens in Olympics Summer 2004 the attend not did He . rounds later to progressing not and heat qualification his in seventh placing , Australia , Sydney in Olympics Summer 2000 the at meters 100 's men the in raced he when 22 age at Olympics the in participated first , 1977 in Born . dash meters 100 's men the in Olympics Beijing the at Chad represented "," represented Chad at the Beijing Olympics in the men 's 100 meters dash . Born in 1977 , first participated in the Olympics at age 22 when he raced in the men 's 100 meters at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , placing seventh in his qualification heat and not progressing to later rounds . He did not attend the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece , but returned to the Olympics at Beijing at the age of 30 . During the course of the August 14 , 2008 races in his event , when the qualification round took place , competed in the tenth heat against seven other athletes . He finished the race in 11 @.@ 14 seconds , placing seventh in the heat ahead of Tuvalu 's ( 11 @.@ 48 seconds ) and behind Gabon 's Wilfried ( 10 @.@ 87 seconds ) in a heat led by the Netherlands Antilles ' Churandy Martina ( 10 @.@ 35 seconds ) and Japan 's Naoki ( 10 @.@ 39 seconds ) . Of the 80 athletes who participated in the events , the Chadian sprinter ranked 70th . He did not advance to later rounds . " " . beyond and two round to advance not did , Therefore . place 64th in finished , competitors 85 's event the Of . ) seconds 17 @.@ 11 ( McKenzie @-@ Ferguson Debbie ' Bahamas the and ) seconds 13 @.@ 11 ( Osayomi Damola 's Nigeria by led heat a in ) seconds 68 @.@ 11 ( Mae 's Guinea New Papua behind fell and ) seconds 57 @.@ 12 ( Magali Franka 's Congo the of Republic Democratic the defeated she ; seventh placing , seconds 55 @.@ 12 in race the finished She . athletes other seven against heat eighth the in competed , 2008 , 15 August on place took which , event the of round qualification the During . games Olympic any in competed previously not had . competition the of time the at old years 15 was and , dash meters 100 's women the in participated She . games Beijing the at athlete female only 's delegation national the as behalf 's Chad on competed Albertine "," Albertine competed on Chad 's behalf as the national delegation 's only female athlete at the Beijing games . She participated in the women 's 100 meters dash , and was 15 years old at the time of the competition . had not previously competed in any Olympic games . During the qualification round of the event , which took place on August 15 , 2008 , competed in the eighth heat against seven other athletes . She finished the race in 12 @.@ 55 seconds , placing seventh ; she defeated the Democratic Republic of the Congo 's Franka Magali ( 12 @.@ 57 seconds ) and fell behind Papua New Guinea 's Mae ( 11 @.@ 68 seconds ) in a heat led by Nigeria 's Damola Osayomi ( 11 @.@ 13 seconds ) and the Bahamas ' Debbie Ferguson @-@ McKenzie ( 11 @.@ 17 seconds ) . Of the event 's 85 competitors , finished in 64th place . Therefore , did not advance to round two and beyond . " " Key "," Key " " only heat 's athlete the within are events track for given Ranks – Note "," Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only " " Q "," Q " " target qualifying the achieving without position by , events field in , or loser fastest a as round next the for Qualified "," Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target " " NR "," NR " " event the for applicable not Round "," Round not applicable for the event " " . world the of center the as Manhattan showing world the of rest the of Manhattan from view the presents work The . Yorker New The of edition , 1976 , 29 March the of cover the as served that Steinberg Saul by illustration 1976 a is ) World the of View simply or World the of View 's Yorker New A , World the of View 's Yorker New Parochial A sometimes ( Avenue 9th from World the of View "," View of the World from 9th Avenue ( sometimes A Parochial New Yorker 's View of the World , A New Yorker 's View of the World or simply View of the World ) is a 1976 illustration by Saul Steinberg that served as the cover of the March 29 , 1976 , edition of The New Yorker . The work presents the view from Manhattan of the rest of the world showing Manhattan as the center of the world . " " . world the around students art by studied is and generations recent of covers magazine greatest the of one as regarded is work The . Pictures Columbia by violations copyright of because Steinberg of favor in Inc. , Industries Pictures Columbia v. Steinberg in York New of District Southern the for Court District States United the by ruling a to led parody Columbia The . ways of variety a in authorization without printed and imitated been has work The . others among , Magazine Mad and Economist The , Yorker New The , Pictures Columbia , Rall Ted by parodied been has World the of View "," View of the World has been parodied by Ted Rall , Columbia Pictures , The New Yorker , The Economist and Mad Magazine , among others . The work has been imitated and printed without authorization in a variety of ways . The Columbia parody led to a ruling by the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York in Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc. in favor of Steinberg because of copyright violations by Columbia Pictures . The work is regarded as one of the greatest magazine covers of recent generations and is studied by art students around the world . " " . painting the of posters reproduced subsequently and Steinberg to copyright the assigned It . work the for Office Copyright States United the from copyright a for applied Yorker New The point one At . Yorkers New absorbed @-@ self by seen as world the of map a depicts it because World the of View 's Yorker New A or World the of View 's Yorker New Parochial A as to referred sometimes is work The . "" poster that did who man the "" to significance his diminished has work the from resulted that fame of type the that noted has Steinberg : fame unintentional of example an considered is It . work famous most his as regarded is This . "" Avenue 9th from World the of View "" titled , cover 1976 , 29 March its including , Yorker New The for illustrations and drawings internal 642 and covers 85 created Steinberg Saul "," Saul Steinberg created 85 covers and 642 internal drawings and illustrations for The New Yorker , including its March 29 , 1976 cover , titled "" View of the World from 9th Avenue "" . This is regarded as his most famous work . It is considered an example of unintentional fame : Steinberg has noted that the type of fame that resulted from the work has diminished his significance to "" the man who did that poster "" . The work is sometimes referred to as A Parochial New Yorker 's View of the World or A New Yorker 's View of the World because it depicts a map of the world as seen by self @-@ absorbed New Yorkers . At one point The New Yorker applied for a copyright from the United States Copyright Office for the work . It assigned the copyright to Steinberg and subsequently reproduced posters of the painting . " " . painting the from absent is which , Europe to turned back a with world the depicts image the , Notably . Russia and Japan , China labeled masses land flattened three from States United the separates , Hudson the than wider slightly , Ocean Pacific The . Mexico near location remote a as depicted is D.C. , Washington . Hudson the beyond country the of rest the than font bolder in is which , Jersey New beyond States United the for rocks few a among scattered ) Nebraska and , Utah , Texas ( states three and ) Chicago and ; City Kansas ; Vegas Las ; D.C. , Washington ; Angeles Los ( cities five of names the , "" Jersey "" representing Hudson the along strip brown thin a with , Mexico and Canada neighbors American North by bounded rectangle a as drawn is and blocks City York New three the of size the is States United the of rest The . Avenue 10th over view westward a is It . world the of rest the depicting half top the and , ) labeled appropriately ( River Hudson the and , Avenue 10th , Avenue 9th 's Manhattan showing image the of half bottom the with , parts two in split is illustration The "," The illustration is split in two parts , with the bottom half of the image showing Manhattan 's 9th Avenue , 10th Avenue , and the Hudson River ( appropriately labeled ) , and the top half depicting the rest of the world . It is a westward view over 10th Avenue . The rest of the United States is the size of the three New York City blocks and is drawn as a rectangle bounded by North American neighbors Canada and Mexico , with a thin brown strip along the Hudson representing "" Jersey "" , the names of five cities ( Los Angeles ; Washington , D.C. ; Las Vegas ; Kansas City ; and Chicago ) and three states ( Texas , Utah , and Nebraska ) scattered among a few rocks for the United States beyond New Jersey , which is in bolder font than the rest of the country beyond the Hudson . Washington , D.C. is depicted as a remote location near Mexico . The Pacific Ocean , slightly wider than the Hudson , separates the United States from three flattened land masses labeled China , Japan and Russia . Notably , the image depicts the world with a back turned to Europe , which is absent from the painting . " " . Manhattan of suburb a is world entire the which in one as perspective the described Fulford Robert journalist Post National . iconic as boroughs outer of set a as world the of rest the of view 's mind centric @-@ York New the interpreted York New . world the of view cheek @-@ in @-@ tongue a as work the described also They "" ... condensed more ever becoming space with , westward line straight a in Avenue Ninth from city the of view eye @-@ 's bird "" a as work the summarized Pennsylvania of University the , sketches and versions alternate with along work this exhibiting When . ) cm 48 × cm 71 ( inches 19 by 28 measures and paper on watercolor and , pencil colored , pencil , ink in composed is work The "," The work is composed in ink , pencil , colored pencil , and watercolor on paper and measures 28 by 19 inches ( 71 cm × 48 cm ) . When exhibiting this work along with alternate versions and sketches , the University of Pennsylvania summarized the work as a "" bird 's @-@ eye view of the city from Ninth Avenue in a straight line westward , with space becoming ever more condensed ... "" They also described the work as a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek view of the world . New York interpreted the New York @-@ centric mind 's view of the rest of the world as a set of outer boroughs as iconic . National Post journalist Robert Fulford described the perspective as one in which the entire world is a suburb of Manhattan . " " . world the viewed students the which from foci global of variety worldwide a was assignment this of results the that noted also He . class arts graphic its in assignment an World the of View imitating made Ottawa suburban in school high a that mentioning by work this of prominence the demonstrated Fulford . perceptions provincial own their of depictions compelling similarly presented , artists poster especially , artists Local . world whole the by "" borrowed and understood "" was Manhattan of suburb a as world the of metaphor the that noted , Post National The in writing , Fulford . use Hudson the on Moscow the for lawsuit copyright eventual his for motivation a , paid been they had , painting the of made parodies many the from royalties on retired have could he that stated had Steinberg . nations and states , municipalities numerous by format postcard in imitated been has work The . ways of variety a in authorization without imitated been has World the of View "," View of the World has been imitated without authorization in a variety of ways . The work has been imitated in postcard format by numerous municipalities , states and nations . Steinberg had stated that he could have retired on royalties from the many parodies made of the painting , had they been paid , a motivation for his eventual copyright lawsuit for the Moscow on the Hudson use . Fulford , writing in The National Post , noted that the metaphor of the world as a suburb of Manhattan was "" understood and borrowed "" by the whole world . Local artists , especially poster artists , presented similarly compelling depictions of their own provincial perceptions . Fulford demonstrated the prominence of this work by mentioning that a high school in suburban Ottawa made imitating View of the World an assignment in its graphic arts class . He also noted that the results of this assignment was a worldwide variety of global foci from which the students viewed the world . " " . work his on held Steinberg copyright the violated Pictures Columbia that held which , ) 1987 ( 706 . Supp F. 663 , . Inc , Industries Pictures Columbia v. Steinberg , lawsuit a to led poster movie that ; Hudson the on Moscow film 1984 the for poster the including , works similar many inspired — image @-@ self ' Yorkers New of view ' outsiders perhaps or , world the in place their of image @-@ self ' Yorkers New depicting humorously — illustration The "," The illustration — humorously depicting New Yorkers ' self @-@ image of their place in the world , or perhaps outsiders ' view of New Yorkers ' self @-@ image — inspired many similar works , including the poster for the 1984 film Moscow on the Hudson ; that movie poster led to a lawsuit , Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures Industries , Inc . , 663 F. Supp . 706 ( 1987 ) , which held that Columbia Pictures violated the copyright Steinberg held on his work . " " . The with Yorker New The representing letters the replaced He . cartoon editorial Syndicate Press Universal a in Avenue 9th from World the of View of Parody a as Avenue Pennsylvania from World the of View A presented Rall Ted , presidency 's Bush W. George of term first the during , 2003 , 5 June On "," On June 5 , 2003 , during the first term of George W. Bush 's presidency , Ted Rall presented A View of the World from Pennsylvania Avenue as a Parody of View of the World from 9th Avenue in a Universal Press Syndicate editorial cartoon . He replaced the letters representing The New Yorker with The . " " . background far the in Russia with , Alaska only seeing window her of out looking Palin Sarah featured cover The . 2008 , 6 October on Yorker New The of cover the for Blitt Barry by satirized later was cover The "," The cover was later satirized by Barry Blitt for the cover of The New Yorker on October 6 , 2008 . The cover featured Sarah Palin looking out of her window seeing only Alaska , with Russia in the far background . " " . crisis financial contemporary the of time the at economy Chinese burgeoning the discussed that article an accompanied It . "" ) Yorker New The and to apologies with ( Berkeley Jon by Illustration "" reads illustration the above caption A . Manhattan of instead Avenue 'an Chang 's Beijing from viewpoint the depicting but , image original the to homage an also is that parody a presents that "" World the sees China How "" entitled story a included Economist The 2009 , 21 March The "," The March 21 , 2009 The Economist included a story entitled "" How China sees the World "" that presents a parody that is also an homage to the original image , but depicting the viewpoint from Beijing 's Chang 'an Avenue instead of Manhattan . A caption above the illustration reads "" Illustration by Jon Berkeley ( with apologies to and The New Yorker ) "" . It accompanied an article that discussed the burgeoning Chinese economy at the time of the contemporary financial crisis . " " . landmarks various locate to Maps Apple of version 2012 September the upon relied had one if like look might World the of View what presents work The . Maps Google for replacement a , Maps Apple included which system operating mobile 6 iOS s ' . Inc Apple of release September the with problems the satirized Magazine Mad of cover 2012 , 1 October The "," The October 1 , 2012 cover of Mad Magazine satirized the problems with the September release of Apple Inc . ' s iOS 6 mobile operating system which included Apple Maps , a replacement for Google Maps . The work presents what View of the World might look like if one had relied upon the September 2012 version of Apple Maps to locate various landmarks . " " "" . of geography mental limited supposed the showed cartoon The . River Hudson the beyond country the of perception telescoped 's Manhattan represent to come has ... "" work the that stated listing The . place fourth in Avenue 9th from World the of View ranked and years 40 prior the of covers magazine 40 top the of list its unveiled Editors Magazine of Society American , 2005 , 17 October On "," On October 17 , 2005 , American Society of Magazine Editors unveiled its list of the top 40 magazine covers of the prior 40 years and ranked View of the World from 9th Avenue in fourth place . The listing stated that the work "" ... has come to represent Manhattan 's telescoped perception of the country beyond the Hudson River . The cartoon showed the supposed limited mental geography of . "" " " . Malaysia , Sarawak of Division Bintulu the of District Bintulu the of capital the is Bintulu , 2010 of as 058 @,@ 114 of population a With . Miri of southwest ) mi 120 ( kilometres 200 and , Sibu of northeast ) mi 134 ( kilometres 216 , Kuching of northeast ) mi 380 ( kilometres 610 located is Bintulu . Malaysia , Sarawak of region central the in Borneo of island the on town coastal a is ) ͘ ͘ to @-@ : jī @-@ ōe @-@ h ̍ Pe ; : pinyin ; : Chinese ( / / Bintulu "," Bintulu / / ( Chinese : ; pinyin : ; Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī : @-@ to ͘ ͘ ) is a coastal town on the island of Borneo in the central region of Sarawak , Malaysia . Bintulu is located 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northeast of Kuching , 216 kilometres ( 134 mi ) northeast of Sibu , and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southwest of Miri . With a population of 114 @,@ 058 as of 2010 , Bintulu is the capital of the Bintulu District of the Bintulu Division of Sarawak , Malaysia . " " . Park Industrial to gateway a also is town The . Sarawak in busiest the is Bintulu of port The . manufacturing cement and , processing waste @-@ wood , processing oil palm , plantations forest and palm oil into expanded also has economy The . plant power cycle combined Bintulu a and , plant Synthesis Middle Shell a , plant LNG Malaysia a as such industries intensive energy of centre the become has Bintulu , then Since . coast the off discovered were reserves gas and oil when 1969 until village fishing a remained Bintulu . 2002 in airport new a by replaced was airport old The . 1955 in operational fully became it and , airstrip the rebuilt later British The . forces Allied by bombed heavily was airstrip the , II War World During . difficulties financial to due 1938 in halted was but 1934 in began Bintulu in airstrip earliest the of construction The . Malaysia in system legislature state earliest the is It . Bintulu in convened was ) Assembly Legislative State Sarawak now ( meeting Council General first the , 1867 In . 1862 in there fort a built later Brooke . 1861 in it acquired Brooke James Rajah when village fishing small a was Bintulu . ) heads picking ( "" "" language native local the from derived was Bintulu of name The "," The name of Bintulu was derived from the local native language "" "" ( picking heads ) . Bintulu was a small fishing village when Rajah James Brooke acquired it in 1861 . Brooke later built a fort there in 1862 . In 1867 , the first General Council meeting ( now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly ) was convened in Bintulu . It is the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia . The construction of the earliest airstrip in Bintulu began in 1934 but was halted in 1938 due to financial difficulties . During World War II , the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces . The British later rebuilt the airstrip , and it became fully operational in 1955 . The old airport was replaced by a new airport in 2002 . Bintulu remained a fishing village until 1969 when oil and gas reserves were discovered off the coast . Since then , Bintulu has become the centre of energy intensive industries such as a Malaysia LNG plant , a Shell Middle Synthesis plant , and a Bintulu combined cycle power plant . The economy has also expanded into oil palm and forest plantations , palm oil processing , wood @-@ waste processing , and cement manufacturing . The port of Bintulu is the busiest in Sarawak . The town is also a gateway to Industrial Park . " " . town the in annually held is Festival Kite International Borneo The . markets Utama Pasar and , Bintulu Tamu , monument Negri Council , mosque , temple Tong Yin Kuan , village , beach Batu Tanjung , Park , Park National are Bintulu in attractions tourist the Among "," Among the tourist attractions in Bintulu are National Park , Park , Tanjung Batu beach , village , Kuan Yin Tong temple , mosque , Council Negri monument , Tamu Bintulu , and Pasar Utama markets . The Borneo International Kite Festival is held annually in the town . " " . "" Bintulu "" , finally , and "" "" into evolved name the later and , "" "" as name the pronounced subsequently Bintulu to came who Outsiders . river "" "" named was stream river small the , Therefore . wide and flat was bank river the because River from off branching stream river small a near heads severed of preservation out carried frequently followers their and They . river the along houses built and named warriors Iban two that relates story Another . language native local the in ) heads picking ( "" "" as known was heads the collecting of practice The . river the from collected be to had heads the which after , River the into heads the threw They . community the in status social their maintain to headhunting practised people Iban indigenous the , dynasty Brooke the During . Bintulu name the surrounding legends several are There . cartographers Portuguese by "" de River "" named was Bintulu , century 16th the During "," During the 16th century , Bintulu was named "" River de "" by Portuguese cartographers . There are several legends surrounding the name Bintulu . During the Brooke dynasty , the indigenous Iban people practised headhunting to maintain their social status in the community . They threw the heads into the River , after which the heads had to be collected from the river . The practice of collecting the heads was known as "" "" ( picking heads ) in the local native language . Another story relates that two Iban warriors named and built houses along the river . They and their followers frequently carried out preservation of severed heads near a small river stream branching off from River because the river bank was flat and wide . Therefore , the small river stream was named "" "" river . Outsiders who came to Bintulu subsequently pronounced the name as "" "" , and later the name evolved into "" "" and , finally , "" Bintulu "" . " " : follows as recorded were village the of observations His . 1867 August 13 on River at off dropped He . Bintulu to back coming before Labuan to went He . regions Bintulu and Mukah the in Brooke James to made being concessions for Brunei to 000 @,@ 6 $ send to was which , "" "" named gunboat a on journey his started he , August 4 On . 1867 in Bintulu visited , botanist Italian an , Beccari . Sarawak of Rajah second the as successor 's latter the become later would and Brooke James of nephew a was Brooke Charles , Meanwhile . 1850 and 1840 between the in piracy Dayak the crushing for responsible was Keppel Henry Sir . Brooke Charles and James Rajah the of friend close a was who , Keppel Henry Sir after named , village the in built was Keppel Fort named fort wooden A . time that at settlement small a was Bintulu . Brooke to region Bintulu the ceded Brunei of Sultanate the , 1861 In . 1841 in Empire Bruneian the by ) Kuching as known now ( Sarawak of Rajah White the appointed was Brooke James "," James Brooke was appointed the White Rajah of Sarawak ( now known as Kuching ) by the Bruneian Empire in 1841 . In 1861 , the Sultanate of Brunei ceded the Bintulu region to Brooke . Bintulu was a small settlement at that time . A wooden fort named Fort Keppel was built in the village , named after Sir Henry Keppel , who was a close friend of the Rajah James and Charles Brooke . Sir Henry Keppel was responsible for crushing the Dayak piracy in the between 1840 and 1850 . Meanwhile , Charles Brooke was a nephew of James Brooke and would later become the latter 's successor as the second Rajah of Sarawak . Beccari , an Italian botanist , visited Bintulu in 1867 . On 4 August , he started his journey on a gunboat named "" "" , which was to send $ 6 @,@ 000 to Brunei for concessions being made to James Brooke in the Mukah and Bintulu regions . He went to Labuan before coming back to Bintulu . He dropped off at River on 13 August 1867 . His observations of the village were recorded as follows : " " . pirates Dayak and pirates the of attacks the of fear for days former in do to dared have never would they thing a – sea the near settle to came they , river the of mouth the near Rajah the of officer an of installation the and , fort the of construction the since but , river the up further live to used Melanaus These . ) village ( Chinese the beyond Melanau the of houses the by formed chiefly is village the but ; bazaar small a built had and fort the of vicinity the at settled had Some ... commenced forests primeval the , paces few of distance a at , it behind just and , shore @-@ sea the on nearly stood It . condition ruinous somewhat in was , wood of entirely built was which Bintulu of fort The "," The fort of Bintulu which was built entirely of wood , was in somewhat ruinous condition . It stood nearly on the sea @-@ shore , and just behind it , at a distance of few paces , the primeval forests commenced ... Some had settled at the vicinity of the fort and had built a small bazaar ; but the village is chiefly formed by the houses of the Melanau beyond the Chinese ( village ) . These Melanaus used to live further up the river , but since the construction of the fort , and the installation of an officer of the Rajah near the mouth of the river , they came to settle near the sea – a thing they would never have dared to do in former days for fear of the attacks of the pirates and Dayak pirates . " " . Malaysia in assembly legislative state oldest the is Council The . Brooke James Rajah from orders under Brooke Charles Muda Raja by formed was Council The . ) chiefs local Melanau and Malay 16 and officers British five ( members community local elected 21 of up made was It . here place took ) Assembly Legislative State Sarawak now ( meeting Council General Sarawak first the , 1867 September 8 On . palms of processing the for used was which , river the of entrance the into projection shed own its had house Each . palms and Nipah by furnished mostly , River the of sides both on rows in built were people Melanau the of houses The "," The houses of the Melanau people were built in rows on both sides of the River , mostly furnished by Nipah and palms . Each house had its own shed projection into the entrance of the river , which was used for the processing of palms . On 8 September 1867 , the first Sarawak General Council meeting ( now Sarawak State Legislative Assembly ) took place here . It was made up of 21 elected local community members ( five British officers and 16 Malay and Melanau local chiefs ) . The Council was formed by Raja Muda Charles Brooke under orders from Rajah James Brooke . The Council is the oldest state legislative assembly in Malaysia . " " . unearthed were bombs unexploded many project the during ; war the after airstrip the of reconstruction began British The . forces Allied by bombed heavily was airstrip the , However . purposes military for airstrip the used Japanese the , occupation Japanese the During . camp Lintang Batu the at interned and Japanese the by captured were officers his while attack the before ) Australia ( Sydney for left already Brooke Vyner Charles , Sarawak invaded Japanese the When . 1941 December 24 on Kuching conquered they when hands Japanese into fell Sarawak . 1941 December 16 on Miri in landed forces Japanese . reasons financial to due 1938 October in discontinued was construction where , airstrip Bintulu the for except completed were airstrips the All . ) RAF ( Force Air Royal British the for Inspector Building and Works a , Bailey W. C. of direction the under 1934 in started was airstrip Bintulu the of Construction . Miri and , Bintulu , Mukah , Oya , Kuching in airstrips of construction the ordered Brooke Vyner Charles Rajah , II War World During "," During World War II , Rajah Charles Vyner Brooke ordered the construction of airstrips in Kuching , Oya , Mukah , Bintulu , and Miri . Construction of the Bintulu airstrip was started in 1934 under the direction of C. W. Bailey , a Works and Building Inspector for the British Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . All the airstrips were completed except for the Bintulu airstrip , where construction was discontinued in October 1938 due to financial reasons . Japanese forces landed in Miri on 16 December 1941 . Sarawak fell into Japanese hands when they conquered Kuching on 24 December 1941 . When the Japanese invaded Sarawak , Charles Vyner Brooke already left for Sydney ( Australia ) before the attack while his officers were captured by the Japanese and interned at the Batu Lintang camp . During the Japanese occupation , the Japanese used the airstrip for military purposes . However , the airstrip was heavily bombed by Allied forces . The British began reconstruction of the airstrip after the war ; during the project many unexploded bombs were unearthed . " " . Maida Prince of family the by Japan to back taken later was pole wooden The . Bintulu in wood of up made memorial pole wooden a up set later Japanese The . known not was crash plane the of cause The . Bintulu , Datu Tanjung of coast the off crashed have to found was plane the , later month One . arrived never he , However . name his bears that airport an officiate to Labuan to Kuching from plane a boarded ) ( Maida Prince Marshal Field Japanese , 1942 September 5 On "," On 5 September 1942 , Japanese Field Marshal Prince Maida ( ) boarded a plane from Kuching to Labuan to officiate an airport that bears his name . However , he never arrived . One month later , the plane was found to have crashed off the coast of Tanjung Datu , Bintulu . The cause of the plane crash was not known . The Japanese later set up a wooden pole memorial made up of wood in Bintulu . The wooden pole was later taken back to Japan by the family of Prince Maida . " " . timber sawn of tons 000 @,@ 4 of total a produced Bintulu at sawmills , occupation Japanese the During . building ship and fields oil at repairs for timber produce to Japanese the by instructed were Bintulu and Sibu at owners sawmill Chinese "," Chinese sawmill owners at Sibu and Bintulu were instructed by the Japanese to produce timber for repairs at oil fields and ship building . During the Japanese occupation , sawmills at Bintulu produced a total of 4 @,@ 000 tons of sawn timber . " " . supply food the supplement to jungles the in hunting to resorted villagers several and , food limited with do make to had villagers the , Kuching from supplies food of lack to Due . conditions sea the on depending , Kuching from Bintulu reach to hours 48 to 36 around took It . route the to added was "" Chin Chin "" ship the , 1960 After . "" Joo Swee "" named ship a through sea by Kuching to connected was Bintulu , 1960 Before . "" items other and , shoots bamboo , chickens , vegetables "" with driver bus the paid villagers Iban The . people the for transportation public provide to government federal Malaysian the by initiative an was line bus MARA The . ) MARA ( Rakyat Majlis by owned was route Bintulu – Miri the serviced that bus first The . Miri to Bintulu connect to built was road first the when 1969 until Bintulu in constructed were roads No . 000 @,@ 5 of population a with , village fishing small a still was Bintulu , 1960s the In . processing and , fishing , industry extraction timber the were Bintulu in activities economic major , 1950s the In "," In the 1950s , major economic activities in Bintulu were the timber extraction industry , fishing , and processing . In the 1960s , Bintulu was still a small fishing village , with a population of 5 @,@ 000 . No roads were constructed in Bintulu until 1969 when the first road was built to connect Bintulu to Miri . The first bus that serviced the Miri – Bintulu route was owned by Majlis Rakyat ( MARA ) . The MARA bus line was an initiative by the Malaysian federal government to provide public transportation for the people . The Iban villagers paid the bus driver with "" vegetables , chickens , bamboo shoots , and other items "" . Before 1960 , Bintulu was connected to Kuching by sea through a ship named "" Swee Joo "" . After 1960 , the ship "" Chin Chin "" was added to the route . It took around 36 to 48 hours to reach Bintulu from Kuching , depending on the sea conditions . Due to lack of food supplies from Kuching , the villagers had to make do with limited food , and several villagers resorted to hunting in the jungles to supplement the food supply . " " . 1987 in district a into upgraded was district @-@ sub The . 1970s the in Division Miri of district @-@ sub a was Bintulu . event the commemorate to storeroom rice government a of front in built was monument stone A . ) Assembly Legislative State Sarawak ( meeting Negri Council the of years 100 first the celebrated Bintulu 1967 In . 1964 in opened was School Secondary Government Bintulu . Kuching or Miri either to Bintulu connecting roads no were there as boats small using by Kuching or Miri either at studies school secondary their pursue could Villagers . schools secondary no were There . level 3 Primary until classes provided schools These . Bintulu in schools primary three only were there 1960 In "," In 1960 there were only three primary schools in Bintulu . These schools provided classes until Primary 3 level . There were no secondary schools . Villagers could pursue their secondary school studies at either Miri or Kuching by using small boats as there were no roads connecting Bintulu to either Miri or Kuching . Bintulu Government Secondary School was opened in 1964 . In 1967 Bintulu celebrated the first 100 years of the Council Negri meeting ( Sarawak State Legislative Assembly ) . A stone monument was built in front of a government rice storeroom to commemorate the event . Bintulu was a sub @-@ district of Miri Division in the 1970s . The sub @-@ district was upgraded into a district in 1987 . " " . Bhd Sdn Materials OM and , Bhd Sdn Bintulu Metal Press , Bhd Sdn Malaysia Tokuyama are park industrial the in operations their started that companies the Among . industry intensive @-@ energy , heavy of centre a is park industrial The . Bintulu from away ) mi 39 ( kilometres 62 located is which , Park Industrial to gateway the become Bintulu , 2008 in ) SCORE ( Energy Renewable of Corridor Sarawak of establishment the Since . 1983 January 1 on operation starting , Tanjung at established was Authority Port Bintulu the , 1981 August 15 On . area the in investment industrial promote to and development infrastructure for government state Sarawak the by established was ) BDA ( Authority Development Bintulu the , 1978 July 8 On . Bintulu at processing ) LNG ( Gas Natural Liquefied for company gas and oil national Malaysian a , Petronas by established was ) Satu ( Bhd Sdn LNG Malaysia , 1978 June 14 On . port water @-@ deep a for site suitable a be to found was Tanjung and , 1975 in done was study feasibility a , this Following . 1969 in Bintulu of coast the off discovered were gas natural of reserves Large "," Large reserves of natural gas were discovered off the coast of Bintulu in 1969 . Following this , a feasibility study was done in 1975 , and Tanjung was found to be a suitable site for a deep @-@ water port . On 14 June 1978 , Malaysia LNG Sdn Bhd ( Satu ) was established by Petronas , a Malaysian national oil and gas company for Liquefied Natural Gas ( LNG ) processing at Bintulu . On 8 July 1978 , the Bintulu Development Authority ( BDA ) was established by the Sarawak state government for infrastructure development and to promote industrial investment in the area . On 15 August 1981 , the Bintulu Port Authority was established at Tanjung , starting operation on 1 January 1983 . Since the establishment of Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy ( SCORE ) in 2008 , Bintulu become the gateway to Industrial Park , which is located 62 kilometres ( 39 mi ) away from Bintulu . The industrial park is a centre of heavy , energy @-@ intensive industry . Among the companies that started their operations in the industrial park are Tokuyama Malaysia Sdn Bhd , Press Metal Bintulu Sdn Bhd , and OM Materials Sdn Bhd . " " . 2013 to 2011 from increase price % 20 a shown has properties Residential . Mall Shopping Square Time and , Centre Commercial , terraced , houses terraced storeyed @-@ double as such properties commercial and residential of number the in rise the saw also Bintulu . 2020 year the by status squatters zero achieve to planned government state The . squatters the relocate to government state Sarawak and BDA by initiated were projects housing cost @-@ low several , issue the address To . Sungai and estate Industrial around , housing affordable find to inability to due Bintulu in areas squatter several started have residents new , 2007 Since . town the in availability job greater of because Bintulu in significant is migration urban – Rural "," Rural – urban migration is significant in Bintulu because of greater job availability in the town . Since 2007 , new residents have started several squatter areas in Bintulu due to inability to find affordable housing , around Industrial estate and Sungai . To address the issue , several low @-@ cost housing projects were initiated by BDA and Sarawak state government to relocate the squatters . The state government planned to achieve zero squatters status by the year 2020 . Bintulu also saw the rise in the number of residential and commercial properties such as double @-@ storeyed terraced houses , terraced , Commercial Centre , and Time Square Shopping Mall . Residential properties has shown a 20 % price increase from 2011 to 2013 . " " . Assembly Legislative State Sarawak the in – and , ) Samalaju and Batu Tanjung namely assembly state two by split was later ( , – seats assembly state three by represented also is town The . Malaysia of Parliament the in ) 217 P. ( seat parliamentary Bintulu by represented is Bintulu "," Bintulu is represented by Bintulu parliamentary seat ( P. 217 ) in the Parliament of Malaysia . The town is also represented by three state assembly seats – , ( later was split by two state assembly namely Tanjung Batu and Samalaju ) , and – in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly . " " . Bintulu , Street Pisang , Wisma inside located are offices District and Resident Bintulu the Both . District Bintulu day @-@ present the to upgraded was district @-@ sub Bintulu , time same the At . 1987 January 1 on Division Bintulu to upgraded was District Bintulu former The . Division Miri of jurisdiction the under District Bintulu a formerly was Division Bintulu . ) mi sq 81 @.@ 787 @,@ 2 ( kilometres square 40 @.@ 220 @,@ 7 of area total a and 402 @,@ 183 of population a with , District Bintulu of boundary the within located is town The . Tanjung Jalan along located offices with , ) BDA ( Authority Development Bintulu the by administered been has Bintulu of town the 1978 Since "," Since 1978 the town of Bintulu has been administered by the Bintulu Development Authority ( BDA ) , with offices located along Jalan Tanjung . The town is located within the boundary of Bintulu District , with a population of 183 @,@ 402 and a total area of 7 @,@ 220 @.@ 40 square kilometres ( 2 @,@ 787 @.@ 81 sq mi ) . Bintulu Division was formerly a Bintulu District under the jurisdiction of Miri Division . The former Bintulu District was upgraded to Bintulu Division on 1 January 1987 . At the same time , Bintulu sub @-@ district was upgraded to the present @-@ day Bintulu District . Both the Bintulu Resident and District offices are located inside Wisma , Pisang Street , Bintulu . " " . soft generally is soil The . sandstone and , siltstone , limestone contains which , area inland the in found is period Oligocene the from formation Geological . here found be can gravel and , clay , silt ; period Pleistocene the during formed was area coastal the of Geology . Sarawak central of region coastal the in , River the of mouth the near located is Bintulu . Miri of southwest ) mi 120 ( kilometres 200 and , Sibu of northeast ) mi 134 ( kilometres 216 Kuching of northeast ) mi 380 ( kilometres 610 located is Bintulu "," Bintulu is located 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northeast of Kuching 216 kilometres ( 134 mi ) northeast of Sibu , and 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) southwest of Miri . Bintulu is located near the mouth of the River , in the coastal region of central Sarawak . Geology of the coastal area was formed during the Pleistocene period ; silt , clay , and gravel can be found here . Geological formation from the Oligocene period is found in the inland area , which contains limestone , siltstone , and sandstone . The soil is generally soft . " " . % 85 is humidity relative 's Bintulu . year the throughout radiation of m2 / 15 to 14 average on receives Bintulu . hours 5 @.@ 5 to 0 @.@ 5 about is Bintulu at sunshine of hours daily mean The . annually ) in 148 ( mm 750 @,@ 3 about is region Bintulu the of rainfall annual The . areas inland the in distributed evenly more is Rainfall . August to June period the from occurs rainfall minimal while , January of month the in occurs rainfall maximum , region coastal the In . period transitional the as known is two these between period calm The . ) September to May ( southwest the and ) March to November ( northeast the : Bintulu the in seasons monsoon two are There "," There are two monsoon seasons in the Bintulu : the northeast ( November to March ) and the southwest ( May to September ) . The calm period between these two is known as the transitional period . In the coastal region , maximum rainfall occurs in the month of January , while minimal rainfall occurs from the period June to August . Rainfall is more evenly distributed in the inland areas . The annual rainfall of the Bintulu region is about 3 @,@ 750 mm ( 148 in ) annually . The mean daily hours of sunshine at Bintulu is about 5 @.@ 0 to 5 @.@ 5 hours . Bintulu receives on average 14 to 15 / m2 of radiation throughout the year . Bintulu 's relative humidity is 85 % . " " : below shown is population 's Bintulu of growth The "," The growth of Bintulu 's population is shown below : " " . country home their to back immigrants illegal deport to operations several performed has department immigration Bintulu . 2009 in 000 @,@ 50 reached have may number The . Bintulu in immigrants illegal of number the in rise a caused have labour cheap seek who businessmen . town the in activities gangster on down cracking been have police Bintulu . cylinders gas and fertiliser , eggs , diesel of prices the controlling , logging illegal to related businesses run have may gangsters The . Bintulu for ) MP ( parliament of member the by 2007 in raised first was Bintulu in gangsters of issue The "," The issue of gangsters in Bintulu was first raised in 2007 by the member of parliament ( MP ) for Bintulu . The gangsters may have run businesses related to illegal logging , controlling the prices of diesel , eggs , fertiliser and gas cylinders . Bintulu police have been cracking down on gangster activities in the town . businessmen who seek cheap labour have caused a rise in the number of illegal immigrants in Bintulu . The number may have reached 50 @,@ 000 in 2009 . Bintulu immigration department has performed several operations to deport illegal immigrants back to their home country . " " . Indonesia and , States United the , China , Japan , Zealand New , Africa South , Germany , Netherlands the , Australia , Britain from come them of Most . there working foreigners of number large a also is There . Bintulu in businesses plantation and timber the dominating , in moved Sibu from Chinese Fuzhou , Later . Empire Bruneian of era the since of town the in living been have Chinese The . Teochews and , Fuzhou , Hakka as such groups dialect of composed mainly are Bintulu in Chinese The . and , Kenyah , Kayan are minority the form that tribes indigenous Other . government Brooke the of permission with century 20th early and 19th @-@ mid the in basins and into moved Ibans The . District Bintulu the in longhouses Iban 229 are there , sources government to According . ) 068 @,@ 6 ( tribes indigenous other and , ) 598 @,@ 1 ( Bidayuh , ) 179 @,@ 14 ( Melanau , ) 945 @,@ 14 ( Malay , ) 992 @,@ 32 ( Iban are there , groups indigenous the Among . ) 319 , % 28 @.@ 0 ( Indians and , ) 939 @,@ 14 , % 1 @.@ 13 ( Malaysians @-@ Non , ) 512 @,@ 28 , % 0 @.@ 25 ( Chinese by followed , ) 782 @,@ 69 , % 2 @.@ 61 ( population town the of proportion largest the for accounted people Indigenous . 058 @,@ 114 is Bintulu of town the of population the , census Malaysian 2010 the of As "," As of the 2010 Malaysian census , the population of the town of Bintulu is 114 @,@ 058 . Indigenous people accounted for the largest proportion of the town population ( 61 @.@ 2 % , 69 @,@ 782 ) , followed by Chinese ( 25 @.@ 0 % , 28 @,@ 512 ) , Non @-@ Malaysians ( 13 @.@ 1 % , 14 @,@ 939 ) , and Indians ( 0 @.@ 28 % , 319 ) . Among the indigenous groups , there are Iban ( 32 @,@ 992 ) , Malay ( 14 @,@ 945 ) , Melanau ( 14 @,@ 179 ) , Bidayuh ( 1 @,@ 598 ) , and other indigenous tribes ( 6 @,@ 068 ) . According to government sources , there are 229 Iban longhouses in the Bintulu District . The Ibans moved into and basins in the mid @-@ 19th and early 20th century with permission of the Brooke government . Other indigenous tribes that form the minority are Kayan , Kenyah , and . The Chinese in Bintulu are mainly composed of dialect groups such as Hakka , Fuzhou , and Teochews . The Chinese have been living in the town of since the era of Bruneian Empire . Later , Fuzhou Chinese from Sibu moved in , dominating the timber and plantation businesses in Bintulu . There is also a large number of foreigners working there . Most of them come from Britain , Australia , the Netherlands , Germany , South Africa , New Zealand , Japan , China , the United States , and Indonesia . " " . community small a in language the of usage isolated the of because Sarawak in languages endangered the of one as classified is Bintulu . Malay is language main their where , group ethnic Melanau the of part as recognised now are speakers These . speakers native 200 @,@ 4 with , River the along living communities by spoken is Bintulu . Bintulu in Chinese ethnic by spoken also is Chinese Standard . groups ethnic respective the by spoken are dialects Chinese and languages ethnic Local . there spoken widely is English ; Sarawak of language official the is Malay While "," While Malay is the official language of Sarawak ; English is widely spoken there . Local ethnic languages and Chinese dialects are spoken by the respective ethnic groups . Standard Chinese is also spoken by ethnic Chinese in Bintulu . Bintulu is spoken by communities living along the River , with 4 @,@ 200 native speakers . These speakers are now recognised as part of the Melanau ethnic group , where their main language is Malay . Bintulu is classified as one of the endangered languages in Sarawak because of the isolated usage of the language in a small community . " " . town the in processions hold to free are groups religious respective The . Church Thomas St. and , Church Methodist Kwang Eng , Temple Kong Pek Tua , Masjid , ) Masjid ( Mosque Bintulu the are Bintulu in worship of places notable the Among . Hinduism and , Buddhism , Islam by followed ; dynasty Brooke the during operating missionaries Christian to due denominations Christian of adherents are population Bintulu the of majority The "," The majority of the Bintulu population are adherents of Christian denominations due to Christian missionaries operating during the Brooke dynasty ; followed by Islam , Buddhism , and Hinduism . Among the notable places of worship in Bintulu are the Bintulu Mosque ( Masjid ) , Masjid , Tua Pek Kong Temple , Eng Kwang Methodist Church , and St. Thomas Church . The respective religious groups are free to hold processions in the town . " " . ) industry light ( Estate Industrial Light Bintulu and , ) industries light and medium ( Estate Industrial Light , ) industries light and medium for ( Area Industrial , ) industries based @-@ wood ( Estate Industries , ) industries based @-@ wood for ( Estate Industrial : are They . Bintulu in estates industrial five are There "," There are five industrial estates in Bintulu . They are : Industrial Estate ( for wood @-@ based industries ) , Industries Estate ( wood @-@ based industries ) , Industrial Area ( for medium and light industries ) , Light Industrial Estate ( medium and light industries ) , and Bintulu Light Industrial Estate ( light industry ) . " " . ) % 9 ( China and , ) % 12 ( Taiwan , ) % 17 ( Korea , ) % 62 ( Japan are productions LNG Malaysia of importers largest The . Bintulu of coast the off Luconia Central at found is gas natural Malaysian of % 45 , Currently . "" Pipeline Gas Sarawak Sabah "" the as known pipeline ) mi 318 ( kilometre @-@ 512 a by facilitated is Bintulu at complex LNG the to , Sabah , of state the from gas natural of Transportation . fields gas isolated and small from gas natural harvest to specifically used is which , Bintulu offshore ) ( LNG Floating open to planning also is Petronas . annum per tonnes million 7 @.@ 25 of capacity production a has complex manufacturing The . Petronas , company gas and oil national Malaysian the by built was complex The . construction under currently one ninth a with trains LNG eight contains currently that Bintulu in located complex manufacturing ) LNG ( Gas Natural Liquefied a is LNG Malaysia "," Malaysia LNG is a Liquefied Natural Gas ( LNG ) manufacturing complex located in Bintulu that currently contains eight LNG trains with a ninth one currently under construction . The complex was built by the Malaysian national oil and gas company , Petronas . The manufacturing complex has a production capacity of 25 @.@ 7 million tonnes per annum . Petronas is also planning to open Floating LNG ( ) offshore Bintulu , which is used specifically to harvest natural gas from small and isolated gas fields . Transportation of natural gas from the state of , Sabah , to the LNG complex at Bintulu is facilitated by a 512 @-@ kilometre ( 318 mi ) pipeline known as the "" Sabah Sarawak Gas Pipeline "" . Currently , 45 % of Malaysian natural gas is found at Central Luconia off the coast of Bintulu . The largest importers of Malaysia LNG productions are Japan ( 62 % ) , Korea ( 17 % ) , Taiwan ( 12 % ) , and China ( 9 % ) . " " . Sarawak from coming staff the of % 80 with , Malaysians are % 93 whom of , people 380 with staffed is plant The . 2010 year the of as billion 1 $ US over of investment total a with day per barrels 770 @,@ 14 of capacity production a has plant The . ) GTL Bintulu ( plant Liquid @-@ To @-@ Gas Bintulu as known also is It . 1993 in ) MDS Shell ( plant Synthesis Middle Shell first 's world the establish to started Shell Dutch Royal . Facilities Sales Gas and , Stabilisation , Operations Oil Crude : operation of areas major three has It . barrels 000 @,@ 410 of capacity a with each , tanks storage oil crude three of consists It . 1979 in established was , ) ( Terminal Oil Crude Bintulu as known formerly , ) ( Plant Bintulu Shell Sarawak The "," The Sarawak Shell Bintulu Plant ( ) , formerly known as Bintulu Crude Oil Terminal ( ) , was established in 1979 . It consists of three crude oil storage tanks , each with a capacity of 410 @,@ 000 barrels . It has three major areas of operation : Crude Oil Operations , Stabilisation , and Gas Sales Facilities . Royal Dutch Shell started to establish the world 's first Shell Middle Synthesis plant ( Shell MDS ) in 1993 . It is also known as Bintulu Gas @-@ To @-@ Liquid plant ( Bintulu GTL ) . The plant has a production capacity of 14 @,@ 770 barrels per day with a total investment of over US $ 1 billion as of the year 2010 . The plant is staffed with 380 people , of whom 93 % are Malaysians , with 80 % of the staff coming from Sarawak . " " . plantations pepper of ) ) mi sq 3 ( km2 15 @.@ 8 ( hectares 815 and , Rattan of ) ) mi sq 77 ( km2 200 ( hectares 000 @,@ 2 , palm oil of ) ) mi sq 223 ( km2 4 @.@ 577 ( hectares 740 @,@ 57 are there , Currently . Division Bintulu of areas rural in developed been has cocoa and palm oil of plantations scale @-@ large , 1970s the in road Miri – Bintulu the of up opening the Since "," Since the opening up of the Bintulu – Miri road in the 1970s , large @-@ scale plantations of oil palm and cocoa has been developed in rural areas of Bintulu Division . Currently , there are 57 @,@ 740 hectares ( 577 @.@ 4 km2 ( 223 sq mi ) ) of oil palm , 2 @,@ 000 hectares ( 200 km2 ( 77 sq mi ) ) of Rattan , and 815 hectares ( 8 @.@ 15 km2 ( 3 sq mi ) ) of pepper plantations . " " . concerns environmental of because Sarawak in swamps peat and forests cleared from produced oil palm raw buys longer no , 2015 of as , However . Bhd Palm Oil Sarawak and , Bhd Sdn Refinery Oil Palm Kirana , Bhd Sdn Oil Edible Austral Darby Sime , ) International of subsidiary a , Group under operated ( Bhd Sdn Oils Edible Bintulu : refineries oil palm four has currently Bintulu . 1991 June in established was , Bhd Sdn Oil Edible Bintulu , refinery oil palm Bintulu first The "," The first Bintulu palm oil refinery , Bintulu Edible Oil Sdn Bhd , was established in June 1991 . Bintulu currently has four palm oil refineries : Bintulu Edible Oils Sdn Bhd ( operated under Group , a subsidiary of International ) , Sime Darby Austral Edible Oil Sdn Bhd , Kirana Palm Oil Refinery Sdn Bhd , and Sarawak Oil Palm Bhd . However , as of 2015 , no longer buys raw palm oil produced from cleared forests and peat swamps in Sarawak because of environmental concerns . " " . 2011 to 2009 from losses financial suffering been has company the , However . years 60 for forests replant to license a granted been has , government state Sarawak the by owned wholly company a , Bhd Sdn Forest Planted Sarawak . trees rubber and , eucalyptus , , durian , , are plantations for planned are that trees Other . trees acacia with planted been has ) ) mi sq 481 ( km2 18 @.@ 246 @,@ 1 ( hectares 618 @,@ 124 of total a , 2011 June 30 of As . 1998 since government state Sarawak the by ) ( Zone Forests Planted a as designated been has Division Bintulu The "," The Bintulu Division has been designated as a Planted Forests Zone ( ) by the Sarawak state government since 1998 . As of 30 June 2011 , a total of 124 @,@ 618 hectares ( 1 @,@ 246 @.@ 18 km2 ( 481 sq mi ) ) has been planted with acacia trees . Other trees that are planned for plantations are , , durian , , eucalyptus , and rubber trees . Sarawak Planted Forest Sdn Bhd , a company wholly owned by the Sarawak state government , has been granted a license to replant forests for 60 years . However , the company has been suffering financial losses from 2009 to 2011 . " " . plant ) ( Fertiliser Bintulu ASEAN supply to produced also is . Estate Industrial at manufacturing chipboard and plywood for resin formaldehyde phenol and resin formaldehyde urea produces It . Bhd Sdn Chemicals & Bintulu by owned is Bintulu in factory adhesive / glue A . Bhd Sdn Cipta by operated is plant The . 1994 February 15 on founded was which , Bhd Sdn Sarawak by operated are Bintulu in plants MDF . products panel wood the of cost production total the of % 20 constituted , together dust wood hold to required are which , resins Synthetic . River Rajang the of mouth the at located zone processing timber Manis Tanjung the from occasionally and area Bintulu the in mills plywood and sawmills from purchased waste wood utilise plants MDF . year per ) ft cu 000 @,@ 700 @,@ 8 ( metres cubic 000 @,@ 246 of capacity installed total a with , plant charcoal a is third the and plants ) MDF ( fibreboard density @-@ Medium are Two . products waste @-@ wood process that Bintulu in mills three are There "," There are three mills in Bintulu that process wood @-@ waste products . Two are Medium @-@ density fibreboard ( MDF ) plants and the third is a charcoal plant , with a total installed capacity of 246 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 8 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 cu ft ) per year . MDF plants utilise wood waste purchased from sawmills and plywood mills in the Bintulu area and occasionally from the Tanjung Manis timber processing zone located at the mouth of the Rajang River . Synthetic resins , which are required to hold wood dust together , constituted 20 % of the total production cost of the wood panel products . MDF plants in Bintulu are operated by Sarawak Sdn Bhd , which was founded on 15 February 1994 . The plant is operated by Cipta Sdn Bhd . A glue / adhesive factory in Bintulu is owned by Bintulu & Chemicals Sdn Bhd . It produces urea formaldehyde resin and phenol formaldehyde resin for plywood and chipboard manufacturing at Industrial Estate . is also produced to supply ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser ( ) plant . " " . Sarawak in port busiest the is Port Bintulu . year per million 3 @.@ 552 RM of revenue total a generated it , 2014 December 31 of As . products LNG @-@ non % 42 and LNG % 58 of consisting , tonnes million 4 @.@ 45 is throughput cargo total annual The . vessels shipping to service traffic Vessel provides also port The . ) ( Terminal Container International Bintulu the at handling cargo for responsible is , Meanwhile . port the of security and exercises regulatory for responsible currently is BPA . 1993 January 1 on operation commenced and 1992 December 23 on founded was ) ( Bhd Sdn Port Bintulu , exercise privatisation a Following . Tanjung at 1983 in operation port started It . 1981 in established was Authority Port Bintulu The "," The Bintulu Port Authority was established in 1981 . It started port operation in 1983 at Tanjung . Following a privatisation exercise , Bintulu Port Sdn Bhd ( ) was founded on 23 December 1992 and commenced operation on 1 January 1993 . BPA is currently responsible for regulatory exercises and security of the port . Meanwhile , is responsible for cargo handling at the Bintulu International Container Terminal ( ) . The port also provides Vessel traffic service to shipping vessels . The annual total cargo throughput is 45 @.@ 4 million tonnes , consisting of 58 % LNG and 42 % non @-@ LNG products . As of 31 December 2014 , it generated a total revenue of RM 552 @.@ 3 million per year . Bintulu Port is the busiest port in Sarawak . " " . ) % 1 ( Singapore and , ) % 5 @.@ 9 ( Philippines the , ) % 13 ( Indonesia , ) % 13 ( Thailand , ) shares % 5 @.@ 63 ( Malaysia : countries ASEAN five by venture joint a is It . Asia in plants urea granular largest the of one also is It . 1985 October 1 on operation started plant The . 1980 December 6 on formed was company The . Petronas by owned partly is which , ) ( Bhd Sdn Fertiliser Bintulu ASEAN by operated plant granular and ammonia anhydrous the is plant Fertiliser Bintulu ASEAN The "," The ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser plant is the anhydrous ammonia and granular plant operated by ASEAN Bintulu Fertiliser Sdn Bhd ( ) , which is partly owned by Petronas . The company was formed on 6 December 1980 . The plant started operation on 1 October 1985 . It is also one of the largest granular urea plants in Asia . It is a joint venture by five ASEAN countries : Malaysia ( 63 @.@ 5 % shares ) , Thailand ( 13 % ) , Indonesia ( 13 % ) , the Philippines ( 9 @.@ 5 % ) , and Singapore ( 1 % ) . " " . ) tonnes million ( MT million 75 @.@ 2 of capacity production combined a has currently It . cement furnace blast Portland and cement Portland ordinary produces , people 40 by manned , plant The . Estate Industrial at Bintulu in plant cement a up set , Sarawak in companies traded publicly largest the of one , ) ( Berhad Sarawak Mata "," Mata Sarawak Berhad ( ) , one of the largest publicly traded companies in Sarawak , set up a cement plant in Bintulu at Industrial Estate . The plant , manned by 40 people , produces ordinary Portland cement and Portland blast furnace cement . It currently has a combined production capacity of 2 @.@ 75 million MT ( million tonnes ) . " " . Energy Sarawak of subsidiary owned wholly a , ) SPG ( Bhd Sdn Generation Power Sarawak by operated currently , Malaysia in plant power CDM first the is It . emissions gas house green reduce and energy of use efficient ensure to built is plant The . 2010 September 18 of as scheme ) CDM ( Management Development Clean Nations United the under registered is plant power The . megawatts 317 of capacity a with 2010 early in started was plant power cycle combined Bintulu The "," The Bintulu combined cycle power plant was started in early 2010 with a capacity of 317 megawatts . The power plant is registered under the United Nations Clean Development Management ( CDM ) scheme as of 18 September 2010 . The plant is built to ensure efficient use of energy and reduce green house gas emissions . It is the first CDM power plant in Malaysia , currently operated by Sarawak Power Generation Sdn Bhd ( SPG ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of Sarawak Energy . " " . Keppel Henry Sir , Brooke James of friend a after named is Bintulu in Road Keppel . method launch incremental the using built Malaysia in bridge second the is It . River the crosses Bridge . Park Industrial Samalaju and Mukah to connected also is Bintulu . Highway Borneo Pan the by Sibu and Miri to connected is Bintulu . ) BDA ( Authority Development Bintulu the by maintained are Bintulu in roads All "," All roads in Bintulu are maintained by the Bintulu Development Authority ( BDA ) . Bintulu is connected to Miri and Sibu by the Pan Borneo Highway . Bintulu is also connected to Mukah and Samalaju Industrial Park . Bridge crosses the River . It is the second bridge in Malaysia built using the incremental launch method . Keppel Road in Bintulu is named after a friend of James Brooke , Sir Henry Keppel . " " . available also is service Taxi . area town the serve that buses also are There . lines bus Suria and , , MTC , Bhd . Sdn Baram the are station the serve that companies bus The . Indonesia , Pontianak and , , , Oya , Sarikei , Mukah , Kuching , Sibu , Miri : are station bus the by served areas the Among . centre town the of northeast ) mi 3 ( km 5 , Jaya Medan at located , station bus distance @-@ long a has Bintulu "," Bintulu has a long @-@ distance bus station , located at Medan Jaya , 5 km ( 3 mi ) northeast of the town centre . Among the areas served by the bus station are : Miri , Sibu , Kuching , Mukah , Sarikei , Oya , , , and Pontianak , Indonesia . The bus companies that serve the station are the Baram Sdn . Bhd , MTC , , and Suria bus lines . There are also buses that serve the town area . Taxi service is also available . " " . Kinabalu Kota and , Lumpur Kuala , Kuching , Miri , Sibu : as such destinations domestic to connecting , MASwings and , Asia Air , ) MAS ( Airlines Malaysia : airlines major three serves currently airport The . A330 Airbus the as large as planes handling of capable , ) ft 006 @,@ 9 ( m 745 @,@ 2 measuring runway a has airport new The . Festival Kite International Bintulu for reserved is runaway the while projects residential and commercial into developed were airport old the of surroundings The . centre town the from away ) mi 14 ( km 23 located is which , airport new a by replaced was airport the , 2002 December 19 On . town to airport nearest of Record World Guinness the held once It . centre town the in 1955 in built was airport Bintulu old The "," The old Bintulu airport was built in 1955 in the town centre . It once held the Guinness World Record of nearest airport to town . On 19 December 2002 , the airport was replaced by a new airport , which is located 23 km ( 14 mi ) away from the town centre . The surroundings of the old airport were developed into commercial and residential projects while the runaway is reserved for Bintulu International Kite Festival . The new airport has a runway measuring 2 @,@ 745 m ( 9 @,@ 006 ft ) , capable of handling planes as large as the Airbus A330 . The airport currently serves three major airlines : Malaysia Airlines ( MAS ) , Air Asia , and MASwings , connecting to domestic destinations such as : Sibu , Miri , Kuching , Kuala Lumpur , and Kota Kinabalu . " " . and , , , Pandan , : are Bintulu from boat express by reached be can that destinations the Among . Division Bintulu of areas rural the serves that Bintulu at terminal wharf a is There "," There is a wharf terminal at Bintulu that serves the rural areas of Bintulu Division . Among the destinations that can be reached by express boat from Bintulu are : , Pandan , , , and . " " . centre correctional a as doubles which , Bintulu in prison central a also is There . and , , Tanjung at located stations police other with , Road Onn Hussein Tun at located is station police central Bintulu The . districts and District Bintulu covers jurisdiction of area whose , Tanjung at located , Court Subordinate Syariah has also Bintulu . Court Magistrate the and , Court Sessions the , Court High the comprises It . Road Emas Pisang at located is complex court current The "," The current court complex is located at Pisang Emas Road . It comprises the High Court , the Sessions Court , and the Magistrate Court . Bintulu also has Syariah Subordinate Court , located at Tanjung , whose area of jurisdiction covers Bintulu District and districts . The Bintulu central police station is located at Tun Hussein Onn Road , with other police stations located at Tanjung , , and . There is also a central prison in Bintulu , which doubles as a correctional centre . " " . Centre Medical Bintulu and Hospital Asia Columbia : Bintulu in hospitals private two are There . Bintulu Polyclinic , polyclinic one has also Bintulu . disciplines medical seven in services speciality provides hospital the , 2011 of As . beds 200 with equipped now is hospital the , 2000 May 21 on completed renovations Following . centre town the from ) mi 5 @.@ 7 ( km 12 , Road at located is It . 1968 in operation started Hospital Bintulu "," Bintulu Hospital started operation in 1968 . It is located at Road , 12 km ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from the town centre . Following renovations completed on 21 May 2000 , the hospital is now equipped with 200 beds . As of 2011 , the hospital provides speciality services in seven medical disciplines . Bintulu also has one polyclinic , Polyclinic Bintulu . There are two private hospitals in Bintulu : Columbia Asia Hospital and Bintulu Medical Centre . " " . subjects other for ) IPC ( Curriculum Primary International and numeracy and literacy for ) ENC ( Curriculum National English provides school The . children ' employees Shell of needs education primary the meet to 1982 in School International the established Company Oil Shell The . ) ( School Middle Dee Kai , school independent Chinese one has also Bintulu . town the in school secondary oldest the , Bintulu SMK as known now is It . 1964 in built was School Secondary Government Bintulu The . 1960s early the in established were which , School Primary Mohammad Kaya Orang the and , School Primary Hua Chung , ) School Mission Catholic Roman ( School Primary 's Anthony St are Miri in schools primary oldest The . Office Education District Bintulu the by managed are System Education National the under schools the All . Bintulu in schools secondary eight and primary 50 about are There "," There are about 50 primary and eight secondary schools in Bintulu . All the schools under the National Education System are managed by the Bintulu District Education Office . The oldest primary schools in Miri are St Anthony 's Primary School ( Roman Catholic Mission School ) , Chung Hua Primary School , and the Orang Kaya Mohammad Primary School , which were established in the early 1960s . The Bintulu Government Secondary School was built in 1964 . It is now known as SMK Bintulu , the oldest secondary school in the town . Bintulu also has one Chinese independent school , Kai Dee Middle School ( ) . The Shell Oil Company established the International School in 1982 to meet the primary education needs of Shell employees ' children . The school provides English National Curriculum ( ENC ) for literacy and numeracy and International Primary Curriculum ( IPC ) for other subjects . " " . engineering and , language , technology information , business in courses offers , 1999 November in established , College . rankings University World @-@ UI the in 41st ranked was UPM 2015 In . departments academic five of consisting , Sciences Food and Agriculture of Faculty the , faculty one only has currently campus branch This . students 200 @,@ 2 to up accommodate can which , ) acres 767 @,@ 1 ( ha 715 occupying , centre town the from away ) mi 8 ( km 13 located currently is campus UPM The . ) Campus Institute Training ' Teachers Razak Abdul Tun ( Razak Abdul Tun Kampus Guru Pendidikan Institut as Samarahan Kota to moved was it when 1999 July to 1994 from ) College Training ' Teachers Science Bintulu ( Bintulu Sains Maktab for site the as used was campus the , closure of period this During . ) UPM ( Malaysia Putra Universiti as 2001 in reopening before 1992 in down closed was campus The . ) UPM ( Malaysia Universiti the of campus branch a as 1987 in Bintulu to relocated was it , Sarawak in campus oldest The . 1974 in , Kuching , Centre Training Resource National the as started was Campus Sarawak Bintulu UPM "," UPM Bintulu Sarawak Campus was started as the National Resource Training Centre , Kuching , in 1974 . The oldest campus in Sarawak , it was relocated to Bintulu in 1987 as a branch campus of the Universiti Malaysia ( UPM ) . The campus was closed down in 1992 before reopening in 2001 as Universiti Putra Malaysia ( UPM ) . During this period of closure , the campus was used as the site for Maktab Sains Bintulu ( Bintulu Science Teachers ' Training College ) from 1994 to July 1999 when it was moved to Kota Samarahan as Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Tun Abdul Razak ( Tun Abdul Razak Teachers ' Training Institute Campus ) . The UPM campus is currently located 13 km ( 8 mi ) away from the town centre , occupying 715 ha ( 1 @,@ 767 acres ) , which can accommodate up to 2 @,@ 200 students . This branch campus currently has only one faculty , the Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences , consisting of five academic departments . In 2015 UPM was ranked 41st in the UI @-@ World University rankings . College , established in November 1999 , offers courses in business , information technology , language , and engineering . " " . difficulties financial to due 2012 in closed was , Sarawak in academy flying only and first the , ) ( Academy Flying International Golden Gulf . fashion and , commerce , engineering civil and mechanical , automotive : are offered courses the Among . students 900 of capacity maximum a with 1982 in built was school The . land of ) acres 49 ( ha 20 occupying , Tanjung near , town the from away ) mi 9 ( km 15 located school technical a also is There "," There is also a technical school located 15 km ( 9 mi ) away from the town , near Tanjung , occupying 20 ha ( 49 acres ) of land . The school was built in 1982 with a maximum capacity of 900 students . Among the courses offered are : automotive , mechanical and civil engineering , commerce , and fashion . Gulf Golden International Flying Academy ( ) , the first and only flying academy in Sarawak , was closed in 2012 due to financial difficulties . " " . and , , at : branches three has library public The . town the from ) mi 2 @.@ 1 ( km 2 is which , Centre Civic Bintulu the near built was library public ) BDA ( Authority Development Bintulu the , 2000 May 29 On . building BDC former the into moved were library the from Books . parks car for way make to demolished was library the 1988 In . ) BDC ( Council District Bintulu by 1971 in built was Bintulu in library public first The "," The first public library in Bintulu was built in 1971 by Bintulu District Council ( BDC ) . In 1988 the library was demolished to make way for car parks . Books from the library were moved into the former BDC building . On 29 May 2000 , the Bintulu Development Authority ( BDA ) public library was built near the Bintulu Civic Centre , which is 2 km ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the town . The public library has three branches : at , , and . " " . September in days five to four for lasts usually It . runway airport Bintulu old the at 2005 since yearly held been has Festival Kite International Borneo The . flowers with planted landscape a and , fountain a , waterfall made @-@ man a has , "" God to "" meaning , mosque . fencing dragon and , waterfall made @-@ man , courtyard garden rock a with design structural a has It . Iskandar Sultan Jalan at located is temple Tong Yin Kuan . ) cover food of type a ( and , ) headgear Melanau ( Terendak , ) shrimp salted ( , of manufacturing the and , drying fish , processing are village this in activities daily the Among . River near located Bintulu in village fishing Melanau a is ) village ( Kampung "," Kampung ( village ) is a Melanau fishing village in Bintulu located near River . Among the daily activities in this village are processing , fish drying , and the manufacturing of , ( salted shrimp ) , Terendak ( Melanau headgear ) , and ( a type of food cover ) . Kuan Yin Tong temple is located at Jalan Sultan Iskandar . It has a structural design with a rock garden courtyard , man @-@ made waterfall , and dragon fencing . mosque , meaning "" to God "" , has a man @-@ made waterfall , a fountain , and a landscape planted with flowers . The Borneo International Kite Festival has been held yearly since 2005 at the old Bintulu airport runway . It usually lasts for four to five days in September . " " . offshore reserves gas and oil of discovery the after rebuilt was and , II War World survived temple The . spirits evil from town the purge to 1890s the in built been have to believed is ) Bintulu Tamu near ( temple Kong Pek Tua Bintulu The . tower clock the under kept is event the commemorate to 1967 in erected was that stone centenary A . Monument Negri Council at erected were fountain a and tower clock a 1987 In "," In 1987 a clock tower and a fountain were erected at Council Negri Monument . A centenary stone that was erected in 1967 to commemorate the event is kept under the clock tower . The Bintulu Tua Pek Kong temple ( near Tamu Bintulu ) is believed to have been built in the 1890s to purge the town from evil spirits . The temple survived World War II , and was rebuilt after the discovery of oil and gas reserves offshore . " " . Park National Niah and Park National Hills Lambir the are road Bintulu – Miri the along accessed be can that parks national Other . forests and , streams jungle , headlands rocky , beaches sandy with ) mi sq 35 ( km2 96 @.@ 89 ( ) acres 230 @,@ 22 ( ha 996 @,@ 8 of area an covering , 1976 in gazetted was park The . town the of northeast ) mi 19 ( km 30 located is Park National "," National Park is located 30 km ( 19 mi ) northeast of the town . The park was gazetted in 1976 , covering an area of 8 @,@ 996 ha ( 22 @,@ 230 acres ) ( 89 @.@ 96 km2 ( 35 sq mi ) with sandy beaches , rocky headlands , jungle streams , and forests . Other national parks that can be accessed along the Miri – Bintulu road are the Lambir Hills National Park and Niah National Park . " " . zoo @-@ mini a and , garden butterfly a , aviary hornbill a has park The . centre town the from ) mi 5 @.@ 2 ( km 4 located is ) Park ( Taman , Meanwhile . centre town the from ) mi 9 @.@ 1 ( km 3 located is ) beach ( beach Batu Tanjung "," Tanjung Batu beach ( beach ) is located 3 km ( 1 @.@ 9 mi ) from the town centre . Meanwhile , Taman ( Park ) is located 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the town centre . The park has a hornbill aviary , a butterfly garden , and a mini @-@ zoo . " " . Bintulu at course golf hole @-@ 18 an also is There . views sunset offering points observation the has It . point focal its as mouth River the with coastline Bintulu the along walkway ) mi 2 ( kilometre @-@ 3 a is Promenade Bintulu . nightfall after shortly facilities gas and oil Bintulu the of view a offers It . Tanjung at located tower observation an is Tower "," Tower is an observation tower located at Tanjung . It offers a view of the Bintulu oil and gas facilities shortly after nightfall . Bintulu Promenade is a 3 @-@ kilometre ( 2 mi ) walkway along the Bintulu coastline with the River mouth as its focal point . It has the observation points offering sunset views . There is also an 18 @-@ hole golf course at Bintulu . " " . tenant anchor the as with , Bintulu in development under currently is Mall Square Time . Mart @-@ MDS and , Supermarkets Kwong Sing , complex shopping Farley , Stores Departmental Kee , Point City , Mall : Bintulu in malls shopping several are There "," There are several shopping malls in Bintulu : Mall , City Point , Kee Departmental Stores , Farley shopping complex , Sing Kwong Supermarkets , and MDS @-@ Mart . Time Square Mall is currently under development in Bintulu , with as the anchor tenant . " " . drinks and food , fruits , vegetables , goods electric , garments as such items of variety a selling stalls 150 over are There . road Dagang Kampung on located is market night Bintulu The . tarik and , , , , Mee Jawa , Mee , as such food fast of variety a offers Utama Pasar of floor first The . products dairy and , fish , fruits , vegetables fresh providing , roof one under market dry and market wet both houses Utama Pasar , Meanwhile . as such specialties made @-@ home native to produce jungle from ranging items offers Bintulu Tamu . Terendak named headgear Melanau traditional the symbolises that roof shaped @-@ cone unique a have places Both . town the in markets main two the are Utama Pasar and Bintulu Tamu "," Tamu Bintulu and Pasar Utama are the two main markets in the town . Both places have a unique cone @-@ shaped roof that symbolises the traditional Melanau headgear named Terendak . Tamu Bintulu offers items ranging from jungle produce to native home @-@ made specialties such as . Meanwhile , Pasar Utama houses both wet market and dry market under one roof , providing fresh vegetables , fruits , fish , and dairy products . The first floor of Pasar Utama offers a variety of fast food such as , Mee , Jawa Mee , , , , and tarik . The Bintulu night market is located on Kampung Dagang road . There are over 150 stalls selling a variety of items such as garments , electric goods , vegetables , fruits , food and drinks . " " . August in officer commanding the as over took Filipović Miljenko Major while , Roso Ante by commanded initially and up set was battalion The . core its as serving troops Legion Foreign French former a and forces police special the from personnel drew unit The . Independence of War Croatian the during , 1991 May 18 on Kumrovec in established ) HV – vojska Hrvatska ( Army Croatian the of later and ) ZNG – garde narodne Zbor ( Guard National Croatian the of unit forces special a was ) Zrinski : Croatian ( Battalion Zrinski The "," The Zrinski Battalion ( Croatian : Zrinski ) was a special forces unit of the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) and later of the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) established in Kumrovec on 18 May 1991 , during the Croatian War of Independence . The unit drew personnel from the special police forces and a former French Foreign Legion troops serving as its core . The battalion was set up and initially commanded by Ante Roso , while Major Miljenko Filipović took over as the commanding officer in August . " " . ) gardijski hrvatski @.@ 1 ( Corps Guards Croatian 1st the of component a , ) zdrug gardijski hrvatski @.@ 1 ( Brigade Guards Croatian 1st the into units forces special HV other several with amalgamated was Battalion Zrinski the , 1994 February In . Maslenica Operation in part took battalion the , 1993 In . Tomislavgrad in camp training a up setting , ) HVO – obrane vijeće Hrvatsko ( Council Defence Croatian the train and develop helped and also It . Dubrovnik of Siege the lifting at aimed Tiger Operation and Kupres of Battle the in part took elements its year next The . HV the of unit forces special additional an up setting with tasked were personnel 's unit the , 1991 of end the By . 1991 in Slano near and Gospić of Battle the , Kostajnica Hrvatska in action saw it before 1991 June in Vukovar in troops volunteer trained Battalion Zrinski The "," The Zrinski Battalion trained volunteer troops in Vukovar in June 1991 before it saw action in Hrvatska Kostajnica , the Battle of Gospić and near Slano in 1991 . By the end of 1991 , the unit 's personnel were tasked with setting up an additional special forces unit of the HV . The next year its elements took part in the Battle of Kupres and Operation Tiger aimed at lifting the Siege of Dubrovnik . It also and helped develop and train the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) , setting up a training camp in Tomislavgrad . In 1993 , the battalion took part in Operation Maslenica . In February 1994 , the Zrinski Battalion was amalgamated with several other HV special forces units into the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zdrug ) , a component of the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski ) . " " . Serbs Croatian the of revolt open an into escalated tensions the , August 17 On . weapons TO the confiscated JNA the , resistance expected the minimize to order In . itself JNA the confront and army own its build to equipment ) TO – obrana Teritorijalna ( 's Force Defence Territorial Croatian the use would Croatia believed ) JNA – armija narodna Jugoslavenska ( Army 's People Yugoslav The . worsened Serbs Croatian and Croats between tensions ethnic , Croatia of Republic Socialist the of government the of defeat electoral the following , 1990 In "," In 1990 , following the electoral defeat of the government of the Socialist Republic of Croatia , ethnic tensions between Croats and Croatian Serbs worsened . The Yugoslav People 's Army ( Jugoslavenska narodna armija – JNA ) believed Croatia would use the Croatian Territorial Defence Force 's ( Teritorijalna obrana – TO ) equipment to build its own army and confront the JNA itself . In order to minimize the expected resistance , the JNA confiscated the TO weapons . On 17 August , the tensions escalated into an open revolt of the Croatian Serbs . " " . troops the of many arm to needed weapons lacked they but , companies 10 and battalions 16 in up set were police reserve The . police reserve organised regionally 000 @,@ 10 – 000 @,@ 9 were there addition In . organisation military adopting , battalions 12 in deployed were that police special strong @-@ 000 @,@ 3 the was force the of part effective most The . 000 @,@ 20 about to force police its of size the doubled Croatia , defence its bolster to effort an In . army regular no had Croatia , 1991 of beginning the In "," In the beginning of 1991 , Croatia had no regular army . In an effort to bolster its defence , Croatia doubled the size of its police force to about 20 @,@ 000 . The most effective part of the force was the 3 @,@ 000 @-@ strong special police that were deployed in 12 battalions , adopting military organisation . In addition there were 9 @,@ 000 – 10 @,@ 000 regionally organised reserve police . The reserve police were set up in 16 battalions and 10 companies , but they lacked weapons needed to arm many of the troops . " " . persons profile @-@ high and structures value @-@ high of protection the as well as , waters territorial and coast , territory , borders 's Croatia of protection , operations terrorist @-@ anti , order public of maintenance , order constitutional the of protection with tasked was , April 23 on established formally , ZNG The . JNA the with confrontation further of possibility the to due and March in Lakes Plitvice at and Pakrac in clashes armed following authorities Croatian the by necessary thought was capabilities military with force police a as ZNG the of Establishment . 1991 April 12 on began ) ZNG – garde narodne Zbor ( Guard National Croatian the up set to Preparations "," Preparations to set up the Croatian National Guard ( Zbor narodne garde – ZNG ) began on 12 April 1991 . Establishment of the ZNG as a police force with military capabilities was thought necessary by the Croatian authorities following armed clashes in Pakrac and at Plitvice Lakes in March and due to the possibility of further confrontation with the JNA . The ZNG , formally established on 23 April , was tasked with protection of the constitutional order , maintenance of public order , anti @-@ terrorist operations , protection of Croatia 's borders , territory , coast and territorial waters , as well as the protection of high @-@ value structures and high @-@ profile persons . " " . Battalion Frankopan the , unit forces special second the as well as , Battalion Zrinski the to base Kumrovec leaving Zagreb of north Peak to transferred was SPU Kumrovec the , 1991 June In . airspace Austrian possibly or Slovene of violation without raids Force Air Yugoslav to inaccessible be to selected was , Slovenia of border the to adjacent , site The . school political "" Tito Broz Josip "" former the of grounds the on , Zagorje Hrvatsko of region the in Kumrovec of village the in based was unit The . commander deputy battalions the assigned was , member Legion Foreign French former a likewise , Filipović Miljenko Major . commander initial its as unit the up setting with tasked was Roso , consequence In . Regiment Foreign 4th the in ) NCO – officer commissioned @-@ non ( Officier @-@ Sous a previously , Roso Ante was legionnaires former the among senior most The . troops Legion Foreign French former on relied it , Initially . ) SPU ( Unit Police Special Kumrovec the from drawn volunteers 27 of consisted unit the of core The . ZNG the of unit forces special a as established was Battalion Zrinski the , 1991 May 18 On "," On 18 May 1991 , the Zrinski Battalion was established as a special forces unit of the ZNG . The core of the unit consisted of 27 volunteers drawn from the Kumrovec Special Police Unit ( SPU ) . Initially , it relied on former French Foreign Legion troops . The most senior among the former legionnaires was Ante Roso , previously a Sous @-@ Officier ( non @-@ commissioned officer – NCO ) in the 4th Foreign Regiment . In consequence , Roso was tasked with setting up the unit as its initial commander . Major Miljenko Filipović , likewise a former French Foreign Legion member , was assigned the battalions deputy commander . The unit was based in the village of Kumrovec in the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje , on the grounds of the former "" Josip Broz Tito "" political school . The site , adjacent to the border of Slovenia , was selected to be inaccessible to Yugoslav Air Force raids without violation of Slovene or possibly Austrian airspace . In June 1991 , the Kumrovec SPU was transferred to Peak north of Zagreb leaving Kumrovec base to the Zrinski Battalion , as well as the second special forces unit , the Frankopan Battalion . " " . Opatija in based Battalion Matija the — HV the of unit forces special another up set Battalion Zrinski the of personnel , 1991 late In . 1991 November 3 on ) HV – vojska Hrvatska ( Army Croatian the renamed was ZNG The . Kumrovec to returned unit the of remainder the while , there conflict further anticipating Herzegovina and Bosnia to left personnel unit the of part a , Gospić to deployment the After . JNA the from Slano recapturing with tasked , October 28 on Metković to deployed was unit The . soldiers 32 and ) APCs ( carriers personnel armoured three with along , General Major JNA captured , SPU Lučko by assisted , Battalion Zrinski the of troops 30 , Gospić in combat During . Gospić in barracks captured battalion the to assigned Troops . JNA the against Gospić control to battle in part took it where , Gospić to deployed was battalion the , September In . Kostajnica Hrvatska of town the of out forces Serb Croatian the pushed it where , Banovina the to deployed was Battalion Zrinski the , month same The . Roso from battalion the of command over took Filipović , August In . troops volunteer of organisation and defences city of preparation with tasked , Vukovar in stationed was It . June 15 on time first the for deployed was Battalion Zrinski The "," The Zrinski Battalion was deployed for the first time on 15 June . It was stationed in Vukovar , tasked with preparation of city defences and organisation of volunteer troops . In August , Filipović took over command of the battalion from Roso . The same month , the Zrinski Battalion was deployed to the Banovina , where it pushed the Croatian Serb forces out of the town of Hrvatska Kostajnica . In September , the battalion was deployed to Gospić , where it took part in battle to control Gospić against the JNA . Troops assigned to the battalion captured barracks in Gospić . During combat in Gospić , 30 troops of the Zrinski Battalion , assisted by Lučko SPU , captured JNA Major General , along with three armoured personnel carriers ( APCs ) and 32 soldiers . The unit was deployed to Metković on 28 October , tasked with recapturing Slano from the JNA . After the deployment to Gospić , a part of the unit personnel left to Bosnia and Herzegovina anticipating further conflict there , while the remainder of the unit returned to Kumrovec . The ZNG was renamed the Croatian Army ( Hrvatska vojska – HV ) on 3 November 1991 . In late 1991 , personnel of the Zrinski Battalion set up another special forces unit of the HV — the Matija Battalion based in Opatija . " " . HV the of units best the of one as Battalion Zrinski the assessed Agency Intelligence Central The . Škabrnja of area the in fighting , Maslenica Operation in part took Battalion Zrinski the of elements , 1993 In . Dubrovnik of Siege the of lifting at aimed — Tiger Operation in part took battalion the of elements , year that Later . ) HVO – obrane vijeće Hrvatsko ( Council Defence Croatian the trained and up setting in assisted personnel battalion the There . Tomislavgrad of town the in camp training a up setting before , Kupres of Battle the in part took Battalion Zrinski the of elements , 1992 In "," In 1992 , elements of the Zrinski Battalion took part in the Battle of Kupres , before setting up a training camp in the town of Tomislavgrad . There the battalion personnel assisted in setting up and trained the Croatian Defence Council ( Hrvatsko vijeće obrane – HVO ) . Later that year , elements of the battalion took part in Operation Tiger — aimed at lifting of the Siege of Dubrovnik . In 1993 , elements of the Zrinski Battalion took part in Operation Maslenica , fighting in the area of Škabrnja . The Central Intelligence Agency assessed the Zrinski Battalion as one of the best units of the HV . " " . Croatia of Republic the of Forces Armed the of Staff General the than rather Defence of Ministry the to subordinated directly , ) gardijski hrvatski @.@ 1 ( Corps Guards Croatian 1st the of component a , ) zdrug gardijski hrvatski @.@ 1 ( Brigade Guards Croatian 1st the forming Brigade Assault Light 8th of part and Battalion , Battalion Matija , Battalion Jelačić Ban , Battalion Frankopan : HV the of units forces special other of parts with amalgamated was Battalion Zrinski the , 1994 February 25 On "," On 25 February 1994 , the Zrinski Battalion was amalgamated with parts of other special forces units of the HV : Frankopan Battalion , Ban Jelačić Battalion , Matija Battalion , Battalion and part of 8th Light Assault Brigade forming the 1st Croatian Guards Brigade ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski zdrug ) , a component of the 1st Croatian Guards Corps ( 1 @.@ hrvatski gardijski ) , directly subordinated to the Ministry of Defence rather than the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . " " . detective private a as moonlighting while student college a as life with deals she as ) Bell Kristen ( Mars Veronica of adventures the depicts series The . 2007 , 22 May on CW The on premiered episode the , Bloom Jason by directed and Klemmer Phil by Written . overall episode 63rd the and , Mars Veronica series television mystery American the of season third the of episode penultimate and nineteenth the is "" Down Go 't Don They But Wobble Weevils "" "," "" Weevils Wobble But They Don 't Go Down "" is the nineteenth and penultimate episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the 63rd episode overall . Written by Phil Klemmer and directed by Jason Bloom , the episode premiered on The CW on May 22 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . " " . other each against running are they which in election 's Sheriff upcoming the about show radio 's Piz on debate ) Marino Ken ( Vinnie and ) Colantoni Enrico ( Keith , addition In . it posted he that thinking , Piz up beats ) Dohring Jason ( Logan . internet the on released is couple this of tape sex a and , internship FBI 's Veronica with terms to come ) Lowell Chris ( Piz and Veronica , Meanwhile . IDs student fake creating in implicated is he when innocence his proving in help 's Veronica enlists ) Capra Francis ( Weevil , episode this In "," In this episode , Weevil ( Francis Capra ) enlists Veronica 's help in proving his innocence when he is implicated in creating fake student IDs . Meanwhile , Veronica and Piz ( Chris Lowell ) come to terms with Veronica 's FBI internship , and a sex tape of this couple is released on the internet . Logan ( Jason Dohring ) beats up Piz , thinking that he posted it . In addition , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) and Vinnie ( Ken Marino ) debate on Piz 's radio show about the upcoming Sheriff 's election in which they are running against each other . " " . week @-@ the @-@ of @-@ case the praising many with , critics television from reviews positive mostly received episode the , broadcast original its In . season the and episode the of highlights the of one as scene fight 's Piz and Logan out pointed Thomas Rob creator Series . treatment medical undergoing was Capra , season third the of filming during ; episodes five of absence an after Weevil of reappearance the features "" Down Go 't Don They But Wobble Weevils "" "," "" Weevils Wobble But They Don 't Go Down "" features the reappearance of Weevil after an absence of five episodes ; during filming of the third season , Capra was undergoing medical treatment . Series creator Rob Thomas pointed out Logan and Piz 's fight scene as one of the highlights of the episode and the season . In its original broadcast , the episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics , with many praising the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . " " . investigation the over all found were fingerprints s ’ Weevil that Veronica informs Keith before special election an in show his on appear to Keith invites Piz . culprit the be to Weevil for impossible be would it that says who , professor engineering mechanical a to speak Wallace and Veronica . s ’ Weevil to next locker the in found was machine printing ID student a that him informs Keith but , bail gets Weevil . Weevil accusing in genuine seem do who , IDs student the of owners the of several investigates She . class criminology the in showcased was he after him targeted they think he that Veronica tells he but , cell jail the in put is Weevil . cards fake the them gave who one the being as students several by out called is Weevil , station s ’ Sheriff the At . internship the for leaving her accept to Piz gets Veronica . benefits adequate receive to unable himself finds but , himself injures Weevil . card debit fake a for police campus the by arrested getting someone see then They . them for mean will internship FBI her what and Piz with relationship her discuss ) Majorino Tina ( Mac and Veronica , line checkout a In "," In a checkout line , Veronica and Mac ( Tina Majorino ) discuss her relationship with Piz and what her FBI internship will mean for them . They then see someone getting arrested by the campus police for a fake debit card . Weevil injures himself , but finds himself unable to receive adequate benefits . Veronica gets Piz to accept her leaving for the internship . At the Sheriff ’ s station , Weevil is called out by several students as being the one who gave them the fake cards . Weevil is put in the jail cell , but he tells Veronica that he think they targeted him after he was showcased in the criminology class . She investigates several of the owners of the student IDs , who do seem genuine in accusing Weevil . Weevil gets bail , but Keith informs him that a student ID printing machine was found in the locker next to Weevil ’ s . Veronica and Wallace speak to a mechanical engineering professor , who says that it would be impossible for Weevil to be the culprit . Piz invites Keith to appear on his show in an election special before Keith informs Veronica that Weevil ’ s fingerprints were found all over the investigation . " " . made are machines ID student the where Georgia in town same the in lives group s ’ Jenny of one that learns Veronica . class a for project final his with ) III Daggs Percy ( Wallace helping Mac and , Piz , Veronica into run they and , surfing go ) Hansen Ryan ( Dick and Logan . Weevil implicating and , them disseminating , IDs student fake the creating for responsible are friends of circle her and Jenny that deduces Veronica . clients s ’ Weevil of one with involved , ) Agron Dianna ( Jenny , classmates criminology her of one notices and steps his retrace Weevil helps She . lightly head the on him hits Veronica and , life home his of handling s ’ Keith insults Vinnie . society secret a for him recruit to wants student the and , him following someone notices Wallace . policy drinking underage lax his about support some gathers Vinnie and , show radio s ’ Piz on debate Vinnie and Keith "," Keith and Vinnie debate on Piz ’ s radio show , and Vinnie gathers some support about his lax underage drinking policy . Wallace notices someone following him , and the student wants to recruit him for a secret society . Vinnie insults Keith ’ s handling of his home life , and Veronica hits him on the head lightly . She helps Weevil retrace his steps and notices one of her criminology classmates , Jenny ( Dianna Agron ) , involved with one of Weevil ’ s clients . Veronica deduces that Jenny and her circle of friends are responsible for creating the fake student IDs , disseminating them , and implicating Weevil . Logan and Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) go surfing , and they run into Veronica , Piz , and Mac helping Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) with his final project for a class . Veronica learns that one of Jenny ’ s group lives in the same town in Georgia where the student ID machines are made . " " . him on blood s ’ Piz with Investigations Mars into walks Logan and , machine ID student a have does Weevil . incessantly him hits and Piz attacks he , tape the posted Piz thinks Logan Because . email an in circulating been has that Veronica and Piz of tape sex a Logan shows Dick . it find and go to Weevil tells Veronica and , machine ID third a hiding are They . proof further as conversation their records and denies she , However . police Hearst the to in them turning not into her bribe to try who , group s ’ Jenny by library the in room a into called is Veronica "," Veronica is called into a room in the library by Jenny ’ s group , who try to bribe her into not turning them in to the Hearst police . However , she denies and records their conversation as further proof . They are hiding a third ID machine , and Veronica tells Weevil to go and find it . Dick shows Logan a sex tape of Piz and Veronica that has been circulating in an email . Because Logan thinks Piz posted the tape , he attacks Piz and hits him incessantly . Weevil does have a student ID machine , and Logan walks into Mars Investigations with Piz ’ s blood on him . " " . acne with out break and swell to neck and face his caused illness this for took he medication the and , condition medical a with struggling was Capra , season third the During . hiatus episode five a after appears who , ) Capra Francis ( Weevil features prominently episode The . ” Evil President “ episode the in appeared previously had Agron . classmate s ’ Veronica , Jenny as , Glee on Fabray Quinn as role her for famous , Agron Dianna of appearance final the features episode The . "" Surf 't Don Charlie "" and , "" the Nevermind "" , "" Monster Eyed @-@ Green "" after , Mars Veronica for credit directing final and fourth 's Bloom and credit writing final and fifteenth 's Klemmer marking , Bloom Jason by directed and Klemmer Phil by written was "" Down Go 't Don They But Wobble Weevils "" "," "" Weevils Wobble But They Don 't Go Down "" was written by Phil Klemmer and directed by Jason Bloom , marking Klemmer 's fifteenth and final writing credit and Bloom 's fourth and final directing credit for Veronica Mars , after "" Green @-@ Eyed Monster "" , "" Nevermind the "" , and "" Charlie Don 't Surf "" . The episode features the final appearance of Dianna Agron , famous for her role as Quinn Fabray on Glee , as Jenny , Veronica ’ s classmate . Agron had previously appeared in the episode “ President Evil ” . The episode prominently features Weevil ( Francis Capra ) , who appears after a five episode hiatus . During the third season , Capra was struggling with a medical condition , and the medication he took for this illness caused his face and neck to swell and break out with acne . " " . fake looked thought he that punch one only was there that stating , cut final the with pleased was he , However . unit second a without and quickly filmed are they as , done @-@ well not were show the on scenes fight most that thought Thomas . come to about was that fight the anticipating , Piz towards cafeteria the through walking Logan saw she when groan audible an emitted she , wife his with scene the viewed first Thomas When . season third the from highlights of list his on Piz attacks Logan which in scene the included Thomas Rob creator Series "," Series creator Rob Thomas included the scene in which Logan attacks Piz on his list of highlights from the third season . When Thomas first viewed the scene with his wife , she emitted an audible groan when she saw Logan walking through the cafeteria towards Piz , anticipating the fight that was about to come . Thomas thought that most fight scenes on the show were not well @-@ done , as they are filmed quickly and without a second unit . However , he was pleased with the final cut , stating that there was only one punch that he thought looked fake . " " . watchers million 10 @.@ 2 garnered which , ” Summer Next Do 'll You What Know I “ , episode previous the from decrease a was This . rankings weekly the in 85 of 77th ranking , viewers million 78 @.@ 1 received ” Down Go t ’ Don They But Wobble Weevils “ , broadcast original its In "," In its original broadcast , “ Weevils Wobble But They Don ’ t Go Down ” received 1 @.@ 78 million viewers , ranking 77th of 85 in the weekly rankings . This was a decrease from the previous episode , “ I Know What You 'll Do Next Summer ” , which garnered 2 @.@ 10 million watchers . " " ” . none bar , show the on character written consistently most the is This “ , stating , Weevil of characterization the lauded but rating a episode the grant not did Pity Without Television ” . best its at be can show this intense and exciting how of reminder a was it “ , stating , ending cliffhanger the lauded also reviewer The . season all present been not had that personality his to side interesting an showed Piz attacking Logan that elaborating , Logan in Weevil both in ambiguity this highlighted He ” . while a for lacking been had show the that “ something , characters main of ambiguity moral the highlighted that ” one satisfying and fun “ a week @-@ the @-@ of @-@ case the to conclusion the called reviewer The . character in and him for realistic was brother his with dealing to reaction s ’ Dick that stating also , members cast main the of majority the of presence the praised He . Logan and Dick of subplots the and plot main the of nature ambiguous the on focused review positive very His . ” amazing “ was it that indicating , 10 of out 0 @.@ 9 a episode the graded , IGN for writing , Goldman Eric "," Eric Goldman , writing for IGN , graded the episode a 9 @.@ 0 out of 10 , indicating that it was “ amazing ” . His very positive review focused on the ambiguous nature of the main plot and the subplots of Dick and Logan . He praised the presence of the majority of the main cast members , also stating that Dick ’ s reaction to dealing with his brother was realistic for him and in character . The reviewer called the conclusion to the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week a “ fun and satisfying one ” that highlighted the moral ambiguity of main characters , something “ that the show had been lacking for a while . ” He highlighted this ambiguity in both Weevil in Logan , elaborating that Logan attacking Piz showed an interesting side to his personality that had not been present all season . The reviewer also lauded the cliffhanger ending , stating , “ it was a reminder of how exciting and intense this show can be at its best . ” Television Without Pity did not grant the episode a rating but lauded the characterization of Weevil , stating , “ This is the most consistently written character on the show , bar none . ” " " ” . bad than episodes good with out go to better , Still . things on damper a puts them see we time last the be might this that knowledge the But ] … [ . it enjoying fully from me stops season fourth the of lack the , is episode this as fun As “ . end to about was series the that knowledge the by blunted was it that felt he although , development character s ’ Dick and Logan for potential the enjoyed reviewer The . Mars Veronica of themes overall the of oversimplification an was week @-@ the @-@ of @-@ case the that stating , review mixed a episode the gave Club A.V. The of Kaiser Rowan ” ! Weevil more got finally we that was about cared I thing only the , episode last to second the was it as seeing but week @-@ the @-@ of @-@ mystery good a was it Overall “ . week @-@ the @-@ of @-@ case solid a containing as episode this to referred but review her in finale series the on primarily focused Blend Cinema of West Kelly "," Kelly West of Cinema Blend focused primarily on the series finale in her review but referred to this episode as containing a solid case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . “ Overall it was a good mystery @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week but seeing as it was the second to last episode , the only thing I cared about was that we finally got more Weevil ! ” Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave the episode a mixed review , stating that the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week was an oversimplification of the overall themes of Veronica Mars . The reviewer enjoyed the potential for Logan and Dick ’ s character development , although he felt that it was blunted by the knowledge that the series was about to end . “ As fun as this episode is , the lack of the fourth season stops me from fully enjoying it . [ … ] But the knowledge that this might be the last time we see them puts a damper on things . Still , better to go out with good episodes than bad . ” " " . Eugene in synagogue only the decades many for was Israel Beth , congregation Conservative a as 1930s early the in Founded . Oregon , Eugene in Avenue 29th East 1175 at located synagogue Reconstructionist a is ) ישראל בית : Hebrew ( Israel Beth Temple "," Temple Beth Israel ( Hebrew : בית ישראל ) is a Reconstructionist synagogue located at 1175 East 29th Avenue in Eugene , Oregon . Founded in the early 1930s as a Conservative congregation , Beth Israel was for many decades the only synagogue in Eugene . " " . 2008 in facilities compliant @-@ LEED current its occupied and , 1952 in Street Portland on building first its constructed It . Street Eighth West on house converted a in worshipped initially congregation The "," The congregation initially worshipped in a converted house on West Eighth Street . It constructed its first building on Portland Street in 1952 , and occupied its current LEED @-@ compliant facilities in 2008 . " " . convicted and caught were perpetrators the cases both In . 2002 in again and 1994 in , twice the of members Nazi @-@ neo from attack under came Israel Beth . Torah Congregation Orthodox the forming and , Israel Beth leaving latter the to led members traditional and feminist between conflict 1990s early the In "," In the early 1990s conflict between feminist and traditional members led to the latter leaving Beth Israel , and forming the Orthodox Congregation Torah . Beth Israel came under attack from neo @-@ Nazi members of the twice , in 1994 and again in 2002 . In both cases the perpetrators were caught and convicted . " " . Eugene in synagogue largest the was and , households member 400 approximately had Israel Beth , Dolin and Hankin @-@ Husbands by led , 2014 of As . Dolin Boris by succeeded was he when , 2011 until served and , 2003 in rabbi associate as Hankin @-@ Husbands joined Harris Maurice . Hankin @-@ Husbands Yitzhak by succeeded was turn in Kinberg and , 1994 to 1977 from served who , Kinberg Myron by followed was He . 1976 in death his until served and , 1963 in rabbi became Louis , years two of gap a After . 1961 in left but , 1959 in rabbi first 's congregation the as hired was Simmons Marcus . decades for led @-@ lay were Services "," Services were lay @-@ led for decades . Marcus Simmons was hired as the congregation 's first rabbi in 1959 , but left in 1961 . After a gap of two years , Louis became rabbi in 1963 , and served until his death in 1976 . He was followed by Myron Kinberg , who served from 1977 to 1994 , and Kinberg in turn was succeeded by Yitzhak Husbands @-@ Hankin . Maurice Harris joined Husbands @-@ Hankin as associate rabbi in 2003 , and served until 2011 , when he was succeeded by Boris Dolin . As of 2014 , led by Husbands @-@ Hankin and Dolin , Beth Israel had approximately 400 member households , and was the largest synagogue in Eugene . " " . Eugene in synagogue only the was it 1990s the until time that from and , synagogue Conservative traditional a was It . "" Israel Beth Temple named and remodeled was Street Eighth West 231 at home his , 1933 in death 's Rubenstein Hymen fter ] a [ "" that writes Lowenstein Steven Historian . homes ' individuals in services holiday Jewish and night Friday holding for quorums prayer gathering began community Jewish 's Eugene 1920s the by and , there settled Jews European Eastern first the century 20th early the In . on moved most but , century 19th late the in Eugene in settling began Jews German of numbers Small "," Small numbers of German Jews began settling in Eugene in the late 19th century , but most moved on . In the early 20th century the first Eastern European Jews settled there , and by the 1920s Eugene 's Jewish community began gathering prayer quorums for holding Friday night and Jewish holiday services in individuals ' homes . Historian Steven Lowenstein writes that "" [ a ] fter Hymen Rubenstein 's death in 1933 , his home at 231 West Eighth Street was remodeled and named Temple Beth Israel "" . It was a traditional Conservative synagogue , and from that time until the 1990s it was the only synagogue in Eugene . " " . by "" shapes and symbols with painted beams ceiling of network a "" and , lighting natural provided that courtyard interior an featured building the , ) H.H. ( Heinrich survivor @-@ Holocaust and architect by Designed . Street Portland at property ) ha 40 @.@ 0 ( acre 1 almost an on building synagogue story @-@ one a constructed congregation the , 1952 In "," In 1952 , the congregation constructed a one @-@ story synagogue building on an almost 1 acre ( 0 @.@ 40 ha ) property at Portland Street . Designed by architect and Holocaust @-@ survivor Heinrich ( H.H. ) , the building featured an interior courtyard that provided natural lighting , and "" a network of ceiling beams painted with symbols and shapes "" by . " " . California , Downey in position rabbinical a accepted he , 1961 in and , required was rabbi time @-@ full a that agreed , however , not were members The . 1959 in Israel Beth joined and , 1957 in States United the to emigrated He . Seminary Theological Hebrew the at ordained was and , University Oxford and London of University of graduate a was he , England from Originally . Simmons Marcus was rabbi first Its . decades for led @-@ lay were functions religious and services 's Israel Beth Temple "," Temple Beth Israel 's services and religious functions were lay @-@ led for decades . Its first rabbi was Marcus Simmons . Originally from England , he was a graduate of University of London and Oxford University , and was ordained at the Hebrew Theological Seminary . He emigrated to the United States in 1957 , and joined Beth Israel in 1959 . The members were not , however , agreed that a full @-@ time rabbi was required , and in 1961 , he accepted a rabbinical position in Downey , California . " " . 1976 in death his until served He . ) 1968 – 1955 ( Movement Rights Civil American @-@ African the in marches freedom in involvement his of result a as record police a had he as , hiring 's about concern some was There . University Syracuse at rabbi Hillel first the was 1963 to 1959 from and , Appeal Jewish United the for worked previously had He . York New of Institute Jewish the at ordained was and York New of University City of graduate a was he , parents immigrant to 1912 in City York New in Born . 1963 in rabbi as hired was Louis , years two of hiatus a Following "," Following a hiatus of two years , Louis was hired as rabbi in 1963 . Born in New York City in 1912 to immigrant parents , he was a graduate of City University of New York and was ordained at the Jewish Institute of New York . He had previously worked for the United Jewish Appeal , and from 1959 to 1963 was the first Hillel rabbi at Syracuse University . There was some concern about 's hiring , as he had a police record as a result of his involvement in freedom marches in the African @-@ American Civil Rights Movement ( 1955 – 1968 ) . He served until his death in 1976 . " " . community Jewish 's Eugene of members observant @-@ non to outreach and , Palestinians the and Israel between reconciliation of support , activism war @-@ anti and nuclear @-@ anti , rights gay and rights minority for support his for known was Kinberg . Eugene to coming before , years two for Israel in lived then , years two for Kansas , Topeka in rabbi a as served previously had he , Judaism Reform in Ordained . 1977 in rabbi as hired was Kinberg Myron "," Myron Kinberg was hired as rabbi in 1977 . Ordained in Reform Judaism , he had previously served as a rabbi in Topeka , Kansas for two years , then lived in Israel for two years , before coming to Eugene . Kinberg was known for his support for minority rights and gay rights , anti @-@ nuclear and anti @-@ war activism , support of reconciliation between Israel and the Palestinians , and outreach to non @-@ observant members of Eugene 's Jewish community . " " . "" people Jewish the of member Jewish @-@ non "" or , "" ger "" a became commitment this making partner Jewish @-@ non The . "" Jews as children future raising and , tradition and life Jewish in participation , life home Jewish a to commitment a "" including , commitments of set a fulfill to will free own her or his of agreed , rabbi the with discussions after , partner Jewish @-@ non the if intermarriage an at officiate to willing was He . intermarriage to approach his in "" ger "" the of concept Biblical the revive to attempted Kinberg "," Kinberg attempted to revive the Biblical concept of the "" ger "" in his approach to intermarriage . He was willing to officiate at an intermarriage if the non @-@ Jewish partner , after discussions with the rabbi , agreed of his or her own free will to fulfill a set of commitments , including "" a commitment to a Jewish home life , participation in Jewish life and tradition , and raising future children as Jews "" . The non @-@ Jewish partner making this commitment became a "" ger "" , or "" non @-@ Jewish member of the Jewish people "" . " " . them resisted minority a , changes these of approved members congregation most While . patriarchs Biblical the mentioned only traditionally which , the like prayers in matriarchs Biblical the to references adding and , God for pronouns and terms neutral @-@ gender using , example for - inclusive gender more be to prayers changing and , prayers the lead and Torah the from read to women allowing included These . ritual and liturgy the to changes of number a supported wife his and he 1980s the during and , feminist strong a was Alice wife 's Kinberg "," Kinberg 's wife Alice was a strong feminist , and during the 1980s he and his wife supported a number of changes to the liturgy and ritual . These included allowing women to read from the Torah and lead the prayers , and changing prayers to be more gender inclusive - for example , using gender @-@ neutral terms and pronouns for God , and adding references to the Biblical matriarchs in prayers like the , which traditionally only mentioned the Biblical patriarchs . While most congregation members approved of these changes , a minority resisted them . " " and , conflict Palestinian – Israeli the over differences political , "" causes ' liberal @-@ ultra ' of advocacy "" and activism 's rabbi the , antagonisms personal including , issues of number a over congregation the of members the among developed divisions serious 1990s early the By "," By the early 1990s serious divisions developed among the members of the congregation over a number of issues , including personal antagonisms , the rabbi 's activism and "" advocacy of ' ultra @-@ liberal ' causes "" , political differences over the Israeli – Palestinian conflict , and " " . on so and , ethnocentric less them make to the as such prayers certain of rewriting , services worship during music and language modern of use the , laws dietary kosher to adherence , couples intermarried of acceptance the as such , issues religious / cultural Jewish additional of myriad a "," a myriad of additional Jewish cultural / religious issues , such as the acceptance of intermarried couples , adherence to kosher dietary laws , the use of modern language and music during worship services , rewriting of certain prayers such as the to make them less ethnocentric , and so on . " " "" . synagogue the in women and men of rights and roles the "" was , others all underlay which , division of source biggest the , However "," However , the biggest source of division , which underlay all others , was "" the roles and rights of men and women in the synagogue . "" " " . "" Torah Congregation "" renamed 1998 in and , "" The "" called originally , synagogue second 's Eugene creating , rabbi own their hiring and premises new renting , left members Orthodox the 1992 in , opposition this with Faced . petition the signed also Kinberg . leave to have would it wanted who members those or , down taken be to have would the either that stated which petition a circulated eventually group latter The . attended they services the in not were it if even , building Israel Beth Temple the in anywhere a having to objected strongly members "" minded @-@ feminist more "" The . women and men separating partition a , a with complete , synagogue the of room back a in services traditional more holding began members observant newly of group a 1990s early the In "," In the early 1990s a group of newly observant members began holding more traditional services in a back room of the synagogue , complete with a , a partition separating men and women . The "" more feminist @-@ minded "" members strongly objected to having a anywhere in the Temple Beth Israel building , even if it were not in the services they attended . The latter group eventually circulated a petition which stated that either the would have to be taken down , or those members who wanted it would have to leave . Kinberg also signed the petition . Faced with this opposition , in 1992 the Orthodox members left , renting new premises and hiring their own rabbi , creating Eugene 's second synagogue , originally called "" The "" , and in 1998 renamed "" Congregation Torah "" . " " . 51 age at later years two died Kinberg . families 350 to 118 from rose membership , Israel Beth at tenure his During . Island Long on synagogue a lead to 1994 in Israel Beth left he , result a As . "" rabbi a as role his and Israel Beth Temple of needs the of reassessment "" his to led schism the and , responsible himself held Kinberg "," Kinberg held himself responsible , and the schism led to his "" reassessment of the needs of Temple Beth Israel and his role as a rabbi "" . As a result , he left Beth Israel in 1994 to lead a synagogue on Long Island . During his tenure at Beth Israel , membership rose from 118 to 350 families . Kinberg died two years later at age 51 . " " . @-@ Zalman leader its by ordained was and , movement Renewal Jewish the forming in active was He . rabbi assistant an as then and , cantor as then , congregant a as first Israel Beth Temple at involvement his began Hankin @-@ Husbands . 1995 in Kinberg succeeded Hankin @-@ Husbands Yitzhak "," Yitzhak Husbands @-@ Hankin succeeded Kinberg in 1995 . Husbands @-@ Hankin began his involvement at Temple Beth Israel first as a congregant , then as cantor , and then as an assistant rabbi . He was active in forming the Jewish Renewal movement , and was ordained by its leader Zalman @-@ . " " . families 370 around to grown had membership , 1999 By . movement Reconstructionist the with affiliated congregation the , alternatives as Reconstructionist and Reform both considering after , 1996 late In . affiliation no had year a for and , 1995 in movement Conservative the leave to decided congregation The "," The congregation decided to leave the Conservative movement in 1995 , and for a year had no affiliation . In late 1996 , after considering both Reform and Reconstructionist as alternatives , the congregation affiliated with the Reconstructionist movement . By 1999 , membership had grown to around 370 families . " " . music Jewish performs and composes he , player guitar and cello , singer A . 2003 Writing Jewish Best 's Kurzweil Arthur in publication for selected was "" , Kashrut Ethical "" , essay His . way ethical an in produced are that goods purchase only should one that idea the , "" Kashrut Ethical "" of concept the developing in instrumental was Hankin @-@ Husbands "," Husbands @-@ Hankin was instrumental in developing the concept of "" Ethical Kashrut "" , the idea that one should only purchase goods that are produced in an ethical way . His essay , "" Ethical Kashrut , "" was selected for publication in Arthur Kurzweil 's Best Jewish Writing 2003 . A singer , cello and guitar player , he composes and performs Jewish music . " " . rabbi associate newest its as congregation the joined Dolin Boris , 2011 In . "" schools in evolution of teaching the embraces and encourages "" which Project Letter Clergy the of part , Rabbis American From Science and Religion Concerning Letter Open The of the of one is He . 2003 in rabbi assistant as joined , College Rabbinical Reconstructionist the of graduate 2003 a , Harris Maurice . 2003 to 2001 from rabbi assistant was Seidel Jonathan ; sabbatical a on went @-@ Husbands when rabbi interim as 1998 in Israel Beth Temple joined Shoshana . him with working rabbis associate or assistant four had has Hankin @-@ Husbands "," Husbands @-@ Hankin has had four assistant or associate rabbis working with him . Shoshana joined Temple Beth Israel in 1998 as interim rabbi when Husbands @-@ went on a sabbatical ; Jonathan Seidel was assistant rabbi from 2001 to 2003 . Maurice Harris , a 2003 graduate of the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College , joined as assistant rabbi in 2003 . He is one of the of The Open Letter Concerning Religion and Science From American Rabbis , part of the Clergy Letter Project which "" encourages and embraces the teaching of evolution in schools "" . In 2011 , Boris Dolin joined the congregation as its newest associate rabbi . " " . prison in years half a and four to sentenced was Lord and , convicted and caught were associate an and Lord . services Passover during synagogue the outside vigil standing by responded , group rights gay local a including , organizations Community . lesbian a including , community Jewish 's Eugene of members several about article newspaper a by prompted were attacks The . interior the damaging , temple the into rifle assault an with rounds ten fired , Front American and the with associated individual an , Lord Chris , 1994 , 20 March On "," On March 20 , 1994 , Chris Lord , an individual associated with the and American Front , fired ten rounds with an assault rifle into the temple , damaging the interior . The attacks were prompted by a newspaper article about several members of Eugene 's Jewish community , including a lesbian . Community organizations , including a local gay rights group , responded by standing vigil outside the synagogue during Passover services . Lord and an associate were caught and convicted , and Lord was sentenced to four and a half years in prison . " " . Laskey Jacob , ringleader the for prison federal in months three and years eleven to , probation years five and term release work month @-@ 6 a from ranging sentences served They . convicted were and , guilty pleaded , caught were men The . off sped then , windows glass stained 's synagogue the through swastikas Nazi with etched rocks threw men the , place taking was attending members 80 with service a While . congregants the intimidating of intent the with Israel Beth to drove , the of members all , man other one and , Baker Jesse , Poundstone Gerald , Laskey Gabriel brother his , Laskey Jacob 2002 , 25 October On "," On October 25 , 2002 Jacob Laskey , his brother Gabriel Laskey , Gerald Poundstone , Jesse Baker , and one other man , all members of the , drove to Beth Israel with the intent of intimidating the congregants . While a service with 80 members attending was taking place , the men threw rocks etched with Nazi swastikas through the synagogue 's stained glass windows , then sped off . The men were caught , pleaded guilty , and were convicted . They served sentences ranging from a 6 @-@ month work release term and five years probation , to eleven years and three months in federal prison for the ringleader , Jacob Laskey . " " . church the razed and , requirements their suit better would building new a felt but , property the on building existing the renovating considered members The . facility new a for planning began and , ) 000 @,@ 740 $ today ( 000 @,@ 500 $ for Church Christian Street University the of property the purchased congregation the 1997 In . rented be to had space extra when , Holidays High the during particularly , enough large not was synagogue the , Torah Congregation to members of loss the and additions these Despite . students 150 and families 250 accommodate to ) m2 700 ( feet square 500 @,@ 7 to years the over enlarged and renovated been had building Street Portland 's Israel Beth Temple , families 75 for sized Originally "," Originally sized for 75 families , Temple Beth Israel 's Portland Street building had been renovated and enlarged over the years to 7 @,@ 500 square feet ( 700 m2 ) to accommodate 250 families and 150 students . Despite these additions and the loss of members to Congregation Torah , the synagogue was not large enough , particularly during the High Holidays , when extra space had to be rented . In 1997 the congregation purchased the property of the University Street Christian Church for $ 500 @,@ 000 ( today $ 740 @,@ 000 ) , and began planning for a new facility . The members considered renovating the existing building on the property , but felt a new building would better suit their requirements , and razed the church . " " . million 5 $ of costs project overall anticipated towards raised been had million 7 @.@ 1 $ additional an 2007 August by and , land the for paid fully which , million 8 @.@ 1 $ than more raised campaign capital initial An . Street University and Avenue 29th East of corner northwest the at land of plot ) ha 55 @.@ 0 ( acre @-@ 37 @.@ 1 vacant @-@ now the on facility new a of construction begin to permit a got congregation the 2003 In "," In 2003 the congregation got a permit to begin construction of a new facility on the now @-@ vacant 1 @.@ 37 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 55 ha ) plot of land at the northwest corner of East 29th Avenue and University Street . An initial capital campaign raised more than $ 1 @.@ 8 million , which fully paid for the land , and by August 2007 an additional $ 1 @.@ 7 million had been raised towards anticipated overall project costs of $ 5 million . " " . ) Jerusalem towards ( east face to had , tradition Jewish with accord in , and , used @-@ least the also was , sanctuary the , building the in room largest the that fact the included efficiency energy 's building the with issues design specific : "" lighting and ventilation , heating efficient energy "" used building The . Eugene of Construction Commercial McKenzie by built and , Planners & Architects company local and City Kansas of Associates and Solomon Mel by designed was building sensitive environmentally The "," The environmentally sensitive building was designed by Mel Solomon and Associates of Kansas City and local company Architects & Planners , and built by McKenzie Commercial Construction of Eugene . The building used "" energy efficient heating , ventilation and lighting "" : specific design issues with the building 's energy efficiency included the fact that the largest room in the building , the sanctuary , was also the least @-@ used , and , in accord with Jewish tradition , had to face east ( towards Jerusalem ) . " " . raised been had million 4 $ which of , million 6 $ costing up ended project The . Service Family Jewish local the and , Federation Jewish County Lane the , synagogue the housed and , classrooms and , facilities banquet , kitchen commercial , sanctuary a included facility the , ) m2 300 @,@ 2 ( feet square 000 @,@ 25 approximately At . Avenue 29th East 1175 at building new its dedicated congregation the 2008 , 8 June On "," On June 8 , 2008 the congregation dedicated its new building at 1175 East 29th Avenue . At approximately 25 @,@ 000 square feet ( 2 @,@ 300 m2 ) , the facility included a sanctuary , commercial kitchen , banquet facilities , and classrooms , and housed the synagogue , the Lane County Jewish Federation , and the local Jewish Family Service . The project ended up costing $ 6 million , of which $ 4 million had been raised . " " . beams wood and carpeting included structure the in used materials recyclable Completely "" . plantings tolerant drought and , materials recyclable or / and recycled of use the , irrigation efficiency high , strategies management stormwater of integration the through "" compliance Design Environmental and Energy in Leadership achieved building the , wood and , steel , concrete of Made "," Made of concrete , steel , and wood , the building achieved Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design compliance "" through the integration of stormwater management strategies , high efficiency irrigation , the use of recycled and / or recyclable materials , and drought tolerant plantings . "" Completely recyclable materials used in the structure included carpeting and wood beams . " " . respectively students 40 and 200 about had school @-@ pre and Torah Talmud the and , families 400 almost reached membership congregational , year That . "" community intelligence and military American the by techniques interrogation abusive of use the "" protesting banners hung which synagogues 25 over included campaign Jewish the , Month Awareness Torture of honor in America North — Rights Human for Rabbis by Organized . Torture Against Campaign Jewish the of part as "" , Torture Against Campaign Religious National the by coordinated torture against witness interfaith "" an , America Across Banners in participated Israel Beth Temple , 2008 In "," In 2008 , Temple Beth Israel participated in Banners Across America , an "" interfaith witness against torture coordinated by the National Religious Campaign Against Torture , "" as part of the Jewish Campaign Against Torture . Organized by Rabbis for Human Rights — North America in honor of Torture Awareness Month , the Jewish campaign included over 25 synagogues which hung banners protesting "" the use of abusive interrogation techniques by the American military and intelligence community "" . That year , congregational membership reached almost 400 families , and the Talmud Torah and pre @-@ school had about 200 and 40 students respectively . " " . 2011 autumn in it into move to planned School Charter Network 's Eugene and , 2011 in building the up give to Center Development Child the forced conditions economic Difficult . elements architectural original the of some retaining while , center educational an as use for converted was building The . financing 's Center the carrying , 2009 in 000 @,@ 815 $ for Center Development Child ) Street Portland ( First Security to Street Portland on building synagogue old the sold congregation The "," The congregation sold the old synagogue building on Portland Street to Security First ( Portland Street ) Child Development Center for $ 815 @,@ 000 in 2009 , carrying the Center 's financing . The building was converted for use as an educational center , while retaining some of the original architectural elements . Difficult economic conditions forced the Child Development Center to give up the building in 2011 , and Eugene 's Network Charter School planned to move into it in autumn 2011 . " " . College Rabbinical Reconstructionist the by ordained was he , Seminary Theological Jewish the from Education Jewish in degree 's master a with , Oregon of University the of graduate A . 2001 to 1999 from adviser group youth and teacher a as Israel Beth Temple at worked had Dolin , Oregon in raised and Born . successor his as Dolin Boris hired synagogue the and , 2011 in rabbi as down stepping be would he announced Harris "," Harris announced he would be stepping down as rabbi in 2011 , and the synagogue hired Boris Dolin as his successor . Born and raised in Oregon , Dolin had worked at Temple Beth Israel as a teacher and youth group adviser from 1999 to 2001 . A graduate of the University of Oregon , with a master 's degree in Jewish Education from the Jewish Theological Seminary , he was ordained by the Reconstructionist Rabbinical College . " " . Dolin Boris and Hankin @-@ Husbands Yitzhak were rabbis The "" . persons questioning and gay , bisexual , lesbian , transgender for equality and inclusion full toward working organization advocacy and ministry interfaith Washington SW and Oregon an "" , Congregations Welcoming of Community the of member a was It . Eugene in synagogue largest the was Israel Beth Temple , 2011 of As "," As of 2011 , Temple Beth Israel was the largest synagogue in Eugene . It was a member of the Community of Welcoming Congregations , "" an Oregon and SW Washington interfaith ministry and advocacy organization working toward full inclusion and equality for transgender , lesbian , bisexual , gay and questioning persons . "" The rabbis were Yitzhak Husbands @-@ Hankin and Boris Dolin . " " . city the of south 78 NY and , Lockport of city the of west just 31 NY , Cambria in 104 NY including , arterials major several between connector a as serves 93 NY . Akron of village the of south just , Newstead of town the in 5 NY with intersection an at end east its to counties Erie and Niagara across direction southeast – northwest general a in runs and Youngstown of village the in 18F NY with intersection an at begins route The . States United the in York New western in highway state ) km 33 @.@ 69 ( mile @-@ 08 @.@ 43 a is ) 93 NY ( 93 Route State York New "," New York State Route 93 ( NY 93 ) is a 43 @.@ 08 @-@ mile ( 69 @.@ 33 km ) state highway in western New York in the United States . The route begins at an intersection with NY 18F in the village of Youngstown and runs in a general northwest – southeast direction across Niagara and Erie counties to its east end at an intersection with NY 5 in the town of Newstead , just south of the village of Akron . NY 93 serves as a connector between several major arterials , including NY 104 in Cambria , NY 31 just west of the city of Lockport , and NY 78 south of the city . " " . 1930s the since route the of part been had that highway owned @-@ county a , Road Mountain Upper from 93 NY removed change The . 31 NY to Road Junction on south continue to Lockport of west realigned was 93 NY , 2006 In . 1991 in roads and Robinson and highway new a on south the to Lockport bypass to altered and , 1940s the in Cambria in Road Junction and 104 NY onto moved was 93 NY . Lockport in streets of series a and , Road Akron , Road Mountain Lower , 425 NY used originally highway the , suburbs eastern 's Lockport to Cambria From . Lockport of city the of vicinity the in path modern the from deviated 93 NY of routing initial the , today does it as Newstead in ended and Youngstown in began it Although . York New in highways state of renumbering 1930 the of part as assigned was route The "," The route was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . Although it began in Youngstown and ended in Newstead as it does today , the initial routing of NY 93 deviated from the modern path in the vicinity of the city of Lockport . From Cambria to Lockport 's eastern suburbs , the highway originally used NY 425 , Lower Mountain Road , Akron Road , and a series of streets in Lockport . NY 93 was moved onto NY 104 and Junction Road in Cambria in the 1940s , and altered to bypass Lockport to the south on a new highway and Robinson and roads in 1991 . In 2006 , NY 93 was realigned west of Lockport to continue south on Junction Road to NY 31 . The change removed NY 93 from Upper Mountain Road , a county @-@ owned highway that had been part of the route since the 1930s . " " . ) Road Creek ( 18 NY to connects 93 NY where , Corners Towers of hamlet the to continue surroundings residential The . Porter of town the across runs it as Road Lockport – Youngstown to names changes and road lane @-@ two a to reverts highway the , junction the Past . Parkway Scenic Niagara the with interchange cloverleaf partial a enters it as lanes four to widens briefly 93 NY , limits village eastern the At . Youngstown of portion eastern residential the into passing and northeast the to bending before areas commercial of blocks two serving , Street Lockport named road lane @-@ two a as village the through eastward proceeds route The . Youngstown of village the of center the in ) 907 CR or 907 Route County as signed not but designated @-@ co ; Street Main ( 18F NY with intersection an at begins 93 NY "," NY 93 begins at an intersection with NY 18F ( Main Street ; co @-@ designated but not signed as County Route 907 or CR 907 ) in the center of the village of Youngstown . The route proceeds eastward through the village as a two @-@ lane road named Lockport Street , serving two blocks of commercial areas before bending to the northeast and passing into the residential eastern portion of Youngstown . At the eastern village limits , NY 93 briefly widens to four lanes as it enters a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Niagara Scenic Parkway . Past the junction , the highway reverts to a two @-@ lane road and changes names to Youngstown – Lockport Road as it runs across the town of Porter . The residential surroundings continue to the hamlet of Towers Corners , where NY 93 connects to NY 18 ( Creek Road ) . " " . district business 's hamlet the in ) 17 CR ( Road with intersecting , name Road Lockport – Youngstown the retains 93 NY , Through . street main 's community the becomes 93 NY where , of hamlet the into and Creek Twelvemile across route the brings stretch southeastward Another . ) 57 CR ( Road Center Porter with intersection an enters 93 NY where , Center Porter of hamlet the into way its on areas residential and rural of mixture a passing , Porter through track southeast a on continues route The . town the of areas rural into heads road the as farms to way give homes the , intersection this After . Corners Towers of edge eastern the on ) 36 CR ( Road Wilson – Youngstown with junction a of ahead stretch residential another serving , southeast the to curves 93 NY , 18 NY After "," After NY 18 , NY 93 curves to the southeast , serving another residential stretch ahead of a junction with Youngstown – Wilson Road ( CR 36 ) on the eastern edge of Towers Corners . After this intersection , the homes give way to farms as the road heads into rural areas of the town . The route continues on a southeast track through Porter , passing a mixture of rural and residential areas on its way into the hamlet of Porter Center , where NY 93 enters an intersection with Porter Center Road ( CR 57 ) . Another southeastward stretch brings the route across Twelvemile Creek and into the hamlet of , where NY 93 becomes the community 's main street . Through , NY 93 retains the Youngstown – Lockport Road name , intersecting with Road ( CR 17 ) in the hamlet 's business district . " " . hamlet the leaving before ) 19 CR ( Road Stone with intersects immediately It . Road Line Town along southward heads and 104 NY from splits 93 NY point which at , Corners Warren of hamlet the to ) km 2 @.@ 3 ( miles 2 for areas populated lightly across northeast proceed 104 NY and 93 NY . ) Road Ridge ( 104 NY with concurrent becomes 93 NY where , Corners Molyneaux of community adjacent the to continue surroundings residential 's hamlet The . ) Road Wilson – Cambria ( 425 NY with intersection 's route the around up built community a , Ridge North of hamlet the enters soon it and , line town the at Road Ridge North becomes 93 NY . Cambria of town the to way its on ) 56 CR ( Street Church and ) 83 CR ( Road Randall meeting , terrain open mostly across southeastward generally continues It . Wilson of town the for Porter of town the leaves 93 NY , outside Just "," Just outside , NY 93 leaves the town of Porter for the town of Wilson . It continues generally southeastward across mostly open terrain , meeting Randall Road ( CR 83 ) and Church Street ( CR 56 ) on its way to the town of Cambria . NY 93 becomes North Ridge Road at the town line , and it soon enters the hamlet of North Ridge , a community built up around the route 's intersection with NY 425 ( Cambria – Wilson Road ) . The hamlet 's residential surroundings continue to the adjacent community of Molyneaux Corners , where NY 93 becomes concurrent with NY 104 ( Ridge Road ) . NY 93 and NY 104 proceed northeast across lightly populated areas for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the hamlet of Warren Corners , at which point NY 93 splits from NY 104 and heads southward along Town Line Road . It immediately intersects with Stone Road ( CR 19 ) before leaving the hamlet . " " . 31 NY with concurrency a beginning , Road Settlement Saunders onto northeast turns 93 NY while south the to ahead straight begins 270 NY . community the of south just ) Boulevard Campbell ( 270 NY and ) Road Settlement Saunders ( 31 NY with intersecting before Junction Lockport of hamlet the at line rail Subdivision Lockport 's Transportation CSX over crosses route the , here From . Lockport of city the of west ) 5 CR ( Road Mountain Upper with intersection an at Road Junction to names changing , line town the along southward continues 93 NY . Road Mountain Lower to leading connector a , ) 114 CR ( Spur Road Line Town of way by made is highway the to Access . ) 902 CR ( Road Mountain Lower under passes road the where , Corners Hickory of hamlet small the enters soon It . line town Lockport – Cambria the along areas rural across heads route the , Corners Warren of Outside "," Outside of Warren Corners , the route heads across rural areas along the Cambria – Lockport town line . It soon enters the small hamlet of Hickory Corners , where the road passes under Lower Mountain Road ( CR 902 ) . Access to the highway is made by way of Town Line Road Spur ( CR 114 ) , a connector leading to Lower Mountain Road . NY 93 continues southward along the town line , changing names to Junction Road at an intersection with Upper Mountain Road ( CR 5 ) west of the city of Lockport . From here , the route crosses over CSX Transportation 's Lockport Subdivision rail line at the hamlet of Lockport Junction before intersecting with NY 31 ( Saunders Settlement Road ) and NY 270 ( Campbell Boulevard ) just south of the community . NY 270 begins straight ahead to the south while NY 93 turns northeast onto Saunders Settlement Road , beginning a concurrency with NY 31 . " " . Road Robinson onto eastward turn to 93 NY leaving , here ends Bypass Lockport The . line town Pendleton – Lockport the on ) 123 CR ( Road Robinson with junction a to Lockport of town the of part undeveloped an through course southerly more a takes bypass the , waterway the Past . Canal Erie the over bridge a of ahead just ) 903 CR ( Road Hinman with intersects and facilities industrial several past runs it as limits city the enters briefly 93 NY , bypass the Along . bypass lane @-@ two the onto southeastward turns 93 NY as here ends overlap The . Bypass Lockport the and Road Mountain Upper with intersect they where , Lockport of city the of edge western the to continue routes two The . highway divided lane @-@ four a as town the of area open an through northeast proceed 93 NY and 31 NY , Lockport of town the in fully Now "," Now fully in the town of Lockport , NY 31 and NY 93 proceed northeast through an open area of the town as a four @-@ lane divided highway . The two routes continue to the western edge of the city of Lockport , where they intersect with Upper Mountain Road and the Lockport Bypass . The overlap ends here as NY 93 turns southeastward onto the two @-@ lane bypass . Along the bypass , NY 93 briefly enters the city limits as it runs past several industrial facilities and intersects with Hinman Road ( CR 903 ) just ahead of a bridge over the Erie Canal . Past the waterway , the bypass takes a more southerly course through an undeveloped part of the town of Lockport to a junction with Robinson Road ( CR 123 ) on the Lockport – Pendleton town line . The Lockport Bypass ends here , leaving NY 93 to turn eastward onto Robinson Road . " " . line town the of east just intersections adjacent at ) 142 CR ( Road Akron and ) 35 CR ( Road Riddle meets it where , Royalton of town the to miles several for eastward continues 93 NY . terrain rolling , open to way give homes the as surroundings 's road the in shift a marks also junction The . ) 85 CR ( Road Raymond and ) 14 CR ( Avenue Beattie with intersection an at Road to names changes 93 NY , 78 NY from far Not . homes of stretch another past eastward runs it as Lockport of town the within fully 93 NY leaving , 78 NY follow to south turns line town Pendleton – Lockport the , point this At . ) Road Transit ( 78 NY with intersection 's road the surrounding district commercial a enters soon it , however ; Road Robinson along heads it as homes of line a serves initially route The "," The route initially serves a line of homes as it heads along Robinson Road ; however , it soon enters a commercial district surrounding the road 's intersection with NY 78 ( Transit Road ) . At this point , the Lockport – Pendleton town line turns south to follow NY 78 , leaving NY 93 fully within the town of Lockport as it runs eastward past another stretch of homes . Not far from NY 78 , NY 93 changes names to Road at an intersection with Beattie Avenue ( CR 14 ) and Raymond Road ( CR 85 ) . The junction also marks a shift in the road 's surroundings as the homes give way to open , rolling terrain . NY 93 continues eastward for several miles to the town of Royalton , where it meets Riddle Road ( CR 35 ) and Akron Road ( CR 142 ) at adjacent intersections just east of the town line . " " . ) Road ( 260 CR with intersects immediately and Road Maple as known becomes it where , Newstead of town County Erie the into and Creek Tonawanda across 93 NY brings turn The . ) 122 CR ( Road with intersection an at southward curving to prior ) km 4 @.@ 2 ( miles 5 @.@ 1 about for creek the of edge northern the along runs road The . line county Erie – Niagara the and Creek Tonawanda approaches it as ) 110 CR ( Road Church Block to connecting , Royalton of areas undeveloped across southeastward heads 93 NY , of Outside . ) 136 CR ( Road Hill Bunker with junction a at southward turns route the , Here . of hamlet developed sparsely the reach to homes scattered of line a past eastward continuing , way @-@ of @-@ right and name 's Road Akron over takes 93 NY "," NY 93 takes over Akron Road 's name and right @-@ of @-@ way , continuing eastward past a line of scattered homes to reach the sparsely developed hamlet of . Here , the route turns southward at a junction with Bunker Hill Road ( CR 136 ) . Outside of , NY 93 heads southeastward across undeveloped areas of Royalton , connecting to Block Church Road ( CR 110 ) as it approaches Tonawanda Creek and the Niagara – Erie county line . The road runs along the northern edge of the creek for about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) prior to curving southward at an intersection with Road ( CR 122 ) . The turn brings NY 93 across Tonawanda Creek and into the Erie County town of Newstead , where it becomes known as Maple Road and immediately intersects with CR 260 ( Road ) . " " . village the of north 261 CR as County Erie by maintained road a , Street Cedar intersecting before homes of line a past runs 93 NY . limits village the enters soon and Road Lewis onto east turns highway the where , Akron of village the of outskirts the to ) Road Akron – Corner Hunts ( 218 CR of terminus eastern the past track southward a on continues It . ) Road Rapids ( 42 CR and ) Road Carney ( 253 CR with intersections spaced closely its around residences of cluster a including , ) km 2 @.@ 3 ( miles 2 for homes of stretches intermittent only serves road the , Mills Swifts of South . community the of center the in ) Road Mills Swift ( 255 CR with intersects 93 NY as areas residential to way give briefly surroundings rural the , Here . Mills Swifts of hamlet the to way its on ) Road Creek Tonawanda ( 259 CR meeting , terrain rolling , open across runs 93 NY , southward Continuing "," Continuing southward , NY 93 runs across open , rolling terrain , meeting CR 259 ( Tonawanda Creek Road ) on its way to the hamlet of Swifts Mills . Here , the rural surroundings briefly give way to residential areas as NY 93 intersects with CR 255 ( Swift Mills Road ) in the center of the community . South of Swifts Mills , the road serves only intermittent stretches of homes for 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , including a cluster of residences around its closely spaced intersections with CR 253 ( Carney Road ) and CR 42 ( Rapids Road ) . It continues on a southward track past the eastern terminus of CR 218 ( Hunts Corner – Akron Road ) to the outskirts of the village of Akron , where the highway turns east onto Lewis Road and soon enters the village limits . NY 93 runs past a line of homes before intersecting Cedar Street , a road maintained by Erie County as CR 261 north of the village . " " . Street Jackson with intersection an at Street Buell to names changes 93 NY , creek the of south Just . Akron downtown leaves and Creek Murder over crosses it as name Street Mechanic the on takes highway The . Street Mechanic with junction a at southwestward curving to prior district business central 's Akron of part westernmost the through Street Main following , again westward turns 93 NY . Street Main to block another for Street Buffalo on south continuing before block one for Street John on west heads 93 NY , intersection this At . 267 NY of terminus western the once was that junction a at ) Street John ( 573 CR with intersects 93 NY , Here . Akron downtown into street residential the following , Street Cedar at south turns route The "," The route turns south at Cedar Street , following the residential street into downtown Akron . Here , NY 93 intersects with CR 573 ( John Street ) at a junction that was once the western terminus of NY 267 . At this intersection , NY 93 heads west on John Street for one block before continuing south on Buffalo Street for another block to Main Street . NY 93 turns westward again , following Main Street through the westernmost part of Akron 's central business district prior to curving southwestward at a junction with Mechanic Street . The highway takes on the Mechanic Street name as it crosses over Murder Creek and leaves downtown Akron . Just south of the creek , NY 93 changes names to Buell Street at an intersection with Jackson Street . " " . end an to come both 93 NY and Street Buell where , ) Road Main ( 5 NY with intersection commercialized a to ) km 6 @.@ 1 ( mile 1 about for track southward a on continues It . name Street Buell the retaining while fields open of area another into heads route the point which at , junction the of south distance short a Akron exits 93 NY . ) Drive Parkview ( 167 CR and ) Road Center Clarence ( 163 CR with intersection 's 93 NY at complex industrial an for save , areas residential mostly serves it , Akron of part southern the through southward continues route the As "," As the route continues southward through the southern part of Akron , it serves mostly residential areas , save for an industrial complex at NY 93 's intersection with CR 163 ( Clarence Center Road ) and CR 167 ( Parkview Drive ) . NY 93 exits Akron a short distance south of the junction , at which point the route heads into another area of open fields while retaining the Buell Street name . It continues on a southward track for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to a commercialized intersection with NY 5 ( Main Road ) , where Buell Street and NY 93 both come to an end . " " . Royalton in city the of southeast alignment current its met It . Road Akron and streets Akron and , High , Locust along city the exited and 3 NY left 93 NY , Street Locust At . Lockport of city the to roads Settlement Saunders and , Mountain Upper , Hill Gothic , Mountain Lower along 3 NY following , eastward headed 93 NY while junction this from west went 425 NY . 3 NY of part then , Road Mountain Lower to Road Wilson – Cambria along 425 NY with overlapped and Ridge North of hamlet the at south turned it , assigned first was 93 NY When . time that since realigned been have route the of portions several , day this to same the remained have 93 NY of termini the While . Akron and , Lockport , Youngstown of villages and cities the connecting , York New in highways state of renumbering 1930 the of part as established was 93 NY "," NY 93 was established as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , connecting the cities and villages of Youngstown , Lockport , and Akron . While the termini of NY 93 have remained the same to this day , several portions of the route have been realigned since that time . When NY 93 was first assigned , it turned south at the hamlet of North Ridge and overlapped with NY 425 along Cambria – Wilson Road to Lower Mountain Road , then part of NY 3 . NY 425 went west from this junction while NY 93 headed eastward , following NY 3 along Lower Mountain , Gothic Hill , Upper Mountain , and Saunders Settlement roads to the city of Lockport . At Locust Street , NY 93 left NY 3 and exited the city along Locust , High , and Akron streets and Akron Road . It met its current alignment southeast of the city in Royalton . " " . Road Mountain Lower and Ridge North between Road Junction and , ) 104 NY now ( 104 Route U.S. , Road Ridge North follow to altered was 93 NY , 1940s early the In . York New central in terminus western new a to eastward truncated was 3 NY when 1935 . c eliminated was designation 3A NY The . 93 NY or 425 NY either of part already was routing former 's 3 NY of all though even 3A NY as redesignated was roads Mountain Upper and , Hill Gothic , Mountain Lower , Shawnee along 3 NY of routing former The . Road Mountain Upper and ) 425 NY ( Road Shawnee between Road Settlement Saunders follow to 1932 . c realigned was 3 NY "," NY 3 was realigned c . 1932 to follow Saunders Settlement Road between Shawnee Road ( NY 425 ) and Upper Mountain Road . The former routing of NY 3 along Shawnee , Lower Mountain , Gothic Hill , and Upper Mountain roads was redesignated as NY 3A even though all of NY 3 's former routing was already part of either NY 425 or NY 93 . The NY 3A designation was eliminated c . 1935 when NY 3 was truncated eastward to a new western terminus in central New York . In the early 1940s , NY 93 was altered to follow North Ridge Road , U.S. Route 104 ( now NY 104 ) , and Junction Road between North Ridge and Lower Mountain Road . " " . ) 902 CR ( 902 Route County as County Niagara by maintained now is routing former 's 93 NY of portion Road Mountain Lower The . Road Junction along 270 NY replacing , roads Mountain Upper and Junction on Roads Hill Gothic and Mountain Lower bypass to 1970s late the in realigned was 93 NY . roads Junction and Mountain Lower of intersection the to southward truncated was 270 NY when 1963 . c until place in remained 270 NY with overlap The . 104 US and Road Mountain Lower between 270 NY overlapped 93 NY , result a As . 104 US to 31 NY from Road Junction along northward extended also was 270 NY , rerouted was 93 NY that time same the Around "," Around the same time that NY 93 was rerouted , NY 270 was also extended northward along Junction Road from NY 31 to US 104 . As a result , NY 93 overlapped NY 270 between Lower Mountain Road and US 104 . The overlap with NY 270 remained in place until c . 1963 when NY 270 was truncated southward to the intersection of Lower Mountain and Junction roads . NY 93 was realigned in the late 1970s to bypass Lower Mountain and Gothic Hill Roads on Junction and Upper Mountain roads , replacing NY 270 along Junction Road . The Lower Mountain Road portion of NY 93 's former routing is now maintained by Niagara County as County Route 902 ( CR 902 ) . " " . route reference unsigned an , NY became limits city Lockport the of east ) routing former 's 93 NY ( Road Akron of portion The . Royalton in Road Akron to ) 133 CR ( Road and ) 123 CR ( Road Robinson followed and east turned it where , Road Robinson to south bypass new the follow to realigned was 93 NY . downtown of south Road Robinson to city the of west 93 NY and 31 NY of junction the from extended and construct to ) 2016 in million 4 @.@ 13 $ to equivalent ( million 7 @.@ 7 $ cost highway The . 1991 , 26 July on traffic to opened was , southwest the to Lockport downtown bypassing highway a , Bypass Lockport The "," The Lockport Bypass , a highway bypassing downtown Lockport to the southwest , was opened to traffic on July 26 , 1991 . The highway cost $ 7 @.@ 7 million ( equivalent to $ 13 @.@ 4 million in 2016 ) to construct and extended from the junction of NY 31 and NY 93 west of the city to Robinson Road south of downtown . NY 93 was realigned to follow the new bypass south to Robinson Road , where it turned east and followed Robinson Road ( CR 123 ) and Road ( CR 133 ) to Akron Road in Royalton . The portion of Akron Road ( NY 93 's former routing ) east of the Lockport city limits became NY , an unsigned reference route . " " . 142 CR now is Road Akron . County Niagara to Road Akron of maintenance and ownership transferred also that swap another of part as , 1998 , 1 October on maintained @-@ state became Road Akron and 78 NY between 93 NY of portion The . government of levels two the between swap maintenance highway a of part as , 1990 , 1 September on York New of state the to County Niagara from transferred was 78 NY to bypass the from Road Robinson of maintenance and Ownership "," Ownership and maintenance of Robinson Road from the bypass to NY 78 was transferred from Niagara County to the state of New York on September 1 , 1990 , as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . The portion of NY 93 between NY 78 and Akron Road became state @-@ maintained on October 1 , 1998 , as part of another swap that also transferred ownership and maintenance of Akron Road to Niagara County . Akron Road is now CR 142 . " " . 31 NY to southward 270 NY truncating and proposed as 93 NY rerouting , 2006 in request the to obliged NYSDOT . passed was agenda the of part This . roadway the from removed be should trucks that demanded who , Road Mountain Upper of resident a from came change the for impetus The . ) 31 NY ( Road Settlement Saunders and ) 270 NY ( Road Junction to it reassign and , highway maintained @-@ county a , Road Mountain Upper from designation 93 NY the remove to ) NYSDOT ( Transportation of Department State York New the ask to county the allow to measure a on voted Legislature County Niagara the , 2005 , 1 November On "," On November 1 , 2005 , the Niagara County Legislature voted on a measure to allow the county to ask the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) to remove the NY 93 designation from Upper Mountain Road , a county @-@ maintained highway , and reassign it to Junction Road ( NY 270 ) and Saunders Settlement Road ( NY 31 ) . The impetus for the change came from a resident of Upper Mountain Road , who demanded that trucks should be removed from the roadway . This part of the agenda was passed . NYSDOT obliged to the request in 2006 , rerouting NY 93 as proposed and truncating NY 270 southward to NY 31 . " " . 2011 and 2011 in Pakistan and Kenya , Chile , Japan , Haiti to shipments including , inception its since "" supplies shelter and nutritional , medical priority @-@ high "" of worth million 425 $ over shipped has and 2012 year fiscal in million 22 $ over of revenue a had . Government Federal States United the from assistance no receiving , funded privately exclusively is It . aid development and aid humanitarian , reconstruction , relief funded privately providing by world the throughout poverty endemic and , disease , disaster of effects the alleviate communities helping to dedicated organization humanitarian profit non a is ) or , California Operation , ( USA Operation "," Operation USA ( , Operation California , or ) is a non profit humanitarian organization dedicated to helping communities alleviate the effects of disaster , disease , and endemic poverty throughout the world by providing privately funded relief , reconstruction , humanitarian aid and development aid . It is exclusively privately funded , receiving no assistance from the United States Federal Government . had a revenue of over $ 22 million in fiscal year 2012 and has shipped over $ 425 million worth of "" high @-@ priority medical , nutritional and shelter supplies "" since its inception , including shipments to Haiti , Japan , Chile , Kenya and Pakistan in 2011 and 2011 . " " Corp. Honeywell the from Award Hero Hometown Honeywell the received Walden M. Richard CEO 's USA Operation 2014 In . partner news an is and , InterAction of member a is , detection mine land to approaches new develop to Alamos Los and Livermore Lawrence at Laboratories National US the and Laboratory Propulsion Jet 's NASA with collaborated USA Operation . Navigator Charity by "" U.S. the in charity funded privately exclusively "" rated @-@ top the named was , 2008 October in , and Magazine Worth by Charities 100 Best 's America of one named been has USA Operation . Award Action Volunteer 's President 1983 the of winner the also was California Operation . Prize Peace Nobel the won it when 1997 in Ban to Campaign International the of part was USA Operation "," Operation USA was part of the International Campaign to Ban in 1997 when it won the Nobel Peace Prize . Operation California was also the winner of the 1983 President 's Volunteer Action Award . Operation USA has been named one of America 's Best 100 Charities by Worth Magazine and , in October 2008 , was named the top @-@ rated "" exclusively privately funded charity in the U.S. "" by Charity Navigator . Operation USA collaborated with NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the US National Laboratories at Lawrence Livermore and Los Alamos to develop new approaches to land mine detection , is a member of InterAction , and is an news partner . In 2014 Operation USA 's CEO Richard M. Walden received the Honeywell Hometown Hero Award from the Honeywell Corp. " " . 1979 October by aid of worth million 3 $ than more airlifted had California Operation . Penh @-@ Phnom to medicine delivering , "" 1975 since Cambodia to airlift relief international first the "" flew organization The . ) 1980 early in left who ( Werner Llewellyn and ) CEO & President as active still ( Walden Richard by founded , "" refugees Cambodian and People Boat Vietnamese to aid provide to created organization relief a "" as 1979 in began California Operation "," Operation California began in 1979 as "" a relief organization created to provide aid to Vietnamese Boat People and Cambodian refugees "" , founded by Richard Walden ( still active as President & CEO ) and Llewellyn Werner ( who left in early 1980 ) . The organization flew "" the first international relief airlift to Cambodia since 1975 "" , delivering medicine to Phnom @-@ Penh . Operation California had airlifted more than $ 3 million worth of aid by October 1979 . " " . "" Salvador El stricken @-@ earthquake to supplies relief of worth 000 @,@ 500 $ carrying planes cargo wo ] t [ "" sent , Salvador El to Aid Medical with conjunction in , California Operation 1986 In . Nicaragua to aid medical of worth 000 @,@ 250 $ deliver to , America Oxfam and Committee Service Universalist Unitarian the with cooperation in working as well as , 1985 in City Mexico in victims earthquake the to aid provided California Operation . Cambodia and Vietnam of children the to aid delivered California Operation , 1983 In . Lebanon to supplies medical airlifted also California Operation year that ; medicine and supplies medical of 000 @,@ 200 delivering , "" Poland to U.S. the from airlift private first the "" sent California Operation , 1982 In . world the around ways different in people helping in involved is that organization aid acclaimed highly a become has USA Operation , then Since "," Since then , Operation USA has become a highly acclaimed aid organization that is involved in helping people in different ways around the world . In 1982 , Operation California sent "" the first private airlift from the U.S. to Poland "" , delivering 200 @,@ 000 of medical supplies and medicine ; that year Operation California also airlifted medical supplies to Lebanon . In 1983 , Operation California delivered aid to the children of Vietnam and Cambodia . Operation California provided aid to the earthquake victims in Mexico City in 1985 , as well as working in cooperation with the Unitarian Universalist Service Committee and Oxfam America , to deliver $ 250 @,@ 000 worth of medical aid to Nicaragua . In 1986 Operation California , in conjunction with Medical Aid to El Salvador , sent "" [ t ] wo cargo planes carrying $ 500 @,@ 000 worth of relief supplies to earthquake @-@ stricken El Salvador "" . " " . victims Flood City Mexico the as well as , 2004 in by aided were Indonesia and Lanka Sri in victims tsunami The . Gulf Persian the in victims War Iraq to aid delivered 2003 In . Mexico in victims storm to aid supplied 1999 In . Nicaragua and Honduras in survivors Mitch Hurricane to aid provided organization the 1995 In . relief earthquake provided 1994 In . 1993 in 's Somali torn war to aid delivered . Bangladesh to aid delivered 1991 In . workers relief USSR with conjunction in by , 1990 in Mexico to delivered was effort aid Medical . Stanley Dr , surgeon plastic based @-@ Angeles Los a by palates cleft had who Vietnam in children on operations facilitated USA Operation 1989 In . people American entire the represent to organization the of intent and effort the described better it because USA Operation name the using began California Operation , 1988 In "," In 1988 , Operation California began using the name Operation USA because it better described the effort and intent of the organization to represent the entire American people . In 1989 Operation USA facilitated operations on children in Vietnam who had cleft palates by a Los Angeles @-@ based plastic surgeon , Dr Stanley . Medical aid effort was delivered to Mexico in 1990 , by in conjunction with USSR relief workers . In 1991 delivered aid to Bangladesh . delivered aid to war torn Somali 's in 1993 . In 1994 provided earthquake relief . In 1995 the organization provided aid to Hurricane Mitch survivors in Honduras and Nicaragua . In 1999 supplied aid to storm victims in Mexico . In 2003 delivered aid to Iraq War victims in the Persian Gulf . The tsunami victims in Sri Lanka and Indonesia were aided by in 2004 , as well as the Mexico City Flood victims . " " . USA , Midwest the in victims flood and victims earthquake Chinese as well as victims cyclone Myanmar to aid delivered has , 2008 In "," In 2008 , has delivered aid to Myanmar cyclone victims as well as Chinese earthquake victims and flood victims in the Midwest , USA . " " . victims Earthquake Nepal to aid recovery deliver to is which , project its for fund raise to with partners , 2015 In "," In 2015 , partners with to raise fund for its project , which is to deliver recovery aid to Nepal Earthquake victims . " " : featured have promotions These . events other and , dinners , concerts include These . celebrities and singers featuring efforts fundraising on relied has , 1980s early the since , USA Operation "," Operation USA , since the early 1980s , has relied on fundraising efforts featuring singers and celebrities . These include concerts , dinners , and other events . These promotions have featured : " " Streisand Barbra "," Barbra Streisand " " Raitt Bonnie "," Bonnie Raitt " " Burnett Carol "," Carol Burnett " " Nash & Stills , Crosby "," Crosby , Stills & Nash " " Henley Don "," Don Henley " " Asner Ed "," Ed Asner " " Sinatra Frank "," Frank Sinatra " " Elliot Jack "," Jack Elliot " " Browne Jackson "," Jackson Browne " " Garner James "," James Garner " " Denver John "," John Denver " " Andrews Julie "," Julie Andrews " " Douglas Kirk "," Kirk Douglas " " Jackson Michael "," Michael Jackson " " Orchestra American New "," New American Orchestra " " Domingo Plácido "," Plácido Domingo " " Montalban Ricardo "," Ricardo Montalban " " Cooder Ry "," Ry Cooder " " Stone Sharon "," Sharon Stone " " Club Social Vista Buena The "," The Buena Vista Social Club " " Adams Tony "," Tony Adams " " . Apatow Judd and Maher Bill , Browne Jackson , Dawson Rosario , Streisand Barbra did as 2013 in Haiyan Typhoon Philippines The to relief with assisted Hamilton George . 2008 in Nicaragua to USA Operation with travelled Dawson Rosario "," Rosario Dawson travelled with Operation USA to Nicaragua in 2008 . George Hamilton assisted with relief to The Philippines Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 as did Barbra Streisand , Rosario Dawson , Jackson Browne , Bill Maher and Judd Apatow . " " : including , aid for pay that funds generate to promotions theater and film on relies also USA Operation "," Operation USA also relies on film and theater promotions to generate funds that pay for aid , including : " " ) Special Television CBS ( Care We Because "," Because We Care ( CBS Television Special ) " " ) Hollywood ( Borders Beyond "," Beyond Borders ( Hollywood ) " " ) Havana & Hollywood ( ) film ( Club Social Vista Buena "," Buena Vista Social Club ( film ) ( Hollywood & Havana ) " " ) Showtime for Hollywood ( ) film ( Fidel "," Fidel ( film ) ( Hollywood for Showtime ) " " ) stage London ( ) musical ( Poppins Mary "," Mary Poppins ( musical ) ( London stage ) " " ) Hollywood ( Saigon Miss "," Miss Saigon ( Hollywood ) " " Bounce Roll "," Roll Bounce " " ) Cambodia & Hollywood ( ) film ( Fields Killing The "," The Killing Fields ( film ) ( Hollywood & Cambodia ) " " ) Broadway ( Victoria / Victor "," Victor / Victoria ( Broadway ) " " ) TV Disney ( Plaza The at Eloise "," Eloise at The Plaza ( Disney TV ) " " . damage in ) USD million 4 @.@ 6 $ , PHP ( million left rainfall and winds High . fatalities four caused and , destroyed were that 000 @,@ 3 including , houses 000 @,@ 32 damaged , Luzon northern In . day next the by on warned being longer no was and , status storm tropical to weakened had it , 3 November By . weakening quick in resulting , conditions unfavorable encountered and stalled Typhoon . China of coast southeast the off 2 November on ) mph 90 ( h / km 150 of winds peak reaching , Sea China South the over intensified @-@ re but , land over weakened storm The . 31 October on Luzon striking before typhoon a became and eye an developed . westward moving while intensified slowly storm the , Guam near 27 October on Forming . 2013 October late in Philippines northern the in landfall made that typhoon a was , Typhoon as Philippines the in known , Typhoon "," Typhoon , known in the Philippines as Typhoon , was a typhoon that made landfall in the northern Philippines in late October 2013 . Forming on October 27 near Guam , the storm slowly intensified while moving westward . developed an eye and became a typhoon before striking Luzon on October 31 . The storm weakened over land , but re @-@ intensified over the South China Sea , reaching peak winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) on November 2 off the southeast coast of China . Typhoon stalled and encountered unfavorable conditions , resulting in quick weakening . By November 3 , it had weakened to tropical storm status , and was no longer being warned on by the next day . In northern Luzon , damaged 32 @,@ 000 houses , including 3 @,@ 000 that were destroyed , and caused four fatalities . High winds and rainfall left million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 4 million USD ) in damage . " " . developed feature eye an after 30 October on status storm tropical to upgraded also JTWC the and , strengthened gradually , outflow improving and , shear wind lessening , Sea Philippine the of waters warm the With . north the to ridge subtropical the to due westward steadily moving was storm the , time that By . Depression Tropical as it classified also ) JTWC ( Center Warning Typhoon Joint the and , ) 1329 ( Storm Tropical to depression the upgraded JMA the , day next The . name local the it giving , depression the on advisories issuing began ) PAGASA ( Administration Services Astronomical and Geophysical , Atmospheric Philippine the , 28 October on UTC 2100 At . Guam , Hagåtña of southeast the to ) mi 235 ( km 380 about depression tropical a as system the classified ) JMA ( Agency Meteorological Japan the , day That . outflow westerly and shear wind moderate to due consolidated slowly and , Guam of southeast persisted circulation broad a with convection of area an , 27 October On "," On October 27 , an area of convection with a broad circulation persisted southeast of Guam , and slowly consolidated due to moderate wind shear and westerly outflow . That day , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) classified the system as a tropical depression about 380 km ( 235 mi ) to the southeast of Hagåtña , Guam . At 2100 UTC on October 28 , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration ( PAGASA ) began issuing advisories on the depression , giving it the local name . The next day , the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm ( 1329 ) , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) also classified it as Tropical Depression . By that time , the storm was moving steadily westward due to the subtropical ridge to the north . With the warm waters of the Philippine Sea , lessening wind shear , and improving outflow , gradually strengthened , and the JTWC also upgraded to tropical storm status on October 30 after an eye feature developed . " " . restrengthening for allowing conditions favorable continued with , center the around rebuilt Convection . region the exited typhoon the after advisories discontinued PAGASA , day next The . 31 October on late Sea China South the into emerged time the by eye the weakened interaction Land . land over moving initially while eyewall symmetric a developed and , Cagayan near Luzon northeastern in landfall made , 31 October On . suit followed JMA and PAGASA both , day next the and , status typhoon to upgraded JTWC the , 30 October on Late . eye defined @-@ well a into organized feature eye initial the as intensified quickly , 29 October on Luzon northern approaching While "," While approaching northern Luzon on October 29 , quickly intensified as the initial eye feature organized into a well @-@ defined eye . Late on October 30 , the JTWC upgraded to typhoon status , and the next day , both PAGASA and JMA followed suit . On October 31 , made landfall in northeastern Luzon near Cagayan , and developed a symmetric eyewall while initially moving over land . Land interaction weakened the eye by the time emerged into the South China Sea late on October 31 . The next day , PAGASA discontinued advisories after the typhoon exited the region . Convection rebuilt around the center , with continued favorable conditions allowing for restrengthening . " " . 5 November on UTC 0000 at dissipated system The . coast Vietnam northeast the off status depression tropical to downgraded JMA the , 4 November on Also . convection the from exposed became circulation the after advisory final its issued JTWC the , day next The . 3 November on status storm tropical to deteriorated and , upwelling from waters cooler and shear continued to due weaken to continued convection The . ridge new a to due southwest @-@ west the to steadily moving began , stationary nearly remaining After . ridge subtropical the of edge western the reaching after Kong Hong of southeast @-@ east ) mi 160 ( km 260 about slowing began and , deteriorate to eye the caused shear wind increasing , Later . ) mph 85 ( h / km 140 of winds minute 10 peak reached typhoon the estimated also JMA the , day next the Early . ) mph 115 ( h / km 185 of winds sustained minute 1 peak attained estimated JTWC the and , redeveloped eye large a , 1 November on Late "," Late on November 1 , a large eye redeveloped , and the JTWC estimated attained peak 1 minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Early the next day , the JMA also estimated the typhoon reached peak 10 minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . Later , increasing wind shear caused the eye to deteriorate , and began slowing about 260 km ( 160 mi ) east @-@ southeast of Hong Kong after reaching the western edge of the subtropical ridge . After remaining nearly stationary , began moving steadily to the west @-@ southwest due to a new ridge . The convection continued to weaken due to continued shear and cooler waters from upwelling , and deteriorated to tropical storm status on November 3 . The next day , the JTWC issued its final advisory after the circulation became exposed from the convection . Also on November 4 , the JMA downgraded to tropical depression status off the northeast Vietnam coast . The system dissipated at 0000 UTC on November 5 . " " . storm the following up clean to worked Highways and Works Public of Department and military Philippine the of Members . calamity of state a declared was Cagayan after , families ravaged @-@ storm to assistance monetary provided government the while , lines power restored quickly workers , storm the After . damage in ) USD million 4 @.@ 6 $ , PHP ( million left and , Philippines the in people four killed , Overall . shelters storm to evacuate to people 648 @,@ 65 forcing , destroyed were that 837 @,@ 3 including , houses 745 @,@ 32 damaged typhoon the , island the Across . harvest the of start the before just occurring , ) USD million 3 @.@ 6 $ , PHP ( million at estimated was damage Agriculture . outages power to due truck gasoline a into crashed car a , Cagayan , Lo @-@ Lal in and , blocked were Highway Philippine @-@ Pan the of Portions . service cellphone or internet without areas some as well as , power without province Cagayan of % 80 about left and , Luzon across trees down knocked winds High . landslides and flooding for potential the for noted agency The . ) mph 60 ( h / km 100 over reach to expected were winds where , Luzon northern of portions for signal warning 3 number a issued PAGASA , Philippines the struck Before "," Before struck the Philippines , PAGASA issued a number 3 warning signal for portions of northern Luzon , where winds were expected to reach over 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) . The agency noted for the potential for flooding and landslides . High winds knocked down trees across Luzon , and left about 80 % of Cagayan province without power , as well as some areas without internet or cellphone service . Portions of the Pan @-@ Philippine Highway were blocked , and in Lal @-@ Lo , Cagayan , a car crashed into a gasoline truck due to power outages . Agriculture damage was estimated at million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 3 million USD ) , occurring just before the start of the harvest . Across the island , the typhoon damaged 32 @,@ 745 houses , including 3 @,@ 837 that were destroyed , forcing 65 @,@ 648 people to evacuate to storm shelters . Overall , killed four people in the Philippines , and left million ( PHP , $ 6 @.@ 4 million USD ) in damage . After the storm , workers quickly restored power lines , while the government provided monetary assistance to storm @-@ ravaged families , after Cagayan was declared a state of calamity . Members of the Philippine military and Department of Public Works and Highways worked to clean up following the storm . " " . overflow prevent to dams three from water released and , Depression Tropical dissipating the to due rainfall heavy of potential the for warned also Vietnam in Agencies . port to return to boats recommended agency The . storm the of threat the to due Hainan for , system warning level four the of lowest @-@ second the , "" alert yellow "" a issued Centre Meteorological National China The "," The China National Meteorological Centre issued a "" yellow alert "" , the second @-@ lowest of the four level warning system , for Hainan due to the threat of the storm . The agency recommended boats to return to port . Agencies in Vietnam also warned for the potential of heavy rainfall due to the dissipating Tropical Depression , and released water from three dams to prevent overflow . " " . 1996 in America North in last and , Europe in later , 1995 in Japan in first Nintendo by published was Ball Block 's Kirby . characteristics signature 's Kirby match to gameplay the revising year a half spent team The . D1 & R Nintendo and Laboratory HAL by developed was Ball Block 's Kirby . minigames and , rounds bonus , ups @-@ power include levels 55 's game The . bricks destructible into , Kirby , ball bouncing a knock to edge 's screen the along paddles controls player the ; clone Breakout a is It . console portable Boy Game the for series Kirby the from off @-@ spin a , game video action 1995 a is Ball Block 's Kirby "," Kirby 's Block Ball is a 1995 action video game , a spin @-@ off from the Kirby series for the Game Boy portable console . It is a Breakout clone ; the player controls paddles along the screen 's edge to knock a bouncing ball , Kirby , into destructible bricks . The game 's 55 levels include power @-@ ups , bonus rounds , and minigames . Kirby 's Block Ball was developed by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo R & D1 . The team spent half a year revising the gameplay to match Kirby 's signature characteristics . Kirby 's Block Ball was published by Nintendo first in Japan in 1995 , later in Europe , and last in North America in 1996 . " " . Console Virtual 3DS Nintendo the on emulated later was and lists game Boy Game top multiple in included was It . series Kirby the of incorporation and craftsmanship gameplay its praised and formula Breakout the on improvement an game the considered Reviewers "," Reviewers considered the game an improvement on the Breakout formula and praised its gameplay craftsmanship and incorporation of the Kirby series . It was included in multiple top Game Boy game lists and was later emulated on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console . " " . fight boss a in ends stage Each . items bonus contain enemies Some . avoid and attack to enemies include also rounds The . lives extra earn can player the where , hockey air as such , minigames to lead that stars warp find can player The . time of amount least the in screen the clearing for player the rewards that round bonus a into blocks remaining the turns type block Another . blocks harder through break to bounce powerful a Kirby gives paddle the of hit timed @-@ well A . value points and durability in vary types block different ten The . clear to Kirby for patterns block complex increasingly of rounds five include stages eleven 's game the of Each . screen the of edge the hits Kirby if life a loses player The . bricks destructible into , Kirby , ball bouncing a knock to edges 's screen the along paddles controls player The "," The player controls paddles along the screen 's edges to knock a bouncing ball , Kirby , into destructible bricks . The player loses a life if Kirby hits the edge of the screen . Each of the game 's eleven stages include five rounds of increasingly complex block patterns for Kirby to clear . The ten different block types vary in durability and points value . A well @-@ timed hit of the paddle gives Kirby a powerful bounce to break through harder blocks . Another block type turns the remaining blocks into a bonus round that rewards the player for clearing the screen in the least amount of time . The player can find warp stars that lead to minigames , such as air hockey , where the player can earn extra lives . The rounds also include enemies to attack and avoid . Some enemies contain bonus items . Each stage ends in a boss fight . " " . Boy Game Super the with played when game @-@ in colors of palette wide a uses and frame themed a has game The . life a losing without once spikes hit Kirby lets needle the and , blocks indestructible otherwise through break Kirby lets up @-@ power spark the , instance For . differently blocks with interact to transform can Kirby , ups @-@ power spark and , flame , needle , stone With "," With stone , needle , flame , and spark power @-@ ups , Kirby can transform to interact with blocks differently . For instance , the spark power @-@ up lets Kirby break through otherwise indestructible blocks , and the needle lets Kirby hit spikes once without losing a life . The game has a themed frame and uses a wide palette of colors in @-@ game when played with the Super Game Boy . " " . ) 2012 May ( America North and ) 2012 February ( Europe in later and ) 2011 October ( Japan in first released and , Console Virtual 3DS Nintendo the on emulated later was It . ) 1996 May ( America North and ) 1995 ( Europe in later and 1995 in Japan in first Boy Game the for released was Ball Block 's Kirby . theme general a as movement creative , unrestricted of elements contain games Kirby . move should Kirby how on instructions explicit under game the revising completely months six spent team The . game Kirby a like feel not did game the that decided HAL , development in point one At . Nintendo by published and , D1 & R Nintendo 's Yokoi Gunpei with Laboratory HAL by developed was game The "," The game was developed by HAL Laboratory with Gunpei Yokoi 's Nintendo R & D1 , and published by Nintendo . At one point in development , HAL decided that the game did not feel like a Kirby game . The team spent six months completely revising the game under explicit instructions on how Kirby should move . Kirby games contain elements of unrestricted , creative movement as a general theme . Kirby 's Block Ball was released for the Game Boy first in Japan in 1995 and later in Europe ( 1995 ) and North America ( May 1996 ) . It was later emulated on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console , and released first in Japan ( October 2011 ) and later in Europe ( February 2012 ) and North America ( May 2012 ) . " " . game the recommended reviewers 's magazine the of six All . innovative be to blocks unbreakable the eats Kirby where parts the found magazine The . used being were memory of megabits eight its how wondered but , stages of number its and Ball Block enjoyed they said Power Nintendo . easy and short too was game the felt also X Sushi and Boyer Crispin though , ups @-@ power unique the praised especially They . game enjoyable and new a create to formula Breakout the modifying for Ball Block 's Kirby applauded Monthly Gaming Electronic of reviewers four the , release On "," On release , the four reviewers of Electronic Gaming Monthly applauded Kirby 's Block Ball for modifying the Breakout formula to create a new and enjoyable game . They especially praised the unique power @-@ ups , though Crispin Boyer and Sushi X also felt the game was too short and easy . Nintendo Power said they enjoyed Block Ball and its number of stages , but wondered how its eight megabits of memory were being used . The magazine found the parts where Kirby eats the unbreakable blocks to be innovative . All six of the magazine 's reviewers recommended the game . " " . short too was game the that but , off @-@ spin Kirby "" there out truly "" first the was Ball Block that wrote IGN . roles like @-@ ball towards itself lent shape spherical 's Kirby . Course Dream 's Kirby and Land Pinball 's Kirby like , one was Ball Block which of , offs @-@ spin platformer @-@ non of number its for known became series Kirby The . 10 / 4 @.@ 7 of score reviewer average an calculated IGN . "" franchise Kirby the with skinned clone Breakout or Arkanoid an "" as remembered primarily was game the that wrote IGN "," IGN wrote that the game was primarily remembered as "" an Arkanoid or Breakout clone skinned with the Kirby franchise "" . IGN calculated an average reviewer score of 7 @.@ 4 / 10 . The Kirby series became known for its number of non @-@ platformer spin @-@ offs , of which Block Ball was one , like Kirby 's Pinball Land and Kirby 's Dream Course . Kirby 's spherical shape lent itself towards ball @-@ like roles . IGN wrote that Block Ball was the first "" truly out there "" Kirby spin @-@ off , but that the game was too short . " " . "" bland damned too "" it called He . stop "" one "" of score a with ) interest lost he until line train circular the on stops counting while game a played he which by metric a ( "" Games Portable for System Scoring "" 2004 's Rogers Tim on rating lowest the received Ball Block 's Kirby , Alternatively . themes Kirby and gameplay the behind craft the praised and enjoyable game the found reviewers Retrospective . released Breakout of version best the it called and games attack score like who players to game the recommended Report World Nintendo . fans Breakout for and general in both rerelease 3DS its upon game the recommended IGN . clone Breakout and title launch Boy Game a , Alleyway upon improvement an Ball Block 's Kirby considered They . released games Boy Game 25 top the among it placed GamesRadar and "" classics time @-@ all "" ten 's Boy Game original the of one it called Boy Game Planet "," Planet Game Boy called it one of the original Game Boy 's ten "" all @-@ time classics "" and GamesRadar placed it among the top 25 Game Boy games released . They considered Kirby 's Block Ball an improvement upon Alleyway , a Game Boy launch title and Breakout clone . IGN recommended the game upon its 3DS rerelease both in general and for Breakout fans . Nintendo World Report recommended the game to players who like score attack games and called it the best version of Breakout released . Retrospective reviewers found the game enjoyable and praised the craft behind the gameplay and Kirby themes . Alternatively , Kirby 's Block Ball received the lowest rating on Tim Rogers 's 2004 "" Scoring System for Portable Games "" ( a metric by which he played a game while counting stops on the circular train line until he lost interest ) with a score of "" one "" stop . He called it "" too damned bland "" . " " . precision with ball paced @-@ slow the hitting trouble had occasionally — difficulty increased its from apart , universe Kirby the fit game the how liked also magazine The . clones Breakout most of soundtrack repetitive and annoying the to comparison in excellent music the found also They . animations and , graphics , design level the for praise high had , review retrospective a In "," In a retrospective review , had high praise for the level design , graphics , and animations . They also found the music excellent in comparison to the annoying and repetitive soundtrack of most Breakout clones . The magazine also liked how the game fit the Kirby universe , apart from its increased difficulty — occasionally had trouble hitting the slow @-@ paced ball with precision . " " . 2015 February in Cup Osaka the at team national the with debut her made she , basketball wheelchair to Switching . events her in 12th and 11th coming , London in Paralympics Summer 2012 the at equestrian in Australia represented who player basketball wheelchair point 0 @.@ 2 and equestrian IV Grade Australian an is ) 1992 April 27 born ( Dodd Hannah "," Hannah Dodd ( born 27 April 1992 ) is an Australian Grade IV equestrian and 2 @.@ 0 point wheelchair basketball player who represented Australia in equestrian at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London , coming 11th and 12th in her events . Switching to wheelchair basketball , she made her debut with the national team at the Osaka Cup in February 2015 . " " . class and event her in competitor Australian ranked @-@ top the was she , 2012 By . events team Titles National the and Championships Oceania the with along , 2011 in again championships national Australian the won and , 2009 in up @-@ runner was She . champion equestrian @-@ para IV Grade national Australian the was Dodd , 2008 In "," In 2008 , Dodd was the Australian national Grade IV para @-@ equestrian champion . She was runner @-@ up in 2009 , and won the Australian national championships again in 2011 , along with the Oceania Championships and the National Titles team events . By 2012 , she was the top @-@ ranked Australian competitor in her event and class . " " . silver winning , 2015 July in Beijing in Championship World Basketball Wheelchair U25 's Women 2015 the at team 25 Under the of part was and , bronze winning , 2015 February in Osaka in Games Friendship Osaka the at team national the with debut her made , 2013 in League Basketball Wheelchair National 's Women the in Flames University Sydney the for playing started She . basketball wheelchair up took Dodd , Paralympics London the After "," After the London Paralympics , Dodd took up wheelchair basketball . She started playing for the Sydney University Flames in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League in 2013 , made her debut with the national team at the Osaka Friendship Games in Osaka in February 2015 , winning bronze , and was part of the Under 25 team at the 2015 Women 's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship in Beijing in July 2015 , winning silver . " " . science exercise and sports in majoring is she where Sydney Western of University the at student and teacher riding horse a is she , 2012 of As . wheelchair a uses also and , caliper a of aide the with walk can She . brothers older two has She . reconstructed be to needed system renal entire Her . failing started kidneys her , old year a about was she When . back her in vertebrae four missing is and , dystonia limb upper with bifida spina and agenesis sacral has She . Wales South New , Arcadia from is and , 1992 April 27 on born was Dodd Hannah "," Hannah Dodd was born on 27 April 1992 , and is from Arcadia , New South Wales . She has sacral agenesis and spina bifida with upper limb dystonia , and is missing four vertebrae in her back . When she was about a year old , her kidneys started failing . Her entire renal system needed to be reconstructed . She has two older brothers . She can walk with the aide of a caliper , and also uses a wheelchair . As of 2012 , she is a horse riding teacher and student at the University of Western Sydney where she is majoring in sports and exercise science . " " . riding with associated pain with coping of ways alternative find to had has she , rules doping @-@ anti of result a as but , time every bones several dislocates she , horse her rides she when , agenesis sacral her to Due . Turner Peter by coached , competitor equestrian IV Grade a is Dodd "," Dodd is a Grade IV equestrian competitor , coached by Peter Turner . Due to her sacral agenesis , when she rides her horse , she dislocates several bones every time , but as a result of anti @-@ doping rules , she has had to find alternative ways of coping with pain associated with riding . " " . class and event her in competitor Australian ranked @-@ top the was she , 2012 By . events team Titles National the and Championships Oceania the with along , 2011 in again championships national Australian the won She . qualification Paralympic through getting in her assist to horse another for searched she , 2010 and 2009 In . 2009 in injured was , Dream 's Lucifer , horse her but , championships national Australian 2009 the at second and , Showground Ives St the at cup schools @-@ inter 2009 March the at first finished She . championships national Australian the of winner ever @-@ youngest the became she , 2008 that England in test first her winning , 2006 in Australia represented first and , 2005 in competing started She . independence of degree a her gave sport The . walk to learned she before , old years two was she time the by own her on ride to able was and , old months four was she since horses around been has Dodd "," Dodd has been around horses since she was four months old , and was able to ride on her own by the time she was two years old , before she learned to walk . The sport gave her a degree of independence . She started competing in 2005 , and first represented Australia in 2006 , winning her first test in England that 2008 , she became the youngest @-@ ever winner of the Australian national championships . She finished first at the March 2009 inter @-@ schools cup at the St Ives Showground , and second at the 2009 Australian national championships , but her horse , Lucifer 's Dream , was injured in 2009 . In 2009 and 2010 , she searched for another horse to assist her in getting through Paralympic qualification . She won the Australian national championships again in 2011 , along with the Oceania Championships and the National Titles team events . By 2012 , she was the top @-@ ranked Australian competitor in her event and class . " " . IV Grade – Test Team and IV Grade – Test Freestyle Individual the in 11th and , IV Grade – Test Championship Individual the in 12th placed was She . coach her for required were funds , Australia Equestrian and Committee Paralympic Australian by covered were horse her of cost the and costs own her While . residents , Wales South New , Arcadia by organised was raiser fund A . competitor equestrian Australian youngest the was she and , first her were Games These . horse her with events equestrian in London in Paralympics Summer 2012 the at Australia represent to selected was Dodd "," Dodd was selected to represent Australia at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London in equestrian events with her horse . These Games were her first , and she was the youngest Australian equestrian competitor . A fund raiser was organised by Arcadia , New South Wales , residents . While her own costs and the cost of her horse were covered by Australian Paralympic Committee and Equestrian Australia , funds were required for her coach . She was placed 12th in the Individual Championship Test – Grade IV , and 11th in the Individual Freestyle Test – Grade IV and Team Test – Grade IV . " " . 0 @.@ 2 a reclassified was she , 2015 In . player point 5 @.@ 2 a to dropped had classification her and , time the of much wheelchair a use to had She . deteriorated had health her time this By . silver won Devils The . July in Beijing in Championship World Basketball Wheelchair U25 's Women 2015 the for ) Devils the as known ( team 25 under the of part as selected was Dodd , 2015 June In . bronze won Gliders The . 2015 February in Osaka in Cup Osaka the at , Gliders the as known , team national the with debut her made She "" . basketball with go will I "" , said she "" , Rio for sports two my between chose have I If "" "" . awesome are with play I girls the and kick adrenalin an you gives really pace fast The . fun really 's it but "" , concedes she "" , times few a chair my of out tipped been and scrapes and bangs few a had 've I "" . game a during shoulder a dislocates usually and , wrists and fingers her strap to has She . 2013 in League Basketball Wheelchair National 's Women the in Flames University Sydney the for started She . basketball wheelchair up took Dodd , Paralympics London the After "," After the London Paralympics , Dodd took up wheelchair basketball . She started for the Sydney University Flames in the Women 's National Wheelchair Basketball League in 2013 . She has to strap her fingers and wrists , and usually dislocates a shoulder during a game . "" I 've had a few bangs and scrapes and been tipped out of my chair a few times , "" she concedes , "" but it 's really fun . The fast pace really gives you an adrenalin kick and the girls I play with are awesome . "" "" If I have chose between my two sports for Rio , "" she said , "" I will go with basketball . "" She made her debut with the national team , known as the Gliders , at the Osaka Cup in Osaka in February 2015 . The Gliders won bronze . In June 2015 , Dodd was selected as part of the under 25 team ( known as the Devils ) for the 2015 Women 's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship in Beijing in July . The Devils won silver . By this time her health had deteriorated . She had to use a wheelchair much of the time , and her classification had dropped to a 2 @.@ 5 point player . In 2015 , she was reclassified a 2 @.@ 0 . " " . 1960 in place took name present the to change The . Commission Graves War Imperial the named 1917 in Charter Royal through constituted and Ware Fabian by founded was Commission The . II War World during action enemy of result a as died who civilians Commonwealth commemorating for responsible also is Commission The . Wars World two the in died who members service military Nations of Commonwealth of commemoration of places and graves the maintain and record , mark to is function principal whose states member independent six of organisation intergovernmental an is ) CWGC ( Commission Graves War Commonwealth The "," The Commonwealth War Graves Commission ( CWGC ) is an intergovernmental organisation of six independent member states whose principal function is to mark , record and maintain the graves and places of commemoration of Commonwealth of Nations military service members who died in the two World Wars . The Commission is also responsible for commemorating Commonwealth civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II . The Commission was founded by Fabian Ware and constituted through Royal Charter in 1917 named the Imperial War Graves Commission . The change to the present name took place in 1960 . " " . creed or race , rank civil or military of irrespective , equally and uniformly commemorated are dead War . memorial a on or , burial a of site identified an at , headstone a on name by commemorated are dead war the , end this To . equally and individually dead war Commonwealth all commemorating for responsible is , mandate its of part as , Commission The "," The Commission , as part of its mandate , is responsible for commemorating all Commonwealth war dead individually and equally . To this end , the war dead are commemorated by name on a headstone , at an identified site of a burial , or on a memorial . War dead are commemorated uniformly and equally , irrespective of military or civil rank , race or creed . " " . Kent of Duke , Edward Prince is Commission Graves War Commonwealth the of President current The . Africa South and India , Zealand New , Australia , Canada , Kingdom United : states member the of support financial continued the through operates Commission The . graves civilian and military war @-@ non 000 @,@ 25 over and graves war Commonwealth @-@ non 000 @,@ 40 over , governments applicable with arrangement under , maintains Commission the , members service military Commonwealth commemorating to addition In . worldwide memorials 200 than more of maintenance the and sites burial separate 000 @,@ 23 over at dead war of care the for responsible currently is Commission The . memorials numerous and cemeteries war 500 @,@ 2 approximately constructed has Commission the , inception its Since . countries 153 in members service military Commonwealth deceased million 7 @.@ 1 of commemoration continued the for responsible currently is Commission The "," The Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1 @.@ 7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries . Since its inception , the Commission has constructed approximately 2 @,@ 500 war cemeteries and numerous memorials . The Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23 @,@ 000 separate burial sites and the maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide . In addition to commemorating Commonwealth military service members , the Commission maintains , under arrangement with applicable governments , over 40 @,@ 000 non @-@ Commonwealth war graves and over 25 @,@ 000 non @-@ war military and civilian graves . The Commission operates through the continued financial support of the member states : United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , India and South Africa . The current President of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission is Prince Edward , Duke of Kent . " " . 1916 May by registered 000 @,@ 50 and 1915 October by registered soldiers Imperial and British of graves 000 @,@ 31 over had Commission Registration Graves new The . Commission Registration Graves the as Army British the to transferred was unit the and Office War Imperial the by support and recognition official given was work 's Ware , Force Expeditionary British the of General @-@ Adjutant , Macready Nevil of support the with , 1915 March In . purpose this for Cross Red the within organisation an create to compelled felt and killed been had who those of graves of location the marking or documenting for mechanism official any of lack the by struck was there whilst and 1914 September in France in arrived He . Cross Red British the of unit mobile a of commander the become to , Milner Viscount , chairman Tinto Rio of influence the used He . Army British the join to old too was he old years 45 at that found , Company Tinto Rio the of director a , Ware Fabian , 1914 in I War World of outbreak the On "," On the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , Fabian Ware , a director of the Rio Tinto Company , found that at 45 years old he was too old to join the British Army . He used the influence of Rio Tinto chairman , Viscount Milner , to become the commander of a mobile unit of the British Red Cross . He arrived in France in September 1914 and whilst there was struck by the lack of any official mechanism for documenting or marking the location of graves of those who had been killed and felt compelled to create an organisation within the Red Cross for this purpose . In March 1915 , with the support of Nevil Macready , Adjutant @-@ General of the British Expeditionary Force , Ware 's work was given official recognition and support by the Imperial War Office and the unit was transferred to the British Army as the Graves Registration Commission . The new Graves Registration Commission had over 31 @,@ 000 graves of British and Imperial soldiers registered by October 1915 and 50 @,@ 000 registered by May 1916 . " " . government Belgian the with started were negotiations Similar . villages or towns to close too not were and stations aid medical of vicinity the in were , road public by accessible were , dimensions certain respected cemeteries that condition the under agreed government French The . British the to responsibilities maintenance and management the leave and , perpetuity in it grant , land the purchase to France for arranged subsequently and government French the to solely responsibilities maintenance the leave to prudent not was it that concluded eventually Ware . government French the by maintained be would these that understanding the under cemeteries French and British joint build to France with agreement an with began Ware . cemeteries further for land acquire to authorities local various with negotiations began Ware overfill to began graveyards municipal When "," When municipal graveyards began to overfill Ware began negotiations with various local authorities to acquire land for further cemeteries . Ware began with an agreement with France to build joint British and French cemeteries under the understanding that these would be maintained by the French government . Ware eventually concluded that it was not prudent to leave the maintenance responsibilities solely to the French government and subsequently arranged for France to purchase the land , grant it in perpetuity , and leave the management and maintenance responsibilities to the British . The French government agreed under the condition that cemeteries respected certain dimensions , were accessible by public road , were in the vicinity of medical aid stations and were not too close to towns or villages . Similar negotiations were started with the Belgian government . " " . Mesopotamia and Egypt , Greece in deployed units with , war of theatres other into and Front Western the beyond extended also was work 's directorate The . killed those of relatives from enquiries to responding include to began and registration grave simple beyond extend to began work of scope the that fact the of recognition in 1916 of spring the in Enquiries and Registration Graves of Directorate the became Commission Registration Graves The . requests the to answer in information location cemetery and prints photographic dispatch to began , Cross Red the of support the with , Commission the , 1915 March In . relatives to dispatched been had photographs 000 @,@ 17 , 1917 By . soldiers deceased of relatives from graves of photographs for requests and enquiry of letters receive to began Commission the , public became work registration grave the of reports As "," As reports of the grave registration work became public , the Commission began to receive letters of enquiry and requests for photographs of graves from relatives of deceased soldiers . By 1917 , 17 @,@ 000 photographs had been dispatched to relatives . In March 1915 , the Commission , with the support of the Red Cross , began to dispatch photographic prints and cemetery location information in answer to the requests . The Graves Registration Commission became the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries in the spring of 1916 in recognition of the fact that the scope of work began to extend beyond simple grave registration and began to include responding to enquiries from relatives of those killed . The directorate 's work was also extended beyond the Western Front and into other theatres of war , with units deployed in Greece , Egypt and Mesopotamia . " " . grave known no having as registered were casualties 000 @,@ 559 further a and identified been had graves 000 @,@ 587 some , 1918 By . begin could dead the of details the recording of task enormous the , guaranteed been had memorials and cemeteries for land Once . War World First the of end the at earnest in began undertakings 's Commission The . chairman @-@ vice as Ware and chairman as Derby Lord War for State of Secretary , president as serving Wales of Prince the with , Charter Royal by established was Commission Graves War Imperial the 1917 May 21 on and accepted was suggestion The . constituted be organisation imperial an that suggesting 1917 in Conference War Imperial the to memorandum a submitted Ware , Wales of Prince , Edward of help the With . graves the for care to needed be would organisation imperial formal a believed committee the of members of number a 1917 early By . department government existing any to than rather body appointed specially a to work the entrust to appropriate more was it that felt government The . war the after Enquiries and Registration Graves of Directorate the of work the over taking of intention the with created was Graves ' Soldiers of Care the for Committee National The . president as serve to agreeing Wales of Prince , Edward with , 1916 January in government British the by appointed was Graves ' Soldiers of Care the for Committee National the , Army British the by suggestion a Following . period war @-@ post the in graves the of fate the about concerned became others and Ware , continued war the As "," As the war continued , Ware and others became concerned about the fate of the graves in the post @-@ war period . Following a suggestion by the British Army , the National Committee for the Care of Soldiers ' Graves was appointed by the British government in January 1916 , with Edward , Prince of Wales agreeing to serve as president . The National Committee for the Care of Soldiers ' Graves was created with the intention of taking over the work of the Directorate of Graves Registration and Enquiries after the war . The government felt that it was more appropriate to entrust the work to a specially appointed body rather than to any existing government department . By early 1917 a number of members of the committee believed a formal imperial organisation would be needed to care for the graves . With the help of Edward , Prince of Wales , Ware submitted a memorandum to the Imperial War Conference in 1917 suggesting that an imperial organisation be constituted . The suggestion was accepted and on 21 May 1917 the Imperial War Graves Commission was established by Royal Charter , with the Prince of Wales serving as president , Secretary of State for War Lord Derby as chairman and Ware as vice @-@ chairman . The Commission 's undertakings began in earnest at the end of the First World War . Once land for cemeteries and memorials had been guaranteed , the enormous task of recording the details of the dead could begin . By 1918 , some 587 @,@ 000 graves had been identified and a further 559 @,@ 000 casualties were registered as having no known grave . " " . ranks serving between developed had that brotherhood of feeling the with conflict would repatriation that felt was it , corpses many so home returning of nightmare logistical the Beyond . distinctions class avoid to used be should memorials uniform that and repatriated be not should bodies that were report this of elements key Two . cemeteries the of development the envisioned it how detailing 1918 November in Commission the to report a presented , Museum British the of Director , Kenyon Frederic under committee A . military the of members ranking @-@ low were they if even , commemorated be to expect would soldiers individual that arisen consequently had expectation An . conscription through or volunteers as either , population the of percentage significant a of mobilisation required war the , However . officers commissioned to limited exclusively almost was and basis hoc ad an on often was dead war of commemoration individual , I War World to Previous . dead war of commemoration the towards attitude new entirely an produced war the of , casualties of number high associated and , scale The "," The scale , and associated high number of casualties , of the war produced an entirely new attitude towards the commemoration of war dead . Previous to World War I , individual commemoration of war dead was often on an ad hoc basis and was almost exclusively limited to commissioned officers . However , the war required mobilisation of a significant percentage of the population , either as volunteers or through conscription . An expectation had consequently arisen that individual soldiers would expect to be commemorated , even if they were low @-@ ranking members of the military . A committee under Frederic Kenyon , Director of the British Museum , presented a report to the Commission in November 1918 detailing how it envisioned the development of the cemeteries . Two key elements of this report were that bodies should not be repatriated and that uniform memorials should be used to avoid class distinctions . Beyond the logistical nightmare of returning home so many corpses , it was felt that repatriation would conflict with the feeling of brotherhood that had developed between serving ranks . " " . principles its for support of assured work its out carry to Commission the allowing , motion his withdrew Remnant . vote a to proceed not issue the that asked and debate the closed Churchill Winston . markers grave of uniformity opposing and repatriation desiring those for speaking Cecil Robert and principles 's Commission the of favour in Coutts @-@ Burdett William by speeches by followed , debate the started Remnant James Sir . 1920 May 4 on Parliament in debate heated a to led ultimately which press the in discussion considerable generated reports The . dead the of bodies the repatriate not to decision the to regards with particularly , reports the of publication the following outcry public immediate an was There . photos battlefield published in depicted landscapes bleak the contrasting ; shrubs and trees mature with cemeteries of illustrations included it as report 's Kenyon of impact the soften to intended was booklet illustrated The . Fallen the of Graves , booklet illustrated an as republished quickly was Survey 's Kipling Mr. : Commission Imperial of Work : Graves War entitled article The . like look would graves the what described and audience wider a to proposal 's Commission the carried Kipling Rudyard by 1919 February 17 on Times The in article An "," An article in The Times on 17 February 1919 by Rudyard Kipling carried the Commission 's proposal to a wider audience and described what the graves would look like . The article entitled War Graves : Work of Imperial Commission : Mr. Kipling 's Survey was quickly republished as an illustrated booklet , Graves of the Fallen . The illustrated booklet was intended to soften the impact of Kenyon 's report as it included illustrations of cemeteries with mature trees and shrubs ; contrasting the bleak landscapes depicted in published battlefield photos . There was an immediate public outcry following the publication of the reports , particularly with regards to the decision to not repatriate the bodies of the dead . The reports generated considerable discussion in the press which ultimately led to a heated debate in Parliament on 4 May 1920 . Sir James Remnant started the debate , followed by speeches by William Burdett @-@ Coutts in favour of the Commission 's principles and Robert Cecil speaking for those desiring repatriation and opposing uniformity of grave markers . Winston Churchill closed the debate and asked that the issue not proceed to a vote . Remnant withdrew his motion , allowing the Commission to carry out its work assured of support for its principles . " " . inscriptions memorial for used language the for advisor literary appointed was Kipling Rudyard . memorials and cemeteries the design to commissioned were Lutyens Edwin Sir and , Blomfield Reginald Sir , Baker Herbert Sir , day their of architects eminent most the of Three "," Three of the most eminent architects of their day , Sir Herbert Baker , Sir Reginald Blomfield , and Sir Edwin Lutyens were commissioned to design the cemeteries and memorials . Rudyard Kipling was appointed literary advisor for the language used for memorial inscriptions . " " . ) ft 3 @.@ 3 ( metre 1 to walls cemetery of height the limit to and , graves 400 than less with cemetery any in Remembrance of Stone a place not to , graves 200 than less contained that cemeteries in shelters build not to decided Commission the budget their within remained cemeteries future ensure To . budget over went cemeteries experimental three all because required were Adjustments . programme building 's Commission the for template the became , adjustments some After . Remembrance of Stone ' Lutyens and Sacrifice of Cross 's Blomfield by augmented , setting garden a in headstones uniform with cemetery walled a created architects the , Jekyll Gertrude designer garden with consulted Having . successful most the be to agreed was Extension and Cemetery Communal the , these Of . report Kenyon the in outlined principles the following , and , Le at cemeteries experimental three built Commission the , 1920 In "," In 1920 , the Commission built three experimental cemeteries at Le , and , following the principles outlined in the Kenyon report . Of these , the Communal Cemetery and Extension was agreed to be the most successful . Having consulted with garden designer Gertrude Jekyll , the architects created a walled cemetery with uniform headstones in a garden setting , augmented by Blomfield 's Cross of Sacrifice and Lutyens ' Stone of Remembrance . After some adjustments , became the template for the Commission 's building programme . Adjustments were required because all three experimental cemeteries went over budget . To ensure future cemeteries remained within their budget the Commission decided to not build shelters in cemeteries that contained less than 200 graves , to not place a Stone of Remembrance in any cemetery with less than 400 graves , and to limit the height of cemetery walls to 1 metre ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) . " " . Remembrance of Stones 400 and , Sacrifice of Crosses thousand a , headstones 000 @,@ 400 with , built been had cemeteries 500 over , completed been had construction of majority the when , 1927 By . ones larger in concentrated graves the and closed were cemeteries small cases many In . France to week a headstones 000 @,@ 4 shipping was Commission the , 1923 and 1920 Between . burials and , erections headstone for ready were which cemeteries 000 @,@ 1 established had Commission the , 1921 By . increased memorials and cemeteries of construction as 1920 in 000 @,@ 250 £ to rose figure this and , 500 @,@ 7 £ spent had Commission the , 1919 of end the At "," At the end of 1919 , the Commission had spent £ 7 @,@ 500 , and this figure rose to £ 250 @,@ 000 in 1920 as construction of cemeteries and memorials increased . By 1921 , the Commission had established 1 @,@ 000 cemeteries which were ready for headstone erections , and burials . Between 1920 and 1923 , the Commission was shipping 4 @,@ 000 headstones a week to France . In many cases small cemeteries were closed and the graves concentrated in larger ones . By 1927 , when the majority of construction had been completed , over 500 cemeteries had been built , with 400 @,@ 000 headstones , a thousand Crosses of Sacrifice , and 400 Stones of Remembrance . " " . structures separate as than rather cemeteries existing in missing the to memorials built cases some in and , memorials of number the reduced and plan their revised Commission the , territory French on memorials of approvals the for responsible committee French the from resistance After . Front Western the along battle important an of site the at located being memorial each ; missing the commemorate to which on monuments 12 build to decided initially Commission The . alone Belgium and France in 000 @,@ 315 to amounted which , grave known no had who soldier each commemorate individually to mandated been also had Commission The "," The Commission had also been mandated to individually commemorate each soldier who had no known grave , which amounted to 315 @,@ 000 in France and Belgium alone . The Commission initially decided to build 12 monuments on which to commemorate the missing ; each memorial being located at the site of an important battle along the Western Front . After resistance from the French committee responsible for the approvals of memorials on French territory , the Commission revised their plan and reduced the number of memorials , and in some cases built memorials to the missing in existing cemeteries rather than as separate structures . " " . 1940 in Belgium invaded Germany when Gate Menin the on work conducting still were stonemasons and 1938 until Memorial Bretonneux @-@ Villers the , 1936 until finished be not would Memorial Vimy the though , 1932 in Memorial Thiepval the of inauguration the with complete essentially considered was War Great the of dead the commemorating of programme The . Newfoundland by Memorial Hamel @-@ Beaumont the and Africa South by Memorial Wood Delville the , Australia by Memorial Bretonneux @-@ Villers the , Canada by Memorial Vimy the , India of forces the for Memorial Chapelle @-@ Neuve the : missing their commemorated they which on memorials erected also India and Dominions The . Warren Prioleau Edward by designed Iraq in Memorial Basra the and ; Lutyens Edwin by designed Memorial Arras the and Somme the on Memorial Thiepval the ; Burnet James John by designed Gallipoli in Memorial Helles the : followed memorials Other . Missing the to Memorial Cot Tyne 's Baker Herbert on inscribed instead were missing the of names 984 @,@ 34 and planned originally as names the all contain to space insufficient have to found was ) ( Gate Menin The . 1927 July 24 on unveiled was and , completed be to Europe in located missing the to memorial first the was Gate Menin 's Blomfield Reginald "," Reginald Blomfield 's Menin Gate was the first memorial to the missing located in Europe to be completed , and was unveiled on 24 July 1927 . The Menin Gate ( ) was found to have insufficient space to contain all the names as originally planned and 34 @,@ 984 names of the missing were instead inscribed on Herbert Baker 's Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing . Other memorials followed : the Helles Memorial in Gallipoli designed by John James Burnet ; the Thiepval Memorial on the Somme and the Arras Memorial designed by Edwin Lutyens ; and the Basra Memorial in Iraq designed by Edward Prioleau Warren . The Dominions and India also erected memorials on which they commemorated their missing : the Neuve @-@ Chapelle Memorial for the forces of India , the Vimy Memorial by Canada , the Villers @-@ Bretonneux Memorial by Australia , the Delville Wood Memorial by South Africa and the Beaumont @-@ Hamel Memorial by Newfoundland . The programme of commemorating the dead of the Great War was considered essentially complete with the inauguration of the Thiepval Memorial in 1932 , though the Vimy Memorial would not be finished until 1936 , the Villers @-@ Bretonneux Memorial until 1938 and stonemasons were still conducting work on the Menin Gate when Germany invaded Belgium in 1940 . " " . pressure political local with agreed was erection Its . Corps Transport Camel and Corps Labour Egyptian the of men to memorial its as — departments pathology and bacteriology and , library with complete — Egypt , Giza at Institute the was cemetery or monument a of form the in not was that Commission the by created memorial only The "," The only memorial created by the Commission that was not in the form of a monument or cemetery was the Institute at Giza , Egypt — complete with library , and bacteriology and pathology departments — as its memorial to men of the Egyptian Labour Corps and Camel Transport Corps . Its erection was agreed with local political pressure . " " . 1960s the until completed not was programme the and complete to years 10 further a took , war the before from tasks maintenance of backlog the with together , These . made be to repairs structural necessary were there but 1950 by addressed largely was neglect horticultural The . programme renovation horticultural year @-@ five a implemented Commission the , war the Following . longer much took programmes restoration and construction the that meant , countries some in unrest and shortages manpower with coupled , II War World of scale wider The . stone Wood Hopton from made were Many . erected were headstones new 000 @,@ 350 over , Eventually . memorials new 36 and cemeteries new 559 of first the , Cemetery War Canadian Dieppe completed Commission the , 1949 In . War World Second the from casualties Commonwealth 000 @,@ 600 the commemorating of task the began also It . memorials and cemeteries War World First its restoring begin to able was Commission the , Allies the of favour in turning began war the When . cemeteries as use for land earmarked , War World First the from gained experience the on based ahead planning , and units registration grave organised Commission the , 1939 in War World Second the of start the From "," From the start of the Second World War in 1939 , the Commission organised grave registration units and , planning ahead based on the experience gained from the First World War , earmarked land for use as cemeteries . When the war began turning in favour of the Allies , the Commission was able to begin restoring its First World War cemeteries and memorials . It also began the task of commemorating the 600 @,@ 000 Commonwealth casualties from the Second World War . In 1949 , the Commission completed Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery , the first of 559 new cemeteries and 36 new memorials . Eventually , over 350 @,@ 000 new headstones were erected . Many were made from Hopton Wood stone . The wider scale of World War II , coupled with manpower shortages and unrest in some countries , meant that the construction and restoration programmes took much longer . Following the war , the Commission implemented a five @-@ year horticultural renovation programme . The horticultural neglect was largely addressed by 1950 but there were necessary structural repairs to be made . These , together with the backlog of maintenance tasks from before the war , took a further 10 years to complete and the programme was not completed until the 1960s . " " . 1958 in showcase the to added was volume final the ; 1956 February 21 on Westminster of Dean the to volumes six first the over handed Commission The . ended had hostilities and complete was roll the until not but Abbey Westminster in placed be eventually would roll the that agreement an reached Westminster of Dean the and Commission The . civilians 000 @,@ 67 nearly of names the contained eventually roll The . Honour of Roll Dead War Civilian the of creation the in resulted which , War World Second the during action enemy from died who civilians of names the record and collect to organisation the empowering , 1941 February 7 on charter 's Commission Graves War Imperial the to added was chapter supplemental A . deaths war civilian Commonwealth of record a maintain also Commission the that proposal 's Ware to agreed Churchill Winston , I War World the with compared casualties civilian of number increased the With "," With the increased number of civilian casualties compared with the World War I , Winston Churchill agreed to Ware 's proposal that the Commission also maintain a record of Commonwealth civilian war deaths . A supplemental chapter was added to the Imperial War Graves Commission 's charter on 7 February 1941 , empowering the organisation to collect and record the names of civilians who died from enemy action during the Second World War , which resulted in the creation of the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour . The roll eventually contained the names of nearly 67 @,@ 000 civilians . The Commission and the Dean of Westminster reached an agreement that the roll would eventually be placed in Westminster Abbey but not until the roll was complete and hostilities had ended . The Commission handed over the first six volumes to the Dean of Westminster on 21 February 1956 ; the final volume was added to the showcase in 1958 . " " . 1960 in Commission Graves War Commonwealth to changed was name 's organisation the feelings regional and national strengthening of spirit the In . appropriate longer no was name its within ' Imperial ' word the that recognised Commission the II War World Following "," Following World War II the Commission recognised that the word ' Imperial ' within its name was no longer appropriate . In the spirit of strengthening national and regional feelings the organisation 's name was changed to Commonwealth War Graves Commission in 1960 . " " . War Gulf the after since impractical being maintenance regular with , 1980s the in War Iraq – Iran since difficult remained has Iraq in memorials and graves war of maintenance The . rebuilt be to had and destroyed were Beirut in cemeteries two War Civil Lebanese the During . Cemetery Memorial War Suez at gardener Commission a of death the and , Memorial Aden and Memorial Tewfik Port of destruction the in resulted Attrition of War and War Day @-@ Six The . 2005 until rebuilt entirely not was and forces Russian by occupied area an in located was it because reunification German the until and II War World of end the after unkempt was Germany in Cemetery Indian . altogether sites of destruction the in resulted or region given a in cemeteries for care to Commission the for impossible it made sometimes have conflicts recent More "," More recent conflicts have sometimes made it impossible for the Commission to care for cemeteries in a given region or resulted in the destruction of sites altogether . Indian Cemetery in Germany was unkempt after the end of World War II and until the German reunification because it was located in an area occupied by Russian forces and was not entirely rebuilt until 2005 . The Six @-@ Day War and War of Attrition resulted in the destruction of Port Tewfik Memorial and Aden Memorial , and the death of a Commission gardener at Suez War Memorial Cemetery . During the Lebanese Civil War two cemeteries in Beirut were destroyed and had to be rebuilt . The maintenance of war graves and memorials in Iraq has remained difficult since Iran – Iraq War in the 1980s , with regular maintenance being impractical since after the Gulf War . " " . Canada of Government the of expense the at installed markers ' veterans Canadian of programme inspection cyclical year @-@ twelve a conducts Commission the , 2011 of As . responsibility has Affairs Veterans of Minister Canadian the which for markers grave locate to approach an develop to Commission the employed Canada Affairs Veterans , 2003 In . War Boer Second the during died who soldiers Imperial and British of graves and cemeteries for Defence of Ministry British the of behalf on duties management similar out carried has Commission the , 2005 Since . cemeteries these of responsibilities administrative the manages Commission the , cemeteries Commission Graves War Commonwealth not are cemeteries these Although . War Falklands the during killed those for Islands Falkland the in cemeteries construct and design to assistance 's Commission the requested Defence of Ministry British the , 1982 In . mandate traditional its outside graves war for support provide also , to continues and , has Commission The "," The Commission has , and continues to , also provide support for war graves outside its traditional mandate . In 1982 , the British Ministry of Defence requested the Commission 's assistance to design and construct cemeteries in the Falkland Islands for those killed during the Falklands War . Although these cemeteries are not Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries , the Commission manages the administrative responsibilities of these cemeteries . Since 2005 , the Commission has carried out similar management duties on behalf of the British Ministry of Defence for cemeteries and graves of British and Imperial soldiers who died during the Second Boer War . In 2003 , Veterans Affairs Canada employed the Commission to develop an approach to locate grave markers for which the Canadian Minister of Veterans Affairs has responsibility . As of 2011 , the Commission conducts a twelve @-@ year cyclical inspection programme of Canadian veterans ' markers installed at the expense of the Government of Canada . " " . War World Second the after built been having cemeteries such last the , years 50 than more in cemetery Commission Graves War Commonwealth new first the was This . Cemetery Military ) Wood Pheasant ( Fromelles constructed newly the in interred were which graves mass five from excavated were bodies Australian and British fifty and hundred @-@ Two . Fromelles of outside Wood Pheasant of edge the on graves mass discovered excavation exploratory an , 2008 In "," In 2008 , an exploratory excavation discovered mass graves on the edge of Pheasant Wood outside of Fromelles . Two @-@ hundred and fifty British and Australian bodies were excavated from five mass graves which were interred in the newly constructed Fromelles ( Pheasant Wood ) Military Cemetery . This was the first new Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery in more than 50 years , the last such cemeteries having been built after the Second World War . " " . Memorial Thiepval the is these of largest the ; grave known no have who dead the commemorate to memorials commissioned or constructed also has Commission The . worldwide cemeteries war 500 @,@ 2 approximately constructed itself has Commission the however , Kingdom United the in located churchyards parish and cemeteries municipal or communal existing @-@ pre are sites burial of majority vast The . worldwide memorials 200 than more of maintenance and sites burial separate 000 @,@ 23 over at dead war of care the for responsible currently is Commission the , result a As . memorial a on or , burial a of site identified an at , headstone a either on name by commemorated are members service military Commonwealth . II War World during action enemy of result a as died who civilians 000 @,@ 67 approximately and countries 153 in members service military Commonwealth deceased million 7 @.@ 1 of commemoration continued the for responsible currently is Commission The "," The Commission is currently responsible for the continued commemoration of 1 @.@ 7 million deceased Commonwealth military service members in 153 countries and approximately 67 @,@ 000 civilians who died as a result of enemy action during World War II . Commonwealth military service members are commemorated by name on either a headstone , at an identified site of a burial , or on a memorial . As a result , the Commission is currently responsible for the care of war dead at over 23 @,@ 000 separate burial sites and maintenance of more than 200 memorials worldwide . The vast majority of burial sites are pre @-@ existing communal or municipal cemeteries and parish churchyards located in the United Kingdom , however the Commission has itself constructed approximately 2 @,@ 500 war cemeteries worldwide . The Commission has also constructed or commissioned memorials to commemorate the dead who have no known grave ; the largest of these is the Thiepval Memorial . " " . Armistice 1918 the after was War World First the of end official the as Day VE after period same the approximately date a selected Commission the War World Second the for while , war the of end official the is period War World First the for date end The . War World Second the for 1947 December 31 to 1939 September 3 and War World First the for 1921 August 31 to 1914 August 4 are consideration of periods applicable The . service to attributable causes of or service military Commonwealth in while , years war designated the during died have who those commemorates only Commission The "," The Commission only commemorates those who have died during the designated war years , while in Commonwealth military service or of causes attributable to service . The applicable periods of consideration are 4 August 1914 to 31 August 1921 for the First World War and 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947 for the Second World War . The end date for the First World War period is the official end of the war , while for the Second World War the Commission selected a date approximately the same period after VE Day as the official end of the First World War was after the 1918 Armistice . " " . graves civilian and military war @-@ non 000 @,@ 25 over and graves war Commonwealth @-@ non 000 @,@ 40 over , governments applicable with arrangement under , maintains Commission the , duties mandated its to addition In . Abbey Westminster in Chapel 's George St in located Honour of Roll Dead War Civilian the through name by commemorated are They . service military of result a as died that those from differently commemorated are War World Second the during action enemy of result a as died who Civilians "," Civilians who died as a result of enemy action during the Second World War are commemorated differently from those that died as a result of military service . They are commemorated by name through the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour located in St George 's Chapel in Westminster Abbey . In addition to its mandated duties , the Commission maintains , under arrangement with applicable governments , over 40 @,@ 000 non @-@ Commonwealth war graves and over 25 @,@ 000 non @-@ war military and civilian graves . " " . Warren Prioleau Edward was Mesopotamia for Architect Principal The . Tait Smith Thomas by assisted , Gallipoli and Palestine for Architect Principal was Burnet James John Sir while , Egypt and Macedonia , Italy for Architect Principal was Lorimer Robert Sir . well as regions other for appointed Architects Principal were there , ) Lutyens and Blomfield , Baker ( Belgium and France for Architects Principal main the as well As "," As well as the main Principal Architects for France and Belgium ( Baker , Blomfield and Lutyens ) , there were Principal Architects appointed for other regions as well . Sir Robert Lorimer was Principal Architect for Italy , Macedonia and Egypt , while Sir John James Burnet was Principal Architect for Palestine and Gallipoli , assisted by Thomas Smith Tait . The Principal Architect for Mesopotamia was Edward Prioleau Warren . " " . Lafontaine de Cart Philip Henry and , Holt H. Gordon , Rees Owen Verner , Bradshaw Harold , Nicol George included , memorials Commission the for competitions won or , Commission the for worked that architects Other . Truelove Reginald John and , Rew Ackroyd Noel , Hutton Scott James Arthur , Higginson Frank , Goldsmith Hartley George , Binnie Bryce William , Cowlishaw Harrison William , ) Architect Principal a became 1920 in who ( Holden Henry Charles , Berg von Clement Wilfred , Leith Gordon George : were Architects Assistant The . war the in served had them of many and , younger were architects These . designs memorial and cemetery the of many for responsible actually were who Architects Assistant of team a was there , architects senior these as well As "," As well as these senior architects , there was a team of Assistant Architects who were actually responsible for many of the cemetery and memorial designs . These architects were younger , and many of them had served in the war . The Assistant Architects were : George Gordon Leith , Wilfred Clement von Berg , Charles Henry Holden ( who in 1920 became a Principal Architect ) , William Harrison Cowlishaw , William Bryce Binnie , George Hartley Goldsmith , Frank Higginson , Arthur James Scott Hutton , Noel Ackroyd Rew , and John Reginald Truelove . Other architects that worked for the Commission , or won competitions for the Commission memorials , included George Nicol , Harold Bradshaw , Verner Owen Rees , Gordon H. Holt , and Henry Philip Cart de Lafontaine . " " . Oakes Clair St Colin and Hepworth Philip , Soissons de Louis , Worthington Hubert were War World Second the after and during appointed Architects Principal other the , Maufe with Together . Advisor Artistic as Kenyon succeeding also and Architect Chief becoming , 1969 until years 25 for Commission the for extensively worked Maufe . UK the for Architect Principal appointed was Maufe Edward , 1944 January In "," In January 1944 , Edward Maufe was appointed Principal Architect for the UK . Maufe worked extensively for the Commission for 25 years until 1969 , becoming Chief Architect and also succeeding Kenyon as Artistic Advisor . Together with Maufe , the other Principal Architects appointed during and after the Second World War were Hubert Worthington , Louis de Soissons , Philip Hepworth and Colin St Clair Oakes . " " . Bayes Gilbert and , Armitage Joseph , Victor Ferdinand , Bell Anning Robert , Hill Vernon , Poole Henry , Gilbert Walter , Turner A. Laurence , Turner Alfred , Basil , Gillick Ernest , Dick Reid William included , War World Second the after and period war @-@ inter the in both , sculptors Other . Jagger Sargeant Charles and , Ledward Gilbert , Wheeler Thomas Charles , Kennington Henri Eric included War World First the after cemeteries and memorials the on worked that sculptors Leading "," Leading sculptors that worked on the memorials and cemeteries after the First World War included Eric Henri Kennington , Charles Thomas Wheeler , Gilbert Ledward , and Charles Sargeant Jagger . Other sculptors , both in the inter @-@ war period and after the Second World War , included William Reid Dick , Ernest Gillick , Basil , Alfred Turner , Laurence A. Turner , Walter Gilbert , Henry Poole , Vernon Hill , Robert Anning Bell , Ferdinand Victor , Joseph Armitage , and Gilbert Bayes . " " . countries or groups other by administered graves war from them distinguishes and recognisable easily cemeteries the makes This . world the over all aesthetic uniform and design same the follow cemeteries the , conditions geological local to due , exceptions few a from Apart . cemeteries 's Commission the in part important an played always has design Structural "," Structural design has always played an important part in the Commission 's cemeteries . Apart from a few exceptions , due to local geological conditions , the cemeteries follow the same design and uniform aesthetic all over the world . This makes the cemeteries easily recognisable and distinguishes them from war graves administered by other groups or countries . " " . size equal of plots mark and design and size uniform a of are cemetery the within headstones The . campaign military respective the of details gives notice steel stainless a , sites larger in , recently More . cemetery the within shelter a in or entrance cemetery the near wall the either in located cross a with marked is that cupboard metal a within located is register The . cemetery the of history basic a and , rows and plots the of plan a , burials the of inventory an with register a contain cemeteries smallest the but All . governments Belgian or French the by provided been having as grounds cemetery the identifies wall a along or entrance the near tablet land a , Belgium and France in cemeteries For . entrance gate iron @-@ wrought a with and hedge or wall low a by surrounded is cemetery typical A "," A typical cemetery is surrounded by a low wall or hedge and with a wrought @-@ iron gate entrance . For cemeteries in France and Belgium , a land tablet near the entrance or along a wall identifies the cemetery grounds as having been provided by the French or Belgian governments . All but the smallest cemeteries contain a register with an inventory of the burials , a plan of the plots and rows , and a basic history of the cemetery . The register is located within a metal cupboard that is marked with a cross located in either the wall near the cemetery entrance or in a shelter within the cemetery . More recently , in larger sites , a stainless steel notice gives details of the respective military campaign . The headstones within the cemetery are of a uniform size and design and mark plots of equal size . " " . deaths war the of nature the and masks deliberately which experience positive a evoke to designed are aesthetics uniform the that argue Jackson and Carter , However . peace of sense a experience could visitors where garden walled traditional a like feel cemetery the make to intended is which rows headstone the between paving any of absence an also is There . headstones the around border floral a with covered grass , climates drier in except , are grounds cemetery The "," The cemetery grounds are , except in drier climates , grass covered with a floral border around the headstones . There is also an absence of any paving between the headstone rows which is intended to make the cemetery feel like a traditional walled garden where visitors could experience a sense of peace . However , Carter and Jackson argue that the uniform aesthetics are designed to evoke a positive experience which deliberately masks and the nature of the war deaths . " " . sacrifice @-@ self of concept Christian the and soldiers British link to intended , cemetery the of character military the represents sword the and dead the of majority the of faith the represents cross This . cross the of face the on embedded is , down blade , longsword bronze A . feet 32 to 14 from height in ranging and , base octagonal an on mounted , cross Latin limestone point @-@ four freestanding a normally is cross The . cross Celtic the in seen commonly more proportions with England in churchyards in found crosses medieval imitate to designed was cross This . Blomfield Reginald architect by designed Sacrifice of Cross a contain graves 40 than more of cemeteries , Typically "," Typically , cemeteries of more than 40 graves contain a Cross of Sacrifice designed by architect Reginald Blomfield . This cross was designed to imitate medieval crosses found in churchyards in England with proportions more commonly seen in the Celtic cross . The cross is normally a freestanding four @-@ point limestone Latin cross , mounted on an octagonal base , and ranging in height from 14 to 32 feet . A bronze longsword , blade down , is embedded on the face of the cross . This cross represents the faith of the majority of the dead and the sword represents the military character of the cemetery , intended to link British soldiers and the Christian concept of self @-@ sacrifice . " " . diameter in ) m 15 @.@ 549 ( inches 8 feet 801 @,@ 1 sphere a form would , extended if , design the in curves subtle The . of principle the using designed was feature The . altar an and sarcophagus a of that to both compared been has stone the of shape The . high ) ft 9 @.@ 4 ( metres 5 @.@ 1 and long ) ft 11 ( metres 5 @.@ 3 is stone Each . Parthenon the of studies on based was structure the of geometry The . "" religions particular with associated shapes "" avoided deliberately stone the for design the , Sacrifice of Cross the to contrast In . respectively none and faiths all of those commemorate to Kipling Rudyard by developed was stone Remembrance of Stone the of concept The . "" Evermore for Name Their "" inscription the with Lutyens Edwin by designed , Remembrance of Stone a have typically burials 1000 than more with Cemeteries "," Cemeteries with more than 1000 burials typically have a Stone of Remembrance , designed by Edwin Lutyens with the inscription "" Their Name for Evermore "" . The concept of the Stone of Remembrance stone was developed by Rudyard Kipling to commemorate those of all faiths and none respectively . In contrast to the Cross of Sacrifice , the design for the stone deliberately avoided "" shapes associated with particular religions "" . The geometry of the structure was based on studies of the Parthenon . Each stone is 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 11 ft ) long and 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) high . The shape of the stone has been compared both to that of a sarcophagus and an altar . The feature was designed using the principle of . The subtle curves in the design , if extended , would form a sphere 1 @,@ 801 feet 8 inches ( 549 @.@ 15 m ) in diameter . " " . thick ) in 0 @.@ 3 ( cm 6 @.@ 7 and , wide ) in 15 ( cm 38 , tall ) in 30 ( centimetres 76 were dimensions headstone original The . stone Portland of made are which of majority vast the , headstones uniform by marked and rows straight in , possible where , arranged are graves Individual . Gill MacDonald by designed lettering case upper standard a use headstones The . relatives by chosen dedication personal more a and symbol religious appropriate an above inscribed casualty each of age and death of date , unit , name , rank , badge regimental or emblem national the contains headstone Each . headstone a with marked is grave Every "," Every grave is marked with a headstone . Each headstone contains the national emblem or regimental badge , rank , name , unit , date of death and age of each casualty inscribed above an appropriate religious symbol and a more personal dedication chosen by relatives . The headstones use a standard upper case lettering designed by MacDonald Gill . Individual graves are arranged , where possible , in straight rows and marked by uniform headstones , the vast majority of which are made of Portland stone . The original headstone dimensions were 76 centimetres ( 30 in ) tall , 38 cm ( 15 in ) wide , and 7 @.@ 6 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) thick . " " . death of cause the about ambiguous deliberately are and , known is it if only then even and , date its for except death the of details specific any denote not does headstone The . grave one than more covers headstone one thus and possible not was another from body one distinguishing and graves collective in buried were soldiers cases some In . known not is grave the of location exact the but cemetery the in buried be to believed are they when "" cemetery this in buried be to believed "" text the bear headstones Some . "" God unto known War Great the of Soldier A "" is known are details no which for soldiers unidentified of graves the on appears that , Kipling Rudyard by developed , epitaph The . body the from discovered be could what only bear consequently they ; casualties unidentified for are headstones Many . "" as served "" notation the with along shown is name primary their cases such in ; enforcement law by sought were or serve to young too were they because pseudonym a employed soldier a Sometimes . emblem Cross George or Cross Victoria the by supplemented is badge regimental the , recipients Cross George or Cross Victoria of burials of case the In . Christian @-@ non or atheist be to known deceased those for except , cross a with inscribed are headstones Most "," Most headstones are inscribed with a cross , except for those deceased known to be atheist or non @-@ Christian . In the case of burials of Victoria Cross or George Cross recipients , the regimental badge is supplemented by the Victoria Cross or George Cross emblem . Sometimes a soldier employed a pseudonym because they were too young to serve or were sought by law enforcement ; in such cases their primary name is shown along with the notation "" served as "" . Many headstones are for unidentified casualties ; they consequently bear only what could be discovered from the body . The epitaph , developed by Rudyard Kipling , that appears on the graves of unidentified soldiers for which no details are known is "" A Soldier of the Great War known unto God "" . Some headstones bear the text "" believed to be buried in this cemetery "" when they are believed to be buried in the cemetery but the exact location of the grave is not known . In some cases soldiers were buried in collective graves and distinguishing one body from another was not possible and thus one headstone covers more than one grave . The headstone does not denote any specific details of the death except for its date , and even then only if it is known , and are deliberately ambiguous about the cause of death . " " . insignia unit lack often they that mean markers the of size smaller The . ground the on flat laid are headstones small , damage earthquake of risk avoid to , Greece in , Cemetery Military Struma In . supply plentiful more in was it because limestone Perla from carved were headstones Italy In . ground sodden into sinking or earthquakes during damaged being masonry prevent to intended are measures These . headstones normal the of instead used are markers pedestal faced @-@ stone , Turkey and Thailand as such , earthquakes or weather extreme to prone places In . design standard its from deviate to Commission the for necessary sometimes was it conditions local to Due "," Due to local conditions it was sometimes necessary for the Commission to deviate from its standard design . In places prone to extreme weather or earthquakes , such as Thailand and Turkey , stone @-@ faced pedestal markers are used instead of the normal headstones . These measures are intended to prevent masonry being damaged during earthquakes or sinking into sodden ground . In Italy headstones were carved from Perla limestone because it was in more plentiful supply . In Struma Military Cemetery , in Greece , to avoid risk of earthquake damage , small headstones are laid flat on the ground . The smaller size of the markers mean that they often lack unit insignia . " " . home of gardens the with associations sentimental enhance to utilised were plants indigenous , possible Where . cemeteries the of appearance the influenced greatly roses and plants garden cottage traditional to devotion whose , Jekyll Gertrude horticulturist with relationship working standing @-@ long his furthered Lutyens Edwin Sir . architects 's Commission the to unfamiliar not was elements horticultural and structural Combining . life plant suitable of placement the account into took that structures architectural and layouts cemetery develop to Commission the enabled Kew at Gardens Botanical Royal the of Director Assistant the , Hill William Arthur by given Recommendations . graveyards bleak traditionally to contrast in , setting a in peace of sense a experience could visitors where environment an create to was concept horticultural the , Originally . design cemetery the of part integral an as floriculture treating in distinctive are cemeteries Commission "," Commission cemeteries are distinctive in treating floriculture as an integral part of the cemetery design . Originally , the horticultural concept was to create an environment where visitors could experience a sense of peace in a setting , in contrast to traditionally bleak graveyards . Recommendations given by Arthur William Hill , the Assistant Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew enabled the Commission to develop cemetery layouts and architectural structures that took into account the placement of suitable plant life . Combining structural and horticultural elements was not unfamiliar to the Commission 's architects . Sir Edwin Lutyens furthered his long @-@ standing working relationship with horticulturist Gertrude Jekyll , whose devotion to traditional cottage garden plants and roses greatly influenced the appearance of the cemeteries . Where possible , indigenous plants were utilised to enhance sentimental associations with the gardens of home . " " . instead used are plants of varieties dwarf , markers grave pedestal are there where cemeteries In . rain during back splashing from soil preventing and obscured not are inscriptions that ensuring , headstones of front in immediately areas for chosen are plants growing @-@ Low . perennials herbaceous and roses floribunda of mixture a with planted are headstone each around beds The . considerations horticultural important equally were display floral of timing and height , texture in Variety "," Variety in texture , height and timing of floral display were equally important horticultural considerations . The beds around each headstone are planted with a mixture of floribunda roses and herbaceous perennials . Low @-@ growing plants are chosen for areas immediately in front of headstones , ensuring that inscriptions are not obscured and preventing soil from splashing back during rain . In cemeteries where there are pedestal grave markers , dwarf varieties of plants are used instead . " " . time @-@ part working gardener single a by tended usually are cemeteries small while staff dedicated own their have cemeteries larger , Elsewhere . base local a from operate gardeners of teams mobile , peninsula Gallipoli or Front Western the along like , area limited a within concentrated are cemeteries many When . climates tropical in considerations horticultural separate are there , Similarly . planting of styles and plants to also but , lawns for only not approach different a require areas Drier . Iraq in case the is as , horticulturists 's Commission the by favoured alternative ecological an is landscaping dry , impractical or inappropriate is irrigation Where . rain insufficient is there where countries in season dry the during irrigated are and , ambiance garden the to add paths Lawn . designs cemetery the of simplicity the to contributes rows headstone the between paving of form any of absence The "," The absence of any form of paving between the headstone rows contributes to the simplicity of the cemetery designs . Lawn paths add to the garden ambiance , and are irrigated during the dry season in countries where there is insufficient rain . Where irrigation is inappropriate or impractical , dry landscaping is an ecological alternative favoured by the Commission 's horticulturists , as is the case in Iraq . Drier areas require a different approach not only for lawns , but also to plants and styles of planting . Similarly , there are separate horticultural considerations in tropical climates . When many cemeteries are concentrated within a limited area , like along the Western Front or Gallipoli peninsula , mobile teams of gardeners operate from a local base . Elsewhere , larger cemeteries have their own dedicated staff while small cemeteries are usually tended by a single gardener working part @-@ time . " " . Inskip Peter , Adviser Artistic Honorary an has also board The . secretary as serves and CWGC the of General @-@ Director the is Wallace Victoria . Rollo Bill General Lieutenant and Kelly Ros , Fox Robert , Chaplin Edward , Jones Kevan , Simpson Keith , Strachan Hew , Campbell Gordon Kingdom United the to Canada for Commissioner High the , Mathai Ranjan Kingdom United the to India for Commissioner High the , Kingdom United the to Africa South of Republic the of Commissioner High Acting the , Downer Alexander Kingdom United the to Australia of Commissioners High the , Smith Lockwood Kingdom United the to Zealand New for Commissioner High the : are members The . Laurence Tim Admiral @-@ Vice chairman @-@ vice the and Fallon Michael Defence for State of Secretary Kingdom United is chairman the , Kent of Duke , Edward Prince is board the of president The . Commissioners of Board a by overseen are CWGC the of affairs The "," The affairs of the CWGC are overseen by a Board of Commissioners . The president of the board is Prince Edward , Duke of Kent , the chairman is United Kingdom Secretary of State for Defence Michael Fallon and the vice @-@ chairman Vice @-@ Admiral Tim Laurence . The members are : the High Commissioner for New Zealand to the United Kingdom Lockwood Smith , the High Commissioners of Australia to the United Kingdom Alexander Downer , the Acting High Commissioner of the Republic of South Africa to the United Kingdom , the High Commissioner for India to the United Kingdom Ranjan Mathai , the High Commissioner for Canada to the United Kingdom Gordon Campbell , Hew Strachan , Keith Simpson , Kevan Jones , Edward Chaplin , Robert Fox , Ros Kelly and Lieutenant General Bill Rollo . Victoria Wallace is the Director @-@ General of the CWGC and serves as secretary . The board also has an Honorary Artistic Adviser , Peter Inskip . " " : are They . organisation the of affairs worldwide the manage area geographical specific a for responsible each are that agencies or Offices . England , Maidenhead in headquartered is CWGC The "," The CWGC is headquartered in Maidenhead , England . Offices or agencies that are each responsible for a specific geographical area manage the worldwide affairs of the organisation . They are : " " . Switzerland and Monaco , ) Corsica of island the including ( France for responsible is and director a by headed is Area France "," France Area is headed by a director and is responsible for France ( including the island of Corsica ) , Monaco and Switzerland . " " . Sweden and Poland , Norway , Netherlands , Luxembourg , Lithuania , Latvia , Hungary , Germany , Estonia , Denmark , Republic Czech , Belgium , Austria for responsible and director a by headed , Area Europe Northern "," Northern Europe Area , headed by a director and responsible for Austria , Belgium , Czech Republic , Denmark , Estonia , Germany , Hungary , Latvia , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Netherlands , Norway , Poland and Sweden . " " Kingdom United the and Man of Isle , Ireland , Iceland , Islands Faroe , Islands Channel for responsible and director a by headed , Area Kingdom United "," United Kingdom Area , headed by a director and responsible for Channel Islands , Faroe Islands , Iceland , Ireland , Isle of Man and the United Kingdom " " Yemen and Emirates Arab United , Turkey , Tunisia , Syria , Spain , Serbia , Arabia Saudi , Marino San , Portugal , Oman , Morocco , Mauritania , Malta , Madeira , Macedonia , Libya , Lebanon , Jordan , Italy , Palestine and Israel , Greece , Gibraltar , Egypt , Cyprus , Croatia , Islands Canary , Bahrain , Azores , Azerbaijan , Algeria , Albania for responsible and director a by headed Area Mediterranean "," Mediterranean Area headed by a director and responsible for Albania , Algeria , Azerbaijan , Azores , Bahrain , Canary Islands , Croatia , Cyprus , Egypt , Gibraltar , Greece , Israel and Palestine , Italy , Jordan , Lebanon , Libya , Macedonia , Madeira , Malta , Mauritania , Morocco , Oman , Portugal , San Marino , Saudi Arabia , Serbia , Spain , Syria , Tunisia , Turkey , United Arab Emirates and Yemen " " ) Caribbean the including ( Americas entire the , Canada for responsible and general @-@ secretary a by headed is Agency Canadian "," Canadian Agency is headed by a secretary @-@ general and responsible for Canada , the entire Americas ( including the Caribbean ) " " Islands Solomon the and Guinea New Papua , Island Norfolk , Australia for responsible is , CWGC the of behalf on Affairs Veterans of Department Australian the in Graves War Australian of Office the by managed , Australia "," Australia , managed by the Office of Australian War Graves in the Australian Department of Veterans Affairs on behalf of the CWGC , is responsible for Australia , Norfolk Island , Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands " " Vanuatu and Tonga , Islands Society , Samoa , Caledonia New , Zealand New for responsible is , CWGC the of behalf on Heritage and Culture of Ministry Zealand New the by managed , Zealand New "," New Zealand , managed by the New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage on behalf of the CWGC , is responsible for New Zealand , New Caledonia , Samoa , Society Islands , Tonga and Vanuatu " " Island Ascension and Helena Saint , Namibia , Africa South of Republic for responsible is and secretary a by headed is Agency Africa South "," South Africa Agency is headed by a secretary and is responsible for Republic of South Africa , Namibia , Saint Helena and Ascension Island " " . bodies other the of any by covered not areas for responsible is and director a by headed is Area Pacific and Asia , Africa "," Africa , Asia and Pacific Area is headed by a director and is responsible for areas not covered by any of the other bodies . " " . % 2 @.@ 1 India and % 1 @.@ 2 Africa South , % 1 @.@ 2 Zealand New , % 1 @.@ 6 Australia , % 1 @.@ 10 Canada , % 4 @.@ 78 Kingdom United is responsible is country each which for contributions annual total of percentage The . country that of behalf on maintains CWGC the graves of number the to proportionate is country each from contribution The . dead war commemorated per 85 $ C of cost approximate an to equates This . income of million 5 @.@ 66 £ 's organisation the of million 6 @.@ 58 £ to amounted grants these , 13 / 2012 year fiscal the In . states member six the of governments the from grants by predominantly funded is work 's CWGC The "," The CWGC 's work is funded predominantly by grants from the governments of the six member states . In the fiscal year 2012 / 13 , these grants amounted to £ 58 @.@ 6 million of the organisation 's £ 66 @.@ 5 million of income . This equates to an approximate cost of C $ 85 per commemorated war dead . The contribution from each country is proportionate to the number of graves the CWGC maintains on behalf of that country . The percentage of total annual contributions for which each country is responsible is United Kingdom 78 @.@ 4 % , Canada 10 @.@ 1 % , Australia 6 @.@ 1 % , New Zealand 2 @.@ 1 % , South Africa 2 @.@ 1 % and India 1 @.@ 2 % . " " . posterity for photographs million 7 @.@ 1 recorded has project the , 2013 August of As . CWGC the with conjunction in Project Photographic Graves War The by out carried being is work The . public the to available images the make and day present the to 1914 from personnel service all to memorials and of graves the photograph to underway is project A "," A project is underway to photograph the graves of and memorials to all service personnel from 1914 to the present day and make the images available to the public . The work is being carried out by The War Graves Photographic Project in conjunction with the CWGC . As of August 2013 , the project has recorded 1 @.@ 7 million photographs for posterity . " " . weekly discovered being were bodies 30 to 20 , 1920s mid the In . discovered were bodies 000 @,@ 38 search general the of conclusion the following years three the In . numbers in discovered be to continued bodies , searches rigorous the Despite . Commission the to transferred was cemeteries the of responsibility 1921 February in and undertaken was bodies for search widespread further no , 1921 After . bodies 695 @,@ 204 reburied units exhumation the , 1921 September and Armistice the Between . units exhumation man @-@ 12 by bodies for combed and sectors into divided was Front Western The . remains of exhumation the for responsible remained Army British the , War World First the following Immediately "," Immediately following the First World War , the British Army remained responsible for the exhumation of remains . The Western Front was divided into sectors and combed for bodies by 12 @-@ man exhumation units . Between the Armistice and September 1921 , the exhumation units reburied 204 @,@ 695 bodies . After 1921 , no further widespread search for bodies was undertaken and in February 1921 responsibility of the cemeteries was transferred to the Commission . Despite the rigorous searches , bodies continued to be discovered in numbers . In the three years following the conclusion of the general search 38 @,@ 000 bodies were discovered . In the mid 1920s , 20 to 30 bodies were being discovered weekly . " " . Cemetery British Loos at reburied subsequently being soldiers Commonwealth the with France , @-@ le @-@ in discovered were soldiers German 30 and Commonwealth 20 of remains the , 2014 March In . France , Arras near Cemetery at interred @-@ re were 2009 in detector metal with land clearing farmer French a by discovered soldiers British four of remains the , 2013 April In . France , in backyard a in discovered were CEF , ) Grenadiers Winnipeg ( Battalion 78th the from soldiers Canadian of bodies eight 2006 in , example For . annually discovered bodies 30 approximately with occurrence common a remains casualties War World Second and First of remains of discovery The "," The discovery of remains of First and Second World War casualties remains a common occurrence with approximately 30 bodies discovered annually . For example , in 2006 eight bodies of Canadian soldiers from the 78th Battalion ( Winnipeg Grenadiers ) , CEF were discovered in a backyard in , France . In April 2013 , the remains of four British soldiers discovered by a French farmer clearing land with metal detector in 2009 were re @-@ interred at Cemetery near Arras , France . In March 2014 , the remains of 20 Commonwealth and 30 German soldiers were discovered in @-@ le @-@ , France with the Commonwealth soldiers being subsequently reburied at Loos British Cemetery . " " . date that on France in killed been had regiment that from sergeant one only that show to able subsequently was and 1918 July 20 on killed Regiment Hampshire the with sergeant unknown an of headstone a discovered Cemetery British to visitor a after 2013 in identified was Maidment Leonard Sergeant . Belgium in Flanders @-@ East , in cemetery military French a in buried been fact in had , Memorial Services Flying Arras the on commemorated previously was who , Cormack Frederick Philip Lieutenant Second that discovered was it , 2013 December In . casualties buried previously of identification the in result periodically public the of members by records archival of Investigation . research own their conduct to individuals permit to public the to open are commission the of records archival The . DNA and data anthropological , remains the with artifacts include can evidence of collection the 's Commission the at archived and registered then are details The . remains the identify in help may that artifacts associated any collect to tries officer burial Commission a and notified is Commission the discovered is War World Second or First the from soldier Commonwealth a of remains the When "," When the remains of a Commonwealth soldier from the First or Second World War is discovered the Commission is notified and a Commission burial officer tries to collect any associated artifacts that may help in identify the remains . The details are then registered and archived at the Commission 's the collection of evidence can include artifacts with the remains , anthropological data and DNA . The archival records of the commission are open to the public to permit individuals to conduct their own research . Investigation of archival records by members of the public periodically result in the identification of previously buried casualties . In December 2013 , it was discovered that Second Lieutenant Philip Frederick Cormack , who was previously commemorated on the Arras Flying Services Memorial , had in fact been buried in a French military cemetery in , East @-@ Flanders in Belgium . Sergeant Leonard Maidment was identified in 2013 after a visitor to British Cemetery discovered a headstone of an unknown sergeant with the Hampshire Regiment killed on 20 July 1918 and was subsequently able to show that only one sergeant from that regiment had been killed in France on that date . " " . fibreglass in made ones identical with replaced now are which , Sacrifice of Cross the off swords bronze the steal also will thieves Determined . holidays school on are schoolchildren when increases incidents of number the noting , people young by partaken pursuits the usually are stonework to damage and graffiti that believes Commission The . exception no are Commission the of buildings and cemeteries , gravestones The . vandalism for targets are , dead war of those including , Cemeteries "," Cemeteries , including those of war dead , are targets for vandalism . The gravestones , cemeteries and buildings of the Commission are no exception . The Commission believes that graffiti and damage to stonework are usually the pursuits partaken by young people , noting the number of incidents increases when schoolchildren are on school holidays . Determined thieves will also steal the bronze swords off the Cross of Sacrifice , which are now replaced with identical ones made in fibreglass . " " . memorial central the as well as cemetery war Benghazi the in headstones 200 over damaged militia Islamist an , War Civil Libyan the during , 2012 February 24 On . scandal abuse prisoner Ghraib Abu the for retaliation in allegedly , graves 691 @,@ 3 contains which , cemetery Gaza the in demolished were headstones three @-@ thirty , 2004 May 9 On . War Iraq the of beginning the after immediately 2003 March 20 on graffiti American @-@ anti and British @-@ anti with France northern in Cemetery Military Étaples the of memorial central the defaced Vandals . vandalism experienced Ireland in cemeteries Commission , Troubles The in , 1970s the In . conflicts contemporary in countries Commonwealth of participation the to connected been also has cemeteries Commission of vandalism The "," The vandalism of Commission cemeteries has also been connected to the participation of Commonwealth countries in contemporary conflicts . In the 1970s , in The Troubles , Commission cemeteries in Ireland experienced vandalism . Vandals defaced the central memorial of the Étaples Military Cemetery in northern France with anti @-@ British and anti @-@ American graffiti on 20 March 2003 immediately after the beginning of the Iraq War . On 9 May 2004 , thirty @-@ three headstones were demolished in the Gaza cemetery , which contains 3 @,@ 691 graves , allegedly in retaliation for the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal . On 24 February 2012 , during the Libyan Civil War , an Islamist militia damaged over 200 headstones in the Benghazi war cemetery as well as the central memorial . " " . saint a considered subsequently was He . language that of students advanced at aimed was which , language Latin the of grammar the on was composed he work Another . survive composed he riddles and , writer a was , career ecclesiastical his Besides . monastery Benedictine a of abbot and monk a was he , archbishop becoming to Prior . 734 to 731 from Canterbury of Archbishop tenth the was ) 734 – 670 . c ; or ( or "," or ( or ; c . 670 – 734 ) was the tenth Archbishop of Canterbury from 731 to 734 . Prior to becoming archbishop , he was a monk and abbot of a Benedictine monastery . Besides his ecclesiastical career , was a writer , and riddles he composed survive . Another work he composed was on the grammar of the Latin language , which was aimed at advanced students of that language . He was subsequently considered a saint . " " . July 30 is day feast his , saint a considered Later . 734 July 30 on office in died He . uneventful been have to appears archbishop as period 's , 733 in Selsey and Lindsey of Bishops the of consecration his from Apart . 740s and 730s the during Canterbury to appointed were who Mercians of number a of one was He . 731 June 10 on consecrated was and 731 in Canterbury of Archbishop as appointed was he Æthelbald King of influence the Through . house that of abbot then and , Leicestershire of County day @-@ present the in Hill @-@ the @-@ on @-@ Breedon at monastery the at monk a became He . 670 around born was he perhaps so , age old in was he died he when that stated Canterbury at epigraph His . birth by Mercian a was "," was a Mercian by birth . His epigraph at Canterbury stated that when he died he was in old age , so perhaps he was born around 670 . He became a monk at the monastery at Breedon @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Hill in the present @-@ day County of Leicestershire , and then abbot of that house . Through the influence of King Æthelbald he was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury in 731 and was consecrated on 10 June 731 . He was one of a number of Mercians who were appointed to Canterbury during the 730s and 740s . Apart from his consecration of the Bishops of Lindsey and Selsey in 733 , 's period as archbishop appears to have been uneventful . He died in office on 30 July 734 . Later considered a saint , his feast day is 30 July . " " . Latin original the from German and English into translations some with 1968 in published , omnia Opera is works his of edition recent A . continent the on also but England in only not used was and , archbishop became he before completed was work The . Psalms the from drawn examples some also are There . works grammatical other through but directly not although , scholars classical from drawn illustrations through speech of parts eight the covers It . students advanced more for designed is but , language Latin the to newcomer a for designed not was It . grammarians other from drawn information of addition the with Minor Ars 's Donatus of reworking a is grammar The . in formed are riddles The . pen a and book a and , alphabet the and senses five the , charity and philosophy as topics diverse such with deal riddles The . and of works the on based was and , England from grammars Latin century @-@ 8th surviving two only of one is Ars The . Ars his of four and riddles his of manuscripts surviving two the in displayed were qualities These . ) learning and devotion , prudence his for notable man a ( "" , insignis Prudentia et vir "" a him calls on commentary 's Bede "," Bede 's commentary on calls him a "" vir et Prudentia insignis , "" ( a man notable for his prudence , devotion and learning ) . These qualities were displayed in the two surviving manuscripts of his riddles and four of his Ars . The Ars is one of only two surviving 8th @-@ century Latin grammars from England , and was based on the works of and . The riddles deal with such diverse topics as philosophy and charity , the five senses and the alphabet , and a book and a pen . The riddles are formed in . The grammar is a reworking of Donatus 's Ars Minor with the addition of information drawn from other grammarians . It was not designed for a newcomer to the Latin language , but is designed for more advanced students . It covers the eight parts of speech through illustrations drawn from classical scholars , although not directly but through other grammatical works . There are also some examples drawn from the Psalms . The work was completed before he became archbishop , and was used not only in England but also on the continent . A recent edition of his works is Opera omnia , published in 1968 with some translations into English and German from the original Latin . " " . class 10 @-@ U the called was it , Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the In . leader class the , 1 @-@ UB SM after class 1 @-@ UB the as known sometimes is group The . Navy Bulgarian the and ) Kriegsmarine K.u.K. or Kriegsmarine Königliche und Kaiserliche ( Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the by operated also were design this of Boats . Navy Imperial German the with service into went which of most , constructed were boats 20 . War World First the of beginning the at Germany in built ) boats @-@ U ( submarines coastal small of class a was I UB Type The "," The Type UB I was a class of small coastal submarines ( U @-@ boats ) built in Germany at the beginning of the First World War . 20 boats were constructed , most of which went into service with the German Imperial Navy . Boats of this design were also operated by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ( Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine or K.u.K. Kriegsmarine ) and the Bulgarian Navy . The group is sometimes known as the UB @-@ 1 class after SM UB @-@ 1 , the class leader . In the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , it was called the U @-@ 10 class . " " . gun machine mounted @-@ deck a with equipped were and , torpedoes two and tubes torpedo bow two had All . submerged while ) tons long 140 ( tonnes 142 and surfaced when ) tons long 125 ( tonnes 127 displaced and long ) ft 92 ( metres 28 about were boats The . Flotillas Constantinople and , Baltic , Flanders the in primarily operated boats German The . Pola or Antwerp either at tested and assembled were rest the but , waters home German in trials underwent boats first the of Several . 1915 October by completed were 20 all ; 1914 November early in began Germany for boats first the of Construction . built were Is UB 20 of total A . 1915 April in boats three further a ordered who , Hungary @-@ Austria to sold two replace to boats of pair additional an ordered subsequently Navy Imperial German The . shipyards German two from ordered were boats 15 first the October @-@ mid by and 1914 August @-@ mid in began effort design The . operation of port their at assembled and rail by shipped then , constructed quickly be to intended were vessels the , Flanders off seas shallow , narrow the in operate to able submarines maneuverable small for need the meet to Built "," Built to meet the need for small maneuverable submarines able to operate in the narrow , shallow seas off Flanders , the vessels were intended to be quickly constructed , then shipped by rail and assembled at their port of operation . The design effort began in mid @-@ August 1914 and by mid @-@ October the first 15 boats were ordered from two German shipyards . The German Imperial Navy subsequently ordered an additional pair of boats to replace two sold to Austria @-@ Hungary , who ordered a further three boats in April 1915 . A total of 20 UB Is were built . Construction of the first boats for Germany began in early November 1914 ; all 20 were completed by October 1915 . Several of the first boats underwent trials in German home waters , but the rest were assembled and tested at either Antwerp or Pola . The German boats operated primarily in the Flanders , Baltic , and Constantinople Flotillas . The boats were about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displaced 127 tonnes ( 125 long tons ) when surfaced and 142 tonnes ( 140 long tons ) while submerged . All had two bow torpedo tubes and two torpedoes , and were equipped with a deck @-@ mounted machine gun . " " . up broken were and war the of end the after Allies the to over turned all were boat Bulgarian the and , boats Hungarian @-@ Austro surviving four the , boats German surviving five The . repaired not and mined another and sunk was boats Hungarian @-@ Austro five the of One . war the during lost were nine and , Bulgaria to sold was one , Hungary @-@ Austria to sold were two , service German in boats seventeen the Of . minelayers coastal into converted were boats German surviving the of four 1918 In "," In 1918 four of the surviving German boats were converted into coastal minelayers . Of the seventeen boats in German service , two were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary , one was sold to Bulgaria , and nine were lost during the war . One of the five Austro @-@ Hungarian boats was sunk and another mined and not repaired . The five surviving German boats , the four surviving Austro @-@ Hungarian boats , and the Bulgarian boat were all turned over to the Allies after the end of the war and were broken up . " " . begun already had submarines coastal small of series a of planning the , Belgium of invasion German the after weeks two , 1914 August 18 By . Flanders off seas shallow and narrow the in operate to suitable submarines without Navy Imperial German the found coast Sea North the along advance rapid 's Army German the War World First the of stages earliest the In "," In the earliest stages of the First World War the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast found the German Imperial Navy without submarines suitable to operate in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . By 18 August 1914 , two weeks after the German invasion of Belgium , the planning of a series of small coastal submarines had already begun . " " . tubes torpedo bow two with ) tons long 123 ( tonnes 125 about displace to and long ) ft 92 ( metres 28 about be to were boats The . Flanders from operation for specifically created , design I UB Type the in resulted — "" 34 Project "" name the assigned been had which — effort planning rushed The . ) in 4 ft 10 ( metres 15 @.@ 3 of diameter maximum a imposed which , rail by transportable be must submarines the that stipulated Navy Imperial German The "," The German Imperial Navy stipulated that the submarines must be transportable by rail , which imposed a maximum diameter of 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) . The rushed planning effort — which had been assigned the name "" Project 34 "" — resulted in the Type UB I design , created specifically for operation from Flanders . The boats were to be about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and to displace about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two bow torpedo tubes . " " . boats Weser the than more ) tons long 98 @.@ 0 ( tonne 1 weighed they as , submerged while ) tons long 140 ( tonnes 142 displaced boats Germaniawerft longer slightly The . submerged displacement in slightly differed but , surfaced while ) tons long 125 ( tonnes 127 displaced all boats The . ) in 11 ft 9 ( metres 03 @.@ 3 of draft a had and abeam ) in 4 ft 10 ( metres 15 @.@ 3 were All . counterparts their than shorter ) in 7 @.@ 8 ( centimetres 22 in came boats built @-@ Weser twelve the while , overall length ) in 2 ft 92 ( metres 10 @.@ 28 at longer slightly were boats built @-@ Germaniawerft eight The . shipyards two the from boats in variations some to led which , Bremen of Weser AG and Kiel of Germaniawerft , manufacturers two by built were design I UB Type the of Boats "," Boats of the Type UB I design were built by two manufacturers , Germaniawerft of Kiel and AG Weser of Bremen , which led to some variations in boats from the two shipyards . The eight Germaniawerft @-@ built boats were slightly longer at 28 @.@ 10 metres ( 92 ft 2 in ) length overall , while the twelve Weser @-@ built boats came in 22 centimetres ( 8 @.@ 7 in ) shorter than their counterparts . All were 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam and had a draft of 3 @.@ 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . The boats all displaced 127 tonnes ( 125 long tons ) while surfaced , but differed slightly in displacement submerged . The slightly longer Germaniawerft boats displaced 142 tonnes ( 140 long tons ) while submerged , as they weighed 1 tonne ( 0 @.@ 98 long tons ) more than the Weser boats . " " . deck the to affixed gun machine ) in 31 @.@ 0 ( millimetre @-@ 8 single a with armed also were They . torpedoes two carried and tubes torpedo bow ) in 7 @.@ 17 ( centimetre @-@ 45 two with equipped were boats The . counterparts made @-@ Bremen their than slower ) mph 2 @.@ 1 ; h / km 9 @.@ 1 ( knot 1 about were boats Germaniawerft The . submerged ) mph 9 @.@ 6 ; h / km 11 ( knots 6 than more little a and surface the on ) mph 6 @.@ 8 ; h / km 9 @.@ 13 ( knots 5 @.@ 7 nearly of capable were boats Weser The . travel underwater for motor electric Schuckert @-@ Siemens a or , surface the on engine diesel ) Weser ( Körting or ) Germaniawerft ( Daimler a by driven shaft propeller single a of consisted boats the of drivetrain The "," The drivetrain of the boats consisted of a single propeller shaft driven by a Daimler ( Germaniawerft ) or Körting ( Weser ) diesel engine on the surface , or a Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel . The Weser boats were capable of nearly 7 @.@ 5 knots ( 13 @.@ 9 km / h ; 8 @.@ 6 mph ) on the surface and a little more than 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) submerged . The Germaniawerft boats were about 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) slower than their Bremen @-@ made counterparts . The boats were equipped with two 45 @-@ centimetre ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) bow torpedo tubes and carried two torpedoes . They were also armed with a single 8 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun affixed to the deck . " " . 20 to constructed number total the bringing , April by Weser from ordered been had — 17 @-@ U and , 16 @-@ U , 15 @-@ U — Hungary @-@ Austria for three further A . Weser from 17 @-@ UB and 16 @-@ UB ordered Navy Imperial German the , ) Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the in 11 @-@ U and 10 @-@ U becoming ( Hungary @-@ Austria ally to 1915 February in sold were , 15 @-@ UB and 1 @-@ UB , class the of two After . Bremen of Weser AG from — 15 @-@ U to 9 @-@ UB numbered — boats seven and , Kiel of Germaniawerft from ordered were — 8 @-@ UB to 1 @-@ UB numbered — boats Eight . 1914 October 15 on boats I UB Type fifteen first its ordered Navy Imperial German The "," The German Imperial Navy ordered its first fifteen Type UB I boats on 15 October 1914 . Eight boats — numbered UB @-@ 1 to UB @-@ 8 — were ordered from Germaniawerft of Kiel , and seven boats — numbered UB @-@ 9 to U @-@ 15 — from AG Weser of Bremen . After two of the class , UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 15 , were sold in February 1915 to ally Austria @-@ Hungary ( becoming U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 in the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy ) , the German Imperial Navy ordered UB @-@ 16 and UB @-@ 17 from Weser . A further three for Austria @-@ Hungary — U @-@ 15 , U @-@ 16 , and U @-@ 17 — had been ordered from Weser by April , bringing the total number constructed to 20 . " " . point assembly their at trials underwent and rail via shipped were class the of members other the of most but , waters home in trials underwent launched boats three first These . 2 @-@ UB of ahead week a , 1915 February 6 on launched and , 1914 November 6 on , first down laid was 9 @-@ UB , boats Weser the Among . February 13 on followed launch 's 2 @-@ UB . later days working 75 just , 1915 January 22 on launched was 1 @-@ UB . Kiel at yard Germaniawerft the at 1914 November 1 on down laid were 2 @-@ UB and 1 @-@ UB "," UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 2 were laid down on 1 November 1914 at the Germaniawerft yard at Kiel . UB @-@ 1 was launched on 22 January 1915 , just 75 working days later . UB @-@ 2 's launch followed on 13 February . Among the Weser boats , UB @-@ 9 was laid down first , on 6 November 1914 , and launched on 6 February 1915 , a week ahead of UB @-@ 2 . These first three boats launched underwent trials in home waters , but most of the other members of the class were shipped via rail and underwent trials at their assembly point . " " . weeks six about was boats the for readiness operational to shipyard the from railcars the of departure from time total The . assembly for Pola of port Hungarian @-@ Austro the to sent were Mediterranean the in service for selected Boats . trials for Bruges to barge by towed were boats the Antwerp at assembly After . process assembly week @-@ three to two- the for Antwerp to journey day @-@ five a made Flotilla Flanders the with service for destined boats I UB Type . flatcars railway eight to on loaded and pieces fifteen approximately into broken was boat Each . kit down knock a essentially was what into down submarines the breaking involved rail by submarines the shipping of process The "," The process of shipping the submarines by rail involved breaking the submarines down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . Type UB I boats destined for service with the Flanders Flotilla made a five @-@ day journey to Antwerp for the two- to three @-@ week assembly process . After assembly at Antwerp the boats were towed by barge to Bruges for trials . Boats selected for service in the Mediterranean were sent to the Austro @-@ Hungarian port of Pola for assembly . The total time from departure of the railcars from the shipyard to operational readiness for the boats was about six weeks . " " . completed been had Is UB Type Navy Imperial German the of seventeen all 1915 July By "," By July 1915 all seventeen of the German Imperial Navy Type UB Is had been completed . " " . disabled totally almost was boat @-@ U the , failed component either if , combination engine / shaft propeller single a with : problem another revealed use service @-@ In . running 's hour an over little after batteries their exhausting , underwater time of amount extended any spend to endurance the lacked and surfaced while steamers down chase to power enough have not did the , 1918 – 1914 , War Submarine German The book 1931 their in Prendergast Maurice and Gibson H. R. authors to According . "" machine sewing "" a to I UB Type his compared commander one ; underpowered being for reputation a had and slow too and small too be to found were Is UB Type the trials their During "," During their trials the Type UB Is were found to be too small and too slow and had a reputation for being underpowered ; one commander compared his Type UB I to a "" sewing machine "" . According to authors R. H. Gibson and Maurice Prendergast in their 1931 book The German Submarine War , 1914 – 1918 , the did not have enough power to chase down steamers while surfaced and lacked the endurance to spend any extended amount of time underwater , exhausting their batteries after little over an hour 's running . In @-@ service use revealed another problem : with a single propeller shaft / engine combination , if either component failed , the U @-@ boat was almost totally disabled . " " . imbalance trim the offset to stern the to run to crew entire the forcing , compensate properly to failed tank the , 1915 June in Medusa submarine Italian sank and torpedoed 15 @-@ UB When . depths the to plunge , on taken was weight much too if , or firing after broach could boat the depth periscope from firing when , result a as ; properly function always not did system this but , weight ) kg 770 ( pound @-@ 700 @,@ 1 's torpedo 06 / C the of loss the offset and flood to designed tanks compensating with equipped were boats The . torpedoes of firing the after trim break to tendency the was Is UB Type the with problem reported Another "," Another reported problem with the Type UB Is was the tendency to break trim after the firing of torpedoes . The boats were equipped with compensating tanks designed to flood and offset the loss of the C / 06 torpedo 's 1 @,@ 700 @-@ pound ( 770 kg ) weight , but this system did not always function properly ; as a result , when firing from periscope depth the boat could broach after firing or , if too much weight was taken on , plunge to the depths . When UB @-@ 15 torpedoed and sank Italian submarine Medusa in June 1915 , the tank failed to properly compensate , forcing the entire crew to run to the stern to offset the trim imbalance . " " . Flotilla Constantinople the and , Flotilla Baltic the , Flotilla Flanders the in primarily served they , service German In . Navy Bulgarian the and , Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the , Navy Imperial German the : navies three in served class the of Boats . war the during lost boats 20 the of half with , war the of end the through 1915 March from service active in were , them to referred Germans the as , "" tadpoles tin "" the , problems the Despite "," Despite the problems , the "" tin tadpoles "" , as the Germans referred to them , were in active service from March 1915 through the end of the war , with half of the 20 boats lost during the war . Boats of the class served in three navies : the German Imperial Navy , the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , and the Bulgarian Navy . In German service , they served primarily in the Flanders Flotilla , the Baltic Flotilla , and the Constantinople Flotilla . " " . rail than rather sea by Flanders to journey the made 2 @-@ UB only , these of ; 17 @-@ UB and , 16 @-@ UB , 13 @-@ UB , 12 @-@ UB , 6 @-@ UB , 5 @-@ UB , 4 @-@ UB , 2 @-@ UB by Flotilla Flanders the in joined eventually was 10 @-@ UB . operational become had boats I UB Type more five April of end the By . 1915 March 27 on , Flotilla Flanders the of nucleus the formed which , 10 @-@ UB was service enter to I UB Type first The "," The first Type UB I to enter service was UB @-@ 10 , which formed the nucleus of the Flanders Flotilla , on 27 March 1915 . By the end of April five more Type UB I boats had become operational . UB @-@ 10 was eventually joined in the Flanders Flotilla by UB @-@ 2 , UB @-@ 4 , UB @-@ 5 , UB @-@ 6 , UB @-@ 12 , UB @-@ 13 , UB @-@ 16 , and UB @-@ 17 ; of these , only UB @-@ 2 made the journey to Flanders by sea rather than rail . " " . June late in Dover of Straits the in mines and nets antisubmarine British past route a pioneered 6 @-@ UB after Channel English the patrolling began but , Netherlands the and Kingdom United the between area the patrolled originally Flotilla Flanders the of boats I UB Type The . flotilla the by down sent ship first the sinking for responsible was and , April 9 on Flanders from patrol first the on departed 4 @-@ UB "," UB @-@ 4 departed on the first patrol from Flanders on 9 April , and was responsible for sinking the first ship sent down by the flotilla . The Type UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla originally patrolled the area between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands , but began patrolling the English Channel after UB @-@ 6 pioneered a route past British antisubmarine nets and mines in the Straits of Dover in late June . " " . Flanders from evacuated Germans the when 1918 October in scuttled was , service of out and repair poor in , 10 @-@ UB ; 1918 in lost were 10 @-@ UB but All . mines eight to up carry to chutes with replaced and removed tubes torpedo their having , 1918 by minelayers to converted all were — 17 @-@ UB , 16 @-@ UB , 12 @-@ UB , 10 @-@ UB — Flanders in Is UB Type remaining four The . crew her with along , war the of rest the for interned was and waters Dutch in aground ran 6 @-@ UB , 1917 March In . Flotilla Baltic the to transferred were 5 @-@ UB and 2 @-@ UB and , lost both were 13 @-@ UB and 4 @-@ UB , service of year first ' Is UB Type the Over "," Over the Type UB Is ' first year of service , UB @-@ 4 and UB @-@ 13 were both lost , and UB @-@ 2 and UB @-@ 5 were transferred to the Baltic Flotilla . In March 1917 , UB @-@ 6 ran aground in Dutch waters and was interned for the rest of the war , along with her crew . The four remaining Type UB Is in Flanders — UB @-@ 10 , UB @-@ 12 , UB @-@ 16 , UB @-@ 17 — were all converted to minelayers by 1918 , having their torpedo tubes removed and replaced with chutes to carry up to eight mines . All but UB @-@ 10 were lost in 1918 ; UB @-@ 10 , in poor repair and out of service , was scuttled in October 1918 when the Germans evacuated from Flanders . " " . Baltic the in operating boats I UB Type the about available is information Little . duty that in 11 @-@ UB joining , 1916 in Kiel at boats training became three All . 1916 early in 5 @-@ UB and 2 @-@ UB by joined was and , Flotilla Baltic the to assigned initially was 9 @-@ UB "," UB @-@ 9 was initially assigned to the Baltic Flotilla , and was joined by UB @-@ 2 and UB @-@ 5 in early 1916 . All three became training boats at Kiel in 1916 , joining UB @-@ 11 in that duty . Little information is available about the Type UB I boats operating in the Baltic . " " . June @-@ mid by there arrived three other the but , 1915 May in Constantinople to route en disappeared 3 @-@ UB . Flotilla Constantinople the join to on sailing before Flotilla Pola the of part as there trials and assembly for Pola to sent were All . Flotilla Constantinople the with service for selected were — 14 @-@ UB and , 8 @-@ UB , 7 @-@ UB , 3 @-@ UB — boats Navy Imperial German the of Four "," Four of the German Imperial Navy boats — UB @-@ 3 , UB @-@ 7 , UB @-@ 8 , and UB @-@ 14 — were selected for service with the Constantinople Flotilla . All were sent to Pola for assembly and trials there as part of the Pola Flotilla before sailing on to join the Constantinople Flotilla . UB @-@ 3 disappeared en route to Constantinople in May 1915 , but the other three arrived there by mid @-@ June . " " . War Civil Russian the during there stationed armies French to 1918 November in Sevastopol at surrendered was she ; flotilla the in I UB Type German remaining sole the as 14 @-@ UB leaving , 1916 October in Sea Black the in disappeared 7 @-@ UB and , 1916 May in Navy Bulgarian the to transferred was 8 @-@ UB . Sea Black the in primarily patrolled have to seem Flotilla Constantinople the of boats I UB Type three The "," The three Type UB I boats of the Constantinople Flotilla seem to have patrolled primarily in the Black Sea . UB @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , and UB @-@ 7 disappeared in the Black Sea in October 1916 , leaving UB @-@ 14 as the sole remaining German Type UB I in the flotilla ; she was surrendered at Sevastopol in November 1918 to French armies stationed there during the Russian Civil War . " " . war the of end the at Italy to ceded were ) 10 @-@ U unrepaired the and ( three remaining the and , 1916 October in destroyer Italian an torpedoed she after sunk was 16 @-@ U . war the of end the by repaired been not had but , beached was and 1918 July in mine a hit ) 1 @-@ UB ex ( 10 @-@ U . Albania and Italy off patrols in Adriatic the in primarily operated boats five the , Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the of part a as class ) Ocarina : English ( Okarina the or 10 @-@ U the as Known . October in 17 @-@ U and , 16 @-@ U , 15 @-@ U by joined were — respectively , 11 @-@ U and 10 @-@ U renamed — pair The . Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the into commissioned was boat each , flag German the under cruise one After . May in Pola to shipped and dismantled were both ; 1915 February in Hungary @-@ Austria the to sold were 15 @-@ UB incomplete still the and 1 @-@ UB "," UB @-@ 1 and the still incomplete UB @-@ 15 were sold to the Austria @-@ Hungary in February 1915 ; both were dismantled and shipped to Pola in May . After one cruise under the German flag , each boat was commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . The pair — renamed U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively — were joined by U @-@ 15 , U @-@ 16 , and U @-@ 17 in October . Known as the U @-@ 10 or the Okarina ( English : Ocarina ) class as a part of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , the five boats operated primarily in the Adriatic in patrols off Italy and Albania . U @-@ 10 ( ex UB @-@ 1 ) hit a mine in July 1918 and was beached , but had not been repaired by the end of the war . U @-@ 16 was sunk after she torpedoed an Italian destroyer in October 1916 , and the remaining three ( and the unrepaired U @-@ 10 ) were ceded to Italy at the end of the war . " " . Seine @-@ sur @-@ Neuilly of Treaty the after France to ceded was and war the survived 18 No. Podvodnik . Varna of port Sea Black main 's Bulgaria off duties defense coastal in primarily engaged was and , submarine first 's Bulgaria was She . ) 18 No. : Cyrillic in ( 18 No. Podvodnik renamed was she , 1916 May in Navy Bulgarian the to transferred was 8 @-@ UB After "," After UB @-@ 8 was transferred to the Bulgarian Navy in May 1916 , she was renamed Podvodnik No. 18 ( in Cyrillic : No. 18 ) . She was Bulgaria 's first submarine , and was engaged primarily in coastal defense duties off Bulgaria 's main Black Sea port of Varna . Podvodnik No. 18 survived the war and was ceded to France after the Treaty of Neuilly @-@ sur @-@ Seine . " " . 18 No. Podvodnik becoming , 1916 May in Bulgaria to sold was , 8 @-@ UB , submarines German the of Another . Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the for class 10 @-@ U identical virtually the comprised Weser AG by built three further a and two Those . respectively , 11 @-@ U and 10 @-@ U as Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the into commissioned and Hungary @-@ Austria to sold were — 15 @-@ UB and 1 @-@ UB — submarines German the of Two . Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the for three and Navy Imperial German the for 17 , built were submarines I UB Type 20 "," 20 Type UB I submarines were built , 17 for the German Imperial Navy and three for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Two of the German submarines — UB @-@ 1 and UB @-@ 15 — were sold to Austria @-@ Hungary and commissioned into the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as U @-@ 10 and U @-@ 11 , respectively . Those two and a further three built by AG Weser comprised the virtually identical U @-@ 10 class for the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . Another of the German submarines , UB @-@ 8 , was sold to Bulgaria in May 1916 , becoming Podvodnik No. 18 . " " ) 1915 July , 10 @-@ U Hungarian @-@ Austro the became ( 1 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 1 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 10 , July 1915 ) " " 2 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 2 " " 3 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 3 " " 4 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 4 " " 5 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 5 " " 6 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 6 " " 7 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 7 " " ) 1916 May , 18 No. Podvodnik Bulgarian the became ( 8 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 8 ( became the Bulgarian Podvodnik No. 18 , May 1916 ) " " 9 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 9 " " 10 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 10 " " 11 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 11 " " 12 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 12 " " 13 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 13 " " 14 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 14 " " ) 1915 June , 11 @-@ U Hungarian @-@ Austro the became ( 15 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 15 ( became the Austro @-@ Hungarian U @-@ 11 , June 1915 ) " " 16 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 16 " " 17 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 17 " " . Hungary @-@ Austria for specifically built three and boats I UB Type German former two of consisted which , class 10 @-@ U the as known were boats I UB Type the Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the In "," In the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy the Type UB I boats were known as the U @-@ 10 class , which consisted of two former German Type UB I boats and three built specifically for Austria @-@ Hungary . " " ) 1 @-@ UB German former the ( 10 @-@ U SM "," SM U @-@ 10 ( the former German UB @-@ 1 ) " " ) 15 @-@ UB German former the ( 11 @-@ U SM "," SM U @-@ 11 ( the former German UB @-@ 15 ) " " ) Hungary @-@ Austria ( 15 @-@ U SM "," SM U @-@ 15 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) " " ) Hungary @-@ Austria ( 16 @-@ U SM "," SM U @-@ 16 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) " " ) Hungary @-@ Austria ( 17 @-@ U SM "," SM U @-@ 17 ( Austria @-@ Hungary ) " " . designations Hungarian @-@ Austro assigned were Pola at base naval main 's Navy Hungarian @-@ Austro the at based Flotilla Pola the to assigned Is UB Type German the of four , addition In "," In addition , four of the German Type UB Is assigned to the Pola Flotilla based at the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy 's main naval base at Pola were assigned Austro @-@ Hungarian designations . " " ) 9 @-@ U as ( 3 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 3 ( as U @-@ 9 ) " " ) 7 @-@ U as ( 7 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 7 ( as U @-@ 7 ) " " ) 8 @-@ U as ( 8 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 8 ( as U @-@ 8 ) " " ) 26 @-@ U as ( 14 @-@ UB SM "," SM UB @-@ 14 ( as U @-@ 26 ) " " . Pola at commander flotilla German the from orders received and , commanders and crews German retained , Navy Imperial German the in commission under remained boats four These "," These four boats remained under commission in the German Imperial Navy , retained German crews and commanders , and received orders from the German flotilla commander at Pola . " " . war the of remainder the for Bulgaria to transferred officially was 8 @-@ UB , 1916 May 25 On . Bulgaria for boat one only leaving , sunk was 7 @-@ UB , completed be could purchase the Before . training for Kiel to sent were sailors Bulgarian of crews Two . 1916 in , 8 @-@ UB and 7 @-@ UB , Navy Bulgarian the for boats I UB two of purchase the negotiated Bulgaria and Germany "," Germany and Bulgaria negotiated the purchase of two UB I boats for the Bulgarian Navy , UB @-@ 7 and UB @-@ 8 , in 1916 . Two crews of Bulgarian sailors were sent to Kiel for training . Before the purchase could be completed , UB @-@ 7 was sunk , leaving only one boat for Bulgaria . On 25 May 1916 , UB @-@ 8 was officially transferred to Bulgaria for the remainder of the war . " " ) 8 @-@ UB German former the ( 18 No. Podvodnik "," Podvodnik No. 18 ( the former German UB @-@ 8 ) " " Key "," Key " " . Ocean Atlantic the from Sea Mediterranean the of out and into traffic naval all virtually controlling , Theatre Mediterranean the and Theatre Atlantic the both in role vital a served Gibraltar , II War World During . power sea British of bastion a as and , Europe of continent the on foothold a as both , strategy military British in factor vital a as and century 18th early the since fortress British a as position 's Gibraltar exemplifies II War World during Gibraltar of history military The "," The military history of Gibraltar during World War II exemplifies Gibraltar 's position as a British fortress since the early 18th century and as a vital factor in British military strategy , both as a foothold on the continent of Europe , and as a bastion of British sea power . During World War II , Gibraltar served a vital role in both the Atlantic Theatre and the Mediterranean Theatre , controlling virtually all naval traffic into and out of the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean . " " . Abwehr German the of behalf on acting agents Gibraltarian and Spanish by out carried also were attacks of number A . Algeciras of harbour Spanish nearby the in SS ship Italian interned the on based was unit Italian This . torpedoes human their and ) MAS Decima ( unit frogman commando ) Marina Regia ( Navy Royal Italian the by attacks underwater of focus the was fortress the , Additionally . Sardinia on based ) Aeronautica Regia ( Force Air Royal Italian the of aircraft from and aircraft French Vichy from bombardment aerial under came Gibraltar , war the of course the During . Malta of island besieged the from and to convoys for escort strong a providing and superiority naval maintaining of task the had and Gibraltar in based was Somerville James Admiral @-@ Vice of command the under , H Force . Mediterranean the and Atlantic the both in operate could ships which from harbour defended strongly a provided Gibraltar , position commanding its to addition In "," In addition to its commanding position , Gibraltar provided a strongly defended harbour from which ships could operate in both the Atlantic and the Mediterranean . Force H , under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral James Somerville was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the besieged island of Malta . During the course of the war , Gibraltar came under aerial bombardment from Vichy French aircraft and from aircraft of the Italian Royal Air Force ( Regia Aeronautica ) based on Sardinia . Additionally , the fortress was the focus of underwater attacks by the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) commando frogman unit ( Decima MAS ) and their human torpedoes . This Italian unit was based on the interned Italian ship SS in the nearby Spanish harbour of Algeciras . A number of attacks were also carried out by Spanish and Gibraltarian agents acting on behalf of the German Abwehr . " " . equipment ray @-@ X and theatre operating an with complete , constructed were hospital equipped fully a and , offices , barracks , caverns made @-@ man huge In . "" city underground "" an build to out blasted were rock of Masses . limestone the from excavated were tunnels of miles , itself Gibraltar of Rock the Inside "," Inside the Rock of Gibraltar itself , miles of tunnels were excavated from the limestone . Masses of rock were blasted out to build an "" underground city "" . In huge man @-@ made caverns , barracks , offices , and a fully equipped hospital were constructed , complete with an operating theatre and X @-@ ray equipment . " " . 1945 in Day E @-@ V until Mediterranean the through routes convoy the for depots supply and docks dry operate to continued harbour The . position supply area @-@ rear a to base operating forward a from shifted role 's Gibraltar , 1943 in Italy of surrender the and campaign African North the of completion successful the Following . operation the of phases planning the during Gibraltar in headquarters his up set , operation the of command given was who , Eisenhower D. Dwight General . "" Rock "" the from coordinated was , 1942 November in Africa North French of invasion Allied the , Torch Operation "," Operation Torch , the Allied invasion of French North Africa in November 1942 , was coordinated from the "" Rock "" . General Dwight D. Eisenhower , who was given command of the operation , set up his headquarters in Gibraltar during the planning phases of the operation . Following the successful completion of the North African campaign and the surrender of Italy in 1943 , Gibraltar 's role shifted from a forward operating base to a rear @-@ area supply position . The harbour continued to operate dry docks and supply depots for the convoy routes through the Mediterranean until V @-@ E Day in 1945 . " " . effort war the in sharing by ' British ' being of sense a community entire the gave it but stay to allowed were jobs essential with civilians those Only . ' home ' call to nowhere had ) years ten to up for some ( Gibraltarians most that meant personnel naval and military more with Rock the of strength the increase to order in evacuation mass enforce to decision The . Gibraltarians of lives the changed dramatically II War World "," World War II dramatically changed the lives of Gibraltarians . The decision to enforce mass evacuation in order to increase the strength of the Rock with more military and naval personnel meant that most Gibraltarians ( some for up to ten years ) had nowhere to call ' home ' . Only those civilians with essential jobs were allowed to stay but it gave the entire community a sense of being ' British ' by sharing in the war effort . " " . completed been had Gibraltar to back evacuation @-@ re the July 13 by and , Rock the from away them take to arrived ships other when returned evacuees the as long as allowed was landing a , London from instructions receiving After . land to allowed be evacuees the that ask to ) Liddell Clive Sir ( Governor the see to went Library Commercial and Exchange the of President Acting the by accompanied Councillors City two and made were speeches , broke news the as Gibraltar of centre the in Square Mackintosh John in gathered Crowds . time second a them evacuate to impossible virtually be would it , Rock the on back were evacuees the once that fearing , land to them allow not would Governor the , Gibraltar at arrived they when , However . behind possessions many leaving , carry could they what only taking board to troops French by point bayonet at forced were families when evident were which , tensions high to led , died sailors French 297 @,@ 1 which during , attack The . hands German in up ending them prevent to order in Kebir @-@ el Mers at warships French of number a destroyed had fleet British the , beforehand Just . boarding for gangways his up opened he , dockyards the through pouring civilians of mass the saw he when , ) evacuees of on taking the forbade which orders Admiralty British to contrary and ( ships his restock and clean to permission obtain to unable was Crichton Although . evacuees the all away take to agreed they until interned were ships the , disembarked had servicemen rescued own their Once . Dunkirk from rescued been had who servicemen French 000 @,@ 15 repatriating , Crichton Commodore under arrived vessels cargo British 15 when arose soon opportunity The . removal their for opportunities sought and embarrassment an Casablanca in evacuees Gibraltarian of presence the found Government Vichy French German @-@ Pro new the , 1940 June in later armies German the to French the of capitulation the following , However . Morocco French in Casablanca to shipped were evacuees 500 @,@ 13 about , 1940 June early In "," In early June 1940 , about 13 @,@ 500 evacuees were shipped to Casablanca in French Morocco . However , following the capitulation of the French to the German armies later in June 1940 , the new Pro @-@ German French Vichy Government found the presence of Gibraltarian evacuees in Casablanca an embarrassment and sought opportunities for their removal . The opportunity soon arose when 15 British cargo vessels arrived under Commodore Crichton , repatriating 15 @,@ 000 French servicemen who had been rescued from Dunkirk . Once their own rescued servicemen had disembarked , the ships were interned until they agreed to take away all the evacuees . Although Crichton was unable to obtain permission to clean and restock his ships ( and contrary to British Admiralty orders which forbade the taking on of evacuees ) , when he saw the mass of civilians pouring through the dockyards , he opened up his gangways for boarding . Just beforehand , the British fleet had destroyed a number of French warships at Mers el @-@ Kebir in order to prevent them ending up in German hands . The attack , during which 1 @,@ 297 French sailors died , led to high tensions , which were evident when families were forced at bayonet point by French troops to board taking only what they could carry , leaving many possessions behind . However , when they arrived at Gibraltar , the Governor would not allow them to land , fearing that once the evacuees were back on the Rock , it would be virtually impossible to evacuate them a second time . Crowds gathered in John Mackintosh Square in the centre of Gibraltar as the news broke , speeches were made and two City Councillors accompanied by the Acting President of the Exchange and Commercial Library went to see the Governor ( Sir Clive Liddell ) to ask that the evacuees be allowed to land . After receiving instructions from London , a landing was allowed as long as the evacuees returned when other ships arrived to take them away from the Rock , and by 13 July the re @-@ evacuation back to Gibraltar had been completed . " " . living were evacuees the which in circumstances the describing , letters harrowing of arrival the with coupled , intensified London against raids air the as mounted Gibraltar in them for Concern . area Kensington in housed were many and , Health of Ministry the of hands the in placed were evacuees the London In "" . altered not there situation the had sent been have would more and , Morocco to sent number the was 000 @,@ 13 The . 000 @,@ 22 are there whereas here civilians no be should there and attack immediate and heavy to liable fortress a is this that is "" , July 19 on Liddell General replied , situation The . Madeira of island Atlantic Portuguese the to sent be to were whom of 000 @,@ 2 , accepted be could 000 @,@ 13 only that insisting and Britain in accommodation of shortage the stressing , clarified be to situation the for asked He . 000 @,@ 16 as finally and 000 @,@ 14 as then , 000 @,@ 13 as first evacuees of number the given had , declared he , Governor The . involved people of number the over Gibraltar with argued he but , Kingdom United the in evacuees the accept to agreed Stanley Oliver politician conservative British "," British conservative politician Oliver Stanley agreed to accept the evacuees in the United Kingdom , but he argued with Gibraltar over the number of people involved . The Governor , he declared , had given the number of evacuees first as 13 @,@ 000 , then as 14 @,@ 000 and finally as 16 @,@ 000 . He asked for the situation to be clarified , stressing the shortage of accommodation in Britain and insisting that only 13 @,@ 000 could be accepted , 2 @,@ 000 of whom were to be sent to the Portuguese Atlantic island of Madeira . The situation , replied General Liddell on 19 July , "" is that this is a fortress liable to heavy and immediate attack and there should be no civilians here whereas there are 22 @,@ 000 . The 13 @,@ 000 was the number sent to Morocco , and more would have been sent had the situation there not altered . "" In London the evacuees were placed in the hands of the Ministry of Health , and many were housed in Kensington area . Concern for them in Gibraltar mounted as the air raids against London intensified , coupled with the arrival of harrowing letters , describing the circumstances in which the evacuees were living . " " . area London the in housed 000 @,@ 10 around of bulk the with , Madeira in number lesser a and Jamaica in were evacuees 000 @,@ 2 approximately that was , therefore , 1940 of end the at situation The . shipping available of lack the and reasons strategic for partly , met were demands the and followed petitions However . on later following more with , October 9 on , direct Jamaica for left evacuees 093 @,@ 1 and , island the to Gibraltar from directly party a send to decided was it , contention much After . Indies West the in , Jamaica being destination the time this , mooted being was more once Gibraltarians the evacuating @-@ re of possibility the that , Gibraltar in and , evacuees the among circulating already were rumours September In "," In September rumours were already circulating among the evacuees , and in Gibraltar , that the possibility of re @-@ evacuating the Gibraltarians once more was being mooted , this time the destination being Jamaica , in the West Indies . After much contention , it was decided to send a party directly from Gibraltar to the island , and 1 @,@ 093 evacuees left for Jamaica direct , on 9 October , with more following later on . However petitions followed and the demands were met , partly for strategic reasons and the lack of available shipping . The situation at the end of 1940 , therefore , was that approximately 2 @,@ 000 evacuees were in Jamaica and a lesser number in Madeira , with the bulk of around 10 @,@ 000 housed in the London area . " " . equipment with gunwales the to loaded , Gibraltar to ordered was RAF Squadron 202 No. , 1939 September 9 the on ) UTC ( 00 : 09 at So . thinking Admiralty in large loomed , facilities port Spanish using and Gibraltar of Strait the in concentrating submarines German of possibility strong the and declared was Germany with war that 1939 September in was it and time this at Gibraltar to squadron next their dispatched RAF The . Gibraltar RAF now , "" Front North "" the at camp RAF an of construction the with along 1941 of end the towards commenced reclamation land The . ) m 417 @,@ 1 ( yards 550 @,@ 1 of length a to runway existing the extend to proposed was it 1940 in and 1939 late in began runway surface solid a of Construction "," Construction of a solid surface runway began in late 1939 and in 1940 it was proposed to extend the existing runway to a length of 1 @,@ 550 yards ( 1 @,@ 417 m ) . The land reclamation commenced towards the end of 1941 along with the construction of an RAF camp at the "" North Front "" , now RAF Gibraltar . The RAF dispatched their next squadron to Gibraltar at this time and it was in September 1939 that war with Germany was declared and the strong possibility of German submarines concentrating in the Strait of Gibraltar and using Spanish port facilities , loomed large in Admiralty thinking . So at 09 : 00 ( UTC ) on the 9 September 1939 , No. 202 Squadron RAF was ordered to Gibraltar , loaded to the gunwales with equipment . " " . 1942 early in operations commenced which formed was HQ combined a Later . Command Coastal to transferred was Group the 1940 late In . Gibraltar from operating units Force Air Royal of control the was function 's Group The . Sqn 202 No of control in Mediterranean RAF HQ to formation subordinate a as formed was Group ) Coastal ( 200 No , 1939 September 25 On "," On 25 September 1939 , No 200 ( Coastal ) Group was formed as a subordinate formation to HQ RAF Mediterranean in control of No 202 Sqn . The Group 's function was the control of Royal Air Force units operating from Gibraltar . In late 1940 the Group was transferred to Coastal Command . Later a combined HQ was formed which commenced operations in early 1942 . " " . done been have to reported was damage Little . response a as Gibraltar of raid bombing a authorized government Vichy the , British the by Kébir @-@ el @-@ Mers at Fleet French the on attack the after , 1940 July 18 On "," On 18 July 1940 , after the attack on the French Fleet at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir by the British , the Vichy government authorized a bombing raid of Gibraltar as a response . Little damage was reported to have been done . " " "" . imminent are reprisals French "" : with note ominous an on ended report Press United the But "" . undertaken been have reprisals no , now until Up . Gibraltar attacked have to said were aircraft French which to according , reports of denial official an issued has government French The "" : reported Agency Press United the , day same the On "" . Gibraltar attacked Morocco in based aircraft French twenty @-@ and @-@ hundred @-@ one , morning yesterday Dakar of bombardment the for reprisal a As "" : reported agency news Stefani Italian the , September 24 , Tuesday On "," On Tuesday , 24 September , the Italian Stefani news agency reported : "" As a reprisal for the bombardment of Dakar yesterday morning , one @-@ hundred @-@ and @-@ twenty French aircraft based in Morocco attacked Gibraltar . "" On the same day , the United Press Agency reported : "" The French government has issued an official denial of reports , according to which French aircraft were said to have attacked Gibraltar . Up until now , no reprisals have been undertaken . "" But the United Press report ended on an ominous note with : "" French reprisals are imminent . "" " " . Commission Armistice Italian the and Commission Armistice German the both by approved was action French The . ) Morocco in ( Lyautey Port and , , Meknes , ) Algeria in ( , Oran in bases from flew bombers 64 The . operation the in employed were ) Vichy de nationale Marine ( Navy French Vichy the of squadrons four and ) Vichy de 'Air l de Armée ( Force Air French Vichy the of squadrons bomber six , result a As . bombarded be to Gibraltar of city and base naval the for orders issued government French Vichy the , day same the on , Again "," Again , on the same day , the Vichy French government issued orders for the naval base and city of Gibraltar to be bombarded . As a result , six bomber squadrons of the Vichy French Air Force ( Armée de l 'Air de Vichy ) and four squadrons of the Vichy French Navy ( Marine nationale de Vichy ) were employed in the operation . The 64 bombers flew from bases in Oran , ( in Algeria ) , Meknes , , and Port Lyautey ( in Morocco ) . The French action was approved by both the German Armistice Commission and the Italian Armistice Commission . " " . out broke fires , Gibraltar of part northern the In . damaged heavily were harbour the in ship large a and Mole South The . fortress the of south area the in done was damage much and encountered were aircraft British No "," No British aircraft were encountered and much damage was done in the area south of the fortress . The South Mole and a large ship in the harbour were heavily damaged . In the northern part of Gibraltar , fires broke out . " " . bombs by sunk was Sirius Stella HMT trawler armed British The . attacks bombing of days two the during damaged lightly were aircraft other 13 and lost was bomber 451 LeO One . fire aircraft @-@ anti heavy encountering report did crews French the , However . appearance no made Force Air Royal British the of aircraft , Again . installations harbour and base naval the to damage additional cause to bombers three @-@ eighty of force larger a with returned French the , September 25 On "," On 25 September , the French returned with a larger force of eighty @-@ three bombers to cause additional damage to the naval base and harbour installations . Again , aircraft of the British Royal Air Force made no appearance . However , the French crews did report encountering heavy anti @-@ aircraft fire . One LeO 451 bomber was lost and 13 other aircraft were lightly damaged during the two days of bombing attacks . The British armed trawler HMT Stella Sirius was sunk by bombs . " " . Gibraltar on forces Vichy by last the was September 25 on attack air The "," The air attack on 25 September was the last by Vichy forces on Gibraltar . " " . alone troops German by made be to was Gibraltar seize to attack final the that decided planners German the , base the of capture Spanish possible a deny To . bases air Spanish at afterward landing but France leaving planes by bombed dive heavily be to was Rock The . Canal Suez the and Mediterranean the through route shorter the via east the to proceed to than rather Africa around way the all steam to shipping Allied bound @-@ Asia forcing , hands German in was Gibraltar once Allies the to closed effectively be would Strait The . Mediterranean Western the of out British the driving Gibraltar attack and Spain through entry take would Germany , permission without or With . command of level highest the at formulated was himself Hitler Adolf by signed was which plan the , "" Felix "" Codenamed . Gibraltar capture to plans made Germany , importance strategic its given , but unscathed relatively war the through came Rock The "," The Rock came through the war relatively unscathed but , given its strategic importance , Germany made plans to capture Gibraltar . Codenamed "" Felix "" , the plan which was signed by Adolf Hitler himself was formulated at the highest level of command . With or without permission , Germany would take entry through Spain and attack Gibraltar driving the British out of the Western Mediterranean . The Strait would be effectively closed to the Allies once Gibraltar was in German hands , forcing Asia @-@ bound Allied shipping to steam all the way around Africa rather than to proceed to the east via the shorter route through the Mediterranean and the Suez Canal . The Rock was to be heavily dive bombed by planes leaving France but landing afterward at Spanish air bases . To deny a possible Spanish capture of the base , the German planners decided that the final attack to seize Gibraltar was to be made by German troops alone . " " . 1940 of autumn and summer the in Wehrmacht the by detail in up drawn been had which 1941 of beginning the at occurring from operation the prevented government of levels highest the at failure Diplomatic "," Diplomatic failure at the highest levels of government prevented the operation from occurring at the beginning of 1941 which had been drawn up in detail by the Wehrmacht in the summer and autumn of 1940 . " " . explosives high with packed , ) ( vehicles demolition controlled remote miniature 150 to up and , Brandenburgers 150 of detachment a , battalions smoke two , battalions engineer three , battalions observation three , battalions artillery heavy and medium 26 , Division Mountain 1st the of Regiment 98th the , Großdeutschland Regiment Infantry the comprise would forces assault The . Rock the on attack actual the conduct would Corps XLIX 's Kübler Ludwig General "," General Ludwig Kübler 's XLIX Corps would conduct the actual attack on the Rock . The assault forces would comprise the Infantry Regiment Großdeutschland , the 98th Regiment of the 1st Mountain Division , 26 medium and heavy artillery battalions , three observation battalions , three engineer battalions , two smoke battalions , a detachment of 150 Brandenburgers , and up to 150 miniature remote controlled demolition vehicles ( ) , packed with high explosives . " " . Navy Royal the discourage further to batteries coastal emplacing and movement naval British with interfere to boats @-@ U using by cooperate would Kriegsmarine 's Germany Nazi . battalions AA heavy three and , battalions AA light three , Messerschmitts , Stukas , Ju contribute would ) Luftwaffe ( Force Air German the , operation force @-@ combined a of part As "," As part of a combined @-@ force operation , the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe ) would contribute Ju , Stukas , Messerschmitts , three light AA battalions , and three heavy AA battalions . Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine would cooperate by using U @-@ boats to interfere with British naval movement and emplacing coastal batteries to further discourage the Royal Navy . " " . abandoned ultimately and , modified , postponed was operation the , intransigence 's Franco Francisco dictator Spanish of result a As . Gibraltar capture to USSR the from withdrawn be would troops German whereby , Heinrich @-@ Felix Operation to amended was Felix , looming Barbarossa Operation with , 1941 March 10 On "," On 10 March 1941 , with Operation Barbarossa looming , Felix was amended to Operation Felix @-@ Heinrich , whereby German troops would be withdrawn from the USSR to capture Gibraltar . As a result of Spanish dictator Francisco Franco 's intransigence , the operation was postponed , modified , and ultimately abandoned . " " . port Oran the even successfully hit bombers those when , Algeria in landing Allied 1943 the during done were Gibraltar on raids last The . 1942 in mainly , times several Gibraltar attacked bombers Piaggio Italian , Sardinia From "," From Sardinia , Italian Piaggio bombers attacked Gibraltar several times , mainly in 1942 . The last raids on Gibraltar were done during the 1943 Allied landing in Algeria , when those bombers hit successfully even the Oran port . " " . Sardinia from undertaken were Gibraltar against attacks night several when 1942 October in flown were bombers 108 P. the with raids spectacular most The . operational became 274th the 1942 June in only and anticipated than longer far lasted crews the of training The . lines assembly the off came that machines first the around 1941 May in formed was unit This . "" Squadron Bombardment Range @-@ Long 274th "" the was Piaggio the fly to ever ) Force Air Royal ( Aeronautica Regia the of unit only The "," The only unit of the Regia Aeronautica ( Royal Air Force ) ever to fly the Piaggio was the "" 274th Long @-@ Range Bombardment Squadron "" . This unit was formed in May 1941 around the first machines that came off the assembly lines . The training of the crews lasted far longer than anticipated and only in June 1942 the 274th became operational . The most spectacular raids with the P. 108 bombers were flown in October 1942 when several night attacks against Gibraltar were undertaken from Sardinia . " " . "" – Buscaglia "" Gruppo the by undertaken were sorties Both . aircraft nine with June 6 on another and aircraft ten with 1944 June 5 – 4 of night the on one : Gibraltar on raids two least at launched Republic Social Italian allied @-@ German the , ) September 8 ( Cassibile of armistice the After "," After the armistice of Cassibile ( 8 September ) , the German @-@ allied Italian Social Republic launched at least two raids on Gibraltar : one on the night of 4 – 5 June 1944 with ten aircraft and another on 6 June with nine aircraft . Both sorties were undertaken by the Gruppo "" Buscaglia – "" . " " . Gibraltar at harbour the against attacks numerous in engaged , government Fascist the during created unit frogman commando Italian an , MAS Decima , "" Gibraltar of Horse Trojan Floating "" the as Known "," Known as the "" Floating Trojan Horse of Gibraltar "" , Decima MAS , an Italian commando frogman unit created during the Fascist government , engaged in numerous attacks against the harbour at Gibraltar . " " . Algeciras in interned , SS tanker Italian the to later shifted was base Their . Conchita named woman Spanish a married had who officer Italian an by owned Gibraltar from ) km 3 ( miles two located ) Carmela Villa ( villa Spanish a used originally frogmen Italian The . shipping merchant allied and warships British for refuge a as it saw who , Italians the for target tempting very a was Gibraltar "," Gibraltar was a very tempting target for the Italians , who saw it as a refuge for British warships and allied merchant shipping . The Italian frogmen originally used a Spanish villa ( Villa Carmela ) located two miles ( 3 km ) from Gibraltar owned by an Italian officer who had married a Spanish woman named Conchita . Their base was shifted later to the Italian tanker SS , interned in Algeciras . " " . Gibraltar against operations sabotage and espionage the in involved Gibraltarians and Spaniards 183 least at were there , intelligence British the to According . agents of number significant a gather to used were intimidation and threats some and commitment ideological , reward financial of combination A . Campo the from Spaniards were operations sabotage the for recruits the of Most . organisation the of chief operations as , Falange of member a also , Plazas Emilio designated Rubio Sánchez . Gibraltar to access with saboteurs of network a establish to , Campo the in operations intelligence the of coordinator and Falange the of member , officer Spanish a , Rubio Sánchez Colonel Lieutenant , Gibraltar de Campo from officer staff Spanish a contacted Abwehr The . Germans the by Gibraltar de Campo the in recruited agents Gibraltarian and Spanish by out carried attacks mine @-@ limpet and operations sabotage the were actions Italian the than known Lesser "," Lesser known than the Italian actions were the sabotage operations and limpet @-@ mine attacks carried out by Spanish and Gibraltarian agents recruited in the Campo de Gibraltar by the Germans . The Abwehr contacted a Spanish staff officer from Campo de Gibraltar , Lieutenant Colonel Sánchez Rubio , a Spanish officer , member of the Falange and coordinator of the intelligence operations in the Campo , to establish a network of saboteurs with access to Gibraltar . Sánchez Rubio designated Emilio Plazas , also a member of Falange , as operations chief of the organisation . Most of the recruits for the sabotage operations were Spaniards from the Campo . A combination of financial reward , ideological commitment and some threats and intimidation were used to gather a significant number of agents . According to the British intelligence , there were at least 183 Spaniards and Gibraltarians involved in the espionage and sabotage operations against Gibraltar . " " . strip landing Front North the at aircraft two destroy to manage agents Spanish two , 1942 January In . succeed to begun operations the that 1942 until not was It . explosive the bring to able not was but store ammunition an inside bomb a placed Plazas when failed attempt Another . ship cargo Allied an alongside mine a attach to , agent German a by , attempt new a foiled intelligence British the , however , 1941 June In . airfield the near up blew bomb a April in and , Tunnel North the in explosion large a was there February In . faulty was device timing the as , aborted was Gibraltar into bomb a smuggle to attempt first A . unsuccessful were operations first The . 1941 early until start not did work actual but , 1940 of autumn late the in Berlin from ordered were operations Sabotage "," Sabotage operations were ordered from Berlin in the late autumn of 1940 , but actual work did not start until early 1941 . The first operations were unsuccessful . A first attempt to smuggle a bomb into Gibraltar was aborted , as the timing device was faulty . In February there was a large explosion in the North Tunnel , and in April a bomb blew up near the airfield . In June 1941 , however , the British intelligence foiled a new attempt , by a German agent , to attach a mine alongside an Allied cargo ship . Another attempt failed when Plazas placed a bomb inside an ammunition store but was not able to bring the explosive . It was not until 1942 that the operations begun to succeed . In January 1942 , two Spanish agents manage to destroy two aircraft at the North Front landing strip . " " . operations the of outreach the improved Spain in operations Abwehr of head experienced an of arrival the , 1943 early In . expanded being operations sabotage the ordered Berlin in headquarters German the , 1942 late In . operations the of charge in , command in second his , Calvo Carlos left and resigned , time that at British the by monitored closely were activities whose , Plazas , 1942 September By . 1942 late in Prison Wandsworth in executed and arrested was Abwehr the for movements military on information of collection the for responsible , Germans the for working agents prominent most the of one , Key José , Gibraltarian a , 1942 March In . operations sabotage the counteract to however able was intelligence British The . there rowboat a beach to him allowed who , Hume Romero Manuel , Mayorga Puente of commander naval Spanish the by assisted was Plazas . 1942 January 18 on seamen British six of deaths the in resulted which , HMT minesweeper auxiliary the destroyed and , Erin HMT trawler armed the sank saboteurs the , Germans the by equipped and trained , Financed "," Financed , trained and equipped by the Germans , the saboteurs sank the armed trawler HMT Erin , and destroyed the auxiliary minesweeper HMT , which resulted in the deaths of six British seamen on 18 January 1942 . Plazas was assisted by the Spanish naval commander of Puente Mayorga , Manuel Romero Hume , who allowed him to beach a rowboat there . The British intelligence was able however to counteract the sabotage operations . In March 1942 , a Gibraltarian , José Key , one of the most prominent agents working for the Germans , responsible for the collection of information on military movements for the Abwehr was arrested and executed in Wandsworth Prison in late 1942 . By September 1942 , Plazas , whose activities were closely monitored by the British at that time , resigned and left Carlos Calvo , his second in command , in charge of the operations . In late 1942 , the German headquarters in Berlin ordered the sabotage operations being expanded . In early 1943 , the arrival of an experienced head of Abwehr operations in Spain improved the outreach of the operations . " " . end an to came Gibraltar around activities Abwehr , Stuart James @-@ Fitz Jacobo , London at ambassador Spanish the and Eden Anthony between meeting a and Domínguez José Juan agent 's network Rubio Sánchez by perpetrated , Varela Enrique José General allied @-@ pro of life the against attempt Falangist a After . Spain in section sabotage the of head , Baumann aka , Wolfgang of orders direct under , Madrid in Abwehr the rejoined he when , December in again man free a be would He . neutralized and police Spanish the by arrest under put was himself Calvo . day same the on Pierrepoint by executed was ) 1943 in arrested also ( Cuenca @-@ Cordón López Luis , network sabotage Abwehr unrelated an of member A . Pierrepoint Albert executioner British by Gibraltar in 1944 January 11 on hanged was he , death to sentenced being After . Cave Staff Ragged inside magazine weapons a into bomb a smuggle to tried he when , August in authorities British by arrested and cornered was he because , Muñoz for last the and first the be would , however , mission this ; 1943 June 30 on Island Coaling at tank fuel large a at fire and explosion the for responsible was , Muñoz Martín José , Rock the on working Spaniard A . personnel new for Calvo ask to Abwehr the forced This . Gibraltar entering from them banned , saboteurs the of some of suspicious growing , British The . agents 's Calvo by up blown was dump ammunition an 1943 March In "," In March 1943 an ammunition dump was blown up by Calvo 's agents . The British , growing suspicious of some of the saboteurs , banned them from entering Gibraltar . This forced the Abwehr to ask Calvo for new personnel . A Spaniard working on the Rock , José Martín Muñoz , was responsible for the explosion and fire at a large fuel tank at Coaling Island on 30 June 1943 ; this mission , however , would be the first and the last for Muñoz , because he was cornered and arrested by British authorities in August , when he tried to smuggle a bomb into a weapons magazine inside Ragged Staff Cave . After being sentenced to death , he was hanged on 11 January 1944 in Gibraltar by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint . A member of an unrelated Abwehr sabotage network , Luis López Cordón @-@ Cuenca ( also arrested in 1943 ) was executed by Pierrepoint on the same day . Calvo himself was put under arrest by the Spanish police and neutralized . He would be a free man again in December , when he rejoined the Abwehr in Madrid , under direct orders of Wolfgang , aka Baumann , head of the sabotage section in Spain . After a Falangist attempt against the life of pro @-@ allied General José Enrique Varela , perpetrated by Sánchez Rubio network 's agent Juan José Domínguez and a meeting between Anthony Eden and the Spanish ambassador at London , Jacobo Fitz @-@ James Stuart , Abwehr activities around Gibraltar came to an end . " " . Admiralty British the to movements shipping all back wire then would team The . Mediterranean the over terrace outdoor concealed a and harbour the over looking slit ) mm 150 ( inch @-@ 6 by ) mm 300 ( inch @-@ 12 one with post observation an run would — leader their and signalmen three , doctors two — volunteers The . year a for supplies enough only with left and cave a in sealed be to were men Six . Powers Axis the by captured was Gibraltar if implemented be to only was that mission spying behind @-@ stay British secret @-@ top a was Tracer Operation "," Operation Tracer was a top @-@ secret British stay @-@ behind spying mission that was only to be implemented if Gibraltar was captured by the Axis Powers . Six men were to be sealed in a cave and left with only enough supplies for a year . The volunteers — two doctors , three signalmen and their leader — would run an observation post with one 12 @-@ inch ( 300 mm ) by 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) slit looking over the harbour and a concealed outdoor terrace over the Mediterranean . The team would then wire back all shipping movements to the British Admiralty . " " . released be they would year first their within defeated was Germany if Only . floor brick the into cemented and embalmed be to have would chamber the within died who anyone and out way no be would there told were They "," They were told there would be no way out and anyone who died within the chamber would have to be embalmed and cemented into the brick floor . Only if Germany was defeated within their first year would they be released . " " . Tracer Operation under together put was ) Aden and Malta like places other in later and Gibraltar in first ( posts observation secret of series a for idea an , 1941 late in felt clearly was invasion of threat the As "," As the threat of invasion was clearly felt in late 1941 , an idea for a series of secret observation posts ( first in Gibraltar and later in other places like Malta and Aden ) was put together under Operation Tracer . " " . Front Eastern the towards and Gibraltar from away attention his turned Hitler Adolf as , needed never was Tracer Operation , However . wars future of event the in world the throughout prepared be should posts lookout secret similar that considered was it and operation the of aspects all on prepared was manual comprehensive A . occupation for ready and equipped fully cavern their and 1942 summer of end the by place in was team full The . "" personnel the of psychology "" vital as well as consider to clothing and , sanitation , exercise , diet as such matters practical were There . techniques survival on advise to Commander @-@ Surgeon as up called was Levick Murray George , Antarctic the to expedition fated @-@ ill s ’ Scott of member A . task demanding and strange a such for needed men of type the to given also was thought Much . Parry @-@ Gambier Richard Colonel expert radio MI6 of eye the under 1942 January in began equipment the of trials Extensive . shelter a for scheme tunnelling existing an had already Rock the of tip southern the on Battery 's Airey Lord at chosen site The . Fordham Colonel engineer chief his and Birley Geoffrey Commander under immediately began Gibraltar in Work "," Work in Gibraltar began immediately under Commander Geoffrey Birley and his chief engineer Colonel Fordham . The site chosen at Lord Airey 's Battery on the southern tip of the Rock already had an existing tunnelling scheme for a shelter . Extensive trials of the equipment began in January 1942 under the eye of MI6 radio expert Colonel Richard Gambier @-@ Parry . Much thought was also given to the type of men needed for such a strange and demanding task . A member of Scott ’ s ill @-@ fated expedition to the Antarctic , George Murray Levick was called up as Surgeon @-@ Commander to advise on survival techniques . There were practical matters such as diet , exercise , sanitation , and clothing to consider as well as vital "" psychology of the personnel "" . The full team was in place by the end of summer 1942 and their cavern fully equipped and ready for occupation . A comprehensive manual was prepared on all aspects of the operation and it was considered that similar secret lookout posts should be prepared throughout the world in the event of future wars . However , Operation Tracer was never needed , as Adolf Hitler turned his attention away from Gibraltar and towards the Eastern Front . " " . sparse very were facts yet , "" Monkey Operation "" as up these wrote he and contacts service intelligence his by journalist a to told were story the of details , 1960s the in Previously . UK Kew in Office Record Public the at papers of discovery the until mystery in clouded been had operation The "," The operation had been clouded in mystery until the discovery of papers at the Public Record Office in Kew UK . Previously in the 1960s , details of the story were told to a journalist by his intelligence service contacts and he wrote these up as "" Operation Monkey "" , yet facts were very sparse . " " . years 50 over for sealed remained had and used been never had which chambers into wall a through break to them led searching Further . tunnel a in wind of gust strong a encountered group the when about came discovery The . mission the with associated anyone from obtained ever was account no but , Group Caving Gibraltar the by Gibraltar in discovered was ) nicknamed was it as ( "" Cave Behind Stay "" 1997 In "," In 1997 "" Stay Behind Cave "" ( as it was nicknamed ) was discovered in Gibraltar by the Gibraltar Caving Group , but no account was ever obtained from anyone associated with the mission . The discovery came about when the group encountered a strong gust of wind in a tunnel . Further searching led them to break through a wall into chambers which had never been used and had remained sealed for over 50 years . " " . task the about feelings his and , training his , colleagues his about stories recalled He . ) RNVR ( Reserve Volunteer Navy Royal the in Lieutenant @-@ Surgeon a as mission the in involvement direct his with operation the on light shed to opportunity an provided , time the at 92 , Cooper . England in home his at Cooper Bruce A. W. Dr. meet to travelled they when alive still Tracer Operation of member only the possibly met , Regiment Gibraltar Royal the with guide tunnel senior , Jackson Pete Major Sergeant and Crone Jim 2006 November In "," In November 2006 Jim Crone and Sergeant Major Pete Jackson , senior tunnel guide with the Royal Gibraltar Regiment , met possibly the only member of Operation Tracer still alive when they travelled to meet Dr. W. A. Bruce Cooper at his home in England . Cooper , 92 at the time , provided an opportunity to shed light on the operation with his direct involvement in the mission as a Surgeon @-@ Lieutenant in the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve ( RNVR ) . He recalled stories about his colleagues , his training , and his feelings about the task . " " . damaged were more ten and passage attempting while sunk were boats @-@ U Nine . Britain by controlled Gibraltar of Strait the negotiating attacked themselves were boats @-@ U these of Many . Sea Mediterranean the in shipping Allied interdict to sent were boats @-@ U sixty than More . routes trade 's Britain disrupt and Suez and , Malta , Gibraltar isolate to tried Kriegsmarine The . 1944 May to 1941 September 21 from approximately lasted Campaign boat @-@ U Mediterranean The "," The Mediterranean U @-@ boat Campaign lasted approximately from 21 September 1941 to May 1944 . The Kriegsmarine tried to isolate Gibraltar , Malta , and Suez and disrupt Britain 's trade routes . More than sixty U @-@ boats were sent to interdict Allied shipping in the Mediterranean Sea . Many of these U @-@ boats were themselves attacked negotiating the Strait of Gibraltar controlled by Britain . Nine U @-@ boats were sunk while attempting passage and ten more were damaged . " " . war the of out Italy drive would that launched be could attacks , colonies French these From . Tunisia and , Algeria , Morocco : Africa North French occupy to was plan the , Torch Operation named code and Churchill and Roosevelt Franklin President by Devised . it put Churchill Winston Minister Prime as , Mediterranean the through "" Europe of underbelly soft "" the attack could allies the but , unworkable be would 1943 in Europe of invasion An . 1942 @-@ mid by ongoing were Harbor Pearl on attack the after offensive counter Allied the for Plans "," Plans for the Allied counter offensive after the attack on Pearl Harbor were ongoing by mid @-@ 1942 . An invasion of Europe in 1943 would be unworkable , but the allies could attack the "" soft underbelly of Europe "" through the Mediterranean , as Prime Minister Winston Churchill put it . Devised by President Franklin Roosevelt and Churchill and code named Operation Torch , the plan was to occupy French North Africa : Morocco , Algeria , and Tunisia . From these French colonies , attacks could be launched that would drive Italy out of the war . " " . Gibraltar of command military also but , itself Torch Operation of command just not , over take to 1942 November 5 on Gibraltar in arrived He . war the of operation American @-@ Anglo scale @-@ large first the , this for headquarters temporary the as Eisenhower General of command the under Gibraltar placed Churchill . Torch Operation of Chief @-@ in @-@ Commander Allied appointed was Eisenhower D. Dwight General Lieutenant , 1942 July In "," In July 1942 , Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed Allied Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of Operation Torch . Churchill placed Gibraltar under the command of General Eisenhower as the temporary headquarters for this , the first large @-@ scale Anglo @-@ American operation of the war . He arrived in Gibraltar on 5 November 1942 to take over , not just command of Operation Torch itself , but also military command of Gibraltar . " " : wrote Eisenhower General memoirs his In . Rock the of heart the in tunnel a in chamber small a in were headquarters operational his but , residence 's Governor official the , Convent The at stayed Eisenhower General "," General Eisenhower stayed at The Convent , the official Governor 's residence , but his operational headquarters were in a small chamber in a tunnel in the heart of the Rock . In his memoirs General Eisenhower wrote : " " . begins action moment the and plan military a of completion between occurs always which wait , unendurable almost , interminable the of seconds the off ticked drearily but faithfully that water surface of drip , drip , drip constant a came ceilings arched the Through . fans electric of efforts clattering the to respond noticeably not did and stagnation with heavy was passages long @-@ block in air cold , . bulbs electric feeble by pierced partially there and here was tunnels the of darkness eternal The . forces assault three the of commanders the with touch in keep to expected we which by equipment signal the located was them in and , space office available sole the provided Rock the under passages subterranean The "," The subterranean passages under the Rock provided the sole available office space , and in them was located the signal equipment by which we expected to keep in touch with the commanders of the three assault forces . The eternal darkness of the tunnels was here and there partially pierced by feeble electric bulbs . , cold air in block @-@ long passages was heavy with stagnation and did not noticeably respond to the clattering efforts of electric fans . Through the arched ceilings came a constant drip , drip , drip of surface water that faithfully but drearily ticked off the seconds of the interminable , almost unendurable , wait which always occurs between completion of a military plan and the moment action begins . " " . Front North at messes RAF the in housed were pilots American 168 . supplies essential other and , fuel , ammunition with up taken was storage of area available Every . airfield the on assembled and crates in shipped been had Fighters . runway Gibraltar the around areas dispersal the into crammed were types all of aircraft 400 than More . Gibraltar on converged transports of multitude a in seas high the on soldiers thousand hundred One "," One hundred thousand soldiers on the high seas in a multitude of transports converged on Gibraltar . More than 400 aircraft of all types were crammed into the dispersal areas around the Gibraltar runway . Fighters had been shipped in crates and assembled on the airfield . Every available area of storage was taken up with ammunition , fuel , and other essential supplies . 168 American pilots were housed in the RAF messes at North Front . " " . airfields African North captured on landed Gibraltar from aircraft 466 , 1942 November 8 On "," On 8 November 1942 , 466 aircraft from Gibraltar landed on captured North African airfields . " " . forces British and American involving II War World during operation combat combined major first the , Torch Operation directed Cunningham Browne Andrew Sir Admiral and Eisenhower General , Gibraltar in headquarters their From "," From their headquarters in Gibraltar , General Eisenhower and Admiral Sir Andrew Browne Cunningham directed Operation Torch , the first major combined combat operation during World War II involving American and British forces . " " . roads than tunnels underground more has rock the , Today . rock the on troops 000 @,@ 30 all hold to enough was That . time the at impossible thought feat a , tunnels such of ) km 48 ( miles 30 some added , companies engineer British 5 and drills tipped @-@ diamond with soldiers only the , companies engineer Canadian Two . end on months for day of light the see not would here posted soldiers Some . hospital and , supply water , station power own its contained Rock the inside "" town "" This . Gibraltar of Rock the of protection natural the inside chambers and tunnels of series massive a build to was solution the , it protecting defences few a only with town small a was Gibraltar that Given "," Given that Gibraltar was a small town with only a few defences protecting it , the solution was to build a massive series of tunnels and chambers inside the natural protection of the Rock of Gibraltar . This "" town "" inside the Rock contained its own power station , water supply , and hospital . Some soldiers posted here would not see the light of day for months on end . Two Canadian engineer companies , the only soldiers with diamond @-@ tipped drills and 5 British engineer companies , added some 30 miles ( 48 km ) of such tunnels , a feat thought impossible at the time . That was enough to hold all 30 @,@ 000 troops on the rock . Today , the rock has more underground tunnels than roads . " " . East Middle the in troops Polish visiting from returning , forces armed its of Chief @-@ in @-@ Commander and exile in government based @-@ London 's Poland of Minister Prime , Sikorski Władysław General was board On . England for Gibraltar from off took Command Transport RAF from bomber Liberator a , 1943 July 4 On "," On 4 July 1943 , a Liberator bomber from RAF Transport Command took off from Gibraltar for England . On board was General Władysław Sikorski , Prime Minister of Poland 's London @-@ based government in exile and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of its armed forces , returning from visiting Polish troops in the Middle East . " " . found never were , daughter 's Sikorski including , crew and passengers five of bodies The . launch RAF an by rescued was who , Eduard , pilot born @-@ Czech the was survivor sole The . others 15 with along , died general old @-@ year @-@ 62 The . harbour the into crashed and height lost suddenly then but speed gather to off levelled , runway the from normally climbed aircraft The "," The aircraft climbed normally from the runway , levelled off to gather speed but then suddenly lost height and crashed into the harbour . The 62 @-@ year @-@ old general died , along with 15 others . The sole survivor was the Czech @-@ born pilot , Eduard , who was rescued by an RAF launch . The bodies of five passengers and crew , including Sikorski 's daughter , were never found . " " . Servicemen Polish by escorted and carried coffins the and troops British by lined was dockyard the to route The . Poland liberated a to returned be day one would remains 's Sikorski General that anticipation in London to shipped be to Honours Military full with Dockyard H.M. the to procession in carried were bodies the , Mass Requiem a After . Crowned the Mary St. of Cathedral the in state in lay and Flag National Polish the in draped were , General , Staff @-@ of @-@ Chief his and Sikorski General of coffins The "," The coffins of General Sikorski and his Chief @-@ of @-@ Staff , General , were draped in the Polish National Flag and lay in state in the Cathedral of St. Mary the Crowned . After a Requiem Mass , the bodies were carried in procession to the H.M. Dockyard with full Military Honours to be shipped to London in anticipation that General Sikorski 's remains would one day be returned to a liberated Poland . The route to the dockyard was lined by British troops and the coffins carried and escorted by Polish Servicemen . " " . conspiracy Polish even or British , Soviet a of result direct the been have fact in may and , accident no been had death 's Sikorski that speculation to rise gave immediately , circumstances curious of variety a with coupled , event the of context political the , finding this Despite . controls aircraft jamming to leading maintenance technical insufficient was theory popular A . "" established be cannot which reasons for uncontrollable became aircraft "" the and accident an was it that only finding , cause probable the determine to unable was but , II Liberator 's Sikorski of crash the investigated Inquiry of Court British a 1943 In "," In 1943 a British Court of Inquiry investigated the crash of Sikorski 's Liberator II , but was unable to determine the probable cause , finding only that it was an accident and the "" aircraft became uncontrollable for reasons which cannot be established "" . A popular theory was insufficient technical maintenance leading to jamming aircraft controls . Despite this finding , the political context of the event , coupled with a variety of curious circumstances , immediately gave rise to speculation that Sikorski 's death had been no accident , and may in fact have been the direct result of a Soviet , British or even Polish conspiracy . " " . island the on remained evacuees priority @-@ non 520 only 1944 of end the by and , Madeira left party repatriation first the , May 28 on and Kingdom United the from directly Rock the on arrived repatriates 367 @,@ 1 of group first the 1944 April 6 On . agreed finally were priorities repatriation 1944 February 8 on Board the of meeting a at and , November in established was Board Resettlement a , result a As . Rock the to evacuees the of return the to objections possible any lifted 1943 September in Italy of surrender The "," The surrender of Italy in September 1943 lifted any possible objections to the return of the evacuees to the Rock . As a result , a Resettlement Board was established in November , and at a meeting of the Board on 8 February 1944 repatriation priorities were finally agreed . On 6 April 1944 the first group of 1 @,@ 367 repatriates arrived on the Rock directly from the United Kingdom and on 28 May , the first repatriation party left Madeira , and by the end of 1944 only 520 non @-@ priority evacuees remained on the island . " " . 1951 until again Rock the see not did evacuees the of last The . camps Irish Northern in 000 @,@ 2 still were there 1947 as late As . delays the for reason sufficient a as accommodation of lack the accept not did and evacuees the of behalf on valiantly fought , MacFarlane @-@ Mason Noel Sir General Lt. , Governor the Although . Ireland Northern in camps to 000 @,@ 3 and Scotland to evacuated @-@ re were Gibraltarians 500 and accommodation wartime ’ evacuees the on claims making were comers @-@ home , London In "," In London , home @-@ comers were making claims on the evacuees ’ wartime accommodation and 500 Gibraltarians were re @-@ evacuated to Scotland and 3 @,@ 000 to camps in Northern Ireland . Although the Governor , Lt. General Sir Noel Mason @-@ MacFarlane , fought valiantly on behalf of the evacuees and did not accept the lack of accommodation as a sufficient reason for the delays . As late as 1947 there were still 2 @,@ 000 in Northern Irish camps . The last of the evacuees did not see the Rock again until 1951 . " " War World Second the in Commonwealth British the of history Military "," Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War " " . respectively Domitian and Vespasian of reigns the during 90 and 71 in consulships attained he , Flavians the to loyalist a as , Later . 65 of conspiracy Pisonian the exposing in part vital a played and entourage imperial the of member a was he , Nero Under . dynasty Flavian the of rulers the and Nero under service imperial of lifetime a after , five @-@ sixty of age the at Emperor became Nerva . 98 to 96 from Emperor Roman was ) AD 98 , January 27 – AD 30 , November 8 ; Augustus Caesar Nerva Cocceius Marcus : Latin ( Nerva "," Nerva ( Latin : Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar Augustus ; 8 November , 30 AD – 27 January , 98 AD ) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98 . Nerva became Emperor at the age of sixty @-@ five , after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty . Under Nero , he was a member of the imperial entourage and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65 . Later , as a loyalist to the Flavians , he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively . " " . Domitian of government autocratic the during curtailed been had which liberties restore to vowed he , Empire Roman the of ruler new the As . Emperor Roman a elected Senate the time first the was This . Senate Roman the by emperor declared was Nerva , day same the On . freedmen his of several and Guard Praetorian the of members involving conspiracy palace a in assassinated was Domitian , 96 September 18 On "," On 18 September 96 , Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy involving members of the Praetorian Guard and several of his freedmen . On the same day , Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate . This was the first time the Senate elected a Roman Emperor . As the new ruler of the Roman Empire , he vowed to restore liberties which had been curtailed during the autocratic government of Domitian . " " . Trajan by deified and succeeded was he death his Upon . 98 January 27 on causes natural of died Nerva , office in months fifteen barely After . successor his as , general popular and young a , Trajan adopted Nerva deliberation some After . heir an adopt to him forced essentially 97 October in Guard Praetorian the by revolt A . army Roman the over authority his assert to inability his and difficulties financial by marred was reign brief 's Nerva "," Nerva 's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army . A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 essentially forced him to adopt an heir . After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan , a young and popular general , as his successor . After barely fifteen months in office , Nerva died of natural causes on 27 January 98 . Upon his death he was succeeded and deified by Trajan . " " . dynasty Antonine – Nerva the founding thus , death his after power of transition peaceful a ensure to ability his was success greatest 's Nerva . historians ancient by emperor moderate and wise a considered was Nerva , obscure remains life his of much Although "," Although much of his life remains obscure , Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians . Nerva 's greatest success was his ability to ensure a peaceful transition of power after his death , thus founding the Nerva – Antonine dynasty . " " . Otho Emperor future the of brother the , Otho Salvius Lucius married who , named , sister attested one least at had He . 35 or 30 either as date the report sources Ancient . and , 40 in Consul , Nerva Cocceius Marcus of family the to , Rome of north kilometers 50 , of village the in born was Nerva Cocceius Marcus "," Marcus Cocceius Nerva was born in the village of , 50 kilometers north of Rome , to the family of Marcus Cocceius Nerva , Consul in 40 , and . Ancient sources report the date as either 30 or 35 . He had at least one attested sister , named , who married Lucius Salvius Otho , the brother of the future Emperor Otho . " " . ) 14 AD – BC 27 ( Augustus Emperor of time the since circles imperial with associated were , Nerva Cocceius Marcus named all , side 's father his on Nerva of ancestors direct The . generation successive each in consulships attaining , Empire early and Republic late the of families political prominent and esteemed most the among were the , Nevertheless . Rome of elite the of one than rather nobility Italian the of member a was Nerva , dynasty Flavian the of founder the , Vespasian Like "," Like Vespasian , the founder of the Flavian dynasty , Nerva was a member of the Italian nobility rather than one of the elite of Rome . Nevertheless , the were among the most esteemed and prominent political families of the late Republic and early Empire , attaining consulships in each successive generation . The direct ancestors of Nerva on his father 's side , all named Marcus Cocceius Nerva , were associated with imperial circles since the time of Emperor Augustus ( 27 BC – AD 14 ) . " " . Tiberius of granddaughter @-@ great the , Bassa and , Octavius brother 's of marriage the through dynasty Claudian @-@ Julio the with connected were The . ) 41 – 37 ( Caligula emperor under 40 in consulship the attained , finally , father 's Nerva . 33 in dying , onwards 23 from Capri on seclusion voluntary his during emperor the accompanying , ) 37 – 14 AD ( Tiberius Emperor of friend personal a as known was and , 22 or 21 either of July in Consul became grandfather His . year same the in Asia of Governor and , ) abdicated and , replacement in ( BC 36 in Consul was grandfather @-@ great His "," His great @-@ grandfather was Consul in 36 BC ( in replacement , and abdicated ) , and Governor of Asia in the same year . His grandfather became Consul in July of either 21 or 22 , and was known as a personal friend of Emperor Tiberius ( AD 14 – 37 ) , accompanying the emperor during his voluntary seclusion on Capri from 23 onwards , dying in 33 . Nerva 's father , finally , attained the consulship in 40 under emperor Caligula ( 37 – 41 ) . The were connected with the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty through the marriage of 's brother Octavius , and Bassa , the great @-@ granddaughter of Tiberius . " " . palace the throughout placed statues his have to right the and — victories military for reserved usually was which — honors triumphal received He . Tigellinus prefect guard 's Nero of those to equal rewards him earned they since , considerable been have must services his but known not is was investigation the to contribution his what Exactly . 65 of conspiracy Pisonian the expose and detect helped successfully he , Nero Emperor to advisor an As . strategist and diplomat skilled a as circles imperial in moved , ancestors his like , and 65 year the in elect @-@ praetor was He . career military or administrative usual the pursue not did he appears it but , recorded is career or life early 's Nerva of much Not "," Not much of Nerva 's early life or career is recorded , but it appears he did not pursue the usual administrative or military career . He was praetor @-@ elect in the year 65 and , like his ancestors , moved in imperial circles as a skilled diplomat and strategist . As an advisor to Emperor Nero , he successfully helped detect and expose the Pisonian conspiracy of 65 . Exactly what his contribution to the investigation was is not known but his services must have been considerable , since they earned him rewards equal to those of Nero 's guard prefect Tigellinus . He received triumphal honors — which was usually reserved for military victories — and the right to have his statues placed throughout the palace . " " . 67 in war Jewish the for departed Vespasian when Domitian son youngest 's Vespasian over watch to him asked have may and , advisor imperial an as time his during Nerva befriended Vespasian appears It . 40s the during triumphs military celebrated had who general respected and old an , Vespasian was entourage 's Nero of member prominent Another . "" time our of "" the as him hailing , esteem high in abilities literary 's Nerva held also Nero , Martial poet contemporary the to According "," According to the contemporary poet Martial , Nero also held Nerva 's literary abilities in high esteem , hailing him as the "" of our time "" . Another prominent member of Nero 's entourage was Vespasian , an old and respected general who had celebrated military triumphs during the 40s . It appears Vespasian befriended Nerva during his time as an imperial advisor , and may have asked him to watch over Vespasian 's youngest son Domitian when Vespasian departed for the Jewish war in 67 . " " . Flavians the of supporters strongest and earliest the of one been have to appears he , law @-@ in @-@ brother his was Otho that fact the despite but , 69 during whereabouts 's Nerva of known is nothing Virtually . 69 December 21 on Vespasian of accession the until , Vitellius and Otho , Galba emperors the of fall and rise successive the saw which , Emperors Four the of Year chaotic the to leading , end an to dynasty Claudian @-@ Julio the brought 68 June 9 on Nero of suicide The "," The suicide of Nero on 9 June 68 brought the Julio @-@ Claudian dynasty to an end , leading to the chaotic Year of the Four Emperors , which saw the successive rise and fall of the emperors Galba , Otho and Vitellius , until the accession of Vespasian on 21 December 69 . Virtually nothing is known of Nerva 's whereabouts during 69 , but despite the fact that Otho was his brother @-@ in @-@ law , he appears to have been one of the earliest and strongest supporters of the Flavians . " " . ) 96 – 81 ( Domitian and ) 81 – 79 ( Titus sons his and ) 79 – 69 ( Vespasian under advisor inconspicuous an as career his continuing presumably , record historical from disappears again Nerva 71 After . Vespasian under way this in honoured be to Flavians @-@ non few the of one him making , ) consulship suffect prestigious less a of instead ( consulship ordinary an was it because also but , regime new the under early office this held he because only not , honour remarkable a was This . 71 in reign 's Vespasian in early consulship a with rewarded was he , unknown services For "," For services unknown , he was rewarded with a consulship early in Vespasian 's reign in 71 . This was a remarkable honour , not only because he held this office early under the new regime , but also because it was an ordinary consulship ( instead of a less prestigious suffect consulship ) , making him one of the few non @-@ Flavians to be honoured in this way under Vespasian . After 71 Nerva again disappears from historical record , presumably continuing his career as an inconspicuous advisor under Vespasian ( 69 – 79 ) and his sons Titus ( 79 – 81 ) and Domitian ( 81 – 96 ) . " " . rewarded duly were defeat their in assisted had who those while , Illyricum of front the to sent were legions mutinous The . punished savagely Mainz at leaders its and , crushed was rebellion the days four @-@ twenty Within . Norbanus Flavius Titus , Rhaetia of procurator the by assisted , once at region the to moved , Maximus Lappius , Inferior Germania of governor The . Chatti the of tribe a of aid the with Empire Roman the against revolted , XXI Legio and Gemina XIV Legio , Mainz at legions two his and , Saturninus Antonius Lucius , Superior Germania of governor the , 89 , January 1 On . 89 in Saturninus of revolt the during emerges @-@ re He "," He re @-@ emerges during the revolt of Saturninus in 89 . On 1 January , 89 , the governor of Germania Superior , Lucius Antonius Saturninus , and his two legions at Mainz , Legio XIV Gemina and Legio XXI , revolted against the Roman Empire with the aid of a tribe of the Chatti . The governor of Germania Inferior , Lappius Maximus , moved to the region at once , assisted by the procurator of Rhaetia , Titus Flavius Norbanus . Within twenty @-@ four days the rebellion was crushed , and its leaders at Mainz savagely punished . The mutinous legions were sent to the front of Illyricum , while those who had assisted in their defeat were duly rewarded . " " . order to return could Empire the and , suppressed been had revolt The . regime the of quo @-@ status and stability the emphasise to colleague his as Nerva selected have may Domitian , Alternatively . Nero under conspiracy Pisonian the during did he what to similar fashion a in perhaps , conspiracy the uncovering in part a played had Nerva suggested honour the , Again . Nerva with consulship the sharing by revolt the following year the opened Domitian "," Domitian opened the year following the revolt by sharing the consulship with Nerva . Again , the honour suggested Nerva had played a part in uncovering the conspiracy , perhaps in a fashion similar to what he did during the Pisonian conspiracy under Nero . Alternatively , Domitian may have selected Nerva as his colleague to emphasise the stability and status @-@ quo of the regime . The revolt had been suppressed , and the Empire could return to order . " " . assassination 's Domitian in involvement his on speculate to authors modern and ancient both prompting , light public the of out career his of much spent had and , childless and old was Nerva . choice remarkable a was this , experience political his Despite . emperor Nerva Cocceius Marcus proclaimed Senate the day same the that records , Calendar the , Fasti The . officials court by organised conspiracy palace a in assassinated was Domitian , 96 , September 18 On "," On 18 September , 96 , Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy organised by court officials . The Fasti , the Calendar , records that the same day the Senate proclaimed Marcus Cocceius Nerva emperor . Despite his political experience , this was a remarkable choice . Nerva was old and childless , and had spent much of his career out of the public light , prompting both ancient and modern authors to speculate on his involvement in Domitian 's assassination . " " . broke assassination the of news the after hours within , Senate the of initiative the on solely Emperor proclaimed was Nerva believe historians modern but , history by obscured been have facts precise The . conspirators the to him recommended have not would record track his loyalist Flavian known a as and , Empire the in support widespread lacked Nerva , hand other the On . murder to accession its owed dynasty the suggest to him of sensitive than less been have would it , Hadrian and Trajan descendants direct 's Nerva under published were Suetonius of works the Considering . of out role his omitted have may he but , Nerva mention not does contrast by Suetonius . plot the of aware least at was he that indicates which , assassination the to prior successor potential a as Nerva approached conspirators the , Dio Cassius to According "," According to Cassius Dio , the conspirators approached Nerva as a potential successor prior to the assassination , which indicates that he was at least aware of the plot . Suetonius by contrast does not mention Nerva , but he may have omitted his role out of . Considering the works of Suetonius were published under Nerva 's direct descendants Trajan and Hadrian , it would have been less than sensitive of him to suggest the dynasty owed its accession to murder . On the other hand , Nerva lacked widespread support in the Empire , and as a known Flavian loyalist his track record would not have recommended him to the conspirators . The precise facts have been obscured by history , but modern historians believe Nerva was proclaimed Emperor solely on the initiative of the Senate , within hours after the news of the assassination broke . " " . Domitian against conspiracy the in involved been have to appears Nerva nor Senate the neither but , war civil avoid to as so hasty been have may decision The . accepted he , revolts risk and invitation the decline than Rather . conflict civil violent to lead could hours few a for even hesitate to that knew he ; Nero of death the from resulted had which anarchy the seen had Nerva . Senate the of part substantial a of respect the commanded and dynasty Flavian the with connections close had he , Furthermore . childless and old was he because precisely choice safe a considered was Nerva , health weak and age his of account on candidate unlikely an be to appeared he Although "," Although he appeared to be an unlikely candidate on account of his age and weak health , Nerva was considered a safe choice precisely because he was old and childless . Furthermore , he had close connections with the Flavian dynasty and commanded the respect of a substantial part of the Senate . Nerva had seen the anarchy which had resulted from the death of Nero ; he knew that to hesitate even for a few hours could lead to violent civil conflict . Rather than decline the invitation and risk revolts , he accepted . The decision may have been hasty so as to avoid civil war , but neither the Senate nor Nerva appears to have been involved in the conspiracy against Domitian . " " . Sallust of Gardens the in villa former 's Vespasian in residence up took himself Nerva and , "" People the of House "" the renamed was , Palace Flavian the as known , Hill Palatine the on erected had Domitian which palace vast the , addition In . material previous of recycling and images new of production quick allowed This . Nerva of likeness the fit to recarved simply were , Reliefs the on found those as such , Domitian of portraits existing , instances many In . records public all from erased was name his and down torn were arches his , melted were statues and coins his : Domitian on memoriae damnatio passed Senate the , emperor as Nerva of accession the Following "," Following the accession of Nerva as emperor , the Senate passed damnatio memoriae on Domitian : his coins and statues were melted , his arches were torn down and his name was erased from all public records . In many instances , existing portraits of Domitian , such as those found on the Reliefs , were simply recarved to fit the likeness of Nerva . This allowed quick production of new images and recycling of previous material . In addition , the vast palace which Domitian had erected on the Palatine Hill , known as the Flavian Palace , was renamed the "" House of the People "" , and Nerva himself took up residence in Vespasian 's former villa in the Gardens of Sallust . " " . exiled been had who many to amnesty granted and , charges these under imprisoned been had who those released , treason on based trials to end an called He . office in remained he as long as death to put be would senators no that swore publicly Nerva , supporters his towards goodwill of gesture immediate an As . reign 's Domitian during persecuted harshly been had who , senators the to particularly welcome was government of change The "," The change of government was welcome particularly to the senators , who had been harshly persecuted during Domitian 's reign . As an immediate gesture of goodwill towards his supporters , Nerva publicly swore that no senators would be put to death as long as he remained in office . He called an end to trials based on treason , released those who had been imprisoned under these charges , and granted amnesty to many who had been exiled . " " . life his against conspiracy one least at for cause the been have may which hostility incurred he , Senate the of faction Domitianic @-@ pro the with relations friendly maintaining by and , trusted and known were that advisors and friends on largely rely to continued He . successful entirely not was this but , government his in Senate the involve to sought also Nerva . families respective their to returned were Domitian by confiscated been had which properties All "," All properties which had been confiscated by Domitian were returned to their respective families . Nerva also sought to involve the Senate in his government , but this was not entirely successful . He continued to rely largely on friends and advisors that were known and trusted , and by maintaining friendly relations with the pro @-@ Domitianic faction of the Senate , he incurred hostility which may have been the cause for at least one conspiracy against his life . " " . Romans needy most the from taxation of burden the alleviate to intended reforms economic of string a by followed was This . person per denarii 5000 as much as to amounted have may which a received Guard Praetorian the of soldiers the while , citizens the upon bestowed was head per denarii 75 of a , Accordingly . army the and people the to money and gifts of payment generous a it with bring to expected was emperor of change a , time this by custom was As . populace Roman the among support gain to measures of number a introduce to had Nerva , Senate the of initiative the on solely emperor proclaimed been Having "," Having been proclaimed emperor solely on the initiative of the Senate , Nerva had to introduce a number of measures to gain support among the Roman populace . As was custom by this time , a change of emperor was expected to bring with it a generous payment of gifts and money to the people and the army . Accordingly , a of 75 denarii per head was bestowed upon the citizens , while the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard received a which may have amounted to as much as 5000 denarii per person . This was followed by a string of economic reforms intended to alleviate the burden of taxation from the most needy Romans . " " . ) tax Jewish the regarding prosecution malicious of abolition ( legend the bear coins his of some : pay to had Empire the throughout Jews all which tax additional the , the abolished probably he , Namely . provinces Roman to granted privileges and remitted were taxes numerous , Furthermore . Aurelius Marcus and , Pius Antoninus , Trajan by expanded later were which schemes alimentary ; families needy of children the support to municipality their to % 5 of interest pay they that condition the on landowners Italian to loans made he and , tax inheritance % 5 a from children their and parents exempted He . sesterces million 60 to up worth land of allotments granted Nerva , poorest the To "," To the poorest , Nerva granted allotments of land worth up to 60 million sesterces . He exempted parents and their children from a 5 % inheritance tax , and he made loans to Italian landowners on the condition that they pay interest of 5 % to their municipality to support the children of needy families ; alimentary schemes which were later expanded by Trajan , Antoninus Pius , and Marcus Aurelius . Furthermore , numerous taxes were remitted and privileges granted to Roman provinces . Namely , he probably abolished the , the additional tax which all Jews throughout the Empire had to pay : some of his coins bear the legend ( abolition of malicious prosecution regarding the Jewish tax ) . " " . honor his in made be images similar that forbade Nerva and , statues gold and silver 's Domitian from obtained were money of amounts Large . furniture even and , estates , ships of auctioning the including , possessions former 's Domitian from generated was income new while , abolished were races horse and games , sacrifices religious superfluous most The . expenditures reduce drastically to economy of commission special a of formation the necessitated , Syme by suggested once extent the to ruinous not perhaps although , and Rome of economy the strained expenses 's Nerva , long Before "," Before long , Nerva 's expenses strained the economy of Rome and , although perhaps not ruinous to the extent once suggested by Syme , necessitated the formation of a special commission of economy to drastically reduce expenditures . The most superfluous religious sacrifices , games and horse races were abolished , while new income was generated from Domitian 's former possessions , including the auctioning of ships , estates , and even furniture . Large amounts of money were obtained from Domitian 's silver and gold statues , and Nerva forbade that similar images be made in his honor . " " . it across cuts dei Via the because partly , remains Little . Peace of Temple the to Augustus of Forum the linked which , Domitian by begun Forum Imperial small a and , the as known , granary a were Nerva under constructed landmarks major only The . Urbis De , supply water 's Rome on work significant a published later and abuses to end an put to helped who , Frontinus Julius Sextus consul former the by headed was program latter The . aqueducts the of expansion the and system road Roman the to repairs extensive included This . rule Flavian under initiated been had which projects completing instead , few were works public 's Nerva , briefly only reigned he Because "," Because he reigned only briefly , Nerva 's public works were few , instead completing projects which had been initiated under Flavian rule . This included extensive repairs to the Roman road system and the expansion of the aqueducts . The latter program was headed by the former consul Sextus Julius Frontinus , who helped to put an end to abuses and later published a significant work on Rome 's water supply , De Urbis . The only major landmarks constructed under Nerva were a granary , known as the , and a small Imperial Forum begun by Domitian , which linked the Forum of Augustus to the Temple of Peace . Little remains , partly because the Via dei cuts across it . " " . Aelianus Casperius , commander former a with him replaced and — Domitian against conspirators chief the of one — Secundus Petronius Titus prefect their dismissed had Nerva , Guard Praetorian the of soldiers the appease to attempt an In . assassination the after immediately deification his for called had which , army the in strong remained Domitian for support , people Roman the and Senate the with popular remain to measures 's Nerva Despite "," Despite Nerva 's measures to remain popular with the Senate and the Roman people , support for Domitian remained strong in the army , which had called for his deification immediately after the assassination . In an attempt to appease the soldiers of the Praetorian Guard , Nerva had dismissed their prefect Titus Petronius Secundus — one of the chief conspirators against Domitian — and replaced him with a former commander , Casperius Aelianus . " " . reign 's Nerva of crisis gravest the to lead ultimately would affairs of state this with dissatisfaction Continued . refused Nerva which , assassins 's Domitian of execution the demanded and , however , insufficient measures these considered Praetorians The . change regime violent the against protests any silence swiftly to expected was accession his following soldiers the upon bestowed generous the , Likewise "," Likewise , the generous bestowed upon the soldiers following his accession was expected to swiftly silence any protests against the violent regime change . The Praetorians considered these measures insufficient , however , and demanded the execution of Domitian 's assassins , which Nerva refused . Continued dissatisfaction with this state of affairs would ultimately lead to the gravest crisis of Nerva 's reign . " " . Senate the of disapproval the to much , death to conspirators the put to refused Nerva again once but , failed Crassus Piso Calpurnius Gaius senator the by led conspiracy a , 97 in Early . anarchy 's Nerva to preferable ultimately was tyranny 's Domitian that remark famously to Fronto consul the leading , enemies personal with scores settle to trying while interests own his in acted everyone as , chaos to led measure This . continue to Senate the by informers of prosecution the allowed time same the at but , trials treason to halt a ordered had he , accession his Upon . authority his assert to reluctance a into turned nature benign his and , vulnerable too proved soon emperor an as position 's Nerva , erupting from war civil a prevented had death 's Domitian following power of transfer swift the While "," While the swift transfer of power following Domitian 's death had prevented a civil war from erupting , Nerva 's position as an emperor soon proved too vulnerable , and his benign nature turned into a reluctance to assert his authority . Upon his accession , he had ordered a halt to treason trials , but at the same time allowed the prosecution of informers by the Senate to continue . This measure led to chaos , as everyone acted in his own interests while trying to settle scores with personal enemies , leading the consul Fronto to famously remark that Domitian 's tyranny was ultimately preferable to Nerva 's anarchy . Early in 97 , a conspiracy led by the senator Gaius Calpurnius Piso Crassus failed , but once again Nerva refused to put the conspirators to death , much to the disapproval of the Senate . " " . frontier German the at armies the of general a , Trajan as known commonly , Marcus commander military popular more the supported who those by opposed covertly was This . Syria of governor powerful the , Maternus Cornelius Marcus adopt to considering was Nerva , 97 by , that appears it and Empire the in generals or governors the among from chosen be to have would successor A . office political for unsuited were who , relatives distant only and own his of children natural no had He . sickness and age old 's Nerva of because pressing more made , successor clear a of absence the by aggravated further was situation The "," The situation was further aggravated by the absence of a clear successor , made more pressing because of Nerva 's old age and sickness . He had no natural children of his own and only distant relatives , who were unsuited for political office . A successor would have to be chosen from among the governors or generals in the Empire and it appears that , by 97 , Nerva was considering to adopt Marcus Cornelius Maternus , the powerful governor of Syria . This was covertly opposed by those who supported the more popular military commander Marcus , commonly known as Trajan , a general of the armies at the German frontier . " " . repair beyond damaged was authority his but , assault this in unharmed was Nerva . killed and out sought were , chamberlain former 's Domitian , Parthenius and Secundus Petronius Titus . Praetorians rebellious the thanking speech a giving even and death 's Domitian for responsible those over hand to agreeing , demands their to submit to forced was He . hostage Nerva took and Palace Imperial the to siege laid , Aelianus Casperius by led , Guard Praetorian the when head a to came tensions these 97 October In "," In October 97 these tensions came to a head when the Praetorian Guard , led by Casperius Aelianus , laid siege to the Imperial Palace and took Nerva hostage . He was forced to submit to their demands , agreeing to hand over those responsible for Domitian 's death and even giving a speech thanking the rebellious Praetorians . Titus Petronius Secundus and Parthenius , Domitian 's former chamberlain , were sought out and killed . Nerva was unharmed in this assault , but his authority was damaged beyond repair . " " : 98 in Nerva with consulship the shared and Caesar of title the with bestowed formally was Trajan . abdicated but all decision this with and , successor his as Trajan of adoption the announced he , thereafter Shortly . people the and army the both of approval the had who heir an of support the without tenable longer no was position his that realized He "," He realized that his position was no longer tenable without the support of an heir who had the approval of both the army and the people . Shortly thereafter , he announced the adoption of Trajan as his successor , and with this decision all but abdicated . Trajan was formally bestowed with the title of Caesar and shared the consulship with Nerva in 98 : " " . historians modern among support little found has Emperors Good Five the among adoption through succession of tradition a established hereby Nerva that assertion 's Gibbon Edward , Likewise . Trajan was connections and , ancestry consular , experience military sufficient with candidate only The . reputation damaged his restore could who man a of support the needed desperately he , crisis major a with Faced . successor his to regard with choice little fact in had Nerva , however , Dio Cassius by popularized here view the to Contrary "," Contrary to the view here popularized by Cassius Dio , however , Nerva had in fact little choice with regard to his successor . Faced with a major crisis , he desperately needed the support of a man who could restore his damaged reputation . The only candidate with sufficient military experience , consular ancestry , and connections was Trajan . Likewise , Edward Gibbon 's assertion that Nerva hereby established a tradition of succession through adoption among the Five Good Emperors has found little support among modern historians . " " . Augustus of Mausoleum the in rest to laid were ashes his and , Senate the by deified was He . January 28 on , Sallust of Gardens the in villa his at died and fever a by struck was he thereafter Shortly . audience private a during stroke a suffered Nerva , consulship fourth his of start the at , 98 , January 1 On "," On 1 January , 98 , at the start of his fourth consulship , Nerva suffered a stroke during a private audience . Shortly thereafter he was struck by a fever and died at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust , on 28 January . He was deified by the Senate , and his ashes were laid to rest in the Mausoleum of Augustus . " " . accession 's Trajan upon ' dismissed ' was , Aelianus Casperius , Nerva against mutiny the for responsible prefect Guard the , however , Dio Cassius to According . death his after years ten until issued Nerva the for coins of series commemorative a was nor ; found been ever has it of trace no yet , Nerva of honour in temple a dedicated Trajan , Younger the Pliny to According . enthusiasm much with populace Roman the by greeted was who , Trajan son adopted his by incident without succeeded was Nerva "," Nerva was succeeded without incident by his adopted son Trajan , who was greeted by the Roman populace with much enthusiasm . According to Pliny the Younger , Trajan dedicated a temple in honour of Nerva , yet no trace of it has ever been found ; nor was a commemorative series of coins for the Nerva issued until ten years after his death . According to Cassius Dio , however , the Guard prefect responsible for the mutiny against Nerva , Casperius Aelianus , was ' dismissed ' upon Trajan 's accession . " " . Victor Aurelius historian century @-@ 4th the by authored been have to alleged work a , de Epitome the from biography abridged an by added are details Further . died had Nerva after years hundred one than more composed was , 229 year the until Italy in Aeneas of arrival the from , millennium a nearly spans which , History Roman His . Dio Cassius historian century @-@ 3rd the by written was Nerva of reign the of account surviving substantial most The . obscure remained has life 's Nerva of much , period this on sources written of lack the to Due "," Due to the lack of written sources on this period , much of Nerva 's life has remained obscure . The most substantial surviving account of the reign of Nerva was written by the 3rd @-@ century historian Cassius Dio . His Roman History , which spans nearly a millennium , from the arrival of Aeneas in Italy until the year 229 , was composed more than one hundred years after Nerva had died . Further details are added by an abridged biography from the Epitome de , a work alleged to have been authored by the 4th @-@ century historian Aurelius Victor . " " . "" freedom and sovereignty , irreconcilable once things blended Caesar Nerva ] when [ , age happy most a of dawn the "" as reign his describing , Nerva of highly speaks Tacitus , however Agricola Julius Gnaeus of biography his to introduction the In . remaining Emperors Four the of Year the covering books five first the only with , lost been has work the of part substantial a , Unfortunately . 96 in Domitian of death the until 69 in Nero emperor of suicide the from decades three covering Rome of history the of account an is Histories The . Tacitus historian contemporary the by , Histories the is , detail closer in Nerva of life the describe to presumed , text comprehensive more A "," A more comprehensive text , presumed to describe the life of Nerva in closer detail , is the Histories , by the contemporary historian Tacitus . The Histories is an account of the history of Rome covering three decades from the suicide of emperor Nero in 69 until the death of Domitian in 96 . Unfortunately , a substantial part of the work has been lost , with only the first five books covering the Year of the Four Emperors remaining . In the introduction to his biography of Gnaeus Julius Agricola however , Tacitus speaks highly of Nerva , describing his reign as "" the dawn of a most happy age , [ when ] Nerva Caesar blended things once irreconcilable , sovereignty and freedom "" . " " : reign successful a for qualifications necessary the lacked have may Nerva , successors his to compared , that notes Gibbon even , Nevertheless . 180 until 96 from "" virtue and wisdom of guidance the under , power absolute by governed was "" Empire Roman the whom under rulers successive five , Emperors Good Five the of first the Nerva considered Gibbon . Empire Roman the of Fall and Decline the of History his in Gibbon Edward historian century @-@ 18th the by popularized later were views These . heir his as Trajan adopt to decision his commending Dio with , moderation and wisdom his emphasize Victor Aurelius and Dio Cassius Both . policies his on commentary substantial a offer none although , reign brief 's Nerva of positively equally speak histories surviving The "," The surviving histories speak equally positively of Nerva 's brief reign , although none offer a substantial commentary on his policies . Both Cassius Dio and Aurelius Victor emphasize his wisdom and moderation , with Dio commending his decision to adopt Trajan as his heir . These views were later popularized by the 18th @-@ century historian Edward Gibbon in his History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Gibbon considered Nerva the first of the Five Good Emperors , five successive rulers under whom the Roman Empire "" was governed by absolute power , under the guidance of wisdom and virtue "" from 96 until 180 . Nevertheless , even Gibbon notes that , compared to his successors , Nerva may have lacked the necessary qualifications for a successful reign : " " : emperorship the to suited @-@ ill fact in were talents real 's Nerva that concludes Murison . successor his as general reliable , respected a with base power his expanded Trajan of adoption The . emperor the on pressure put to attempt calculated a but , coup a as intended never was Aelianus Casperius by led mutiny The . crisis significant a of edge the near Rome brought ultimately army the over authority of lack and finances state the of mismanagement 's Nerva but , rule his under liberties renewed enjoyed Senate Roman The . ruler ineffectual and weak but intentioned @-@ well a as Nerva characterizing , sentiment this upon expanded has history Modern "," Modern history has expanded upon this sentiment , characterizing Nerva as a well @-@ intentioned but weak and ineffectual ruler . The Roman Senate enjoyed renewed liberties under his rule , but Nerva 's mismanagement of the state finances and lack of authority over the army ultimately brought Rome near the edge of a significant crisis . The mutiny led by Casperius Aelianus was never intended as a coup , but a calculated attempt to put pressure on the emperor . The adoption of Trajan expanded his power base with a respected , reliable general as his successor . Murison concludes that Nerva 's real talents were in fact ill @-@ suited to the emperorship : " " . forum transitional or , Forum the as known became ultimately , Nerva of Forum the , reign his during completed work public major only the even that irony of fact a is It . dynasties Antonine @-@ Trajanic the before gap @-@ stop tumultuous if , necessary a as summarized therefore is history Roman in place His "," His place in Roman history is therefore summarized as a necessary , if tumultuous stop @-@ gap before the Trajanic @-@ Antonine dynasties . It is a fact of irony that even the only major public work completed during his reign , the Forum of Nerva , ultimately became known as the Forum , or transitional forum . " " . street Nerva at , Italy in , birthplace alleged his at statue a also is There . Street Southgate to entrance the at is It . honour his in founded was which town a , England , Gloucester in statue equestrian an is There . him with associated towns in found be can Nerva commemorate which statues modern Two "," Two modern statues which commemorate Nerva can be found in towns associated with him . There is an equestrian statue in Gloucester , England , a town which was founded in his honour . It is at the entrance to Southgate Street . There is also a statue at his alleged birthplace , in Italy , at Nerva street . " " . Vadis Quo film 1951 the in Wooland Norman by played was Nerva "," Nerva was played by Norman Wooland in the 1951 film Quo Vadis . " " . Praetorians the of Revolt film 1964 the in Gemma Giuliano by played also was He "," He was also played by Giuliano Gemma in the 1964 film Revolt of the Praetorians . " " site web from links International , ' links International , links web Narnia "," Narnia web links , International links ' , International links from web site " " . 11 @-@ 08 @-@ 2007 Retrieved . Romanis Imperatoribus De . "" ) A.D. 98 – 96 ( Nerva "" . ) 1998 ( David , "," , David ( 1998 ) . "" Nerva ( 96 – 98 A.D. ) "" . De Imperatoribus Romanis . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 08 @-@ 11 . " " . 394 – 393 pp. Press. University Cambridge . ) . ed 11th ( 19 Britannica Encyclopædia . Hugh , Chisholm In . "" Cocceius Marcus , Nerva "" . ) 1911 ( Francis Henry , Pelham "," Pelham , Henry Francis ( 1911 ) . "" Nerva , Marcus Cocceius "" . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press. pp. 393 – 394 . " " . price personal terrible a paying after only but , again try to returns Eddie , Gordon Bert manager unscrupulous with involved getting and Fats to losing initially After "" . Fats Minnesota "" player pool legendary the best to seeking ; country the in player best the against up ambition and talent raw his throws He . it follows that rollers @-@ high by wagering stakes @-@ high and hustling professional of "" league major "" the into break to desire his and Felson "" Eddie Fast "" hustler pool time @-@ small of story the tells It . Carroll Sidney and Rossen by screen the for adapted , name same the of novel 1959 's Tevis Walter from Rossen Robert by directed film drama American 1961 a is Hustler The "," The Hustler is a 1961 American drama film directed by Robert Rossen from Walter Tevis 's 1959 novel of the same name , adapted for the screen by Rossen and Sidney Carroll . It tells the story of small @-@ time pool hustler "" Fast Eddie "" Felson and his desire to break into the "" major league "" of professional hustling and high @-@ stakes wagering by high @-@ rollers that follows it . He throws his raw talent and ambition up against the best player in the country ; seeking to best the legendary pool player "" Minnesota Fats . "" After initially losing to Fats and getting involved with unscrupulous manager Bert Gordon , Eddie returns to try again , but only after paying a terrible personal price . " " . Bert as Scott C. George and , Sarah as Laurie Piper , Fats Minnesota as Gleason Jackie , Felson Eddie "" Fast "" as Newman Paul stars It . City York New in location on shot was film The "," The film was shot on location in New York City . It stars Paul Newman as "" Fast "" Eddie Felson , Jackie Gleason as Minnesota Fats , Piper Laurie as Sarah , and George C. Scott as Bert . " " . own his as name the adopted and , Fats Minnesota , character 's Gleason for inspiration life real the be to claimed , "" Fats Chicago "" and "" Fats York New "" as time the at known , Wanderone Rudolf player pool life @-@ Real . pool of popularity the in resurgence a spark to helping with credited also is it ; awards major of number a garnered character and , losing , winning of exploration Its . classic modern a as reputation a gaining , success popular and critical major a was Hustler The "," The Hustler was a major critical and popular success , gaining a reputation as a modern classic . Its exploration of winning , losing , and character garnered a number of major awards ; it is also credited with helping to spark a resurgence in the popularity of pool . Real @-@ life pool player Rudolf Wanderone , known at the time as "" New York Fats "" and "" Chicago Fats "" , claimed to be the real life inspiration for Gleason 's character , Minnesota Fats , and adopted the name as his own . " " . leaves and Charlie sleeping a with stake remaining the of half leaves Eddie , later hotel their At . stake original his of 200 $ but all with along all it loses but , 000 @,@ 18 $ over ahead is Eddie , bourbon of bottle entire an and hours 25 After "" . loser "" a Eddie labels Bert after continue to agrees Fats . over is it says Fats when only end will game the insists Eddie but , quit to him convince to tries Charlie and 000 @,@ 11 $ ahead gets Eddie . hall the to Gordon Bert gambler professional get to really but , whiskey for ostensibly , Bar 's Johnny to , Preacher , runner a out sends He . agrees Fats ; game a 000 @,@ 1 $ to bet the raising suggests and ahead 000 @,@ 1 $ being to back surges Eddie , behind falling initially After . game a 200 $ for pool straight play to agree Eddie and he and arrives Fats . night that 000 @,@ 10 $ win will he declares Eddie , hall pool home ' Fats at Arriving . "" Fats Minnesota "" player legendary the challenge to Charlie partner his with country @-@ cross travels Felson "" Eddie Fast "" hustler pool time @-@ Small "," Small @-@ time pool hustler "" Fast Eddie "" Felson travels cross @-@ country with his partner Charlie to challenge the legendary player "" Minnesota Fats "" . Arriving at Fats ' home pool hall , Eddie declares he will win $ 10 @,@ 000 that night . Fats arrives and he and Eddie agree to play straight pool for $ 200 a game . After initially falling behind , Eddie surges back to being $ 1 @,@ 000 ahead and suggests raising the bet to $ 1 @,@ 000 a game ; Fats agrees . He sends out a runner , Preacher , to Johnny 's Bar , ostensibly for whiskey , but really to get professional gambler Bert Gordon to the hall . Eddie gets ahead $ 11 @,@ 000 and Charlie tries to convince him to quit , but Eddie insists the game will end only when Fats says it is over . Fats agrees to continue after Bert labels Eddie a "" loser . "" After 25 hours and an entire bottle of bourbon , Eddie is ahead over $ 18 @,@ 000 , but loses it all along with all but $ 200 of his original stake . At their hotel later , Eddie leaves half of the remaining stake with a sleeping Charlie and leaves . " " . himself by "" die and down lie go "" to him tells and man old scared a as Charlie dismisses Eddie . Fats beat to rebounded have could he money that with that believing , enraged becomes and percentage his out held Charlie that realizes Eddie . again Fats challenge to plans he realizes Charlie and refuses Eddie . road the on out back go to him persuade to tries and 's Sarah at Eddie finds Charlie . reservations with but , in him takes she time this and again Sarah finds He . stakes small for hustling starts and house rooming a into moves Eddie . "" hungry too "" is he saying , in him let to refuses she but place her to back go They . bar a at again her meets He . limp a with walks and , time @-@ part college attends , father her by supported is who alcoholic an , Packard Sarah meets he where , terminal bus local the at belongings his stashes Eddie "," Eddie stashes his belongings at the local bus terminal , where he meets Sarah Packard , an alcoholic who is supported by her father , attends college part @-@ time , and walks with a limp . He meets her again at a bar . They go back to her place but she refuses to let him in , saying he is "" too hungry "" . Eddie moves into a rooming house and starts hustling for small stakes . He finds Sarah again and this time she takes him in , but with reservations . Charlie finds Eddie at Sarah 's and tries to persuade him to go back out on the road . Eddie refuses and Charlie realizes he plans to challenge Fats again . Eddie realizes that Charlie held out his percentage and becomes enraged , believing that with that money he could have rebounded to beat Fats . Eddie dismisses Charlie as a scared old man and tells him to "" go lie down and die "" by himself . " " . refuses Eddie ; winnings his of % 75 for return in him stake to offers nevertheless but "" loser born "" a him calls Bert . again Fats challenge to 000 @,@ 3 $ least at need will Eddie that figures He . character no but player pool a as talent has he that Eddie tells Bert , Afterward . 20 $ loses and , playing is Bert where game poker a joins Eddie , Bar 's Johnny At "," At Johnny 's Bar , Eddie joins a poker game where Bert is playing , and loses $ 20 . Afterward , Bert tells Eddie that he has talent as a pool player but no character . He figures that Eddie will need at least $ 3 @,@ 000 to challenge Fats again . Bert calls him a "" born loser "" but nevertheless offers to stake him in return for 75 % of his winnings ; Eddie refuses . " " . "" nothing of slice % 100 a than better is big something of slice % 25 "" a that deciding , terms 's Bert to agrees he , play to ready is Eddie When . return in words the say cannot he but , him loves she him tells and him for cares Sarah , heals he As . thumbs his breaking by him punish players other the and , hustler a as himself exposing , shark pool local a humiliates Eddie "," Eddie humiliates a local pool shark , exposing himself as a hustler , and the other players punish him by breaking his thumbs . As he heals , Sarah cares for him and tells him she loves him , but he cannot say the words in return . When Eddie is ready to play , he agrees to Bert 's terms , deciding that a "" 25 % slice of something big is better than a 100 % slice of nothing "" . " " . herself killed has she that learn to hotel the at back arrives Eddie . mirror bathroom the on lipstick in "" "" and , "" "" , "" "" scrawls she , After . encounter sexual humiliating a to Sarah subjects and first arrives Bert . hotel the to back walk to decides and share 000 @,@ 3 $ his collects He . 000 @,@ 12 $ win to back comes Eddie . game a 000 @,@ 1 $ at continue match the let to agrees Bert , anger 's Eddie Seeing . refuses he ; "" crippled and , twisted , perverted "" are inhabitants its and in living is he world the that saying , her with leave to Eddie with pleads Sarah . him staking keep to refuses Bert , badly loses Eddie When . pool not , billiards carom be to out turns game The . Findley named socialite local wealthy a against Eddie for match a arranges Bert where , Derby Kentucky the to travel Sarah and , Eddie , Bert "," Bert , Eddie , and Sarah travel to the Kentucky Derby , where Bert arranges a match for Eddie against a wealthy local socialite named Findley . The game turns out to be carom billiards , not pool . When Eddie loses badly , Bert refuses to keep staking him . Sarah pleads with Eddie to leave with her , saying that the world he is living in and its inhabitants are "" perverted , twisted , and crippled "" ; he refuses . Seeing Eddie 's anger , Bert agrees to let the match continue at $ 1 @,@ 000 a game . Eddie comes back to win $ 12 @,@ 000 . He collects his $ 3 @,@ 000 share and decides to walk back to the hotel . Bert arrives first and subjects Sarah to a humiliating sexual encounter . After , she scrawls "" "" , "" "" , and "" "" in lipstick on the bathroom mirror . Eddie arrives back at the hotel to learn that she has killed herself . " " . out walks Eddie and , players as other each compliment Fats and Eddie . again hall pool time @-@ big a into walk to never Eddie orders Bert , Instead . claim his up giving into Bert shames he , Sarah of memory the invoking ; recovers he when Bert kill will he killed not is he if that says Eddie But . pays he unless injured be will Eddie that threatens and winnings 's Eddie of share a demands Bert . quit to forced is Fats that badly so Fats beating , game after game wins He . game single a on stake 000 @,@ 3 $ entire his up putting , again Fats challenge to returns Eddie "," Eddie returns to challenge Fats again , putting up his entire $ 3 @,@ 000 stake on a single game . He wins game after game , beating Fats so badly that Fats is forced to quit . Bert demands a share of Eddie 's winnings and threatens that Eddie will be injured unless he pays . But Eddie says that if he is not killed he will kill Bert when he recovers ; invoking the memory of Sarah , he shames Bert into giving up his claim . Instead , Bert orders Eddie never to walk into a big @-@ time pool hall again . Eddie and Fats compliment each other as players , and Eddie walks out . " " notes Cast "," Cast notes " " . shots closeup the of many in appear also hands 's Mosconi . games 's Fats and Eddie for stakes the holds who , Willie as appearance cameo a has Mosconi Willie champion Pool "," Pool champion Willie Mosconi has a cameo appearance as Willie , who holds the stakes for Eddie and Fats 's games . Mosconi 's hands also appear in many of the closeup shots . " " . script the produce to Carroll Sidney with teamed and book the optioned , Pocket Corner called play themed @-@ pool a write to attempt abortive an made had who and youth a as himself pool hustled had who , Rossen . interaction human the on enough not and story the of aspects pool the on much too focused adaptations previous that speculates Rossen Carol daughter 's Rossen Director . unsuccessful were screen the for it adapt to attempts but , Sinatra Frank by including , times several optioned been had novel Tevis The "," The Tevis novel had been optioned several times , including by Frank Sinatra , but attempts to adapt it for the screen were unsuccessful . Director Rossen 's daughter Carol Rossen speculates that previous adaptations focused too much on the pool aspects of the story and not enough on the human interaction . Rossen , who had hustled pool himself as a youth and who had made an abortive attempt to write a pool @-@ themed play called Corner Pocket , optioned the book and teamed with Sidney Carroll to produce the script . " " . race horse charity a at public the of member a from out found they ; replaced been had he that representatives his or Darin notified officially production the with associated one No . script the of half just reading after accepted he which , role the take to up freed was Newman , Cleopatra on overruns shooting of because Seesaw of out drop to forced was Taylor When . Interview Wallace Mike The on him seeing after part the Darin offered Rossen . Seesaw the for Two film the in Taylor Elizabeth opposite star to committed being , regardless Eddie Fast play to unavailable originally was Newman . Eddie Fast of part the down turned agent 's Newman Paul , Baum Martin , agent 's Darin Bobby to According "," According to Bobby Darin 's agent , Martin Baum , Paul Newman 's agent turned down the part of Fast Eddie . Newman was originally unavailable to play Fast Eddie regardless , being committed to star opposite Elizabeth Taylor in the film Two for the Seesaw . Rossen offered Darin the part after seeing him on The Mike Wallace Interview . When Taylor was forced to drop out of Seesaw because of shooting overruns on Cleopatra , Newman was freed up to take the role , which he accepted after reading just half of the script . No one associated with the production officially notified Darin or his representatives that he had been replaced ; they found out from a member of the public at a charity horse race . " " . junkie a is Preacher establishes which Bar 's Johnny at Bert to talking Preacher of scene longer a and ) film the of scene first the be to slated originally ( town to way his on is Eddie that establishing hall pool Ames at scene a include film final the into it make not did but script shooting the in included were that Scenes . extras as them used and Guild Actors Screen the in them enrolled , thugs street actual hired , "" realistic @-@ neo @-@ neo "" termed he style the of pursuit in , Rossen . frames same the in shot the and actor the having emphasize to angle @-@ wide in filmed were they ; own his were shots 's Gleason of All . actors the of place in shots trick the of number a shot and film the on advisor technical as served Mosconi Willie . orders their place to waited and there sat passengers confused that realistic so was that area dining a built crew film The . terminal bus Greyhound Manhattan the and , Findley character 's Hamilton Murray of home Louisville the as served which , Street 82nd East on townhouse a included locations shooting Other . Academy Billiard Ames and 's McGirr , halls pool defunct @-@ now two at filmed was action the of Much . City York New in entirely , weeks six over Hustler The filmed Rossen "," Rossen filmed The Hustler over six weeks , entirely in New York City . Much of the action was filmed at two now @-@ defunct pool halls , McGirr 's and Ames Billiard Academy . Other shooting locations included a townhouse on East 82nd Street , which served as the Louisville home of Murray Hamilton 's character Findley , and the Manhattan Greyhound bus terminal . The film crew built a dining area that was so realistic that confused passengers sat there and waited to place their orders . Willie Mosconi served as technical advisor on the film and shot a number of the trick shots in place of the actors . All of Gleason 's shots were his own ; they were filmed in wide @-@ angle to emphasize having the actor and the shot in the same frames . Rossen , in pursuit of the style he termed "" neo @-@ neo @-@ realistic "" , hired actual street thugs , enrolled them in the Screen Actors Guild and used them as extras . Scenes that were included in the shooting script but did not make it into the final film include a scene at Ames pool hall establishing that Eddie is on his way to town ( originally slated to be the first scene of the film ) and a longer scene of Preacher talking to Bert at Johnny 's Bar which establishes Preacher is a junkie . " " . Fats beat to returns Eddie when shot two in Bert above appears finally Eddie . him of top on up ending , Bert attacks Eddie but him above appears again Bert , body 's Sarah over kneeling is Eddie When . Bert below still is Eddie shot three a in while shot two in Eddie below is she , room the enters Sarah When . shot three a in Bert below still while Findley above but shot two a in Bert below positioned is Eddie , Findley playing is Eddie when , example For . frame the in characters the of positioning the through , Sarah and Bert to relationship his of evolution the and character 's Eddie of strengthening the show to games pool various the used still Rossen , emphasis in change the Despite . characters 's Laurie and Newman between story love the on emphasis more place to decision the made Rossen filming during but , playing pool the on focus more put shooting Early "," Early shooting put more focus on the pool playing , but during filming Rossen made the decision to place more emphasis on the love story between Newman and Laurie 's characters . Despite the change in emphasis , Rossen still used the various pool games to show the strengthening of Eddie 's character and the evolution of his relationship to Bert and Sarah , through the positioning of the characters in the frame . For example , when Eddie is playing Findley , Eddie is positioned below Bert in a two shot but above Findley while still below Bert in a three shot . When Sarah enters the room , she is below Eddie in two shot while in a three shot Eddie is still below Bert . When Eddie is kneeling over Sarah 's body , Bert again appears above him but Eddie attacks Bert , ending up on top of him . Eddie finally appears above Bert in two shot when Eddie returns to beat Fats . " " "" . dreams his of instead reality accepting by , surrendering by wins hero the which in movies American few the of one "" as Hustler The citing , assessment this with concurs Ebert Roger "" . game pool his wins he then and — caused has he which tragedy personal terrible a after only awareness @-@ self attains He . being human a as himself fulfill to attempting in encounters he obstacles the about really is film the but , player pool great a become to wants , Eddie Fast , protagonist My "" : said Rossen Robert , film the Describing . losing and winning of context the within couched , being human a be to means it what of story a fundamentally is Hustler The "," The Hustler is fundamentally a story of what it means to be a human being , couched within the context of winning and losing . Describing the film , Robert Rossen said : "" My protagonist , Fast Eddie , wants to become a great pool player , but the film is really about the obstacles he encounters in attempting to fulfill himself as a human being . He attains self @-@ awareness only after a terrible personal tragedy which he has caused — and then he wins his pool game . "" Roger Ebert concurs with this assessment , citing The Hustler as "" one of the few American movies in which the hero wins by surrendering , by accepting reality instead of his dreams . "" " " . character gain to pact Faustian a in him loves and knows really who person one the betrays and soul his sells Felson , Similarly . members party as colleagues and friends identified and mind his changed he Ultimately . appearance HUAC first his at names name to refused and 1930s the in Party Communist the with involved been had he , 40s ' and 1930s the during screenwriter A . Committee Activities American @-@ Un House the with dealings his to relating , Rossen for autobiographical somewhat also was film The "," The film was also somewhat autobiographical for Rossen , relating to his dealings with the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . A screenwriter during the 1930s and ' 40s , he had been involved with the Communist Party in the 1930s and refused to name names at his first HUAC appearance . Ultimately he changed his mind and identified friends and colleagues as party members . Similarly , Felson sells his soul and betrays the one person who really knows and loves him in a Faustian pact to gain character . " " . inside dead 's he because loser a is he that Bert telling and "" emotions his out seeking up end does he ut ] b [ ... era ' rebel ' the of guys tough feeling extraordinarily the with break decisive a makes "" character the , "" ring fifties slight a has "" Eddie Fast while that note does Mordden "" . wives lusty and clerks bank hungry , bourgeoisie the among crime discovering in relish its or Woman Treacherous "" 's noir lacks film the that noting also , style realistic @-@ ultra 's Rossen on based comparison the rejects Mordden , noir film classic to film this of resemblance the suggested have some Although "" . loser the of vulnerability castrated the or winner the of inhumanity the at , contest one @-@ on @-@ one the of affirmation @-@ ego the at look clear , brutal a such took "" , asserts Mordden , 1950s the of film No "" . certainty than rather doubt of , flattery than rather challenge of one "" is , writes he , relationship new This . audiences their to films of relationship the defined @-@ re that 1960s early the from films of handful a of one as Hustler The identified has Mordden Ethan historian theatre and Film "," Film and theatre historian Ethan Mordden has identified The Hustler as one of a handful of films from the early 1960s that re @-@ defined the relationship of films to their audiences . This new relationship , he writes , is "" one of challenge rather than flattery , of doubt rather than certainty . "" No film of the 1950s , Mordden asserts , "" took such a brutal , clear look at the ego @-@ affirmation of the one @-@ on @-@ one contest , at the inhumanity of the winner or the castrated vulnerability of the loser . "" Although some have suggested the resemblance of this film to classic film noir , Mordden rejects the comparison based on Rossen 's ultra @-@ realistic style , also noting that the film lacks noir 's "" Treacherous Woman or its relish in discovering crime among the bourgeoisie , hungry bank clerks and lusty wives . "" Mordden does note that while Fast Eddie "" has a slight fifties ring "" , the character "" makes a decisive break with the extraordinarily feeling tough guys of the ' rebel ' era ... [ b ] ut he does end up seeking out his emotions "" and telling Bert that he is a loser because he 's dead inside . " " . activities promotional its up stepping by responded Fox Century 20th , film the publicize to reluctant Initially . mouth of word positive of deal great a generated which , shows Broadway 's season the of casts the for film the of screening midnight a hosted Burton Richard , premiere the to Prior . 1961 , 25 September on D.C. , Washington in premiere world its had Hustler The "," The Hustler had its world premiere in Washington , D.C. on September 25 , 1961 . Prior to the premiere , Richard Burton hosted a midnight screening of the film for the casts of the season 's Broadway shows , which generated a great deal of positive word of mouth . Initially reluctant to publicize the film , 20th Century Fox responded by stepping up its promotional activities . " " "" . truths bitter reveals and that language universal a in powerfully speaks "" Hustler The that found nonetheless , "" fetched @-@ far mite a seems "" characters 's Laurie and Newman between romance the that and "" bit a strays "" film the that finding despite , Times York New The "" . Daddy Big as Ives Burl photographed Kazan since director a by manikin a of use best the is It . Rossen by arranged well are which pictures of number a for ] pose [ "" as act much so not does , says he , who Gleason to regard in especially , direction "" economical , sure "" 's Rossen lauds Kauffmann , "" meaning @-@ pseudo of full "" it declares also and "" hall pool the to criminality and menace of air an give to hard strains "" script the that found he While . ) acting Method on reliance @-@ over for her criticizes mildly also he although ( "" touches anguished movingly "" part her gives , writes he , Laurie "" . date to performance credible most his "" was 's Scott that writing and "" rate @-@ first "" Newman calling , cast principal the praised strongly Kauffmann . assessment this with part in concurred , Republic New The for writing , Kauffmann Stanley . long too far was film the felt also Variety "" . entertainment pure being of goal "" the achieving from film the prevented story the of "" aspects sordid "" the that felt but cast main entire the of performances the praised Variety . caveat occasional the with although , critics by received well was film The "," The film was well received by critics , although with the occasional caveat . Variety praised the performances of the entire main cast but felt that the "" sordid aspects "" of the story prevented the film from achieving the "" goal of being pure entertainment . "" Variety also felt the film was far too long . Stanley Kauffmann , writing for The New Republic , concurred in part with this assessment . Kauffmann strongly praised the principal cast , calling Newman "" first @-@ rate "" and writing that Scott 's was "" his most credible performance to date . "" Laurie , he writes , gives her part "" movingly anguished touches "" ( although he also mildly criticizes her for over @-@ reliance on Method acting ) . While he found that the script "" strains hard to give an air of menace and criminality to the pool hall "" and also declares it "" full of pseudo @-@ meaning "" , Kauffmann lauds Rossen 's "" sure , economical "" direction , especially in regard to Gleason who , he says , does not so much act as "" [ pose ] for a number of pictures which are well arranged by Rossen . It is the best use of a manikin by a director since Kazan photographed Burl Ives as Big Daddy . "" The New York Times , despite finding that the film "" strays a bit "" and that the romance between Newman and Laurie 's characters "" seems a mite far @-@ fetched "" , nonetheless found that The Hustler "" speaks powerfully in a universal language that and reveals bitter truths . "" " " . Medium Another from Material on Based Screenplay , Writing Best for , Carroll with , and Director Best for nominations received Rossen . Role Leading a in Actress Best for nominated was Laurie . nomination the refused Scott ; Role Supporting a in Actor Best for nominated both were Scott and Gleason . Role Leading a in Actor Best for nominated was Newman and Picture Best for nominated also was film The . ) Schüfftan Eugen ( White @-@ and @-@ Black , Cinematography Best and ) Callahan Gene and Horner Harry ( White @-@ and @-@ Black , Decoration Set @-@ Direction Art Best for , two won film The . nominations Award Academy nine received Hustler The "," The Hustler received nine Academy Award nominations . The film won two , for Best Art Direction @-@ Set Decoration , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( Harry Horner and Gene Callahan ) and Best Cinematography , Black @-@ and @-@ White ( Eugen Schüfftan ) . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Newman was nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role . Gleason and Scott were both nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role ; Scott refused the nomination . Laurie was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Rossen received nominations for Best Director and , with Carroll , for Best Writing , Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium . " " . Drama Written Best for Award America of Guild Writers the shared Carroll and Rossen and Awards Circle Critics Film York New the by Director Best named was Rossen . 1961 of films best ten 's Board the among named was film the and Pictures Motion of Review of Board National the by Actor Supporting Best as honored was Gleason . Actress Foreign Best for nominated was Laurie Piper and Actor Foreign Best for won Newman . Source Any from Film Best for Soldier a of Ballad film Soviet the with tied Hustler The , Awards BAFTA 1962 the At . Year the of Star New Best as nominated also was Scott and Actor Supporting Best for nominated each were Scott and Gleason . Actor Best for Award Globe Golden a for nominated was Newman "," Newman was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor . Gleason and Scott were each nominated for Best Supporting Actor and Scott was also nominated as Best New Star of the Year . At the 1962 BAFTA Awards , The Hustler tied with the Soviet film Ballad of a Soldier for Best Film from Any Source . Newman won for Best Foreign Actor and Piper Laurie was nominated for Best Foreign Actress . Gleason was honored as Best Supporting Actor by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures and the film was named among the Board 's ten best films of 1961 . Rossen was named Best Director by the New York Film Critics Circle Awards and Rossen and Carroll shared the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written Drama . " " Lists Institute Film American "," American Film Institute Lists " " Nominated - Movies 100 ... Years 100 's AFI "," AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies - Nominated " " Nominated - Thrills 100 ... Years 100 's AFI "," AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills - Nominated " " : Villains and Heroes 100 ... Years 100 's AFI "," AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : " " Villain Nominated - Gordon Bert "," Bert Gordon - Nominated Villain " " : Quotes Movie 100 ... Years 100 's AFI "," AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : " " Nominated - "" . loser born a 're you , Eddie "" "," "" Eddie , you 're a born loser . "" - Nominated " " Nominated - ) Edition Anniversary 10th ( Movies 100 ... Years 100 's AFI "," AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) - Nominated " " Film Sports 6 # - 10 Top 10 's AFI "," AFI 's 10 Top 10 - # 6 Sports Film " " "" . missed be to not "" as up summed is film the and performances their for praised lavishly again are leads four The "" . grace and nobility shabby a maintain ] who [ characters ] with [ yet , table pool the of top the is spot bright only whose world grim a "" offering "" stunner dark "" a film the calls Guide TV "" . touchstones as them to refers audience the that real so characters movie of handful a only "" of one as Felson Eddie Fast cites further He "" . memories our in grow they that weight psychic such have scenes where films those of one "" as film the cites , Allen Dede editor for laurels adding and cinematography and , direction , performances the for praise earlier echoing , Ebert Roger . classic a as reputation its cemented has Hustler The , release its since decades the In "," In the decades since its release , The Hustler has cemented its reputation as a classic . Roger Ebert , echoing earlier praise for the performances , direction , and cinematography and adding laurels for editor Dede Allen , cites the film as "" one of those films where scenes have such psychic weight that they grow in our memories . "" He further cites Fast Eddie Felson as one of "" only a handful of movie characters so real that the audience refers to them as touchstones . "" TV Guide calls the film a "" dark stunner "" offering "" a grim world whose only bright spot is the top of the pool table , yet [ with ] characters [ who ] maintain a shabby nobility and grace . "" The four leads are again lavishly praised for their performances and the film is summed up as "" not to be missed . "" " " . genre sports the in film best sixth the as acknowledged was Hustler The . community creative the from people 500 @,@ 1 over polling after — genres film American "" classic "" ten in films ten best the — "" Ten top Ten "" its released AFI , 2008 June In . time all of screenplay picture motion best 96th the as 2006 in America of Guild Writers the by selected was screenplay 's Rossen and Carroll "" . significant aesthetically or , historically , culturally "" as Registry Film National States United the in preservation for Hustler The selected Congress of Library the , 1997 In . Hustler The in performance his for recognition belated in was Oscar this that suggested have critics and observers of number A . Role Leading a in Actor Best for Award Academy the won he which for , Money of Color The film 1986 the in Felson Eddie Fast as role his reprised Newman Paul "," Paul Newman reprised his role as Fast Eddie Felson in the 1986 film The Color of Money , for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role . A number of observers and critics have suggested that this Oscar was in belated recognition for his performance in The Hustler . In 1997 , the Library of Congress selected The Hustler for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as "" culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . "" Carroll and Rossen 's screenplay was selected by the Writers Guild of America in 2006 as the 96th best motion picture screenplay of all time . In June 2008 , AFI released its "" Ten top Ten "" — the best ten films in ten "" classic "" American film genres — after polling over 1 @,@ 500 people from the creative community . The Hustler was acknowledged as the sixth best film in the sports genre . " " . Eddie and , Parker Ed , Taylor Ed , Allen Ronnie including , Eddie Fast for models as served have to , credibility of degrees lesser or greater with , claim would players Other . character the of creation the in role any played had Wanderone that life his of rest the for denied Tevis Walter Author . ventures other and deals television and book into film the with association his parlayed and nickname Fats Minnesota the adopted immediately Wanderone . "" Fatty York New "" as known was time the at who , Wanderone on based was Fats Minnesota of character the that release 's film the of time the at interview an in claimed Mosconi . Wanderone Rudolf named hustler pool life @-@ real a was popularity 's film the of beneficiary greatest the Perhaps . public general the to unknown virtually was , championships world multiple won having despite , who , Mosconi Willie to recognition brought also film The . decades for decline the on been had which , States United the in pool of popularity the in resurgence a sparking with credited is Hustler The "," The Hustler is credited with sparking a resurgence in the popularity of pool in the United States , which had been on the decline for decades . The film also brought recognition to Willie Mosconi , who , despite having won multiple world championships , was virtually unknown to the general public . Perhaps the greatest beneficiary of the film 's popularity was a real @-@ life pool hustler named Rudolf Wanderone . Mosconi claimed in an interview at the time of the film 's release that the character of Minnesota Fats was based on Wanderone , who at the time was known as "" New York Fatty "" . Wanderone immediately adopted the Minnesota Fats nickname and parlayed his association with the film into book and television deals and other ventures . Author Walter Tevis denied for the rest of his life that Wanderone had played any role in the creation of the character . Other players would claim , with greater or lesser degrees of credibility , to have served as models for Fast Eddie , including Ronnie Allen , Ed Taylor , Ed Parker , and Eddie . "