document,summary " . Isles British the around mostly , pots lobster using caught widely is and , food esteemed highly a is gammarus Homarus . larvae planktonic into hatching before year a to up for females the by carried are which eggs producing , summer the in occurs Mating . cooking on "" red lobster "" becoming only , blue are lobsters the , life In . claws of pair conspicuous a bears and , ) lb 13 ( kilograms 6 of mass a and ) in 24 ( cm 60 of length a to grow may It . americanus H. , lobster American the to related closely is It . Sea Black the of parts and Sea Mediterranean , Ocean Atlantic eastern the from lobster clawed of species a is , lobster common or lobster European the as known , gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus , known as the European lobster or common lobster , is a species of clawed lobster from the eastern Atlantic Ocean , Mediterranean Sea and parts of the Black Sea . It is closely related to the American lobster , H. americanus . It may grow to a length of 60 cm ( 24 in ) and a mass of 6 kilograms ( 13 lb ) , and bears a conspicuous pair of claws . In life , the lobsters are blue , only becoming "" lobster red "" on cooking . Mating occurs in the summer , producing eggs which are carried by the females for up to a year before hatching into planktonic larvae . Homarus gammarus is a highly esteemed food , and is widely caught using lobster pots , mostly around the British Isles . " " . animals larger for years 2 – 1 every once to decreases but , lobsters young for year a times several occur may This . ) moulting ( ecdysis called process a in , grow to order in shed must they which exoskeleton hard a have lobsters , crustaceans other Like . ) lb 9 @.@ 4 – 5 @.@ 1 ( kg 2 @.@ 2 – 7 @.@ 0 weigh and long ) in 15 – 9 ( cm 38 – 23 usually are pots lobster in caught lobsters the although , ) lb 13 – 11 ( kilograms 6 – 5 to up weighing and ) in 24 ( centimetres 60 to up length body a with , crustacean large a is gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus is a large crustacean , with a body length up to 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) and weighing up to 5 – 6 kilograms ( 11 – 13 lb ) , although the lobsters caught in lobster pots are usually 23 – 38 cm ( 9 – 15 in ) long and weigh 0 @.@ 7 – 2 @.@ 2 kg ( 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 9 lb ) . Like other crustaceans , lobsters have a hard exoskeleton which they must shed in order to grow , in a process called ecdysis ( moulting ) . This may occur several times a year for young lobsters , but decreases to once every 1 – 2 years for larger animals . " " . cutter the is right the and , crusher the is claw left the , Usually . prey the tearing or holding for used is and , edges inner sharp has which , "" cutter "" the is other the ; prey crushing for used nodules rounded has and , "" crusher "" the is one larger The . claws of pair asymmetrical , large a with armed is pereiopods of pair first The "," The first pair of pereiopods is armed with a large , asymmetrical pair of claws . The larger one is the "" crusher "" , and has rounded nodules used for crushing prey ; the other is the "" cutter "" , which has sharp inner edges , and is used for holding or tearing the prey . Usually , the left claw is the crusher , and the right is the cutter . " " . pigment red the releasing , cooking of heat the by up broken is complex the but , complex protein a to bound is astaxanthin pigment red the , life in , because occurs This . cooking after appears only lobsters with associated colour red The . below yellow and , coalesce that spots with , above blue generally is exoskeleton The "," The exoskeleton is generally blue above , with spots that coalesce , and yellow below . The red colour associated with lobsters only appears after cooking . This occurs because , in life , the red pigment astaxanthin is bound to a protein complex , but the complex is broken up by the heat of cooking , releasing the red pigment . " " : characteristics of number a by distinguished be can species two The . overlap not do ranges their since wild the in occur to unlikely are hybrids although , artificially crossed be can and , similar very are species two The . americanus Homarus , lobster American the is gammarus H. of relative closest The "," The closest relative of H. gammarus is the American lobster , Homarus americanus . The two species are very similar , and can be crossed artificially , although hybrids are unlikely to occur in the wild since their ranges do not overlap . The two species can be distinguished by a number of characteristics : " " . gammarus H. in lacking are which , underside the on spines more or one bears americanus H. of rostrum The "," The rostrum of H. americanus bears one or more spines on the underside , which are lacking in H. gammarus . " " . tipped @-@ white or white are gammarus H. of those while , tipped @-@ red or red are americanus H. of claws the on spines The "," The spines on the claws of H. americanus are red or red @-@ tipped , while those of H. gammarus are white or white @-@ tipped . " " . red pale very or white creamy is gammarus H. of that while , red or orange is americanus H. of claw the of underside The "," The underside of the claw of H. americanus is orange or red , while that of H. gammarus is creamy white or very pale red . " " . year the throughout found be can and "" berried "" be to said are eggs carrying Females . pleopods her to attached , temperature the on depending , months 12 to up for eggs the carries female The . male shelled @-@ hard a and , soft therefore is shell whose , female moulted recently a between summer in occurs typically Mating . size smaller slightly a at mature males whereas , ) in 3 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 3 ( millimetres 85 – 80 of length carapace a to grown have they when maturity sexual reach gammarus H. Female "," Female H. gammarus reach sexual maturity when they have grown to a carapace length of 80 – 85 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 in ) , whereas males mature at a slightly smaller size . Mating typically occurs in summer between a recently moulted female , whose shell is therefore soft , and a hard @-@ shelled male . The female carries the eggs for up to 12 months , depending on the temperature , attached to her pleopods . Females carrying eggs are said to be "" berried "" and can be found throughout the year . " " . lives adult their start and burrows their leave juveniles the , ) in 59 @.@ 0 ( mm 15 of length carapace a reach they When . phase benthic the to survives 000 @,@ 20 every in larva 1 only that estimated is It . burrows extensive digging of capable be to known are they although , known poorly are and , wild the in seen rarely are juveniles The . lifestyle benthic a adopts and , adult the to closer form a on takes juvenile the , moult third the After . days 35 – 15 for lasts and moults three involves stage This . zooplankton on preying , currents ocean the with drift they where surface water the to swim larvae the and , night at hatch eggs The "," The eggs hatch at night , and the larvae swim to the water surface where they drift with the ocean currents , preying on zooplankton . This stage involves three moults and lasts for 15 – 35 days . After the third moult , the juvenile takes on a form closer to the adult , and adopts a benthic lifestyle . The juveniles are rarely seen in the wild , and are poorly known , although they are known to be capable of digging extensive burrows . It is estimated that only 1 larva in every 20 @,@ 000 survives to the benthic phase . When they reach a carapace length of 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 in ) , the juveniles leave their burrows and start their adult lives . " " . Circle Arctic the inside , and fjords Norwegian the in found are populations northernmost The . Sea Black the of coast west @-@ north the only along and , Crete of east section the from missing only , Sea Mediterranean the of most in present also is It . Sea Baltic the including not , Morocco and Azores the to Norway northern from Ocean Atlantic eastern @-@ north the across found is gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus is found across the north @-@ eastern Atlantic Ocean from northern Norway to the Azores and Morocco , not including the Baltic Sea . It is also present in most of the Mediterranean Sea , only missing from the section east of Crete , and along only the north @-@ west coast of the Black Sea . The northernmost populations are found in the Norwegian fjords and , inside the Arctic Circle . " " . Channel English or Sea North the in collected those from distinct were the from samples : Netherlands the in found is population distinct last The . Ocean Atlantic the in those from distinct are Sea Mediterranean the in populations The . "" lobster sun @-@ midnight "" the as to referred been have which , Norway northern from lobsters of population the is these of first The . environment local the to adaptation to due possibly , sizes population effective small to due diverged have which three and , population widespread one , populations distinct genetically four into divided be can species The "," The species can be divided into four genetically distinct populations , one widespread population , and three which have diverged due to small effective population sizes , possibly due to adaptation to the local environment . The first of these is the population of lobsters from northern Norway , which have been referred to as the "" midnight @-@ sun lobster "" . The populations in the Mediterranean Sea are distinct from those in the Atlantic Ocean . The last distinct population is found in the Netherlands : samples from the were distinct from those collected in the North Sea or English Channel . " " . there established become not did species the but , Dunedin in hatcheries from released were larvae lobster million one , 1914 and 1904 Between . pagurus Cancer , crab edible the as such species European other alongside , Zealand New to gammarus H. introduce to made been have Attempts "," Attempts have been made to introduce H. gammarus to New Zealand , alongside other European species such as the edible crab , Cancer pagurus . Between 1904 and 1914 , one million lobster larvae were released from hatcheries in Dunedin , but the species did not become established there . " " . feed to night at emerging , crevices or holes in live and , mud hard or rocks as such , substrates hard prefer They . ) ft 160 ( m 50 than deeper normally not although , ) ft 492 – 0 ( metres 150 – 0 of depths at shelf continental the on live gammarus H. Adult "," Adult H. gammarus live on the continental shelf at depths of 0 – 150 metres ( 0 – 492 ft ) , although not normally deeper than 50 m ( 160 ft ) . They prefer hard substrates , such as rocks or hard mud , and live in holes or crevices , emerging at night to feed . " " . worms polychaete and starfish , urchins sea , molluscs , crabs include These . invertebrates benthic other of consists mostly gammarus H. of diet The "," The diet of H. gammarus mostly consists of other benthic invertebrates . These include crabs , molluscs , sea urchins , starfish and polychaete worms . " " . described been not has gammarus H. on species the ; phylum animal the of species known three the to hosts are norvegicus Nephrops and americanus H. , gammarus Homarus species lobster clawed three The "," The three clawed lobster species Homarus gammarus , H. americanus and Nephrops norvegicus are hosts to the three known species of the animal phylum ; the species on H. gammarus has not been described . " " . out ruled be not could americanus H. by tanks the of occupation prior where , gammarus H. captive in seen been only has disease the , lobsters American in found frequently is it Although . bacterium the by caused , disease the to susceptible is gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus is susceptible to the disease , caused by the bacterium . Although it is frequently found in American lobsters , the disease has only been seen in captive H. gammarus , where prior occupation of the tanks by H. americanus could not be ruled out . " " . flavour better a have to considered is species European the and , americanus H. of that than higher times three to up is gammarus H. of price The . ) gut ( "" vein sand "" the and mill gastric the are exceptions The . edible are cephalothorax the of contents the of most and , meat white "" excellent "" contain gammarus H. of abdomen the and claws the Both . powdered or canned , frozen , fresh sold be may and prices high very fetch may It . song folk English century seventeenth a "" The "" in mentioned was and foodstuff a as "" esteemed highly "" traditionally is gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus is traditionally "" highly esteemed "" as a foodstuff and was mentioned in "" The "" a seventeenth century English folk song . It may fetch very high prices and may be sold fresh , frozen , canned or powdered . Both the claws and the abdomen of H. gammarus contain "" excellent "" white meat , and most of the contents of the cephalothorax are edible . The exceptions are the gastric mill and the "" sand vein "" ( gut ) . The price of H. gammarus is up to three times higher than that of H. americanus , and the European species is considered to have a better flavour . " " . ) in 4 @.@ 3 ( mm 87 of length carapace a is gammarus H. for size landing minimum The . ) Islands Channel the including ( Isles British the in caught was ) % 79 ( t 462 @,@ 3 which of , Africa North and Europe across caught were gammarus H. of t 386 @,@ 4 , 2008 In . hand by or net a in caught be to them allow to , out them tempting in succeed sometimes cuttlefish or octopus with baited lines although , pots lobster using fished mostly are Lobsters "," Lobsters are mostly fished using lobster pots , although lines baited with octopus or cuttlefish sometimes succeed in tempting them out , to allow them to be caught in a net or by hand . In 2008 , 4 @,@ 386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa , of which 3 @,@ 462 t ( 79 % ) was caught in the British Isles ( including the Channel Islands ) . The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of 87 mm ( 3 @.@ 4 in ) . " " . low very still are rates production and , development under are gammarus H. for systems Aquaculture "," Aquaculture systems for H. gammarus are under development , and production rates are still very low . " " . crustaceans large all included time that at Cancer genus the of concept ' Linnaeus since , gammarus Cancer was name That . 1758 in published , Naturae Systema his of edition tenth the in Linnaeus Carl by name binomial a given first was gammarus Homarus "," Homarus gammarus was first given a binomial name by Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae , published in 1758 . That name was Cancer gammarus , since Linnaeus ' concept of the genus Cancer at that time included all large crustaceans . " " . 1795 , Weber Homarus for invalid ) 1837 , Edwards @-@ Milne H. Homarus for ( species type of assignments prior any rendering , Rathbun Mary by rediscovered until overlooked been had genus the of description 's Weber Friedrich because also and , 1837 , Edwards @-@ Milne H. vulgaris Homarus and 1775 , Fabricius marinus Astacus including , names different several by to referred been had species the because arose confusion , direction that to Prior . Nomenclature Zoological on Commission International the of 51 Direction by determined as , 1795 , Weber Homarus genus the of species type the is gammarus H. "," H. gammarus is the type species of the genus Homarus Weber , 1795 , as determined by Direction 51 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature . Prior to that direction , confusion arose because the species had been referred to by several different names , including Astacus marinus Fabricius , 1775 and Homarus vulgaris H. Milne @-@ Edwards , 1837 , and also because Friedrich Weber 's description of the genus had been overlooked until rediscovered by Mary Rathbun , rendering any prior assignments of type species ( for Homarus H. Milne @-@ Edwards , 1837 ) invalid for Homarus Weber , 1795 . " " . lost been since have the and it both but , ) Gothenburg of northwest miles 30 or kilometres 48 ( Sweden , Marstrand near , E ′ 32 ° 11 N ′ 53 ° 57 from came It . 1974 in Holthuis by selected lectotype a was gammarus Homarus of specimen type The "," The type specimen of Homarus gammarus was a lectotype selected by Holthuis in 1974 . It came from 57 ° 53 ′ N 11 ° 32 ′ E , near Marstrand , Sweden ( 48 kilometres or 30 miles northwest of Gothenburg ) , but both it and the have since been lost . " " . "" lobster common "" the as known widely also is species the but , "" lobster European "" is Organization Agriculture and Food the by preferred gammarus H. for name common The "," The common name for H. gammarus preferred by the Food and Agriculture Organization is "" European lobster "" , but the species is also widely known as the "" common lobster "" . " " . captain group a war the finishing , commands training and appointments staff held Headlam , 1942 February in Australia to returning After . Pacific West South the in forces Japanese against action saw and , December in Timor Dutch to deployed was squadron The . Hudsons Lockheed operated which , Squadron 2 No. of officer commanding became he , 1941 April In . II War World of outbreak the before navigation and instruction flying in specialised He . 1934 January in cadet air an as RAAF the joined he , Tasmania in educated and Born . ) RAAF ( Force Air Australian Royal the in commander senior a was ) 1976 December 23 – 1914 July 15 ( CBE , CB , Headlam Frank Marshal Vice Air "," Air Vice Marshal Frank Headlam , CB , CBE ( 15 July 1914 – 23 December 1976 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Born and educated in Tasmania , he joined the RAAF as an air cadet in January 1934 . He specialised in flying instruction and navigation before the outbreak of World War II . In April 1941 , he became commanding officer of No. 2 Squadron , which operated Lockheed Hudsons . The squadron was deployed to Dutch Timor in December , and saw action against Japanese forces in the South West Pacific . After returning to Australia in February 1942 , Headlam held staff appointments and training commands , finishing the war a group captain . " " . later years five Melbourne in died and Force Air the from retired he , 1971 to 1968 from Staff Services Joint Australian the of Head as London to posting a Following . 1965 in Bath the of Order the of Companion a appointed was He . 67 – 1966 in Command Support AOC and , 66 – 1965 in Staff Air the of Chief Deputy , Konfrontasi Malaysia – Indonesia the during 1965 to 1962 from RAF Group 224 No. AOC , 62 – 1961 in Command Operational ) AOC ( Commanding Officer Air of positions the held successively he , marshal vice air Promoted . 1958 in Empire British the of Order the of Commander a as appointment receiving , 60 – 1959 and 1957 in , Personnel for Member Air acting as served twice He . Tengah RAF , later , and Wing ) Composite ( 90 No. of commander as Singapore at stationed was he , Emergency Malayan the during , 51 – 1950 In . 1950 to 1947 from Training of Director as and , 1946 in Area Western @-@ North Commanding Officer as served Headlam "," Headlam served as Officer Commanding North @-@ Western Area in 1946 , and as Director of Training from 1947 to 1950 . In 1950 – 51 , during the Malayan Emergency , he was stationed at Singapore as commander of No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing and , later , RAF Tengah . He twice served as acting Air Member for Personnel , in 1957 and 1959 – 60 , receiving appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1958 . Promoted air vice marshal , he successively held the positions of Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) Operational Command in 1961 – 62 , AOC No. 224 Group RAF from 1962 to 1965 during the Indonesia – Malaysia Konfrontasi , Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1965 – 66 , and AOC Support Command in 1966 – 67 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1965 . Following a posting to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff from 1968 to 1971 , he retired from the Air Force and died in Melbourne five years later . " " . 1935 January 1 on officer pilot a as commissioned was and , Victoria , Cook Point RAAF at ) FTS ( School Training Flying 1 No. with instruction flying underwent He . 1934 January 16 on cadet air an as ) RAAF ( Force Air Australian Royal the joined he parents his of wishes the Against . 1932 in matriculated and , Hobart , College at schooled was He . Tasmania , Launceston in 1914 July 15 on born was Headlam Frank , Headlam Hilda and Malcolm farmers of son The "," The son of farmers Malcolm and Hilda Headlam , Frank Headlam was born on 15 July 1914 in Launceston , Tasmania . He was schooled at College , Hobart , and matriculated in 1932 . Against the wishes of his parents he joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as an air cadet on 16 January 1934 . He underwent flying instruction with No. 1 Flying Training School ( FTS ) at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria , and was commissioned as a pilot officer on 1 January 1935 . " " . "" thinking strategic RAAF of feature persistent a been has which concept ' lodgment @-@ anti ' the defined , effect in "" paper this , Stephens Alan historian Force Air to According . "" invulnerable practically made be may Australia , defences fixed and , ) submarines including ( forces naval , forces air strong "" with that suggested he which in defence national on paper a wrote and , 1935 July 1 on , officer flying to promoted was Headlam posting this During . types other among , floatplanes Moth Gipsy Havilland de and boats flying Southampton Supermarine operated and FTS 1 No. of part was Squadron Seaplane , RAAF war @-@ pre the of history official the to according flight a than larger No . Cook Point at Squadron Seaplane the to assigned was Headlam , course conversion a completing After "," After completing a conversion course , Headlam was assigned to the Seaplane Squadron at Point Cook . No larger than a flight according to the official history of the pre @-@ war RAAF , Seaplane Squadron was part of No. 1 FTS and operated Supermarine Southampton flying boats and de Havilland Gipsy Moth floatplanes , among other types . During this posting Headlam was promoted to flying officer , on 1 July 1935 , and wrote a paper on national defence in which he suggested that with "" strong air forces , naval forces ( including submarines ) , and fixed defences , Australia may be made practically invulnerable "" . According to Air Force historian Alan Stephens , this paper "" in effect , defined the ' anti @-@ lodgment ' concept which has been a persistent feature of RAAF strategic thinking "" . " " . Ansons operated units Both . August 29 on Squadron 1 No. to transferring before , Squadron 2 No. with initially served He . commander flight a as , Victoria , Laverton Station RAAF to posted was he 1939 January 27 On . distinction special a with course navigation the passed subsequently He . Australia Central over forth and back journey day @-@ six a on Ansons three the led Headlam , month following The . November in , Headlam by piloted was which of one , Ansons Avro three by trip Australia @-@ round ) mi 700 @,@ 6 ( kilometre @-@ 800 @,@ 10 , day @-@ twelve a including , attention media considerable attracted that flights training epic several involved course The . Cook Point at Murdoch Alister and Garing Bill Lieutenants Flight by run , Course Navigation Specialist Long first 's RAAF the in part take to students six of one was he , 1938 July in Commencing . 1937 March 1 on lieutenant flight to promoted was He . FTS 1 No. of staff the joined and 1936 July in course instructors flying a completed Headlam "," Headlam completed a flying instructors course in July 1936 and joined the staff of No. 1 FTS . He was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 March 1937 . Commencing in July 1938 , he was one of six students to take part in the RAAF 's first Long Specialist Navigation Course , run by Flight Lieutenants Bill Garing and Alister Murdoch at Point Cook . The course involved several epic training flights that attracted considerable media attention , including a twelve @-@ day , 10 @,@ 800 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @,@ 700 mi ) round @-@ Australia trip by three Avro Ansons , one of which was piloted by Headlam , in November . The following month , Headlam led the three Ansons on a six @-@ day journey back and forth over Central Australia . He subsequently passed the navigation course with a special distinction . On 27 January 1939 he was posted to RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria , as a flight commander . He served initially with No. 2 Squadron , before transferring to No. 1 Squadron on 29 August . Both units operated Ansons . " " . daughter a and son a have would couple the ; Frankston in Church Anglican 's Paul St at Bridge Katherine married he later weeks Two . 1940 June 1 on leader squadron to promoted was He . Melbourne , Headquarters RAAF of staff the to posted was he March 27 On . officer navigation station the as Laverton Headquarters to assigned was he when , 1940 January 15 until commander flight a as squadron the with serve to continued Headlam . Australia eastern @-@ south off duties reconnaissance maritime and escort convoy in engaged was Squadron 1 No. , II War World of outbreak the Following "," Following the outbreak of World War II , No. 1 Squadron was engaged in convoy escort and maritime reconnaissance duties off south @-@ eastern Australia . Headlam continued to serve with the squadron as a flight commander until 15 January 1940 , when he was assigned to Headquarters Laverton as the station navigation officer . On 27 March he was posted to the staff of RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne . He was promoted to squadron leader on 1 June 1940 . Two weeks later he married Katherine Bridge at St Paul 's Anglican Church in Frankston ; the couple would have a son and a daughter . " " . Squadron 2 No. as well as , base the of officer commanding as Penfui to transferred had Headlam , December 12 By . aground it forced and , ship radio a being of suspected was which , Maru Nanyo Japanese the attacked Hudsons based @-@ Penfui the of one , Pacific the in war at now was Australia that aware , day following The . standby on Darwin at stationed were Hudsons remaining eight 's Squadron 2 No. while , Timor Dutch in Koepang near , Penfui at itself established detachment this , December 7 On . Pacific the in aggression Japanese of fears to response in , Territory Northern , Darwin to ordered were aircraft its of four when , December 5 until waters southern in patrols maritime conducted mainly squadron the , Hudsons Lockheed with Equipped . July 1 on commander wing to raised and , 1941 April 15 on Laverton at Squadron 2 No. of command given was Headlam "," Headlam was given command of No. 2 Squadron at Laverton on 15 April 1941 , and raised to wing commander on 1 July . Equipped with Lockheed Hudsons , the squadron mainly conducted maritime patrols in southern waters until 5 December , when four of its aircraft were ordered to Darwin , Northern Territory , in response to fears of Japanese aggression in the Pacific . On 7 December , this detachment established itself at Penfui , near Koepang in Dutch Timor , while No. 2 Squadron 's eight remaining Hudsons were stationed at Darwin on standby . The following day , aware that Australia was now at war in the Pacific , one of the Penfui @-@ based Hudsons attacked the Japanese Nanyo Maru , which was suspected of being a radio ship , and forced it aground . By 12 December , Headlam had transferred to Penfui as commanding officer of the base , as well as No. 2 Squadron . " " . Timor in targets Japanese against missions bombing and reconnaissance out carry to continued they where , Waters Daly to relocated were remainder the ; attack the in destroyed were Hudsons 's Squadron 2 No. of Four . Japanese the by raid first its experienced city the as just , day following the Darwin to returned He . Force Sparrow from assistance with airfield the demolish to party small a except personnel his all evacuate to ordered was Headlam , February 18 On . Australia from missions reconnaissance during aircraft by used be to base the enable to Penfui at remained staff his and Headlam but Darwin to withdrawn were Hudsons intact The . aircraft some damaging , thereafter regularly attacked and , 1942 January 26 on time first the for Japanese the by bombed was Penfui . Zeros Mitsubishi by down shot themselves were Hudsons both day next the ; January 11 on ship transport a bombing were they as them attacked that floatplanes Japanese three damaged or down shot Hudsons Two . Celebes of invasion the in part taking shipping Japanese attacked detachment Penfui The . Darwin and , Island , Penfui at dispersed were aircraft 's Squadron 2 No. , 1942 January During "," During January 1942 , No. 2 Squadron 's aircraft were dispersed at Penfui , Island , and Darwin . The Penfui detachment attacked Japanese shipping taking part in the invasion of Celebes . Two Hudsons shot down or damaged three Japanese floatplanes that attacked them as they were bombing a transport ship on 11 January ; the next day both Hudsons were themselves shot down by Mitsubishi Zeros . Penfui was bombed by the Japanese for the first time on 26 January 1942 , and attacked regularly thereafter , damaging some aircraft . The intact Hudsons were withdrawn to Darwin but Headlam and his staff remained at Penfui to enable the base to be used by aircraft during reconnaissance missions from Australia . On 18 February , Headlam was ordered to evacuate all his personnel except a small party to demolish the airfield with assistance from Sparrow Force . He returned to Darwin the following day , just as the city experienced its first raid by the Japanese . Four of No. 2 Squadron 's Hudsons were destroyed in the attack ; the remainder were relocated to Daly Waters , where they continued to carry out reconnaissance and bombing missions against Japanese targets in Timor . " " . 1945 January 12 on Command Area Western @-@ North at officer staff administrative senior appointed was He . 1944 October 2 on , Victoria , Martha Mount in School Staff RAAF at studies commenced he , 3 No. of command over handing After . December 9 on , Pirie Port of out Battles Fairey and Ansons operating , 3 No. of officer commanding inaugural the appointed was and , 1943 December 1 on captain group to promoted was He . Australia South , Gambier Mount at , Ansons operating also , ) ( School Observer Air 2 No. of command took Headlam , 1943 July 20 On . June in personnel 's school the from formed was Squadron ) Reserve ( 97 No. . Ansons operating , School Navigation Air 2 No. of officer commanding as , Victoria , Nhill to posted was he when , 1942 May 12 until Command Area Western @-@ North Headquarters at Operations of Controller as Darwin in remained Headlam "," Headlam remained in Darwin as Controller of Operations at Headquarters North @-@ Western Area Command until 12 May 1942 , when he was posted to Nhill , Victoria , as commanding officer of No. 2 Air Navigation School , operating Ansons . No. 97 ( Reserve ) Squadron was formed from the school 's personnel in June . On 20 July 1943 , Headlam took command of No. 2 Air Observer School ( ) , also operating Ansons , at Mount Gambier , South Australia . He was promoted to group captain on 1 December 1943 , and was appointed the inaugural commanding officer of No. 3 , operating Ansons and Fairey Battles out of Port Pirie , on 9 December . After handing over command of No. 3 , he commenced studies at RAAF Staff School in Mount Martha , Victoria , on 2 October 1944 . He was appointed senior administrative staff officer at North @-@ Western Area Command on 12 January 1945 . " " . 1951 December in Wing 90 No. of command over handed Headlam . Wing 90 No. of officer commanding as post his to addition in , Singapore , Tengah RAF of commander named was he 1951 August In . failure engine following , Pahang in Aur Kampong at landed @-@ crash drop supply a on piloting @-@ co was he Dakota Squadron 38 No. a when , December 20 on injured slightly was Headlam . leaflets propaganda despatching and forces friendly to supplies dropping , cargo and troops airlifting with Malaya in and , Asia East South across evacuations medical and transport VIP , flights courier with tasked were Dakotas The . targets pinpoint against strikes as well as , territory held @-@ communist over missions bombing area conducted Lincolns The . Dakotas 47 @-@ C Douglas flying , Squadron ) Transport ( 38 No. and , Lincolns Avro flying , Squadron ) Bomber ( 1 No. : Emergency Malayan the during operating units RAAF controlled Wing 90 No. , Singapore , Changi RAF at Headquartered . Heffernan Paddy Captain Group from Wing ) Composite ( 90 No. of command over take to appointed was Headlam , 1950 November In . Headquarters RAAF at Training of Director became he , 1947 November in , Australia to return his On . London , Headquarters Overseas RAAF with served and , Andover , College Staff Force Air Royal the attended he , year the of end the at Britain to Posted . 1946 January in Area Western @-@ North Commanding Officer became Headlam "," Headlam became Officer Commanding North @-@ Western Area in January 1946 . Posted to Britain at the end of the year , he attended the Royal Air Force Staff College , Andover , and served with RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London . On his return to Australia , in November 1947 , he became Director of Training at RAAF Headquarters . In November 1950 , Headlam was appointed to take over command of No. 90 ( Composite ) Wing from Group Captain Paddy Heffernan . Headquartered at RAF Changi , Singapore , No. 90 Wing controlled RAAF units operating during the Malayan Emergency : No. 1 ( Bomber ) Squadron , flying Avro Lincolns , and No. 38 ( Transport ) Squadron , flying Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas . The Lincolns conducted area bombing missions over communist @-@ held territory , as well as strikes against pinpoint targets . The Dakotas were tasked with courier flights , VIP transport and medical evacuations across South East Asia , and in Malaya with airlifting troops and cargo , dropping supplies to friendly forces and despatching propaganda leaflets . Headlam was slightly injured on 20 December , when a No. 38 Squadron Dakota he was co @-@ piloting on a supply drop crash @-@ landed at Kampong Aur in Pahang , following engine failure . In August 1951 he was named commander of RAF Tengah , Singapore , in addition to his post as commanding officer of No. 90 Wing . Headlam handed over command of No. 90 Wing in December 1951 . " " . 1954 October 7 on announced was II Elizabeth Queen to camp @-@ de @-@ aide as appointment His . May in commodore air acting to promoted was He . "" duty to devotion and ability exceptional "" his for Honours Year New 1954 the in ) OBE ( Empire British the of Order the of Officer an appointed was Headlam . 1953 October in Command Home as reorganised was , control its under units combat of preponderance the to owing headquarters operational facto de a considered , Command Area Eastern . Commands Maintenance and , Training , ) operational ( Home of establishment the in resulting , function on based one to system control @-@ and @-@ command based geographically a from transitioned it as , change organisational major a underwent also Force Air The . fighters jet Sabre CAC and bombers jet Canberra Electric English with equipping @-@ re began RAAF the , SASO as term his During . Wales South New , Penrith in Command Area Eastern at ) SASO ( officer staff air senior became Headlam , 1952 February 19 On "," On 19 February 1952 , Headlam became senior air staff officer ( SASO ) at Eastern Area Command in Penrith , New South Wales . During his term as SASO , the RAAF began re @-@ equipping with English Electric Canberra jet bombers and CAC Sabre jet fighters . The Air Force also underwent a major organisational change , as it transitioned from a geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control system to one based on function , resulting in the establishment of Home ( operational ) , Training , and Maintenance Commands . Eastern Area Command , considered a de facto operational headquarters owing to the preponderance of combat units under its control , was reorganised as Home Command in October 1953 . Headlam was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) in the 1954 New Year Honours for his "" exceptional ability and devotion to duty "" . He was promoted to acting air commodore in May . His appointment as aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Queen Elizabeth II was announced on 7 October 1954 . " " . Staff Air the of Chief Deputy acting became he 1960 May In . June 3 on gazetted , Honours Birthday 's Queen 1958 the in ) CBE ( Empire British the of Order the of Commander a appointed was Headlam . Intelligence of Directorate 's RAAF the of charge in him put assignment latter The . 1959 August to January from Policy and Plans General Director and , 1959 January to 1957 October from Plans Commodore Air included Air of Department the at positions other 's Headlam . improvements other among , pay flight of doubling a to led recommendations 's committee the ; service defence of conditions examining , Allison John William businessman by chaired , committee a on serve to representatives RAAF two of one also was He . Staff Air the of Chief the by chaired was and officers senior its comprised that body controlling 's service the , Board Air the on seat a occupied Headlam role this In . Hely Bill Marshal Vice Air and Walters of terms the between , 1960 March 28 to 1959 August 24 from again and , Walters Allan and Scherger Fred Marshals Vice Air of terms the between , 1957 October 21 to March 19 from , Canberra , Air of Department the at Personnel for Member Air acting as served he , Australia to Returning . College Defence Imperial the at studies undertook year following the and , London , Headquarters Overseas RAAF to posted was he November In . 1955 January 1 on commodore air substantive to promoted was Headlam "," Headlam was promoted to substantive air commodore on 1 January 1955 . In November he was posted to RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London , and the following year undertook studies at the Imperial Defence College . Returning to Australia , he served as acting Air Member for Personnel at the Department of Air , Canberra , from 19 March to 21 October 1957 , between the terms of Air Vice Marshals Fred Scherger and Allan Walters , and again from 24 August 1959 to 28 March 1960 , between the terms of Walters and Air Vice Marshal Bill Hely . In this role Headlam occupied a seat on the Air Board , the service 's controlling body that comprised its senior officers and was chaired by the Chief of the Air Staff . He was also one of two RAAF representatives to serve on a committee , chaired by businessman William John Allison , examining conditions of defence service ; the committee 's recommendations led to a doubling of flight pay , among other improvements . Headlam 's other positions at the Department of Air included Air Commodore Plans from October 1957 to January 1959 , and Director General Plans and Policy from January to August 1959 . The latter assignment put him in charge of the RAAF 's Directorate of Intelligence . Headlam was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1958 Queen 's Birthday Honours , gazetted on 3 June . In May 1960 he became acting Deputy Chief of the Air Staff . " " . November 30 on Norris @-@ Foxley Christopher Marshal Vice Air to Group 224 No. over handed He . 1964 January 20 on office registry Sydney the at Spence Vernon worker social widowed married he , 1956 in wife first his from Divorced . month following the began officially that Malaysia and Indonesia between Konfrontasi subsequent the and , 1962 December in Rebellion Brunei the during operations air offensive and defence air regional for responsibility overall had Headlam , Group 224 No. AOC As . Murdoch Alister Marshal Vice Air by OPCOM AOC as succeeded was He . later week one Singapore in RAF Group 224 No. AOC of appointment the up took and , Malaya , Butterworth Base RAAF to posted was he , 1962 July 17 On . May 29 on marshal vice air to promoted was Headlam . April in Hancock Val Marshal Vice Air from OPCOM ) AOC ( Commanding Officer Air as over took He . units operational RAAF of direction the for responsible , Command Home to organisation successor the , ) OPCOM ( Command Operational of staff the joined Headlam , 1961 January 30 On "," On 30 January 1961 , Headlam joined the staff of Operational Command ( OPCOM ) , the successor organisation to Home Command , responsible for the direction of RAAF operational units . He took over as Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) OPCOM from Air Vice Marshal Val Hancock in April . Headlam was promoted to air vice marshal on 29 May . On 17 July 1962 , he was posted to RAAF Base Butterworth , Malaya , and took up the appointment of AOC No. 224 Group RAF in Singapore one week later . He was succeeded as AOC OPCOM by Air Vice Marshal Alister Murdoch . As AOC No. 224 Group , Headlam had overall responsibility for regional air defence and offensive air operations during the Brunei Rebellion in December 1962 , and the subsequent Konfrontasi between Indonesia and Malaysia that officially began the following month . Divorced from his first wife in 1956 , he married widowed social worker Vernon Spence at the Sydney registry office on 20 January 1964 . He handed over No. 224 Group to Air Vice Marshal Christopher Foxley @-@ Norris on 30 November . " " . 1971 June 5 to 1970 November 17 from Queen the to Usher Gentleman Extra an as served He . Staff Services Joint Australian the of Head as London to posted was Headlam , 1968 January 1 On . Commands Maintenance and Training former 's RAAF the merging by , 1959 in formed been had Command Support . 1966 August 8 on , Melbourne , Command Support AOC as Candy Douglas Marshal Vice Air succeeded Headlam . deploy did finally it when role operation @-@ co army its for underprepared considered was squadron helicopter RAAF the and , Wilton rebuffed had Murdoch ; purposes familiarisation for Vietnam to sent be Iroquois two that , Staff Air the of Chief the , Murdoch Marshal Air to recommended had Wilton , before year The . deployment the plan to 1966 March in , Wilton John Sir General Lieutenant , Staff General the of Chief the with Saigon to travelled he and , term his of end the towards War Vietnam the to committed were helicopters RAAF first The . Asia East South of security the in involvement increasing 's Australia from and expansion this from stemming shortages manpower with and , II War World since undertaken had Force Air the program rearmament significant most the with coincided DCAS as tenure His . June 22 on "" Territories Borneo the in service distinguished of recognition in "" ) CB ( Bath the of Order the of Companion a appointed was He . 1965 January 26 on ) DCAS ( Staff Air the of Chief Deputy became Headlam , Australia to Returning "," Returning to Australia , Headlam became Deputy Chief of the Air Staff ( DCAS ) on 26 January 1965 . He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) "" in recognition of distinguished service in the Borneo Territories "" on 22 June . His tenure as DCAS coincided with the most significant rearmament program the Air Force had undertaken since World War II , and with manpower shortages stemming from this expansion and from Australia 's increasing involvement in the security of South East Asia . The first RAAF helicopters were committed to the Vietnam War towards the end of his term , and he travelled to Saigon with the Chief of the General Staff , Lieutenant General Sir John Wilton , in March 1966 to plan the deployment . The year before , Wilton had recommended to Air Marshal Murdoch , the Chief of the Air Staff , that two Iroquois be sent to Vietnam for familiarisation purposes ; Murdoch had rebuffed Wilton , and the RAAF helicopter squadron was considered underprepared for its army co @-@ operation role when it finally did deploy . Headlam succeeded Air Vice Marshal Douglas Candy as AOC Support Command , Melbourne , on 8 August 1966 . Support Command had been formed in 1959 , by merging the RAAF 's former Training and Maintenance Commands . On 1 January 1968 , Headlam was posted to London as Head of the Australian Joint Services Staff . He served as an Extra Gentleman Usher to the Queen from 17 November 1970 to 5 June 1971 . " " . Crematorium Springvale at cremated and funeral private a given was he , wife second his and children his by Survived . cancer with battle lengthy a after , 1976 December 23 on 62 aged died he where , Melbourne in home his made He . August 3 on Force Air the from retiring before leave resettlement took Headlam , 1971 June in Australia to Returning "," Returning to Australia in June 1971 , Headlam took resettlement leave before retiring from the Air Force on 3 August . He made his home in Melbourne , where he died aged 62 on 23 December 1976 , after a lengthy battle with cancer . Survived by his children and his second wife , he was given a private funeral and cremated at Springvale Crematorium . " " 1970s late the in finalized was route current The . past the in Hesperia or Era New as west far as terminus the shifted have truncations and extensions Various . 1920s the since use in been has routing Peninsula Lower The . 1919 by Peninsula Upper the in appeared usage first the ; state the in second the actually is 82 @-@ M of version current The . Forest National Manistee of edge southern the along and Fremont through travels City Howard and Newaygo between section The . City Howard and Fremont between travels that Michigan of state US the in Peninsula Lower the in trunkline state a is 82 @-@ M "," M @-@ 82 is a state trunkline in the Lower Peninsula in the US state of Michigan that travels between Fremont and Howard City . The section between Newaygo and Howard City travels through Fremont and along the southern edge of Manistee National Forest . The current version of M @-@ 82 is actually the second in the state ; the first usage appeared in the Upper Peninsula by 1919 . The Lower Peninsula routing has been in use since the 1920s . Various extensions and truncations have shifted the terminus as far west as New Era or Hesperia in the past . The current route was finalized in the late 1970s " " . City Howard of west 46 @-@ M / 131 US on 118 exit at is 82 @-@ M of end east The . Forest National Manistee the of edge southern the on Street 82nd along runs and , 37 @-@ M of independent , again east turns 82 @-@ M , downtown of South . Street State on downtown into and river the over concurrently run and merge highways two The . 37 @-@ M with junction a to east Street Fremont follows 82 @-@ M . River Muskegon the near wooded more becomes terrain the , Newaygo approaches trunkline the As . land farm more through eastward running Street 72nd to transitions and curve a rounds highway The . town of out Avenue Stewart along south turns 82 @-@ M and area downtown the through passes , Street Main called now , road The . Fremont of community the into farms rural through Street 48th along runs highway The . east the to intersection the exits 82 @-@ M . intersection the of west due runs line county Muskegon – Oceana west – east the forms which , 96 @-@ B . lines county Muskegon – Newaygo and Oceana – Newaygo south – north the forms 120 @-@ M . lines county of tripoint a at is junction This . Fremont of west 96 @-@ B and 120 @-@ M with junction a at begins 82 @-@ M "," M @-@ 82 begins at a junction with M @-@ 120 and B @-@ 96 west of Fremont . This junction is at a tripoint of county lines . M @-@ 120 forms the north – south Newaygo – Oceana and Newaygo – Muskegon county lines . B @-@ 96 , which forms the east – west Oceana – Muskegon county line runs due west of the intersection . M @-@ 82 exits the intersection to the east . The highway runs along 48th Street through rural farms into the community of Fremont . The road , now called Main Street , passes through the downtown area and M @-@ 82 turns south along Stewart Avenue out of town . The highway rounds a curve and transitions to 72nd Street running eastward through more farm land . As the trunkline approaches Newaygo , the terrain becomes more wooded near the Muskegon River . M @-@ 82 follows Fremont Street east to a junction with M @-@ 37 . The two highways merge and run concurrently over the river and into downtown on State Street . South of downtown , M @-@ 82 turns east again , independent of M @-@ 37 , and runs along 82nd Street on the southern edge of the Manistee National Forest . The east end of M @-@ 82 is at exit 118 on US 131 / M @-@ 46 west of Howard City . " " . mobility and , defense , economy 's country the to important roads of network a , System Highway National the on listed highway the of section any had not has MDOT , addition In . Newaygo of east vehicles 018 @,@ 4 was nadir traffic The . daily vehicles 532 @,@ 16 at highway the for volume peak the had Fremont of west 82 @-@ M of segment a that indicated measurements 's department the , 2009 In . year the of day average any for road of segment a along traffic the of calculation a is which , ) AADT ( traffic daily annual average called metric a of terms in expressed are levels These . roadways its using traffic of volume the tracks , responsibilities maintenance its of part a as , ) MDOT ( Transportation of Department Michigan The "," The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , as a part of its maintenance responsibilities , tracks the volume of traffic using its roadways . These levels are expressed in terms of a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a calculation of the traffic along a segment of road for any average day of the year . In 2009 , the department 's measurements indicated that a segment of M @-@ 82 west of Fremont had the peak volume for the highway at 16 @,@ 532 vehicles daily . The traffic nadir was 4 @,@ 018 vehicles east of Newaygo . In addition , MDOT has not had any section of the highway listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . " " . 1926 in 48 @-@ M by replaced later was It . Corner Mile Eight of vicinity the to Newberry of north ran and 25 @-@ M at started trunkline The . 1919 , 1 July by Peninsula Upper the in was 82 @-@ M of usage first The "," The first usage of M @-@ 82 was in the Upper Peninsula by July 1 , 1919 . The trunkline started at M @-@ 25 and ran north of Newberry to the vicinity of Eight Mile Corner . It was later replaced by M @-@ 48 in 1926 . " " . Shelby in end to west continued was it , Hart to northwesterly heading of Instead . 1948 early or 1947 late in Ferry of west alignment new a to moved was highway The . Newaygo in junction 37 @-@ M northern the to back 82 @-@ M shortening , 1938 in 46 @-@ M just became section concurrent This . routing 46 @-@ M the in gap a fill to concurrency 82 @-@ M / 46 @-@ M a forming , City Howard and Newaygo between section the along extended was 46 @-@ M , 1936 late In . 41 @-@ M replacing , Fremont and Hesperia , Ferry through routed was highway The . City Howard in 46 @-@ M and 131 US of junction northern the to Hart in 31 US from ran It . 1926 to back dates 82 @-@ M current The "," The current M @-@ 82 dates back to 1926 . It ran from US 31 in Hart to the northern junction of US 131 and M @-@ 46 in Howard City . The highway was routed through Ferry , Hesperia and Fremont , replacing M @-@ 41 . In late 1936 , M @-@ 46 was extended along the section between Newaygo and Howard City , forming a M @-@ 46 / M @-@ 82 concurrency to fill a gap in the M @-@ 46 routing . This concurrent section became just M @-@ 46 in 1938 , shortening M @-@ 82 back to the northern M @-@ 37 junction in Newaygo . The highway was moved to a new alignment west of Ferry in late 1947 or early 1948 . Instead of heading northwesterly to Hart , it was continued west to end in Shelby . " " . routing highway current the in resulting , Fremont of west junction the to time this at truncated was designation 82 @-@ M The . 120 @-@ M of favor in eliminated was 120 @-@ M with concurrency the when 1978 in came change last The . designation 82 @-@ M the to return a for highway City Howard to Newaygo the up freed This . Casnovia and Springs Cedar between 57 @-@ M replaced and , Springs Cedar to City Howard of south freeway 131 US the follow to rerouted was 46 @-@ M . City Howard to back moved was end eastern the when 1973 in increased was highway the of length The . only Newaygo to Hesperia from ran now 82 @-@ M . Hesperia of south 20 @-@ M replaced designation 120 @-@ M new The . Muskegon of instead Era New at end to , Hesperia of west 82 @-@ M replaced 20 @-@ M . County Oceana in designations highway the reconfigured 1969 around change larger A . Ferry bypassing , Era New to Hesperia from run to realigned was it time This . again highway the of end western the rerouted 1964 and 1963 in realignments Two "," Two realignments in 1963 and 1964 rerouted the western end of the highway again . This time it was realigned to run from Hesperia to New Era , bypassing Ferry . A larger change around 1969 reconfigured the highway designations in Oceana County . M @-@ 20 replaced M @-@ 82 west of Hesperia , to end at New Era instead of Muskegon . The new M @-@ 120 designation replaced M @-@ 20 south of Hesperia . M @-@ 82 now ran from Hesperia to Newaygo only . The length of the highway was increased in 1973 when the eastern end was moved back to Howard City . M @-@ 46 was rerouted to follow the US 131 freeway south of Howard City to Cedar Springs , and replaced M @-@ 57 between Cedar Springs and Casnovia . This freed up the Newaygo to Howard City highway for a return to the M @-@ 82 designation . The last change came in 1978 when the concurrency with M @-@ 120 was eliminated in favor of M @-@ 120 . The M @-@ 82 designation was truncated at this time to the junction west of Fremont , resulting in the current highway routing . " " . animations video original and games video including , series the to relating media other several as well as , series the in films feature the of four in appeared has Shikamaru , manga and anime Naruto the of Outside . nature easygoing his to due Shikamaru likes he that noted has Kishimoto ; intelligence prodigious his apply to unwilling , character lazy a as portrayed is Shikamaru . Sarutobi Asuma leader team and , Yamanaka Ino , , himself of consisting ninja of group a , 10 Team of member a is He . Konohagakure of village the with affiliated ninja a is Shikamaru , manga and anime the In . Kishimoto Masashi by created series anime and manga Naruto the in character fictional a is ) Shikamaru Nara , ( Nara Shikamaru "," Shikamaru Nara ( , Nara Shikamaru ) is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto . In the anime and manga , Shikamaru is a ninja affiliated with the village of Konohagakure . He is a member of Team 10 , a group of ninja consisting of himself , , Ino Yamanaka , and team leader Asuma Sarutobi . Shikamaru is portrayed as a lazy character , unwilling to apply his prodigious intelligence ; Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature . Outside of the Naruto anime and manga , Shikamaru has appeared in four of the feature films in the series , as well as several other media relating to the series , including video games and original video animations . " " . patches and , chains key , figures action including , released been has Shikamaru on based Merchandise . polls popularity several in high placing , base reader Naruto the with popular highly been also has Shikamaru . storyline Naruto the in "" hero unlikely an "" as emergence 's Shikamaru celebrated Network News Anime ; leader a into transformation his noted and , intelligence and laziness his on commented reviewers Many . character 's Shikamaru on commented have publications manga and anime Numerous "," Numerous anime and manga publications have commented on Shikamaru 's character . Many reviewers commented on his laziness and intelligence , and noted his transformation into a leader ; Anime News Network celebrated Shikamaru 's emergence as "" an unlikely hero "" in the Naruto storyline . Shikamaru has also been highly popular with the Naruto reader base , placing high in several popularity polls . Merchandise based on Shikamaru has been released , including action figures , key chains , and patches . " " . hair his obscure not to order in arm his on protector forehead his drew he , result a As . series the in wear ninja other several that vest a with him drawing despite appearance unique a Shikamaru give to wanted Kishimoto , appearance II Part 's Shikamaru designing When . life in successful be likely would Shikamaru that noting , girl a were he if Shikamaru marry would he that remarked comically also Kishimoto . personality abrasive but intelligent 's Uchiha Sasuke against him contrasted and , genius a being despite nature easygoing his to due Shikamaru likes he that noted has Kishimoto Masashi "," Masashi Kishimoto has noted that he likes Shikamaru due to his easygoing nature despite being a genius , and contrasted him against Sasuke Uchiha 's intelligent but abrasive personality . Kishimoto also comically remarked that he would marry Shikamaru if he were a girl , noting that Shikamaru would likely be successful in life . When designing Shikamaru 's Part II appearance , Kishimoto wanted to give Shikamaru a unique appearance despite drawing him with a vest that several other ninja wear in the series . As a result , he drew his forehead protector on his arm in order to not obscure his hair . " " . weapons throw to them use or tendrils shadow the with enemies pierce can he , instance for ; objects physical with interact to order in ground the from shadow his lift can and once at techniques based @-@ shadow multiple utilizing of capable is Shikamaru , series the of II Part By . ways new in shadow his manipulate to able becomes Shikamaru , progresses series the As . movements 's Shikamaru mimic to forced and immobilized them making , shadow 's opponent an with shadow his merges he which with , clan his of technique signature the , ) "" Jutsu Possession Shadow "" : TV English , Jutsu no , ( Technique Imitation Shadow the on based are abilities 's Shikamaru . 200 over was IQ 's Shikamaru that determined , Sarutobi Asuma , teacher his ; intelligent extremely is Shikamaru , tendencies lazy his to Contrary . effort minimum with life through go to attempts he and , person unenthusiastic highly a is He . Yamanaka Ino and alongside 10 Team of part is He . rank in advance to wish who ninja for exams yearly @-@ bi , Exams Chunin the during is series the in appearance major first Shikamaru "," Shikamaru first major appearance in the series is during the Chunin Exams , bi @-@ yearly exams for ninja who wish to advance in rank . He is part of Team 10 alongside and Ino Yamanaka . He is a highly unenthusiastic person , and he attempts to go through life with minimum effort . Contrary to his lazy tendencies , Shikamaru is extremely intelligent ; his teacher , Asuma Sarutobi , determined that Shikamaru 's IQ was over 200 . Shikamaru 's abilities are based on the Shadow Imitation Technique ( , no Jutsu , English TV : "" Shadow Possession Jutsu "" ) , the signature technique of his clan , with which he merges his shadow with an opponent 's shadow , making them immobilized and forced to mimic Shikamaru 's movements . As the series progresses , Shikamaru becomes able to manipulate his shadow in new ways . By Part II of the series , Shikamaru is capable of utilizing multiple shadow @-@ based techniques at once and can lift his shadow from the ground in order to interact with physical objects ; for instance , he can pierce enemies with the shadow tendrils or use them to throw weapons . " " . escape to manages Sasuke , way their barring ninja Otogakure the defeat to manages team 's Shikamaru Although . Otogakure of village the to defecting from Uchiha Sasuke prevent to team a of leader the appointed is Shikamaru , Chunin a As . Temari against demonstrated he intelligence and insight the by impressed were exams the of overseers the as , Chunin of rank the to promoted be to peers his among ninja only the is he , loss this Despite . low being chakra his to due , her to match his forfeits but her defeats he , Temari ninja Sunagakure the battles he when ; apathy of sense a with exams the approaches Shikamaru "," Shikamaru approaches the exams with a sense of apathy ; when he battles the Sunagakure ninja Temari , he defeats her but forfeits his match to her , due to his chakra being low . Despite this loss , he is the only ninja among his peers to be promoted to the rank of Chunin , as the overseers of the exams were impressed by the insight and intelligence he demonstrated against Temari . As a Chunin , Shikamaru is appointed the leader of a team to prevent Sasuke Uchiha from defecting to the village of Otogakure . Although Shikamaru 's team manages to defeat the Otogakure ninja barring their way , Sasuke manages to escape . " " . Nara in son a gaining and Temari marrying after Naruto Hokage Seventh the to advisor becomes Shikamaru , battles final of series the during desire personal his stating , epilogue series the In . Gaara under general proxy a named is He . and Temari alongside Division Fourth the to assigned later is He . daughter newborn 's Asuma and Kurenai protect to vows Shikamaru , fight the Following . found never is body 's member Akatsuki the sure making and defeating by Asuma avenges Shikamaru , partner 's with deal other the As . Hatake Kakashi of aid the with mentor their avenge to 10 Team of members surviving the with out sets Shikamaru , funeral 's Asuma After . efforts best 's Shikamaru despite battle the of course the during Sarutobi Asuma kills member Akatsuki immortal the , targets their find to manages team his While . Akatsuki organization criminal the of members two locating of task the assigned is Shikamaru , series the of II Part In "," In Part II of the series , Shikamaru is assigned the task of locating two members of the criminal organization Akatsuki . While his team manages to find their targets , the immortal Akatsuki member kills Asuma Sarutobi during the course of the battle despite Shikamaru 's best efforts . After Asuma 's funeral , Shikamaru sets out with the surviving members of Team 10 to avenge their mentor with the aid of Kakashi Hatake . As the other deal with 's partner , Shikamaru avenges Asuma by defeating and making sure the Akatsuki member 's body is never found . Following the fight , Shikamaru vows to protect Kurenai and Asuma 's newborn daughter . He is later assigned to the Fourth Division alongside Temari and . He is named a proxy general under Gaara . In the series epilogue , stating his personal desire during the series of final battles , Shikamaru becomes advisor to the Seventh Hokage Naruto after marrying Temari and gaining a son in Nara . " " . game video a in appearance II Part his in Shikamaru of appearance first the marks 2 EX ! Taisen Ninja Gekitō : Shippūden Naruto . manga or anime the in seen not Technique Imitation Shadow his of variations utilizes he , games some In . series Ninja Ultimate the and series Ninja of Clash the including , games video Naruto all nearly in character playable a is Shikamaru . tournament a in participates he which in , animation video original third the in present also is He . Otsutsuki by kidnapped was who , Hanabi , sister younger 's Hinata rescue to sent is that Hyuga Hinata and , Sai , Sakura , Naruto , himself of consisting team the leads Shikamaru , tenth the in and ; instead strategist team the becomes who , , teammate his of opposite exact the , Shikamaru portly a presents universe Tsukuyomi Limited the , ninth the in ; Satori demon the against battle the in participates Shikamaru , eight the in ; Hiruko by summoned beast chimera the battle Sai and Sakura alongside , Shikamaru , sixth the in ; Konoha invade to plans who , Sky of Land the of base the of search in Sai and Kakashi alongside sent is Shikamaru , fifth the in ; soldiers stone of group large a against fighting , sequence brief a in appears Shikamaru , fourth the in ; called power a with world the rule to seeking idealist utopian a , Haido against fighting in Haruno Sakura and Uzumaki Naruto aids he , film second the in : series the in films featured the of seven in featured is Shikamaru , manga and anime Naruto the Besides "," Besides the Naruto anime and manga , Shikamaru is featured in seven of the featured films in the series : in the second film , he aids Naruto Uzumaki and Sakura Haruno in fighting against Haido , a utopian idealist seeking to rule the world with a power called ; in the fourth , Shikamaru appears in a brief sequence , fighting against a large group of stone soldiers ; in the fifth , Shikamaru is sent alongside Kakashi and Sai in search of the base of the Land of Sky , who plans to invade Konoha ; in the sixth , Shikamaru , alongside Sakura and Sai battle the chimera beast summoned by Hiruko ; in the eight , Shikamaru participates in the battle against the demon Satori ; in the ninth , the Limited Tsukuyomi universe presents a portly Shikamaru , the exact opposite of his teammate , , who becomes the team strategist instead ; and in the tenth , Shikamaru leads the team consisting of himself , Naruto , Sakura , Sai , and Hinata Hyuga that is sent to rescue Hinata 's younger sister , Hanabi , who was kidnapped by Otsutsuki . He is also present in the third original video animation , in which he participates in a tournament . Shikamaru is a playable character in nearly all Naruto video games , including the Clash of Ninja series and the Ultimate Ninja series . In some games , he utilizes variations of his Shadow Imitation Technique not seen in the anime or manga . Naruto Shippūden : Gekitō Ninja Taisen ! EX 2 marks the first appearance of Shikamaru in his Part II appearance in a video game . " " . novel the of end the after years , her with child his name to struggling him in culminating , Temari with relationship growing his explores also It . people common the by ruled order world new a establish to attempts and Silence of Land distant the over rules who ninja rogue a capture to Union Shinobi formed newly the of organizer as assignment 's Shikamaru on focusing , War Ninja Fourth the after years two set is novel The . narrator and character main the as Shikamaru stars , Kishimoto by illustrated and Yano Takashi by written , Darkness Silent in Drifting Cloud A : Hiden Shikamaru titled novel light A "," A light novel titled Shikamaru Hiden : A Cloud Drifting in Silent Darkness , written by Takashi Yano and illustrated by Kishimoto , stars Shikamaru as the main character and narrator . The novel is set two years after the Fourth Ninja War , focusing on Shikamaru 's assignment as organizer of the newly formed Shinobi Union to capture a rogue ninja who rules over the distant Land of Silence and attempts to establish a new world order ruled by the common people . It also explores his growing relationship with Temari , culminating in him struggling to name his child with her , years after the end of the novel . " " . Naruto from characters favorite his of one as Shikamaru to referred Matsuyama Hiroshi CEO CyberConnect2 . character anime male haired black favorite sixteenth their as him voted customers NTT . appearance II Part and I Part his both in patches and , chains key , figures action including , released been also has Shikamaru on based Merchandise . Hinata of ahead and Sasori behind , place ninth in was Shikamaru which in , 2011 in was poll such last The . poll one in place fourth reaching and ten top the in placing continuously , series the for polls popularity Jump Shōnen Weekly the in highly ranked has Shikamaru "," Shikamaru has ranked highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series , continuously placing in the top ten and reaching fourth place in one poll . The last such poll was in 2011 , in which Shikamaru was in ninth place , behind Sasori and ahead of Hinata . Merchandise based on Shikamaru has also been released , including action figures , key chains , and patches in both his Part I and Part II appearance . NTT customers voted him as their sixteenth favorite black haired male anime character . CyberConnect2 CEO Hiroshi Matsuyama referred to Shikamaru as one of his favorite characters from Naruto . " " . "" players supporting the involving fights better the of one "" was it that Exams Chunin the during Temari with battle his about noted , site same the from reviewer another , Moure Dani . "" anime shōnen in fighters brilliant truly few the of one "" and "" series the in characters fascinating most the of one "" him calling , "" intellect sheer "" his celebrated Rich Justin 's Entertainment Mania . friends his of sake the for leader better a be will he that declared and , recover will friends his learning after cry to began Shikamaru which in episode the in "" moment great "" the lauded IGN , injured critically were team 's Shikamaru of members the and failed has Sasuke retrieve to mission the which in , 135 episode of review subsequent a In . arc the of highlights the of one "" hero unlikely an "" as emergence 's Shikamaru calling , development this on commented also Network News Anime . fair was Chunin him make to decision the that agreed and Uchiha Sasuke retrieve to order in team a lead to assigned when leader a of mantle the on take to order in nature lazy his transcend to managed Shikamaru how praised IGN , 110 episode of review a In . potential his utilize to unwillingness his and enthusiasm of lack general his to due "" X Generation of member carrying @-@ card any for child poster the "" as him to referred and , series the in characters favorite their of one was Shikamaru that stated IGN . character 's Shikamaru on commented have media related other and , games video , anime , manga for publications Several "," Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have commented on Shikamaru 's character . IGN stated that Shikamaru was one of their favorite characters in the series , and referred to him as "" the poster child for any card @-@ carrying member of Generation X "" due to his general lack of enthusiasm and his unwillingness to utilize his potential . In a review of episode 110 , IGN praised how Shikamaru managed to transcend his lazy nature in order to take on the mantle of a leader when assigned to lead a team in order to retrieve Sasuke Uchiha and agreed that the decision to make him Chunin was fair . Anime News Network also commented on this development , calling Shikamaru 's emergence as "" an unlikely hero "" one of the highlights of the arc . In a subsequent review of episode 135 , in which the mission to retrieve Sasuke has failed and the members of Shikamaru 's team were critically injured , IGN lauded the "" great moment "" in the episode in which Shikamaru began to cry after learning his friends will recover , and declared that he will be a better leader for the sake of his friends . Mania Entertainment 's Justin Rich celebrated his "" sheer intellect "" , calling him "" one of the most fascinating characters in the series "" and "" one of the few truly brilliant fighters in shōnen anime "" . Dani Moure , another reviewer from the same site , noted about his battle with Temari during the Chunin Exams that it was "" one of the better fights involving the supporting players "" . " " . Tennessee , Memphis of southeast ) km 372 ( mi 231 and ; Louisiana , Orleans New of northeast ) km 325 ( mi 202 ; Alabama , Birmingham of west ) km 248 ( mi 154 ; Mississippi , Jackson of east ) km 150 ( mi 93 is city the , highways major Along . Area Statistical Micropolitan Mississippi , Meridian the of city principal the and County Lauderdale of seat county the is It . States United the in , Mississippi of state the in city largest sixth the is Meridian "," Meridian is the sixth largest city in the state of Mississippi , in the United States . It is the county seat of Lauderdale County and the principal city of the Meridian , Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) west of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; and 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee . " " . ) 1864 , February ( Meridian of Battle the in ground the to city the of much burned Sherman Tecumseh William General , War Civil American the During . center trading strategic a became it and , them on transported goods and railways the on built was economy 's Meridian , Mississippi of Railway Southern and Railroad Ohio and Mobile the of intersection the at , 1860 in Established "," Established in 1860 , at the intersection of the Mobile and Ohio Railroad and Southern Railway of Mississippi , Meridian 's economy was built on the railways and goods transported on them , and it became a strategic trading center . During the American Civil War , General William Tecumseh Sherman burned much of the city to the ground in the Battle of Meridian ( February , 1864 ) . " " . city the of economy the feed , force labor the in are respectively people 200 @,@ 234 and 600 @,@ 104 which of , radius ) km 105 ( mile @-@ 65 a in 500 @,@ 526 and radius ) km 72 ( mile @-@ 45 a in 900 @,@ 232 of population a but , 232 @,@ 38 is , estimates census 2008 to according , limits city the within population The . 2010 in people most the employing manufacturing and , military , healthcare with , diversified has city the , industry railroad the of decline the with slowed economy the Although . year per passengers 360 @,@ 242 averaging , Trailways and , Buses Greyhound , System Transit Meridian the to access giving , center modal @-@ multi a now is , 1906 in built , Station Union . daily departing and arriving trains 44 with , South the in manufacturing for center leading a and , 1930 and 1890 between Mississippi in city largest the become it "" Age Golden "" a entered city the , war the after Rebuilt "," Rebuilt after the war , the city entered a "" Golden Age "" it become the largest city in Mississippi between 1890 and 1930 , and a leading center for manufacturing in the South , with 44 trains arriving and departing daily . Union Station , built in 1906 , is now a multi @-@ modal center , giving access to the Meridian Transit System , Greyhound Buses , and Trailways , averaging 242 @,@ 360 passengers per year . Although the economy slowed with the decline of the railroad industry , the city has diversified , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people in 2010 . The population within the city limits , according to 2008 census estimates , is 38 @,@ 232 , but a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force , feed the economy of the city . " " . people 610 @,@ 2 employing , region the in employer military @-@ non largest the is Hospital Foundation Rush . Guard National Army the of Brigade Aviation 185th the for facility support a and Guard National Air the of Wing Refueling Air 186th the to home now is field The . 1935 in record flight endurance world a set who , Key Al and Fred brothers after named is Field Key . state the in Security Homeland of Department local first the and ) ( Academy Training Drug @-@ Counter Regional the to home is Meridian NAS . jobs 000 @,@ 4 over provide which , Field Key and Meridian Station Air Naval , facilities military two by served is area The "," The area is served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which provide over 4 @,@ 000 jobs . NAS Meridian is home to the Regional Counter @-@ Drug Training Academy ( ) and the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state . Key Field is named after brothers Fred and Al Key , who set a world endurance flight record in 1935 . The field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard . Rush Foundation Hospital is the largest non @-@ military employer in the region , employing 2 @,@ 610 people . " " . era segregation the during States United Southern the in blacks for built libraries Carnegie of number a of one was , demolished now , Library Branch Carnegie The . Americans African for one and whites for one , libraries Carnegie two to home was Meridian . Orchestra Symphony Meridian the and , Theatre Little Meridian , Art of Museum Meridian the , Center Riley the are buildings historic and organizations arts many 's city the Among "," Among the city 's many arts organizations and historic buildings are the Riley Center , the Meridian Museum of Art , Meridian Little Theatre , and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra . Meridian was home to two Carnegie libraries , one for whites and one for African Americans . The Carnegie Branch Library , now demolished , was one of a number of Carnegie libraries built for blacks in the Southern United States during the segregation era . " " . killing rights civil a of official white a convicted jury white a time first the was it ; activists other two and Chaney of murder the in suspects of trial 1967 @-@ 1966 the of site the was courthouse federal The . Meridian in headquartered Electronics Peavey of founder , Peavey Hartley and , 1964 in murders workers rights civil Mississippi the in killed was who activist an – Chaney James , Akin Susan 1986 America Miss include natives notable Other . existence in menagerie Dentzel stationary row @-@ two only 's world the is It . Landmark Historic National a , Carousel Dentzel Park Highland the to home also is park The . era engine @-@ steam the from equipment railroad as well as , career and life his of memorabilia displays which museum a houses Park Highland . Meridian in born was , "" Music Country of Father "" the , Rodgers Jimmie . ) ( Center Entertainment and Arts Mississippi the of location future the as selected been has city The "," The city has been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( ) . Jimmie Rodgers , the "" Father of Country Music "" , was born in Meridian . Highland Park houses a museum which displays memorabilia of his life and career , as well as railroad equipment from the steam @-@ engine era . The park is also home to the Highland Park Dentzel Carousel , a National Historic Landmark . It is the world 's only two @-@ row stationary Dentzel menagerie in existence . Other notable natives include Miss America 1986 Susan Akin , James Chaney – an activist who was killed in the Mississippi civil rights workers murders in 1964 , and Hartley Peavey , founder of Peavey Electronics headquartered in Meridian . The federal courthouse was the site of the 1966 @-@ 1967 trial of suspects in the murder of Chaney and two other activists ; it was the first time a white jury convicted a white official of a civil rights killing . " " . area the into move to began settlers American @-@ European , ratified was treaty the After . Removal Indian of period the during 1830 in Creek Rabbit Dancing of Treaty the of terms the under States United the by obtained was Meridian called now area the , Americans Native Choctaw the by inhabited Previously "," Previously inhabited by the Choctaw Native Americans , the area now called Meridian was obtained by the United States under the terms of the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek in 1830 during the period of Indian Removal . After the treaty was ratified , European @-@ American settlers began to move into the area . " " . sections land respective their on development new for lots out laying began , city the of founders the as known now , Ball and Ragsdale . ) km2 32 @.@ 0 ( acres 80 remaining the bought , County Kemper from merchant a , Ball T. John . Alabama from lawyer a , Ragsdale A. Lewis by 1853 in bought was land 's McLemore of Most . area the develop and region the to settlers more attract to newcomers to land free offering began , Meridian of settler first the , McLemore Richard , ) ha 810 ( acres 000 @,@ 2 about of grant land federal a receiving After "," After receiving a federal land grant of about 2 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 ha ) , Richard McLemore , the first settler of Meridian , began offering free land to newcomers to attract more settlers to the region and develop the area . Most of McLemore 's land was bought in 1853 by Lewis A. Ragsdale , a lawyer from Alabama . John T. Ball , a merchant from Kemper County , bought the remaining 80 acres ( 0 @.@ 32 km2 ) . Ragsdale and Ball , now known as the founders of the city , began laying out lots for new development on their respective land sections . " " . 1860 , 10 February on Meridian as incorporated officially was town The . permanently station the on "" Meridian "" left and city the in others the overruled who workers railroad of influx an to led railroads the of development continued the Eventually . day each "" "" and "" Meridian "" between alternate would which on sign the – Railroad Ohio and Mobile the on house station a erected Ball "" . City Ragsdale "" proposed Ragsdale and ; creek nearby a of name the from , ) language American Native a in "" river mad "" meaning ( "" "" preferred city the of residents agrarian more the ; "" junction "" with synonymous be to term the believing "" , Meridian "" name the supported city the of residents industrial more the and Ball . settlement the of name proposed the over competition much was There "," There was much competition over the proposed name of the settlement . Ball and the more industrial residents of the city supported the name "" Meridian , "" believing the term to be synonymous with "" junction "" ; the more agrarian residents of the city preferred "" "" ( meaning "" mad river "" in a Native American language ) , from the name of a nearby creek ; and Ragsdale proposed "" Ragsdale City . "" Ball erected a station house on the Mobile and Ohio Railroad – the sign on which would alternate between "" Meridian "" and "" "" each day . Eventually the continued development of the railroads led to an influx of railroad workers who overruled the others in the city and left "" Meridian "" on the station permanently . The town was officially incorporated as Meridian on February 10 , 1860 . " " . businesses many damaged that fire a following 1871 of riot the with , era Reconstruction the during tense remained relations Race . battle the after days working 26 operation in back , repaired rapidly were city the in lines railroad the , destruction the Despite "" . exists longer no cantonments and , hotels , offices , hospitals , arsenal , houses @-@ store , depots its with , Meridian "" , afterwards said have to reported is Sherman . ground the to buildings the of much burned forces his ; storehouses immense and arsenal an as well as , direction every in railroads the destroying , city the into troops led Sherman Tecumseh William General , 1864 in Meridian of Battle the During . war the support to installations military several of construction Confederate the to led junction railroad the at position strategic Its . 1861 in War Civil American the of start the at village small a was Meridian "," Meridian was a small village at the start of the American Civil War in 1861 . Its strategic position at the railroad junction led to the Confederate construction of several military installations to support the war . During the Battle of Meridian in 1864 , General William Tecumseh Sherman led troops into the city , destroying the railroads in every direction , as well as an arsenal and immense storehouses ; his forces burned much of the buildings to the ground . Sherman is reported to have said afterwards , "" Meridian , with its depots , store @-@ houses , arsenal , hospitals , offices , hotels , and cantonments no longer exists . "" Despite the destruction , the railroad lines in the city were rapidly repaired , back in operation 26 working days after the battle . Race relations remained tense during the Reconstruction era , with the riot of 1871 following a fire that damaged many businesses . " " . 1929 in , skyscraper tallest 's Meridian , Building the and , 1913 in libraries Carnegie two , 1894 in School Wechsler the , 1890 in House Opera Grand the including , era this after just and during built were buildings historic 's city the of Many . South the in manufacturing for center leading a and Mississippi in city largest the was Meridian , 1930 and 1890 Between . area downtown the in increased activity commercial , rose population the As . boom population a caused which , industries of influx an and transportation of means a for provided area the in railroads The . 1910 to 1880 from "" Age Golden "" its experienced and , War Civil the of aftermath the in boomed town The "," The town boomed in the aftermath of the Civil War , and experienced its "" Golden Age "" from 1880 to 1910 . The railroads in the area provided for a means of transportation and an influx of industries , which caused a population boom . As the population rose , commercial activity increased in the downtown area . Between 1890 and 1930 , Meridian was the largest city in Mississippi and a leading center for manufacturing in the South . Many of the city 's historic buildings were built during and just after this era , including the Grand Opera House in 1890 , the Wechsler School in 1894 , two Carnegie libraries in 1913 , and the Building , Meridian 's tallest skyscraper , in 1929 . " " . project WPA a as 1933 in built was courthouse federal The . house movie a as used was which , Theater Temple the did as , Meridian downtown in opened "" , man common the to luxury provide "" to built , building Co. & Kress H. S. the , Depression the of depth the during culture the in popular becoming escapism With . businesses new attract to continued city the , Depression Great following the and 1929 of crash market stock the through Even . 1920s the in industry automobile booming a and 1913 in plants industrial new 90 in bring to efforts 's government commission a to thanks grow to continued city The "," The city continued to grow thanks to a commission government 's efforts to bring in 90 new industrial plants in 1913 and a booming automobile industry in the 1920s . Even through the stock market crash of 1929 and the following Great Depression , the city continued to attract new businesses . With escapism becoming popular in the culture during the depth of the Depression , the S. H. Kress & Co. building , built to "" provide luxury to the common man , "" opened in downtown Meridian , as did the Temple Theater , which was used as a movie house . The federal courthouse was built in 1933 as a WPA project . " " . areas other for left workers as decline population a in resulting , losses job significant caused industry railroad the of decline The . rails passenger than popular more became System Highway Interstate and automobile the when , 1950s the until continued prosperity renewed This . again center rail 's region the became Meridian so , vehicles military build to metal scrap and gasoline transport to essential were rails The . railroads of importance the renewed which , II War World entered country the , Depression the of end the at economy the of slowdown brief a After "," After a brief slowdown of the economy at the end of the Depression , the country entered World War II , which renewed the importance of railroads . The rails were essential to transport gasoline and scrap metal to build military vehicles , so Meridian became the region 's rail center again . This renewed prosperity continued until the 1950s , when the automobile and Interstate Highway System became more popular than passenger rails . The decline of the railroad industry caused significant job losses , resulting in a population decline as workers left for other areas . " " . dam earthen an in buried , later months two found were bodies murdered their , investigation FBI massive a Following . Meridian to back way their on night that disappeared three The . burned and bombed been had that church black a of members with meet to , Mississippi , County Neshoba to went Goodman and , , Chaney , 1964 June In . violence in resulted often tension racial and , activism the resented area the in Whites . vote to power the regain to area the in Americans African prepare help to classes holding , center community a create to worked , North the from volunteers , Goodman Andrew and , Rita wife his , Michael with along , residents local other and Chaney James . organizations activist other several and office ) ( Organizations Federated of Council a to home was Meridian , 1960s the in Movement Rights Civil American the During "," During the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s , Meridian was home to a Council of Federated Organizations ( ) office and several other activist organizations . James Chaney and other local residents , along with Michael , his wife Rita , and Andrew Goodman , volunteers from the North , worked to create a community center , holding classes to help prepare African Americans in the area to regain the power to vote . Whites in the area resented the activism , and racial tension often resulted in violence . In June 1964 , Chaney , , and Goodman went to Neshoba County , Mississippi , to meet with members of a black church that had been bombed and burned . The three disappeared that night on their way back to Meridian . Following a massive FBI investigation , their murdered bodies were found two months later , buried in an earthen dam . " " . service memorial annual an holding and him after Avenue 49th of portion a renaming by Chaney honored later Meridian . prison in years 60 to sentenced and manslaughter of convicted was Killen Ray Edgar . time first the for case the in charges brought which , state the by reopened was case the , 2005 In "" . killing rights civil a in official white a "" convicted had jury white a that time first the was It . trial murders workers rights civil Mississippi the in acquitted were three and "" rights civil their of victims the depriving "" of Meridian in courthouse federal the in convicted were , sheriff deputy a including , Klansmen Seven "," Seven Klansmen , including a deputy sheriff , were convicted in the federal courthouse in Meridian of "" depriving the victims of their civil rights "" and three were acquitted in the Mississippi civil rights workers murders trial . It was the first time that a white jury had convicted "" a white official in a civil rights killing . "" In 2005 , the case was reopened by the state , which brought charges in the case for the first time . Edgar Ray Killen was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to 60 years in prison . Meridian later honored Chaney by renaming a portion of 49th Avenue after him and holding an annual memorial service . " " . 1985 in founded was program Street Main Meridian the and , 1979 in created was Commission Landmarks and Districts Historic Meridian The . city the of character architectural the preserve to 80s and 1970s the in districts historic as areas several designate to worked city the , downtown move to began interests commercial strip After . north the to subdivisions housing new of favor in downtown from away move to began residents , easier commuting made that highways of construction the following and 1960s the in Starting "," Starting in the 1960s and following the construction of highways that made commuting easier , residents began to move away from downtown in favor of new housing subdivisions to the north . After strip commercial interests began to move downtown , the city worked to designate several areas as historic districts in the 1970s and 80s to preserve the architectural character of the city . The Meridian Historic Districts and Landmarks Commission was created in 1979 , and the Meridian Main Street program was founded in 1985 . " " "" . Arts Performing the and Education for Center Riley University State Mississippi "" the as use for 2006 in House Opera Grand historic the adapt and renovate helped , Foundation Riley The with along , Street Main Meridian . design urban integrated for support as well as , 2002 in Restaurant 's Weidmann and 2001 in Building Rosenbaum the of renovation the included projects Other . demolished been had it ; Age Golden 's Meridian during used station train historic the of design the on based 1997 in Station Amtrak new a of construction the including , downtown revitalize to projects several organized Street Main Meridian "," Meridian Main Street organized several projects to revitalize downtown , including the construction of a new Amtrak Station in 1997 based on the design of the historic train station used during Meridian 's Golden Age ; it had been demolished . Other projects included the renovation of the Rosenbaum Building in 2001 and Weidmann 's Restaurant in 2002 , as well as support for integrated urban design . Meridian Main Street , along with The Riley Foundation , helped renovate and adapt the historic Grand Opera House in 2006 for use as the "" Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and the Performing Arts . "" " " . downtown businesses existing supports program Street Main Meridian the and , events special organizing by downtown traffic foot increasing on focused primarily is Association Downtown Meridian The . night at and day the during active more become downtown help these because bars and , restaurants , shops specialty as such businesses assist to is goal its ; downtown restoration and development further promote to helps Alliance the , Today . 2010 early in plans the killed Barry Cheri Mayor elected newly but , Building the renovate to underway were Plans . organizations the between liaison a as serves Alliance the turn in and , housing and staff support its the use to organizations two other the allowing , organization umbrella an as serves Alliance The . effort revitalization downtown the spearheaded , Association Downtown Meridian the with along , organizations two the , 2007 late in Meridian Downtown for Alliance the to transferred was Street Main Meridian the of ownership After "," After ownership of the Meridian Main Street was transferred to the Alliance for Downtown Meridian in late 2007 , the two organizations , along with the Meridian Downtown Association , spearheaded the downtown revitalization effort . The Alliance serves as an umbrella organization , allowing the other two organizations to use the its support staff and housing , and in turn the Alliance serves as a liaison between the organizations . Plans were underway to renovate the Building , but newly elected Mayor Cheri Barry killed the plans in early 2010 . Today , the Alliance helps to promote further development and restoration downtown ; its goal is to assist businesses such as specialty shops , restaurants , and bars because these help downtown become more active during the day and at night . The Meridian Downtown Association is primarily focused on increasing foot traffic downtown by organizing special events , and the Meridian Main Street program supports existing businesses downtown . " " . District Historic Center Urban Meridian the to properties contributing as listed were Hotel Avenue Grand and Meridian Hotel both and , 1979 in Places Historic of Register National the on listed was Hotel Union . 1908 in built was Hotel Union and , 1907 in constructed was Meridian Hotel . 1910 in constructed was Hotel Terminal the and , 1905 in constructed was Hotel Elmira The . workers and passengers for constructed were hotels many , 1906 in Station Union original the of construction the and railroads the of growth the With . century 20th the of start the before built were , hotels Avenue Grand the and Southern Great the including , hotels large several "" , Age Golden "" its reached Meridian before Even . hotels many of development the attracted have travelers its , junction railroad a as site 's Meridian Given "," Given Meridian 's site as a railroad junction , its travelers have attracted the development of many hotels . Even before Meridian reached its "" Golden Age , "" several large hotels , including the Great Southern and the Grand Avenue hotels , were built before the start of the 20th century . With the growth of the railroads and the construction of the original Union Station in 1906 , many hotels were constructed for passengers and workers . The Elmira Hotel was constructed in 1905 , and the Terminal Hotel was constructed in 1910 . Hotel Meridian was constructed in 1907 , and Union Hotel was built in 1908 . Union Hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , and both Hotel Meridian and Grand Avenue Hotel were listed as contributing properties to the Meridian Urban Center Historic District . " " . Landmark Mississippi a as listed was it 1988 In . building annex county a as use for adapted was Hotel Lamar the , 1979 in Places Historic of Register National the on Listed . 1927 in built Hotel Lamar skyscraper story @-@ eleven the by evidenced as , economy strong the of ambitions reflected hotels the , grew city the As "," As the city grew , the hotels reflected ambitions of the strong economy , as evidenced by the eleven @-@ story skyscraper Lamar Hotel built in 1927 . Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 , the Lamar Hotel was adapted for use as a county annex building . In 1988 it was listed as a Mississippi Landmark . " " . room a find could American African traveling a where segregation of years the during city the in places only the of one was hotel the , core 's city the of west developed that district business American @-@ African the in staple A . 1931 in built was Hotel Young E.F. The "," The E.F. Young Hotel was built in 1931 . A staple in the African @-@ American business district that developed west of the city 's core , the hotel was one of the only places in the city during the years of segregation where a traveling African American could find a room . " " . events anniversary and floor first the of tours featuring , renovation 's building the for support and awareness public raise to 2013 in formed was Society Preservation The . administrations city in change a with stalled efforts restoration but , purpose this for redevelopment for proposed been has Building The . hotel downtown new a for push a and demand increased has 2006 in Center Riley the of Rehabilitation . downtown of outside moved hotels most , 70s ' and 1960s the in developed suburbs city the As "," As the city suburbs developed in the 1960s and ' 70s , most hotels moved outside of downtown . Rehabilitation of the Riley Center in 2006 has increased demand and a push for a new downtown hotel . The Building has been proposed for redevelopment for this purpose , but restoration efforts stalled with a change in city administrations . The Preservation Society was formed in 2013 to raise public awareness and support for the building 's renovation , featuring tours of the first floor and anniversary events . " " : are districts The . Bungalow and , Victorian Late , Deco Art , Italianate , Revival Colonial , Anne Queen including , centuries 20th early and 19th late the from most , districts the in present are styles architectural Many . District Historic Station Union the and District Historic Center Urban Meridian the , districts older two of combination a is District Historic Downtown Meridian The . Places Historic of Register National the on listed are that districts historic nine has Meridian "," Meridian has nine historic districts that are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Meridian Downtown Historic District is a combination of two older districts , the Meridian Urban Center Historic District and the Union Station Historic District . Many architectural styles are present in the districts , most from the late 19th and early 20th centuries , including Queen Anne , Colonial Revival , Italianate , Art Deco , Late Victorian , and Bungalow . The districts are : " " . Ave 17th and , St 5th , Ave 14th , St 14th , Ave 11th , St 18th by bounded roughly — District Historic End East 1 "," 1 East End Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th St , 11th Ave , 14th St , 14th Ave , 5th St , and 17th Ave . " " . Ave 36th and , St 19th , Ave 34th , St 15th by bounded roughly — District Historic Highlands 2 "," 2 Highlands Historic District — roughly bounded by 15th St , 34th Ave , 19th St , and 36th Ave . " " . 71 Block Survey Ragsdale excluding , Ave 26th and 18th between St 6th to north Railroad Ohio and Mobile , Gulf former the from runs — District Historic Downtown Meridian 3 "," 3 Meridian Downtown Historic District — runs from the former Gulf , Mobile and Ohio Railroad north to 6th St between 18th and 26th Ave , excluding Ragsdale Survey Block 71 . " " . railroad the and , St 6th , Aves 25th and 21st by bounded roughly — District Historic Center Urban Meridian 4 "," 4 Meridian Urban Center Historic District — roughly bounded by 21st and 25th Aves , 6th St , and the railroad . " " . railroad the and , St 5th , Aves 19th and 18th by bounded roughly — District Historic Station Union 5 "," 5 Union Station Historic District — roughly bounded by 18th and 19th Aves , 5th St , and the railroad . " " St. 8th and , St 14th , Ave 30th , Ave 33rd by bounded roughly — District Historic 6 "," 6 Historic District — roughly bounded by 33rd Ave , 30th Ave , 14th St , and 8th St. " " St. 22nd and , Ave 28th , St 15th , Ave 23rd by bounded roughly — District Historic Town @-@ Mid 7 "," 7 Mid @-@ Town Historic District — roughly bounded by 23rd Ave , 15th St , 28th Ave , and 22nd St. " " . Ave 29th and , St 22nd , Ave 23rd , St 29th by bounded roughly — District Historic Road Springs Poplar 8 "," 8 Poplar Springs Road Historic District — roughly bounded by 29th St , 23rd Ave , 22nd St , and 29th Ave . " " St. 5th and , Branch 's Shearer , Ave 28th , St 7th by bounded roughly — District Historic End West 9 "," 9 West End Historic District — roughly bounded by 7th St , 28th Ave , Shearer 's Branch , and 5th St. " " . budget operating 's city the adopting annually and policy setting , government the of arm legislative the is council city The . government city of operations day @-@ to @-@ day the leading and administering for responsible is , city the of officer executive chief the , mayor The . districts member @-@ single considered , wards five 's city the of each from years four every elected are council city the of members five The . large @-@ at population the by years four every elected is mayor A . 1985 since government of form "" mayor strong "" or council @-@ mayor the under operated has Meridian "," Meridian has operated under the mayor @-@ council or "" strong mayor "" form of government since 1985 . A mayor is elected every four years by the population at @-@ large . The five members of the city council are elected every four years from each of the city 's five wards , considered single @-@ member districts . The mayor , the chief executive officer of the city , is responsible for administering and leading the day @-@ to @-@ day operations of city government . The city council is the legislative arm of the government , setting policy and annually adopting the city 's operating budget . " " . people 570 employs city the , total In . McInnis Pam is clerk council The . 5 Ward from representative , Hammon Randy and , 4 Ward from representative , Houston Kim , 3 Ward from representative , Henson Barbara , 2 Ward from representative , Markham Dustin Kenneth , 1 Ward from representative , Thomas M. George Dr. include council city the of Members . Bland Percy is mayor current The . Avenue 23rd 601 at located is , Places Historic of Register National the on listed been has which , Hall City "," City Hall , which has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places , is located at 601 23rd Avenue . The current mayor is Percy Bland . Members of the city council include Dr. George M. Thomas , representative from Ward 1 , Kenneth Dustin Markham , representative from Ward 2 , Barbara Henson , representative from Ward 3 , Kim Houston , representative from Ward 4 , and Randy Hammon , representative from Ward 5 . The council clerk is Pam McInnis . In total , the city employs 570 people . " " . teams county @-@ nine three of combination a , DHS Mississippi the in forces task the of one of leader the as serves now city The . evacuees 700 for shelters support and establish helped department the when , 2005 September in Ivan Hurricane as such crisis of times during helps DHS The . training firearms and , hunting and aid first Scout Boy , handguns basic in classes civilian offering as well as rescue rail passenger in states Southern other from offices enforcement law training began department the , organizations other and Agency Management Emergency Mississippi the from grants in million 5 @.@ 2 $ receiving Upon . counties nine of area an oversees team The . state the in DHS local only the becoming , 2005 in Katrina Hurricane after shortly ) DHS ( Security Homeland of Department a established city The "," The city established a Department of Homeland Security ( DHS ) shortly after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , becoming the only local DHS in the state . The team oversees an area of nine counties . Upon receiving $ 2 @.@ 5 million in grants from the Mississippi Emergency Management Agency and other organizations , the department began training law enforcement offices from other Southern states in passenger rail rescue as well as offering civilian classes in basic handguns , Boy Scout first aid and hunting , and firearms training . The DHS helps during times of crisis such as Hurricane Ivan in September 2005 , when the department helped establish and support shelters for 700 evacuees . The city now serves as the leader of one of the task forces in the Mississippi DHS , a combination of three nine @-@ county teams . " " . calls service emergency 609 and fires structural 123 including , 2009 in calls 1600 than more to responded department fire The . Clayton Anthony is Department Fire Meridian the of chief The . Corrections of Department Mississippi the of behalf on Group GEO the by operated is It . Meridian near , County Lauderdale unincorporated in located is Facility Correctional Mississippi East The "" . people 000 @,@ 30 than more with Mississippi in city safest the "" as described been has Meridian . year preceding the crimes 2008 from slightly up , reported were crimes , 2000 In . felonies were which of 2000 , cases 4000 to responded Division Investigations Criminal 's department the , 2009 In . available staff reserve and time @-@ part as well as officers time @-@ full 115 of consists Department Police Meridian the , 2009 since Lee chief police by Headed "," Headed by police chief Lee since 2009 , the Meridian Police Department consists of 115 full @-@ time officers as well as part @-@ time and reserve staff available . In 2009 , the department 's Criminal Investigations Division responded to 4000 cases , 2000 of which were felonies . In 2000 , crimes were reported , up slightly from 2008 crimes the preceding year . Meridian has been described as "" the safest city in Mississippi with more than 30 @,@ 000 people . "" The East Mississippi Correctional Facility is located in unincorporated Lauderdale County , near Meridian . It is operated by the GEO Group on behalf of the Mississippi Department of Corrections . The chief of the Meridian Fire Department is Anthony Clayton . The fire department responded to more than 1600 calls in 2009 , including 123 structural fires and 609 emergency service calls . " " . Meridian in Hospital State Mississippi East the operates Health Mental of Department Mississippi The "," The Mississippi Department of Mental Health operates the East Mississippi State Hospital in Meridian . " " . offices post Station Meridian West the and , Meridian North , Meridian the operates Service Postal States United The "," The United States Postal Service operates the Meridian , North Meridian , and the West Meridian Station post offices . " " . ) R ( Campbell Tad by represented are and 84 District House in lie , north the in section small a with along , city the of section western The . ) R ( Snowden Greg by represented , 83 District House is 82 District House Surrounding . ) D ( Jones L. Wilbert by represented is and 82 District House of entirety the up makes core 's city The . ) R ( Horne A. Steven by represented are and 81 District House in reside city the of portions eastern and southern The . districts four into divided is city the , districts Representatives of House Mississippi the In . ) R ( Carmichael seats and District Senate State 33rd the in lie city the of portions southeastern and western The . ) D ( II , Jackson Sampson seats and District Senate State 32nd the of part comprises corner northeast the to up corner southwest the from city the of strip A . ) R ( Burton Clark Terry seats and District Senate State 31st the in is city the of tip northern The . sections three into city the divides map district Senate Mississippi the , politics state In "," In state politics , the Mississippi Senate district map divides the city into three sections . The northern tip of the city is in the 31st State Senate District and seats Terry Clark Burton ( R ) . A strip of the city from the southwest corner up to the northeast corner comprises part of the 32nd State Senate District and seats Sampson Jackson , II ( D ) . The western and southeastern portions of the city lie in the 33rd State Senate District and seats Carmichael ( R ) . In the Mississippi House of Representatives districts , the city is divided into four districts . The southern and eastern portions of the city reside in House District 81 and are represented by Steven A. Horne ( R ) . The city 's core makes up the entirety of House District 82 and is represented by Wilbert L. Jones ( D ) . Surrounding House District 82 is House District 83 , represented by Greg Snowden ( R ) . The western section of the city , along with a small section in the north , lie in House District 84 and are represented by Tad Campbell ( R ) . " " . state party @-@ one a was it , century nineteenth late the since decades for as , candidates Party Democratic supported voters area white , Party Republican the to shift the to Prior . 1972 since election presidential States United every in candidate Republican the for voted has , Meridian to home , County Lauderdale . 2009 since office in been has who , ) R ( Harper Gregg by represented , district congressional 3rd 's Mississippi in located is city the , level national the On "," On the national level , the city is located in Mississippi 's 3rd congressional district , represented by Gregg Harper ( R ) , who has been in office since 2009 . Lauderdale County , home to Meridian , has voted for the Republican candidate in every United States presidential election since 1972 . Prior to the shift to the Republican Party , white area voters supported Democratic Party candidates , as for decades since the late nineteenth century , it was a one @-@ party state . " " . 2010 of as increased population The . state the in largest sixth the was city the , 2008 In . ) km2 / 0 @.@ 342 ( mile square per inhabitants 9 @.@ 885 was density population the and , 968 @,@ 39 was population 's city the , 2000 of census the of As . % 14 than more declined population the , 2000 and 1980 Between . century 21st the of turn the since again increasing , declined slowly population the which after , 1980 by increased slightly then , decreased population the census 1970 the In . % 2 @.@ 0 as low as to % 165 as high as rates from varying although , 1970 until founding 's city the from census each in increased population total The . factors economic and social many of pull and push the reflected has growth 's city The "," The city 's growth has reflected the push and pull of many social and economic factors . The total population increased in each census from the city 's founding until 1970 , although varying from rates as high as 165 % to as low as 0 @.@ 2 % . In the 1970 census the population decreased , then slightly increased by 1980 , after which the population slowly declined , increasing again since the turn of the 21st century . Between 1980 and 2000 , the population declined more than 14 % . As of the census of 2000 , the city 's population was 39 @,@ 968 , and the population density was 885 @.@ 9 inhabitants per square mile ( 342 @.@ 0 / km2 ) . In 2008 , the city was the sixth largest in the state . The population increased as of 2010 . " " . radius ) km 105 ( mile @-@ 65 a in 500 @,@ 526 and radius ) km 72 ( mile @-@ 45 a in 900 @,@ 232 of population a is There . 139 @,@ 106 of population a had and – Lauderdale and , Kemper , Clarke – counties three of consisted 2009 of as which , area Meridian the in city principal the is Meridian "," Meridian is the principal city in the Meridian area , which as of 2009 consisted of three counties – Clarke , Kemper , and Lauderdale – and had a population of 106 @,@ 139 . There is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius . " " . population the of % 75 @.@ 1 were race any of Latino or Hispanic . races more or two from % 89 @.@ 0 and , races other from % 59 @.@ 0 , Islander Pacific % 02 @.@ 0 < , American Native % 2 @.@ 0 , Asian % 9 @.@ 0 , White % 71 @.@ 35 , American African % 55 @.@ 61 was city the of makeup racial the , Census 2010 the In . markedly declined population overall 's city the when , 1970 and 1960 between was group this in decline only The . residents white @-@ non of percentage and number the in growth steady a been has there , varied has city the of growth population overall the While "," While the overall population growth of the city has varied , there has been a steady growth in the number and percentage of non @-@ white residents . The only decline in this group was between 1960 and 1970 , when the city 's overall population declined markedly . In the 2010 Census , the racial makeup of the city was 61 @.@ 55 % African American , 35 @.@ 71 % White , 0 @.@ 9 % Asian , 0 @.@ 2 % Native American , < 0 @.@ 02 % Pacific Islander , 0 @.@ 59 % from other races , and 0 @.@ 89 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1 @.@ 75 % of the population . " " . 2000 in 6 @.@ 34 to 1970 in 4 @.@ 30 from increased has age median 's Meridian . 04 @.@ 3 was it when , 1970 since decreased steadily has size household average The . 06 @.@ 3 was size family average the and 39 @.@ 2 was size household average The . older or age of years 65 was who alone living someone had % 0 @.@ 14 and , individuals of up made were households all of % 2 @.@ 33 . families @-@ non were % 2 @.@ 37 and , present husband no with householder female a of consisted % 3 @.@ 23 , together living couples married were % 2 @.@ 36 , 18 of age the under children had households occupied of % 1 @.@ 31 . families by them of 033 @,@ 10 , occupied were 966 @,@ 15 , limits city inside units housing 890 @,@ 17 the of , Census 2000 the to According "," According to the 2000 Census , of the 17 @,@ 890 housing units inside city limits , 15 @,@ 966 were occupied , 10 @,@ 033 of them by families . 31 @.@ 1 % of occupied households had children under the age of 18 , 36 @.@ 2 % were married couples living together , 23 @.@ 3 % consisted of a female householder with no husband present , and 37 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . 33 @.@ 2 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 14 @.@ 0 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 39 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 06 . The average household size has steadily decreased since 1970 , when it was 3 @.@ 04 . Meridian 's median age has increased from 30 @.@ 4 in 1970 to 34 @.@ 6 in 2000 . " " . over or 65 age those of % 0 @.@ 22 and 18 age under those of % 8 @.@ 40 including , line poverty the below were population the of % 6 @.@ 28 and families of % 6 @.@ 24 About . 255 @,@ 15 $ was city the for income capita per The . females for 702 @,@ 19 $ versus 404 @,@ 29 $ of income median a had Males . 062 @,@ 31 $ was family a for income median the and , 085 @,@ 25 $ was city the in household a for income median The "," The median income for a household in the city was $ 25 @,@ 085 , and the median income for a family was $ 31 @,@ 062 . Males had a median income of $ 29 @,@ 404 versus $ 19 @,@ 702 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 15 @,@ 255 . About 24 @.@ 6 % of families and 28 @.@ 6 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 40 @.@ 8 % of those under age 18 and 22 @.@ 0 % of those age 65 or over . " " . Church Catholic the with associated were ) % 7 @.@ 3 ( 872 @,@ 1 and , Church Methodist United the with were ) % 6 @.@ 18 ( 469 @,@ 9 , Convention Baptist Southern the in were ) % 0 @.@ 59 ( 068 @,@ 30 , 2000 in affiliated the Of . % 2 @.@ 50 of average national the with compared , congregation religious of type some with affiliated as identifying County Lauderdale of % 2 @.@ 65 with , observant fairly is surrounds its and Meridian of population The "," The population of Meridian and its surrounds is fairly observant , with 65 @.@ 2 % of Lauderdale County identifying as affiliated with some type of religious congregation , compared with the national average of 50 @.@ 2 % . Of the affiliated in 2000 , 30 @,@ 068 ( 59 @.@ 0 % ) were in the Southern Baptist Convention , 9 @,@ 469 ( 18 @.@ 6 % ) were with the United Methodist Church , and 1 @,@ 872 ( 3 @.@ 7 % ) were associated with the Catholic Church . " " . elderly are whom of most , Meridian in live Jews 40 than fewer , Today . 1927 in city the in living people Jewish 575 with , state the in community Jewish largest the had once Meridian "" . Age Golden "" 's city the before just , 1868 in founded was Israel Beth Congregation . services and businesses building , city the of development commercial in influential were Europe eastern and Germany from Jews Immigrant "," Immigrant Jews from Germany and eastern Europe were influential in commercial development of the city , building businesses and services . Congregation Beth Israel was founded in 1868 , just before the city 's "" Golden Age . "" Meridian once had the largest Jewish community in the state , with 575 Jewish people living in the city in 1927 . Today , fewer than 40 Jews live in Meridian , most of whom are elderly . " " . River the of waters head the of lands bottom the and hills clay of consists topography its and , forests pine and oak with along fields corn and cotton with covered is city the surrounding area The . Georgia , Atlanta of west ) km 478 ( mi 297 and ; Tennessee , Memphis of southeast ) km 372 ( mi 231 ; Louisiana , Orleans New of northeast ) km 325 ( mi 202 ; Alabama , Birmingham of west ) km 248 ( mi 154 ; Mississippi , Jackson of east ) km 150 ( mi 93 is city the , highways major Along . water is ) km2 1 @.@ 2 ( mi sq 8 @.@ 0 and land is ) km2 117 ( mi sq 1 @.@ 45 which of , ) km2 119 ( mi sq 9 @.@ 45 of area total a has city the , Bureau Census States United the to According . County Lauderdale in Mississippi of region Hills Central North the in located is Meridian "," Meridian is located in the North Central Hills region of Mississippi in Lauderdale County . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 45 @.@ 9 sq mi ( 119 km2 ) , of which 45 @.@ 1 sq mi ( 117 km2 ) is land and 0 @.@ 8 sq mi ( 2 @.@ 1 km2 ) is water . Along major highways , the city is 93 mi ( 150 km ) east of Jackson , Mississippi ; 154 mi ( 248 km ) west of Birmingham , Alabama ; 202 mi ( 325 km ) northeast of New Orleans , Louisiana ; 231 mi ( 372 km ) southeast of Memphis , Tennessee ; and 297 mi ( 478 km ) west of Atlanta , Georgia . The area surrounding the city is covered with cotton and corn fields along with oak and pine forests , and its topography consists of clay hills and the bottom lands of the head waters of the River . " " . city the throughout dispersed are Creek Robbins and , Creek Magnolia , Branch 's Shearer including creeks smaller while city the of part western @-@ far the through runs Creek 's Loper . city the of center the through flows which , Creek 's Gallagher into off branches and city the of portion southern the through runs Creek . city the of portions southern and northern the in lie woodlands and lakes small and city the throughout found are creeks small Numerous . areas outlying the in character rolling gentle its maintains it but , grading by city the of core urban the in modified been has area the of terrain natural The "," The natural terrain of the area has been modified in the urban core of the city by grading , but it maintains its gentle rolling character in the outlying areas . Numerous small creeks are found throughout the city and small lakes and woodlands lie in the northern and southern portions of the city . Creek runs through the southern portion of the city and branches off into Gallagher 's Creek , which flows through the center of the city . Loper 's Creek runs through the far @-@ western part of the city while smaller creeks including Shearer 's Branch , Magnolia Creek , and Robbins Creek are dispersed throughout the city . " " . ) C ° 5 @.@ 1 ( F ° 7 @.@ 34 of low average an with January is year the of month coldest the and , ) C ° 8 @.@ 33 ( F ° 9 @.@ 92 of high average an with , July is month warmest The . ) C ° 2 ( F ° 35 minimum and ) C ° 16 ( F ° 60 around is maximum average the ) February through December ( winter In . ) C ° 21 ( F ° 70 around is low average the and ) C ° 32 ( F ° 90 around is ) August through June ( summer during temperature high average The . zone climate subtropical humid the in is Meridian "," Meridian is in the humid subtropical climate zone . The average high temperature during summer ( June through August ) is around 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) and the average low is around 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . In winter ( December through February ) the average maximum is around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and minimum 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) . The warmest month is July , with an average high of 92 @.@ 9 ° F ( 33 @.@ 8 ° C ) , and the coldest month of the year is January with an average low of 34 @.@ 7 ° F ( 1 @.@ 5 ° C ) . " " . tornadoes of risk the bring also storms These . months Fall the during peak secondary a with months spring the during common most are These . occur occasionally - rain heavy and lightning of hazards usual the to addition in hail large or / and winds damaging produce can which - thunderstorms Severe . year the throughout occur but months summer the during common are which thunderstorms by delivered is rainfall Much . falls rain of ) mm 176 ( in 93 @.@ 6 of average an which in , March is year the of month wettest the and , year the throughout distributed evenly fairly is Rainfall . ) mm 490 @,@ 1 ( in 65 @.@ 58 is city the in precipitation annual average The "," The average annual precipitation in the city is 58 @.@ 65 in ( 1 @,@ 490 mm ) . Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year , and the wettest month of the year is March , in which an average of 6 @.@ 93 in ( 176 mm ) of rain falls . Much rainfall is delivered by thunderstorms which are common during the summer months but occur throughout the year . Severe thunderstorms - which can produce damaging winds and / or large hail in addition to the usual hazards of lightning and heavy rain - occasionally occur . These are most common during the spring months with a secondary peak during the Fall months . These storms also bring the risk of tornadoes . " " . people most the employing manufacturing and , military , healthcare with , one diversified more a to economy based @-@ rail largely a from moving , adapted has city the , 1950s the in industry railroading the of decline the with slowed economy its Though . 1930 through 1890 about from region and state the in power economic great a was city the , industries based @-@ rail these With . them on transported , cotton and timber as such , goods the but rails the on depended only not economy 's city The . daily out and in coming trains 44 and lines rail major five with , century 20th the of start the around Mississippi in largest the was city The . area the in railroads the upon greatly depended economy the , on Early "," Early on , the economy depended greatly upon the railroads in the area . The city was the largest in Mississippi around the start of the 20th century , with five major rail lines and 44 trains coming in and out daily . The city 's economy not only depended on the rails but the goods , such as timber and cotton , transported on them . With these rail @-@ based industries , the city was a great economic power in the state and region from about 1890 through 1930 . Though its economy slowed with the decline of the railroading industry in the 1950s , the city has adapted , moving from a largely rail @-@ based economy to a more diversified one , with healthcare , military , and manufacturing employing the most people . " " . miles 45 within live % 90 while county the in reside workers 's County Lauderdale of percent Eighty . activities culture and , care health , retail , employment of hub a as serves thus city The . force labor the in are respectively people 200 @,@ 234 and 600 @,@ 104 which of , radius ) km 105 ( mile @-@ 65 a in 500 @,@ 526 and radius ) km 72 ( mile @-@ 45 a in 900 @,@ 232 of population a is there , people 420 @,@ 15 only was force labor civilian 's city the , 2010 April of as While . area the from leaders business of group a by 1996 in formed was which , Corporation Development Business Mississippi East the by served is Meridian , Marion of city the and County Lauderdale with Along "," Along with Lauderdale County and the city of Marion , Meridian is served by the East Mississippi Business Development Corporation , which was formed in 1996 by a group of business leaders from the area . While as of April 2010 , the city 's civilian labor force was only 15 @,@ 420 people , there is a population of 232 @,@ 900 in a 45 @-@ mile ( 72 km ) radius and 526 @,@ 500 in a 65 @-@ mile ( 105 km ) radius , of which 104 @,@ 600 and 234 @,@ 200 people respectively are in the labor force . The city thus serves as a hub of employment , retail , health care , and culture activities . Eighty percent of Lauderdale County 's workers reside in the county while 90 % live within 45 miles . " " . 1882 since operation in been has which of latter the , Hospital State Mississippi East and Center Health Alliance the include Meridian in facilities healthcare Other . services rehabilitation and treatment stroke for centers two has Hospital Riley . setting hospital a in time recovery more require who patients permanent @-@ non for care term @-@ long offers which , Meridian of Hospital Specialty a operate Systems Health Rush related the and Hospital Foundation Rush . center fitness and health a and , unit care @-@ intensive newborn II Level a , surgery cardiovascular provides Center Medical Regional Anderson Jeff . facilities related @-@ healthcare other many as well as , Meridian in hospitals three are There . 475 @,@ 1 with Hospital Anderson and 500 @,@ 1 with Hospital State Mississippi East by followed , people 610 @,@ 2 employing , region the in organization healthcare largest the is Hospital Rush . County Lauderdale in field healthcare the in employed people 260 @,@ 6 were there , 2010 April In "," In April 2010 , there were 6 @,@ 260 people employed in the healthcare field in Lauderdale County . Rush Hospital is the largest healthcare organization in the region , employing 2 @,@ 610 people , followed by East Mississippi State Hospital with 1 @,@ 500 and Anderson Hospital with 1 @,@ 475 . There are three hospitals in Meridian , as well as many other healthcare @-@ related facilities . Jeff Anderson Regional Medical Center provides cardiovascular surgery , a Level II newborn intensive @-@ care unit , and a health and fitness center . Rush Foundation Hospital and the related Rush Health Systems operate a Specialty Hospital of Meridian , which offers long @-@ term care for non @-@ permanent patients who require more recovery time in a hospital setting . Riley Hospital has two centers for stroke treatment and rehabilitation services . Other healthcare facilities in Meridian include the Alliance Health Center and East Mississippi State Hospital , the latter of which has been in operation since 1882 . " " . Supercenter Walmart 19 Highway the near opened was space office and retail additional , 2007 March in and , expand to continued has Street Hills North on district shopping the , Also . area the in retail to boost major a providing , 2007 November in completed was , area Lakes Bonita the in center shopping ) m2 800 @,@ 34 ( foot @-@ square @-@ 000 @,@ 375 a , Crossroads Meridian of construction the of I Phase . Theatres Artists United and , eateries , restaurants , shops specialty , stores department including , venues shopping hundred one over offers Mall Lakes Bonita ) m2 871 @,@ 58 ( foot @-@ square @-@ 685 @,@ 633 The . city the in purchases retail on spent is annually billion 2 $ Nearly . 2010 April in employed people 280 @,@ 5 with , county the in employer major another is Retail "," Retail is another major employer in the county , with 5 @,@ 280 people employed in April 2010 . Nearly $ 2 billion annually is spent on retail purchases in the city . The 633 @,@ 685 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 58 @,@ 871 m2 ) Bonita Lakes Mall offers over one hundred shopping venues , including department stores , specialty shops , restaurants , eateries , and United Artists Theatres . Phase I of the construction of Meridian Crossroads , a 375 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 34 @,@ 800 m2 ) shopping center in the Bonita Lakes area , was completed in November 2007 , providing a major boost to retail in the area . Also , the shopping district on North Hills Street has continued to expand , and in March 2007 , additional retail and office space was opened near the Highway 19 Walmart Supercenter . " " . Museum Aviation 's Meridian of home the is and , aviation of history the reviewing exhibit an contains also site The . Guard National Army the of Brigade Aviation 185th the for facility support a and Guard National Air the of Wing Refueling Air 186th the to home now is Field Key . 1935 in record flight endurance world a set who , Key Al and Fred brothers by flight famous the of site the is Field Key . force task response regional county nine @-@ twenty a and team response regional county nine a in leader the is city the , state the in Security Homeland of Department local first the Containing . states southeastern many in enforcement law for training narcotics provides which , ) ( Academy Training Drug @-@ Counter Regional the is base the at housed Also . personnel enlisted other and pilots carrier naval for training provides Meridian NAS . area surrounding the of residents to jobs 000 @,@ 4 over supply which , Field Key and Meridian Station Air Naval , facilities military two by served also is area The "," The area is also served by two military facilities , Naval Air Station Meridian and Key Field , which supply over 4 @,@ 000 jobs to residents of the surrounding area . NAS Meridian provides training for naval carrier pilots and other enlisted personnel . Also housed at the base is the Regional Counter @-@ Drug Training Academy ( ) , which provides narcotics training for law enforcement in many southeastern states . Containing the first local Department of Homeland Security in the state , the city is the leader in a nine county regional response team and a twenty @-@ nine county regional response task force . Key Field is the site of the famous flight by brothers Fred and Al Key , who set a world endurance flight record in 1935 . Key Field is now home to the 186th Air Refueling Wing of the Air National Guard and a support facility for the 185th Aviation Brigade of the Army National Guard . The site also contains an exhibit reviewing the history of aviation , and is the home of Meridian 's Aviation Museum . " " . parks industrial four to home also is city The . Corporation and , Automotive Tower , Lee Sara , Services Steel Structural , Dennison Avery include area the in businesses Other . city the in headquarters its operates , 1965 since equipment sound and , amplifiers , guitars manufactured has which , Corporation Electronics Peavey . people 850 @,@ 2 was 2010 April in County Lauderdale of employment manufacturing total The "," The total manufacturing employment of Lauderdale County in April 2010 was 2 @,@ 850 people . Peavey Electronics Corporation , which has manufactured guitars , amplifiers , and sound equipment since 1965 , operates its headquarters in the city . Other businesses in the area include Avery Dennison , Structural Steel Services , Sara Lee , Tower Automotive , and Corporation . The city is also home to four industrial parks . " " . Loeb Alex by opened first was store the when , 1887 since clothing 's women and 's men fine selling been has store The . ownership family of generations four through passed having , landmark clothing Mississippi a remained has St Front on Store Department 's Loeb . performances and , meetings , conferences for annually Meridian downtown to visitors 000 @,@ 60 than more attracts Center Riley The . sales entertainment and , arts , tourism from revenue provides Center Riley MSU the , downtown In "," In downtown , the MSU Riley Center provides revenue from tourism , arts , and entertainment sales . The Riley Center attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences , meetings , and performances . Loeb 's Department Store on Front St has remained a Mississippi clothing landmark , having passed through four generations of family ownership . The store has been selling fine men 's and women 's clothing since 1887 , when the store was first opened by Alex Loeb . " " . sculptures several and , photography century 20th , portraits century 19th and 18th includes also collection The . art of works other many and , crafts , photography , materials tribal and ethnographic to arts decorative traditional from ranging , annually held are exhibitions thirty Over . adults and students both for programs educational many as well as exhibitions rotating featured since has and 1970 in opened was museum The . exhibits for home permanent a as serve to Art of Museum Meridian the into building the remodelled Association Art the , closed was St 7th and Ave 25th at library Carnegie the After . city the around locations various at held were exhibitions , 1949 in Association Art Meridian to change name a after but , Meridian downtown in Hotel Lamar in held originally were exhibitions Art . 1933 February in established was , League Art Meridian The , city the in organizations art first the of One . events cultural many hosts and organizations cultural and art many contains Meridian , arts of century a than more for Known "," Known for more than a century of arts , Meridian contains many art and cultural organizations and hosts many cultural events . One of the first art organizations in the city , The Meridian Art League , was established in February 1933 . Art exhibitions were originally held in Lamar Hotel in downtown Meridian , but after a name change to Meridian Art Association in 1949 , exhibitions were held at various locations around the city . After the Carnegie library at 25th Ave and 7th St was closed , the Art Association remodelled the building into the Meridian Museum of Art to serve as a permanent home for exhibits . The museum was opened in 1970 and has since featured rotating exhibitions as well as many educational programs for both students and adults . Over thirty exhibitions are held annually , ranging from traditional decorative arts to ethnographic and tribal materials , photography , crafts , and many other works of art . The collection also includes 18th and 19th century portraits , 20th century photography , and several sculptures . " " . Perlman Itzhak from performance a with 2011 February in anniversary 50th its celebrate will The . 1991 since orchestra the with been has who , Hillard Fox Claire Dr. is conductor current The . Chorus Symphony Meridian the develop helped also and programs strings and orchestra own its develop District School Public Meridian the helped Orchestra The . orchestra the with perform to , Elena , soloist international first its booked the 1965 In . 1963 in season full first its and 1962 in concert first its played – 1961 in founded – ) ( Orchestra Symphony Meridian The . theatre community attended @-@ most 's Mississippi it making , season each guests 000 @,@ 22 over entertaining , County Lauderdale and Meridian to visitors and of residents to entertainment provides currently and 1932 in built was , theatres community based @-@ subscription oldest 's South the of one , Theatre Little Meridian . Orchestra Symphony Meridian the and , Theatre Little Meridian the , Art of Museum Meridian the including county and city the in organizations arts many with partnered is MCA . year each events special other and , workshops several , Festival annual the , program Grants Art Community its operates MCA . 1978 in agency arts official 's County Lauderdale and 's Meridian as founded was ) MCA ( Arts the for Council Meridian The "," The Meridian Council for the Arts ( MCA ) was founded as Meridian 's and Lauderdale County 's official arts agency in 1978 . MCA operates its Community Art Grants program , the annual Festival , several workshops , and other special events each year . MCA is partnered with many arts organizations in the city and county including the Meridian Museum of Art , the Meridian Little Theatre , and the Meridian Symphony Orchestra . Meridian Little Theatre , one of the South 's oldest subscription @-@ based community theatres , was built in 1932 and currently provides entertainment to residents of and visitors to Meridian and Lauderdale County , entertaining over 22 @,@ 000 guests each season , making it Mississippi 's most @-@ attended community theatre . The Meridian Symphony Orchestra ( ) – founded in 1961 – played its first concert in 1962 and its first full season in 1963 . In 1965 the booked its first international soloist , Elena , to perform with the orchestra . The Orchestra helped the Meridian Public School District develop its own orchestra and strings programs and also helped develop the Meridian Symphony Chorus . The current conductor is Dr. Claire Fox Hillard , who has been with the orchestra since 1991 . The will celebrate its 50th anniversary in February 2011 with a performance from Itzhak Perlman . " " . performances and , meetings , conferences for annually Meridian downtown to visitors 000 @,@ 60 than more attracts , space meeting of ) m2 787 @,@ 2 ( ft sq 000 @,@ 30 and , theater studio seat @-@ 200 a , performances live for auditorium seat @-@ 950 a includes which , Center Riley The "" . Arts Performing and Education for Center Riley University State Mississippi "" name new the under 2006 September in completed was renovation 's house opera The . grants federal and , county , city of combination a from came million 15 $ while restoration 's building the sparked , 1998 in chartered foundation local a , Foundation Riley the by 2000 in grant million 10 $ A . years 70 nearly for abandoned was house opera the , Depression Great the to due 1920s late the in closing After . "" Baron Gypsy The "" 's II Strauss Johann of rendition 's company German a being first the , works and artists famous many hosted house opera the operation its During . Rothenberg Levi and Marks Israel , brothers half two by 1889 in built was House Opera Grand former 's city The "," The city 's former Grand Opera House was built in 1889 by two half brothers , Israel Marks and Levi Rothenberg . During its operation the opera house hosted many famous artists and works , the first being a German company 's rendition of Johann Strauss II 's "" The Gypsy Baron "" . After closing in the late 1920s due to the Great Depression , the opera house was abandoned for nearly 70 years . A $ 10 million grant in 2000 by the Riley Foundation , a local foundation chartered in 1998 , sparked the building 's restoration while $ 15 million came from a combination of city , county , and federal grants . The opera house 's renovation was completed in September 2006 under the new name "" Mississippi State University Riley Center for Education and Performing Arts . "" The Riley Center , which includes a 950 @-@ seat auditorium for live performances , a 200 @-@ seat studio theater , and 30 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 2 @,@ 787 m2 ) of meeting space , attracts more than 60 @,@ 000 visitors to downtown Meridian annually for conferences , meetings , and performances . " " . Hills North in and Drive Springs Poplar on residences private in now are which and remodeling 1960s a during sadly removed was which lighting had originally and 1920s the in cities do to well and thriving in built structures Office Post of type the of example fine very a as noteworthy also is marble Verde and bronze of entirely done interior its with Office Post Meridian The . 1950s the in burned Park Marion in another and 1990 in Hospital Anderson of expansion an to lost was work Neff One . Valentino Rudolph of Canyon Benedict in home Hills Beverly the , Lair Falcon designed similarly the to compared often is Drive Springs Poplar his where Drive Springs Poplar of blocks numbered lower the in concentrated mostly is work His . lean were California in commissions when area the in commissions take would and industry railroad thriving then the in executives were who Selma and Meridian in relatives had He . line State Alabama nearby the across city the adjoins which Belt Black Alabama the in as well as Meridian in homes of number a designed Neff Wallace Architect California Noted . Building Fisher famed 's Detroit to compared often is and US the in skyscrapers Deco Art best the of one considered generally is Building designed Fort Frank The . Park Highland on extant is , skyscraper wall curtain glass the inventing for famous , Curtiss S. Louis Architect born Canadian noted by designed south US the in home only The . architects noted by designed been having city the in structures numerous to due coursework their of part as groups in Meridian visit to known are Canada and nation the around from students Architecture . century last the of turn the from cities intact most nations the one being trove treasure architectural an considered rightly is Meridian "," Meridian is rightly considered an architectural treasure trove being one the nations most intact cities from the turn of the last century . Architecture students from around the nation and Canada are known to visit Meridian in groups as part of their coursework due to numerous structures in the city having been designed by noted architects . The only home in the US south designed by noted Canadian born Architect Louis S. Curtiss , famous for inventing the glass curtain wall skyscraper , is extant on Highland Park . The Frank Fort designed Building is generally considered one of the best Art Deco skyscrapers in the US and is often compared to Detroit 's famed Fisher Building . Noted California Architect Wallace Neff designed a number of homes in Meridian as well as in the Alabama Black Belt which adjoins the city across the nearby Alabama State line . He had relatives in Meridian and Selma who were executives in the then thriving railroad industry and would take commissions in the area when commissions in California were lean . His work is mostly concentrated in the lower numbered blocks of Poplar Springs Drive where his Poplar Springs Drive is often compared to the similarly designed Falcon Lair , the Beverly Hills home in Benedict Canyon of Rudolph Valentino . One Neff work was lost to an expansion of Anderson Hospital in 1990 and another in Marion Park burned in the 1950s . The Meridian Post Office with its interior done entirely of bronze and Verde marble is also noteworthy as a very fine example of the type of Post Office structures built in thriving and well to do cities in the 1920s and originally had lighting which was removed sadly during a 1960s remodeling and which are now in private residences on Poplar Springs Drive and in North Hills . " " . others and , Twitty Conway , Presley Elvis , Buffett Jimmy , Freeman Morgan include mentioned names ; Fame of Walk the to stars born @-@ Mississippi more many add to plans The . 2010 , 24 June on walk the to added was Ward Sela . walk the to added were Faulkner William and , Welty Eudora , Williams Tennessee authors , 2010 , 1 June On . Mississippi from musician blues famous a , King B.B. recognizing , revealed was star second the , year same the of September In . native Meridian a , Rodgers Jimmie to dedicated was walk the on star first The . Fame of Hall planned the promote to attempt an in Center Riley the of outside Fame of Walk its revealed the , 2009 February In . 000 @,@ 300 $ for 2010 July in acquired were building Hotel Meridian adjacent the and property That . building 's Montana old the in downtown located be will Fame of Hall The . artists Mississippi honoring Fame of Hall a and , hall concert indoor an , amphitheatre outdoor an of consist and Lakes Bonita at ) ha 71 ( acres 175 on located be would , proposed as , The . 2007 September in cause the to 000 @,@ 50 $ donated city The . million 8 $ raise could contributors private if funding in million 4 $ promised 2006 in and 2001 in idea the approved Legislature Mississippi The . ) ( Center Entertainment and Arts Mississippi the of location future the as selected been also has Meridian "," Meridian has also been selected as the future location of the Mississippi Arts and Entertainment Center ( ) . The Mississippi Legislature approved the idea in 2001 and in 2006 promised $ 4 million in funding if private contributors could raise $ 8 million . The city donated $ 50 @,@ 000 to the cause in September 2007 . The , as proposed , would be located on 175 acres ( 71 ha ) at Bonita Lakes and consist of an outdoor amphitheatre , an indoor concert hall , and a Hall of Fame honoring Mississippi artists . The Hall of Fame will be located downtown in the old Montana 's building . That property and the adjacent Meridian Hotel building were acquired in July 2010 for $ 300 @,@ 000 . In February 2009 , the revealed its Walk of Fame outside of the Riley Center in an attempt to promote the planned Hall of Fame . The first star on the walk was dedicated to Jimmie Rodgers , a Meridian native . In September of the same year , the second star was revealed , recognizing B.B. King , a famous blues musician from Mississippi . On June 1 , 2010 , authors Tennessee Williams , Eudora Welty , and William Faulkner were added to the walk . Sela Ward was added to the walk on June 24 , 2010 . The plans to add many more Mississippi @-@ born stars to the Walk of Fame ; names mentioned include Morgan Freeman , Jimmy Buffett , Elvis Presley , Conway Twitty , and others . " " . movies classic of screenings public and , functions Shrine , concerts , plays , shows stage live , events area for round @-@ year used is Temple the , persons 1576 seating , Today . City York New in Theater Roxy the to only second , States United the in stages largest the of one was it , time the At . Temple the for time prosperous a was era movie silent the , persons 1800 for seating With . state the in installations original their in still Organs Theater two of one , organ Morgan Robert pipe @-@ 778 a houses Theater Temple The . Theater Temple Shrine the is productions large for used city the in location Another "," Another location in the city used for large productions is the Shrine Temple Theater . The Temple Theater houses a 778 @-@ pipe Robert Morgan organ , one of two Theater Organs still in their original installations in the state . With seating for 1800 persons , the silent movie era was a prosperous time for the Temple . At the time , it was one of the largest stages in the United States , second only to the Roxy Theater in New York City . Today , seating 1576 persons , the Temple is used year @-@ round for area events , live stage shows , plays , concerts , Shrine functions , and public screenings of classic movies . " " . death his of anniversary the honor to May during festival a held has city the , 1953 since year Each . 2010 , 1 June on Rodgers of honor in Cemetery Grove Oak in placed was marker Trail Music Country Mississippi a , Also . Delta Mississippi the outside designation this receive to site first the was city The . Mississippi in music of style blues the of development the to importance his emphasizes and Rodgers Jimmie of birthplace the as city the honor to Meridian in placed been has marker historic Trail Blues Mississippi A . display on locomotive steam vintage a and , memorials outside are there , itself building museum the to addition In . era engine @-@ steam the from equipment railroad as well as , career and life his of memorabilia other and "" Brakeman Singing The "" of guitar original the displays which museum Rodgers Jimmie a houses Park Highland "," Highland Park houses a Jimmie Rodgers museum which displays the original guitar of "" The Singing Brakeman "" and other memorabilia of his life and career , as well as railroad equipment from the steam @-@ engine era . In addition to the museum building itself , there are outside memorials , and a vintage steam locomotive on display . A Mississippi Blues Trail historic marker has been placed in Meridian to honor the city as the birthplace of Jimmie Rodgers and emphasizes his importance to the development of the blues style of music in Mississippi . The city was the first site to receive this designation outside the Mississippi Delta . Also , a Mississippi Country Music Trail marker was placed in Oak Grove Cemetery in honor of Rodgers on June 1 , 2010 . Each year since 1953 , the city has held a festival during May to honor the anniversary of his death . " " . county and city the throughout placed are They . artists local by painted and conceived was horses the of design and , citizens and businesses local by sponsored been have pieces two @-@ Sixty . carousel historic the representing , horses carousel 62 of project arts public a is Town Around . blueprint Dentzel a from built building carousel original remaining only the is house Its . existence in menagerie Dentzel stationary row @-@ two only 's world the is and , Landmark Historic National a is , 1909 since operation in been has Carousel Dentzel Park Highland . Pennsylvania , Philadelphia of Dentzel Gustav by 1895 around manufactured carousel century @-@ 19th a to home also is park The "," The park is also home to a 19th @-@ century carousel manufactured around 1895 by Gustav Dentzel of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Highland Park Dentzel Carousel has been in operation since 1909 , is a National Historic Landmark , and is the world 's only two @-@ row stationary Dentzel menagerie in existence . Its house is the only remaining original carousel building built from a Dentzel blueprint . Around Town is a public arts project of 62 carousel horses , representing the historic carousel . Sixty @-@ two pieces have been sponsored by local businesses and citizens , and design of the horses was conceived and painted by local artists . They are placed throughout the city and county . " " . lake the on located are cabins and , motel room @-@ 25 a , Park Water Country Splashdown . camping and hiking , hunting , picnicking , skiing water , swimming , fishing , boating offers which lake ) km2 77 @.@ 16 ( acre @-@ 144 @,@ 4 a containing establishment ) km2 9 @.@ 28 ( acre @-@ 150 @,@ 7 a is Lake . Plaza Lakes Bonita and , Crossing Lakes Bonita , Mall Lakes Bonita includes area Lakes Bonita the , lakes the with Along . fishing and , concessions , boats paddle , ramps boat , facilities picnic , pavilions , trails riding horseback , paths biking , track walking and jogging a , trails nature with along , Course Golf Municipal Lakeview and Reservoir Creek Long the includes also park The . lakes three including park ) km2 13 ( acre @-@ 300 @,@ 3 , owned @-@ city a is Lakes Bonita . visitors to round year open all , playground a and , fields softball , field baseball a , courts tennis , pools swimming , shelters picnic contains Park Highland . Lake and , Lakes Bonita , Park Highland including , parks recreational several contains city The "," The city contains several recreational parks , including Highland Park , Bonita Lakes , and Lake . Highland Park contains picnic shelters , swimming pools , tennis courts , a baseball field , softball fields , and a playground , all open year round to visitors . Bonita Lakes is a city @-@ owned , 3 @,@ 300 @-@ acre ( 13 km2 ) park including three lakes . The park also includes the Long Creek Reservoir and Lakeview Municipal Golf Course , along with nature trails , a jogging and walking track , biking paths , horseback riding trails , pavilions , picnic facilities , boat ramps , paddle boats , concessions , and fishing . Along with the lakes , the Bonita Lakes area includes Bonita Lakes Mall , Bonita Lakes Crossing , and Bonita Lakes Plaza . Lake is a 7 @,@ 150 @-@ acre ( 28 @.@ 9 km2 ) establishment containing a 4 @,@ 144 @-@ acre ( 16 @.@ 77 km2 ) lake which offers boating , fishing , swimming , water skiing , picnicking , hunting , hiking and camping . Splashdown Country Water Park , a 25 @-@ room motel , and cabins are located on the lake . " " . America of Games State annual @-@ bi the to up move may medalists while Festival Sports Southeast the in compete can games the in competitors All . sports 27 in participated athletes 4500 than more , 2009 In . Games the in participated have athletes 000 @,@ 70 over then since and , sports twelve in competed athletes 200 @,@ 1 year first its In . Committee Olympic U.S. the with affiliated is which , Games State of Congress National the of member a is organization The . Games Olympic the after modeled event sport @-@ multi annual statewide a , Mississippi of Games State the of host a been has Meridian , 1992 Since "," Since 1992 , Meridian has been a host of the State Games of Mississippi , a statewide annual multi @-@ sport event modeled after the Olympic Games . The organization is a member of the National Congress of State Games , which is affiliated with the U.S. Olympic Committee . In its first year 1 @,@ 200 athletes competed in twelve sports , and since then over 70 @,@ 000 athletes have participated in the Games . In 2009 , more than 4500 athletes participated in 27 sports . All competitors in the games can compete in the Southeast Sports Festival while medalists may move up to the bi @-@ annual State Games of America . " " . Park Hardin Phil and , Park Sykes , Complex Soccer Jaycee Meridian the include fields sports Other . track mile @-@ half a and , fields softball four , courts tennis six includes Complex Sports Davidson The . pavilion picnic large a and , track asphalt an , fields soccer three , fields softball four , courts tennis ten contains that 39 Highway on park ) ha 34 ( acre @-@ 85 an is Park Northeast . city the throughout fields various other and , Complex Davidson , Park Northeast including , parks sports several at held are games The . Meridian downtown in June of Friday 3rd the on begin always ceremonies Opening . weekends two to expanded was event the , added were sports more as but , June in weekend one in held were games the Originally "," Originally the games were held in one weekend in June , but as more sports were added , the event was expanded to two weekends . Opening ceremonies always begin on the 3rd Friday of June in downtown Meridian . The games are held at several sports parks , including Northeast Park , Davidson Complex , and other various fields throughout the city . Northeast Park is an 85 @-@ acre ( 34 ha ) park on Highway 39 that contains ten tennis courts , four softball fields , three soccer fields , an asphalt track , and a large picnic pavilion . The Davidson Sports Complex includes six tennis courts , four softball fields , and a half @-@ mile track . Other sports fields include the Meridian Jaycee Soccer Complex , Sykes Park , and Phil Hardin Park . " " . Course Golf Creek Ponta and , Center Golf Creek , Club Country Northwood include city the serving courses golf Other . facilities dining and , fishing , swimming , golf with club private a is , North 39 Highway on located , Club County Briarwood . daily public the to open course hole @-@ 18 an , Course Golf Municipal Lakeview aforementioned the including , city the in courses golf several also are There "," There are also several golf courses in the city , including the aforementioned Lakeview Municipal Golf Course , an 18 @-@ hole course open to the public daily . Briarwood County Club , located on Highway 39 North , is a private club with golf , swimming , fishing , and dining facilities . Other golf courses serving the city include Northwood Country Club , Creek Golf Center , and Ponta Creek Golf Course . " " . year per 360 @,@ 242 averages buses System Transit Meridian and , buses Greyhound , trains Amtrak on passengers of number The . services transit of providers other and Trailways , buses Greyhound , corridor rail Southern Norfolk , Amtrak , System Transit Meridian the including transportation of modes several includes station the , 1997 in rebuilt then 1966 in demolished later but , 1906 in built Originally . Places Historic of Register National the on listed is which , District Historic Downtown Meridian the of part , Street Front 1901 at located is ) ( Center Transportation Modal @-@ Multi Station Union The . Louisiana , Orleans New and ; Alabama , Birmingham ; Georgia , Atlanta ; Carolina North , Charlotte ; D.C. , Washington ; Maryland , Baltimore ; Pennsylvania , Philadelphia ; York New , York New of cities the with Meridian connects line Crescent 's Amtrak "," Amtrak 's Crescent line connects Meridian with the cities of New York , New York ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; Baltimore , Maryland ; Washington , D.C. ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; Atlanta , Georgia ; Birmingham , Alabama ; and New Orleans , Louisiana . The Union Station Multi @-@ Modal Transportation Center ( ) is located at 1901 Front Street , part of the Meridian Downtown Historic District , which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Originally built in 1906 , but later demolished in 1966 then rebuilt in 1997 , the station includes several modes of transportation including the Meridian Transit System , Amtrak , Norfolk Southern rail corridor , Greyhound buses , Trailways and other providers of transit services . The number of passengers on Amtrak trains , Greyhound buses , and Meridian Transit System buses averages 242 @,@ 360 per year . " " . TX , Worth Fort / Dallas to flights daily offers , 1930 since service in been has which , airport The . Mississippi in runway public longest the is runway 's airport the , ) m 049 @,@ 3 ( foot 004 @,@ 10 At . city the of southwest ) km 8 @.@ 4 ( mi 3 , South Boulevard Airport , Field Key at located , Airport Regional Meridian by served is city The "," The city is served by Meridian Regional Airport , located at Key Field , Airport Boulevard South , 3 mi ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southwest of the city . At 10 @,@ 004 foot ( 3 @,@ 049 m ) , the airport 's runway is the longest public runway in Mississippi . The airport , which has been in service since 1930 , offers daily flights to Dallas / Fort Worth , TX . " " . flight conventional in unbroken remains record endurance flight whose , brothers the after named therefore is Field Key . running airport the keep to city the to funds and publicity enough attracted , minutes 34 and hours 653 totaling , aloft days 27 their in established they record The "" . Miss Ole "" the , plane their in city the over flew brothers the , 1935 , 1 July until 4 June From . operating airport the keep to way a of thought , airport the of managers , Key Al and Fred Brothers 1935 in but , maintenance of cost the of because airport the abandoning contemplated city the of residents , Depression Great the During "," During the Great Depression , residents of the city contemplated abandoning the airport because of the cost of maintenance , but in 1935 Brothers Fred and Al Key , managers of the airport , thought of a way to keep the airport operating . From June 4 until July 1 , 1935 , the brothers flew over the city in their plane , the "" Ole Miss . "" The record they established in their 27 days aloft , totaling 653 hours and 34 minutes , attracted enough publicity and funds to the city to keep the airport running . Key Field is therefore named after the brothers , whose flight endurance record remains unbroken in conventional flight . " " Highways Interstate "," Interstate Highways " " 20 Interstate "," Interstate 20 " " 59 Interstate . Carolina South , Florence in terminating eventually , Alabama , Tuscaloosa through east and , Texas , Kent near terminating eventually , Mississippi , Jackson through west Runs "," Runs west through Jackson , Mississippi , eventually terminating near Kent , Texas , and east through Tuscaloosa , Alabama , eventually terminating in Florence , South Carolina . Interstate 59 " " . Louisiana , Slidell to on and , Mississippi , Hattiesburg through south runs also It . Georgia , Wildwood in ending , Alabama , Tuscaloosa through north runs and city the in 20 @-@ I with Joins "," Joins with I @-@ 20 in the city and runs north through Tuscaloosa , Alabama , ending in Wildwood , Georgia . It also runs south through Hattiesburg , Mississippi , and on to Slidell , Louisiana . " " Highways U.S. "," U.S. Highways " " 11 Highway U.S. "," U.S. Highway 11 " " 45 Highway U.S. . border US – Canada the to way the all north and , Louisiana , Orleans New to south 59 Interstate to parallel Runs "," Runs parallel to Interstate 59 south to New Orleans , Louisiana , and north all the way to the Canada – US border . U.S. Highway 45 " " 80 Highway U.S. . Mexico of Gulf the and , Alabama , Mobile to , Mississippi , Quitman through south and border Canada @-@ US the to , Mississippi , Columbus through north runs which route Transnational "," Transnational route which runs north through Columbus , Mississippi , to the US @-@ Canada border and south through Quitman , Mississippi , to Mobile , Alabama , and the Gulf of Mexico . U.S. Highway 80 " " . Ocean Atlantic the and Georgia , Island Tybee to way the all , Alabama , through east and , Texas , Dallas to , Mississippi , Jackson through west Runs "," Runs west through Jackson , Mississippi , to Dallas , Texas , and east through , Alabama , all the way to Tybee Island , Georgia and the Atlantic Ocean . " " Highways State "," State Highways " " 19 Highway Mississippi "," Mississippi Highway 19 " " 39 Highway Mississippi . 10 Route State Alabama as continues it where , border Alabama @-@ Mississippi the to south and , Mississippi , West to north Runs "," Runs north to West , Mississippi , and south to the Mississippi @-@ Alabama border , where it continues as Alabama State Route 10 . Mississippi Highway 39 " " 145 Highway Mississippi . Mississippi , to north runs and Meridian in Begins "," Begins in Meridian and runs north to , Mississippi . Mississippi Highway 145 " " 493 Highway Mississippi . cities several in route alternate an as exists only now but , 45 US Formerly "," Formerly US 45 , but now only exists as an alternate route in several cities . Mississippi Highway 493 " " . Mississippi , to north runs and Meridian in Begins "," Begins in Meridian and runs north to , Mississippi . " " . blacks for built state the in building school public brick first the becoming , 1894 in built was School Wechsler the , bond this From . schools public new build to city the for approved was bonds in 000 @,@ 30 $ year same the of March in and , district school municipal own its maintain to city the allow to 1888 January in charter city the amended Legislature Mississippi The . Church Methodist Paul St. from rented facilities in held was city the in blacks for school public first The . 1884 September until school owned publicly first its build not did city The . students 400 about enrolled only and owned privately were they , 1884 before city the in schools several were there Although . schools the operate to authority had which , Directors School of Board the on served Council City the by appointed trustees , 1885 to 1870 From . Constitution Mississippi 1870 the on based was Meridian in education public Early "," Early public education in Meridian was based on the 1870 Mississippi Constitution . From 1870 to 1885 , trustees appointed by the City Council served on the Board of School Directors , which had authority to operate the schools . Although there were several schools in the city before 1884 , they were privately owned and only enrolled about 400 students . The city did not build its first publicly owned school until September 1884 . The first public school for blacks in the city was held in facilities rented from St. Paul Methodist Church . The Mississippi Legislature amended the city charter in January 1888 to allow the city to maintain its own municipal school district , and in March of the same year $ 30 @,@ 000 in bonds was approved for the city to build new public schools . From this bond , the Wechsler School was built in 1894 , becoming the first brick public school building in the state built for blacks . " " . students 500 @,@ 1 approximately enrolls and 12 @-@ 10 grades of up made is school The . classrooms 111 and buildings six including , ) ha 15 ( acres 37 occupies , district the in school high main the , School High Meridian of campus The . School Catholic 's Patrick St. and , School Christian Community , School Christian Calvary , School Lamar including schools private several contains also city The . schools high 3 and , schools middle 3 , schools elementary six includes now which , size current its to grew District School Public Meridian the , additions later and district early this From "," From this early district and later additions , the Meridian Public School District grew to its current size , which now includes six elementary schools , 3 middle schools , and 3 high schools . The city also contains several private schools including Lamar School , Calvary Christian School , Community Christian School , and St. Patrick 's Catholic School . The campus of Meridian High School , the main high school in the district , occupies 37 acres ( 15 ha ) , including six buildings and 111 classrooms . The school is made up of grades 10 @-@ 12 and enrolls approximately 1 @,@ 500 students . " " . college the attended Alabama in several and state the throughout counties 33 from students 763 , semester 2008 Fall the of As . city the in campus a operates also University State Mississippi "" . area community growing a for provides it opportunities of diversity the reflect accurately more to "" 1987 In place took College Community Meridian to College Junior Meridian from change name The . students American @-@ African enrolled previously had which , 1970 in College Junior Harris T.J. with merged , passed were laws desegregation After . 1965 in location present its to moved college the , School High Meridian at located and College Junior Meridian as known Originally . County Lauderdale inside reside who children homeschooled as well as Districts School County Lauderdale and Public Meridian the from graduates to semesters four for tuition free offers and N 19 Highway 910 at located is , 1937 in founded , College Community Meridian . institutions educational secondary @-@ post two to home is Meridian "," Meridian is home to two post @-@ secondary educational institutions . Meridian Community College , founded in 1937 , is located at 910 Highway 19 N and offers free tuition for four semesters to graduates from the Meridian Public and Lauderdale County School Districts as well as homeschooled children who reside inside Lauderdale County . Originally known as Meridian Junior College and located at Meridian High School , the college moved to its present location in 1965 . After desegregation laws were passed , merged with T.J. Harris Junior College in 1970 , which had previously enrolled African @-@ American students . The name change from Meridian Junior College to Meridian Community College took place In 1987 "" to more accurately reflect the diversity of opportunities it provides for a growing community area . "" Mississippi State University also operates a campus in the city . As of the Fall 2008 semester , 763 students from 33 counties throughout the state and several in Alabama attended the college . " " . 2008 , 28 May on demolished was library American @-@ African former the and , 1970 in Art of Museum Meridian the into converted and renovated was library white former The . location current their to materials all moved and , collections their combined , 1964 of Act Rights Civil the of because integrated became institutions the when , 1967 until city the served libraries two The . country the in Americans African for built ever library Carnegie only the is and I War World after until state the in blacks for library only the was library American African The . 1911 , 25 September on city the to it sold who , Meridian of Church Presbyterian First the of members by owned originally building a in established was whites for library the and , Church Methodist Paul St. by donated land on Avenue 28th and Street 13th at built was blacks for library The . assistance funding for Carnegie Andrew philanthropist national the approach to , leader city a , Marks Israel enlisted club the , library the for support wide With . Meridian for collection library the of basis the later were club the within shared and collected they books The . city the for library a build to money raising began and 1880s the in Club Magazine and Book Fortnightly the formed had women of group A . whites for one and blacks for one – 1913 in built both , libraries Carnegie two had originally city The . Avenue 26th and Street 7th of corner the at located , Library Public County Lauderdale @-@ Meridian the by served is Meridian "," Meridian is served by the Meridian @-@ Lauderdale County Public Library , located at the corner of 7th Street and 26th Avenue . The city originally had two Carnegie libraries , both built in 1913 – one for blacks and one for whites . A group of women had formed the Fortnightly Book and Magazine Club in the 1880s and began raising money to build a library for the city . The books they collected and shared within the club were later the basis of the library collection for Meridian . With wide support for the library , the club enlisted Israel Marks , a city leader , to approach the national philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for funding assistance . The library for blacks was built at 13th Street and 28th Avenue on land donated by St. Paul Methodist Church , and the library for whites was established in a building originally owned by members of the First Presbyterian Church of Meridian , who sold it to the city on September 25 , 1911 . The African American library was the only library for blacks in the state until after World War I and is the only Carnegie library ever built for African Americans in the country . The two libraries served the city until 1967 , when the institutions became integrated because of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , combined their collections , and moved all materials to their current location . The former white library was renovated and converted into the Meridian Museum of Art in 1970 , and the former African @-@ American library was demolished on May 28 , 2008 . " " . Mississippi eastern and Alabama western of portions adjacent as well as County Lauderdale serves paper the , 2010 March in 000 @,@ 12 about of circulation daily a With . 1921 since newspaper daily only 's Meridian been has and 1915 in renamed was but Star Evening The named originally was paper The . 1898 since operation in been has which , Star Meridian The is city the in printed newspaper daily only The "," The only daily newspaper printed in the city is The Meridian Star , which has been in operation since 1898 . The paper was originally named The Evening Star but was renamed in 1915 and has been Meridian 's only daily newspaper since 1921 . With a daily circulation of about 12 @,@ 000 in March 2010 , the paper serves Lauderdale County as well as adjacent portions of western Alabama and eastern Mississippi . " " . Clarion and , Preacher and Teacher , Sun Morning Meridian , , Play Fair , Echo Weekly , Blade The , Mercury Weekly The , State The , Messenger Colored The included have city the in newspapers Other . people 000 @,@ 5 about of circulation a gathering , region the of population American @-@ African the to relevant issues on focused Digest The . 1970s the during published publication page twenty to ten a , Digest Memo the is paper such One . newspapers historical other few a been have there , city the in printed newspaper only the now is Star Meridian the Though "," Though the Meridian Star is now the only newspaper printed in the city , there have been a few other historical newspapers . One such paper is the Memo Digest , a ten to twenty page publication published during the 1970s . The Digest focused on issues relevant to the African @-@ American population of the region , gathering a circulation of about 5 @,@ 000 people . Other newspapers in the city have included The Colored Messenger , The State , The Weekly Mercury , The Blade , Weekly Echo , Fair Play , , Meridian Morning Sun , Teacher and Preacher , and Clarion . " " . Broadcasting Public Mississippi of affiliate local the is TV @-@ . subchannel second its on service local a operates which affiliate CBS 's market the , TV @-@ with agreement services program a under operates . ) ( Network Television Retro the from programming some features also it and , affiliate FOX 's market the been also has , 2009 , 5 January Since . Circle Crestview 1151 at headquartered is , affiliate NBC 's market the , TV @-@ . CW 's Meridian , @-@ and , affiliate MyNetworkTV a , DT2 @-@ , subchannels digital two operates . Avenue 23rd 815 at headquartered , city the from affiliate ABC an as broadcasts TV @-@ . televisions with households 180 @,@ 72 includes which , ) DMA ( Area Market Designated Mississippi , Meridian the in city principal the is city The "," The city is the principal city in the Meridian , Mississippi Designated Market Area ( DMA ) , which includes 72 @,@ 180 households with televisions . @-@ TV broadcasts as an ABC affiliate from the city , headquartered at 815 23rd Avenue . operates two digital subchannels , @-@ DT2 , a MyNetworkTV affiliate , and @-@ , Meridian 's CW . @-@ TV , the market 's NBC affiliate , is headquartered at 1151 Crestview Circle . Since January 5 , 2009 , has also been the market 's FOX affiliate , and it also features some programming from the Retro Television Network ( ) . operates under a program services agreement with @-@ TV , the market 's CBS affiliate which operates a local service on its second subchannel . @-@ TV is the local affiliate of Mississippi Public Broadcasting . " " . ) 1 @.@ 88 FM ( FM @-@ on found be can Broadcasting Public Mississippi . ) 1 @.@ 95 FM ( and , ) 1450 AM ( , ) 9 @.@ 106 FM ( , ) 1 @.@ 97 FM ( , ) 9 @.@ 97 FM ( include market the in stations popular Other . % 4 @.@ 7 with third was ) 1010 AM ( and , % 1 @.@ 11 with second was ) 1 @.@ 104 FM ( , period same the In . 2009 Fall in % 8 @.@ 14 at market the in ratings of share largest the takes , North 45 Highway at headquartered , ) 7 @.@ 105 FM ( . 12 of age the over people 500 @,@ 64 includes which , Market Radio Arbitron Meridian the in city principal the also is city The "," The city is also the principal city in the Meridian Arbitron Radio Market , which includes 64 @,@ 500 people over the age of 12 . ( FM 105 @.@ 7 ) , headquartered at Highway 45 North , takes the largest share of ratings in the market at 14 @.@ 8 % in Fall 2009 . In the same period , ( FM 104 @.@ 1 ) was second with 11 @.@ 1 % , and ( AM 1010 ) was third with 7 @.@ 4 % . Other popular stations in the market include ( FM 97 @.@ 9 ) , ( FM 97 @.@ 1 ) , ( FM 106 @.@ 9 ) , ( AM 1450 ) , and ( FM 95 @.@ 1 ) . Mississippi Public Broadcasting can be found on @-@ FM ( FM 88 @.@ 1 ) . " " : example For . areas other and arts the in people famous many hosted or produced has Meridian "," Meridian has produced or hosted many famous people in the arts and other areas . For example : " " . 1907 in city the in born was , Show Andy ' n ' Amos the in role lead the played who , Childress Alvin "," Alvin Childress , who played the lead role in the Amos ' n ' Andy Show , was born in the city in 1907 . " " @,@ 1932 in city the in born also was Ladd Diane "," Diane Ladd was also born in the city in 1932 @,@ " " . 1956 in , Meridian in born was Ward Sela "," Sela Ward was born in Meridian , in 1956 . " " . 1983 in governor lieutenant and , 1979 and 1975 in governor , 1972 in Senate U.S. , 1967 and 1966 in Senate Mississippi the for nominee Republican the was , specialist transportation and businessman Meridian , Carmichael Gil "," Gil Carmichael , Meridian businessman and transportation specialist , was the Republican nominee for the Mississippi Senate in 1966 and 1967 , U.S. Senate in 1972 , governor in 1975 and 1979 , and lieutenant governor in 1983 . " " Meridian in lived , Tennessee of Governor former , Dunn Winfield "," Winfield Dunn , former Governor of Tennessee , lived in Meridian " " ; Meridian in lived district congressional 4th 's Louisiana for Representative U.S. current , Fleming John "," John Fleming , current U.S. Representative for Louisiana 's 4th congressional district lived in Meridian ; " " ; Laurel in lived , Meridian in born was who , Carroll Governor Lieutenant late The "," The late Lieutenant Governor Carroll , who was born in Meridian , lived in Laurel ; " " . 1971 to prior Meridian in resided he ; 1968 @-@ 1962 , Reconstruction since Representatives of House Mississippi the in serve to Republican first the was , Alabama , Tuscaloosa in businessman a , McAllister Lewis "," Lewis McAllister , a businessman in Tuscaloosa , Alabama , was the first Republican to serve in the Mississippi House of Representatives since Reconstruction , 1962 @-@ 1968 ; he resided in Meridian prior to 1971 . " " Meridian in lived , Representative U.S. former , Montgomery V. Gillespie "," Gillespie V. Montgomery , former U.S. Representative , lived in Meridian " " . native Meridian a is , Meridian in headquartered is which Electronics Peavey of founder , Peavey Hartley "," Hartley Peavey , founder of Peavey Electronics which is headquartered in Meridian , is a Meridian native . " " . century 20th the in Meridian of mayor as serve to Republican first the was 1977 to 1973 from Stuart Tom "," Tom Stuart from 1973 to 1977 was the first Republican to serve as mayor of Meridian in the 20th century . " " . jobs broadcasting first his held he where , Meridian in born was ) York New TV @-@ WABC ( ) meteorologist ( Evans Bill meteorologist winning award Emmy "," Emmy award winning meteorologist Bill Evans ( meteorologist ) ( WABC @-@ TV New York ) was born in Meridian , where he held his first broadcasting jobs . " " . Hannah Barry writer story short and novelist of birthplace the is Meridian . strip comic Sawyer Buz the wrote , years 30 For . Meridian in born was , Story Short Short Best for Award Henry O. 1932 the won who , Edwin Novelist "," Novelist Edwin , who won the 1932 O. Henry Award for Best Short Short Story , was born in Meridian . For 30 years , wrote the Buz Sawyer comic strip . Meridian is the birthplace of novelist and short story writer Barry Hannah . " " . native Meridian a is Adams Luther John composer Classical "," Classical composer John Luther Adams is a Meridian native . " " . ) "" Olympus . Mt "" ( tracks upbeat and fiery to ) "" Vent The "" ( tracks conscious and slow from songs on style his change to ability his as well as beats produced @-@ self and lyricism his for following large a gained has He . and Here K.R.I.T. as such albums and mixtapes many his for known is . Meridian in born was K.R.I.T. Big rapper Jam Def Island The "," The Island Def Jam rapper Big K.R.I.T. was born in Meridian . is known for his many mixtapes and albums such as K.R.I.T. Here and . He has gained a large following for his lyricism and self @-@ produced beats as well as his ability to change his style on songs from slow and conscious tracks ( "" The Vent "" ) to fiery and upbeat tracks ( "" Mt . Olympus "" ) . " " . Show Medicine the & Hook Dr. of member founding a was , 1938 in Meridian in born , Cummings George songwriter @-@ guitarist The "," The guitarist @-@ songwriter George Cummings , born in Meridian in 1938 , was a founding member of Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show . " " . 2008 in attack heart fatal a until remained he where city the to returned he , business music the from retiring after ; 1948 in Meridian in born was , "" Affair Love 65 ' "" and "" Crazy Go I "" hits pop 1980s early and 1970s late the for known best songwriter @-@ singer a , Davis Paul "," Paul Davis , a singer @-@ songwriter best known for the late 1970s and early 1980s pop hits "" I Go Crazy "" and "" ' 65 Love Affair "" , was born in Meridian in 1948 ; after retiring from the music business , he returned to the city where he remained until a fatal heart attack in 2008 . " " . Byrds The and , Winter Johnny , Sinatra Nancy , Russell Leon , Ronstadt Linda , Newman Randy , Nelson Willie , Houston Whitney , Cooder Ry , Collins Judy , Browne Jackson with worked . Parsons Gram with songs several wrote @-@ co he and , Brothers Burrito Flying The and ) ( Band Submarine International the of member a was He . guitarist bass rock country American an was ) 2012 , 23 April – 1947 , 10 February ( Chris "," Chris ( February 10 , 1947 – April 23 , 2012 ) was an American country rock bass guitarist . He was a member of the International Submarine Band ( ) and The Flying Burrito Brothers , and he co @-@ wrote several songs with Gram Parsons . worked with Jackson Browne , Judy Collins , Ry Cooder , Whitney Houston , Willie Nelson , Randy Newman , Linda Ronstadt , Leon Russell , Nancy Sinatra , Johnny Winter , and The Byrds . " " . 1954 in Meridian in born was Steve songwriter @-@ singer The "," The singer @-@ songwriter Steve was born in Meridian in 1954 . " " . 1953 since event Meridian annual an been has Festival Rodgers Jimmie the and , Meridian in located is Museum Rodgers Jimmie The . 1897 in city the in born was , "" Music Country of Father "" the , Rodgers Jimmie "," Jimmie Rodgers , the "" Father of Country Music "" , was born in the city in 1897 . The Jimmie Rodgers Museum is located in Meridian , and the Jimmie Rodgers Festival has been an annual Meridian event since 1953 . " " . respectively , and , area surrounding the in born were Ruffin Jimmy brother older his and , Temptations The of singer lead former , Ruffin David "," David Ruffin , former lead singer of The Temptations , and his older brother Jimmy Ruffin were born in the surrounding area , and , respectively . " " . 1945 in born was he where , Meridian of resident a is , "" Involved Get "" anthem blues and rhythm the for famous most songwriter @-@ singer the , Soulé George "," George Soulé , the singer @-@ songwriter most famous for the rhythm and blues anthem "" Get Involved "" , is a resident of Meridian , where he was born in 1945 . " " . 1988 in city the in born also was , Paramore band the of singer lead , Williams Hayley "," Hayley Williams , lead singer of the band Paramore , was also born in the city in 1988 . " " . native Meridian a was , 1939 June in born , Wilson Al Singer "," Singer Al Wilson , born in June 1939 , was a Meridian native . " " Wilson George player basketball professional ; NFL the in played Stringfellow Joe ; pitcher another , Powell Jay ; Derrick player basketball professional ; Hardy Paul catcher baseball league Negro ; pitcher Baseball League Major former , Boyd "" Can Oil "" Ray Dennis : are them Among . levels professional at competed have whom of many , athletes several to home been also has city The "," The city has also been home to several athletes , many of whom have competed at professional levels . Among them are : Dennis Ray "" Oil Can "" Boyd , former Major League Baseball pitcher ; Negro league baseball catcher Paul Hardy ; professional basketball player Derrick ; Jay Powell , another pitcher ; Joe Stringfellow played in the NFL ; professional basketball player George Wilson " " : include city the of natives notable Other "," Other notable natives of the city include : " " @,@ 1986 in pageant beauty America Miss the won who Akin Susan "," Susan Akin who won the Miss America beauty pageant in 1986 @,@ " " @,@ 1964 in murders workers rights civil Mississippi the of victims the of one - Chaney James "," James Chaney - one of the victims of the Mississippi civil rights workers murders in 1964 @,@ " " . city the of mayor former a also is Key Al . natives Meridian are - record endurance flight world the of holders - "" Keys Flying The "" as known , Key Al and Fred "," Fred and Al Key , known as "" The Flying Keys "" - holders of the world flight endurance record - are Meridian natives . Al Key is also a former mayor of the city . " " , Church Baptist Westboro the of leader , Phelps Fred "," Fred Phelps , leader of the Westboro Baptist Church , " " . War Civil American the during soldier Confederate a later and farmer tobacco a was he where , Mississippi , Meridian from hails , Wheels on Hell series AMC the of protagonist the , Bohannon Cullen "," Cullen Bohannon , the protagonist of the AMC series Hell on Wheels , hails from Meridian , Mississippi , where he was a tobacco farmer and later a Confederate soldier during the American Civil War . " " . home 's Dill referencing when throughout mentioned is which , Meridian from is , ) 1960 ( Mockingbird a Kill To novel winning @-@ Prize Pulitzer the of characters the of one , Harris Dill "," Dill Harris , one of the characters of the Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning novel To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) , is from Meridian , which is mentioned throughout when referencing Dill 's home . " " . Conservation of Area Special a are island the around seas the and Interest Scientific Special of Site a is island the of side west The . wildlife of populations diverse harbour seas surrounding its and island The . cliffs and , blowholes , arches , stacks , caves of variety extraordinary an created has sea the by rocks volcanic soft the of Erosion . Shetland in island largest eighth the is Stour Papa , ) miles square 2 @.@ 3 ( hectares 828 of area an with and Shetland mainland of west the to Located . 1970s the in residents for appeal an after immigrated whom of some , people twenty under of population a with , Scotland in Islands Shetland the of one is Stour Papa "," Papa Stour is one of the Shetland Islands in Scotland , with a population of under twenty people , some of whom immigrated after an appeal for residents in the 1970s . Located to the west of mainland Shetland and with an area of 828 hectares ( 3 @.@ 2 square miles ) , Papa Stour is the eighth largest island in Shetland . Erosion of the soft volcanic rocks by the sea has created an extraordinary variety of caves , stacks , arches , blowholes , and cliffs . The island and its surrounding seas harbour diverse populations of wildlife . The west side of the island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and the seas around the island are a Special Area of Conservation . " " . 1970s the in 16 of low a from increased have numbers the although , population in decline steady a was there Subsequently . Voe West in at opened was station fishing a when , century nineteenth the in more or 380 reached population The . island the of occupation Norse the from dating house century @-@ 13th 's Hakon Duke of remains the as well as , sites chamber burial Neolithic several has island The "," The island has several Neolithic burial chamber sites , as well as the remains of Duke Hakon 's 13th @-@ century house dating from the Norse occupation of the island . The population reached 380 or more in the nineteenth century , when a fishing station was opened at in West Voe . Subsequently there was a steady decline in population , although the numbers have increased from a low of 16 in the 1970s . " " . life island of mainstay the is , rearing sheep especially , Crofting . Mainland Shetland the on West at base its from arrives ferry the where from Voe is which of east the to just , is island the on settlement main the Today "," Today the main settlement on the island is , just to the east of which is Voe from where the ferry arrives from its base at West on the Shetland Mainland . Crofting , especially sheep rearing , is the mainstay of island life . " " . fishing sea @-@ deep for centre a was Stour Papa when days the of drama the recalls by Men Papa da o Sang Da poem celebrated the and , coast the around occurred have shipwrecks Numerous "," Numerous shipwrecks have occurred around the coast , and the celebrated poem Da Sang o da Papa Men by recalls the drama of the days when Papa Stour was a centre for deep @-@ sea fishing . " " . point embarkation 's ferry the and island the for harbour main the is but secluded less is ) ' bay house ' : Norse Old ( east the to Voe . arch rock natural a contain cliffs surrounding the and anchorage sheltered most the is south the in ) ' bay harbour ' : Norse Old ( Voe . ' voes ' larger four and small numerous by indented is which coastline rugged of ) mi 21 ( kilometres 34 are There . Bay Magnus St of end western south the at located is Stour Papa "," Papa Stour is located at the south western end of St Magnus Bay . There are 34 kilometres ( 21 mi ) of rugged coastline which is indented by numerous small and four larger ' voes ' . Voe ( Old Norse : ' harbour bay ' ) in the south is the most sheltered anchorage and the surrounding cliffs contain a natural rock arch . Voe to the east ( Old Norse : ' house bay ' ) is less secluded but is the main harbour for the island and the ferry 's embarkation point . " " . west the to immediately lying Voe smaller the , coast north the in main the is ' ' called is which of part inner the , Voe West . eloped successfully sweetheart fisherman her and she , story the of version another in ; pregnant be to found was she left she when , plans his for Unfortunately . men from daughter his "" preserve "" to order in , visible still are ruins whose , top its at house tiny the constructed have to said is Thorvald Lord . century 14th the from story a to relates name 's latter The . ) leprosy than rather deficiency vitamin a from suffering were there "" lepers "" the of many that suggested been has it although ( century 18th the until colony leper a was and island tidal a is former The . south the to entrance harbour the guard Stack Maiden and Holm "," Holm and Maiden Stack guard the harbour entrance to the south . The former is a tidal island and was a leper colony until the 18th century ( although it has been suggested that many of the "" lepers "" there were suffering from a vitamin deficiency rather than leprosy ) . The latter 's name relates to a story from the 14th century . Lord Thorvald is said to have constructed the tiny house at its top , whose ruins are still visible , in order to "" preserve "" his daughter from men . Unfortunately for his plans , when she left she was found to be pregnant ; in another version of the story , she and her fisherman sweetheart successfully eloped . West Voe , the inner part of which is called ' ' is the main in the north coast , the smaller Voe lying immediately to the west . " " . interior the in rock of areas bare the and fuel for ' scalping turf ' to led peat of lack The . fertile relatively are soils the rocks volcanic the to due and island the on peat of absence complete almost an is There . till glacial from derived be may that soil stony shallow a of consists area the of rest the of Much . length in kilometres half a and one about moraine glacial of belt a by bisected is island the west the To . ) Voe West from south runs which ( dyke hill the of east the to land bye @-@ in by surrounded is and Voe overlooks which , is today island the on settlement main The "," The main settlement on the island today is , which overlooks Voe and is surrounded by in @-@ bye land to the east of the hill dyke ( which runs south from West Voe ) . To the west the island is bisected by a belt of glacial moraine about one and a half kilometres in length . Much of the rest of the area consists of a shallow stony soil that may be derived from glacial till . There is an almost complete absence of peat on the island and due to the volcanic rocks the soils are relatively fertile . The lack of peat led to ' turf scalping ' for fuel and the bare areas of rock in the interior . " " . ' stones of heap ' for Norse Old the from possibly is . ) feet 285 ( metres 87 to rises which , Field at west north the in is island the on point highest The "," The highest point on the island is in the north west at Field , which rises to 87 metres ( 285 feet ) . is possibly from the Old Norse for ' heap of stones ' . " " . @-@ Papa of bank shallow the lies Skerries Ve and Stour Papa between In . Clubb The and , , Skerry North , : include They . west north the to ) mi 1 @.@ 3 ( kilometres 5 lie Skerries Ve The . Skerry Wilma and Skerry , Horn The , Skerry Swat , Stack Sula , of Skerry , of Skerries , Skerry Lyra , Skerry Koda , Melby of Holm , Stacks , Holm , Skerry , Skerry , Skerry , Stack : include They . Stour Papa of coast the around skerries and isles other various are there above mentioned islets larger the to addition In "," In addition to the larger islets mentioned above there are various other isles and skerries around the coast of Papa Stour . They include : Stack , Skerry , Skerry , Skerry , Holm , Stacks , Holm of Melby , Koda Skerry , Lyra Skerry , Skerries of , Skerry of , Sula Stack , Swat Skerry , The Horn , Skerry and Wilma Skerry . The Ve Skerries lie 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) to the north west . They include : , North Skerry , , and The Clubb . In between Papa Stour and Ve Skerries lies the shallow bank of Papa @-@ . " " . Kingdom United the by recognised not was claim This . Union European the of or Kingdom United the of part a not thus and , dependency crown British a considered be should island the that argued Hill , 1468 to dates that Scotland of III James King and Norway of Christian King between arrangement marriage a of basis the On . of Dependency Crown the creating , dependence of declaration a made ) "" Island "" renamed has he which ( Holm of island ) acres 5 @.@ 2 ( hectare 1 the of resident only and owner the , Hill Stuart , 2008 June 21 On "," On 21 June 2008 , Stuart Hill , the owner and only resident of the 1 hectare ( 2 @.@ 5 acres ) island of Holm ( which he has renamed "" Island "" ) made a declaration of dependence , creating the Crown Dependency of . On the basis of a marriage arrangement between King Christian of Norway and King James III of Scotland that dates to 1468 , Hill argued that the island should be considered a British crown dependency , and thus not a part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union . This claim was not recognised by the United Kingdom . " " . glaciation Pleistocene by deposited boulders large numerous are There . Banks Lamba at bed fish Devonian a also is there but , ) rhyolite ( lava and ash volcanic solidified of bands including , period this with associated activity volcanic from lavas and ashes of up made largely is Stour Papa of structure The . Firth Moray southern the to Shetland from stretching , mountains eroding the of edges the on existed Orcadie Lake freshwater The . deltas river into deposited were then and eroded , Pangaea of formation the by uplifted , rocks Silurian earlier as created were , ago years million 370 to 408 from down laid , Sandstone Red Old of accumulations The . equator the of south degrees 25 @-@ 10 some lay and Continent Sandstone Red Old the of part formed landmass Scottish the time that At . period Devonian the from formations rock sedimentary and volcanic of variety a of composed is island The "," The island is composed of a variety of volcanic and sedimentary rock formations from the Devonian period . At that time the Scottish landmass formed part of the Old Red Sandstone Continent and lay some 10 @-@ 25 degrees south of the equator . The accumulations of Old Red Sandstone , laid down from 408 to 370 million years ago , were created as earlier Silurian rocks , uplifted by the formation of Pangaea , eroded and then were deposited into river deltas . The freshwater Lake Orcadie existed on the edges of the eroding mountains , stretching from Shetland to the southern Moray Firth . The structure of Papa Stour is largely made up of ashes and lavas from volcanic activity associated with this period , including bands of solidified volcanic ash and lava ( rhyolite ) , but there is also a Devonian fish bed at Lamba Banks . There are numerous large boulders deposited by Pleistocene glaciation . " " : as cave the described and memoirs Victorian his in island the of wrote who Tudor John of favourite the was This . west the in Voe to close ' Hole 's Francie ' is another Yet . 1981 in collapsed which of roof the of part , cave spectacular another is west south the in Hole ) 's Christie or ( . through row to enough wide and long mile a half nearly is It . island the of tip west @-@ north the through right passes that cave a is ' o Holl ' The . Britain in finest the amongst are that and voes , cliffs , blowholes , arches , stacks , caves of variety extraordinary an created has sea the by rocks volcanic soft the of Erosion "," Erosion of the soft volcanic rocks by the sea has created an extraordinary variety of caves , stacks , arches , blowholes , cliffs , voes and that are amongst the finest in Britain . The ' Holl o ' is a cave that passes right through the north @-@ west tip of the island . It is nearly half a mile long and wide enough to row through . ( or Christie 's ) Hole in the south west is another spectacular cave , part of the roof of which collapsed in 1981 . Yet another is ' Francie 's Hole ' close to Voe in the west . This was the favourite of John Tudor who wrote of the island in his Victorian memoirs and described the cave as : " " . church a in stalls like recesses or alcoves ] with [ ... water the is pellucid so and sides and roof the of colouring the is exquisite so , fairyland in ... "," ... in fairyland , so exquisite is the colouring of the roof and sides and so pellucid is the water ... [ with ] alcoves or recesses like stalls in a church . " " . permit conditions when boats small by accessed be can that caves has also Holm of islet nearby The . storm a during sea the into fell ' Papa o Horn Da ' , headland spectacular the 1953 In "," In 1953 the spectacular headland , ' Da Horn o Papa ' fell into the sea during a storm . The nearby islet of Holm also has caves that can be accessed by small boats when conditions permit . " " . recorded been have species migratory numerous and , island the on breed all gull backed @-@ black great and plover ringed , wheatear , curlew , razorbill , guillemot common , fulmar northern , skua Arctic and , tern common and Arctic , puffin Atlantic . Stour Papa around and on seen frequently are porpoises harbour and whales killer , seals grey , Otters "," Otters , grey seals , killer whales and harbour porpoises are frequently seen on and around Papa Stour . Atlantic puffin , Arctic and common tern , and Arctic skua , northern fulmar , common guillemot , razorbill , curlew , wheatear , ringed plover and great black @-@ backed gull all breed on the island , and numerous migratory species have been recorded . " " . bred still is Pony Shetland traditional The . Conservation of Area Special a are Stour Papa around seas the and Interest Scientific Special of Site a is island the of side west The . heather ubiquitous the as well as and squill spring , everlasting mountain including , flowers wild of profusion a is There "," There is a profusion of wild flowers , including mountain everlasting , spring squill and as well as the ubiquitous heather . The west side of the island is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and the seas around Papa Stour are a Special Area of Conservation . The traditional Shetland Pony is still bred . " " . west the to ) mi 5 @.@ 7 ( kilometres 12 some Little Papa to distinction in , ) monks Celtic ( "" Papar the of island Big "" meaning from derives island the of name the as settlement religious a found they likely is it arrived Norse the when but , eras Celtic and Celtic @-@ pre the of known is Little . ' cairns shaped @-@ heel ' as known chambers burial Neolithic several of remains are there and BC 3000 circa from dates island the of settlement Human "," Human settlement of the island dates from circa 3000 BC and there are remains of several Neolithic burial chambers known as ' heel @-@ shaped cairns ' . Little is known of the pre @-@ Celtic and Celtic eras , but when the Norse arrived it is likely they found a religious settlement as the name of the island derives from meaning "" Big island of the Papar "" ( Celtic monks ) , in distinction to Papa Little some 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) to the west . " " . Voe near visible still are house century @-@ thirteenth 's Hakon Duke of remains The ) . above to referred is daughter unfortunate his of story The ( . ’ de dominus ‘ called later was and document 1299 the in corruption of accused was who , Thorvald Lord by won and fought , duel a of scene the was This . assembly local or , ' ting ' a of remains the are which , Voe at beach the near stones of circle a is There . Norway of V Hakon King become to later was who , Magnusson Hakon Duke of house the in incident dramatic a with deals It . Shetland from document surviving oldest the is which , Norse Old in written manuscript 1299 a of subject the is Stour Papa "," Papa Stour is the subject of a 1299 manuscript written in Old Norse , which is the oldest surviving document from Shetland . It deals with a dramatic incident in the house of Duke Hakon Magnusson , who was later to become King Hakon V of Norway . There is a circle of stones near the beach at Voe , which are the remains of a ' ting ' , or local assembly . This was the scene of a duel , fought and won by Lord Thorvald , who was accused of corruption in the 1299 document and was later called ‘ dominus de ’ . ( The story of his unfortunate daughter is referred to above . ) The remains of Duke Hakon 's thirteenth @-@ century house are still visible near Voe . " " . as known boats oared @-@ six using months summer the in undertaken , industry fishing ) ' sea deep ' : Norse Old ( prosperous a maintained They . island the owned , Lerwick of Nicolson Arthur and , Busta of Gifford Thomas , lairds Scottish two , century 18th the By . fleet local the from fish buy to booth trading summer a operating were Hamburg and Bremen from merchants century 16th the In . century 17th the until estates Stour Papa their kept ' Norway of Lairds ' Norse the although , control Scottish nominal under came Shetland 1469 In "," In 1469 Shetland came under nominal Scottish control , although the Norse ' Lairds of Norway ' kept their Papa Stour estates until the 17th century . In the 16th century merchants from Bremen and Hamburg were operating a summer trading booth to buy fish from the local fleet . By the 18th century , two Scottish lairds , Thomas Gifford of Busta , and Arthur Nicolson of Lerwick , owned the island . They maintained a prosperous ( Old Norse : ' deep sea ' ) fishing industry , undertaken in the summer months using six @-@ oared boats known as . " " . colony century 18th supposed the than older much be may site the suggests but inconclusive was survey archaeological recent A . Voe overlooking at another been have may there Holm on colony leper the to addition In "," In addition to the leper colony on Holm there may have been another at overlooking Voe . A recent archaeological survey was inconclusive but suggests the site may be much older than the supposed 18th century colony . " " . it to truth some have may tradition oral the that suggesting , rib whalebone of piece a and rhyolite of blocks large besides little found 2004 in Excavations . successfully there commenced @-@ re was work and church the of site present the to agencies unearthly these by overnight moved were cornerstones the Eventually . night the during destroyed was building the on work 's day each that and powers supernatural by with interfered was there work the that tradition a is There . "" century twelfth the about to belonging chapel a of site the "" as Survey Ordnance the by to referred and locals by ' kirk ' the called is It . of bay the and Sand Kirk of end west the between headland the on or of site chapel older an be may there church present the from metres 300 . 1806 in founded was , Wick Fore of bay the in Sand Kirk overlooks which , church island The "," The island church , which overlooks Kirk Sand in the bay of Fore Wick , was founded in 1806 . 300 metres from the present church there may be an older chapel site of or on the headland between the west end of Kirk Sand and the bay of . It is called the ' kirk ' by locals and referred to by the Ordnance Survey as "" the site of a chapel belonging to about the twelfth century "" . There is a tradition that the work there was interfered with by supernatural powers and that each day 's work on the building was destroyed during the night . Eventually the cornerstones were moved overnight by these unearthly agencies to the present site of the church and work was re @-@ commenced there successfully . Excavations in 2004 found little besides large blocks of rhyolite and a piece of whalebone rib , suggesting that the oral tradition may have some truth to it . " " . bathe to allowed was he where island the of south the at spring a is Well 's Lindsay . 1835 in release his for arranged Watson Catherine preacher Quaker the before prisoner a as years 26 spent He . one in fight to refusing after disgrace in island the to sent and insane declared was , Balcarres of Earl 6th the of son the and officer army Indian an , Lindsay Edwin . Stour Papa of history the entered duel another time this At . on 1870s the from population in fall a saw drifters steam of introduction the to due fishing in decline a and shortages fuel , However . more or people 360 of population a had island the and opened was Voe West in station fishing the century 19th the In "," In the 19th century the fishing station in West Voe was opened and the island had a population of 360 people or more . However , fuel shortages and a decline in fishing due to the introduction of steam drifters saw a fall in population from the 1870s on . At this time another duel entered the history of Papa Stour . Edwin Lindsay , an Indian army officer and the son of the 6th Earl of Balcarres , was declared insane and sent to the island in disgrace after refusing to fight in one . He spent 26 years as a prisoner before the Quaker preacher Catherine Watson arranged for his release in 1835 . Lindsay 's Well is a spring at the south of the island where he was allowed to bathe . " " . Shetland of Mainland south the in at , of Burn the on mills these of one of example working a still is there and , century 20th the of years early the in Stour Papa on use in still were Some . below paddles the onto falling water the by driven millstone upper rotating a and , millstone lower fixed a was there building the Inside . sited was stone @-@ mill the where floor upper the to access give to banks into built , roofs turf with buildings story two were these Originally . Loch Dutch around , Mills Clack or Norse as known also , mills water horizontal of examples good are There "," There are good examples of horizontal water mills , also known as Norse or Clack Mills , around Dutch Loch . Originally these were two story buildings with turf roofs , built into banks to give access to the upper floor where the mill @-@ stone was sited . Inside the building there was a fixed lower millstone , and a rotating upper millstone driven by the water falling onto the paddles below . Some were still in use on Papa Stour in the early years of the 20th century , and there is still a working example of one of these mills on the Burn of , at in the south Mainland of Shetland . " " . 702 @,@ 103 to % 4 by grew whole a as populations island Scottish 11 @-@ 2011 decade the during - 15 of population resident usually a recorded census 2011 The . left seven of family a after nine just to dropped had population the 2008 early By . closed school the and island the left people of number A . cases court several to led islanders between discord serious after 20 to fallen had population the 2005 by , However . 33 of population a recorded census the 1981 By . applicants of flood a brought which incomers to charge of free offered were sheep five and croft A . decline the reversed Mart and Exchange in advertisement an but , residents ' elderly fairly ' sixteen to declined had population the and closed had school island the 1970 By . ) Mingulay e.g. see ( then since decline significant a experienced has and century 19th the in peaked population 's Stour Papa , islands Scottish small many with common In "," In common with many small Scottish islands , Papa Stour 's population peaked in the 19th century and has experienced a significant decline since then ( see e.g. Mingulay ) . By 1970 the island school had closed and the population had declined to sixteen ' fairly elderly ' residents , but an advertisement in Exchange and Mart reversed the decline . A croft and five sheep were offered free of charge to incomers which brought a flood of applicants . By 1981 the census recorded a population of 33 . However , by 2005 the population had fallen to 20 after serious discord between islanders led to several court cases . A number of people left the island and the school closed . By early 2008 the population had dropped to just nine after a family of seven left . The 2011 census recorded a usually resident population of 15 - during the decade 2011 @-@ 11 Scottish island populations as a whole grew by 4 % to 103 @,@ 702 . " " trends population of Overview "," Overview of population trends " " . ships Norwegian and German , French , Dutch sunk has alone Skerry , In . wrecks numerous claimed have Stour Papa around coasts The "," The coasts around Papa Stour have claimed numerous wrecks . In , Skerry alone has sunk Dutch , French , German and Norwegian ships . " " . Scalloway in buried were which , J.R. and Cormack J. of bodies the and , Aberdeen to returned was which , Mitchell James of that , recovered were bodies 3 Only . wreck the in perished crew 9 All . help of be to late too made was request the but , launch to , away miles 120 only , Orkney from lifeboat Stromness the for made been had request A . skerries the approach to impossible was it where point the to deteriorated had conditions weather , ) time that at Shetland in lifeboat no being there ( volunteers local and coastguard the by launched were attempts rescue various that time the By . wreck the reported and , saw trawler passing a that day following the until not was it but good fairly were conditions weather grounded she When . catch her land to Scalloway of village the to way her on while 1930 March 28 of evening the on , Stour Papa of northwest miles 3 Skerries Ve the on foundered , Doran Ben trawler Aberdeen The "," The Aberdeen trawler Ben Doran , foundered on the Ve Skerries 3 miles northwest of Papa Stour , on the evening of 28 March 1930 while on her way to the village of Scalloway to land her catch . When she grounded weather conditions were fairly good but it was not until the following day that a passing trawler saw , and reported the wreck . By the time that various rescue attempts were launched by the coastguard and local volunteers ( there being no lifeboat in Shetland at that time ) , weather conditions had deteriorated to the point where it was impossible to approach the skerries . A request had been made for the Stromness lifeboat from Orkney , only 120 miles away , to launch , but the request was made too late to be of help . All 9 crew perished in the wreck . Only 3 bodies were recovered , that of James Mitchell , which was returned to Aberdeen , and the bodies of J. Cormack and J.R. , which were buried in Scalloway . " " . rescue this for medal silver RNLI the awarded being coxswain the , lifeboat the by rescued were crew man 12 The . cliffs ) feet 200 ( metres 60 the of bottom the at Sound Lyra in aground ran Juniper trawler Aberdeen the 1967 In . lost were cargo and ship the only and clement were conditions the occasion this On . 1940 February in Holm on fog in aground ran Highcliffe SS ship cargo The "," The cargo ship SS Highcliffe ran aground in fog on Holm in February 1940 . On this occasion the conditions were clement and only the ship and cargo were lost . In 1967 the Aberdeen trawler Juniper ran aground in Lyra Sound at the bottom of the 60 metres ( 200 feet ) cliffs . The 12 man crew were rescued by the lifeboat , the coxswain being awarded the RNLI silver medal for this rescue . " " . Airport Sumburgh at based , unit helicopter Rescue and Search present the of formation the for required example the been have also may and , 1979 in skerries the on lighthouse a of building the prompted incident this but , life of loss no was There . bravery for awards of number a received later crew helicopter The . winds force storm the despite , grounding the of hours within safety to crew 's boat the all winch to managed They . scrambled was Airport Sumburgh from helicopter Sikorsky Airways British a in crew volunteer a , Lerwick , Officer Station Coastguard , Webster Alec of request the At . conditions sea the of because crew the rescue to enough near get to unable was but scene the to came Lifeboat The . Skerries Ve the on foundered , Flett Alec skipper , Viking Elinor trawler Aberdeen the when 1977 December 9 on occurred shipwreck recent most 's Stour Papa "," Papa Stour 's most recent shipwreck occurred on 9 December 1977 when the Aberdeen trawler Elinor Viking , skipper Alec Flett , foundered on the Ve Skerries . The Lifeboat came to the scene but was unable to get near enough to rescue the crew because of the sea conditions . At the request of Alec Webster , Coastguard Station Officer , Lerwick , a volunteer crew in a British Airways Sikorsky helicopter from Sumburgh Airport was scrambled . They managed to winch all the boat 's crew to safety within hours of the grounding , despite the storm force winds . The helicopter crew later received a number of awards for bravery . There was no loss of life , but this incident prompted the building of a lighthouse on the skerries in 1979 , and may also have been the example required for the formation of the present Search and Rescue helicopter unit , based at Sumburgh Airport . " " . care considerable require west north the to and Papa of Sound the both in tides strong the but , shelter good provide voes main four the yachts visiting the on road short one only is there , cars carries the although and , minutes 45 takes crossing The . Mainland Shetland the on West to Papa of Sound the across sail now Ferries . issues alcohol and drug with men to accommodation offering service housing supported Christian a is Project Stour Papa The . century twentieth the of close the at island the to came only electricity Mains . shop no but , pier the at office post a is There . scale small relatively a on but conducted still is Fishing . ' scrubs ' as known being plots such , walls circular of shelter the in often , too grown are Vegetable . geese and ducks , chickens , goats , pigs , cattle including , kept are livestock diversity a but economy agricultural the of backbone the form Sheep . life island of mainstay the is Crofting "," Crofting is the mainstay of island life . Sheep form the backbone of the agricultural economy but a diversity livestock are kept , including cattle , pigs , goats , chickens , ducks and geese . Vegetable are grown too , often in the shelter of circular walls , such plots being known as ' scrubs ' . Fishing is still conducted but on a relatively small scale . There is a post office at the pier , but no shop . Mains electricity only came to the island at the close of the twentieth century . The Papa Stour Project is a Christian supported housing service offering accommodation to men with drug and alcohol issues . Ferries now sail across the Sound of Papa to West on the Shetland Mainland . The crossing takes 45 minutes , and although the carries cars , there is only one short road on the visiting yachts the four main voes provide good shelter , but the strong tides in both the Sound of Papa and to the north west require considerable care . " " . Tingwall from flights regular for caters which airstrip an is There "," There is an airstrip which caters for regular flights from Tingwall . " " . Scott Walter Sir by Pirate The in appears dance the of description A . England of east north the of dance sword long the to similarities bears and origin Norse of be may dance sword Stour Papa The "," The Papa Stour sword dance may be of Norse origin and bears similarities to the long sword dance of the north east of England . A description of the dance appears in The Pirate by Sir Walter Scott . " " . Stour Papa on up brought was Peterson S. P. George , musician and folklorist , writer The . century nineteenth late the during while a for Foula and Stour Papa on lived Sands John journalist and writer The "," The writer and journalist John Sands lived on Papa Stour and Foula for a while during the late nineteenth century . The writer , folklorist and musician , George P. S. Peterson was brought up on Papa Stour . " " . striking particularly is , ' ! Doon Foula ' , chant chorus insistent The . Manson by music to set as , tradition folksong the of part as adopted now , men Papa da o Sang Da poem 's of ' Papa ' the also is It "," It is also the ' Papa ' of 's poem Da Sang o da Papa men , now adopted as part of the folksong tradition , as set to music by Manson . The insistent chorus chant , ' Foula Doon ! ' , is particularly striking . " " , Papa o Horn da "" "," "" da Horn o Papa , " " ! Foula "," Foula ! " " , water o piece hidden a "," a hidden piece o water , " " ! Foula "," Foula ! " " , lumps @-@ tide da boat da "," da boat da tide @-@ lumps , " " ; is da "," da is ; " " , is fish We "," We fish is , " " "" ! Foula "," Foula ! "" " " . feature geographical noted a but , life of way lost a to just not tribute a is it that so , composition 's poem this of time the around storm a in collapsed Papa o Horn Da that knowledge the by added is meaning of layer extra An . situation a of impression sensual vivid a create to ability 's of example an is This . water the across ' o scent ' the by Papa to home back led being fishermen the of is piece the of image final resonant The . tide against wind of action combined the to due size unusual of swells increased are ' lumps @-@ tide ' The . Stour Papa of west ) mi 60 ( kilometres 96 some being boat the entailed This . visible longer no were Foula of cliffs high the until sea to out boat fishing open their rowing of practice ' the to refers "" ! Foula "" "," "" Foula ! "" refers to the ' practice of rowing their open fishing boat out to sea until the high cliffs of Foula were no longer visible . This entailed the boat being some 96 kilometres ( 60 mi ) west of Papa Stour . The ' tide @-@ lumps ' are increased swells of unusual size due to the combined action of wind against tide . The resonant final image of the piece is of the fishermen being led back home to Papa by the ' scent o ' across the water . This is an example of 's ability to create a vivid sensual impression of a situation . An extra layer of meaning is added by the knowledge that Da Horn o Papa collapsed in a storm around the time of this poem 's composition , so that it is a tribute not just to a lost way of life , but a noted geographical feature . " " . career their throughout racism and sympathizing Nazi of accusations facing band the to led "" Death of Angel "" . II War World during camp concentration Auschwitz the at experiments human conducted who , Mengele Josef physician Nazi on based are and Hanneman Jeff , guitarist Slayer by written were music and lyrics The . Blood in Reign album 1986 's Slayer band metal thrash American the on track opening the is "" Death of Angel "" "," "" Angel of Death "" is the opening track on the American thrash metal band Slayer 's 1986 album Reign in Blood . The lyrics and music were written by Slayer guitarist , Jeff Hanneman and are based on Nazi physician Josef Mengele , who conducted human experiments at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II . "" Angel of Death "" led to the band facing accusations of Nazi sympathizing and racism throughout their career . " " . "" classic "" a as it described AllMusic of Huey Steve ; critics by received well was song The . movies several in appeared has and DVDs and albums live 's Slayer of all on featured is "" Death of Angel "" , Blood in Reign of release the in delay the to contribution its and song the surrounding controversy the Despite "," Despite the controversy surrounding the song and its contribution to the delay in the release of Reign in Blood , "" Angel of Death "" is featured on all of Slayer 's live albums and DVDs and has appeared in several movies . The song was well received by critics ; Steve Huey of AllMusic described it as a "" classic "" . " " "" . from came ' Death of Angel ' to lyrics the where 's that — head my in still was stuff that , record the do to time came it when So ' . shit sick some be gotta has This ' , thought I . Mengele on books two bought I where someplace stopping remember I "" : band the with tour on while Mengele Josef physician Nazi about books reading after "" Death of Angel "" wrote Hanneman Jeff guitarist Slayer "," Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote "" Angel of Death "" after reading books about Nazi physician Josef Mengele while on tour with the band : "" I remember stopping someplace where I bought two books on Mengele . I thought , ' This has gotta be some sick shit . ' So when it came time to do the record , that stuff was still in my head — that 's where the lyrics to ' Angel of Death ' came from . "" " " . and , limbs and organs of removal the , operations change sex , germs lethal with injections , gassing , endurance isolation , twins between blood of transfusion , anesthesia without performed surgeries experimental are "" Death of Angel "" in mentioned are that performed he tests the Among . examinations psychological and physical both included and , twins and dwarfs as groups such on conducted were explorations 's Mengele . II War World during camp concentration Auschwitz the at patients on experiments surgical 's Mengele detail lyrics The "," The lyrics detail Mengele 's surgical experiments on patients at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II . Mengele 's explorations were conducted on such groups as dwarfs and twins , and included both physical and psychological examinations . Among the tests he performed that are mentioned in "" Angel of Death "" are experimental surgeries performed without anesthesia , transfusion of blood between twins , isolation endurance , gassing , injections with lethal germs , sex change operations , the removal of organs and limbs , and . " " . Mengele on expert an , Posner Gerald including authors several by cited been has which , Mengele for Search The documentary 1985 the in featured was Alexander Vera when known widely more became allegation This "" . twins Siamese into them "" turned and "" together veins the sewed "" Mengele that asserted was it where , "" Holocaust the of architect "" the Eichmann Adolf @-@ SS of trial 1961 the at Alexander Vera survivor Auschwitz by made first was claim This "" . too back to back wrists their , back to back , child other the to sewn was hunchback the "" ; deformed them of one , twins together stitched Mengele allegation the to reference a is , verse penultimate the from line a , "" apart yourselves rip you til ' time of matter a Just . heads joining , together "" "," "" together , joining heads . Just a matter of time ' til you rip yourselves apart "" , a line from the penultimate verse , is a reference to the allegation Mengele stitched together twins , one of them deformed ; "" the hunchback was sewn to the other child , back to back , their wrists back to back too . "" This claim was first made by Auschwitz survivor Vera Alexander at the 1961 trial of SS @-@ Adolf Eichmann the "" architect of the Holocaust "" , where it was asserted that Mengele "" sewed the veins together "" and turned "" them into Siamese twins . "" This allegation became more widely known when Vera Alexander was featured in the 1985 documentary The Search for Mengele , which has been cited by several authors including Gerald Posner , an expert on Mengele . " " . villain the was Mengele Dr. which in Brazil from Boys The film the from taken was which , "" creating 's he mutants the of screams the off Feeding "" line a is there , song the of end the Towards "," Towards the end of the song , there is a line "" Feeding off the screams of the mutants he 's creating "" , which was taken from the film The Boys from Brazil in which Dr. Mengele was the villain . " " . schedule release official Records Geffen on appear not did Blood in Reign , controversy the to due , However . 1986 , 7 October on Records Geffen by distributed eventually was Blood in Reign . "" graphic too "" artwork the deeming , concerns artwork and themes lyrical to due album the release to refused , Records Columbia , distributor whose Records Jam Def to signed were band The . Blood in Reign album 1986 's Slayer of release the of delay the to contributed "" Death of Angel "" of content lyrical The "," The lyrical content of "" Angel of Death "" contributed to the delay of the release of Slayer 's 1986 album Reign in Blood . The band were signed to Def Jam Records whose distributor , Columbia Records , refused to release the album due to lyrical themes and artwork concerns , deeming the artwork "" too graphic "" . Reign in Blood was eventually distributed by Geffen Records on October 7 , 1986 . However , due to the controversy , Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records official release schedule . " " : asserting counteracted Hanneman . Cross 's Knight German a being item prized most his – sympathizing of evidence as medals Nazi of collection his and history Nazi in interest 's Hanneman took People . career their throughout Slayer followed have which sympathizing Nazi of accusations to led controversy The . public general the and families their as well as , Holocaust the of survivors among outrage caused "" Death of Angel "" "," "" Angel of Death "" caused outrage among survivors of the Holocaust , as well as their families and the general public . The controversy led to accusations of Nazi sympathizing which have followed Slayer throughout their career . People took Hanneman 's interest in Nazi history and his collection of Nazi medals as evidence of sympathizing – his most prized item being a German Knight 's Cross . Hanneman counteracted asserting : " " "" . that you tell to have 't shouldn I ? obvious that 't isn , well – me to because , man bad a was he necessarily says that lyrics the in put I nothing 's there , lyrics the read they When . it to reaction jerk – knee this get they because 's it – it misinterpret people why know I "" "," "" I know why people misinterpret it – it 's because they get this knee – jerk reaction to it . When they read the lyrics , there 's nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man , because to me – well , isn 't that obvious ? I shouldn 't have to tell you that . "" " " "" . it of out them talk never 'll you and — Europe in especially — heads their in thought this get People ' ? II War World fucking preaching 's Slayer think you do or , documentary a as it see you Can . it about offensive 's what me tell and lyrics the Read ' , like always was I . Germany in it for flak most the got we course of And . shit fun that all — ' communists , fascists , Nazis are Slayer ' , Yeah "" : King Kerry guitarist to According "," According to guitarist Kerry King : "" Yeah , ' Slayer are Nazis , fascists , communists ' — all that fun shit . And of course we got the most flak for it in Germany . I was always like , ' Read the lyrics and tell me what 's offensive about it . Can you see it as a documentary , or do you think Slayer 's preaching fucking World War II ? ' People get this thought in their heads — especially in Europe — and you 'll never talk them out of it . "" " " . subject the in interested merely are and racism condone not do they that times numerous stated have and , interviews in accusations the about asked often are members band The . denied has band the which , racism of accusations drew song The "," The song drew accusations of racism , which the band has denied . The band members are often asked about the accusations in interviews , and have stated numerous times that they do not condone racism and are merely interested in the subject . " " . "" Slayer being Slayer just "" is song the that view ' peoples to due , believes he , part in , materialise not did it although , "" Death of Angel "" of that to backlash similar a create to matter subject the expecting was Araya Vocalist . perspective 's terrorist a from story the tells and , attacks , 2001 , 11 September the with deals "" Jihad "" . "" Death of Angel "" to comparison drew Illusion Christ album 2006 's Slayer from "" Jihad "" song the , 2006 In "," In 2006 , the song "" Jihad "" from Slayer 's 2006 album Christ Illusion drew comparison to "" Angel of Death "" . "" Jihad "" deals with the September 11 , 2001 , attacks , and tells the story from a terrorist 's perspective . Vocalist Araya was expecting the subject matter to create a similar backlash to that of "" Angel of Death "" , although it did not materialise , in part , he believes , due to peoples ' view that the song is "" just Slayer being Slayer "" . " " . minute per beats 210 of beats performing Lombardo with , scream piercing his out bursts Araya and , Begrand Adrien reviewer PopMatters to according album the on melody of hints few the offer which , ' riffs intricate ' their deliver King and Hanneman . them eschew album the on tracks most where , choruses and verses prominent featuring , album the on structures song conventional most the of one has it , Additionally . minutes 29 is album the of duration total the where , seconds 51 and minutes 4 spanning , Blood in Reign album the on track longest the is "" Death of Angel "" "," "" Angel of Death "" is the longest track on the album Reign in Blood , spanning 4 minutes and 51 seconds , where the total duration of the album is 29 minutes . Additionally , it has one of the most conventional song structures on the album , featuring prominent verses and choruses , where most tracks on the album eschew them . Hanneman and King deliver their ' intricate riffs ' , which offer the few hints of melody on the album according to PopMatters reviewer Adrien Begrand , and Araya bursts out his piercing scream , with Lombardo performing beats of 210 beats per minute . " " . afterwards song the "" perfecting "" , eight were there him told members band The . sequence bass the before goes riff guitar the revolutions many how tell not could Bostaph . Lombardo with recorded records live from learn to had he as , understand not could Bostaph which , section lead a is there "" part bass double big "" the Before . "" Death of Angel "" on , with him trialled band the songs nine the of out mistake one made Bostaph . Bostaph Paul drummer Forbidden in replacement time @-@ full a hired band the , 1992 in Slayer left Lombardo drummer When "," When drummer Lombardo left Slayer in 1992 , the band hired a full @-@ time replacement in Forbidden drummer Paul Bostaph . Bostaph made one mistake out of the nine songs the band trialled him with , on "" Angel of Death "" . Before the "" big double bass part "" there is a lead section , which Bostaph could not understand , as he had to learn from live records recorded with Lombardo . Bostaph could not tell how many revolutions the guitar riff goes before the bass sequence . The band members told him there were eight , "" perfecting "" the song afterwards . " " "" . filthy and lean , fast : record the of rest the for groundwork the laying musically while , come to horrors the outlining Lyrically . today heavy or / and fast playing band any of asses the smokes "" song the that noted Magazine Stylus of Clay . Blood in Reign for reviews in critics from praise strong received it , charts any enter not did "" Death of Angel "" Although "," Although "" Angel of Death "" did not enter any charts , it received strong praise from critics in reviews for Reign in Blood . Clay of Stylus Magazine noted that the song "" smokes the asses of any band playing fast and / or heavy today . Lyrically outlining the horrors to come , while musically laying the groundwork for the rest of the record : fast , lean and filthy . "" " " "" . Mengele Josef criminal war Nazi of tale his snarls and screams Araya Tom vocalist / bassist and , recorded ever drumming powerful most the of some performs Lombardo Dave drummer , riffs intricate their deliver Hanneman Jeff and King Kerry guitarists where , history metal in songs monumental most the of one , ' Death of Angel ' masterful the than off things kick to song better no 's There "" that remarked PopMatters of Begrand Adrien "," Adrien Begrand of PopMatters remarked that "" There 's no better song to kick things off than the masterful ' Angel of Death ' , one of the most monumental songs in metal history , where guitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman deliver their intricate riffs , drummer Dave Lombardo performs some of the most powerful drumming ever recorded , and bassist / vocalist Tom Araya screams and snarls his tale of Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele . "" " " . organization Schutzstaffel the in command in second the , Heydrich Reinhard about song a "" 3 @-@ SS "" wrote and , guitar his on stickers SS placed Hanneman . period Abyss the in Seasons the during , swastika atop eagle the to similar one to logo a adapting by imagery Nazi utilized band the , controversy the by generated publicity the on Capitalizing "," Capitalizing on the publicity generated by the controversy , the band utilized Nazi imagery by adapting a logo to one similar to the eagle atop swastika , during the Seasons in the Abyss period . Hanneman placed SS stickers on his guitar , and wrote "" SS @-@ 3 "" a song about Reinhard Heydrich , the second in command in the Schutzstaffel organization . " " . her shoot to escort female a asks Nora when Leftovers The of episode an on and , battlefield contemporary the on music of role the details which , War to Soundtrack documentary War Iraq 2005 the , stunt car a during Movie The : Jackass , spider a into turning is Mohawk gremlin the when scene a in Batch New The : 2 Gremlins including shows TV and movies several in appeared has "" Death of Angel "" "," "" Angel of Death "" has appeared in several movies and TV shows including Gremlins 2 : The New Batch in a scene when the gremlin Mohawk is turning into a spider , Jackass : The Movie during a car stunt , the 2005 Iraq War documentary Soundtrack to War , which details the role of music on the contemporary battlefield , and on an episode of The Leftovers when Nora asks a female escort to shoot her . " " "" . you for sorry feel I ? is Slayer who know 't Don . recorded ever songs metal heavy greatest the of one "" is song the asserts game the for soundtrack the selected who , Nelson Nolan . 8 Project 's Hawk Tony game video platform @-@ multi the in featured and , "" Godlike "" single 1990 their on KMFDM by sampled and , "" Snub Eight @-@ Thirty "" episode Bad Breaking the in appeared which , "" Hell Raise "" song their in M.O.P. by sampled , "" ! ? Zero Channel Watch She "" song 1988 their in Enemy Public by sampled was riff time @-@ half The "," The half @-@ time riff was sampled by Public Enemy in their 1988 song "" She Watch Channel Zero ? ! "" , sampled by M.O.P. in their song "" Raise Hell "" , which appeared in the Breaking Bad episode "" Thirty @-@ Eight Snub "" , and sampled by KMFDM on their 1990 single "" Godlike "" , and featured in the multi @-@ platform video game Tony Hawk 's Project 8 . Nolan Nelson , who selected the soundtrack for the game asserts the song is "" one of the greatest heavy metal songs ever recorded . Don 't know who Slayer is ? I feel sorry for you . "" " " . editions iTunes and vinyl the on included track bonus a as Me Chose Hell album third their on appears and Carnifex band deathcore by covered again once was song The . "" Death of Angel "" covered , bands metal Argentina by covered tracks sixteen featured , Records Metal Hurling by compiled album tribute Slayer a , ) Slayer a Argentino Tributo ( Abismo del Sur Al . song this covered also has , Saint Morbid from members with band metal thrash a , Discharge Sgt. . Cello the Reinventing of Decade A / / Amplified album 2006 's Apocalyptica band metal cello on featured was track the and , song the covered Monstrosity and bands metal death The . them of one being "" Death of Angel "" , tracks Slayer eight with album an released Mask Skin Dead called band tribute Slayer A "," A Slayer tribute band called Dead Skin Mask released an album with eight Slayer tracks , "" Angel of Death "" being one of them . The death metal bands and Monstrosity covered the song , and the track was featured on cello metal band Apocalyptica 's 2006 album Amplified / / A Decade of Reinventing the Cello . Sgt. Discharge , a thrash metal band with members from Morbid Saint , has also covered this song . Al Sur del Abismo ( Tributo Argentino a Slayer ) , a Slayer tribute album compiled by Hurling Metal Records , featured sixteen tracks covered by Argentina metal bands , covered "" Angel of Death "" . The song was once again covered by deathcore band Carnifex and appears on their third album Hell Chose Me as a bonus track included on the vinyl and iTunes editions . " " . "" Death of Angel "" features , times multiple headlined have Slayer which of , up @-@ line Ozzfest the in featured been have that bands of album compilation A "," A compilation album of bands that have been featured in the Ozzfest line @-@ up , of which Slayer have headlined multiple times , features "" Angel of Death "" . " " . 2014 Rocksmith game the in content downloadable playable as release a saw song The "," The song saw a release as playable downloadable content in the game Rocksmith 2014 . " " . Cup Grey 103rd the of champion a is He . "" well runs and well blocks , well extremely ball the catches who back running purpose @-@ multi "" a is he that 2010 in noting Schultz Chris sportscaster TSN with , position his at roles many fill to able being for known is McCarty . Eskimos the for fullback starting the became he when , 2014 until tailback a as played He . ) CFL ( League Football Canadian the of Eskimos Edmonton the for back running football Canadian a is ) 1984 , 2 November born ( McCarty Calvin "," Calvin McCarty ( born November 2 , 1984 ) is a Canadian football running back for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He played as a tailback until 2014 , when he became the starting fullback for the Eskimos . McCarty is known for being able to fill many roles at his position , with TSN sportscaster Chris Schultz noting in 2010 that he is a "" multi @-@ purpose running back who catches the ball extremely well , blocks well and runs well "" . He is a champion of the 103rd Grey Cup . " " . season 2015 the of as team the on player veteran most the him making , Eskimos Edmonton the with career professional entire his spent has McCarty . receiver and rusher a as heavily used being , threat dual a into developed McCarty , Vikings the With . Vikings Washington Western the for football college played later He . records school multiple broke he where , Knights More Thomas St. the for football school high played McCarty , Draft CFL 2007 the of round fourth the in Eskimos Edmonton the by drafted being to Prior "," Prior to being drafted by the Edmonton Eskimos in the fourth round of the 2007 CFL Draft , McCarty played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights , where he broke multiple school records . He later played college football for the Western Washington Vikings . With the Vikings , McCarty developed into a dual threat , being used heavily as a rusher and receiver . McCarty has spent his entire professional career with the Edmonton Eskimos , making him the most veteran player on the team as of the 2015 season . " " . touchdowns three another scored McCarty where , game championship B.C. 8 Grade the in 0 – 48 Irish Fighting College Vancouver the defeat to on went Knights The . Sun Vancouver The by "" Week the of Star "" named was he , performance that For . Royals Handsworth the against 24 November on finals @-@ semi provincial 8 Grade the in tackles defensive 10 adding while touchdowns four and yards 185 for rushing including , team the on player key a became quickly He . team 8 Grade the on linebacker middle and back running a both as playing , 1998 in beginning Columbia British , Burnaby in Knights More Thomas St. the for football school high played McCarty "," McCarty played high school football for the St. Thomas More Knights in Burnaby , British Columbia beginning in 1998 , playing as both a running back and middle linebacker on the Grade 8 team . He quickly became a key player on the team , including rushing for 185 yards and four touchdowns while adding 10 defensive tackles in the Grade 8 provincial semi @-@ finals on November 24 against the Handsworth Royals . For that performance , he was named "" Star of the Week "" by The Vancouver Sun . The Knights went on to defeat the Vancouver College Fighting Irish 48 – 0 in the Grade 8 B.C. championship game , where McCarty scored another three touchdowns . " " . touchdowns 15 and yards rushing 000 @,@ 1 over with 1999 finished McCarty that estimated is it , statistics player recording not of policy a has , coach ' Knights the , Steele K.C. While . 6 – 29 Wolves @-@ T the beat they as title senior first their win Knights the helping , game championship B.C. AAA the in touchdown a scored McCarty . year that rushers leading two ' Knights the of one was he , team senior the on player 9 Grade rare a being Despite . defensively secondary the to switching while back running a as role his in continued He . entirely team junior the skipping , More Thomas St. at team senior the joined McCarty , year following The "," The following year , McCarty joined the senior team at St. Thomas More , skipping the junior team entirely . He continued in his role as a running back while switching to the secondary defensively . Despite being a rare Grade 9 player on the senior team , he was one of the Knights ' two leading rushers that year . McCarty scored a touchdown in the AAA B.C. championship game , helping the Knights win their first senior title as they beat the T @-@ Wolves 29 – 6 . While K.C. Steele , the Knights ' coach , has a policy of not recording player statistics , it is estimated that McCarty finished 1999 with over 1 @,@ 000 rushing yards and 15 touchdowns . " " . award this earn to player youngest the becoming , MVP 's game the named was McCarty , title AAA second their Knights the earning in role his For . game championship AAA the in Hawks J. W. the over victory 12 – 46 ' Knights the in carries 23 only with touchdowns consecutive four and yards 238 recorded He . "" school our at had ever 've we that talent and age his for player best the "" McCarty called Lou back defensive CFL former and coordinator defensive and , record 0 – 6 perfect a compiled had Knights the , October of end the By . touchdowns for returns punt two adding , Bowl Burnaby annual the in Wildcats Central Burnaby the against touchdowns three and yards 150 for rushed He . game return and rushing ' Knights the in role significant a played McCarty , 2000 In "," In 2000 , McCarty played a significant role in the Knights ' rushing and return game . He rushed for 150 yards and three touchdowns against the Burnaby Central Wildcats in the annual Burnaby Bowl , adding two punt returns for touchdowns . By the end of October , the Knights had compiled a perfect 6 – 0 record , and defensive coordinator and former CFL defensive back Lou called McCarty "" the best player for his age and talent that we 've ever had at our school "" . He recorded 238 yards and four consecutive touchdowns with only 23 carries in the Knights ' 46 – 12 victory over the W. J. Hawks in the AAA championship game . For his role in earning the Knights their second AAA title , McCarty was named the game 's MVP , becoming the youngest player to earn this award . " " . game the of play last the on endzone the from away yard one stopped was McCarty after Centaurs Centennial the against playoffs the of finals @-@ quarter the in 26 – 32 lost Knights the , season regular entire the during points 19 only up giving Despite . carries three only on touchdowns two and yards 110 with game that finished also McCarty . Crusaders Cross Holy the against match a in yards 66 for catches five making including , receiver capable a be to himself showed also He . touchdowns three and yards 200 for running , Devils Sun Delta South the against blowout 7 – 67 a in performance notable another had McCarty . fullback a as one and halfback a as touchdowns three including , Bowl Burnaby 's year that in yards 160 for rushed He . fullback a as snaps some playing by role his expanding , 2001 in Knights the for field the on presence a remained McCarty "," McCarty remained a presence on the field for the Knights in 2001 , expanding his role by playing some snaps as a fullback . He rushed for 160 yards in that year 's Burnaby Bowl , including three touchdowns as a halfback and one as a fullback . McCarty had another notable performance in a 67 – 7 blowout against the South Delta Sun Devils , running for 200 yards and three touchdowns . He also showed himself to be a capable receiver , including making five catches for 66 yards in a match against the Holy Cross Crusaders . McCarty also finished that game with 110 yards and two touchdowns on only three carries . Despite giving up only 19 points during the entire regular season , the Knights lost 32 – 26 in the quarter @-@ finals of the playoffs against the Centennial Centaurs after McCarty was stopped one yard away from the endzone on the last play of the game . " " . record school a breaking , touchdowns 84 with More Thomas St. at career AAA year @-@ four his finished and performance his for Year the of Player Provincial 2002 the named was He . playoffs AAA the of finals @-@ quarter the in Hawks J. W. the against loss 20 – 21 a in touchdowns three and yards 380 for ran He . game per touchdowns three over and yards 7 @.@ 266 averaging , games nine just in touchdowns 33 scored and yards 400 @,@ 2 recorded McCarty , senior a As "," As a senior , McCarty recorded 2 @,@ 400 yards and scored 33 touchdowns in just nine games , averaging 266 @.@ 7 yards and over three touchdowns per game . He ran for 380 yards and three touchdowns in a 21 – 20 loss against the W. J. Hawks in the quarter @-@ finals of the AAA playoffs . He was named the 2002 Provincial Player of the Year for his performance and finished his four @-@ year AAA career at St. Thomas More with 84 touchdowns , breaking a school record . " " . sport former the of physicality the to due baseball professional over football chose McCarty , player baseball a as skilled being Despite . competition international the in place third to team the helping , fielder center and shortstop a as Canada Team for played McCarty , Series World League Big 2001 the At . Knights the with basketball in lettered He . well as school high during baseball and basketball played McCarty "," McCarty played basketball and baseball during high school as well . He lettered in basketball with the Knights . At the 2001 Big League World Series , McCarty played for Team Canada as a shortstop and center fielder , helping the team to third place in the international competition . Despite being skilled as a baseball player , McCarty chose football over professional baseball due to the physicality of the former sport . " " . 2004 in season 1 – 11 an with finished Bulldogs The . Bulldogs State Fresno the against game 24 October the in carry yard @-@ 7 a on came touchdown only His . carries 10 only on yards 104 for rushing , given was he opportunities the on capitalized but , year following the role limited a played McCarty . play not did and status redshirt given was he , 2003 In . Broncos the for played and University State Boise to committed originally McCarty "," McCarty originally committed to Boise State University and played for the Broncos . In 2003 , he was given redshirt status and did not play . McCarty played a limited role the following year , but capitalized on the opportunities he was given , rushing for 104 yards on only 10 carries . His only touchdown came on a 7 @-@ yard carry in the October 24 game against the Fresno State Bulldogs . The Bulldogs finished with an 11 – 1 season in 2004 . " " . at baseball played also McCarty . title championship Conference Valley Central the to way their along record 1 – 10 a earned Tigers the as , touchdowns 14 and , yards receiving 500 , yards rushing 620 with season the ended He . 2005 in Tigers the for played and College to transferred McCarty "," McCarty transferred to College and played for the Tigers in 2005 . He ended the season with 620 rushing yards , 500 receiving yards , and 14 touchdowns , as the Tigers earned a 10 – 1 record along their way to the Central Valley Conference championship title . McCarty also played baseball at . " " . Conference Central North the of star @-@ all team @-@ second a named also was McCarty . yards 278 for receptions 30 as well as , carries 130 on touchdowns five and yards rushing 492 with season the finished He . yards receiving and rushing in Vikings the led he , injury his of time the At . Dakota South the against game a in foot his broke McCarty , Vikings the for games seven first the starting After . games two first the through yards 126 for receptions eight making , season the in early game passing the in role large a played also He . Lumberjacks State Humboldt the against carries 30 on touchdowns three and yards 139 for rushed he , opener season the In . gameplan ' Vikings the in factor significant a immediately was McCarty . Vikings the for football played and University Washington Western to transferred McCarty , at season single his After "," After his single season at , McCarty transferred to Western Washington University and played football for the Vikings . McCarty was immediately a significant factor in the Vikings ' gameplan . In the season opener , he rushed for 139 yards and three touchdowns on 30 carries against the Humboldt State Lumberjacks . He also played a large role in the passing game early in the season , making eight receptions for 126 yards through the first two games . After starting the first seven games for the Vikings , McCarty broke his foot in a game against the South Dakota . At the time of his injury , he led the Vikings in rushing and receiving yards . He finished the season with 492 rushing yards and five touchdowns on 130 carries , as well as 30 receptions for 278 yards . McCarty was also named a second @-@ team all @-@ star of the North Central Conference . " " . season 2011 the following again and , contract year @-@ multiple a to 2008 , 19 December on signed @-@ re was He . pick overall 27th the with Eskimos Edmonton the by draft the of round fourth the in selected was He . Draft CFL 2007 the for eligible himself declared McCarty , Washington Western at season only his Following "," Following his only season at Western Washington , McCarty declared himself eligible for the 2007 CFL Draft . He was selected in the fourth round of the draft by the Edmonton Eskimos with the 27th overall pick . He was re @-@ signed on December 19 , 2008 to a multiple @-@ year contract , and again following the 2011 season . " " . yards 10 for reception one caught and yard one for carries two given was he where , Stampeders Calgary the against game 10 Week a in reception and carry first his received He . Bombers Blue Winnipeg the against opener season the in 28 June on debut CFL his made McCarty . tackles teams @-@ special five as well as touchdown a and yards 99 for receptions seven with finishing , teams special the on and game passing the in used was He . season rookie his games season regular 18 all in played and roster active the made McCarty "," McCarty made the active roster and played in all 18 regular season games his rookie season . He was used in the passing game and on the special teams , finishing with seven receptions for 99 yards and a touchdown as well as five special @-@ teams tackles . McCarty made his CFL debut on June 28 in the season opener against the Winnipeg Blue Bombers . He received his first carry and reception in a Week 10 game against the Calgary Stampeders , where he was given two carries for one yard and caught one reception for 10 yards . " " . "" with associated been ever 'd he pick round @-@ fourth best the "" as McCarty to referred Danny coach head , season the During . tackles teams @-@ special 11 with season the ending , teams special the on role his continued also He . backs running among amount highest @-@ second the , catches 70 had He . carries 88 on touchdowns four and yards 490 with finishing , year second his in times three started and games 18 all in played He . award Week the of Player Canadian another him earning , yards 80 for catches eight with along touchdown a with carries 19 on yards 88 for rushed McCarty , 4 October on career his of start first his Receiving . touchdown a and carries 9 only on yards 72 with time first the for Week the of Player Canadian named was McCarty , Alouettes Montreal the against 13 September on Harris injured the for again in Filling . backup a as carries 12 on yards 73 for rushed McCarty and , injured was Harris J. A. back running starting , Stampeders the against match a in 1 September On . receiver a as especially , Eskimos the with season second his in role larger a played McCarty "," McCarty played a larger role in his second season with the Eskimos , especially as a receiver . On September 1 in a match against the Stampeders , starting running back A. J. Harris was injured , and McCarty rushed for 73 yards on 12 carries as a backup . Filling in again for the injured Harris on September 13 against the Montreal Alouettes , McCarty was named Canadian Player of the Week for the first time with 72 yards on only 9 carries and a touchdown . Receiving his first start of his career on October 4 , McCarty rushed for 88 yards on 19 carries with a touchdown along with eight catches for 80 yards , earning him another Canadian Player of the Week award . He played in all 18 games and started three times in his second year , finishing with 490 yards and four touchdowns on 88 carries . He had 70 catches , the second @-@ highest amount among running backs . He also continued his role on the special teams , ending the season with 11 special @-@ teams tackles . During the season , head coach Danny referred to McCarty as "" the best fourth @-@ round pick he 'd ever been associated with "" . " " . yards 124 only for passes 20 catching , receiver a as role smaller significantly a saw He . tackles teams @-@ special seven as well as , attempts 67 on touchdowns five and yards rushing 348 with 2009 finished McCarty , injuries by sidetracked season his having Despite . blowout 13 – 45 a in Lions BC the defeat Eskimos the helping , carries 10 of off touchdown a and yards 81 for ran McCarty , 19 Week In . October late until issues hamstring recurring with again sidelined being before September @-@ mid in returned briefly He . games several missed and Stampeders the against game a in hamstring his injured McCarty , August In . game rushing the in role large a play to continuing after July in Month the of Player Canadian the named also was He . time third the for Week the of Player Canadian the named being , 4 Week in touchdowns two for rushed He . 2009 in Whitlock with time split McCarty "," McCarty split time with Whitlock in 2009 . He rushed for two touchdowns in Week 4 , being named the Canadian Player of the Week for the third time . He was also named the Canadian Player of the Month in July after continuing to play a large role in the rushing game . In August , McCarty injured his hamstring in a game against the Stampeders and missed several games . He briefly returned in mid @-@ September before being sidelined again with recurring hamstring issues until late October . In Week 19 , McCarty ran for 81 yards and a touchdown off of 10 carries , helping the Eskimos defeat the BC Lions in a 45 – 13 blowout . Despite having his season sidetracked by injuries , McCarty finished 2009 with 348 rushing yards and five touchdowns on 67 attempts , as well as seven special @-@ teams tackles . He saw a significantly smaller role as a receiver , catching 20 passes for only 124 yards . " " . Canadian Outstanding Most for him nominated Eskimos the and , played he games 15 the of six in started He . tackles eight made he where teams special the on play to continued He . touchdowns total five as well as catches 36 on yards receiving 278 and carries 62 on yards rushing 287 with season his ending , air the in and ground the on equally about utilized was McCarty . breakaway yard @-@ 46 a including , touchdowns quarter @-@ fourth two and carries 10 on yards 84 for rushed McCarty , Argonauts Toronto the against game 26 September a In . injury hand a to due season the in later games two missed He . 6 Week in punt fake a following down first a for reception a made He . season previous the to compared game passing the in frequently more utilized was and 2010 in role purpose @-@ multi a in remained McCarty "," McCarty remained in a multi @-@ purpose role in 2010 and was utilized more frequently in the passing game compared to the previous season . He made a reception for a first down following a fake punt in Week 6 . He missed two games later in the season due to a hand injury . In a September 26 game against the Toronto Argonauts , McCarty rushed for 84 yards on 10 carries and two fourth @-@ quarter touchdowns , including a 46 @-@ yard breakaway . McCarty was utilized about equally on the ground and in the air , ending his season with 287 rushing yards on 62 carries and 278 receiving yards on 36 catches as well as five total touchdowns . He continued to play on the special teams where he made eight tackles . He started in six of the 15 games he played , and the Eskimos nominated him for Most Outstanding Canadian . " " . yards four of total a for passes two caught and , teams special on tackle one made , yards six for carry one only given was he where , Lions BC the against Finals West the in role limited more a played McCarty . tackles teams @-@ special two and receptions three making to addition in , touchdown line @-@ goal a for rushed he , Stampeders the against Finals @-@ Semi West the In . games playoff ' Eskimos the of both in played McCarty . touchdown a and yards 150 for passes 22 caught also He . touchdowns no with carries 52 on yards 209 with finished and , starts eight made , games 18 in played He . teams special on and receiver a as active being also while , ground the on situations yardage @-@ short in mostly used was McCarty . time playing significant receiving all Jerome and , Porter Daniel , McCarty with , backs running of committee a utilized Eskimos the , 2011 In "," In 2011 , the Eskimos utilized a committee of running backs , with McCarty , Daniel Porter , and Jerome all receiving significant playing time . McCarty was used mostly in short @-@ yardage situations on the ground , while also being active as a receiver and on special teams . He played in 18 games , made eight starts , and finished with 209 yards on 52 carries with no touchdowns . He also caught 22 passes for 150 yards and a touchdown . McCarty played in both of the Eskimos ' playoff games . In the West Semi @-@ Finals against the Stampeders , he rushed for a goal @-@ line touchdown , in addition to making three receptions and two special @-@ teams tackles . McCarty played a more limited role in the West Finals against the BC Lions , where he was given only one carry for six yards , made one tackle on special teams , and caught two passes for a total of four yards . " " . tackles teams @-@ special four added He . touchdown rushing lone a with receptions five made and times 12 only rushed McCarty , none in starting but games 12 other the in Playing . Rematch Day Labour the during suffered sprain ankle high a to due games six missed McCarty . Jerome and , Charles Hugh , Boyd Cory including , backs other from competition and injuries to due both , 2012 in role limited a played McCarty "," McCarty played a limited role in 2012 , both due to injuries and competition from other backs , including Cory Boyd , Hugh Charles , and Jerome . McCarty missed six games due to a high ankle sprain suffered during the Labour Day Rematch . Playing in the other 12 games but starting in none , McCarty rushed only 12 times and made five receptions with a lone rushing touchdown . He added four special @-@ teams tackles . " " . tackles teams @-@ special nine recorded and , teams special the on play to continued He . touchdowns two and yards 186 for passes 20 caught but , carries 9 on yards 48 for rushed He . game rushing the from absent entirely almost was but , 2013 in player teams special and receiver a as role a played McCarty "," McCarty played a role as a receiver and special teams player in 2013 , but was almost entirely absent from the rushing game . He rushed for 48 yards on 9 carries , but caught 20 passes for 186 yards and two touchdowns . He continued to play on the special teams , and recorded nine special @-@ teams tackles . " " . tackles teams @-@ special 12 high @-@ career a as well as , touchdowns two and yards 123 for catches 16 had McCarty . carries eight just with season the finishing , rusher a as role limited extremely his continued He . receiver a as and teams special on involved remained and blocking for used primarily was McCarty , position new his In . games season regular 18 all started he where , position fullback the to tailback backup a as mostly playing from shifted was McCarty "," McCarty was shifted from playing mostly as a backup tailback to the fullback position , where he started all 18 regular season games . In his new position , McCarty was primarily used for blocking and remained involved on special teams and as a receiver . He continued his extremely limited role as a rusher , finishing the season with just eight carries . McCarty had 16 catches for 123 yards and two touchdowns , as well as a career @-@ high 12 special @-@ teams tackles . " " . Redblacks the versus game championship the in punt fake a on yards three for rushing after time first the for champion Cup Grey a became He . tackle teams special one had and Final West the in played McCarty . yards 17 for return kick one and tackles teams special five as well as , yards 68 for receptions nine , yards 20 for carry one with finished McCarty , starts 12 With . season CFL any in touches of number total lowest his , catches nine and carry one only with season the finished McCarty . list injured game @-@ six the on placed was and games several missed he , 12 week in injury unspecified an sustaining After . 2015 in player teams special and fullback a as used again was McCarty "," McCarty was again used as a fullback and special teams player in 2015 . After sustaining an unspecified injury in week 12 , he missed several games and was placed on the six @-@ game injured list . McCarty finished the season with only one carry and nine catches , his lowest total number of touches in any CFL season . With 12 starts , McCarty finished with one carry for 20 yards , nine receptions for 68 yards , as well as five special teams tackles and one kick return for 17 yards . McCarty played in the West Final and had one special teams tackle . He became a Grey Cup champion for the first time after rushing for three yards on a fake punt in the championship game versus the Redblacks . " " . McCarty Orlando , father his with lived and Canada to moved McCarty , him support financially to unable was , Conway Jackie , mother his After . Oklahoma , Muskogee in up grew McCarty "," McCarty grew up in Muskogee , Oklahoma . After his mother , Jackie Conway , was unable to financially support him , McCarty moved to Canada and lived with his father , Orlando McCarty . " " . Tigers the with quarterback a was Jordan while Bulldogs McPherson the for softball played Tiffany ; athletes college also were siblings 's McCarty . Storm Savage State Oklahoma Southeastern the and Warriors the for player basketball college a was father his while , Norse Lady NEO the for player softball college a was mother His "," His mother was a college softball player for the NEO Lady Norse , while his father was a college basketball player for the Warriors and the Southeastern Oklahoma State Savage Storm . McCarty 's siblings were also college athletes ; Tiffany played softball for the McPherson Bulldogs while Jordan was a quarterback with the Tigers . " " . drought severe a mitigating in beneficial largely were rains the and limited were Beatriz of effects overall the , However . people four killing , Acapulco in River Sabana the along flooding significant triggered storm the from rains Heavy . Guerrero and Colima of states the across opened shelters of Hundreds . areas coastal for issued were warnings and watches hurricane , Mexico in arrival 's Beatriz to Prior . waters open over dissipated Beatriz , 22 June on Early . later hours weakened abruptly hurricane the , land with interaction its to Due . Mexico of ) km 20 ( mi 15 roughly passed it as ) h / km 150 ( mph 90 of winds attained Beatriz , morning following The . 20 June of evening the on status hurricane reached and organized increasingly became system the , latitude Gaining . intensified gradually Beatriz , Mexico of south miles hundred several , 19 June on weather disturbed of area an from Originating . 2011 June in Mexico of coast western the brushing after people four killed that hurricane 1 Category a was Beatriz Hurricane "," Hurricane Beatriz was a Category 1 hurricane that killed four people after brushing the western coast of Mexico in June 2011 . Originating from an area of disturbed weather on June 19 , several hundred miles south of Mexico , Beatriz gradually intensified . Gaining latitude , the system became increasingly organized and reached hurricane status on the evening of June 20 . The following morning , Beatriz attained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) as it passed roughly 15 mi ( 20 km ) of Mexico . Due to its interaction with land , the hurricane abruptly weakened hours later . Early on June 22 , Beatriz dissipated over open waters . Prior to Beatriz 's arrival in Mexico , hurricane watches and warnings were issued for coastal areas . Hundreds of shelters opened across the states of Colima and Guerrero . Heavy rains from the storm triggered significant flooding along the Sabana River in Acapulco , killing four people . However , the overall effects of Beatriz were limited and the rains were largely beneficial in mitigating a severe drought . " " . season the of storm named second the , Beatriz Storm Tropical strengthened depression the , classification after hours Three . ) C ° 30 ( F ° 86 to up temperatures surface sea and shear wind low by characterized , environment favorable a into move to forecast was depression the , north the to ridge subtropical a to response in track northwesterly @-@ west a Maintaining . earlier hours nine developed actually had depression the , analysis @-@ post after , However . Mexico , Cárdenas Lázaro of southeast @-@ south ) km 540 ( mi 335 about located was depression the , declared being Upon . UTC 1500 at Center Hurricane National the by E @-@ Two Depression Tropical declared was and developed further low the , day following the On . hours 24 within depression tropical a into develop to expected was it as system the for issued was Alert Formation Cyclone Tropical a , 18 June On . pressure low of area an around consolidated convection , Gradually . northwestward @-@ west slowly moved it as disorganized and broad remained system the , development favoring area an within located Though . cyclogenesis tropical possible of signs showed Guatemala of coast southern the off situated trough a , 2011 , 16 June On "," On June 16 , 2011 , a trough situated off the southern coast of Guatemala showed signs of possible tropical cyclogenesis . Though located within an area favoring development , the system remained broad and disorganized as it moved slowly west @-@ northwestward . Gradually , convection consolidated around an area of low pressure . On June 18 , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued for the system as it was expected to develop into a tropical depression within 24 hours . On the following day , the low further developed and was declared Tropical Depression Two @-@ E by the National Hurricane Center at 1500 UTC . Upon being declared , the depression was located about 335 mi ( 540 km ) south @-@ southeast of Lázaro Cárdenas , Mexico . However , after post @-@ analysis , the depression had actually developed nine hours earlier . Maintaining a west @-@ northwesterly track in response to a subtropical ridge to the north , the depression was forecast to move into a favorable environment , characterized by low wind shear and sea surface temperatures up to 86 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Three hours after classification , the depression strengthened Tropical Storm Beatriz , the second named storm of the season . " " . Branch Analysis Satellite the and Wisconsin of University the from ) h / km 165 ( mph 105 of estimates on based conservative be could this that noted was it , however ; ) inHg 85 @.@ 28 ; hPa ( mbar 977 of pressure barometric a with along ) h / km 150 ( mph 90 of winds attained have to Beatriz estimated Center Hurricane National the , this of light In . overcast dense central the within developed eye wide ) km 47 to 37 ( mi 29 to 23 a , 21 June on Early . Mexico , Manzanillo of southeast ) km 140 ( mi 85 roughly situated while , later hours few a just upgraded was system the , subsequently and , strength hurricane below just Beatriz found aircraft hunter hurricane a , 20 June of hours afternoon the During . day the throughout system the around wrapped gradually bands Convective . Mexico to closer storm the of center the bringing , track its to component northerly more a acquired Beatriz , weakened storm the of north ridge subtropical the As . place took also outflow southerly in increase notable A . imagery satellite on appearing ) ) F ° 112 − ( C ° 80 − below temperatures top @-@ cloud by denoted ( tops overshooting several with markedly increased convection , 20 June on Early "," Early on June 20 , convection increased markedly with several overshooting tops ( denoted by cloud @-@ top temperatures below − 80 ° C ( − 112 ° F ) ) appearing on satellite imagery . A notable increase in southerly outflow also took place . As the subtropical ridge north of the storm weakened , Beatriz acquired a more northerly component to its track , bringing the center of the storm closer to Mexico . Convective bands gradually wrapped around the system throughout the day . During the afternoon hours of June 20 , a hurricane hunter aircraft found Beatriz just below hurricane strength , and subsequently , the system was upgraded just a few hours later , while situated roughly 85 mi ( 140 km ) southeast of Manzanillo , Mexico . Early on June 21 , a 23 to 29 mi ( 37 to 47 km ) wide eye developed within the central dense overcast . In light of this , the National Hurricane Center estimated Beatriz to have attained winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) along with a barometric pressure of 977 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 85 inHg ) ; however , it was noted that this could be conservative based on estimates of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) from the University of Wisconsin and the Satellite Analysis Branch . " " . Mexico , Corrientes Cabo of southwest ) km 280 ( mi 175 roughly dissipating before hours more several for persisted remnants 's storm The . Beatriz on issued was advisory final the , convection deep and center organized an Lacking . circulation defined a had longer no storm the , hours evening the by and day the throughout continued weakening Rapid . storm tropical a to Beatriz downgraded NHC the , structure 's system the of degradation quick to response In . circulation the in entrained became air dry as diminished rapidly convection , later Hours . weakening began and land with interacted system the , Mexico of coast the off just Centered . Mexico , Fortuna La of southeast @-@ south ) km 20 ( mi 15 roughly passing center the with , Mexico of coast the brushed Beatriz , 21 June of morning the Throughout "," Throughout the morning of June 21 , Beatriz brushed the coast of Mexico , with the center passing roughly 15 mi ( 20 km ) south @-@ southeast of La Fortuna , Mexico . Centered just off the coast of Mexico , the system interacted with land and began weakening . Hours later , convection rapidly diminished as dry air became entrained in the circulation . In response to quick degradation of the system 's structure , the NHC downgraded Beatriz to a tropical storm . Rapid weakening continued throughout the day and by the evening hours , the storm no longer had a defined circulation . Lacking an organized center and deep convection , the final advisory was issued on Beatriz . The storm 's remnants persisted for several more hours before dissipating roughly 175 mi ( 280 km ) southwest of Cabo Corrientes , Mexico . " " . weakening rapid 's Beatriz of light in discontinued were warnings and watches all , morning that Later . away moved Beatriz as discontinued were advisories easternmost the , 21 June on Early . 20 June on Corrientes Cabo to westward extended were warnings and watches the , strengthen to continued Beatriz As . Fortuna La to westward extended was watch the and warning hurricane a to upgraded was warning storm tropical the , day that Later . Telmo San Punta to Galeana de Tecpán from place in put also was watch hurricane A . Manzanillo and Zihuatanejo between areas coastal for warning storm tropical a issued Mexico of Government the , 19 June on E @-@ Two Depression Tropical of classification the Following "," Following the classification of Tropical Depression Two @-@ E on June 19 , the Government of Mexico issued a tropical storm warning for coastal areas between Zihuatanejo and Manzanillo . A hurricane watch was also put in place from Tecpán de Galeana to Punta San Telmo . Later that day , the tropical storm warning was upgraded to a hurricane warning and the watch was extended westward to La Fortuna . As Beatriz continued to strengthen , the watches and warnings were extended westward to Cabo Corrientes on June 20 . Early on June 21 , the easternmost advisories were discontinued as Beatriz moved away . Later that morning , all watches and warnings were discontinued in light of Beatriz 's rapid weakening . " " . Beatriz of passage the until suspended be traffic sea and air all that advised ) Service Weather National ( Nacional Meteorológico Servicio the , Mexico Southwestern and Western Throughout . rains heavy potentially of light in Chiapas of portions for issued was alert level @-@ orange An . area prone @-@ flood evacuate to expected were residents many as , Acapulco in were which of many , Guerrero in opened were shelters temporary 980 of total A . relief hurricane for standby on placed was Navy Mexican the , Additionally . public the to opened were shelters 236 , Colima In . 21 June for classes canceled states both across Schools . mudslides and flooding trigger could that rains heavy of warned were residents , Jalisco and Colima In "," In Colima and Jalisco , residents were warned of heavy rains that could trigger flooding and mudslides . Schools across both states canceled classes for June 21 . In Colima , 236 shelters were opened to the public . Additionally , the Mexican Navy was placed on standby for hurricane relief . A total of 980 temporary shelters were opened in Guerrero , many of which were in Acapulco , as many residents were expected to evacuate flood @-@ prone area . An orange @-@ level alert was issued for portions of Chiapas in light of potentially heavy rains . Throughout Western and Southwestern Mexico , the Servicio Meteorológico Nacional ( National Weather Service ) advised that all air and sea traffic be suspended until the passage of Beatriz . " " . drought severe a mitigating in beneficial proved rain the , areas many in , however ; rains heavy experienced Jalisco and Michoacán , Chiapas , Colima of Portions . winds high to due roofs their lost homes dozen a least at , Oaxaca Throughout . substation a entered floodwaters muddy after power lost city the around and in colonias seven @-@ Twenty . river swollen the in falling after Agustín San in drowned person One . water under colonias 14 across homes 150 placing , banks its overflow to River Sabana the caused Beatriz from rains Heavy . waters flood by away washed being after killed were people three , of community the In . destroyed was roundabout a of section ) ft 330 ( m 100 a and roads off blocked landslides Several . Pauline Hurricane after residents relocate to 1999 in built areas in evacuations prompting , waters flood by inundated were homes 380 , Acapulco In . destroyed were none though , damaged were state the across homes Several . Guerrero , in ) in 76 @.@ 8 ( mm 5 @.@ 222 at peaking , rain heavy produced Beatriz , Guerrero Across "," Across Guerrero , Beatriz produced heavy rain , peaking at 222 @.@ 5 mm ( 8 @.@ 76 in ) in , Guerrero . Several homes across the state were damaged , though none were destroyed . In Acapulco , 380 homes were inundated by flood waters , prompting evacuations in areas built in 1999 to relocate residents after Hurricane Pauline . Several landslides blocked off roads and a 100 m ( 330 ft ) section of a roundabout was destroyed . In the community of , three people were killed after being washed away by flood waters . Heavy rains from Beatriz caused the Sabana River to overflow its banks , placing 150 homes across 14 colonias under water . One person drowned in San Agustín after falling in the swollen river . Twenty @-@ seven colonias in and around the city lost power after muddy floodwaters entered a substation . Throughout Oaxaca , at least a dozen homes lost their roofs due to high winds . Portions of Colima , Chiapas , Michoacán and Jalisco experienced heavy rains ; however , in many areas , the rain proved beneficial in mitigating a severe drought . " " . States United southern the in Americans African contemporary of conditions the and , laws Crow Jim the , racism against rails It . Lomax Alan for record to DC , Washington to visit a during faced Belly Lead that segregation and discrimination the to response in 1937 June in written was It . Belly Lead , musician blues and folk American by song blues a is "" Blues Bourgeois The "" "," "" The Bourgeois Blues "" is a blues song by American folk and blues musician , Lead Belly . It was written in June 1937 in response to the discrimination and segregation that Lead Belly faced during a visit to Washington , DC to record for Alan Lomax . It rails against racism , the Jim Crow laws , and the conditions of contemporary African Americans in the southern United States . " " . Bragg Billy and , Hans , Cooder Ry , Seeger Pete including artists of number a by covered and remixed been has It . release commercial for 1939 in recorded @-@ re and Congress of Library the for 1938 December in recorded was song The "," The song was recorded in December 1938 for the Library of Congress and re @-@ recorded in 1939 for commercial release . It has been remixed and covered by a number of artists including Pete Seeger , Ry Cooder , Hans , and Billy Bragg . " " . goals political 's party the further to used were song the and he whether and Party Communist American the in role his over raised been have Questions . collaborator a without him to new genre a in work a written have to unlikely was Belly Lead that contending scholars some with , authorship 's song the over doubt is There . controversy drew also it but , works original best 's Belly Lead of one as regarded is "" Blues Bourgeois The "" "," "" The Bourgeois Blues "" is regarded as one of Lead Belly 's best original works , but it also drew controversy . There is doubt over the song 's authorship , with some scholars contending that Lead Belly was unlikely to have written a work in a genre new to him without a collaborator . Questions have been raised over his role in the American Communist Party and whether he and the song were used to further the party 's political goals . " " . police the call to threatening landlord the with , man black a of presence the about landlord his with arguing Lomax to awoke Belly Lead , morning next The . Building Court Supreme the near apartment his in night the for stay couple the let to offered , "" friend white "" unnamed an as described story the of versions some in , Lomax . ) Lomax ( man white a with was he because him serve to refused or full either were would that few the and Americans African to rooms rent to refused hotels most : Louisiana native their in found those to similar laws Crow Jim discriminatory racially encountered they , city the in spent Martha wife his and Belly Lead night first the On . collection music folk 's Congress of Library the for record to Lomax Alan folklorist the by invited was he when , DC , Washington to trip 1937 June 's Belly Lead to "" Blues Bourgeois The "" of writing the date historians music Most "," Most music historians date the writing of "" The Bourgeois Blues "" to Lead Belly 's June 1937 trip to Washington , DC , when he was invited by the folklorist Alan Lomax to record for the Library of Congress 's folk music collection . On the first night Lead Belly and his wife Martha spent in the city , they encountered racially discriminatory Jim Crow laws similar to those found in their native Louisiana : most hotels refused to rent rooms to African Americans and the few that would were either full or refused to serve him because he was with a white man ( Lomax ) . Lomax , in some versions of the story described as an unnamed "" white friend "" , offered to let the couple stay for the night in his apartment near the Supreme Court Building . The next morning , Lead Belly awoke to Lomax arguing with his landlord about the presence of a black man , with the landlord threatening to call the police . " " . served be would he , Lomax without later returned he if that told was Belly Lead . them serve would that restaurant a find to group race mixed the for impossible was it that discovered they , together dinner to out go to wanted wives their and , Lomax , Belly Lead when , instance For . song the of impetus the to contributed have to believed are that segregation of incidents other several encountered Belly Lead , Washington in While "," While in Washington , Lead Belly encountered several other incidents of segregation that are believed to have contributed to the impetus of the song . For instance , when Lead Belly , Lomax , and their wives wanted to go out to dinner together , they discovered that it was impossible for the mixed race group to find a restaurant that would serve them . Lead Belly was told that if he returned later without Lomax , he would be served . " " . apartment his in happened what on based partly was it because it liked Lomax . it write to Belly Lead for hours few a took only it that claims account one ; quickly together came song The . trip the about song a into it incorporate to decided he him to explained was meaning its after and , it of sound the by fascinated was he , meant "" bourgeois "" word the what know not did Belly Lead Though "" . town bourgeois "" a was Washington that joked Elizabeth Mary or Lomax either as identified variously , 's Belly Lead of friend a , incidents these of one to response In "," In response to one of these incidents , a friend of Lead Belly 's , variously identified as either Lomax or Mary Elizabeth joked that Washington was a "" bourgeois town . "" Though Lead Belly did not know what the word "" bourgeois "" meant , he was fascinated by the sound of it , and after its meaning was explained to him he decided to incorporate it into a song about the trip . The song came together quickly ; one account claims that it only took a few hours for Lead Belly to write it . Lomax liked it because it was partly based on what happened in his apartment . " " . "" bourgeois "" as Caucasians to referring by economics and race conflates , refrain the in particularly , song The . city the plaguing issues racial the about "" around all news the spread "" to going is speaker the that declares that refrain a and verses several includes structure Its . population white its of racism the and laws Crow Jim 's city the both against protests It . DC , Washington of culture the criticizes that song protest style @-@ blues a is "" Blues Bourgeois The "" "," "" The Bourgeois Blues "" is a blues @-@ style protest song that criticizes the culture of Washington , DC . It protests against both the city 's Jim Crow laws and the racism of its white population . Its structure includes several verses and a refrain that declares that the speaker is going to "" spread the news all around "" about the racial issues plaguing the city . The song , particularly in the refrain , conflates race and economics by referring to Caucasians as "" bourgeois "" . " " . district the in homes buying boycott Americans African that suggests which , end 's song the to leading , city the of population white the of racism the of speaks verse fourth The . DC , Washington in people white of hands the at received he mistreatment the with juxtaposed , "" Free the of land the , brave the of home the "" cites sarcastically verse third The . apartment his in staying Belly Lead over landlord his and Lomax between argument the recounts second the while , race his to due served get to tried he wherever "" down turned "" was Belly Lead , trip the during that fact the recounts first the : DC Washington in encountered Belly Lead that segregation the of speak verses two first The "," The first two verses speak of the segregation that Lead Belly encountered in Washington DC : the first recounts the fact that during the trip , Lead Belly was "" turned down "" wherever he tried to get served due to his race , while the second recounts the argument between Lomax and his landlord over Lead Belly staying in his apartment . The third verse sarcastically cites "" the home of the brave , the land of the Free "" , juxtaposed with the mistreatment he received at the hands of white people in Washington , DC . The fourth verse speaks of the racism of the white population of the city , leading to the song 's end , which suggests that African Americans boycott buying homes in the district . " " . change to needs something that and flawed deeply is quo status the that whites northern and Americans African southern both tell to has he power what uses speaker the , song a in treatment poor his of "" news the spreading "" by , this despite ; encounters he that racism and discrimination the against powerless feels speaker the that implies tone 's song The "," The song 's tone implies that the speaker feels powerless against the discrimination and racism that he encounters ; despite this , by "" spreading the news "" of his poor treatment in a song , the speaker uses what power he has to tell both southern African Americans and northern whites that the status quo is deeply flawed and that something needs to change . " " . coda a and verses two final the by followed , repeating four to one verses with measures twelve uses It . ♭ B in written was song The . shuffle medium at swing should rhythmically song the that note to annotated but time 44 in written is It . format blues bar @-@ twelve traditional a follows "" Blues Bourgeois The "" "," "" The Bourgeois Blues "" follows a traditional twelve @-@ bar blues format . It is written in 44 time but annotated to note that the song rhythmically should swing at medium shuffle . The song was written in B ♭ . It uses twelve measures with verses one to four repeating , followed by the final two verses and a coda . " " . accompaniment other any without guitar string @-@ twelve the playing and singing Belly Lead features released commercially was that version The . record rpm 78 a as year same the release for , Records for 1939 April in song the recorded @-@ re He . Congress of Library the to donation for , City York New in 1938 December in "" Blues Bourgeois The "" recorded first Belly Lead "," Lead Belly first recorded "" The Bourgeois Blues "" in December 1938 in New York City , for donation to the Library of Congress . He re @-@ recorded the song in April 1939 for Records , for release the same year as a 78 rpm record . The version that was commercially released features Lead Belly singing and playing the twelve @-@ string guitar without any other accompaniment . " " . 1997 in On Journey album the for blues European of style his to song the adapted . 1960s the in Territory Capital Australian the in Australians young by faced problems the of speak lyrics The . band B & R an , Lemons Bitter The by "" Blues Canberra "" as reworked was song the , Australia In . albums his of several on song the of versions studio and live both released and recorded Seeger . Hans and Seeger Pete including artists of variety a by reinterpreted and covered been has song The "," The song has been covered and reinterpreted by a variety of artists including Pete Seeger and Hans . Seeger recorded and released both live and studio versions of the song on several of his albums . In Australia , the song was reworked as "" Canberra Blues "" by The Bitter Lemons , an R & B band . The lyrics speak of the problems faced by young Australians in the Australian Capital Territory in the 1960s . adapted the song to his style of European blues for the album Journey On in 1997 . " " . war to going before home at poverty with dealing not for government States United the chides Bragg , Finally . are moderates the where asking , right Christian the on takes he , another In . "" Halliburton for safe world the make "" to was instead but democracy for not was War Iraq the that claims Bragg , verse one In . War Iraq the about song protest topical a is cover 's Bragg . "" Blues War Bush "" as song the reworked Bragg Billy , 2006 In "," In 2006 , Billy Bragg reworked the song as "" Bush War Blues "" . Bragg 's cover is a topical protest song about the Iraq War . In one verse , Bragg claims that the Iraq War was not for democracy but instead was to "" make the world safe for Halliburton "" . In another , he takes on the Christian right , asking where the moderates are . Finally , Bragg chides the United States government for not dealing with poverty at home before going to war . " " . perform to chance a him gave and him respected who people few the of some were they that , contrary the to , claims party The . platform a as him using and him of advantage taking were Communists the that accusations the to led This . 1940s the in him on file a opened subsequently FBI the and , retreat summer 's USA Party Communist the , Unity Camp at perform to invited was Belly Lead . groups political wing @-@ left with popular became it , release its After . politics radical and song the between relationship the over debate is There . States United the of fabric the in themselves see Americans African way the in watershed a as it to points Lawson while , blues the of study wider the to "" peripheral "" is song the that claims Springer Robert . importance its to as scholars music among disagreement is There . "" song protest heartfelt "" most his as remembered is and songs famous most 's Belly Lead of one is "" Blues Bourgeois The "" "," "" The Bourgeois Blues "" is one of Lead Belly 's most famous songs and is remembered as his most "" heartfelt protest song "" . There is disagreement among music scholars as to its importance . Robert Springer claims that the song is "" peripheral "" to the wider study of the blues , while Lawson points to it as a watershed in the way African Americans see themselves in the fabric of the United States . There is debate over the relationship between the song and radical politics . After its release , it became popular with left @-@ wing political groups . Lead Belly was invited to perform at Camp Unity , the Communist Party USA 's summer retreat , and the FBI subsequently opened a file on him in the 1940s . This led to the accusations that the Communists were taking advantage of him and using him as a platform . The party claims , to the contrary , that they were some of the few people who respected him and gave him a chance to perform . " " . work past his of vocabulary the to compared place of out seems it and , him to unfamiliar was "" bourgeois "" term the that admitted Belly Lead . audience white a to attractive song a write him helped Lomax that suggested been has it , Rights Civil to sympathetic northerners to sold was recorded Lomax that music the Since . Lomax by discovered was he before music protest of history a have not did Belly Lead that idea the from stems theory This . song protest genuine a not is it claim and authorship its with help significant had Belly Lead that suggested have writers other several and Todd Jeff "," Jeff Todd and several other writers have suggested that Lead Belly had significant help with its authorship and claim it is not a genuine protest song . This theory stems from the idea that Lead Belly did not have a history of protest music before he was discovered by Lomax . Since the music that Lomax recorded was sold to northerners sympathetic to Civil Rights , it has been suggested that Lomax helped him write a song attractive to a white audience . Lead Belly admitted that the term "" bourgeois "" was unfamiliar to him , and it seems out of place compared to the vocabulary of his past work . " " . sufficiency @-@ self and empowerment personal about talks It . tempo groove dance a features song actual The . band the by lyrics added featuring , Boys Shop Pet the by done was remixes the of One . finalized was track the of version ultimate the before treatments remix numerous had and album the for developed tracks first the of one was "" Sorry "" , song dance uptempo An . album hits greatest 2009 her , Celebration on appeared later It . 2006 , 7 February on album the from single second the as released and , Price Stuart and Madonna by produced and written was It . ) 2005 ( Floor Dance a on Confessions album studio tenth her from Madonna singer American by song a is "" Sorry "" "," "" Sorry "" is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album Confessions on a Dance Floor ( 2005 ) . It was written and produced by Madonna and Stuart Price , and released as the second single from the album on February 7 , 2006 . It later appeared on Celebration , her 2009 greatest hits album . An uptempo dance song , "" Sorry "" was one of the first tracks developed for the album and had numerous remix treatments before the ultimate version of the track was finalized . One of the remixes was done by the Pet Shop Boys , featuring added lyrics by the band . The actual song features a dance groove tempo . It talks about personal empowerment and self @-@ sufficiency . " " . hits dance successful most 's decade the of one became and charts dance 's Billboard of top the reach to able was but radio on underplay an to due well perform not did song the , States United the in , However . hit ten top a was song the , Elsewhere . single one number twelfth 's Madonna became it where , Kingdom United the and Romania , Spain , Italy in charts singles the topping , success commercial achieved It . songs dance older 's Madonna to it comparing while beats influenced @-@ disco 's song the on commented also critics Some . Floor Dance a on Confessions on song strongest the track the declared who , critics contemporary from reviews positive received "" Sorry "" "," "" Sorry "" received positive reviews from contemporary critics , who declared the track the strongest song on Confessions on a Dance Floor . Some critics also commented on the song 's disco @-@ influenced beats while comparing it to Madonna 's older dance songs . It achieved commercial success , topping the singles charts in Italy , Spain , Romania and the United Kingdom , where it became Madonna 's twelfth number one single . Elsewhere , the song was a top ten hit . However , in the United States , the song did not perform well due to an underplay on radio but was able to reach the top of Billboard 's dance charts and became one of the decade 's most successful dance hits . " " . destruction and war of scenes and leaders political depicted which , song the of remix a for backdrop a as created was video additional An . video the in shown that to sequence fight similar a in Tour Confessions 2006 her on song the performed She . cage a in men of group a with fighting Madonna and skates roller on dancing , van a in city a around roaming dancers her and Madonna featured It . video music "" Up Hung "" the from continuation a was , King Jamie choreographer 's Madonna by directed , video music accompanying The "," The accompanying music video , directed by Madonna 's choreographer Jamie King , was a continuation from the "" Hung Up "" music video . It featured Madonna and her dancers roaming around a city in a van , dancing on roller skates and Madonna fighting with a group of men in a cage . She performed the song on her 2006 Confessions Tour in a similar fight sequence to that shown in the video . An additional video was created as a backdrop for a remix of the song , which depicted political leaders and scenes of war and destruction . " " . "" before all it heard 've I "" of lines repeated in ending ultimately , verses intermediate the in Fm – ♭ A – Cm – ♭ A in continuing while , chorus the in Cm @-@ Gm – Fm to changes then It . introduction spoken the during ♭ B – ♭ A – Cm – ♭ E of progression chord the follows It . G4 to F3 from spans range vocal 's Madonna , minor C of key the in Composed . minute per beats 132 of tempo groove dance fast moderately a with time common in set is It . chorus the on vocal strong and beats of layers containing song dance uptempo an is "" Sorry "" , Musically . "" Sorry "" with "" Up Hung "" mixed she where booth DJ the over take to Sanchez Junior by invited , Village Greenwich in nightclub 's Leroy & Luke at held "" "" party dance the at album the promoted She . "" perspective that from start to going 'm I . that screw , thought I So ] ... [ . ones original the than better remixes the like often I , records make I Whenever "" , that commented Madonna . mind in perspective remixed a with developed were songs The "" . right was it when decide never could and melodramatic too was it thought "" Madonna because finish to time most the took which one the also was It . "" Lovers Future "" and "" Up Hung "" with along , Floor Dance a on Confessions for developed tracks first the of one was "" Sorry "" "," "" Sorry "" was one of the first tracks developed for Confessions on a Dance Floor , along with "" Hung Up "" and "" Future Lovers "" . It was also the one which took the most time to finish because Madonna "" thought it was too melodramatic and could never decide when it was right . "" The songs were developed with a remixed perspective in mind . Madonna commented that , "" Whenever I make records , I often like the remixes better than the original ones . [ ... ] So I thought , screw that . I 'm going to start from that perspective "" . She promoted the album at the dance party "" "" held at Luke & Leroy 's nightclub in Greenwich Village , invited by Junior Sanchez to take over the DJ booth where she mixed "" Hung Up "" with "" Sorry "" . Musically , "" Sorry "" is an uptempo dance song containing layers of beats and strong vocal on the chorus . It is set in common time with a moderately fast dance groove tempo of 132 beats per minute . Composed in the key of C minor , Madonna 's vocal range spans from F3 to G4 . It follows the chord progression of E ♭ – Cm – A ♭ – B ♭ during the spoken introduction . It then changes to Fm – Gm @-@ Cm in the chorus , while continuing in A ♭ – Cm – A ♭ – Fm in the intermediate verses , ultimately ending in repeated lines of "" I 've heard it all before "" . " " . ends song the which after sounds drum programmed of entry the to leading , ends minute fifth the before happens breakdown A . hook serious a and synth masculine a have to remixed was which chorus first the on hits voice 's Madonna . Four Disco album remix their on appeared subsequently which Tennant Neil member band by sung lyrics added had remix The . it delivered never but Madonna for ) 1988 ( "" Heart "" song the wrote they time the from , other each admired mutually always had Madonna and Boys Shop Pet . introduction the in breakdown double a uses and bassline pronounced more a with "" ) Me Loves Who ( Somebody with Dance Wanna I "" 's Houston Whitney incorporated remix Boys Shop Pet the , remixes various the Among . itself music of subject the around centered was which ) 2000 ( "" Music "" or ) 1990 ( "" Vogue "" , ) 1982 ( "" Everybody "" like supremacy about songs previous her from artist an as Madonna of focus in shift a denoting , sufficiency @-@ self and empowerment personal about talks song The . Japanese and Polish , Hindi , Hebrew , Dutch , Italian , Spanish , French including languages different of excerpts has song the Lyrically "," Lyrically the song has excerpts of different languages including French , Spanish , Italian , Dutch , Hebrew , Hindi , Polish and Japanese . The song talks about personal empowerment and self @-@ sufficiency , denoting a shift in focus of Madonna as an artist from her previous songs about supremacy like "" Everybody "" ( 1982 ) , "" Vogue "" ( 1990 ) or "" Music "" ( 2000 ) which was centered around the subject of music itself . Among the various remixes , the Pet Shop Boys remix incorporated Whitney Houston 's "" I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) "" with a more pronounced bassline and uses a double breakdown in the introduction . Pet Shop Boys and Madonna had always mutually admired each other , from the time they wrote the song "" Heart "" ( 1988 ) for Madonna but never delivered it . The remix had added lyrics sung by band member Neil Tennant which subsequently appeared on their remix album Disco Four . Madonna 's voice hits on the first chorus which was remixed to have a masculine synth and a serious hook . A breakdown happens before the fifth minute ends , leading to the entry of programmed drum sounds after which the song ends . " " . album the reviewing while "" springy "" song the called also He "" . classics club and radio instant create to ability 's Madonna on up hung fans keep should ] Sorry [ "" , that commented Billboard from Caulfield Keith . "" beats disco and synths filtered , pumping of combo infectious "" an features musicscape 's song the that wrote it , Media Virgin from "" Sorry "" of review a In . 2006 of songs best the of one as Magazine Slant by noted was song The . "" It Feel You Can "" song 1980 ' Jacksons The utilizes song the of bassline the that noted Magazine Slant from Cinquemani Sal and Times The of Pattenden Mike . "" catchy lethally "" song the called Music BBC from Braidwood Alan "" . ' speak you hearing than things important more are there ' : critics savage more her at directed perhaps , subtext the hear but help cannot one , sentiment relationship in up wrapped is song the though and , stance unapologetic 's Madge Queen states ' Sorry ' single New "" , Collective 's BBC the in review a to According "" . stardom toward her lofted first that clubs dance era @-@ 80s ' the of sounds the evokes wistfully ... "" it that say to on went Vineyard . song "" esque @-@ Boys Shop Pet "" a is it that and "" track strongest 's album "" the is "" Sorry "" that wrote News MTV of Vineyard Jennifer "," Jennifer Vineyard of MTV News wrote that "" Sorry "" is the "" album 's strongest track "" and that it is a "" Pet Shop Boys @-@ esque "" song . Vineyard went on to say that it "" ... wistfully evokes the sounds of the ' 80s @-@ era dance clubs that first lofted her toward stardom . "" According to a review in the BBC 's Collective , "" New single ' Sorry ' states Queen Madge 's unapologetic stance , and though the song is wrapped up in relationship sentiment , one cannot help but hear the subtext , perhaps directed at her more savage critics : ' there are more important things than hearing you speak ' . "" Alan Braidwood from BBC Music called the song "" lethally catchy "" . Mike Pattenden of The Times and Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine noted that the bassline of the song utilizes The Jacksons ' 1980 song "" Can You Feel It "" . The song was noted by Slant Magazine as one of the best songs of 2006 . In a review of "" Sorry "" from Virgin Media , it wrote that the song 's musicscape features an "" infectious combo of pumping , filtered synths and disco beats "" . Keith Caulfield from Billboard commented that , "" [ Sorry ] should keep fans hung up on Madonna 's ability to create instant radio and club classics . "" He also called the song "" springy "" while reviewing the album . " " . dancing night @-@ all for designed being of operandi modus same the have they but , ) 1984 ( "" Attraction Physical "" or ) 1984 ( "" Up Burning "" singles initial 's Madonna like sleazy as be not may "" Up Hung "" single first and "" Sorry "" that commented magazine Stylus from Thomas . "" throbbing "" song the called Stone Rolling from Light Alan "" . rush pop @-@ dance insistent an over task to lover a taking Madonna sees ' Sorry ' "" that said newspaper same the from Empire Kitty . triumphant as song the called Guardian The from Petridis Alexis . mix the into "" Sorry "" included and , sad and happy , songs love of consists album the of half first the that wrote Times York New The of Pareles Jon "" . tectonics bass shifting and apologies 's song the up setting , ' Sorry ' into directly wash sound of cascades The "" , wrote Media Pitchfork of Deusner M. Stephen "" . ' Sorry ' curb @-@ the @-@ to @-@ man @-@ your @-@ kick , multilingual the with admirably continues party The "" : wrote , Floor Dance a on Confessions of review in , Voice Village The of Morgan Joan . "" melody bass catchy a by propelled "" is song the that wrote , magazine York New of Williams Ben "," Ben Williams of New York magazine , wrote that the song is "" propelled by a catchy bass melody "" . Joan Morgan of The Village Voice , in review of Confessions on a Dance Floor , wrote : "" The party continues admirably with the multilingual , kick @-@ your @-@ man @-@ to @-@ the @-@ curb ' Sorry ' . "" Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media wrote , "" The cascades of sound wash directly into ' Sorry ' , setting up the song 's apologies and shifting bass tectonics . "" Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote that the first half of the album consists of love songs , happy and sad , and included "" Sorry "" into the mix . Alexis Petridis from The Guardian called the song as triumphant . Kitty Empire from the same newspaper said that "" ' Sorry ' sees Madonna taking a lover to task over an insistent dance @-@ pop rush . "" Alan Light from Rolling Stone called the song "" throbbing "" . Thomas from Stylus magazine commented that "" Sorry "" and first single "" Hung Up "" may not be as sleazy like Madonna 's initial singles "" Burning Up "" ( 1984 ) or "" Physical Attraction "" ( 1984 ) , but they have the same modus operandi of being designed for all @-@ night dancing . " " . States United the in units digital 000 @,@ 366 sold has song the , 2010 April of As . weeks five for chart Airplay Dance Hot as well as , weeks two for chart Play Club Dance Hot the of top the reached , however , song The . radio on played not was she why about theories conspiracy as well as , Madonna for support showing users by entries with filled were VH1 and Weekly Entertainment at boards Message . Mays P. Mark CEO Communications Channel Clear to addressed was it ; "" Boycott Radio U.S. Madonna the End "" the as Known at fans 300 @,@ 3 about by signed was petition A . airplay radio limited to attributed was America in performance chart low Its . chart 100 Pop the on 46 of peak a reached it week same The . week following the 58 of peak a reached and 2006 , 11 March dated issue the for chart 100 Hot Billboard the on 70 number at debuted "" Sorry "" , States United the In "," In the United States , "" Sorry "" debuted at number 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for the issue dated March 11 , 2006 and reached a peak of 58 the following week . The same week it reached a peak of 46 on the Pop 100 chart . Its low chart performance in America was attributed to limited radio airplay . A petition was signed by about 3 @,@ 300 fans at Known as the "" End the Madonna U.S. Radio Boycott "" ; it was addressed to Clear Channel Communications CEO Mark P. Mays . Message boards at Entertainment Weekly and VH1 were filled with entries by users showing support for Madonna , as well as conspiracy theories about why she was not played on radio . The song , however , reached the top of the Hot Dance Club Play chart for two weeks , as well as Hot Dance Airplay chart for five weeks . As of April 2010 , the song has sold 366 @,@ 000 digital units in the United States . " " . four at peaked and debuted song the , Australia In . ) BPI ( Industry Phonographic British the by silver certified was and there downloads digital 000 @,@ 200 sold has song the , Company Charts Official the to According . tabulation overall in place fifth in her placing while , Kingdom United the in songs one number most with artist female the Madonna made This "" . Up Hung "" after , chart British the peak to album the from single consecutive second and Britain in single one number 12th 's Madonna became song The . 2006 , 26 February dated chart the on one number at debuted it , Kingdom United the In "," In the United Kingdom , it debuted at number one on the chart dated February 26 , 2006 . The song became Madonna 's 12th number one single in Britain and second consecutive single from the album to peak the British chart , after "" Hung Up . "" This made Madonna the female artist with most number one songs in the United Kingdom , while placing her in fifth place in overall tabulation . According to the Official Charts Company , the song has sold 200 @,@ 000 digital downloads there and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . In Australia , the song debuted and peaked at four . " " . Singles 100 Hot Eurochart 's Billboard and Spain , Italy in charts the of top the reaching while Switzerland and Sweden , Norway , Netherlands , Germany , France , Finland , Denmark , ) Wallonia and Flanders ( Belgium , Austria like countries of ten top the reaching Madonna for hit ten top a became song the , Europe in Elsewhere . weeks 12 for chart the on was and Ireland in five number at debuted "" Sorry "" . downloads digital paid of units 000 @,@ 80 of sales for 2006 , 10 April on ) CRIA ( Association Industry Recording Canadian the by platinum certified was and Chart Singles Canadian the on two number at peaked song The "," The song peaked at number two on the Canadian Singles Chart and was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) on April 10 , 2006 for sales of 80 @,@ 000 units of paid digital downloads . "" Sorry "" debuted at number five in Ireland and was on the chart for 12 weeks . Elsewhere in Europe , the song became a top ten hit for Madonna reaching the top ten of countries like Austria , Belgium ( Flanders and Wallonia ) , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Netherlands , Norway , Sweden and Switzerland while reaching the top of the charts in Italy , Spain and Billboard 's Eurochart Hot 100 Singles . " " . days two over for place took shoot The . skaters the of shot the by followed , first shot were video the in parts 's Madonna . video "" Up Hung "" the from continuation a as shot was which , "" Sorry "" of that in were video "" Up Hung "" 's Madonna in featured performers the of Many . Brothers The from choreography featured and King Jamie choreographer longtime 's Madonna by directed was It . Tour Confessions forthcoming then her for plans making was she while 2006 January in London in Madonna by shot was and , Ride My Pimp show television the of parts incorporated video music The "," The music video incorporated parts of the television show Pimp My Ride , and was shot by Madonna in London in January 2006 while she was making plans for her then forthcoming Confessions Tour . It was directed by Madonna 's longtime choreographer Jamie King and featured choreography from The Brothers . Many of the performers featured in Madonna 's "" Hung Up "" video were in that of "" Sorry "" , which was shot as a continuation from the "" Hung Up "" video . Madonna 's parts in the video were shot first , followed by the shot of the skaters . The shoot took place for over two days . " " . boots platform silver high knee of pair and style inspired retro 1970s in hair her with corset matching a with leotard white a wears Madonna . ones new into clothes their of strip dancers her and Madonna where van a board They . dancers her with video "" Up Hung "" her of parlour gaming the from out comes she starts music the As . languages different in "" Sorry "" uttering leotard purple a in screen lighted neon of front in standing Madonna with starts video The "," The video starts with Madonna standing in front of neon lighted screen in a purple leotard uttering "" Sorry "" in different languages . As the music starts she comes out from the gaming parlour of her "" Hung Up "" video with her dancers . They board a van where Madonna and her dancers strip of their clothes into new ones . Madonna wears a white leotard with a matching corset with her hair in 1970s retro inspired style and pair of knee high silver platform boots . " " . silhouette her into fades and leotard purple the in Madonna of up @-@ close the with ends video The . rink roller a around circles in skating shown are dancers her and Madonna and again starts chorus The . men the defeats which somersaults and backflips doing while , positions like knot in herself tying and backwards bending starts She . men the with fighting starts Madonna , up builds bridge the As . men of number a to opposite cage a in standing shown is Madonna whence verse intermediate the until this like progresses video The . screen neon the of front in singing Madonna of scenes the with interspersed are scenes These . them join to streets the from men different up pick they , van the in city the around move they As "," As they move around the city in the van , they pick up different men from the streets to join them . These scenes are interspersed with the scenes of Madonna singing in front of the neon screen . The video progresses like this until the intermediate verse whence Madonna is shown standing in a cage opposite to a number of men . As the bridge builds up , Madonna starts fighting with the men . She starts bending backwards and tying herself in knot like positions , while doing backflips and somersaults which defeats the men . The chorus starts again and Madonna and her dancers are shown skating in circles around a roller rink . The video ends with the close @-@ up of Madonna in the purple leotard and fades into her silhouette . " " . back 's dancer a on cage the from jumping and head her over leg her putting and body her bending her demonstrated which dancers male her with fight energetic an in engages Madonna , verses intermediate the to progresses song the As . song the singing start and cage giant a of side one to take dancers female her and Madonna . background the in start remix 's song the for music Boys Shop Pet The . one by one them greets and dancers the by her to given jacket a wore and kaftan the off took she , "" Isaac "" song the of performance the finished Madonna As . boots heeled high and pants with kaftan Gaultier Paul @-@ Jean a in dressed was Madonna . segment themed bedouin the of part as Tour Confessions 2006 the on performed was "" Sorry "" "," "" Sorry "" was performed on the 2006 Confessions Tour as part of the bedouin themed segment . Madonna was dressed in a Jean @-@ Paul Gaultier kaftan with pants and high heeled boots . As Madonna finished the performance of the song "" Isaac "" , she took off the kaftan and wore a jacket given to her by the dancers and greets them one by one . The Pet Shop Boys music for the song 's remix start in the background . Madonna and her female dancers take to one side of a giant cage and start singing the song . As the song progresses to the intermediate verses , Madonna engages in an energetic fight with her male dancers which demonstrated her bending her body and putting her leg over her head and jumping from the cage on a dancer 's back . " " . DVD and CD Tour Confessions The in included was video remix the and "" Sorry "" of performances The . stuttering lips 's Bush and music the with along , "" speak 't don "" and "" cheap is talk "" words the utters and leotard video "" Sorry "" her wearing screens the on appears Madonna . between in intermingled atrocities war of footage and text with , screen the across flashed images Their . Blair Tony and Bush W. George to Dada Amin Idi and Hitler Adolf like present and past from leaders political and fascists of images featured video The . sections rock / glam the and bedouin the between interlude the during backdrop video a as used also was song The "," The song was also used as a video backdrop during the interlude between the bedouin and the glam / rock sections . The video featured images of fascists and political leaders from past and present like Adolf Hitler and Idi Amin Dada to George W. Bush and Tony Blair . Their images flashed across the screen , with text and footage of war atrocities intermingled in between . Madonna appears on the screens wearing her "" Sorry "" video leotard and utters the words "" talk is cheap "" and "" don 't speak "" , along with the music and Bush 's lips stuttering . The performances of "" Sorry "" and the remix video was included in The Confessions Tour CD and DVD . " " . "" fantastic "" as remix and performance 's song the described Stylus from Thomas . "" too dance can you weight of collage a ] ... [ ecstatic feels "" backdrop remix the that commented he , However . highlights 's concert the among not was performance the that wrote Magazine Slant from Gonzalez Ed . tour the of "" lowlight "" the as video the described but "" delight "" a performance the called Music BBC from Young Tom . "" energetic "" performance the called Mail Daily The "," The Daily Mail called the performance "" energetic "" . Tom Young from BBC Music called the performance a "" delight "" but described the video as the "" lowlight "" of the tour . Ed Gonzalez from Slant Magazine wrote that the performance was not among the concert 's highlights . However , he commented that the remix backdrop "" feels ecstatic [ ... ] a collage of weight you can dance too "" . Thomas from Stylus described the song 's performance and remix as "" fantastic "" . " " producer , vocals Lead – Madonna "," Madonna – Lead vocals , producer " " Producer – Price Stuart "," Stuart Price – Producer " " vocals Supporting – Tennant Neil "," Neil Tennant – Supporting vocals " " Management – Oseary Guy "," Guy Oseary – Management " " Mixing – Goetz "," Goetz – Mixing " " Direction Art , Design Graphic – Bianco Giovanni "," Giovanni Bianco – Graphic Design , Art Direction " " R & A , Remixing – Puerta Orlando "," Orlando Puerta – Remixing , A & R " " Management – Becker Angela "," Angela Becker – Management " " Producer , Programming – Green Ian "," Ian Green – Programming , Producer " " Remixing – Oakenfold Paul "," Paul Oakenfold – Remixing " " Programming – Pete "," Pete – Programming " " Photography – Klein Steven "," Steven Klein – Photography " " Remixing , Producer , Keyboards – Boys Shop Pet "," Pet Shop Boys – Keyboards , Producer , Remixing " " . 1960s the in constructed interchange cloverleaf partial antiquated an replaces it , ) 75 US , 75 Highway US ( Expressway Central the and ) 635 @-@ I , 635 Interstate ( Freeway Johnson B. Lyndon the of junction the at Located . Texas , Dallas in built interchanges stack level @-@ five first the of one is Interchange Five High The "," The High Five Interchange is one of the first five @-@ level stack interchanges built in Dallas , Texas . Located at the junction of the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 , I @-@ 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US Highway 75 , US 75 ) , it replaces an antiquated partial cloverleaf interchange constructed in the 1960s . " " . Corporation Construction by built and Corporation HNTB the by designed was It . 2005 December in completed and 2002 in started was project million 261 $ The "," The $ 261 million project was started in 2002 and completed in December 2005 . It was designed by the HNTB Corporation and built by Construction Corporation . " " . "" Year the of Projects Works Public "" as Interchange Five High the named Association Works Public American the , 2006 In . features construction and design unusual other and bridges permanent 43 its , ) building story @-@ 12 a as high as ( height its of because "" Roadways Strangest 18 's World The "" of one be to Mechanics Popular by considered is interchange The "," The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics to be one of "" The World 's 18 Strangest Roadways "" because of its height ( as high as a 12 @-@ story building ) , its 43 permanent bridges and other unusual design and construction features . In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five Interchange as "" Public Works Projects of the Year "" . " " . city the in built be to interchange stack level @-@ five first the is and , ) 75 US ( Expressway Central the and ) 635 Interstate ( Freeway Johnson B. Lyndon the , traffic hour rush heavy carrying highways major two of junction the is It . interchange freeway level @-@ five massive a is , Texas , Dallas in downtown of north , Interchange Five High The "," The High Five Interchange , north of downtown in Dallas , Texas , is a massive five @-@ level freeway interchange . It is the junction of two major highways carrying heavy rush hour traffic , the Lyndon B. Johnson Freeway ( Interstate 635 ) and the Central Expressway ( US 75 ) , and is the first five @-@ level stack interchange to be built in the city . " " . difficult access local making , other each to connected directly not were roads frontage two its , Further . congestion the to contributed exits hand @-@ Left . traffic up backing , drastically down slow to motorists forced cloverleaf the of ramps looped The . highways two the of junction the at lanes two to down 75 US narrowing by bottleneck severe a caused that 1960s the in built interchange cloverleaf modified , level @-@ three antiquated the replaces It "," It replaces the antiquated three @-@ level , modified cloverleaf interchange built in the 1960s that caused a severe bottleneck by narrowing US 75 down to two lanes at the junction of the two highways . The looped ramps of the cloverleaf forced motorists to slow down drastically , backing up traffic . Left @-@ hand exits contributed to the congestion . Further , its two frontage roads were not directly connected to each other , making local access difficult . " " . reversible and separated @-@ barrier are that ) lanes HOV ( lanes vehicle occupancy @-@ high dedicated four include to widened was 635 @-@ I , project the of part As top to bottom from feet 140 of height total a structure the giving , level ground below ) m 6 ( feet 20 are , level bottom the on are which , 75 US of lanes The . ground above ) m 37 ( feet 120 are ramps highest The . highway additional of miles 60 and , tiers support 710 , ) "" Five High "" the ( levels five across spread bridges 43 includes and , building story @-@ 12 a as high as is interchange The . landscape the over tower that movements turn @-@ left the handling ramps flyover five the to refers name "" Five High "" the , gesture celebratory the to Alluding "," Alluding to the celebratory gesture , the "" High Five "" name refers to the five flyover ramps handling the left @-@ turn movements that tower over the landscape . The interchange is as high as a 12 @-@ story building , and includes 43 bridges spread across five levels ( the "" High Five "" ) , 710 support tiers , and 60 miles of additional highway . The highest ramps are 120 feet ( 37 m ) above ground . The lanes of US 75 , which are on the bottom level , are 20 feet ( 6 m ) below ground level , giving the structure a total height of 140 feet from bottom to top As part of the project , I @-@ 635 was widened to include four dedicated high @-@ occupancy vehicle lanes ( HOV lanes ) that are barrier @-@ separated and reversible . " " : are levels five the on roads The "," The roads on the five levels are : " " way each going lanes four , highway lane eight an , 75 US : I Level "," Level I : US 75 , an eight lane highway , four lanes going each way " " 635 @-@ I and 75 US to access easy and , turnarounds and lanes turn @-@ left , direction each in lanes through three having each , roads frontage lane @-@ six two the of junction The : II Level "," Level II : The junction of the two six @-@ lane frontage roads , each having three through lanes in each direction , left @-@ turn lanes and turnarounds , and easy access to US 75 and I @-@ 635 " " barriers by separated ) way each going two ( lanes HOV four and , way each going five , lanes regular ten , 635 @-@ I : III Level "," Level III : I @-@ 635 , ten regular lanes , five going each way , and four HOV lanes ( two going each way ) separated by barriers " " cloverleaf modified the of exits left the eliminating , ) levels two ( ramps connection Direct : V and IV Level "," Level IV and V : Direct connection ramps ( two levels ) , eliminating the left exits of the modified cloverleaf " " . TxDOT by project Five High the of part as constructed was interchange the beneath passing trail the of section The . interchange the of levels all under runs which , Trail Cottonwood the named , trail bike and hiking a incorporates also Five High The . art public of work enormous an as regarded be can , ) TxDOT ( Transportation of Department Texas the by specified coloration appealing visually the with along , elements concrete precast on etchings decorative its with , interchange The "," The interchange , with its decorative etchings on precast concrete elements , along with the visually appealing coloration specified by the Texas Department of Transportation ( TxDOT ) , can be regarded as an enormous work of public art . The High Five also incorporates a hiking and bike trail , named the Cottonwood Trail , which runs under all levels of the interchange . The section of the trail passing beneath the interchange was constructed as part of the High Five project by TxDOT . " " . features construction and design unusual other and bridges its of number the , height its of because "" engineering of marvel level @-@ five "" a and "" lanes of labyrinth "" a it calling , "" Roadways Strangest 18 's World The "" of one as Mechanics Popular by considered is interchange The "," The interchange is considered by Popular Mechanics as one of "" The World 's 18 Strangest Roadways "" , calling it a "" labyrinth of lanes "" and a "" five @-@ level marvel of engineering "" because of its height , the number of its bridges and other unusual design and construction features . " " . possible as flow traffic the to disruption little as with project the complete to was consideration essential An . Construction , contractor primary the and , owners property and motorists affected , TxDOT the between project collaborative a was It . Dallas in zones commercial developed intensely most the of one in located was and daily vehicles 000 @,@ 500 accommodated that interchange antiquated , existing the for replacement a as planned was project Interchange Five High The "," The High Five Interchange project was planned as a replacement for the existing , antiquated interchange that accommodated 500 @,@ 000 vehicles daily and was located in one of the most intensely developed commercial zones in Dallas . It was a collaborative project between the TxDOT , affected motorists and property owners , and the primary contractor , Construction . An essential consideration was to complete the project with as little disruption to the traffic flow as possible . " " . access local and , safety , quality air improve to were , congestion reduce and flow traffic increase to need the to addition in , interchange the upgrading for Reasons "," Reasons for upgrading the interchange , in addition to the need to increase traffic flow and reduce congestion , were to improve air quality , safety , and local access . " " . finished was project the when remained interchange original the of Little . removed and off closed be simply could lanes old the structures new the to transferred was traffic once ; lanes junction existing the over high built be could they so viaducts and ramps flyover elevated as largely designed was interchange new the , construction during flow traffic with interfere to not order In . hours rush for 000 @,@ 110 $ of high a to 50 $ from ranged fees The . closed was lane the day of time the and assessments hourly on based fees — lanes traffic down closed they time for TxDOT by "" rentals lane "" for charged was that provision a was contract construction the into built Also . years four within contract the completed company the if million 11 $ to up of scale sliding a , bonus completion early an contained and , ) so done ever had TxDOT time first the ( strength 's concrete the ensure to used be to method maturity concrete the specified it , example For . contracts project construction other in found not elements contained it that in unique was Interchange Five High the for contract construction The . agency that by ever largest the , TxDOT by contract million 261 $ the awarded was and bid lowest the submitted Corporation Construction "," Construction Corporation submitted the lowest bid and was awarded the $ 261 million contract by TxDOT , the largest ever by that agency . The construction contract for the High Five Interchange was unique in that it contained elements not found in other construction project contracts . For example , it specified the concrete maturity method to be used to ensure the concrete 's strength ( the first time TxDOT had ever done so ) , and contained an early completion bonus , a sliding scale of up to $ 11 million if the company completed the contract within four years . Also built into the construction contract was a provision that was charged for "" lane rentals "" by TxDOT for time they closed down traffic lanes — fees based on hourly assessments and the time of day the lane was closed . The fees ranged from $ 50 to a high of $ 110 @,@ 000 for rush hours . In order not to interfere with traffic flow during construction , the new interchange was designed largely as elevated flyover ramps and viaducts so they could be built high over the existing junction lanes ; once traffic was transferred to the new structures the old lanes could simply be closed off and removed . Little of the original interchange remained when the project was finished . " " . place into pieces the move to , million 1 $ about costing and Italy of Deal by constructed and designed , machine unique a used and , place in elements bridge the casting than rather , bridges segmental concrete precast use to decided , However . plans the in substituted was concrete segmental place @-@ in @-@ cast , construction during flow traffic heavy with interfere would steel with building because but , steel of made be to ) roads connect @-@ direct to used ( spans and ramps long the of segments the for called plans original The : employed were methods construction innovative , money and time save To "," To save time and money , innovative construction methods were employed : The original plans called for the segments of the long ramps and spans ( used to direct @-@ connect roads ) to be made of steel , but because building with steel would interfere with heavy traffic flow during construction , cast @-@ in @-@ place segmental concrete was substituted in the plans . However , decided to use precast concrete segmental bridges , rather than casting the bridge elements in place , and used a unique machine , designed and constructed by Deal of Italy and costing about $ 1 million , to move the pieces into place . " " . deck bridge of feet square million 3 @.@ 2 in resulting , built were bridges temporary six , bridges permanent 43 of construction the to addition In . completed were pipe drainage of feet linear 000 @,@ 75 and shafts drilled of feet 000 @,@ 40 , Additionally . built were walls retaining of feet square 000 @,@ 300 and , site on mixed was concrete of yards cubic 000 @,@ 350 , used was earthwork of yards cubic million 2 @.@ 2 , construction the During "," During the construction , 2 @.@ 2 million cubic yards of earthwork was used , 350 @,@ 000 cubic yards of concrete was mixed on site , and 300 @,@ 000 square feet of retaining walls were built . Additionally , 40 @,@ 000 feet of drilled shafts and 75 @,@ 000 linear feet of drainage pipe were completed . In addition to the construction of 43 permanent bridges , six temporary bridges were built , resulting in 2 @.@ 3 million square feet of bridge deck . " " . planned than sooner months 13 than more , 2005 December in completed was and 2002 in begun had which , construction the throughout consultation engineering professional provided who Corporation HNTB the by designed was project The "," The project was designed by the HNTB Corporation who provided professional engineering consultation throughout the construction , which had begun in 2002 and was completed in December 2005 , more than 13 months sooner than planned . " " . project the completing in alliance cooperative their of recognition in award the received consultant primary the as Corporation HNTB and , contractor primary the as Corporation Construction , agency managing the as TxDOT . community the for fulfilled it need the and construction its of rapidity and complexity the , design innovative its , size massive its for "" Year the of Project Works Public "" Five High the named Association Works Public American the , 2006 In "," In 2006 , the American Public Works Association named the High Five "" Public Works Project of the Year "" for its massive size , its innovative design , the complexity and rapidity of its construction and the need it fulfilled for the community . TxDOT as the managing agency , Construction Corporation as the primary contractor , and HNTB Corporation as the primary consultant received the award in recognition of their cooperative alliance in completing the project . " " . seasons NASCAR eight during victories 13 had and award Year the of Rookie 500 Indianapolis 1980 the won He . trend industry an become since has which , time @-@ full cars stock NASCAR to racing wheel open from change to drivers first the of one was Richmond . ) Series Cup Sprint now ( Series Cup Winston 's NASCAR to transferring before racing IndyCar in competed He . Ohio , Ashland from driver car race American an was ) 1989 , 13 August – 1955 , 7 June ( Richmond Tim "," Tim Richmond ( June 7 , 1955 – August 13 , 1989 ) was an American race car driver from Ashland , Ohio . He competed in IndyCar racing before transferring to NASCAR 's Winston Cup Series ( now Sprint Cup Series ) . Richmond was one of the first drivers to change from open wheel racing to NASCAR stock cars full @-@ time , which has since become an industry trend . He won the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award and had 13 victories during eight NASCAR seasons . " " "" . Test Bad "" a was test original their stated later NASCAR . racing from withdrew Richmond , lawsuit the losing after , him reinstate would they before record medical entire his to access wanted they insisted NASCAR after NASCAR against lawsuit a filed Richmond Tim . negative tested and test new a Richmond Tim gave they announced later NASCAR ; and Ibuprofen , drugs ) counter the over ( OTC excessive for positive testing for him banned I NASCAR before 1988 in comeback a attempted He . year that of August in race final his before position pole one and events two winning , 1987 in races eight in competed Richmond , health his of state the Despite . AIDS by weakened was which , system immune compromised his from resulted likely most infection The . pneumonia had he that reported media , 1987 February in 500 Daytona opening @-@ season the missed he When . tour the on driver other any than more , season that races seven won He . points in third finished he when 1986 in season NASCAR top his achieved Richmond "," Richmond achieved his top NASCAR season in 1986 when he finished third in points . He won seven races that season , more than any other driver on the tour . When he missed the season @-@ opening Daytona 500 in February 1987 , media reported that he had pneumonia . The infection most likely resulted from his compromised immune system , which was weakened by AIDS . Despite the state of his health , Richmond competed in eight races in 1987 , winning two events and one pole position before his final race in August of that year . He attempted a comeback in 1988 before NASCAR I banned him for testing positive for excessive OTC ( over the counter ) drugs , Ibuprofen and ; NASCAR later announced they gave Tim Richmond a new test and tested negative . Tim Richmond filed a lawsuit against NASCAR after NASCAR insisted they wanted access to his entire medical record before they would reinstate him , after losing the lawsuit , Richmond withdrew from racing . NASCAR later stated their original test was a "" Bad Test . "" " " . Hendrick Rick and Hyde Harry with interaction his and Richmond on based loosely was , Cruise Tom by played , Thunder of Days movie the in character main the , Trickle Cole . Needham Hal director said "" , film the on working group the with in right fell He "" , Ace movie 1983 the in part bit a for cast was Richmond When "" . character like @-@ Dean James a almost was He . racing car stock in Tim like driver race a had never 've We "" : said Wheeler president Speedway Motor Charlotte , racing in influence 's Richmond describing In . "" Hollywood "" nickname the him earning , lifestyle freewheeling a lived and family wealthy a in up grew Richmond "," Richmond grew up in a wealthy family and lived a freewheeling lifestyle , earning him the nickname "" Hollywood "" . In describing Richmond 's influence in racing , Charlotte Motor Speedway president Wheeler said : "" We 've never had a race driver like Tim in stock car racing . He was almost a James Dean @-@ like character . "" When Richmond was cast for a bit part in the 1983 movie Ace , "" He fell right in with the group working on the film , "" said director Hal Needham . Cole Trickle , the main character in the movie Days of Thunder , played by Tom Cruise , was loosely based on Richmond and his interaction with Harry Hyde and Rick Hendrick . " " . worldwide machines exported eventually which , Manufacturing Richmond founded he , invention this market To . highway the underneath bore to machine a designed Al , pipe lay to highway entire the up dig to had crews highway that Noticing . manager office field a was Evelyn and companies construction pipe for welder a was Al . work their of course the in met , Richmond ) Warner née ( Evelyn and Al , parents His . Ohio , Ashland in up grew Richmond "," Richmond grew up in Ashland , Ohio . His parents , Al and Evelyn ( née Warner ) Richmond , met in the course of their work . Al was a welder for pipe construction companies and Evelyn was a field office manager . Noticing that highway crews had to dig up the entire highway to lay pipe , Al designed a machine to bore underneath the highway . To market this invention , he founded Richmond Manufacturing , which eventually exported machines worldwide . " " "" . life whole my was He . it admit I , him ruined I . him for everything did I ... "" and , "" ... lazy was Tim "" , said once She . son only her spoiling about worried often Evelyn mother his Yet . birthday his for airplane Cherokee Piper a and speedboat a , Am Trans Pontiac a him purchased parents his , 16 age reached Richmond When . Miller Fred friend lifelong through Beadle Raymond racer drag local met he , break summer a over Ohio in home While . Ohio in stayed father his and Florida to moved mother his and Tim , Miami in years his During . Florida , Miami in Academy Military Miami in him enrolled parents his so , classmates his by differently treated therefore sometimes was and , family do @-@ to @-@ well a in up grew Richmond . Pittsburg New and Moreland in tracks at kart the raced later He . lawn his across and buildings inside drove often he that kart @-@ go a given was he when toddler a as started days driving 's Tim "," Tim 's driving days started as a toddler when he was given a go @-@ kart that he often drove inside buildings and across his lawn . He later raced the kart at tracks in Moreland and New Pittsburg . Richmond grew up in a well @-@ to @-@ do family , and was sometimes therefore treated differently by his classmates , so his parents enrolled him in Miami Military Academy in Miami , Florida . During his years in Miami , Tim and his mother moved to Florida and his father stayed in Ohio . While home in Ohio over a summer break , he met local drag racer Raymond Beadle through lifelong friend Fred Miller . When Richmond reached age 16 , his parents purchased him a Pontiac Trans Am , a speedboat and a Piper Cherokee airplane for his birthday . Yet his mother Evelyn often worried about spoiling her only son . She once said , "" Tim was lazy ... "" , and "" ... I did everything for him . I ruined him , I admit it . He was my whole life . "" " " . out dropping before year one about for University Ashland attended Richmond , graduation school high Following . 16 age at license pilot private his earned he and , flying included interests other 's Richmond . 1970 in Year the of Athlete him named Academy Military Miami . over were days gridiron his after jersey sports his retired academy the that enough stellar was career football school high his and hurdles high in record conference a set he ; sports in excelled Richmond "," Richmond excelled in sports ; he set a conference record in high hurdles and his high school football career was stellar enough that the academy retired his sports jersey after his gridiron days were over . Miami Military Academy named him Athlete of the Year in 1970 . Richmond 's other interests included flying , and he earned his private pilot license at age 16 . Following high school graduation , Richmond attended Ashland University for about one year before dropping out . " " . champion track class the and Year the of Rookie 's Speedway Sandusky both became Richmond Tim 1977 In . style driving 's son his to suited better a bought Richmond Al , season next The . driver the as him fired father 's Richmond , response In . again car the crash Richmond have to only , Speedway Eldora to car the towed they , season that Later . event the of rest the for car the parked he , pits the to towed being After . straight driving from car the prevented axle broken the , direction right the in pointed car the get to attempts several made he Although . axle an breaking and out spinning before cars several passed He . heat slowest the in Richmond placed officials , track the at competition first his In . child a as cars model on used Richmond that scheme paint and number same the was which , Pennsylvania in car 98 No. colored @-@ blue and white , red a found father his and Richmond "" . car race a driven ever had I time first the was It . been had Dave than faster laps running was I "" . said Richmond "" , me on stopwatch a put Somebody "" . laps practice some for Ohio , Lakeville at Speedway Lakeville onto car the took Richmond old @-@ year @-@ 21 , 1976 In . Shoemaker Dave for member crew a as team the joined Richmond and car sprint a owned @-@ co father 's Richmond of friend A "," A friend of Richmond 's father co @-@ owned a sprint car and Richmond joined the team as a crew member for Dave Shoemaker . In 1976 , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Richmond took the car onto Lakeville Speedway at Lakeville , Ohio for some practice laps . "" Somebody put a stopwatch on me , "" Richmond said . "" I was running laps faster than Dave had been . It was the first time I had ever driven a race car . "" Richmond and his father found a red , white and blue @-@ colored No. 98 car in Pennsylvania , which was the same number and paint scheme that Richmond used on model cars as a child . In his first competition at the track , officials placed Richmond in the slowest heat . He passed several cars before spinning out and breaking an axle . Although he made several attempts to get the car pointed in the right direction , the broken axle prevented the car from driving straight . After being towed to the pits , he parked the car for the rest of the event . Later that season , they towed the car to Eldora Speedway , only to have Richmond crash the car again . In response , Richmond 's father fired him as the driver . The next season , Al Richmond bought a better suited to his son 's driving style . In 1977 Tim Richmond became both Sandusky Speedway 's Rookie of the Year and the class track champion . " " . series Crown Silver 's USAC in competed also He . Penske Roger like owners major from attention and sponsors attracted win The . Lola a in event support Vee Super Formula the winning , Raceway International Phoenix at event car Indy Mini 1978 a in raced Richmond . record course student a setting , Park Motorsports International Springs Willow at school racing road 's Russell Jim attended he year That . Year the of Rookie ' series the as points in 30th finished he , races 12 in Competing . 1978 in tour car sprint national ) USAC ( 's Club Automobile States United the in cars sprint racing to returned Richmond "," Richmond returned to racing sprint cars in the United States Automobile Club 's ( USAC ) national sprint car tour in 1978 . Competing in 12 races , he finished 30th in points as the series ' Rookie of the Year . That year he attended Jim Russell 's road racing school at Willow Springs International Motorsports Park , setting a student course record . Richmond raced in a 1978 Mini Indy car event at Phoenix International Raceway , winning the Formula Super Vee support event in a Lola . The win attracted sponsors and attention from major owners like Roger Penske . He also competed in USAC 's Silver Crown series . " " . season that events more three in raced Richmond . career IndyCar his of best the , place eighth in finished and event the for fastest 15th qualified then who , Richmond hired . record student the set previously had he where Spring Willow at test a Richmond gave he so , International Glen Watkins at race following the at team CART his for Rice Larry replace to driver a for looking was Pat Owner . ) 23rd ( last finished he and , lap fourth the on up blew motor his when him for ended race The . speed position pole ) h / km 111 @.@ 328 ( mph 879 @.@ 203 's Unser Bobby than slower significantly , lap ) h / km 871 @.@ 282 ( mph 768 @.@ 175 a with fastest 21st qualified Richmond . Speedway International Michigan at race 1979 the for engine Offenhauser an and chassis Car Indy Eagle an bought father 's Richmond "," Richmond 's father bought an Eagle Indy Car chassis and an Offenhauser engine for the 1979 race at Michigan International Speedway . Richmond qualified 21st fastest with a 175 @.@ 768 mph ( 282 @.@ 871 km / h ) lap , significantly slower than Bobby Unser 's 203 @.@ 879 mph ( 328 @.@ 111 km / h ) pole position speed . The race ended for him when his motor blew up on the fourth lap , and he finished last ( 23rd ) . Owner Pat was looking for a driver to replace Larry Rice for his CART team at the following race at Watkins Glen International , so he gave Richmond a test at Willow Spring where he had previously set the student record . hired Richmond , who then qualified 15th fastest for the event and finished in eighth place , the best of his IndyCar career . Richmond raced in three more events that season . " " "" . better them driving liked I out turned it and , it took I , cars stock drive to offer an got I when So . halt a to come would career racing my afraid was I . two in one cut I Michigan at . . . Ohio @-@ Mid , Milwaukee "" . said he "" , that after right cars Indy few a up busted I "" . Year the of Rookie 500 Indianapolis 1980 the named was He . pits the to back ride a him gave Rutherford Johnny winner , crowd the of delight the To . race the of end the at fuel of out ran he as ninth finished and , lap a led , race the during 10 top the to up way his worked He . race the in position starting 19th the obtained nevertheless Richmond , 500 Indianapolis 1980 the for qualifying of day first the during crashing After "," After crashing during the first day of qualifying for the 1980 Indianapolis 500 , Richmond nevertheless obtained the 19th starting position in the race . He worked his way up to the top 10 during the race , led a lap , and finished ninth as he ran out of fuel at the end of the race . To the delight of the crowd , winner Johnny Rutherford gave him a ride back to the pits . He was named the 1980 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year . "" I busted up a few Indy cars right after that , "" he said . "" Milwaukee , Mid @-@ Ohio . . . at Michigan I cut one in two . I was afraid my racing career would come to a halt . So when I got an offer to drive stock cars , I took it , and it turned out I liked driving them better . "" " " . points in 41st season 1980 the finished he , Overall . finishes place @-@ 12th three and ) finish not did ( DNFs two with , events five in competed he , season That . Chevrolet owned @-@ Ulrich K. D. a in 12th finishing , 1980 , 27 July on Pocono at 500 Cola @-@ Coca the at debuted He . award Year the of Rookie 500 Indianapolis the winning after months two start NASCAR first his made Richmond . circuit NASCAR the on racing car stock to change the make to Richmond convinced III Mattioli Joseph President Raceway Pocono "," Pocono Raceway President Joseph Mattioli III convinced Richmond to make the change to stock car racing on the NASCAR circuit . Richmond made his first NASCAR start two months after winning the Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year award . He debuted at the Coca @-@ Cola 500 at Pocono on July 27 , 1980 , finishing 12th in a D. K. Ulrich @-@ owned Chevrolet . That season , he competed in five events , with two DNFs ( did not finish ) and three 12th @-@ place finishes . Overall , he finished the 1980 season 41st in points . " " . points season in 16th place to finishes 10 top six had Richmond , season the for Overall . Speedway International Dover at finish 10 top a had and Rogers Bob for drove he , season the of races seven final the For . Bristol and Pocono at finishes 10 top had Richmond , season @-@ mid Ulrich from away him hired Childers After . Speedway World Texas at finish place @-@ seventh a by followed soon , Superspeedway Talladega at place sixth taking , finish 10 top career first his had He . Ulrich for events 15 in competing by season the started He . 1981 in teams three for raced Richmond "," Richmond raced for three teams in 1981 . He started the season by competing in 15 events for Ulrich . He had his first career top 10 finish , taking sixth place at Talladega Superspeedway , soon followed by a seventh @-@ place finish at Texas World Speedway . After Childers hired him away from Ulrich mid @-@ season , Richmond had top 10 finishes at Pocono and Bristol . For the final seven races of the season , he drove for Bob Rogers and had a top 10 finish at Dover International Speedway . Overall for the season , Richmond had six top 10 finishes to place 16th in season points . " " . points in 26th finish to pole one and , wins two , 10s top twelve had Richmond , season the For . "" unbelievable was the through go Richmond watching "" that said Parsons Benny . track the at events both sweeping , race second his won Richmond where season the of race final the for Riverside to returned tour The . Bristol at position pole first his earned he , season that Later . week following the California , Riverside at course road the on race first his winning before , second finished he , Pocono to Returning . Raceway Darlington at fifth placed he when finish 5 top career first his earned Richmond , team the for race first his In . car 2 No. 's Stacy J.D. drive to hired was Richmond , event following the For . problems engine with race the from retiring , 31st finish to event lap @-@ 492 the of laps 112 completed Richmond . track Rockingham the at Harvey Billie for drive to deal race @-@ one a getting before ride a without 1982 started Richmond "," Richmond started 1982 without a ride before getting a one @-@ race deal to drive for Billie Harvey at the Rockingham track . Richmond completed 112 laps of the 492 @-@ lap event to finish 31st , retiring from the race with engine problems . For the following event , Richmond was hired to drive J.D. Stacy 's No. 2 car . In his first race for the team , Richmond earned his first career top 5 finish when he placed fifth at Darlington Raceway . Returning to Pocono , he finished second , before winning his first race on the road course at Riverside , California the following week . Later that season , he earned his first pole position at Bristol . The tour returned to Riverside for the final race of the season where Richmond won his second race , sweeping both events at the track . Benny Parsons said that "" watching Richmond go through the was unbelievable "" . For the season , Richmond had twelve top 10s , two wins , and one pole to finish 26th in points . " " . season that entered he races three the of any finish not did but , car ) Series Nationwide now ( Series Busch NASCAR a in appearance first his made He . points season in tenth finishing to way his on 10s top fifteen and , ) Pocono ( win one , ) Atlanta and , Charlotte , Pocono , Darlington ( positions pole four accumulated he , season the During . victory oval first his earning , racetrack Pocono cornered @-@ three the to returned He . racing started he before known had he whom Beadle Raymond for racing began Richmond , 1983 In "," In 1983 , Richmond began racing for Raymond Beadle whom he had known before he started racing . He returned to the three @-@ cornered Pocono racetrack , earning his first oval victory . During the season , he accumulated four pole positions ( Darlington , Pocono , Charlotte , and Atlanta ) , one win ( Pocono ) , and fifteen top 10s on his way to finishing tenth in season points . He made his first appearance in a NASCAR Busch Series ( now Nationwide Series ) car , but did not finish any of the three races he entered that season . " " . race Charlotte the won and , entered he races two the in position pole the at qualified he , Series Busch the In . races 28 in 10s Top 13 with points in 11th season the ended He . Bristol at run place @-@ second a was finish best his , Beadle for competed Richmond that season final the , 1985 In . 5 top the in six in and 10 top the in finishes 11 with , points in 12th season 1984 the finished Richmond . Riverside and Darlington , Dover at finishes place @-@ second and Speedway Wilkesboro North at win one had he year That . 1984 in "" generation new the of best the "" of one as Richmond named magazine Esquire "," Esquire magazine named Richmond as one of "" the best of the new generation "" in 1984 . That year he had one win at North Wilkesboro Speedway and second @-@ place finishes at Dover , Darlington and Riverside . Richmond finished the 1984 season 12th in points , with 11 finishes in the top 10 and in six in the top 5 . In 1985 , the final season that Richmond competed for Beadle , his best finish was a second @-@ place run at Bristol . He ended the season 11th in points with 13 Top 10s in 28 races . In the Busch Series , he qualified at the pole position in the two races he entered , and won the Charlotte race . " " . car Hendrick Rick a in victory first his taking , 30 final the including , laps 97 led had He . victory the for flag checkered the took Richmond and caution under slowly completed where race the of laps remaining The . accident car @-@ three a in spun Arrington Buddy , go to laps four With . lead second @-@ five 's Richmond on seconds three up made Earnhardt Dale , race the in left laps 30 with lead the took Richmond After . end the to it make to fuel enough have would he that ensure to early too lap a stopped had Richmond that worried Hyde . left laps 37 with stop pit final his made he and , Hyde , chief crew his with communicate to unable was he , work not did radio his Because . liking his to more was car the , "" push "" the remove to adjusted was car 's Richmond After . third in Richmond with resumed race the and dried had track the , later hours Two . windshields their out see not could they because windows side their out look to had drivers some that heavy so was rain the and , laps the complete to minutes 26 drivers the took It . track the circle slowly drivers the had body sanctioning the so , official race the make to point halfway the to get to cars the wanted NASCAR . point halfway the before left laps five with rain for caution a saw race That . row second the inside place third in event Pocono the started Richmond , Riverside and Charlotte at finishes place @-@ second straight two After . 1986 June in Pocono at 500 Mine Diamond Van the at broken finally was that streak winless race @-@ 64 a suffered had Richmond . gel to season the of middle the until team the took It . Hyde Harry chief crew veteran with up teamed he where , 1986 in Motorsports Hendrick joined Richmond "," Richmond joined Hendrick Motorsports in 1986 , where he teamed up with veteran crew chief Harry Hyde . It took the team until the middle of the season to gel . Richmond had suffered a 64 @-@ race winless streak that was finally broken at the Van Diamond Mine 500 at Pocono in June 1986 . After two straight second @-@ place finishes at Charlotte and Riverside , Richmond started the Pocono event in third place inside the second row . That race saw a caution for rain with five laps left before the halfway point . NASCAR wanted the cars to get to the halfway point to make the race official , so the sanctioning body had the drivers slowly circle the track . It took the drivers 26 minutes to complete the laps , and the rain was so heavy that some drivers had to look out their side windows because they could not see out their windshields . Two hours later , the track had dried and the race resumed with Richmond in third . After Richmond 's car was adjusted to remove the "" push "" , the car was more to his liking . Because his radio did not work , he was unable to communicate with his crew chief , Hyde , and he made his final pit stop with 37 laps left . Hyde worried that Richmond had stopped a lap too early to ensure that he would have enough fuel to make it to the end . After Richmond took the lead with 30 laps left in the race , Dale Earnhardt made up three seconds on Richmond 's five @-@ second lead . With four laps to go , Buddy Arrington spun in a three @-@ car accident . The remaining laps of the race where completed slowly under caution and Richmond took the checkered flag for the victory . He had led 97 laps , including the final 30 , taking his first victory in a Rick Hendrick car . " " . season NASCAR full last his was what in , 1986 in events seven winning after points in finish place @-@ third best @-@ career a had He . 10 top the in 16 and finishes 5 top 13 accumulated Richmond after Earnhardt with Year the of Driver @-@ Co him named Association Press Motorsports National The . wins six and , finishes place @-@ second three earned Richmond , races twelve of span a over and , season that victories more four notched He . seconds 05 @.@ 0 by race the winning , Rudd beside line finish the crossed Richmond . Rudd Ricky and Bodine Geoff with battle car @-@ three a in competed Richmond , sprint lap @-@ 8 final the In . event shortened @-@ fog a in victory another for battled Richmond and , later month a Pocono to returned tour The "," The tour returned to Pocono a month later , and Richmond battled for another victory in a fog @-@ shortened event . In the final 8 @-@ lap sprint , Richmond competed in a three @-@ car battle with Geoff Bodine and Ricky Rudd . Richmond crossed the finish line beside Rudd , winning the race by 0 @.@ 05 seconds . He notched four more victories that season , and over a span of twelve races , Richmond earned three second @-@ place finishes , and six wins . The National Motorsports Press Association named him Co @-@ Driver of the Year with Earnhardt after Richmond accumulated 13 top 5 finishes and 16 in the top 10 . He had a career @-@ best third @-@ place finish in points after winning seven events in 1986 , in what was his last full NASCAR season . " " . 1987 September in Motorsports Hendrick from resigned He . engine blown a with 29th finishing , August that 400 Plug Spark Champion 's Speedway International Michigan at start 1987 final his made and , Riverside at race next the in victory a earned Richmond "" . again bawling started I , me congratulated anyone time every Then . flag checkered the took I when eyes my in tears had I "" , saying , victory the after emotional was Richmond . pits the exit slowly to gear that use to had he , gear ) high ( fourth only use could he Because . problems gearbox suffered car 's Richmond , race the of middle the In . Elliott Bill over lengths @-@ car eight by race the win to , 46 final the including , laps 82 led ultimately and lap fifth the by led he , third Starting . year the of middle the during 500 Life High Miller the for Pocono to returned He . ) AIDS ( syndrome deficiency immune acquired for positive tested had he that reported later Media . pneumonia double as reported was condition his , 500 Daytona the missed Richmond when ; home at rest further and Cleveland in hospitalization lengthy despite season NASCAR 1987 the begin to enough well not was He . York New to trip promotional a during banquet annual NASCAR 1986 the after day the ill fell Richmond "," Richmond fell ill the day after the 1986 NASCAR annual banquet during a promotional trip to New York . He was not well enough to begin the 1987 NASCAR season despite lengthy hospitalization in Cleveland and further rest at home ; when Richmond missed the Daytona 500 , his condition was reported as double pneumonia . Media later reported that he had tested positive for acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . He returned to Pocono for the Miller High Life 500 during the middle of the year . Starting third , he led by the fifth lap and ultimately led 82 laps , including the final 46 , to win the race by eight car @-@ lengths over Bill Elliott . In the middle of the race , Richmond 's car suffered gearbox problems . Because he could use only fourth ( high ) gear , he had to use that gear to slowly exit the pits . Richmond was emotional after the victory , saying , "" I had tears in my eyes when I took the checkered flag . Then every time anyone congratulated me , I started bawling again . "" Richmond earned a victory in the next race at Riverside , and made his final 1987 start at Michigan International Speedway 's Champion Spark Plug 400 that August , finishing 29th with a blown engine . He resigned from Hendrick Motorsports in September 1987 . " " . sealed terms the , court @-@ of @-@ out settled was NASCAR with suit His . test drug his in made been had mistake a that said and drugs abused he that denied Richmond , 1988 February in appearance public final his In . drive to car a find not could he , reinstated was and year that later retested he Although . suspension the over NASCAR sued Richmond , 1988 April In . reliever pain counter @-@ the @-@ over an , Advil and , medication allergy counter @-@ the @-@ over prescription @-@ non a , as identified were substances The . substances banned for positive testing for him suspended NASCAR , 1988 in comeback a attempted Richmond Although "," Although Richmond attempted a comeback in 1988 , NASCAR suspended him for testing positive for banned substances . The substances were identified as , a non @-@ prescription over @-@ the @-@ counter allergy medication , and Advil , an over @-@ the @-@ counter pain reliever . In April 1988 , Richmond sued NASCAR over the suspension . Although he retested later that year and was reinstated , he could not find a car to drive . In his final public appearance in February 1988 , Richmond denied that he abused drugs and said that a mistake had been made in his drug test . His suit with NASCAR was settled out @-@ of @-@ court , the terms sealed . " " . Beach Palm West in hospitalized later was He . denied he which , AIDS and HIV of rumors then by were There . Florida in condo his into withdrew Richmond "," Richmond withdrew into his condo in Florida . There were by then rumors of HIV and AIDS , which he denied . He was later hospitalized in West Palm Beach . " " "" . hospital the in day every him saw they as was he way the not , vital and handsome and healthy was he when , was really he way the Tim see to hospital the at people the for important was It . him over all hanging queens beauty and him around all team the with lane victory in was he There "" . Punch Jerry Dr. friend his said "" , Cruise Tom of charisma the and looks good Hollywood had Tim "" . 1986 from track the at victory 's Richmond of highlights showed network television The . Pocono at race NASCAR 1989 July the aired it when Richmond to card soon @-@ well @-@ get a sent ESPN "," ESPN sent a get @-@ well @-@ soon card to Richmond when it aired the July 1989 NASCAR race at Pocono . The television network showed highlights of Richmond 's victory at the track from 1986 . "" Tim had Hollywood good looks and the charisma of Tom Cruise , "" said his friend Dr. Jerry Punch . "" There he was in victory lane with the team all around him and beauty queens hanging all over him . It was important for the people at the hospital to see Tim the way he really was , when he was healthy and handsome and vital , not the way he was as they saw him every day in the hospital . "" " " . Ohio , Ashland in buried was He . race NASCAR final his after years two about , 34 of age the at died Richmond , 1989 , 13 August On "," On August 13 , 1989 , Richmond died at the age of 34 , about two years after his final NASCAR race . He was buried in Ashland , Ohio . " " . death 's Richmond of wake the in testing HIV underwent personnel and drivers 90 than more that claimed later Punch "" . women of lot a attracted naturally He . guy handsome a , charisma of lot a with celebrity a was Tim . was woman that who knowing of way no 's There "" : said , Dodson David Dr. , physician 's Richmond . woman unknown an from acquired he which , AIDS from complications from died Richmond that reveal to conference press a held family Richmond the , 23 August on , death his after days Ten . months last his during motorcycle a ride to strength the had Richmond that unlikely is it though , accident motorcycle a to due hospitalized been had Richmond that stated Punch , time the At . days several for speculation caused death his of circumstance the surrounding secrecy The "," The secrecy surrounding the circumstance of his death caused speculation for several days . At the time , Punch stated that Richmond had been hospitalized due to a motorcycle accident , though it is unlikely that Richmond had the strength to ride a motorcycle during his last months . Ten days after his death , on August 23 , the Richmond family held a press conference to reveal that Richmond died from complications from AIDS , which he acquired from an unknown woman . Richmond 's physician , Dr. David Dodson , said : "" There 's no way of knowing who that woman was . Tim was a celebrity with a lot of charisma , a handsome guy . He naturally attracted a lot of women . "" Punch later claimed that more than 90 drivers and personnel underwent HIV testing in the wake of Richmond 's death . " " . Tennant replace to seeking were they that confirm did NASCAR , time the at response official an supplied NASCAR nor Tennant neither While . findings the published Times York New The . said report the , "" ... race big last his been have to was what in driving from Richmond kept 500 Daytona 1988 the before shortly results positive reported falsely and tests drug of series A . mind in Richmond with policy abuse @-@ substance a establish Tennant that requesting , Richmond targeted had NASCAR that stated also Baskin . "" racing from Richmond bar to 1988 in results test @-@ drug false allegedly "" used NASCAR and Tennant showed interviews and documents court sealed that reported Baskin . career NASCAR 's Richmond shorten helped ultimately that "" tests drug falsified "" , adviser drug 's League Football National the then was who , Tennant Forest Dr. that reported Baskin Roberta reporter and TV @-@ WJLA station television Washington , death 's Richmond after months few a , 1990 In "," In 1990 , a few months after Richmond 's death , Washington television station WJLA @-@ TV and reporter Roberta Baskin reported that Dr. Forest Tennant , who was then the National Football League 's drug adviser , "" falsified drug tests "" that ultimately helped shorten Richmond 's NASCAR career . Baskin reported that sealed court documents and interviews showed Tennant and NASCAR used "" allegedly false drug @-@ test results in 1988 to bar Richmond from racing "" . Baskin also stated that NASCAR had targeted Richmond , requesting that Tennant establish a substance @-@ abuse policy with Richmond in mind . A series of drug tests and falsely reported positive results shortly before the 1988 Daytona 500 kept Richmond from driving in what was to have been his last big race ... "" , the report said . The New York Times published the findings . While neither Tennant nor NASCAR supplied an official response at the time , NASCAR did confirm that they were seeking to replace Tennant . " " . III Mattioli Joseph son 's Mattioli by promoted @-@ co was Mansfield at race The . native area the of honor in 250 Max / Re Memorial Richmond Tim the named was 2009 in race Series Max / Re Park Motorsports Mansfield The . 2002 in Fame of Hall Motorsports International the into inducted was He . time all of drivers greatest 50 its of one Richmond named NASCAR , 1998 In . 1996 in class second their in Richmond inducted Fame of Hall Sports County Ashland The "," The Ashland County Sports Hall of Fame inducted Richmond in their second class in 1996 . In 1998 , NASCAR named Richmond one of its 50 greatest drivers of all time . He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2002 . The Mansfield Motorsports Park Re / Max Series race in 2009 was named the Tim Richmond Memorial Re / Max 250 in honor of the area native . The race at Mansfield was co @-@ promoted by Mattioli 's son Joseph Mattioli III . " " . 2010 , 19 October of date premiere a with series 30 for 30 's ESPN of part as produced was Limit The To : Richmond Tim film documentary The "," The documentary film Tim Richmond : To The Limit was produced as part of ESPN 's 30 for 30 series with a premiere date of October 19 , 2010 . " " ) . led laps Most – * . time practice or standings points by earned position Pole – Italics . time qualifying by awarded position Pole – Bold ( ) key ( "," ( key ) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time . Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time . * – Most laps led . ) " " . mountains the of portion Nevada the in summit prominent another is , ) m 372 @,@ 2 ( feet 781 @,@ 7 elevation , Peak Disaster . Nevada in , level sea above ) m 593 @,@ 2 ( feet 506 @,@ 8 , Benchmark View is point highest 's range The . States United the in Nevada northern in partially and Oregon southeastern in mostly range mountain Basin Great arid @-@ semi , remote a are Mountains Creek Trout The "," The Trout Creek Mountains are a remote , semi @-@ arid Great Basin mountain range mostly in southeastern Oregon and partially in northern Nevada in the United States . The range 's highest point is View Benchmark , 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level , in Nevada . Disaster Peak , elevation 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ) , is another prominent summit in the Nevada portion of the mountains . " " . canyons and escarpments by cut ridges and hills rolling by dominated is terrain faulted the , whole a As . outcrops granitic many features , however , range the of end southern The . rocks metamorphic older of top on , vents other and volcano ancient an from came which , basalt of blocks fault of primarily consist Mountains Creek Trout the , south to north generally Oriented . valleys flat with alternating ranges mountain parallel mostly of topography 's Basin Great the of characteristic are mountains The "," The mountains are characteristic of the Great Basin 's topography of mostly parallel mountain ranges alternating with flat valleys . Oriented generally north to south , the Trout Creek Mountains consist primarily of fault blocks of basalt , which came from an ancient volcano and other vents , on top of older metamorphic rocks . The southern end of the range , however , features many granitic outcrops . As a whole , the faulted terrain is dominated by rolling hills and ridges cut by escarpments and canyons . " " . jackrabbits and pronghorn include mammals common and , range the to native species bird two are chickadee mountain and grouse Sage . stands alder and cottonwood and grasses desert to addition in sagebrush big of swaths large includes Vegetation . visited rarely are but recreation to open are mountains the in lands Public . century 20th the in America North in mercury of amounts largest the of some produced Caldera the at mines former but — uses human primary the are ranching and grazing cattle — region remote the in development human little very is There . Management Land of Bureau federal the by administered land public is range the of Most "," Most of the range is public land administered by the federal Bureau of Land Management . There is very little human development in the remote region — cattle grazing and ranching are the primary human uses — but former mines at the Caldera produced some of the largest amounts of mercury in North America in the 20th century . Public lands in the mountains are open to recreation but are rarely visited . Vegetation includes large swaths of big sagebrush in addition to desert grasses and cottonwood and alder stands . Sage grouse and mountain chickadee are two bird species native to the range , and common mammals include pronghorn and jackrabbits . " " . recover to begun have zones riparian , 1990s early the since and , practices use @-@ land to changes on agreed and met stakeholders The . parties interested other and , agencies government , environmentalists , owners livestock among disagreements resolve help to 1988 in formed was Group Working Mountain Creek Trout The . conflict use @-@ land to led fish the and zones riparian on allotments grazing of effects the , 1980s the In . century 20th the of much throughout declined Mountains Creek Trout the in populations Fish . trout cutthroat Lahontan rare the for habitat provide streams round @-@ year few a , climate dry 's area the Despite "," Despite the area 's dry climate , a few year @-@ round streams provide habitat for the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout . Fish populations in the Trout Creek Mountains declined throughout much of the 20th century . In the 1980s , the effects of grazing allotments on riparian zones and the fish led to land @-@ use conflict . The Trout Creek Mountain Working Group was formed in 1988 to help resolve disagreements among livestock owners , environmentalists , government agencies , and other interested parties . The stakeholders met and agreed on changes to land @-@ use practices , and since the early 1990s , riparian zones have begun to recover . " " . Nevada , Reno of northeast ) km 310 ( miles 190 about and , Idaho , Boise of southwest directly ) km 240 ( miles 150 about are mountains The . east the to ) km 48 ( miles 30 about , Oregon – Nevada , and ; west the to ) km 24 ( miles 15 about , Nevada , ; northwest the to ) km 37 ( miles 23 about , Oregon , Fields ; mountains the of middle the from north directly ) km 32 ( miles 20 about , Ranch Whitehorse the are settlements human nearest The . counties Humboldt and Harney in , Nevada northern and Oregon southeastern of area remote very a in are Mountains Creek Trout The "," The Trout Creek Mountains are in a very remote area of southeastern Oregon and northern Nevada , in Harney and Humboldt counties . The nearest human settlements are the Whitehorse Ranch , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) directly north from the middle of the mountains ; Fields , Oregon , about 23 miles ( 37 km ) to the northwest ; , Nevada , about 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the west ; and , Nevada – Oregon , about 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the east . The mountains are about 150 miles ( 240 km ) directly southwest of Boise , Idaho , and about 190 miles ( 310 km ) northeast of Reno , Nevada . " " . The called range @-@ sub a in mountains the of end southern the anchors Peak Disaster , ) m 372 @,@ 2 ( feet 781 @,@ 7 At "" . region the throughout visible is that butte symmetrical , large a "" , Peak Disaster is View of southeast miles two About . border Oregon the of south mile one about Nevada in located is and level sea above ) m 593 @,@ 2 ( feet 506 @,@ 8 is which , Benchmark View is range the in point highest The . ) % 22 ( Nevada in than ) % 78 ( Oregon in is range the of More . west to east ) km 58 ( miles 36 and south to north ) km 82 ( miles 51 run mountains The . ) km2 100 @,@ 2 ( miles square 811 of area an cover areas mountainous @-@ non surrounding and range The "," The range and surrounding non @-@ mountainous areas cover an area of 811 square miles ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ) . The mountains run 51 miles ( 82 km ) north to south and 36 miles ( 58 km ) east to west . More of the range is in Oregon ( 78 % ) than in Nevada ( 22 % ) . The highest point in the range is View Benchmark , which is 8 @,@ 506 feet ( 2 @,@ 593 m ) above sea level and is located in Nevada about one mile south of the Oregon border . About two miles southeast of View is Disaster Peak , "" a large , symmetrical butte that is visible throughout the region . "" At 7 @,@ 781 feet ( 2 @,@ 372 m ) , Disaster Peak anchors the southern end of the mountains in a sub @-@ range called The . " " . east the on Mountains Montana the from west the on Mountains Creek Bilk the separates which , Valley River Kings the is Mountains Creek Trout the of South . Creek Cottonwood Fork South and Creek Cabin Log by separated are ranges two the ; southwest the on Mountains Creek Trout the border Nevada and Oregon both in Mountains Creek Bilk The . Mountains Creek Trout the of west range next the are Mountains Pueblo the while , ) definitions 's Survey Geological States United the to according ( line county Malheur – Harney the along east the on Mountains Creek Trout the border Mountains Canyon Oregon The "," The Oregon Canyon Mountains border the Trout Creek Mountains on the east along the Harney – Malheur county line ( according to the United States Geological Survey 's definitions ) , while the Pueblo Mountains are the next range west of the Trout Creek Mountains . The Bilk Creek Mountains in both Oregon and Nevada border the Trout Creek Mountains on the southwest ; the two ranges are separated by Log Cabin Creek and South Fork Cottonwood Creek . South of the Trout Creek Mountains is the Kings River Valley , which separates the Bilk Creek Mountains on the west from the Montana Mountains on the east . " " . of south Valley River Quinn the of floor the into disappearing before times five border Nevada – Oregon the crossing , east generally flows and The of north miles few a Oregon in begins Creek . Desert Rock Black the in evaporates which , River Quinn the meets it where , Nevada into south flows and The in begins River Kings The . Mountains Creek Trout the of slopes south the on area an drain each Creek and River Kings The . four the of largest the are Creek Whitehorse and Creek Trout . Oregon , County Harney in basins endorheic into flow all streams These . Creek Whitehorse and , Creek Willow , Creek Trout , Creek Cottonwood ) east to west from ( include mountains the of slopes north the off flow that streams Major . round @-@ year flow not do range the in streams most although , mountains the in springs around meadows are There . bottoms the at slopes talus loose with walls steep have canyons The . canyons deep by cut escarpments rock high to ridges rolling and basins flat , broad from varies Mountains Creek Trout the in terrain The "," The terrain in the Trout Creek Mountains varies from broad , flat basins and rolling ridges to high rock escarpments cut by deep canyons . The canyons have steep walls with loose talus slopes at the bottoms . There are meadows around springs in the mountains , although most streams in the range do not flow year @-@ round . Major streams that flow off the north slopes of the mountains include ( from west to east ) Cottonwood Creek , Trout Creek , Willow Creek , and Whitehorse Creek . These streams all flow into endorheic basins in Harney County , Oregon . Trout Creek and Whitehorse Creek are the largest of the four . The Kings River and Creek each drain an area on the south slopes of the Trout Creek Mountains . The Kings River begins in The and flows south into Nevada , where it meets the Quinn River , which evaporates in the Black Rock Desert . Creek begins in Oregon a few miles north of The and flows generally east , crossing the Oregon – Nevada border five times before disappearing into the floor of the Quinn River Valley south of . " " . ridgelines volcanic the below valleys eroded the in found commonly are outcrops granite These . granite age Cretaceous of outcroppings numerous has , The as known , range the of area southern The . range the of sides eastern and southern the along escarpments steep with blocks tilted and uplifted are Mountains Creek Trout The . valleys desert @-@ high , wide by separated ranges mountain south – north long form that blocks fault parallel of series a by characterized is which , States United Western the of Basin Great or Province Range and Basin the within lie mountains The "," The mountains lie within the Basin and Range Province or Great Basin of the Western United States , which is characterized by a series of parallel fault blocks that form long north – south mountain ranges separated by wide , high @-@ desert valleys . The Trout Creek Mountains are uplifted and tilted blocks with steep escarpments along the southern and eastern sides of the range . The southern area of the range , known as The , has numerous outcroppings of Cretaceous age granite . These granite outcrops are commonly found in the eroded valleys below the volcanic ridgelines . " " . Period Cretaceous the during intruded presumably were which bodies intrusive granodiorite and diorite are rocks metamorphic these Within . Oregon northeastern in Mountains Blue the of formations age Triassic the of some to related be may that rocks metamorphic older much lie rock basalt resulting the Under . occurred flows lava separate 70 least at and , years million one about for lasted volcano Steens the from Eruptions . Mountains Creek Trout the as known now land the across spread that flows lava of series a produced vents The . Miocene the in , ago years million 17 about vents nearby and Steens from eruptions induced , Oregon southeastern beneath then was which , hotspot Yellowstone the and thinning Crustal . today is Mountain Steens where stood once that volcano shield a from basalt of mostly composed are Mountains Creek Trout The "," The Trout Creek Mountains are composed mostly of basalt from a shield volcano that once stood where Steens Mountain is today . Crustal thinning and the Yellowstone hotspot , which was then beneath southeastern Oregon , induced eruptions from Steens and nearby vents about 17 million years ago , in the Miocene . The vents produced a series of lava flows that spread across the land now known as the Trout Creek Mountains . Eruptions from the Steens volcano lasted for about one million years , and at least 70 separate lava flows occurred . Under the resulting basalt rock lie much older metamorphic rocks that may be related to some of the Triassic age formations of the Blue Mountains in northeastern Oregon . Within these metamorphic rocks are diorite and granodiorite intrusive bodies which were presumably intruded during the Cretaceous Period . " " . lithium and , cesium , antimony of ores for mined were caldera the in areas Other . caldera the around and in sites more or eight at mined been have uranium and mercury and , deposits ore significant contains caldera The . ago years million 16 about collapsed dome the when formed caldera The . structure dome rhyolite large a with along produced were flows ash large five of total A . Miocene early the in eruptions volcanic by created was dome lava The . wide ) km 35 ( miles 22 and long ) km 45 ( miles 28 about is It . Mountains Canyon Oregon the of south and range the of side eastern the on border Nevada – Oregon the straddles that dome lava collapsed a is caldera shaped @-@ oval The . Mountains Creek Trout the in feature geologic prominent a is Caldera broad The "," The broad Caldera is a prominent geologic feature in the Trout Creek Mountains . The oval @-@ shaped caldera is a collapsed lava dome that straddles the Oregon – Nevada border on the eastern side of the range and south of the Oregon Canyon Mountains . It is about 28 miles ( 45 km ) long and 22 miles ( 35 km ) wide . The lava dome was created by volcanic eruptions in the early Miocene . A total of five large ash flows were produced along with a large rhyolite dome structure . The caldera formed when the dome collapsed about 16 million years ago . The caldera contains significant ore deposits , and mercury and uranium have been mined at eight or more sites in and around the caldera . Other areas in the caldera were mined for ores of antimony , cesium , and lithium . " " . melts snowpack the as spring the in occurs often flooding Local . June @-@ mid until remain can snow , elevations higher the at , however ; April by melts usually ) m 800 @,@ 1 ( feet 000 @,@ 6 below elevations at . months winter and fall the during snow as falls rest the of Most . June of end the and March of beginning the between occurs precipitation annual the of Much . annually ) mm 300 and 200 ( inches 12 and 8 between receiving areas most with , year per ) mm 660 to 200 ( inches 26 to 8 only is Mountains Creek Trout the in precipitation annual average the , result a As . Mountains Creek Trout the reaching before mountains those in falls precipitation most , Range Cascade the and ranges coastal California and Oregon the over eastward moves Ocean Pacific the from air moist When . west the to ranges mountain of shadow rain eastern the in are they because arid @-@ semi are Mountains Creek Trout The "," The Trout Creek Mountains are semi @-@ arid because they are in the eastern rain shadow of mountain ranges to the west . When moist air from the Pacific Ocean moves eastward over the Oregon and California coastal ranges and the Cascade Range , most precipitation falls in those mountains before reaching the Trout Creek Mountains . As a result , the average annual precipitation in the Trout Creek Mountains is only 8 to 26 inches ( 200 to 660 mm ) per year , with most areas receiving between 8 and 12 inches ( 200 and 300 mm ) annually . Much of the annual precipitation occurs between the beginning of March and the end of June . Most of the rest falls as snow during the fall and winter months . at elevations below 6 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) usually melts by April ; however , at the higher elevations , snow can remain until mid @-@ June . Local flooding often occurs in the spring as the snowpack melts . " " . strikes lightning dry produce often and isolated more be to tend months summer the in Thunderstorms . October and April between common are thunderstorms intense , Brief . April and March in strongest normally are they and , southwest @-@ west the from are winds prevailing The "," The prevailing winds are from the west @-@ southwest , and they are normally strongest in March and April . Brief , intense thunderstorms are common between April and October . Thunderstorms in the summer months tend to be more isolated and often produce dry lightning strikes . " " . areas drained @-@ well some in basin as well as , bottlebrush and , needlegrass 's Thurber , bluegrass 's Sandberg , needlegrass western , cheatgrass , wheatgrass bluebunch , fescue Idaho include species grass Common . areas some in mahogany mountain of patches also are There . Ceanothus and , snowberry , bitterbrush include shrubs common Other . grasses desert and sagebrush big by dominated is Mountains Creek Trout the in Vegetation "," Vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains is dominated by big sagebrush and desert grasses . Other common shrubs include bitterbrush , snowberry , and Ceanothus . There are also patches of mountain mahogany in some areas . Common grass species include Idaho fescue , bluebunch wheatgrass , cheatgrass , western needlegrass , Sandberg 's bluegrass , Thurber 's needlegrass , and bottlebrush , as well as basin in some well @-@ drained areas . " " . cattle grazing of hundreds killing and ecosystems riparian damaging , vegetation 's range the of much burned 2012 of summer the during Oregon southeastern in wildfires large , However . 1990s early and 1980s the in implemented were grazing reduce to plans and , 1970s early the in began areas riparian of Restoration . trees willow and aspen young and , vegetation riparian , species grass some of loss the in resulted range the of parts in grazing livestock heavy of Years . bottoms stream these to native also are rushes and . wider are channels stream and flatter is terrain where elevations lower at found be can groves alder and Cottonwood . groves willow and aspen quaking have areas greenway Many . streams round @-@ year the follow riparian Narrow . ) ha 02 @.@ 2 to 40 @.@ 0 ( acres 5 to 1 about from size in range and , bottoms stream in or uplands sloping gently on mostly are which , springs surround meadows The . ecosystem local the to vital are areas these , However . ) banks stream along vegetation ( riparian and wetlands meadow of consists range the of percent one than Less "," Less than one percent of the range consists of meadow wetlands and riparian ( vegetation along stream banks ) . However , these areas are vital to the local ecosystem . The meadows surround springs , which are mostly on gently sloping uplands or in stream bottoms , and range in size from about 1 to 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 40 to 2 @.@ 02 ha ) . Narrow riparian follow the year @-@ round streams . Many greenway areas have quaking aspen and willow groves . Cottonwood and alder groves can be found at lower elevations where terrain is flatter and stream channels are wider . and rushes are also native to these stream bottoms . Years of heavy livestock grazing in parts of the range resulted in the loss of some grass species , riparian vegetation , and young aspen and willow trees . Restoration of riparian areas began in the early 1970s , and plans to reduce grazing were implemented in the 1980s and early 1990s . However , large wildfires in southeastern Oregon during the summer of 2012 burned much of the range 's vegetation , damaging riparian ecosystems and killing hundreds of grazing cattle . " " . eagle and raven of species and , goshawk northern , thrush hermit , , crossbill red , siskin pine , warbler 's MacGillivray , warbler 's Virginia , warbler gray throated @-@ black , junco headed @-@ gray , chickadee mountain , grouse sage the include species bird Native . snakes garter and , toads spadefoot western , frogs tree Pacific do as , streams along and in live beavers American North . squirrel ground 's Belding and , cottontail mountain , gopher pocket northern the include mammals other Some . Basin Great the roam they as mountains the through pass sometimes Mustangs . range the throughout prevalent are coyotes and Jackrabbits . country high the in bobcats and , cougars , sheep bighorn also are There . groves willow and cottonwood the in live deer mule while , basins covered @-@ sagebrush , open the in common are . Desert High the of environment the to adapted are Mountains Creek Trout the in Animals "," Animals in the Trout Creek Mountains are adapted to the environment of the High Desert . are common in the open , sagebrush @-@ covered basins , while mule deer live in the cottonwood and willow groves . There are also bighorn sheep , cougars , and bobcats in the high country . Jackrabbits and coyotes are prevalent throughout the range . Mustangs sometimes pass through the mountains as they roam the Great Basin . Some other mammals include the northern pocket gopher , mountain cottontail , and Belding 's ground squirrel . North American beavers live in and along streams , as do Pacific tree frogs , western spadefoot toads , and garter snakes . Native bird species include the sage grouse , mountain chickadee , gray @-@ headed junco , black @-@ throated gray warbler , Virginia 's warbler , MacGillivray 's warbler , pine siskin , red crossbill , , hermit thrush , northern goshawk , and species of raven and eagle . " " . recover to start to populations and habitat fish allowed 1980s the since zones riparian in grazing cattle in reductions , However . trout cutthroat Lahontan pure genetically of number the decreased which , trout rainbow introduced with hybridization and , fish other with competition , overfishing , drought , grazing cattle from degradation habitat included decline 's fish the for Reasons . 1975 in threatened as reclassified was and 1970 in species endangered an as law federal under listed was It . considerably declined numbers 's trout the , century 20th the of most For . isolation of history their to due differences genetic significant have populations These . Mountains Creek Trout the in them of many , streams individual to confined often are that populations isolated , small in live trout cutthroat Lahontan . Creek of tributaries some and , Creek Canyon Line , Creek Canyon Sage , Creek Indian , Creek Mile Fifteen , Creek Doolittle , Creek Whitehorse Little , Creek Whitehorse , Creek Willow include These . subspecies trout cutthroat Lahontan rare the including , trout to home are Mountains Creek Trout the in streams Several "," Several streams in the Trout Creek Mountains are home to trout , including the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout subspecies . These include Willow Creek , Whitehorse Creek , Little Whitehorse Creek , Doolittle Creek , Fifteen Mile Creek , Indian Creek , Sage Canyon Creek , Line Canyon Creek , and some tributaries of Creek . Lahontan cutthroat trout live in small , isolated populations that are often confined to individual streams , many of them in the Trout Creek Mountains . These populations have significant genetic differences due to their history of isolation . For most of the 20th century , the trout 's numbers declined considerably . It was listed under federal law as an endangered species in 1970 and was reclassified as threatened in 1975 . Reasons for the fish 's decline included habitat degradation from cattle grazing , drought , overfishing , competition with other fish , and hybridization with introduced rainbow trout , which decreased the number of genetically pure Lahontan cutthroat trout . However , reductions in cattle grazing in riparian zones since the 1980s allowed fish habitat and populations to start to recover . " " . project cleanup Agency Protection Environmental U.S. a of part as of community the from there returned was arsenic and mercury containing waste and , century 21st the in Mine Cordero the at continued has exploration mineral , However . 1992 in , later years three closed , States United the in mine mercury last the , Mine The . 1989 to 1933 from operated they , Together . Nevada in caldera the of edge the on mines and Cordero the were America North in mines producing @-@ mercury leading two The . century 20th the in caldera the from extracted cinnabar from — "" hemisphere western the in mercury of supply richest the "" — mercury of flasks 000 @,@ 270 produced District Mining the called was what in Mines . extracted been have mercury of amounts large and uranium where , Caldera the near mostly , areas some in occurred has mining Commercial . exploration gold for staked were which of some , 1892 since recorded been have mountains the in claims mining 100 least At . cattle ' ranchers local for allotments grazing large include lands BLM the while , streams mountain along ranching for used mainly are lands private The . area the in roads some and lands private some also are there but , Mountains Creek Trout the in land most administers ) BLM ( Management Land of Bureau The "," The Bureau of Land Management ( BLM ) administers most land in the Trout Creek Mountains , but there are also some private lands and some roads in the area . The private lands are mainly used for ranching along mountain streams , while the BLM lands include large grazing allotments for local ranchers ' cattle . At least 100 mining claims in the mountains have been recorded since 1892 , some of which were staked for gold exploration . Commercial mining has occurred in some areas , mostly near the Caldera , where uranium and large amounts of mercury have been extracted . Mines in what was called the Mining District produced 270 @,@ 000 flasks of mercury — "" the richest supply of mercury in the western hemisphere "" — from cinnabar extracted from the caldera in the 20th century . The two leading mercury @-@ producing mines in North America were the Cordero and mines on the edge of the caldera in Nevada . Together , they operated from 1933 to 1989 . The Mine , the last mercury mine in the United States , closed three years later , in 1992 . However , mineral exploration has continued at the Cordero Mine in the 21st century , and waste containing mercury and arsenic was returned there from the community of as part of a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency cleanup project . " " . ago years 000 @,@ 7 as long as people Paiute Northern by use document that range the in sites archaeological 100 than more are There . bottoms creek and canyons along corridors natural in trails game on or country @-@ cross hiking for suitable also are mountains The . basis release @-@ and @-@ catch a on permitted sometimes is streams some on Fishing . rabbits and , , pronghorn , deer mule trophy seeking mountains the to come Hunters . vehicles road @-@ off wheel @-@ four for designated trails of miles are there nearby where , Ranch Whitehorse the of south just , Springs Hot Creek Willow at is nearby site recreation developed only The . activities popular most the are hiking and , fishing , hunting , Camping . experience like @-@ wilderness a offers range the and , visitors few are there , result a as ; remote very is range mountain entire The "," The entire mountain range is very remote ; as a result , there are few visitors , and the range offers a wilderness @-@ like experience . Camping , hunting , fishing , and hiking are the most popular activities . The only developed recreation site nearby is at Willow Creek Hot Springs , just south of the Whitehorse Ranch , where nearby there are miles of trails designated for four @-@ wheel off @-@ road vehicles . Hunters come to the mountains seeking trophy mule deer , pronghorn , , and rabbits . Fishing on some streams is sometimes permitted on a catch @-@ and @-@ release basis . The mountains are also suitable for hiking cross @-@ country or on game trails in natural corridors along canyons and creek bottoms . There are more than 100 archaeological sites in the range that document use by Northern Paiute people as long as 7 @,@ 000 years ago . " " . 1980s the in controversy of subject the were environment local the on grazing of effects The . months summer and spring the during areas some in grazing found be can Cattle . area the in allotments grazing oversees currently BLM the and , century 19th late the in began Mountains Creek Trout the in grazing Cattle "," Cattle grazing in the Trout Creek Mountains began in the late 19th century , and the BLM currently oversees grazing allotments in the area . Cattle can be found grazing in some areas during the spring and summer months . The effects of grazing on the local environment were the subject of controversy in the 1980s . " " . Mountains Creek Trout the in permits grazing of cancellation the advocating began groups environmental , species threatened a as designated officially was Lahontan the Since . risk at population trout cutthroat Lahontan rare the put conditions These . temperatures water raising and streams over shade decreasing , trees young eliminated cattle grazing as declined populations Aspen . zones riparian into encroaching was vegetation upland and eroding were banks stream , result a As . Basin Great the in elsewhere and Mountains Creek Trout the in banks stream along vegetation riparian the of much reduced had grazing cattle intense of century a , 1980s and 1970s the By "," By the 1970s and 1980s , a century of intense cattle grazing had reduced much of the riparian vegetation along stream banks in the Trout Creek Mountains and elsewhere in the Great Basin . As a result , stream banks were eroding and upland vegetation was encroaching into riparian zones . Aspen populations declined as grazing cattle eliminated young trees , decreasing shade over streams and raising water temperatures . These conditions put the rare Lahontan cutthroat trout population at risk . Since the Lahontan was officially designated as a threatened species , environmental groups began advocating the cancellation of grazing permits in the Trout Creek Mountains . " " . project controversial and complex a became which , practices grazing change to plans use @-@ land reform to sought agency the , Next . grazing from zones riparian protect to added was fencing and , streams the in pools more create to together put were dams small , streams along planted were trees willow 000 @,@ 20 Approximately . areas those in habitat natural restore to projects began and zones riparian damaged identified Management Land of Bureau the , 1970s early the in Beginning "," Beginning in the early 1970s , the Bureau of Land Management identified damaged riparian zones and began projects to restore natural habitat in those areas . Approximately 20 @,@ 000 willow trees were planted along streams , small dams were put together to create more pools in the streams , and fencing was added to protect riparian zones from grazing . Next , the agency sought to reform land @-@ use plans to change grazing practices , which became a complex and controversial project . " " . needs economic ' ranchers and health ecological 's land the both protect would that plan a — everyone to acceptable solution a find to was goal 's group The . Group Working Mountain Creek Trout the form to joined issue the of sides all representing groups interest , 1988 in , However . decades lasting potentially appeals with litigation prolonged produce would range the in grazing of issue the that appeared it , Initially . allotments grazing their protect to seeking Rebellion Sagebrush the joined ranchers frustrated , grazing to Mountains Creek Trout the of much close to BLM the pressed environmentalists As "," As environmentalists pressed the BLM to close much of the Trout Creek Mountains to grazing , frustrated ranchers joined the Sagebrush Rebellion seeking to protect their grazing allotments . Initially , it appeared that the issue of grazing in the range would produce prolonged litigation with appeals potentially lasting decades . However , in 1988 , interest groups representing all sides of the issue joined to form the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group . The group 's goal was to find a solution acceptable to everyone — a plan that would protect both the land 's ecological health and ranchers ' economic needs . " " : included Group Working Mountain Creek Trout the of members Initial "," Initial members of the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group included : " " . public the to open all were Meetings . ranchers local of needs economic the meeting while land the restoring for options discuss and meet to continued group the , years several next the Over "," Over the next several years , the group continued to meet and discuss options for restoring the land while meeting the economic needs of local ranchers . Meetings were all open to the public . " " . allotments Butte Whitehorse and , Creek Cottonwood , Creek Trout the including pastures specific rest to agreed also ranches Other . streams from away constructed were sources water additional and , cattle from them protect to fenced were areas sensitive , Finally . 200 @,@ 2 to 800 @,@ 3 from reduced was areas allotment the in released cattle of number total the and , two to months four from reduced was pastures mountain in season grazing the , addition In . resumed was grazing before rest year @-@ five a received pasture Creek Willow its and , years three for rested was Creek Mile Fifteen on allotment 's ranch The . pastures mountain and stream critical restore to ) ha 000 @,@ 20 ( acres 000 @,@ 50 totaling allotments grazing two rest to agreed Ranch Whitehorse the , 1989 In . ranchers of being @-@ well economic the and areas riparian sensitive of health ecological the both for provided that plan management grazing a endorsed eventually group The "," The group eventually endorsed a grazing management plan that provided for both the ecological health of sensitive riparian areas and the economic well @-@ being of ranchers . In 1989 , the Whitehorse Ranch agreed to rest two grazing allotments totaling 50 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 @,@ 000 ha ) to restore critical stream and mountain pastures . The ranch 's allotment on Fifteen Mile Creek was rested for three years , and its Willow Creek pasture received a five @-@ year rest before grazing was resumed . In addition , the grazing season in mountain pastures was reduced from four months to two , and the total number of cattle released in the allotment areas was reduced from 3 @,@ 800 to 2 @,@ 200 . Finally , sensitive areas were fenced to protect them from cattle , and additional water sources were constructed away from streams . Other ranches also agreed to rest specific pastures including the Trout Creek , Cottonwood Creek , and Whitehorse Butte allotments . " " . recovering also is , threatened as listed still , population trout cutthroat Lahontan the that found have Service Wildlife and Fish States United the by studies and , recovered has Mountains Creek Trout the of areas riparian in vegetation , then Since . 1992 in effect took it and , Group Working Mountain Creek Trout the by made agreements the on based was It . plan management allotment grazing new a approved Management Land of Bureau the , 1991 In "," In 1991 , the Bureau of Land Management approved a new grazing allotment management plan . It was based on the agreements made by the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group , and it took effect in 1992 . Since then , vegetation in riparian areas of the Trout Creek Mountains has recovered , and studies by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service have found that the Lahontan cutthroat trout population , still listed as threatened , is also recovering . " " . maculata M. and galericulata M. include confused be may M. which with species . Borneo from mushroom the of varieties two described has Corner E.J.H. mycologist British . oak of especially , stumps and logs fallen on tufts or groups small in grows it where , America North and , Australasia , Asia , Africa North , Europe in found been has and , fungus saprobic widespread a is It . white is print spore the and , pinkish to brown pale are gills The . stem the of length the of third a to up be can that mycelium yellowish a by covered are they where , maturity in base the towards brown @-@ reddish becoming progressively but top the at brown @-@ yellow to whitish , tall ) in 5 @.@ 3 ( cm 9 to up is stem thin The . diameter in ) in 8 @.@ 1 ( cm 5 @.@ 4 to up cap shaped @-@ bell brown @-@ reddish a has mushroom edible The . Mycenaceae family the in mushroom of species a is , cap bonnet stump @-@ oak the or bonnet clustered the as known commonly , Mycena "," Mycena , commonly known as the clustered bonnet or the oak @-@ stump bonnet cap , is a species of mushroom in the family Mycenaceae . The edible mushroom has a reddish @-@ brown bell @-@ shaped cap up to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter . The thin stem is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) tall , whitish to yellow @-@ brown at the top but progressively becoming reddish @-@ brown towards the base in maturity , where they are covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The gills are pale brown to pinkish , and the spore print is white . It is a widespread saprobic fungus , and has been found in Europe , North Africa , Asia , Australasia , and North America , where it grows in small groups or tufts on fallen logs and stumps , especially of oak . British mycologist E.J.H. Corner has described two varieties of the mushroom from Borneo . species with which M. may be confused include M. galericulata and M. maculata . " " . synonyms are , ) 1873 in Fries by named ( calopus var. Agaricus basionym its and , ) 1879 in Karsten by named ( calopus var. galericulata Mycena . Quélet Lucien by 1872 in name current its assigned was it , 1838 in Fries Magnus Elias mycologist Swedish by Agaricus as described First "," First described as Agaricus by Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries in 1838 , it was assigned its current name in 1872 by Lucien Quélet . Mycena galericulata var. calopus ( named by Karsten in 1879 ) , and its basionym Agaricus var. calopus ( named by Fries in 1873 ) , are synonyms . " " . M. and , M. , aurantiomarginata M. to related closely be to found was M. , confusa orchid the of fungi mycorrhizal of sequences DNA ribosomal subunit large the of study molecular a In "," In a molecular study of the large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences of mycorrhizal fungi of the orchid confusa , M. was found to be closely related to M. aurantiomarginata , M. , and M. . " " . "" cap bonnet stump @-@ oak "" the or "" bonnet clustered "" the as known commonly is mushroom The . "" in bent "" means epithet specific The "," The specific epithet means "" bent in "" . The mushroom is commonly known as the "" clustered bonnet "" or the "" oak @-@ stump bonnet cap "" . " " . "" avoided best "" consumption and "" doubtful "" is mushroom the of edibility The . stem the of length the of third a to up be can that mycelium yellowish a by covered is stem the of base the , bottom and top the at thickness in equal Roughly . flecks white with covered is stems young of portion lower The . maturity in half bottom the in brown @-@ orange to brown @-@ reddish becoming , brown @-@ yellow to yellow and thick ) in 16 @.@ 0 to 06 @.@ 0 ( cm 4 @.@ 0 to 15 @.@ 0 by long ) in 5 @.@ 3 to 2 @.@ 1 ( cm 9 to 3 is stem fragile The . stem the reaching gills 35 – 26 about with , spacing subdistant to close a have and , ) mm 6 and 3 between ( broad are They . red of tinges with color brownish pale a are and ) stem the of length the down running , is that ( stem the to attachment decurrent a have gills The . taste and odor mealy slightly a with and , fragile , whitish to grayish , elsewhere thin but center the in thick is cap the of flesh The . ) cap the of part central the ( disc the in cracks or , margin the in splits develops frequently cap The . hygrophanous and , smooth and moist is surface The . scallops distinct but minute has cap the of margin The . cap the underneath gills the to corresponding grooves surface visible developing , maturity during flattens it , convex to shaped @-@ bell to conic Initially . ) in 8 @.@ 1 to 4 @.@ 0 ( cm 5 @.@ 4 to 1 from ranging typically diameter a with , brown @-@ reddish light is cap The "," The cap is light reddish @-@ brown , with a diameter typically ranging from 1 to 4 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 8 in ) . Initially conic to bell @-@ shaped to convex , it flattens during maturity , developing visible surface grooves corresponding to the gills underneath the cap . The margin of the cap has minute but distinct scallops . The surface is moist and smooth , and hygrophanous . The cap frequently develops splits in the margin , or cracks in the disc ( the central part of the cap ) . The flesh of the cap is thick in the center but thin elsewhere , grayish to whitish , fragile , and with a slightly mealy odor and taste . The gills have a decurrent attachment to the stem ( that is , running down the length of the stem ) and are a pale brownish color with tinges of red . They are broad ( between 3 and 6 mm ) , and have a close to subdistant spacing , with about 26 – 35 gills reaching the stem . The fragile stem is 3 to 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 0 @.@ 15 to 0 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 06 to 0 @.@ 16 in ) thick and yellow to yellow @-@ brown , becoming reddish @-@ brown to orange @-@ brown in the bottom half in maturity . The lower portion of young stems is covered with white flecks . Roughly equal in thickness at the top and bottom , the base of the stem is covered by a yellowish mycelium that can be up to a third of the length of the stem . The edibility of the mushroom is "" doubtful "" and consumption "" best avoided "" . " " . stain iodine in brownish sordid to yellowish pale is it ; ) tissue gill ( body tramal filamentous a and , ) pellicle the under immediately tissue of region a ( hypoderm differentiated @-@ well a , pellicle distinct a has cap the of flesh The . iodine in stained when brown dirty to yellowish pale and , homogeneous is gills the of flesh The . thick or slender be can that projections contorted with covered are that tips have and , μm 10 – 5 by 36 – 26 , shaped @-@ club , inconspicuous very and edge gill the in embedded are ) edge gill the on cystidia ( cheilocystidia The . differentiated not are ) face gill the on cystidia ( pleurocystidia The . spored @-@ four are ) cells bearing @-@ spore ( basidia The . ) reagent 's Melzer with treated when black turns it ( amyloid strongly and , smooth , ellipsoid broadly , μm 5 @.@ 6 – 5 by 9 – 7 are spores The "," The spores are 7 – 9 by 5 – 6 @.@ 5 μm , broadly ellipsoid , smooth , and strongly amyloid ( it turns black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are not differentiated . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are embedded in the gill edge and very inconspicuous , club @-@ shaped , 26 – 36 by 5 – 10 μm , and have tips that are covered with contorted projections that can be slender or thick . The flesh of the gills is homogeneous , and pale yellowish to dirty brown when stained in iodine . The flesh of the cap has a distinct pellicle , a well @-@ differentiated hypoderm ( a region of tissue immediately under the pellicle ) , and a filamentous tramal body ( gill tissue ) ; it is pale yellowish to sordid brownish in iodine stain . " " . spherical almost are that spores has , Sabah in found , Variety . family beech the in tree oak stone a , Lithocarpus of wood dead the on growing found was It . processes shorter with cheilocystidia and , odor no or little , scalloped not is that margin cap a has ) Kinabalu , locality type its after named ( kinabaluensis variety The . ecozones Australasia and Indomalaya the of boundary the straddling region biogeographical a , of mushrooms Agaric on publication 1994 his in var. and kinabaluensis var. M. varieties the defined Corner E.J.H. "," E.J.H. Corner defined the varieties M. var. kinabaluensis and var. in his 1994 publication on Agaric mushrooms of , a biogeographical region straddling the boundary of the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones . The variety kinabaluensis ( named after its type locality , Kinabalu ) has a cap margin that is not scalloped , little or no odor , and cheilocystidia with shorter processes . It was found growing on the dead wood of Lithocarpus , a stone oak tree in the beech family . Variety , found in Sabah , has spores that are almost spherical . " " . gray @-@ bluish is that stem ridged a has polygramma M. . veins @-@ cross numerous have that veins grayish to white and , brown @-@ gray dull is that cap conical bluntly a has typically galericulata M. . shape and size , color cap in variable is that species common a , galericulata M. edible the with confused often is M. . M. in seen not are that gills the on spots reddish develops it , age In . Coast West the on oak on sometimes and , America North eastern in found is and , stumps and logs hardwood decaying with associated only is but , M. to resemblance some bears maculata Mycena "," Mycena maculata bears some resemblance to M. , but is only associated with decaying hardwood logs and stumps , and is found in eastern North America , and sometimes on oak on the West Coast . In age , it develops reddish spots on the gills that are not seen in M. . M. is often confused with the edible M. galericulata , a common species that is variable in cap color , size and shape . M. galericulata typically has a bluntly conical cap that is dull gray @-@ brown , and white to grayish veins that have numerous cross @-@ veins . M. polygramma has a ridged stem that is bluish @-@ gray . " " . lignin and hemicellulose , cellulose : litter in found walls cell plant of components biochemical major three the down breaking of capable enzymes producing by this accomplishes It . branches and bark , twigs , leaves as such litter plant in found matter organic decomposing from nutrients its deriving , fungus saprobic a is Mycena "," Mycena is a saprobic fungus , deriving its nutrients from decomposing organic matter found in plant litter such as leaves , twigs , bark and branches . It accomplishes this by producing enzymes capable of breaking down the three major biochemical components of plant cell walls found in litter : cellulose , hemicellulose and lignin . " " . Zealand New and , Turkey , , Japan , Siberia East , Africa North , Islands Canary the , Europe includes also fungus the of range The . Coast Pacific the along rare generally be to appears species the but , Oregon in found been has It . York New and , Carolina North , Missouri , Manitoba , Ontario , Scotia Nova by bounded area the in abundant is it , America North eastern In . tree living a on growing found be can it , Occasionally . leaves oak decomposing of surface the on mycelium woolly , white a forms fungus The . autumn and spring the during ) chestnut and oak especially ( stumps and logs hardwood decaying on clusters or groups dense in grow Mycena of bodies fruit The "," The fruit bodies of Mycena grow in dense groups or clusters on decaying hardwood logs and stumps ( especially oak and chestnut ) during the spring and autumn . The fungus forms a white , woolly mycelium on the surface of decomposing oak leaves . Occasionally , it can be found growing on a living tree . In eastern North America , it is abundant in the area bounded by Nova Scotia , Ontario , Manitoba , Missouri , North Carolina , and New York . It has been found in Oregon , but the species appears to be generally rare along the Pacific Coast . The range of the fungus also includes Europe , the Canary Islands , North Africa , East Siberia , Japan , , Turkey , and New Zealand . " " . toxic are many and persistent are environment the into discharged when and , biodegradable readily not are dyes The . industries foodstuff and biomedical , plastics , textile the in used are that dyes synthetic to ability its for investigated been has fungus The . aluminum to resistant is fungus the that shown have studies Laboratory . basis weight dry a on measured , ) kg / mg 6 @.@ 21 ( nickel and ) kg per mg 628 ( iron of levels high comparatively have to found was M. , ) Turkey ( in found species mushrooms various of concentrations metal trace the of study a In "," In a study of the trace metal concentrations of various mushrooms species found in ( Turkey ) , M. was found to have comparatively high levels of iron ( 628 mg per kg ) and nickel ( 21 @.@ 6 mg / kg ) , measured on a dry weight basis . Laboratory studies have shown that the fungus is resistant to aluminum . The fungus has been investigated for its ability to synthetic dyes that are used in the textile , plastics , biomedical and foodstuff industries . The dyes are not readily biodegradable , and when discharged into the environment are persistent and many are toxic . " " . roof no is there but , internally them on render of traces some with , remain still walls The . disrepair into fell later then , house nearby a for worship of place private a as century 18th early the until time a for used was It . population growing a with parish large a in ease of chapel a as or , court royal local a with connection in or chapel memorial a as used been have might it but , unknown is purpose original 's chapel The . century 12th the of half first the to back dating , Wales north , Anglesey in Rhos near chapel ruined a is ) Hen as to referred sometimes ( Capel "," Capel ( sometimes referred to as Hen ) is a ruined chapel near Rhos in Anglesey , north Wales , dating back to the first half of the 12th century . The chapel 's original purpose is unknown , but it might have been used as a memorial chapel or in connection with a local royal court , or as a chapel of ease in a large parish with a growing population . It was used for a time until the early 18th century as a private place of worship for a nearby house , then later fell into disrepair . The walls still remain , with some traces of render on them internally , but there is no roof . " " . "" chapel south vaulted century @-@ 16th unusual "" the with "" structure century @-@ 12th substantially a "" is it because particular in , "" them preserve to made being effort every warrant which , interest special of buildings "" to given designation national a , building listed II Grade a is It . chamber burial a as used , beneath vault a with chapel side century @-@ 16th a contains It "," It contains a 16th @-@ century side chapel with a vault beneath , used as a burial chamber . It is a Grade II listed building , a national designation given to "" buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them "" , in particular because it is "" a substantially 12th @-@ century structure "" with the "" unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel "" . " " . ) "" chapel "" meaning "" "" and "" old "" for word Welsh the being "" hen "" ( "" Hen "" as to referred sometimes is chapel The . right own its in church parish a become than rather ease of chapel a as remained have to seems it , this Despite . times medieval in population expanding the serving to intended perhaps was and of parish large the in built was it that note , monuments Anglesey ancient to guide 2001 a of authors , Longley and Yates . nearby court royal a to connected or , chapel memorial a been have originally may it that suggests , Anglesey of churches the to guide 2006 a of author , Jones Geraint . unknown are , dedicated was it whom to saint the and , construction its for reason The . island the of control gain to Normans the by attempts and raids Viking of end the following stone in built first were Wales west @-@ north in Anglesey on churches many when time a was This . century 12th the of half first the from date Capel of parts oldest The "," The oldest parts of Capel date from the first half of the 12th century . This was a time when many churches on Anglesey in north @-@ west Wales were first built in stone following the end of Viking raids and attempts by the Normans to gain control of the island . The reason for its construction , and the saint to whom it was dedicated , are unknown . Geraint Jones , author of a 2006 guide to the churches of Anglesey , suggests that it may originally have been a memorial chapel , or connected to a royal court nearby . Yates and Longley , authors of a 2001 guide to ancient Anglesey monuments , note that it was built in the large parish of and was perhaps intended to serving the expanding population in medieval times . Despite this , it seems to have remained as a chapel of ease rather than become a parish church in its own right . The chapel is sometimes referred to as "" Hen "" ( "" hen "" being the Welsh word for "" old "" and "" "" meaning "" chapel "" ) . " " . "" time all of group pop strangest the possibly "" as journalist one by described was that and Animals Furry Super , Bunnymen the and Echo of members including musicians Welsh of collective a , Serpents The by "" Serpents The By Poisoned Been Just Have You "" album the for "" atmospheres "" some record to used was vault the , 1999 In . Lloyds Pierce the , family local a of members bury to used was chapel south the under vault A . century 16th the in building the of side south the to added was chapel A . time this from date walls the of parts upper the and , century 14th the in rebuilt partially were walls The "," The walls were partially rebuilt in the 14th century , and the upper parts of the walls date from this time . A chapel was added to the south side of the building in the 16th century . A vault under the south chapel was used to bury members of a local family , the Pierce Lloyds . In 1999 , the vault was used to record some "" atmospheres "" for the album "" You Have Just Been Poisoned By The Serpents "" by The Serpents , a collective of Welsh musicians including members of Echo and the Bunnymen , Super Furry Animals and that was described by one journalist as "" possibly the strangest pop group of all time "" . " " . gone has roof the but , inside the on render of traces some with , level gable to remain walls The . disrepair into fall to began and unused became chapel the , however , century 18th the of part early the After . century 18th the in , Boston Baron 1st , Irby William of possession the into came which family Lloyd the by owned once "" mansion venerable "" a , House for worship of place private a as used was Capel , time a For "," For a time , Capel was used as a private place of worship for House , a "" venerable mansion "" once owned by the Lloyd family which came into the possession of William Irby , 1st Baron Boston , in the 18th century . After the early part of the 18th century , however , the chapel became unused and began to fall into disrepair . The walls remain to gable level , with some traces of render on the inside , but the roof has gone . " " . public the to open is and , Wales of heritage built the for responsible body Government Assembly Welsh the , Cadw by for cared is It . churches early with found often as , enclosure circular mainly a within originally was it that showing , remains wall churchyard the of Part . away ) km 26 @.@ 1 ( miles 78 @.@ 0 about is , Gallgo St of church parish the ; near countryside Anglesey the in is Capel "," Capel is in the Anglesey countryside near ; the parish church of St Gallgo , is about 0 @.@ 78 miles ( 1 @.@ 26 km ) away . Part of the churchyard wall remains , showing that it was originally within a mainly circular enclosure , as often found with early churches . It is cared for by Cadw , the Welsh Assembly Government body responsible for the built heritage of Wales , and is open to the public . " " . cross churchyard a as used been have once might , top the in hole a with ) m2 19 @.@ 0 ( feet square 2 about , nave the in stone A . above chapel the of floor the and vault the of roof the form slabs Limestone . chapel south the inside from steps stone by reached is , ) m2 5 @.@ 2 ( feet square 27 about is which , vault The . chapel south the of wall south the in window blocked a is There . wall south the on window a of remains the are there and ) wide ) m 5 @.@ 1 ( feet 5 about ( east the to opening blocked a is there but , side north the on openings window no are There . ) located been have would altar the where ( chancel the and ) sat have would congregation the where ( nave the between division structural no is There . end west the at bellcote stone a is There . century 12th the from dates and , arch plain a by headed , side south the on is doorway The . started rebuilding century @-@ 14th the where showing , blocks larger the between spaces into inserted are stones smaller and changes style the , walls the up ) m 5 @.@ 1 ( feet 5 about at ; masonry rubble from built is Capel "," Capel is built from rubble masonry ; at about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) up the walls , the style changes and smaller stones are inserted into spaces between the larger blocks , showing where the 14th @-@ century rebuilding started . The doorway is on the south side , headed by a plain arch , and dates from the 12th century . There is a stone bellcote at the west end . There is no structural division between the nave ( where the congregation would have sat ) and the chancel ( where the altar would have been located ) . There are no window openings on the north side , but there is a blocked opening to the east ( about 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) wide ) and there are the remains of a window on the south wall . There is a blocked window in the south wall of the south chapel . The vault , which is about 27 square feet ( 2 @.@ 5 m2 ) , is reached by stone steps from inside the south chapel . Limestone slabs form the roof of the vault and the floor of the chapel above . A stone in the nave , about 2 square feet ( 0 @.@ 19 m2 ) with a hole in the top , might once have been used as a churchyard cross . " " . "" chapel south vaulted century @-@ 16th unusual "" the notes also ) lists statutory the on buildings Welsh of inclusion the for responsible is which ( Cadw . "" condition ruinous "" a in now is it though even , "" period early this from surviving details architectural some with , structure century @-@ 12th substantially a as important "" is it because listed been has and 1952 September 2 on status this given was It . "" them preserve to made being effort every warrant which , interest special of buildings "" designating , listing of grades three the of lowest the – building listed II Grade a as designated been has it as alteration from protection statutory and recognition national has Capel "," Capel has national recognition and statutory protection from alteration as it has been designated as a Grade II listed building – the lowest of the three grades of listing , designating "" buildings of special interest , which warrant every effort being made to preserve them "" . It was given this status on 2 September 1952 and has been listed because it is "" important as a substantially 12th @-@ century structure , with some architectural details surviving from this early period "" , even though it is now in a "" ruinous condition "" . Cadw ( which is responsible for the inclusion of Welsh buildings on the statutory lists ) also notes the "" unusual 16th @-@ century vaulted south chapel "" . " " . "" depth in feet several , bones human of mass large a "" revealed then vault the of exploration further that added She . "" air the to exposed when , dust into crumbled which , skeletons human several containing "" , discovered was vault the , out dug was it when and , ruins the in shelter taken once had fox a that recounted She "" . antiquity great its to testimony bears ] which [ , kind rudest the "" of was architecture the that said She . Anglesey of history her in church the mentioned Llwyd Angharad antiquarian century @-@ 19th The "," The 19th @-@ century antiquarian Angharad Llwyd mentioned the church in her history of Anglesey . She said that the architecture was of "" the rudest kind , [ which ] bears testimony to its great antiquity . "" She recounted that a fox had once taken shelter in the ruins , and when it was dug out , the vault was discovered , "" containing several human skeletons , which crumbled into dust , when exposed to the air "" . She added that further exploration of the vault then revealed "" a large mass of human bones , several feet in depth "" . " " "" . landscape surrounding the dot which chambers burial ancient the of imitation in almost "" are vault the over slabs stone the that adding , "" chapel south austere ruggedly and small "" a with "" building square , simple "" a as chapel the describe authors The "" . age former a of relic ruined another just is today Capel and circle full turned has wheel the "" that notes It . "" past pagan a of spirit the with imbued obviously so land a in power Christian of gesture medieval "" a Capel calls and , Anglesey of part this in monuments ancient the to refers Wales in churches abandoned about book 1990 A "," A 1990 book about abandoned churches in Wales refers to the ancient monuments in this part of Anglesey , and calls Capel a "" medieval gesture of Christian power in a land so obviously imbued with the spirit of a pagan past "" . It notes that "" the wheel has turned full circle and Capel today is just another ruined relic of a former age . "" The authors describe the chapel as a "" simple , square building "" with a "" small and ruggedly austere south chapel "" , adding that the stone slabs over the vault are "" almost in imitation of the ancient burial chambers which dot the surrounding landscape . "" " " . 1998 since honoree American @-@ All Press Associated first 's Michigan was and Year the of Freshman Ten Big named was Burke . Novak Zack and Jr. , Hardaway Tim , Burke Trey players Ten Big @-@ All alongside , team the led Beilein John coach head year @-@ Fifth . Conference Ten Big the of member a as season straight 95th 's team the also was It . 721 @,@ 12 of capacity seating a had It . year consecutive 45th the for Center Crisler at Michigan , Arbor Ann in games home its played team The . season basketball 's men I Division NCAA 12 – 2011 the during Michigan of University the represented team basketball 's men Wolverines Michigan 12 – 2011 The "," The 2011 – 12 Michigan Wolverines men 's basketball team represented the University of Michigan during the 2011 – 12 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . The team played its home games in Ann Arbor , Michigan at Crisler Center for the 45th consecutive year . It had a seating capacity of 12 @,@ 721 . It was also the team 's 95th straight season as a member of the Big Ten Conference . Fifth @-@ year head coach John Beilein led the team , alongside All @-@ Big Ten players Trey Burke , Tim Hardaway , Jr. and Zack Novak . Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year and was Michigan 's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since 1998 . " " . 2005 in began which , show the hosted team Ten Big a time eighth the was It . State Ohio against game a in time first the for GameDay College 's ESPN hosted Michigan , 2012 February In . 2011 October in practices and day media preseason a with began season 's team The "," The team 's season began with a preseason media day and practices in October 2011 . In February 2012 , Michigan hosted ESPN 's College GameDay for the first time in a game against Ohio State . It was the eighth time a Big Ten team hosted the show , which began in 2005 . " " . season 94 – 1993 the since ) 5 – 13 ( record Ten Big best 's school the had and season 86 – 1985 the since Championship Conference Ten Big first 's school the won team The . record 10 @-@ 24 a with season the end to Tournament NCAA 2012 the of round second the in out bowed and Tournament Conference Ten Big 2012 the of semifinals the in lost Michigan . season the of game home last its until home at undefeated was team The . ) State Ohio ranked @-@ sixth and State Michigan ranked @-@ ninth , Memphis ranked @-@ eighth ( meeting the of time the at 10 top the in ranked teams over victories three had It . State Ohio and State Michigan with champion @-@ co Ten Big 12 – 2011 the as ended and season all rankings national the in was team The "," The team was in the national rankings all season and ended as the 2011 – 12 Big Ten co @-@ champion with Michigan State and Ohio State . It had three victories over teams ranked in the top 10 at the time of the meeting ( eighth @-@ ranked Memphis , ninth @-@ ranked Michigan State and sixth @-@ ranked Ohio State ) . The team was undefeated at home until its last home game of the season . Michigan lost in the semifinals of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Tournament and bowed out in the second round of the 2012 NCAA Tournament to end the season with a 24 @-@ 10 record . The team won the school 's first Big Ten Conference Championship since the 1985 – 86 season and had the school 's best Big Ten record ( 13 – 5 ) since the 1993 – 94 season . " " . team basketball the for candidate on @-@ walk a considered was and scholarship academic an earned . class incoming the out rounded , schools League Ivy by recruited was Bielfeldt with along who , Sai . family his by endowed was Building Administration Athletic Bielfeldt 's University Illinois . Illini Fighting Illinois the to ties 's family his despite April in Michigan to committed Bielfeldt Max . 94th ranked Burke and 98th ranked ; class 2011 the of players 100 top 's Scout.com among were Burke and Both . Burke Trey guard point Basketball Mr. Ohio 2011 and Carlton included class incoming The . Lakers Angeles Los the by drafted being after team the left , season 11 @-@ 2010 the in leader assists Ten Big the , Morris Darius guard point , began season the Before "," Before the season began , point guard Darius Morris , the Big Ten assists leader in the 2010 @-@ 11 season , left the team after being drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers . The incoming class included Carlton and 2011 Ohio Mr. Basketball point guard Trey Burke . Both and Burke were among Scout.com 's top 100 players of the 2011 class ; ranked 98th and Burke ranked 94th . Max Bielfeldt committed to Michigan in April despite his family 's ties to the Illinois Fighting Illini . Illinois University 's Bielfeldt Athletic Administration Building was endowed by his family . Sai , who along with Bielfeldt was recruited by Ivy League schools , rounded out the incoming class . earned an academic scholarship and was considered a walk @-@ on candidate for the basketball team . " " . issues knee nagging citing , team the left , Dumars Joe Star @-@ All Pistons Detroit of son the , Dumars Jordan . honoree U19 FIBA USA Team and America @-@ All Freshmen Collegeinsider.com , mention honorable Ten Big @-@ All , Freshman @-@ All Ten Big unanimous a was he which in season freshman a off coming was He . team the to returned , Hardaway Tim Star @-@ All NBA former of son , . Jr , Hardaway Tim "," Tim Hardaway , Jr . , son of former NBA All @-@ Star Tim Hardaway , returned to the team . He was coming off a freshman season in which he was a unanimous Big Ten All @-@ Freshman , All @-@ Big Ten honorable mention , Collegeinsider.com Freshmen All @-@ America and Team USA FIBA U19 honoree . Jordan Dumars , the son of Detroit Pistons All @-@ Star Joe Dumars , left the team , citing nagging knee issues . " " . coordinator video 's team the was Kahler Peter . respectively , specialist administrative and operations basketball of director as served ) 09 – 2008 ( Lee C.J. and ) 98 – 1997 and 97 – 1996 ( Conlan Travis captains team Former "," Former team captains Travis Conlan ( 1996 – 97 and 1997 – 98 ) and C.J. Lee ( 2008 – 09 ) served as director of basketball operations and administrative specialist , respectively . Peter Kahler was the team 's video coordinator . " " . seasons 10 previous the in 751 @,@ 13 from 721 @,@ 12 to reduced was capacity seating but , added were scoreboard definition @-@ high a and seats new : Arena Crisler renovated a in season the began team The . 2011 , 1 August on schedule conference @-@ non game @-@ 14 its announced Michigan "," Michigan announced its 14 @-@ game non @-@ conference schedule on August 1 , 2011 . The team began the season in a renovated Crisler Arena : new seats and a high @-@ definition scoreboard were added , but seating capacity was reduced to 12 @,@ 721 from 13 @,@ 751 in the previous 10 seasons . " " . 22 December and 17 December on Bradley and M & A Alabama against doubles @-@ double two first his scored Smotrycz , season the of games conference @-@ non two final the In . polls national the in schools several trailed team the although , Index Percentage Ratings the in team Ten Big rated @-@ highest the was Michigan , day same the On . game the in assists nine and points 20 high @-@ season a scoring after 12 December on honor Week the of Freshman second his earned Burke . ) Smotrycz Evan and Burke , Hardaway ( scorers point @-@ 20 three with 2002 since game first 's Michigan also was It . 2009 , 14 November on 50 @-@ 97 Michigan Northern beating since game scoring @-@ highest its , 80 – 90 Oakland beat Michigan , 2011 , 10 December On . 66 – 76 State Iowa defeated Michigan , game next its In . 58 – 70 Virginia to lost Michigan , November late in game Challenge Ten Big – ACC an In . Week the of Freshman Ten Big named was Burke Trey and , Week the of Player Ten Big the named was Jr. , Hardaway Tim . 63 – 79 Bruins UCLA favorite 12 @-@ Pac the defeated and , 75 – 82 Devils Blue Duke ranked @-@ sixth the to lost , 61 – 73 Tigers Memphis ranked @-@ eighth the defeated team The . 23 – 21 November between Tournament Invitational Maui 2011 game @-@ three the in place third in came Michigan "," Michigan came in third place in the three @-@ game 2011 Maui Invitational Tournament between November 21 – 23 . The team defeated the eighth @-@ ranked Memphis Tigers 73 – 61 , lost to the sixth @-@ ranked Duke Blue Devils 82 – 75 , and defeated the Pac @-@ 12 favorite UCLA Bruins 79 – 63 . Tim Hardaway , Jr. was named the Big Ten Player of the Week , and Trey Burke was named Big Ten Freshman of the Week . In an ACC – Big Ten Challenge game in late November , Michigan lost to Virginia 70 – 58 . In its next game , Michigan defeated Iowa State 76 – 66 . On December 10 , 2011 , Michigan beat Oakland 90 – 80 , its highest @-@ scoring game since beating Northern Michigan 97 @-@ 50 on November 14 , 2009 . It was also Michigan 's first game since 2002 with three 20 @-@ point scorers ( Hardaway , Burke and Evan Smotrycz ) . Burke earned his second Freshman of the Week honor on December 12 after scoring a season @-@ high 20 points and nine assists in the game . On the same day , Michigan was the highest @-@ rated Big Ten team in the Ratings Percentage Index , although the team trailed several schools in the national polls . In the final two non @-@ conference games of the season , Smotrycz scored his first two double @-@ doubles against Alabama A & M and Bradley on December 17 and December 22 . " " . day following the Week the of Player Conference Ten Big earn to Minnesota against assists three and rebounds three with shooting 11 @-@ for @-@ 8 on points 27 high @-@ career a added he , 2012 , 1 January On . turnovers no and rebounds five , assists seven , points 13 posted he State Penn against 29 December On . games conference two first 's Michigan in points 40 his for honor Week the of Freshman third his and honor Week the of Player Conference Ten Big first his earned Burke , 2 January On . games three to streak double @-@ double his extended Smotrycz as State Penn beating , 07 – 2006 since opener Conference Ten Big first its won Michigan , 29 December On . ) 24th and 23rd was Virginia and polls ' Coaches and AP the in 5th and 7th was Duke ( ranked were to lost had Michigan teams the of both , schedule Conference Ten Big the into Heading "," Heading into the Big Ten Conference schedule , both of the teams Michigan had lost to were ranked ( Duke was 7th and 5th in the AP and Coaches ' polls and Virginia was 23rd and 24th ) . On December 29 , Michigan won its first Big Ten Conference opener since 2006 – 07 , beating Penn State as Smotrycz extended his double @-@ double streak to three games . On January 2 , Burke earned his first Big Ten Conference Player of the Week honor and his third Freshman of the Week honor for his 40 points in Michigan 's first two conference games . On December 29 against Penn State he posted 13 points , seven assists , five rebounds and no turnovers . On January 1 , 2012 , he added a career @-@ high 27 points on 8 @-@ for @-@ 11 shooting with three rebounds and three assists against Minnesota to earn Big Ten Conference Player of the Week the following day . " " . 143 to total his pushing by , season 85 @-@ 1984 the in games 30 of course the over set , record assists freshman school 's Grant Gary broke Burke Trey , season the of 30th 's Michigan , game the During . 1995 since Illinois in win road first their for Illinois defeated team the , 1 March On . record home 1 – 15 a with finish to 25 February on Purdue to season the of game home final its lost Michigan . teams State Ohio and Indiana ranked over wins including , February in conference in 2 @-@ 5 went team The . later days ten State Ohio to losing until place first in remained Michigan . teams State Michigan and Wisconsin ranked over wins conference to thanks , record 2 – 5 a with conference the in leader the became Michigan , 19 January On "," On January 19 , Michigan became the leader in the conference with a 5 – 2 record , thanks to conference wins over ranked Wisconsin and Michigan State teams . Michigan remained in first place until losing to Ohio State ten days later . The team went 5 @-@ 2 in conference in February , including wins over ranked Indiana and Ohio State teams . Michigan lost its final home game of the season to Purdue on February 25 to finish with a 15 – 1 home record . On March 1 , the team defeated Illinois for their first road win in Illinois since 1995 . During the game , Michigan 's 30th of the season , Trey Burke broke Gary Grant 's school freshman assists record , set over the course of 30 games in the 1984 @-@ 85 season , by pushing his total to 143 . " " . 1998 in Bullock Louis and Traylor Robert since honoree American @-@ All Press Associated first 's Michigan became Burke . 60 – 65 Bobcats Ohio seeded @-@ thirteenth the to lost but , fourth seeded Tournament Basketball I Division 's Men NCAA 2012 the entered Michigan . row a in year third the for State Ohio by eliminated was Michigan , however , contest semifinal the In . Tournament Basketball 's Men Conference Ten Big the for record school a was total 's Burke . points 30 high @-@ career a with victory to team the led Burke , Minnesota against Tournament Basketball 's Men Conference Ten Big 2012 the of game first the In "," In the first game of the 2012 Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament against Minnesota , Burke led the team to victory with a career @-@ high 30 points . Burke 's total was a school record for the Big Ten Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament . In the semifinal contest , however , Michigan was eliminated by Ohio State for the third year in a row . Michigan entered the 2012 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament seeded fourth , but lost to the thirteenth @-@ seeded Ohio Bobcats 65 – 60 . Burke became Michigan 's first Associated Press All @-@ American honoree since Robert Traylor and Louis Bullock in 1998 . " " . 156 with year the ending , assists in season freshman setting @-@ record school a had Burke . minutes 356 @,@ 4 played who , Bullock Louis surpassing , 357 @,@ 4 with played minutes career in record school the set Novak . games 135 in played who , Vaught Loy surpassed He . 136 with , played games in leader time @-@ all 's school the as season the concluded Douglass Stu "," Stu Douglass concluded the season as the school 's all @-@ time leader in games played , with 136 . He surpassed Loy Vaught , who played in 135 games . Novak set the school record in career minutes played with 4 @,@ 357 , surpassing Louis Bullock , who played 4 @,@ 356 minutes . Burke had a school record @-@ setting freshman season in assists , ending the year with 156 . " " : statistics following the posted team The "," The team posted the following statistics : " " . Novak Zack 's Michigan including , Ten Big the from were Award CLASS Senior 's Lowe basketball 's men the for nominees 30 the of Five "," Five of the 30 nominees for the men 's basketball Lowe 's Senior CLASS Award were from the Big Ten , including Michigan 's Zack Novak . " " . American @-@ All Academic team third a named was Novak . team America @-@ All Academic man @-@ 15 the for finalists 40 the among him putting , District @-@ All Academic named players basketball 's men Ten Big four of one also was He . athletes Ten Big other three with along Award CLASS Senior 's Lowe the for finalists ten of one named was Novak , 25 January On . finalists 20 of one was Burke , 4 January On . 2011 December in named candidates Award Cousy Bob 60 nearly of one was Burke Trey "," Trey Burke was one of nearly 60 Bob Cousy Award candidates named in December 2011 . On January 4 , Burke was one of 20 finalists . On January 25 , Novak was named one of ten finalists for the Lowe 's Senior CLASS Award along with three other Big Ten athletes . He was also one of four Big Ten men 's basketball players named Academic All @-@ District , putting him among the 40 finalists for the 15 @-@ man Academic All @-@ America team . Novak was named a third team Academic All @-@ American . 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International Florida to transferred Christian and Detroit to transferred , Maryland to transferred Smotrycz . 5 @.@ 40 of percentage a with shooter point @-@ three time @-@ all fifth 's program the as program the left , years two first his during in played he games 69 the of 42 in started had who , Smotrycz . program the leave to decided ) Christian Colton and Carlton , Smotrycz Evan ( players three , season the of end the At . team the to return to eligibility of year extra an granted later was Person . season the following graduation to Person Corey reserve senior as well as Novak Zack and Douglass Stu captains senior lost team The "," The team lost senior captains Stu Douglass and Zack Novak as well as senior reserve Corey Person to graduation following the season . Person was later granted an extra year of eligibility to return to the team . At the end of the season , three players ( Evan Smotrycz , Carlton and Colton Christian ) decided to leave the program . Smotrycz , who had started in 42 of the 69 games he played in during his first two years , left the program as the program 's fifth all @-@ time three @-@ point shooter with a percentage of 40 @.@ 5 . Smotrycz transferred to Maryland , transferred to Detroit and Christian transferred to Florida International . " " . year another for Michigan for play to return to decided he , Eventually . potential NBA of terms in peak his at was Burke thought observers Some "" . years in drafts guard point weaker the of one be to going 's It . freshman a for season solid a ... had Trey . young 're they when higher is ceiling their think They "" . said Burke Benji , father 's Trey "" , young them like they , NBA the , did he like freshman a as season a have you When "" : family his and him for deliberation some to led high was stock 's Burke and shallow was draft 2012 the in guards point of pool the that realization the , however , later days few A . Draft NBA 2012 the enter to inclined not was he said first Burke Trey , season the Following "," Following the season , Trey Burke first said he was not inclined to enter the 2012 NBA Draft . A few days later , however , the realization that the pool of point guards in the 2012 draft was shallow and Burke 's stock was high led to some deliberation for him and his family : "" When you have a season as a freshman like he did , the NBA , they like them young , "" Trey 's father , Benji Burke said . "" They think their ceiling is higher when they 're young . Trey had ... a solid season for a freshman . It 's going to be one of the weaker point guard drafts in years . "" Some observers thought Burke was at his peak in terms of NBA potential . Eventually , he decided to return to play for Michigan for another year . " " . 2012 , 6 April on Michigan to committed Albrecht "" Spike "" Michael . ESPN to according , nation the in class best @-@ seventh the to 25 top the outside from Michigan moved commitment 's McGary the , commitments their announced schools other several After . 9 November on team the with Intent of Letter National a signed three All . nation the in class best @-@ fifth the as ranked 's Michigan that said ESPN , commitment the of hours Within . Michigan to commitment verbal his announced , time the at nation the in prospect two @-@ number the as ranked was who , McGary Mitch , 3 November On . 2011 , 26 March on 2012 of class the for commitment verbal second its Michigan gave Stauskas Nik guard wing Canadian . 2012 of class 's school the in commitment first the him making , Michigan attend to agreed verbally , Robinson Glenn pick Draft NBA overall first former of son , III Robinson Glenn that 2010 September in announced team The "," The team announced in September 2010 that Glenn Robinson III , son of former first overall NBA Draft pick Glenn Robinson , verbally agreed to attend Michigan , making him the first commitment in the school 's class of 2012 . Canadian wing guard Nik Stauskas gave Michigan its second verbal commitment for the class of 2012 on March 26 , 2011 . On November 3 , Mitch McGary , who was ranked as the number @-@ two prospect in the nation at the time , announced his verbal commitment to Michigan . Within hours of the commitment , ESPN said that Michigan 's ranked as the fifth @-@ best class in the nation . All three signed a National Letter of Intent with the team on November 9 . After several other schools announced their commitments , the McGary 's commitment moved Michigan from outside the top 25 to the seventh @-@ best class in the nation , according to ESPN . Michael "" Spike "" Albrecht committed to Michigan on April 6 , 2012 . " " . system planetary its in planet known innermost the is b Andromedae Upsilon . directly detected be to planets resolved @-@ non first the of one also is It . discovered be to Jupiters hot first the of one was it , Butler Paul R. and Marcy Geoffrey by 1996 June in Discovered . days five every approximately , A Andromedae Upsilon , star twin Solar the orbits planet The . Andromeda of constellation the in Sun the from away years @-@ light 44 approximately planet extrasolar an is , Saffar named also , ) B Andromedae Upsilon dwarf red the from it distinguish to ( Ab Andromedae Upsilon designated occasionally , ) b And υ , b Andromedae υ abbreviated ( b Andromedae Upsilon "," Upsilon Andromedae b ( abbreviated υ Andromedae b , υ And b ) , occasionally designated Upsilon Andromedae Ab ( to distinguish it from the red dwarf Upsilon Andromedae B ) , also named Saffar , is an extrasolar planet approximately 44 light @-@ years away from the Sun in the constellation of Andromeda . The planet orbits the Solar twin star , Upsilon Andromedae A , approximately every five days . Discovered in June 1996 by Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler , it was one of the first hot Jupiters to be discovered . It is also one of the first non @-@ resolved planets to be detected directly . Upsilon Andromedae b is the innermost known planet in its planetary system . " " . Spain Muslim of Saffar @-@ al Ibn astronomer Century 11th the honours and Morocco of Club Astronomy Vega the by submitted was name winning The . planet this for Saffar was name winning the announced IAU the , 2015 December In . names new the for voting and nomination public involved process The . stars host their and exoplanets certain to names proper giving for process a launched Union Astronomical International the 2014 July In "," In July 2014 the International Astronomical Union launched a process for giving proper names to certain exoplanets and their host stars . The process involved public nomination and voting for the new names . In December 2015 , the IAU announced the winning name was Saffar for this planet . The winning name was submitted by the Vega Astronomy Club of Morocco and honours the 11th Century astronomer Ibn al @-@ Saffar of Muslim Spain . " " . Boötis Tau orbiting planet the and b Cancri 55 with together , 1997 January in announced was existence 's planet The . spectrum 's Andromedae Upsilon of shift Doppler the of measurements sensitive making by detected were variations The . gravity 's planet the by caused velocity radial 's star its in variations the by detected was b Andromedae Upsilon , planets extrasolar known of majority the Like "," Like the majority of known extrasolar planets , Upsilon Andromedae b was detected by the variations in its star 's radial velocity caused by the planet 's gravity . The variations were detected by making sensitive measurements of the Doppler shift of Upsilon Andromedae 's spectrum . The planet 's existence was announced in January 1997 , together with 55 Cancri b and the planet orbiting Tau Boötis . " " . AU @.@ 0 of axis semimajor a with , orbit an complete to days 617 @.@ 4 takes planet The . Sun our to does Mercury than closer , star its to close very orbits b Andromedae Upsilon , star normal a around discovered planet extrasolar first the , b Pegasi 51 Like "," Like 51 Pegasi b , the first extrasolar planet discovered around a normal star , Upsilon Andromedae b orbits very close to its star , closer than Mercury does to our Sun . The planet takes 4 @.@ 617 days to complete an orbit , with a semimajor axis of 0 @.@ AU . " " . degrees 35 is d and c between inclination mutual the ; assumed be to not is . MJ 4 @.@ 1 about be may mass true the and ° 25 around is plane orbital the of inclination that recently found astronomers , However . greater much be may mass true the , orbit the of inclination the on depending though , Jupiter of mass the of % 7 @.@ 68 is limit lower this , b Andromedae Upsilon of case the In . found be can mass the on limit lower a only that is b Andromedae Upsilon detect to used method velocity radial the of limitation A "," A limitation of the radial velocity method used to detect Upsilon Andromedae b is that only a lower limit on the mass can be found . In the case of Upsilon Andromedae b , this lower limit is 68 @.@ 7 % of the mass of Jupiter , though depending on the inclination of the orbit , the true mass may be much greater . However , astronomers found recently that inclination of the orbital plane is around 25 ° and the true mass may be about 1 @.@ 4 MJ . is not to be assumed ; the mutual inclination between c and d is 35 degrees . " " . surface solid no with giant gas a is b Andromedae Upsilon that likely is it , mass high 's planet the Given "," Given the planet 's high mass , it is likely that Upsilon Andromedae b is a gas giant with no solid surface . " " A. Andromedae Upsilon facing always side same the with locked tidal is b Andromedae Upsilon that speculation to led has difference temperature The . Celsius degrees 650 @,@ 1 to 400 @,@ 1 about to degrees 230 to 20 minus from ranging , Celsius degrees 400 @,@ 1 about of b Andromedae Upsilon of sides two the between difference the that found and , temperature planet the measured Telescope Space Spitzer The "," The Spitzer Space Telescope measured the planet temperature , and found that the difference between the two sides of Upsilon Andromedae b of about 1 @,@ 400 degrees Celsius , ranging from minus 20 to 230 degrees to about 1 @,@ 400 to 1 @,@ 650 degrees Celsius . The temperature difference has led to speculation that Upsilon Andromedae b is tidal locked with the same side always facing Upsilon Andromedae A. " " . yet out ruled be cannot tholins like compounds other but , ) "" planets "" ( oxides titanium and vanadium of consist to assumed is cloud hot , opaque , dark of shell outer The . gas cooler of stratosphere a exists , mantle the surrounding gas pressure high , hot the and that between ; radiation 's sun the absorbs instead deck cloud The . atmosphere upper its in iron and silicates of clouds reflective have to b Andromedae Upsilon predicted , equilibrium chemical to close is environment its that and composition in Jupiter to similar is planet the that assumption the on , had Sudarsky "," Sudarsky had , on the assumption that the planet is similar to Jupiter in composition and that its environment is close to chemical equilibrium , predicted Upsilon Andromedae b to have reflective clouds of silicates and iron in its upper atmosphere . The cloud deck instead absorbs the sun 's radiation ; between that and the hot , high pressure gas surrounding the mantle , exists a stratosphere of cooler gas . The outer shell of dark , opaque , hot cloud is assumed to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides ( "" planets "" ) , but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out yet . " " . system the of age the to compared timescales short on them destroy or orbit from them eject either would forces tidal since , moons large have to unlikely is planet The "," The planet is unlikely to have large moons , since tidal forces would either eject them from orbit or destroy them on short timescales compared to the age of the system . " " . light visible in 35 @.@ 0 of albedo geometric a has It . cm3 / is density mean the that meaning , Jupiter as massive as times 74 @.@ 0 and large as times 36 @.@ 1 is , color blue predominately has planet the that indicate studies from results Preliminary . by imaging direct for candidate a deemed was ) b Pegasi 51 with ( planet The "," The planet ( with 51 Pegasi b ) was deemed a candidate for direct imaging by . Preliminary results from studies indicate that the planet has predominately blue color , is 1 @.@ 36 times as large and 0 @.@ 74 times as massive as Jupiter , meaning that the mean density is / cm3 . It has a geometric albedo of 0 @.@ 35 in visible light . " " . Io moon its and Jupiter between interaction the or , stars variable Venaticorum Canum RS of activity the for responsible that to similar be may mechanism The . star the and planet the of fields magnetic the between interactions of result the be may This . point planetary @-@ sub the from away ° 169 around star the on "" spot hot "" a is there that suggest Observations . star parent its on activity chromospheric increased for responsible be to appears b Andromedae Upsilon "," Upsilon Andromedae b appears to be responsible for increased chromospheric activity on its parent star . Observations suggest that there is a "" hot spot "" on the star around 169 ° away from the sub @-@ planetary point . This may be the result of interactions between the magnetic fields of the planet and the star . The mechanism may be similar to that responsible for the activity of RS Canum Venaticorum variable stars , or the interaction between Jupiter and its moon Io . " " . 2011 in film final and eighth the of release the until years 10 for series the in starred and , film Potter Harry first the in Potter Harry as cast was he , 11 age At . Panama of Tailor The 's 2001 in debut cinematic his by followed , Copperfield David film television 1999 's One BBC in age of years 10 at debut acting his made He . series film Potter Harry the in character title the as prominence to rose who actor English an is ) 1989 July 23 born ( Radcliffe Jacob Daniel "," Daniel Jacob Radcliffe ( born 23 July 1989 ) is an English actor who rose to prominence as the title character in the Harry Potter film series . He made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One 's 1999 television film David Copperfield , followed by his cinematic debut in 2001 's The Tailor of Panama . At age 11 , he was cast as Harry Potter in the first Harry Potter film , and starred in the series for 10 years until the release of the eighth and final film in 2011 . " " . Your Kill film independent 2013 the in Ginsberg Allen poet beat played and , Black in Woman The film horror 2012 the in starred He . Trying Really Without Business in Succeed to How musical the of revival Broadway 2011 the in and , Equus of productions York New and London the in starring , 2007 in acting stage to out branch to began Radcliffe "," Radcliffe began to branch out to stage acting in 2007 , starring in the London and New York productions of Equus , and in the 2011 Broadway revival of the musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying . He starred in the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black , and played beat poet Allen Ginsberg in the 2013 independent film Kill Your . " " . 2011 in Award Hero its him gave which , youth LGBTQ among prevention suicide for Project Trevor The and , Children for Care Hospice including , charities many to contributed has He "," He has contributed to many charities , including Hospice Care for Children , and The Trevor Project for suicide prevention among LGBTQ youth , which gave him its Hero Award in 2011 . " " . children as acted both had parents 's Radcliffe . Russia and Poland from come originally had family Her . Essex , Sea @-@ on @-@ Westcliff in raised and Africa South in born was and , Jewish is mother His . background Protestant "" class @-@ working very a "" from is , Ireland Northern , Down County , Banbridge in raised was who , father His . Stumble I and Away Walk and Mysteries Inspector The including , BBC the for films several in involved was who agent casting a , ) Jacobson Gresham Marcia née ( Gresham Jeannine Marcia and , agent literary a , Radcliffe George Alan of child only the is He . England , London West in born was Radcliffe "," Radcliffe was born in West London , England . He is the only child of Alan George Radcliffe , a literary agent , and Marcia Jeannine Gresham ( née Marcia Gresham Jacobson ) , a casting agent who was involved in several films for the BBC , including The Inspector Mysteries and Walk Away and I Stumble . His father , who was raised in Banbridge , County Down , Northern Ireland , is from "" a very working @-@ class "" Protestant background . His mother is Jewish , and was born in South Africa and raised in Westcliff @-@ on @-@ Sea , Essex . Her family had originally come from Poland and Russia . Radcliffe 's parents had both acted as children . " " . "" Jewish being of proud very "" is he that and , "" Jews tree Christmas were We "" : stated has He "" . English 'm I that fact the despite , Irish and Jewish being as myself of think I . house the in faith ] religious [ never was There "" : stated Radcliffe , interview 2012 a In "," In a 2012 interview , Radcliffe stated : "" There was never [ religious ] faith in the house . I think of myself as being Jewish and Irish , despite the fact that I 'm English . "" He has stated : "" We were Christmas tree Jews "" , and that he is "" very proud of being Jewish "" . " " . jealousy than rather "" Potter Harry plays that kid the at crack a have "" to trying just people was it says he though , hostile becoming pupils fellow some with , film Potter Harry first the of release the after Radcliffe for difficult became school Attending . ) London of City the as known ( district financial 's London in Thames River the of Bank North the on school day a , School London of City the and , Square Cadogan 's Chelsea in school day a , School House Sussex : boys for schools independent two at educated was He . boy young a as character title the portraying , Copperfield David novel Dickens Charles the of adaptation part @-@ two televised 's One BBC in debut acting his made he , 10 aged , 1999 December in and , five of age the at act to desire a expressed first Radcliffe "," Radcliffe first expressed a desire to act at the age of five , and in December 1999 , aged 10 , he made his acting debut in BBC One 's televised two @-@ part adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel David Copperfield , portraying the title character as a young boy . He was educated at two independent schools for boys : Sussex House School , a day school in Chelsea 's Cadogan Square , and the City of London School , a day school on the North Bank of the River Thames in London 's financial district ( known as the City of London ) . Attending school became difficult for Radcliffe after the release of the first Harry Potter film , with some fellow pupils becoming hostile , though he says it was people just trying to "" have a crack at the kid that plays Harry Potter "" rather than jealousy . " " "" . were they where to as off tipped be 'd they , on going parties any were there If "" . 2007 in magazine Details told he "" , it love 'd they , paparazzi The "" . experience college normal a have to difficult be would it that and , write and act to wanted he knew already he that was reasoning his of Part . university or college to go not did and education from break a take to decided but , 2006 in took he that exams level @-@ AS three the in grades A achieved He "" . difficult really "" work the finding and useless it considering , school at good very not was he admitted He . tutors set @-@ on through education his continued Radcliffe , schedule his consume to began career acting his As "," As his acting career began to consume his schedule , Radcliffe continued his education through on @-@ set tutors . He admitted he was not very good at school , considering it useless and finding the work "" really difficult . "" He achieved A grades in the three AS @-@ level exams that he took in 2006 , but decided to take a break from education and did not go to college or university . Part of his reasoning was that he already knew he wanted to act and write , and that it would be difficult to have a normal college experience . "" The paparazzi , they 'd love it , "" he told Details magazine in 2007 . "" If there were any parties going on , they 'd be tipped off as to where they were . "" " " . that than more any do would he if time the at unsure was Radcliffe ; UK the in shooting with contract movie @-@ two a Radcliffe offered instead Bros. Warner . Angeles Los in shot films six involve would it that told been had they as , offer the down turned originally parents 's Radcliffe "" . Harry better a found have could Columbus Chris think 't don I "" , saying selection the endorsed also Rowling . part the play to selected was Radcliffe , auditions several after and , later months Eight . Copperfield David in actor young the of video a saw he after , "" Potter Harry is This . want I what is This "" , thinking recalled Columbus Chris director 's movie the and , character the personify to actor British unknown an for searching been had Rowling . Rowling K. J. author British by book selling @-@ best the , Stone 's Philosopher the and Potter Harry of adaptation film the for Potter Harry of role the for audition to Radcliffe asked Heyman David producer , 2000 In "," In 2000 , producer David Heyman asked Radcliffe to audition for the role of Harry Potter for the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , the best @-@ selling book by British author J. K. Rowling . Rowling had been searching for an unknown British actor to personify the character , and the movie 's director Chris Columbus recalled thinking , "" This is what I want . This is Harry Potter "" , after he saw a video of the young actor in David Copperfield . Eight months later , and after several auditions , Radcliffe was selected to play the part . Rowling also endorsed the selection saying , "" I don 't think Chris Columbus could have found a better Harry . "" Radcliffe 's parents originally turned down the offer , as they had been told that it would involve six films shot in Los Angeles . Warner Bros. instead offered Radcliffe a two @-@ movie contract with shooting in the UK ; Radcliffe was unsure at the time if he would do any more than that . " " . Chronicle Francisco San the of Graham Bob wrote "" , longing family deep to discovery of delight the and intelligence solemn from , emotions real very with connects who and curiosity with filled and looking scholarly so is who hero young a see to wonderful is It . imagination 's reader every of embodiment the is Radcliffe "" : Radcliffe of notice took critics and , reviews positive with met was and popular highly was film The . him for money the invest to chose parents his ; him to "" important that not "" was fee the that asserted but , role lead the for salary figure seven a received Radcliffe . 2001 in place took ) States United the in Stone 's Sorcerer the and Potter Harry as released ( Stone 's Philosopher the and Potter Harry of release The "," The release of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( released as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone in the United States ) took place in 2001 . Radcliffe received a seven figure salary for the lead role , but asserted that the fee was "" not that important "" to him ; his parents chose to invest the money for him . The film was highly popular and was met with positive reviews , and critics took notice of Radcliffe : "" Radcliffe is the embodiment of every reader 's imagination . It is wonderful to see a young hero who is so scholarly looking and filled with curiosity and who connects with very real emotions , from solemn intelligence and the delight of discovery to deep family longing , "" wrote Bob Graham of the San Francisco Chronicle . " " . success creative 's movie the for reason a being as humour the out singled Radcliffe and , point that at film Potter Harry grossing highest @-@ second the was film The . 2005 in Fire of Goblet the and Potter Harry was Next . performance her with him carry to had Watson that wrote who , Scott O. A. journalist Times York New by panned was performance 's Radcliffe . series the in film third the was Azkaban of Prisoner the and Potter Harry release 2004 The . whole a as movie the on opinions polarised had but performances ' actors lead the about positive were Reviewers . series the of installment second the , Secrets of Chamber the and Potter Harry in starred Radcliffe later year A "," A year later Radcliffe starred in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , the second installment of the series . Reviewers were positive about the lead actors ' performances but had polarised opinions on the movie as a whole . The 2004 release Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was the third film in the series . Radcliffe 's performance was panned by New York Times journalist A. O. Scott , who wrote that Watson had to carry him with her performance . Next was Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire in 2005 . The film was the second @-@ highest grossing Harry Potter film at that point , and Radcliffe singled out the humour as being a reason for the movie 's creative success . " " . Awards Movie MTV 2010 the at "" Superstar Global "" and "" Performance Male Best "" for nominations received Radcliffe . instalment sixth ' series the , released was Prince Blood @-@ Half the and Potter Harry 2009 July In . Hollywood in Theatre Chinese 's Grauman of front in wands and , feet , hands their of imprints left Watson and , Grint , Radcliffe , continued series the and fame his As "" . Performance Male Best "" for Award Movie National 2008 the received he and , nominations award several earned performance His . on work to series the in film "" fun most "" the Phoenix the of Order made Staunton Imelda actress and Yates David director that stated Radcliffe . ) 2007 ( Phoenix the of Order the and Potter Harry in time fourth the for role his reprised Radcliffe . stage on nude performed had he which in , "" Equus in involvement his to due role the denied be would he that speculation "" press of weeks to end an put which , films final the for signed had Radcliffe 2007 March by , however ; episodes two final the for roles their continue to on signing hesitated Grint Rupert and Watson Emma leads @-@ co his and Radcliffe when question into put was franchise the of future The "," The future of the franchise was put into question when Radcliffe and his co @-@ leads Emma Watson and Rupert Grint hesitated signing on to continue their roles for the final two episodes ; however , by March 2007 Radcliffe had signed for the final films , which put an end to weeks of press "" speculation that he would be denied the role due to his involvement in Equus "" , in which he had performed nude on stage . Radcliffe reprised his role for the fourth time in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) . Radcliffe stated that director David Yates and actress Imelda Staunton made Order of the Phoenix the "" most fun "" film in the series to work on . His performance earned several award nominations , and he received the 2008 National Movie Award for "" Best Male Performance . "" As his fame and the series continued , Radcliffe , Grint , and Watson left imprints of their hands , feet , and wands in front of Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood . In July 2009 Harry Potter and the Half @-@ Blood Prince was released , the series ' sixth instalment . Radcliffe received nominations for "" Best Male Performance "" and "" Global Superstar "" at the 2010 MTV Movie Awards . " " . wept openly Radcliffe , crew and cast the of most like , shooting of day last the on and 2010 June in concluding , year a for lasted Filming . cut final the to it made have not would things those , them combined they had , that added he ; development character on focusing , sedate more far be would part first the while , action of lot a with paced @-@ fast extremely be to going was movie last the that added He . film single a into novel final the adapt properly to impossible been have would it that stating , split the defended Radcliffe . fanbase ' series the from criticism drew which , back to back shot , films two into divided was book last the reasons scripting and financial For "," For financial and scripting reasons the last book was divided into two films , shot back to back , which drew criticism from the series ' fanbase . Radcliffe defended the split , stating that it would have been impossible to properly adapt the final novel into a single film . He added that the last movie was going to be extremely fast @-@ paced with a lot of action , while the first part would be far more sedate , focusing on character development ; he added that , had they combined them , those things would not have made it to the final cut . Filming lasted for a year , concluding in June 2010 and on the last day of shooting , like most of the cast and crew , Radcliffe openly wept . " " "" . ] actors [ supporting the by upstaged "" were Watson and Grint , Radcliffe that felt but , review positive highly a film the gave Ebert Roger "" . sir , played Well "" : Radcliffe on commented Travers Peter critic Stone Rolling while ; "" go ] Radcliffe [ see to sorry m ’ I , Frankly "" : said Reed Rex , similarly ; "" ? actors good be to out turn would Watson and Grint , Radcliffe that predicted have could Who "" , asked Post Washington The of Hornaday Ann : acclaimed critically was , film the with along , Radcliffe . 2011 July in released was , 2 Part – Hallows Deathly the and Potter Harry , film final The "," The final film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 , was released in July 2011 . Radcliffe , along with the film , was critically acclaimed : Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post asked , "" Who could have predicted that Radcliffe , Grint and Watson would turn out to be good actors ? "" ; similarly , Rex Reed said : "" Frankly , I ’ m sorry to see [ Radcliffe ] go "" ; while Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers commented on Radcliffe : "" Well played , sir . "" Roger Ebert gave the film a highly positive review , but felt that Radcliffe , Grint and Watson were "" upstaged by the supporting [ actors ] . "" " " "" . Potter doing by life on perspective better much a given been ve ’ I "" : actors child other like childhood a on out miss not did he that asserted has Radcliffe , series the to time much so devoting Despite "" . character one with spend to time long a is years 10 think I . doubtful very ] is It [ "" : replied he which to film another do would he if asked was Radcliffe , book eighth an writing about hinted Rowling After . films Potter Harry more doing in interest no has he , movies the about feelings positive Despite "" . forever series film this with associated be to proud "" is he said also but , character the from him separate to able be never would people some that admitted Radcliffe "," Radcliffe admitted that some people would never be able to separate him from the character , but also said he is "" proud to be associated with this film series forever . "" Despite positive feelings about the movies , he has no interest in doing more Harry Potter films . After Rowling hinted about writing an eighth book , Radcliffe was asked if he would do another film to which he replied : "" [ It is ] very doubtful . I think 10 years is a long time to spend with one character . "" Despite devoting so much time to the series , Radcliffe has asserted that he did not miss out on a childhood like other child actors : "" I ’ ve been given a much better perspective on life by doing Potter . "" " " "" . was ever it as today relevant as 's it think and subject the by fascinated been always 've I But . book history a in topic a just is War World First the , age my people many For "" , stated Radcliffe . battle a during action in missing goes who old @-@ year @-@ 18 an as performance 's Radcliffe praising critics several with , reviews positive mostly received film The . Day Remembrance on ITV on shown film drama television a , Jack Boy My in Mulligan Carey with starred @-@ co Radcliffe , 2007 in Also . 2007 September @-@ mid in theatres to released and 2005 in shot was that orphans four about drama family Australian an , Boys December film the in appeared he 2007 In . film Potter Harry second the in him with appeared also who – Branagh Kenneth by directed , Wrote I What Play The of production theatre End West a in guest celebrity a as debut stage his made he 2002 In . success commercial moderate a and , novel spy 1996 's Carré le John on based film 2001 American an , Panama of Tailor The in debut film his made Radcliffe "," Radcliffe made his film debut in The Tailor of Panama , an American 2001 film based on John le Carré 's 1996 spy novel , and a moderate commercial success . In 2002 he made his stage debut as a celebrity guest in a West End theatre production of The Play What I Wrote , directed by Kenneth Branagh – who also appeared with him in the second Harry Potter film . In 2007 he appeared in the film December Boys , an Australian family drama about four orphans that was shot in 2005 and released to theatres in mid @-@ September 2007 . Also in 2007 , Radcliffe co @-@ starred with Carey Mulligan in My Boy Jack , a television drama film shown on ITV on Remembrance Day . The film received mostly positive reviews , with several critics praising Radcliffe 's performance as an 18 @-@ year @-@ old who goes missing in action during a battle . Radcliffe stated , "" For many people my age , the First World War is just a topic in a history book . But I 've always been fascinated by the subject and think it 's as relevant today as it ever was . "" " " . Award Desk Drama a for nominated was performance 's Radcliffe . London in those than discerning more audiences American considered he because Broadway on role the repeating about nervous was he stated Radcliffe . role lead the in still Radcliffe with , 2008 September in Broadway to transferred then production The "" . confusion and rage his in scary genuinely seems he when moments are there ... Strang Alan as but , figure sinister a Radcliffe ) formed perfectly but ( diminutive the find would I thought never I "" : added He "" . forward leap tremendous a marks that presence stage electrifying an and power dramatic a displays "" he that wrote Telegraph Daily The of Spencer Charles . role type @-@ against his of depth and nuance the by impressed were critics as reviews positive received performance 's Radcliffe . 2007 June 9 until ran and 2007 February 27 on opened Equus . scene nude a in appeared Radcliffe as , interest media opening @-@ pre significant generated role the and , million 7 @.@ 1 £ topped sales Advance . horses with obsession an has who boy stable a , Strang Alan as role lead the on took Radcliffe . Theatre Gielgud the at , 1973 in run first its since revived been not had which , Equus play 's Shaffer Peter in onstage performed he , roles adult for prepared was he people show to bid a in , 17 age At "," At age 17 , in a bid to show people he was prepared for adult roles , he performed onstage in Peter Shaffer 's play Equus , which had not been revived since its first run in 1973 , at the Gielgud Theatre . Radcliffe took on the lead role as Alan Strang , a stable boy who has an obsession with horses . Advance sales topped £ 1 @.@ 7 million , and the role generated significant pre @-@ opening media interest , as Radcliffe appeared in a nude scene . Equus opened on 27 February 2007 and ran until 9 June 2007 . Radcliffe 's performance received positive reviews as critics were impressed by the nuance and depth of his against @-@ type role . Charles Spencer of The Daily Telegraph wrote that he "" displays a dramatic power and an electrifying stage presence that marks a tremendous leap forward . "" He added : "" I never thought I would find the diminutive ( but perfectly formed ) Radcliffe a sinister figure , but as Alan Strang ... there are moments when he seems genuinely scary in his rage and confusion . "" The production then transferred to Broadway in September 2008 , with Radcliffe still in the lead role . Radcliffe stated he was nervous about repeating the role on Broadway because he considered American audiences more discerning than those in London . Radcliffe 's performance was nominated for a Drama Desk Award . " " . 2012 January 1 on show the left Radcliffe . nominations Award Tony nine received later itself production The . nominations Award Circle Critics Outer and Award League Drama , Award Desk Drama him earned show the in performance 's Radcliffe "" . process the in blast a having and – them with harmony conscientious in working by but , members cast fellow his overshadowing by not succeeds ultimately Radcliffe "" : commenting Today USA with , reviews favourable received production and actor the Both . Faber Mary and Hemingway Rose , Larroquette John included members cast Other . Broderick Matthew and Morse Robert veterans Broadway by held previously role a , Trying Really Without Business in Succeed to How revival Broadway 2011 the in Finch Pierrepont J. as debuted Radcliffe , 2010 late in Simpsons The series television animated the of episode an in character a voicing After "," After voicing a character in an episode of the animated television series The Simpsons in late 2010 , Radcliffe debuted as J. Pierrepont Finch in the 2011 Broadway revival How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying , a role previously held by Broadway veterans Robert Morse and Matthew Broderick . Other cast members included John Larroquette , Rose Hemingway and Mary Faber . Both the actor and production received favourable reviews , with USA Today commenting : "" Radcliffe ultimately succeeds not by overshadowing his fellow cast members , but by working in conscientious harmony with them – and having a blast in the process . "" Radcliffe 's performance in the show earned him Drama Desk Award , Drama League Award and Outer Critics Circle Award nominations . The production itself later received nine Tony Award nominations . Radcliffe left the show on 1 January 2012 . " " . "" written beautifully "" as script the described and film the of part be to "" excited incredibly "" was he said has He . black in dressed woman a of ghost the from hauntings and events strange experience to begins he after soon and , died just has who woman mysterious a of matters legal the with deal to sent man a portrays Radcliffe . UK the in February 10 on released was and , Canada and States United the in 2012 February 3 on released was film The . Hill Susan by novel 1983 the from adapted , Black in Woman The film horror 2012 the was project Potter Harry @-@ post first His "," His first post @-@ Harry Potter project was the 2012 horror film The Woman in Black , adapted from the 1983 novel by Susan Hill . The film was released on 3 February 2012 in the United States and Canada , and was released on 10 February in the UK . Radcliffe portrays a man sent to deal with the legal matters of a mysterious woman who has just died , and soon after he begins to experience strange events and hauntings from the ghost of a woman dressed in black . He has said he was "" incredibly excited "" to be part of the film and described the script as "" beautifully written "" . " " . Festival Film International Toronto 38th the at premiered films the of Both . Horns Aja Alexandre by directed film horror fantasy dark American an in starred he then and Cigars and Toothpaste play 's Rinaldi Michael and Dawe TJ on based , Elan by written Michael by directed Word F The film comedy romantic Canadian @-@ Irish an in starred also He . John by directed , Your Kill drama thriller the in Ginsberg Allen poet American portrayed he , 2013 In "," In 2013 , he portrayed American poet Allen Ginsberg in the thriller drama Kill Your , directed by John . He also starred in an Irish @-@ Canadian romantic comedy film The F Word directed by Michael written by Elan , based on TJ Dawe and Michael Rinaldi 's play Toothpaste and Cigars and then he starred in an American dark fantasy horror film directed by Alexandre Aja Horns . Both of the films premiered at the 38th Toronto International Film Festival . " " . Man Army Swiss film indie the in , corpse talkative a , Manny portrayed Radcliffe , 2016 In . Frankenstein novel 1818 's Shelley Mary of adaptations contemporary on based was which , Landis Max by written and McGuigan Paul by directed Frankenstein Victor film horror fiction science a in Igor as starred Radcliffe , 2015 In . Play a in Actor Best for Award the won he which for , Billy , lead the as of Cripple The comedy dark 's McDonagh Martin of revival play stage the in Theatre Coward Noël the at performed also Radcliffe "," Radcliffe also performed at the Noël Coward Theatre in the stage play revival of Martin McDonagh 's dark comedy The Cripple of as the lead , Billy , for which he won the Award for Best Actor in a Play . In 2015 , Radcliffe starred as Igor in a science fiction horror film Victor Frankenstein directed by Paul McGuigan and written by Max Landis , which was based on contemporary adaptations of Mary Shelley 's 1818 novel Frankenstein . In 2016 , Radcliffe portrayed Manny , a talkative corpse , in the indie film Swiss Army Man . " " . Abraham and Goldblum Jeff , Butterfield Asa , Moretz Grace Chloë , Holland Tom , Reeves Keanu , Hathaway Anne alongside Ocean Modern The , film third 's Carruth Shane of cast ensemble the joined he 2015 November In . Vice Tokyo in Adelstein Jake reporter American as star to set is He "," He is set to star as American reporter Jake Adelstein in Tokyo Vice . In November 2015 he joined the ensemble cast of Shane Carruth 's third film , The Modern Ocean alongside Anne Hathaway , Keanu Reeves , Tom Holland , Chloë Grace Moretz , Asa Butterfield , Jeff Goldblum and Abraham . " " . it on reliant too becoming himself finding after alcohol drinking stopped he , 2010 August In . commented Radcliffe "" , talent discernible no with , everything at crap being of terms in , school at time hard a having was I "" . shoelaces own his tying or writing as such , activities simple doing from him prevents sometimes disorder skill motor The . disorder coordination developmental disorder neurological the of form mild a has he that revealed Radcliffe , 2008 In "," In 2008 , Radcliffe revealed that he has a mild form of the neurological disorder developmental coordination disorder . The motor skill disorder sometimes prevents him from doing simple activities , such as writing or tying his own shoelaces . "" I was having a hard time at school , in terms of being crap at everything , with no discernible talent , "" Radcliffe commented . In August 2010 , he stopped drinking alcohol after finding himself becoming too reliant on it . " " . grounded him keeping for credits he whom , family his with knit @-@ tight is and , Watson Emma and Felton Tom stars @-@ co Potter Harry his with friendship close a has He . magazine fashion underground an , Rubbish in – Gresham name maiden 's mother his of version Jewish the and name middle his of combination a – Gershon Jacob name pen the under poems several published Radcliffe 2007 November In "," In November 2007 Radcliffe published several poems under the pen name Jacob Gershon – a combination of his middle name and the Jewish version of his mother 's maiden name Gresham – in Rubbish , an underground fashion magazine . He has a close friendship with his Harry Potter co @-@ stars Tom Felton and Emma Watson , and is tight @-@ knit with his family , whom he credits for keeping him grounded . " " . year that released being Hallows Deathly the and Potter Harry to due mainly , million 780 $ US of revenue film a with actors grossing @-@ highest 's Hollywood of list December 's Forbes on five number at placed and star male Hollywood paid highest sixth the named was he 2010 February In . year that later England in teenager richest the be to considered was Radcliffe . UK the in person young richest 12th the him making , 30m £ at worth net his measured Telegraph Daily The April by and , list "" Stars Young Valuable Most "" Forbes the on one number ranked was he 2009 March In . UK the in people young richest the of one him making , million 14 £ be to fortune personal his estimated which , 2006 in List Rich Times Sunday the on appeared Radcliffe . sixth the for million 15 £ around and film Potter Harry first the for million 1 £ earned have to reported was he ; wealth personal 's Radcliffe about disagree Sources "," Sources disagree about Radcliffe 's personal wealth ; he was reported to have earned £ 1 million for the first Harry Potter film and around £ 15 million for the sixth . Radcliffe appeared on the Sunday Times Rich List in 2006 , which estimated his personal fortune to be £ 14 million , making him one of the richest young people in the UK . In March 2009 he was ranked number one on the Forbes "" Most Valuable Young Stars "" list , and by April The Daily Telegraph measured his net worth at £ 30m , making him the 12th richest young person in the UK . Radcliffe was considered to be the richest teenager in England later that year . In February 2010 he was named the sixth highest paid Hollywood male star and placed at number five on Forbes 's December list of Hollywood 's highest @-@ grossing actors with a film revenue of US $ 780 million , mainly due to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows being released that year . " " . 2014 December in plans such any were there denied Darke Ian father 's Darke but , 2014 @-@ mid in engagement possible a of stories and rumours were There . Your Kill of set the on met he whom , Darke Erin American dating been has Radcliffe , 2012 October of As . City York New in Manhattan Lower of Village West the in home a maintains Radcliffe "," Radcliffe maintains a home in the West Village of Lower Manhattan in New York City . As of October 2012 , Radcliffe has been dating American Erin Darke , whom he met on the set of Kill Your . There were rumours and stories of a possible engagement in mid @-@ 2014 , but Darke 's father Ian Darke denied there were any such plans in December 2014 . " " . "" watch will I , television on does he Anything . do who Dawkins Richard like people for respect of amount huge a have I but , atheism my preach 't don I . ] atheist an being [ it about relaxed very 'm I "" ; stated he , interview separate a in and , "" legislation on impacting starts religion when atheist militant a and , atheist an 'm I "" : saying as quoted been has He . atheist an is Radcliffe "," Radcliffe is an atheist . He has been quoted as saying : "" I 'm an atheist , and a militant atheist when religion starts impacting on legislation "" , and in a separate interview , he stated ; "" I 'm very relaxed about it [ being an atheist ] . I don 't preach my atheism , but I have a huge amount of respect for people like Richard Dawkins who do . Anything he does on television , I will watch "" . " " . resides it where NPG the to moved then was it ; Theatre National Royal the at opening exhibition new a of part as unveiled was , Wright Pearson Stuart by drawn , portrait his 2006 April 13 On . ) NPG ( Gallery Portrait National 's Britain in portrait individual an have to ever royal @-@ non youngest the became Radcliffe , sixteen of age the At . republic British a of supporter a is He . Miliband succeed to contest leadership 2015 the in Corbyn Jeremy endorsed he , 2015 September In . Miliband Ed , leader Labour the of approving and , government in Dems Lib the and Clegg Nick of performance the with disappointment citing , Labour to allegiance his switched Radcliffe , however , 2012 In . leader Dem Lib the , Clegg Nick endorsed Radcliffe election general 2010 the before and , Democrats Liberal the supported publicly had Radcliffe 2012 Until . Party Labour the of supporter a is Radcliffe "," Radcliffe is a supporter of the Labour Party . Until 2012 Radcliffe had publicly supported the Liberal Democrats , and before the 2010 general election Radcliffe endorsed Nick Clegg , the Lib Dem leader . In 2012 , however , Radcliffe switched his allegiance to Labour , citing disappointment with the performance of Nick Clegg and the Lib Dems in government , and approving of the Labour leader , Ed Miliband . In September 2015 , he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn in the 2015 leadership contest to succeed Miliband . He is a supporter of a British republic . At the age of sixteen , Radcliffe became the youngest non @-@ royal ever to have an individual portrait in Britain 's National Portrait Gallery ( NPG ) . On 13 April 2006 his portrait , drawn by Stuart Pearson Wright , was unveiled as part of a new exhibition opening at the Royal National Theatre ; it was then moved to the NPG where it resides . " " . 2011 in "" Award Hero "" the given was he , organisation the for work his for , and career his in things important most the of one be to involvement his considers Radcliffe . rights equal for advocating figures public of importance the of spoke he , interview same the In . interview 2010 a in said he "" , it about something do or help actually can I where position fortunate very the in am I Now . bisexuals or lesbians or men gay of tolerant not is who anybody hated always have I "" . it to financially contributed has and 2008 in Broadway on Equus on working while organisation the of learned first He . prevention suicide teen gay of awareness promoting , Project Trevor The for 2009 in announcements service public filming began Radcliffe , homophobia against out Speaking "," Speaking out against homophobia , Radcliffe began filming public service announcements in 2009 for The Trevor Project , promoting awareness of gay teen suicide prevention . He first learned of the organisation while working on Equus on Broadway in 2008 and has contributed financially to it . "" I have always hated anybody who is not tolerant of gay men or lesbians or bisexuals . Now I am in the very fortunate position where I can actually help or do something about it , "" he said in a 2010 interview . In the same interview , he spoke of the importance of public figures advocating for equal rights . Radcliffe considers his involvement to be one of the most important things in his career and , for his work for the organisation , he was given the "" Hero Award "" in 2011 . " " . youth troubled for helpline national confidential free based @-@ London a , UK Connected Get to money donated also has He . competition Year the of Gypsy 2011 the at presenting and Fights Equity / Cares Broadway based @-@ York @-@ New for , show the in worn items other and jeans of pair a off auctioned he Equus of run Broadway the During . Holocaust the of victims honouring exhibit an to glasses old their donated who celebrities several among was he 2008 In . program Care for Candle 's charity the to , him to presents Christmas of lieu in , donations make to fans his urged has Radcliffe . Kent , Sittingbourne in Hospice 's Children House , charity favourite his to directly going bed the of sale the from royalties the all with ) chair or longue @-@ chaise , bed a into made be can which ones smaller eight of made cube a ( range Kids VIP 's Habitat for Bed @-@ Cu the designed He . charities various supported has Radcliffe "," Radcliffe has supported various charities . He designed the Cu @-@ Bed for Habitat 's VIP Kids range ( a cube made of eight smaller ones which can be made into a bed , chaise @-@ longue or chair ) with all the royalties from the sale of the bed going directly to his favourite charity , House Children 's Hospice in Sittingbourne , Kent . Radcliffe has urged his fans to make donations , in lieu of Christmas presents to him , to the charity 's Candle for Care program . In 2008 he was among several celebrities who donated their old glasses to an exhibit honouring victims of the Holocaust . During the Broadway run of Equus he auctioned off a pair of jeans and other items worn in the show , for New @-@ York @-@ based Broadway Cares / Equity Fights and presenting at the 2011 Gypsy of the Year competition . He has also donated money to Get Connected UK , a London @-@ based free confidential national helpline for troubled youth . " " . League Hockey National the of Wings Red Detroit the of fan a is Radcliffe "," Radcliffe is a fan of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League . " " . characters minor as and themselves as both performing , Kiss band the of members the by appearances guest featured "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" . Wright J. Thomas by directed and , Perry R. Michael by written was episode The . 1998 , 30 October on network Fox the on premiered It . Millennium series television thriller @-@ crime American the of season third the of episode fifth the is "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" "," "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" is the fifth episode of the third season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on October 30 , 1998 . The episode was written by Michael R. Perry , and directed by Thomas J. Wright . "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" featured guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss , performing both as themselves and as minor characters . " " . earlier years several solved Black case a on based is production the that realize and — film horror a of set the on murders of series a investigate ) Scott Klea ( Hollis Emma and ) Henriksen Lance ( Black Frank agents Investigation of Bureau Federal , episode this In "," In this episode , Federal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and Emma Hollis ( Klea Scott ) investigate a series of murders on the set of a horror film — and realize that the production is based on a case Black solved several years earlier . " " . criticized universally more been have Kiss of members the by appearances guest the although , critics from responses mixed evoked has It . notice short on adjusted be to script the and completed be to shots of number large a requiring filming with , produce to episode difficult a proved "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" "," "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" proved a difficult episode to produce , with filming requiring a large number of shots to be completed and the script to be adjusted on short notice . It has evoked mixed responses from critics , although the guest appearances by the members of Kiss have been more universally criticized . " " . screen the for sensationalized being is story true the that learn to shocked is he ; previously years thirteen investigated he case murder real a on based is film the that realizes Black , scene murder the through Hollis and Black guides sheriff local the As . film newest his in actress leading the , Danbury Marta and ) Stanley Paul ( Carroll Lew director film of deaths the investigate to Carolina South , Rest Travelers to travel ) Scott Klea ( Hollis Emma and ) Henriksen Lance ( Black Frank agents Investigation of Bureau Federal "," Federal Bureau of Investigation agents Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and Emma Hollis ( Klea Scott ) travel to Travelers Rest , South Carolina to investigate the deaths of film director Lew Carroll ( Paul Stanley ) and Marta Danbury , the leading actress in his newest film . As the local sheriff guides Black and Hollis through the murder scene , Black realizes that the film is based on a real murder case he investigated thirteen years previously ; he is shocked to learn that the true story is being sensationalized for the screen . " " . production disrespectful a as sees he what against campaigning is who and case earlier the in murdered was partner whose man the , Winston Hugo is questioned Also . plays he role whose , Black meet to opportunity the relishing actor method a , Bianco Mark and ; Danbury without expand will film the in roles whose , Tangent Ramona and Dahl Ruby ; director as Carroll replaced Beeman Rowdy ; Danbury with affair an having been had Kenny producer — deaths the of either from benefit would many that discovering , suspects as crew and cast the interview pair The "," The pair interview the cast and crew as suspects , discovering that many would benefit from either of the deaths — producer Kenny had been having an affair with Danbury ; Rowdy Beeman replaced Carroll as director ; Ruby Dahl and Ramona Tangent , whose roles in the film will expand without Danbury ; and Mark Bianco , a method actor relishing the opportunity to meet Black , whose role he plays . Also questioned is Hugo Winston , the man whose partner was murdered in the earlier case and who is campaigning against what he sees as a disrespectful production . " " . suicide @-@ murder apparent an in nearby hangs body 's Winston while , cut throats their with found are members crew several , afterwards shortly and — resumed is production , Regardless . perpetrator credible a not is he discovers and story his in holes pokes Black ; killings the to confesses ) Simmons Gene ( extra film a , day next The . rope a from hanging publicist 's film the of body the find to arrive Hollis and he ; hotel 's crew the target may killer the that theorizes Black , production down shuts sheriff the When . to belonged it that ring its from recognizing , sandwich his in finger severed a discovers Beeman ; catering in gather crew the scene pool a of filming the after and , continues production The "," The production continues , and after the filming of a pool scene the crew gather in catering ; Beeman discovers a severed finger in his sandwich , recognizing from its ring that it belonged to . When the sheriff shuts down production , Black theorizes that the killer may target the crew 's hotel ; he and Hollis arrive to find the body of the film 's publicist hanging from a rope . The next day , a film extra ( Gene Simmons ) confesses to the killings ; Black pokes holes in his story and discovers he is not a credible perpetrator . Regardless , production is resumed — and shortly afterwards , several crew members are found with their throats cut , while Winston 's body hangs nearby in an apparent murder @-@ suicide . " " . killer a of eyes the through see to order in crimes the commit to had and insight 's Black lacked he that explains then actor the ; chainsaw the disables Hollis after Bianco subdue to able is Black . Bianco wielding @-@ chainsaw a off fending Hollis discover Black , hotel her to back Racing . Hollis after is killer the — targeted being lady leading the with end films horror that realizes Black , settles pandemonium the as ; rafters the from down thrown is body 's sheriff the , him around looks he As . Kiss band the by performance a during set , shoot climactic 's production the visits he , hotel the in stays Hollis while and , killer the is Winston that doubts Black "," Black doubts that Winston is the killer , and while Hollis stays in the hotel , he visits the production 's climactic shoot , set during a performance by the band Kiss . As he looks around him , the sheriff 's body is thrown down from the rafters ; as the pandemonium settles , Black realizes that horror films end with the leading lady being targeted — the killer is after Hollis . Racing back to her hotel , Black discover Hollis fending off a chainsaw @-@ wielding Bianco . Black is able to subdue Bianco after Hollis disables the chainsaw ; the actor then explains that he lacked Black 's insight and had to commit the crimes in order to see through the eyes of a killer . " " . Files @-@ X The show sister its with episode crossover ' series the , "" Millennium "" direct to on go also would Wright . seasons three all across episodes six @-@ twenty of total a helmed who , Wright J. Thomas by directed was episode The . season third the in scripts three further a provide would and , "" Mikado The "" episode season second the penned previously had who , Perry R. Michael by written been have to Millennium of episode second the is "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" "," "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" is the second episode of Millennium to have been written by Michael R. Perry , who had previously penned the second season episode "" The Mikado "" , and would provide a further three scripts in the third season . The episode was directed by Thomas J. Wright , who helmed a total of twenty @-@ six episodes across all three seasons . Wright would also go on to direct "" Millennium "" , the series ' crossover episode with its sister show The X @-@ Files . " " . fabricate to long too take would suit a such that convinced eventually was he ; Professor Nutty The film Murphy Eddie 1996 the in used those like suit fat a wear to wishing , instead "" man black pound @-@ 300 "" a play to requested and , role his towards unenthusiastic also was Frehley Ace . episode the in used not but filmed was material additional this of much ultimately ; locations shooting the to scripts updated fax and notice short on scenes amend to asked being Perry to led which , dialogue of amount equal an given be roles their that filming during insisted members band the , However . role cameo small a and themselves both portray each who — Stanley Paul and Simmons Gene , Frehley Ace , Criss Peter — Kiss band the of members the by appearances guest features episode The "," The episode features guest appearances by the members of the band Kiss — Peter Criss , Ace Frehley , Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley — who each portray both themselves and a small cameo role . However , the band members insisted during filming that their roles be given an equal amount of dialogue , which led to Perry being asked to amend scenes on short notice and fax updated scripts to the shooting locations ; ultimately much of this additional material was filmed but not used in the episode . Ace Frehley was also unenthusiastic towards his role , and requested to play a "" 300 @-@ pound black man "" instead , wishing to wear a fat suit like those used in the 1996 Eddie Murphy film The Nutty Professor ; he was eventually convinced that such a suit would take too long to fabricate . " " . Catherine wife 's Black as Millennium of seasons two first the in starred who , Gallagher Megan actress of husband the is , Bianco Mark killer played who , Yagher Jeff star Guest . episode television a than film feature a to akin more was involved shots of number the felt he as , constraints time usual the within episode the direct to ability his for Wright praised Perry . this of cause the as effects physical and work stunt of abundance its citing , run ' series the of "" gruelling most the of one "" being as "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" production the described has Perry "," Perry has described the production "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" as being "" one of the most gruelling "" of the series ' run , citing its abundance of stunt work and physical effects as the cause of this . Perry praised Wright for his ability to direct the episode within the usual time constraints , as he felt the number of shots involved was more akin to a feature film than a television episode . Guest star Jeff Yagher , who played killer Mark Bianco , is the husband of actress Megan Gallagher , who starred in the first two seasons of Millennium as Black 's wife Catherine . " " . households million 37 @.@ 5 approximately represented This . episode the viewed States United the in households of percent 4 @.@ 5 that meaning , broadcast original its during 4 @.@ 5 of rating Nielsen a earned episode The . 1998 , 30 October on network Fox the on broadcast first was "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" "," "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" was first broadcast on the Fox network on October 30 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 4 during its original broadcast , meaning that 5 @.@ 4 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 @.@ 37 million households . " " . Kiss of members the by roles guest the at levelled also was criticism ; meaningful anything execute fully to handed @-@ heavy too be to commentary its and shallow too to characters 's episode the considered He . "" overkill in drowns concept whole the "" that but , better much be to potential the had episode the that felt Shearman . five of out star one "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" rated , Gunmen Lone The & Millennium , Files @-@ X The to Guide Critical A : Believe to Wanting book their in , Pearson Lars and Shearman Robert . contrived and unnecessary felt Kiss by appearance guest the that felt also he ; subjects other up send to attempting when "" apart falls "" it that admitted but , Black Frank of character the satirizing when strongest its at be to script the found VanDerWerff . this for outlet an provided episode comic a that and comedy unintentional to prone be to tone dark 's Millennium considered he as , series wider the within necessary was slant comedic 's episode the that felt VanDerWerff . "" B "" a episode the rated VanDerWerff Todd 's Club A.V. The . critics from reviews mixed received "" Later Years Thirteen ... "" "," "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" received mixed reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a "" B "" . VanDerWerff felt that the episode 's comedic slant was necessary within the wider series , as he considered Millennium 's dark tone to be prone to unintentional comedy and that a comic episode provided an outlet for this . VanDerWerff found the script to be at its strongest when satirizing the character of Frank Black , but admitted that it "" falls apart "" when attempting to send up other subjects ; he also felt that the guest appearance by Kiss felt unnecessary and contrived . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated "" ... Thirteen Years Later "" one star out of five . Shearman felt that the episode had the potential to be much better , but that "" the whole concept drowns in overkill "" . He considered the episode 's characters to too shallow and its commentary to be too heavy @-@ handed to fully execute anything meaningful ; criticism was also levelled at the guest roles by the members of Kiss . " " . Trenton in ) 1 US ( 1 Route U.S. to 29 Route connects which , 129 Route , spur a has also 29 Route . canopy tree the to due shaded completely are 29 Route of portion this of sections Most . highway the and river the between stands usually Canal Raritan & Delaware obsolete The . County Hunterdon and County Mercer of sections rural mostly in River Delaware the follows that , Byway Scenic National and Byway Scenic Jersey New a , Byway Scenic River Delaware the designated is it , Tunnel Trenton South the of North . highway lane @-@ two mostly and scenic a into turns 29 Route , 95 @-@ I of North . Cemetery Riverview and houses historic near river the along built was that tunnel restricted @-@ truck a includes section This . Trenton through River Delaware the along runs that highway divided lane @-@ four and freeway of mix a is route the , 95 @-@ I and terminus southern the Between . County Hunterdon , Frenchtown in ) Street Race / Street Bridge ( 12 Route to , 195 @-@ I as continues it where , County Mercer in Township Hamilton in ) 295 @-@ I ( 295 Interstate with interchange an from ) km 94 @.@ 55 ( mi 76 @.@ 34 runs It . Jersey New of state U.S. the in highway state a is 29 Route "," Route 29 is a state highway in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 34 @.@ 76 mi ( 55 @.@ 94 km ) from an interchange with Interstate 295 ( I @-@ 295 ) in Hamilton Township in Mercer County , where it continues as I @-@ 195 , to Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) in Frenchtown , Hunterdon County . Between the southern terminus and I @-@ 95 , the route is a mix of freeway and four @-@ lane divided highway that runs along the Delaware River through Trenton . This section includes a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that was built along the river near historic houses and Riverview Cemetery . North of I @-@ 95 , Route 29 turns into a scenic and mostly two @-@ lane highway . North of the South Trenton Tunnel , it is designated the Delaware River Scenic Byway , a New Jersey Scenic Byway and National Scenic Byway , that follows the Delaware River in mostly rural sections of Mercer County and Hunterdon County . The obsolete Delaware & Raritan Canal usually stands between the river and the highway . Most sections of this portion of Route 29 are completely shaded due to the tree canopy . Route 29 also has a spur , Route 129 , which connects Route 29 to U.S. Route 1 ( US 1 ) in Trenton . " " . 165 Route ) km 42 @.@ 0 ( long @-@ mile @-@ 26 @.@ 0 of length entire the with concurrent route the made 2000s the by Lambertville in 29 Route of realignment A . 2002 in completed tunnel a by 29 Route of rest the to linked was section freeway This . completed was Township Hamilton in 129 Route and 295 @-@ I / 195 @-@ I between 29 Route of part freeway southern the , 1995 In . 1960s and 1950s the in , freeway of portion a with , highway lane @-@ four a to upgraded was Township Ewing in 95 @-@ I and Trenton in Street Warren South between 29 Route . Routes U.S. the with concurrencies the avoid to 29A Route of alignment the follow to shifted was 29 Route , 1953 In . 29A Route originally was Frenchtown and Lambertville between route The . Newark and Somerville between 22 US and Somerville and Lambertville between 202 US and 179 Route day @-@ present following , Newark to Trenton downtown from run to 1927 in designated initially was 29 Route "," Route 29 was initially designated in 1927 to run from downtown Trenton to Newark , following present @-@ day Route 179 and US 202 between Lambertville and Somerville and US 22 between Somerville and Newark . The route between Lambertville and Frenchtown was originally Route 29A . In 1953 , Route 29 was shifted to follow the alignment of Route 29A to avoid the concurrencies with the U.S. Routes . Route 29 between South Warren Street in Trenton and I @-@ 95 in Ewing Township was upgraded to a four @-@ lane highway , with a portion of freeway , in the 1950s and 1960s . In 1995 , the southern freeway part of Route 29 between I @-@ 195 / I @-@ 295 and Route 129 in Hamilton Township was completed . This freeway section was linked to the rest of Route 29 by a tunnel completed in 2002 . A realignment of Route 29 in Lambertville by the 2000s made the route concurrent with the entire length of 0 @.@ 26 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 42 km ) Route 165 . " " . River Delaware the over Corridor Northeast Amtrak the carries which , Bridge Railroad Trenton @-@ Morrisville the under passes it and widens median The . light traffic another at Street Warren South meets 29 Route . lanes six to back widens it where Street Cass / Road Thunder at light traffic a to comes and , Park Hammer & Arm by passes , Parkway Fitch John the as tunnel the from emerges route The . Street Lalor for entrance northbound and exit southbound a features 29 Route , tunnel this Within . Cemetery Riverview and houses historic by passes that tunnel restricted @-@ truck a enters and River Delaware the of bank the along runs 29 Route . 2009 in Byway Scenic National a designated also was that byway scenic state a , Byway Scenic River Delaware the becomes 29 Route , point this At . Road Lamberton for entrance and exit southbound a to comes route The . Trenton into crosses and interchange this past lanes four to narrows 29 Route . entrance southbound and exit northbound a with interchange partial a at , 1 Route U.S. to connects which 29 Route of spur a , 129 Route with interchanges route The . freeway lane @-@ six a as northwest the to heading , 195 Interstate of continuation western the as serves it and , Township Hamilton in 295 Interstate and 195 Interstate with interchange cloverleaf modified a at begins 29 Route "," Route 29 begins at a modified cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 195 and Interstate 295 in Hamilton Township , and it serves as the western continuation of Interstate 195 , heading to the northwest as a six @-@ lane freeway . The route interchanges with Route 129 , a spur of Route 29 which connects to U.S. Route 1 , at a partial interchange with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . Route 29 narrows to four lanes past this interchange and crosses into Trenton . The route comes to a southbound exit and entrance for Lamberton Road . At this point , Route 29 becomes the Delaware River Scenic Byway , a state scenic byway that was also designated a National Scenic Byway in 2009 . Route 29 runs along the bank of the Delaware River and enters a truck @-@ restricted tunnel that passes by historic houses and Riverview Cemetery . Within this tunnel , Route 29 features a southbound exit and northbound entrance for Lalor Street . The route emerges from the tunnel as the John Fitch Parkway , passes by Arm & Hammer Park , and comes to a traffic light at Thunder Road / Cass Street where it widens back to six lanes . Route 29 meets South Warren Street at another traffic light . The median widens and it passes under the Morrisville @-@ Trenton Railroad Bridge , which carries the Amtrak Northeast Corridor over the Delaware River . " " . Avenue Eastfield South for exit northbound a features then and , entrance southbound and exit northbound a with , Avenue Parkside with interchange partial a to comes 29 Route . Avenue Hermitage for exit northbound a features road the before 29 Route of lanes northbound the paralleling road frontage a as exits Avenue Riverside . River Delaware the over Bridge Street Calhoun the to access provides which , ) 653 Route County ( Street Calhoun with interchange cloverleaf a to continues 29 Route . entrance northbound a only but directions both in exits with Street Warren South to access provides which interchange an features and Creek Assunpink the crosses 29 Route . entrance southbound and exit northbound a with House State Jersey New the to access provides which interchange an features then and , 33 Route to access provides which , Street Market with interchanges It . again narrows median the and Bridge Trenton Lower the under passes 29 Route . Street Warren South by provided is 1 Route U.S. northbound from 29 Route to access while 29 Route from ramps by provided is southbound 1 Route U.S. to Access . River Delaware the over 1 Route U.S. carries which , Bridge Toll Morrisville @-@ Trenton the under passes 29 Route "," Route 29 passes under the Trenton @-@ Morrisville Toll Bridge , which carries U.S. Route 1 over the Delaware River . Access to U.S. Route 1 southbound is provided by ramps from Route 29 while access to Route 29 from northbound U.S. Route 1 is provided by South Warren Street . Route 29 passes under the Lower Trenton Bridge and the median narrows again . It interchanges with Market Street , which provides access to Route 33 , and then features an interchange which provides access to the New Jersey State House with a northbound exit and southbound entrance . Route 29 crosses the Assunpink Creek and features an interchange which provides access to South Warren Street with exits in both directions but only a northbound entrance . Route 29 continues to a cloverleaf interchange with Calhoun Street ( County Route 653 ) , which provides access to the Calhoun Street Bridge over the Delaware River . Riverside Avenue exits as a frontage road paralleling the northbound lanes of Route 29 before the road features a northbound exit for Hermitage Avenue . Route 29 comes to a partial interchange with Parkside Avenue , with a northbound exit and southbound entrance , and then features a northbound exit for South Eastfield Avenue . " " . Bridge Falls Scudder the of east the to just , 29 Route of median the within ramps the with , 95 Interstate with interchange complex a to comes then and again 175 Route intersects 29 Route . River Delaware the over Line Trenton West s ’ SEPTA and CSX carries which , Bridge Railroad Trenton West the under passes It . Highway Bray Daniel the becomes and Township Ewing into crosses 29 Route . road frontage a as serves currently that 29 Route of alignment former a , 175 Route of terminus southern the meets route the as narrows then and again widens median The . ) Way Sullivan ( 579 Route County of terminus southern the meets route The . highway divided lane @-@ four a as River Delaware the along northwest continues it and Avenue Lee with intersection the at ends 29 Route of portion freeway The "," The freeway portion of Route 29 ends at the intersection with Lee Avenue and it continues northwest along the Delaware River as a four @-@ lane divided highway . The route meets the southern terminus of County Route 579 ( Sullivan Way ) . The median widens again and then narrows as the route meets the southern terminus of Route 175 , a former alignment of Route 29 that currently serves as a frontage road . Route 29 crosses into Ewing Township and becomes the Daniel Bray Highway . It passes under the West Trenton Railroad Bridge , which carries CSX and SEPTA ’ s West Trenton Line over the Delaware River . Route 29 intersects Route 175 again and then comes to a complex interchange with Interstate 95 , with the ramps within the median of Route 29 , just to the east of the Scudder Falls Bridge . " " . Park State Crossing Washington by passing , Titusville through River Delaware the along north continues 29 Route . 532 Route Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania into continues which , Bridge Crossing Washington the to approach the and , Road Pennington @-@ Crossing Washington on east heads which , 546 Route County intersects it where , Park State Crossing Washington to heads 29 Route . trees with shaded setting rural more a into continues and Township Hopewell enters 29 Route , north Farther . 175 Route of terminus northern the intersects route The . river the and 29 Route between runs which , Canal Raritan and Delaware the to next , River Delaware the along continues It . Road River called road undivided lane @-@ two a to down narrows 29 Route , Canal Raritan and Delaware the crossing Upon "," Upon crossing the Delaware and Raritan Canal , Route 29 narrows down to a two @-@ lane undivided road called River Road . It continues along the Delaware River , next to the Delaware and Raritan Canal , which runs between Route 29 and the river . The route intersects the northern terminus of Route 175 . Farther north , Route 29 enters Hopewell Township and continues into a more rural setting shaded with trees . Route 29 heads to Washington Crossing State Park , where it intersects County Route 546 , which heads east on Washington Crossing @-@ Pennington Road , and the approach to the Washington Crossing Bridge , which continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 532 . Route 29 continues north along the Delaware River through Titusville , passing by Washington Crossing State Park . " " . Street Main on north turns 29 Route where , Street Main of intersection the to lasting , 179 Route undivided , lane @-@ two the with concurrency way @-@ wrong block @-@ one a for west turns 29 Route and ends 165 Route where , ) Street Bridge ( 179 Route meets It . ) Street Brunswick ( 518 Route County of terminus western the meets and again highway undivided an becomes route The . 165 Route with concurrent becomes 29 Route , Street Main South of intersection the At . highway divided lane @-@ four a becomes 29 Route where , Lambertville enters It . County Hunterdon in Township Amwell West into crosses 29 Route "," Route 29 crosses into West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County . It enters Lambertville , where Route 29 becomes a four @-@ lane divided highway . At the intersection of South Main Street , Route 29 becomes concurrent with Route 165 . The route becomes an undivided highway again and meets the western terminus of County Route 518 ( Brunswick Street ) . It meets Route 179 ( Bridge Street ) , where Route 165 ends and Route 29 turns west for a one @-@ block wrong @-@ way concurrency with the two @-@ lane , undivided Route 179 , lasting to the intersection of Main Street , where Route 29 turns north on Main Street . " " . ) Road Stockton @-@ Kingwood ( 519 Route County of terminus southern the meets it where , Township Delaware into back crosses 29 Route . ) Road Flemington @-@ Stockton ( 523 Route County of terminus southern the intersects 29 Route , intersection that after Shortly . 263 Route Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania into continues and Bridge Stockton @-@ Bridge Centre the on River Delaware the crosses which , Street Bridge intersects route The . Stockton enters and River Delaware the along continues 29 Route . Road Creek Alexauken of way by provided 202 Route U.S. southbound from and 202 Route U.S. northbound to access with , Bridge Toll Lambertville @-@ Hope New the of east just 202 Route U.S. with interchange an to comes It . Township Delaware into crossing , Lambertville through north Street Main follows 29 Route "," Route 29 follows Main Street north through Lambertville , crossing into Delaware Township . It comes to an interchange with U.S. Route 202 just east of the New Hope @-@ Lambertville Toll Bridge , with access to northbound U.S. Route 202 and from southbound U.S. Route 202 provided by way of Alexauken Creek Road . Route 29 continues along the Delaware River and enters Stockton . The route intersects Bridge Street , which crosses the Delaware River on the Centre Bridge @-@ Stockton Bridge and continues into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 263 . Shortly after that intersection , Route 29 intersects the southern terminus of County Route 523 ( Stockton @-@ Flemington Road ) . Route 29 crosses back into Delaware Township , where it meets the southern terminus of County Route 519 ( Kingwood @-@ Stockton Road ) . " " . 12 Route along 29 Route of terminus northern the of north block a located is 513 Route County of terminus southern The . Bridge Frenchtown @-@ the at terminus western s ’ 12 Route of east distance short a , ) Street Race / Street Bridge ( 12 Route at terminus northern its to Road Trenton along north farther continues officially 29 Route , this Despite . county the to transferred is maintenance where , intersection Street Washington the at ends officially which , maintenance state of end the mark to posted is 29 Route northbound for shield end an , Frenchtown entering Upon . Road Trenton becomes route the where , Frenchtown into crossing , miles several for River Delaware the along continues and north the to bends route The . ) Road Kingwood @-@ Byram ( 651 Route County with intersects it , Here . Highway Bray Daniel to Street Main from changes road the of name the where , Township Kingwood into crossing , road rural a as river the along west heads and turn left sharp a makes 29 Route "," Route 29 makes a sharp left turn and heads west along the river as a rural road , crossing into Kingwood Township , where the name of the road changes from Main Street to Daniel Bray Highway . Here , it intersects with County Route 651 ( Byram @-@ Kingwood Road ) . The route bends to the north and continues along the Delaware River for several miles , crossing into Frenchtown , where the route becomes Trenton Road . Upon entering Frenchtown , an end shield for northbound Route 29 is posted to mark the end of state maintenance , which officially ends at the Washington Street intersection , where maintenance is transferred to the county . Despite this , Route 29 officially continues farther north along Trenton Road to its northern terminus at Route 12 ( Bridge Street / Race Street ) , a short distance east of Route 12 ’ s western terminus at the @-@ Frenchtown Bridge . The southern terminus of County Route 513 is located a block north of the northern terminus of Route 29 along Route 12 . " " . 1927 in 29A Route designated was Frenchtown in 12 Route to Lambertville from 29 Route of alignment current The . Newark to 22 Route U.S. followed it where , Somerville to route that followed and ) 31 Route designated also ( 206 Route U.S. on north turned route The . Tavern Woods to followed it which , 514 Route County day @-@ present to Ringoes to 179 Route day @-@ present followed it where , Lambertville to alignment current its followed it , there From . Drive and Street State along Trenton downtown from ran route original The . Newark to Trenton from run to 1927 in defined originally was 29 Route . Township Montague in border York New the to Trenton from River Delaware the along from run to proposed was that highway state named a , Drive River Delaware the of part as 1911 in legislated originally was route current The "," The current route was originally legislated in 1911 as part of the Delaware River Drive , a named state highway that was proposed to run from along the Delaware River from Trenton to the New York border in Montague Township . Route 29 was originally defined in 1927 to run from Trenton to Newark . The original route ran from downtown Trenton along State Street and Drive . From there , it followed its current alignment to Lambertville , where it followed present @-@ day Route 179 to Ringoes to present @-@ day County Route 514 , which it followed to Woods Tavern . The route turned north on U.S. Route 206 ( also designated Route 31 ) and followed that route to Somerville , where it followed U.S. Route 22 to Newark . The current alignment of Route 29 from Lambertville to Route 12 in Frenchtown was designated Route 29A in 1927 . " " . 165 Route became S29 Route and 29A Route between 29 Route former of section The . Newark and Somerville between 22 Route U.S. and Somerville and Lambertville between 202 Route U.S. of favor in removed was Newark and Lambertville between designation 29 Route the and , 29A Route on Frenchtown to Lambertville from north continue to redefined was 29 Route , renumbering highway state Jersey New 1953 the In . Bridge Lambertville @-@ Hope New the to Lambertville in ) Street Bridge ( 202 Route U.S. along running , created was , S29 Route , route spur a , 1948 In . 519 Route County by served is Milford of north alignment the of much , built never was road this While . Alpha in ) 122 Route now ( 28 Route to Frenchtown from 29A Route of extension an as planned was 29B Route , 1938 In . Somerville and Flemington between 12 Route and Flemington and Ringoes between ) 31 Route now ( 30 Route also was which , 202 Route U.S. day @-@ present follow to shifted eventually was Somerville and Ringoes between 29 Route of alignment The "," The alignment of Route 29 between Ringoes and Somerville was eventually shifted to follow present @-@ day U.S. Route 202 , which was also Route 30 ( now Route 31 ) between Ringoes and Flemington and Route 12 between Flemington and Somerville . In 1938 , Route 29B was planned as an extension of Route 29A from Frenchtown to Route 28 ( now Route 122 ) in Alpha . While this road was never built , much of the alignment north of Milford is served by County Route 519 . In 1948 , a spur route , Route S29 , was created , running along U.S. Route 202 ( Bridge Street ) in Lambertville to the New Hope @-@ Lambertville Bridge . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 29 was redefined to continue north from Lambertville to Frenchtown on Route 29A , and the Route 29 designation between Lambertville and Newark was removed in favor of U.S. Route 202 between Lambertville and Somerville and U.S. Route 22 between Somerville and Newark . The section of former Route 29 between Route 29A and Route S29 became Route 165 . " " . 175 Route became Township Ewing in and Trenton of part northern the in 29 Route of alignment former The . River Delaware the along waterfront available s ’ Trenton of much up took Parkway Fitch John portion this of Construction . Township Ewing in 95 Interstate day @-@ present to Trenton in Street Warren South from 1957 and 1954 between built was road This . Township Ewing in 95 Interstate to Township Hamilton from run to was that , Parkway Fitch John the , road a construct to 1950s early the in resurrected were freeway a for Plans . materialized never proposal this ; Lambertville and Trenton between River Delaware the along proposed was parkway a when , 1932 to back go corridor 29 Route the along route access @-@ limited a for Plans "," Plans for a limited @-@ access route along the Route 29 corridor go back to 1932 , when a parkway was proposed along the Delaware River between Trenton and Lambertville ; this proposal never materialized . Plans for a freeway were resurrected in the early 1950s to construct a road , the John Fitch Parkway , that was to run from Hamilton Township to Interstate 95 in Ewing Township . This road was built between 1954 and 1957 from South Warren Street in Trenton to present @-@ day Interstate 95 in Ewing Township . Construction of this portion John Fitch Parkway took up much of Trenton ’ s available waterfront along the Delaware River . The former alignment of Route 29 in the northern part of Trenton and in Ewing Township became Route 175 . " " . 2002 November in permanent made and place in put was tons 13 over trucks to restriction A . 2002 , 2 March on traffic to opened officially tunnel the and 2001 October in place in put was roof The . tunnel the of construction with occurred that violations environmental many discovered Engineers of Corps Army the after delayed was but 2001 by complete be to scheduled originally was tunnel The . River Delaware the of bank the on roadway covered a as built be to was which tunnel a and Street Warren South and Street Cass at lights traffic two include to was road The . Bridge Railroad Trenton @-@ Morrisville the and 129 Route between freeway 29 Route the on 1997 in began Construction . Trenton in sections freeway two the between gap the fill to made then were Plans . sections freeway two the connected , Road Lamberton , street lane @-@ two A . Township Hamilton in 129 Route and interchange 295 Interstate / 195 Interstate the between built was freeway 29 Route the , 1995 and 1990 Between "," Between 1990 and 1995 , the Route 29 freeway was built between the Interstate 195 / Interstate 295 interchange and Route 129 in Hamilton Township . A two @-@ lane street , Lamberton Road , connected the two freeway sections . Plans were then made to fill the gap between the two freeway sections in Trenton . Construction began in 1997 on the Route 29 freeway between Route 129 and the Morrisville @-@ Trenton Railroad Bridge . The road was to include two traffic lights at Cass Street and South Warren Street and a tunnel which was to be built as a covered roadway on the bank of the Delaware River . The tunnel was originally scheduled to be complete by 2001 but was delayed after the Army Corps of Engineers discovered many environmental violations that occurred with construction of the tunnel . The roof was put in place in October 2001 and the tunnel officially opened to traffic on March 2 , 2002 . A restriction to trucks over 13 tons was put in place and made permanent in November 2002 . " " . 29 Route with concurrent fully is it though , exists still , signs street overhead on signed only is which , 165 Route . southbound way @-@ one turned been had Street Main South , this to Prior . 179 Route of block one and 165 Route of all use to rerouted was 29 Route and , city the to Lambertville in 179 Route and 165 Route between ) Street Main South ( 29 Route of part the gave state the , 2000s the By "," By the 2000s , the state gave the part of Route 29 ( South Main Street ) between Route 165 and Route 179 in Lambertville to the city , and Route 29 was rerouted to use all of Route 165 and one block of Route 179 . Prior to this , South Main Street had been turned one @-@ way southbound . Route 165 , which is only signed on overhead street signs , still exists , though it is fully concurrent with Route 29 . " " . Asia Southeast mainland throughout states Shan @-@ Tai of rise the and Burma in fragmentation political of years 250 in ushered invasions The . to Burma northern and Yunnan , day @-@ present in territories Pagan seized army Mongol the and , Empire Pagan old @-@ year @-@ 250 the toppled invasions The . 1287 and 1277 between place took that Empire Pagan the and , Empire Mongol the of division , dynasty Yuan 's Khan Kublai between conflicts military of series a were ) ) – ( ် ် – ် : Burmese ( ) Myanmar ( Burma of invasions Mongol first The "," The first Mongol invasions of Burma ( Myanmar ) ( Burmese : ် – ် ် ( – ) ) were a series of military conflicts between Kublai Khan 's Yuan dynasty , division of the Mongol Empire , and the Pagan Empire that took place between 1277 and 1287 . The invasions toppled the 250 @-@ year @-@ old Pagan Empire , and the Mongol army seized Pagan territories in present @-@ day , Yunnan and northern Burma to . The invasions ushered in 250 years of political fragmentation in Burma and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia . " " . of province the as Burma northern organized Mongols The . Burma Lower to flee to king Burmese the forcing , Hanlin and to down occupied had Mongols the , later ) 85 – 1283 ( campaigns season dry Two . Burma northern of invasion an ordered emperor the , refused again king Burmese the When . Champa and Việt Đại , Empire Khmer the , Pagan from tribute demanding , Asia Southeast to attention his turned 1281 in Khan Kublai , lull brief a After . 78 – 1277 in Army Mongol the by frontier the at back driven was army its but contest did Pagan . contested Pagan if war border limited a permitted and , Song the for path escape an block to order in borderlands the secure to government Yunnan the ordered emperor the , 1275 In . rejected was too It . tribute demanding again , 1273 in mission another sent himself Khan Kublai Emperor , refused King When . China of dynasty Song the encircle to drive their of part as , 72 – 1271 in Pagan from tribute demanded first Mongols The "," The Mongols first demanded tribute from Pagan in 1271 – 72 , as part of their drive to encircle the Song dynasty of China . When King refused , Emperor Kublai Khan himself sent another mission in 1273 , again demanding tribute . It too was rejected . In 1275 , the emperor ordered the Yunnan government to secure the borderlands in order to block an escape path for the Song , and permitted a limited border war if Pagan contested . Pagan did contest but its army was driven back at the frontier by the Mongol Army in 1277 – 78 . After a brief lull , Kublai Khan in 1281 turned his attention to Southeast Asia , demanding tribute from Pagan , the Khmer Empire , Đại Việt and Champa . When the Burmese king again refused , the emperor ordered an invasion of northern Burma . Two dry season campaigns ( 1283 – 85 ) later , the Mongols had occupied down to and Hanlin , forcing the Burmese king to flee to Lower Burma . The Mongols organized northern Burma as the province of . " " . to returned they , casualties heavy suffered having after , did they if even and , Pagan reached have not may They . Burma central of invasion an ordered and , void withdraw to order imperial the deemed now Yunnan at command Mongol The . emerged treaty the honor could who authority no and , 1287 July in assassinated was as effect took really never treaty the But . Burma northern from troops Mongol of evacuation the for exchange in government Yunnan the to taxes in payments annual and Empire Pagan the over Empire Mongol the or dynasty Yuan the of suzerainty the acknowledged that treaty a to agreed , 1287 January in Beijing in emperor the by received , embassy Burmese The . 1286 June in submit to agreeing finally with ended and , 1285 in began negotiations Ceasefire "," Ceasefire negotiations began in 1285 , and ended with finally agreeing to submit in June 1286 . The Burmese embassy , received by the emperor in Beijing in January 1287 , agreed to a treaty that acknowledged the suzerainty of the Yuan dynasty or the Mongol Empire over the Pagan Empire and annual payments in taxes to the Yunnan government in exchange for the evacuation of Mongol troops from northern Burma . But the treaty never really took effect as was assassinated in July 1287 , and no authority who could honor the treaty emerged . The Mongol command at Yunnan now deemed the imperial order to withdraw void , and ordered an invasion of central Burma . They may not have reached Pagan , and even if they did , after having suffered heavy casualties , they returned to . " " . 01 – 1300 in invasion second their to leading , intervene to forced were Mongols the and , later months nine overthrown was But . ) Bagan ( Pagan of city capital the beyond little controlled he although Pagan of King of submission voluntary the accepted they , 1297 March In . years ten next the in order restore to nothing did , situation the preferred probably who , Mongols The . ensued anarchy and disintegrated Empire Pagan The "," The Pagan Empire disintegrated and anarchy ensued . The Mongols , who probably preferred the situation , did nothing to restore order in the next ten years . In March 1297 , they accepted the voluntary submission of King of Pagan although he controlled little beyond the capital city of Pagan ( Bagan ) . But was overthrown nine months later , and the Mongols were forced to intervene , leading to their second invasion in 1300 – 01 . " " . ) "" the from Fled who King the "" ( , Min Pye @-@ as history Burmese in remembered unkindly is King . instead Chinese Han the to refers ) ် ( term the , today ; ) army invasion Mongol the up made largely that troops Turkic Asian central the after ( the as invaders the to referred Burmese The . Il , travelogue his in ) 87 – 1277 ( invasions first the reported Polo Marco "," Marco Polo reported the first invasions ( 1277 – 87 ) in his travelogue , Il . The Burmese referred to the invaders as the ( after the central Asian Turkic troops that largely made up the Mongol invasion army ) ; today , the term ( ် ) refers to the Han Chinese instead . King is unkindly remembered in Burmese history as @-@ Pye Min , ( "" the King who Fled from the "" ) . " " . itself Dynasty Pagan the and Pagan of city medieval the of founding the behind been have may and Burma today is what into deep ventured armies mounted 's , Indeed . dynasties Song and Tang 's China with times other at and west their to Empire Tibetan the with themselves allying times at , right own their in power a were kingdoms based @-@ Dali . city capital their as Dali with both , predecessor its and Kingdom Dali independent the but China not was northeast the to neighbor 's Pagan , history its of much For . Asia Southeast mainland in empires main two the of one was , Empire Khmer the with along , Empire Pagan the , century 13th the In "," In the 13th century , the Pagan Empire , along with the Khmer Empire , was one of the two main empires in mainland Southeast Asia . For much of its history , Pagan 's neighbor to the northeast was not China but the independent Dali Kingdom and its predecessor , both with Dali as their capital city . Dali @-@ based kingdoms were a power in their own right , at times allying themselves with the Tibetan Empire to their west and at other times with China 's Tang and Song dynasties . Indeed , 's mounted armies ventured deep into what is today Burma and may have been behind the founding of the medieval city of Pagan and the Pagan Dynasty itself . " " . ranges mountain high of terrains forbidding of consist mostly borderlands the , now as Then . influence of spheres overlapping exercised and claimed both had Dali and Pagan which , ) State Shan northern day @-@ present in presumably ( regions and Wa the as well as Yunnan in prefectures and , day @-@ present from stretching borderlands of swath wide a were Pagan and territory Mongol conquered newly the Between "," Between the newly conquered Mongol territory and Pagan were a wide swath of borderlands stretching from present @-@ day , and prefectures in Yunnan as well as the Wa and regions ( presumably in present @-@ day northern Shan State ) , which Pagan and Dali had both claimed and exercised overlapping spheres of influence . Then as now , the borderlands mostly consist of forbidding terrains of high mountain ranges . " " . 1257 by kingdom the of much pacify to on went and , 1253 January 7 on , Dali , capital the captured armies Mongol The . China Song outflank to attempt its in Kingdom Dali the invading by 1252 in Empire Pagan the of doorstep the at arrived first Empire Mongol The "," The Mongol Empire first arrived at the doorstep of the Pagan Empire in 1252 by invading the Dali Kingdom in its attempt to outflank Song China . The Mongol armies captured the capital , Dali , on 7 January 1253 , and went on to pacify much of the kingdom by 1257 . " " . Kingdom Dali former the of circuits 37 in , Asia Central from Muslims speaking @-@ Turkic by mostly manned , garrisons military up set Mongols The . India and Burma to China from routes trade the on located strategically was also but rear the from Song the attack to which from base a with them provided only not which , land conquered newly the over hold their consolidated they , years dozen next the For . Song the off finishing on intent were Mongols the as borderlands the at order existing the upset initially not did Mongols the of arrival The "," The arrival of the Mongols did not initially upset the existing order at the borderlands as the Mongols were intent on finishing off the Song . For the next dozen years , they consolidated their hold over the newly conquered land , which not only provided them with a base from which to attack the Song from the rear but also was strategically located on the trade routes from China to Burma and India . The Mongols set up military garrisons , manned mostly by Turkic @-@ speaking Muslims from Central Asia , in 37 circuits of the former Dali Kingdom . " " . jeopardy serious in was defenses mobilize to ability 's crown The . religion to donated been had land cultivable 's Burma Upper of thirds @-@ two and one between , invasions Mongol the of eve the On . continued decline the , ) ( and Arakan South in 60 – 1258 in rebellions serious of batch first the down put to able was it Although . challenges external and disorders internal of circle vicious a inviting , servicemen military and courtiers of loyalty the retain to needed resources lost had crown The . kingdom the of base tax the reduced greatly had wealth religious free @-@ tax of growth continuous The . century 13th early the since decline slow and long in been had , calm of appearances outward despite , Empire Pagan the , then By "," By then , the Pagan Empire , despite outward appearances of calm , had been in long and slow decline since the early 13th century . The continuous growth of tax @-@ free religious wealth had greatly reduced the tax base of the kingdom . The crown had lost resources needed to retain the loyalty of courtiers and military servicemen , inviting a vicious circle of internal disorders and external challenges . Although it was able to put down the first batch of serious rebellions in 1258 – 60 in South Arakan and ( ) , the decline continued . On the eve of the Mongol invasions , between one and two @-@ thirds of Upper Burma 's cultivable land had been donated to religion . The crown 's ability to mobilize defenses was in serious jeopardy . " " . Mongols the to submitted regions and Wa the of ruler the , border the At . Pagan at regime the replace to looking not was emperor the , elsewhere preoccupations priority higher his Given . nominal was demanded he tribute The . tribute demand to Pagan to mission a send to 1271 January in and , borderlands the of control tighten to Dali of governor Mongol the ordered had he , case 's Pagan In . directions all in refugees Song of retreat the off cut to sought , 1271 December 18 on dynasty Yuan the founded officially who , Khan Kublai Emperor and , ropes the on were Song the , then By . 1270s early the in ended Pagan for calm of period The "," The period of calm for Pagan ended in the early 1270s . By then , the Song were on the ropes , and Emperor Kublai Khan , who officially founded the Yuan dynasty on 18 December 1271 , sought to cut off the retreat of Song refugees in all directions . In Pagan 's case , he had ordered the Mongol governor of Dali to tighten control of the borderlands , and in January 1271 to send a mission to Pagan to demand tribute . The tribute he demanded was nominal . Given his higher priority preoccupations elsewhere , the emperor was not looking to replace the regime at Pagan . At the border , the ruler of the Wa and regions submitted to the Mongols . " " . action military any out carry not did but Beijing to news the relayed Dali . Pagan to back brought was ) ( Pi @-@ A leader rebel The . 1272 April in regions borderland rebellious the retook which , expedition an ordered promptly then king The . Beijing at tooth Buddha a worship day one to wish 's king Burmese the and sentiments friendly expressing letter a carried who envoy Burmese a was them Accompanying . king the seeing ever without back sent were envoys the : compromise a devised finally court The . weeks for waiting envoys Mongol the kept and demand the at furious was king The . diplomacy use to King advised and Mongols the of power military the of aware well was Ananda Minister Chief by led court Pagan the , up showed by led envoys Mongol the When "," When the Mongol envoys led by showed up , the Pagan court led by Chief Minister Ananda was well aware of the military power of the Mongols and advised King to use diplomacy . The king was furious at the demand and kept the Mongol envoys waiting for weeks . The court finally devised a compromise : the envoys were sent back without ever seeing the king . Accompanying them was a Burmese envoy who carried a letter expressing friendly sentiments and the Burmese king 's wish to one day worship a Buddha tooth at Beijing . The king then promptly ordered an expedition , which retook the rebellious borderland regions in April 1272 . The rebel leader A @-@ Pi ( ) was brought back to Pagan . Dali relayed the news to Beijing but did not carry out any military action . " " : says letter The . emperor the from letter a carried delegation The . Pagan to , Rites Board the to Secretary First the , ambassador imperial an by led delegation member @-@ 4 a sent he , 1273 March 3 On . being time the for — Pagan with war a against decided , Japan of invasion an preparing was who , Khan Kublai , Beijing At "," At Beijing , Kublai Khan , who was preparing an invasion of Japan , decided against a war with Pagan — for the time being . On 3 March 1273 , he sent a 4 @-@ member delegation led by an imperial ambassador , the First Secretary to the Board Rites , to Pagan . The delegation carried a letter from the emperor . The letter says : " " "" . words Our , king O , well Ponder ? victor the be will who , war to comes it if for ; interests own your in be and , reputation your to add will This . alliance perpetual a into enter and , Us with linked is world the all that men show to , ministers senior or brothers your of one send , Highest @-@ All the towards duties your fulfill to decided finally have you If "" "," "" If you have finally decided to fulfill your duties towards the All @-@ Highest , send one of your brothers or senior ministers , to show men that all the world is linked with Us , and enter into a perpetual alliance . This will add to your reputation , and be in your own interests ; for if it comes to war , who will be the victor ? Ponder well , O king , Our words . "" " " . route en rebellion ongoing an of because Pagan reach not could delegation the but , delegation the of whereabouts the investigate to delegation another sent government Yunnan formed newly The . time due in Yunnan to back get not did envoys imperial the , rate any At ) . executed not were envoys the that indicate records Yuan and evidence inscriptional Burmese both But . executed envoys the had he that insulted so was king the that say chronicles Burmese The ( . submit to refused still but envoys imperial the received king Burmese the , time This "," This time , the Burmese king received the imperial envoys but still refused to submit . ( The Burmese chronicles say that the king was so insulted that he had the envoys executed . But both Burmese inscriptional evidence and Yuan records indicate that the envoys were not executed . ) At any rate , the imperial envoys did not get back to Yunnan in due time . The newly formed Yunnan government sent another delegation to investigate the whereabouts of the delegation , but the delegation could not reach Pagan because of an ongoing rebellion en route . " " . forward way only the was war that and ; submitting of intention no had evidently Burmese the that ; returned not had embassy the that stating emperor the to report a sent governor the , 1275 May In . governor as Omar Din @-@ al Shams Sayyid with , Yunnan of Province the as reorganized officially was Kingdom Dali former the , 1274 in , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , in 1274 , the former Dali Kingdom was officially reorganized as the Province of Yunnan , with Sayyid Shams al @-@ Din Omar as governor . In May 1275 , the governor sent a report to the emperor stating that the embassy had not returned ; that the Burmese evidently had no intention of submitting ; and that war was the only way forward . " " ) . 1276 by territory Song the of most captured had armies Mongol main the , Elsewhere ( . 76 – 1275 in borderlands the consolidate to proceeded army Yunnan the , planned As . takeover the contested Pagan if war border limited a sanctioned also He . refugees Song the of path escape the block to order in borderlands the secure to army provincial Yunnan the ordered emperor the ; Song the against blow final the delivering on focused now was He . affair priority low a considered he what to troops government central the commit to unwilling was emperor the , campaign Japanese disastrous a off coming Just . invasion outright an rejected emperor the But "," But the emperor rejected an outright invasion . Just coming off a disastrous Japanese campaign , the emperor was unwilling to commit the central government troops to what he considered a low priority affair . He was now focused on delivering the final blow against the Song ; the emperor ordered the Yunnan provincial army to secure the borderlands in order to block the escape path of the Song refugees . He also sanctioned a limited border war if Pagan contested the takeover . As planned , the Yunnan army proceeded to consolidate the borderlands in 1275 – 76 . ( Elsewhere , the main Mongol armies had captured most of the Song territory by 1276 . ) " " . Volga lower the from Bulgars even and , the , empire Persian the from soldiers captive also but , Nishapur and Merv , Bukhara , Samarkand from Turks : west further the from people or peoples speaking @-@ Turkic were garrison the of soldiers the of most and officers the of many , command Mongol under ultimately was it Though . there garrison sizable a posted had Mongols the , 1272 in unlike but ; state rebellious the reclaim to army an sending by responded government Burmese the , 1272 in Like . Mongols the to submitted had ) modern ( "" Teeth Gold "" named state vassal Burmese one least at , 1277 By "," By 1277 , at least one Burmese vassal state named "" Gold Teeth "" ( modern ) had submitted to the Mongols . Like in 1272 , the Burmese government responded by sending an army to reclaim the rebellious state ; but unlike in 1272 , the Mongols had posted a sizable garrison there . Though it was ultimately under Mongol command , many of the officers and most of the soldiers of the garrison were Turkic @-@ speaking peoples or people from the further west : Turks from Samarkand , Bukhara , Merv and Nishapur , but also captive soldiers from the Persian empire , the , and even Bulgars from the lower Volga . " " . accurate probably is narrative overall the although numbers and location of errors certain contain war border the of accounts Mongol The . at defeat 's army the mentions inscription Burmese 1278 a , war border the of record no have chronicles Burmese the Although . Polo Marco of travelogue the and chronicle dynasty Yuan the in mainly reported was It . 78 – 1277 in war border a was followed What "," What followed was a border war in 1277 – 78 . It was reported mainly in the Yuan dynasty chronicle and the travelogue of Marco Polo . Although the Burmese chronicles have no record of the border war , a 1278 Burmese inscription mentions the army 's defeat at . The Mongol accounts of the border war contain certain errors of location and numbers although the overall narrative is probably accurate . " " . called Burmese the which , ) Prefecture , day @-@ present ( at southwest km 110 or ) Prefecture day @-@ present in ( valley the at either place took battle The . 1277 April in army Mongol the by defeated was and , Teeth Gold of territory Mongol the "" invaded "" army Burmese a , accounts 's Polo Marco and chronicle dynasty Yuan the to According "," According to the Yuan dynasty chronicle and Marco Polo 's accounts , a Burmese army "" invaded "" the Mongol territory of Gold Teeth , and was defeated by the Mongol army in April 1277 . The battle took place either at the valley ( in present @-@ day Prefecture ) or 110 km southwest at ( present @-@ day , Prefecture ) , which the Burmese called . " " "" . numbers superior defeating in glory their diminish "" to not "" generosity of side the on "" erred have may Mongols the ; high too be still may and estimates eye likely were strength army Burmese the of figures 000 @,@ 60 to 000 @,@ 40 the , then Even "" . men fighting armed @-@ well 16 to 12 from carrying and , strong and framed @-@ well , timber of tower a set was which of each on "" , elephants 2000 with men 000 @,@ 60 numbered army Burmese the and , archers mounted 000 @,@ 12 of consisted army Mongol the , Polo Marco to According . elephant an catch to trying in , killed was Mongol one only reports also It . elephants 800 and horses 000 @,@ 10 with 000 @,@ 50 to 000 @,@ 40 of army Burmese a defeated men 700 only that reports Chronicle Yuan The "," The Yuan Chronicle reports that only 700 men defeated a Burmese army of 40 @,@ 000 to 50 @,@ 000 with 10 @,@ 000 horses and 800 elephants . It also reports only one Mongol was killed , in trying to catch an elephant . According to Marco Polo , the Mongol army consisted of 12 @,@ 000 mounted archers , and the Burmese army numbered 60 @,@ 000 men with 2000 elephants , "" on each of which was set a tower of timber , well @-@ framed and strong , and carrying from 12 to 16 well @-@ armed fighting men . "" Even then , the 40 @,@ 000 to 60 @,@ 000 figures of the Burmese army strength were likely eye estimates and may still be too high ; the Mongols may have erred "" on the side of generosity "" not to "" diminish their glory in defeating superior numbers . "" " " . fled they that pain such into animals the threw arrows ' archers Mongol The . elephants advancing the at directly bows their aim , treeline nearby the of cover the from and , dismount to troops his ordered he ; panic not did commander Mongol the But . on pressed forces Burmese the while "" , back turned and swerved always but , foe the face to got be not would they that elephants the of sight the at fright such took "" horsemen Mongol and Turkish the , battle the of stages early the in , account 's Polo Marco to According "," According to Marco Polo 's account , in the early stages of the battle , the Turkish and Mongol horsemen "" took such fright at the sight of the elephants that they would not be got to face the foe , but always swerved and turned back , "" while the Burmese forces pressed on . But the Mongol commander did not panic ; he ordered his troops to dismount , and from the cover of the nearby treeline , aim their bows directly at the advancing elephants . The Mongol archers ' arrows threw the animals into such pain that they fled . " " . returned and excessive heat the found they But . stockades abandoned of number large a destroyed and fort the occupied They . Pass the defended which , to advanced , Sayyid Gov. of son , Din @-@ al Nasr by led 3800 of army Mongol a , 1277 December . c , 78 – 1277 of season dry following the In . season monsoon the after on pressed army Mongol The "," The Mongol army pressed on after the monsoon season . In the following dry season of 1277 – 78 , c . December 1277 , a Mongol army of 3800 led by Nasr al @-@ Din , son of Gov. Sayyid , advanced to , which defended the Pass . They occupied the fort and destroyed a large number of abandoned stockades . But they found the heat excessive and returned . " " ) . Beijing to himself Champa of king the summoned emperor the , Champa With ( . court 's emperor the to officers cavalry thousand one by accompanied ministers senior ten his send to was king Burmese The . again yet tribute demanding , Pagan to mission another sent emperor Mongol the , year That . 1281 in Japan take to failed again had but 1279 in Song the of last the off finished had forces vaunted his : success mixed had had He . 1281 in more once Asia Southeast to turned attention 's Khan Great The . lived @-@ short was control their But . by commanded garrisons permanent posting , 1278 in later and at forts their rebuilt , elsewhere preoccupations Mongol of advantage taking apparently , Burmese the and , regions frontier the to claim its relinquish not did Pagan . contested remained borderlands the of control the , success military Mongol the Despite "," Despite the Mongol military success , the control of the borderlands remained contested . Pagan did not relinquish its claim to the frontier regions , and the Burmese , apparently taking advantage of Mongol preoccupations elsewhere , rebuilt their forts at and later in 1278 , posting permanent garrisons commanded by . But their control was short @-@ lived . The Great Khan 's attention turned to Southeast Asia once more in 1281 . He had had mixed success : his vaunted forces had finished off the last of the Song in 1279 but had again failed to take Japan in 1281 . That year , the Mongol emperor sent another mission to Pagan , demanding tribute yet again . The Burmese king was to send his ten senior ministers accompanied by one thousand cavalry officers to the emperor 's court . ( With Champa , the emperor summoned the king of Champa himself to Beijing . ) " " . on action any take ) not could or ( not did , north the in threat serious more much with preoccupied , king the , ) and , ) ( , ) ( Bassein in ( cities Burma Lower nearby the of viceroys were sons three 's king the Although . governor appointed @-@ Pagan its killing by ) ( of city port southern the seized named usurper a , year same the In . kingdom the in elsewhere unnoticed go not did troubles 's king Burmese The ) . submit to refused had too king whose , Champa of invasion an ordered also He ( . Burma northern of invasion an ordered now emperor the but war border limited another on counting been have may court Burmese The . submit to refused ultimately but response appropriate an for court his with deliberated , Pagan At "," At Pagan , deliberated with his court for an appropriate response but ultimately refused to submit . The Burmese court may have been counting on another limited border war but the emperor now ordered an invasion of northern Burma . ( He also ordered an invasion of Champa , whose king too had refused to submit . ) The Burmese king 's troubles did not go unnoticed elsewhere in the kingdom . In the same year , a usurper named seized the southern port city of ( ) by killing its Pagan @-@ appointed governor . Although the king 's three sons were viceroys of the nearby Lower Burma cities ( in Bassein ( ) , ( ) , and ) , the king , preoccupied with much more serious threat in the north , did not ( or could not ) take any action on . " " . at fort a at deployed was Yanda and Ananda generals by led army Burmese a , 1283 @-@ mid By . one large a raised have not could probably he , vassals his with standing low his given although army an raise to managed king the , side Burmese the On . Asians central other and Turks of up made was again which , force invasion Burma the reinforce to Yunnan to sent was Beg Yalu of command the under Empire Persian erstwhile the of men 000 @,@ 14 of consisted army one least At . itself Pagan on attack an sanction not did emperor the ; further no but Burma northern over take to was campaign Burma the of objective The . Burma northern and Champa of invasions upcoming the for preparations made command Mongol the , 1282 Throughout "," Throughout 1282 , the Mongol command made preparations for the upcoming invasions of Champa and northern Burma . The objective of the Burma campaign was to take over northern Burma but no further ; the emperor did not sanction an attack on Pagan itself . At least one army consisted of 14 @,@ 000 men of the erstwhile Persian Empire under the command of Yalu Beg was sent to Yunnan to reinforce the Burma invasion force , which again was made up of Turks and other central Asians . On the Burmese side , the king managed to raise an army although given his low standing with his vassals , he probably could not have raised a large one . By mid @-@ 1283 , a Burmese army led by generals Ananda and Yanda was deployed at a fort at . " " . 1283 December 3 on fell fort the but months two over for siege the withstood Burmese The ) . horses million 6 and men million 20 numbered army Mongol the while men 000 @,@ 400 numbered army Burmese the that say chronicles The ( . exaggerated greatly are numbers their although fort the to siege laying forces Mongol of number overwhelming an report chronicles Burmese The . at fort Burmese the at column first the joined and land by proceeded other the ; boats 200 over using River Taping the along advanced column One . columns two in border the to marched armies Mongol The . Tegin Yagan commander and , Governor Vice were deputies his ; force invasion the of chief @-@ in @-@ commander the was Prince . 1283 September 22 on began invasion The "," The invasion began on 22 September 1283 . Prince was the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the invasion force ; his deputies were Vice Governor , and commander Yagan Tegin . The Mongol armies marched to the border in two columns . One column advanced along the Taping River using over 200 boats ; the other proceeded by land and joined the first column at the Burmese fort at . The Burmese chronicles report an overwhelming number of Mongol forces laying siege to the fort although their numbers are greatly exaggerated . ( The chronicles say that the Burmese army numbered 400 @,@ 000 men while the Mongol army numbered 20 million men and 6 million horses . ) The Burmese withstood the siege for over two months but the fort fell on 3 December 1283 . " " . plan invasion their of part not was it as Pagan on advance not did forces Mongol The . premature proved evacuation The . Burma Lower to fled and , panicked king the , defeat the After . south km 270 about , Pagan to way the opening , 1285 January 26 on , Hanlin near probably , of south stand Burmese another defeated and , retook They . season dry following the in offensive their renewed army Mongol the But . 1284 May 10 on to return to Burmese the allowing , evacuated and , excessive valley Irrawaddy searing the of heat the found They . advance their paused invaders the , There . 1284 February 5 on Pagan of north km 380 about , of capital Burmese ancient the took They . valley Irrawaddy the into south farther pushed armies Mongol The . at men 000 @,@ 10 lost Burmese the that say sources Mongol The . 1283 December 9 on later days six just fell , inline fort next the , . commanders senior as well as men thousand several lost army Burmese The . defenses Burmese of back the broke at defeat The "," The defeat at broke the back of Burmese defenses . The Burmese army lost several thousand men as well as senior commanders . , the next fort inline , fell just six days later on 9 December 1283 . The Mongol sources say that the Burmese lost 10 @,@ 000 men at . The Mongol armies pushed farther south into the Irrawaddy valley . They took the ancient Burmese capital of , about 380 km north of Pagan on 5 February 1284 . There , the invaders paused their advance . They found the heat of the searing Irrawaddy valley excessive , and evacuated , allowing the Burmese to return to on 10 May 1284 . But the Mongol army renewed their offensive in the following dry season . They retook , and defeated another Burmese stand south of , probably near Hanlin , on 26 January 1285 , opening the way to Pagan , about 270 km south . After the defeat , the king panicked , and fled to Lower Burma . The evacuation proved premature . The Mongol forces did not advance on Pagan as it was not part of their invasion plan . " " . revolt open in was ) and Pegu ( Burma Lower of half eastern entire the , Now . failed both they but Pegu to expeditions small two send to managed king The . year same that revolted Pegu of governor The . one no impressed army small his and king the of presence the , sons his of support full the Without . of west , at settled court his and he and , them of any trust not did king the , ) Bassein and , ( ports Burma Lower key the ruled sons his Although . counterattack a plan alone let , isolated himself found king the , Burma Lower In . chaos into fell country The "," The country fell into chaos . In Lower Burma , the king found himself isolated , let alone plan a counterattack . Although his sons ruled the key Lower Burma ports ( , and Bassein ) , the king did not trust any of them , and he and his court settled at , west of . Without the full support of his sons , the presence of the king and his small army impressed no one . The governor of Pegu revolted that same year . The king managed to send two small expeditions to Pegu but they both failed . Now , the entire eastern half of Lower Burma ( Pegu and ) was in open revolt . " " . court 's emperor the to , monk learned a , Shin by led embassy an sent he , 1286 June In . withdraw to troops Mongol the wanted but submit to agreed king the , deliberation long a After . ) Chung @-@ Mien : Giles – Wade ; : Chinese ( of province the as organized be to Burma central and , Empire Pagan the of submission full a for calls which , 1286 March 3 by agreement tentative a reached had sides two The . emperor the to delegation formal a send king Burmese the that demand 1281 their repeated They . submission full a on insisted but ceasefire a to agreed , ) Mien @-@ Cheng : Giles – Wade ; : Chinese ( named protectorate a as Burma northern organized had who , Hanlin at commanders Mongol The . negotiations ceasefire into enter to Bo Maha and Ananda generals his ordered king the , 1285 December / November In . Mongols the with peace for sue and , time buy to decided , position precarious his Given "," Given his precarious position , decided to buy time , and sue for peace with the Mongols . In November / December 1285 , the king ordered his generals Ananda and Maha Bo to enter into ceasefire negotiations . The Mongol commanders at Hanlin , who had organized northern Burma as a protectorate named ( Chinese : ; Wade – Giles : Cheng @-@ Mien ) , agreed to a ceasefire but insisted on a full submission . They repeated their 1281 demand that the Burmese king send a formal delegation to the emperor . The two sides had reached a tentative agreement by 3 March 1286 , which calls for a full submission of the Pagan Empire , and central Burma to be organized as the province of ( Chinese : ; Wade – Giles : Mien @-@ Chung ) . After a long deliberation , the king agreed to submit but wanted the Mongol troops to withdraw . In June 1286 , he sent an embassy led by Shin , a learned monk , to the emperor 's court . " " . king the to terms the reported and , 1287 May in at back arrived embassy Burmese The . ruler vassal a preferred He . kingdom the of rest the pacify troops more invest to want not did He . badly gone had expeditions Asian Southeast other his ; spot bright only the was campaign Burma the , emperor the For . troops his withdraw to agreed emperor the , exchange In ) . nominal longer no was tribute the , Indeed ( . country the of output agricultural the to tied tribute annual pay to agreed and , kingdom their of suzerainty Mongol acknowledged formally delegation Burmese The . emperor Yuan the by received was and , Beijing at arrived embassy the , 1287 January In "," In January 1287 , the embassy arrived at Beijing , and was received by the Yuan emperor . The Burmese delegation formally acknowledged Mongol suzerainty of their kingdom , and agreed to pay annual tribute tied to the agricultural output of the country . ( Indeed , the tribute was no longer nominal . ) In exchange , the emperor agreed to withdraw his troops . For the emperor , the Burma campaign was the only bright spot ; his other Southeast Asian expeditions had gone badly . He did not want to invest more troops pacify the rest of the kingdom . He preferred a vassal ruler . The Burmese embassy arrived back at in May 1287 , and reported the terms to the king . " " . 1289 May until emerge not would king a , Indeed . emerged , Beijing of treaty the of terms the enforce and honor could who , to successor No . away broke revolted not had which country the in region Each . ensued Anarchy . of Viceroy the , son second his by assassinated and route en captured was king the , 1287 July 1 on But . Pagan for capital temporary their left retinue small his and king defeated the , June late In . later month a down broke agreement the But "," But the agreement broke down a month later . In late June , the defeated king and his small retinue left their temporary capital for Pagan . But on 1 July 1287 , the king was captured en route and assassinated by his second son , the Viceroy of . Anarchy ensued . Each region in the country which had not revolted broke away . No successor to , who could honor and enforce the terms of the treaty of Beijing , emerged . Indeed , a king would not emerge until May 1289 . " " . conquest the of completeness temporary the or Pagan of conquest the mentioned specifically records Chinese / Mongol contemporary the of none as assessment the with agreed scholars period colonial all not But . of south reached which of one , homage receive to detachments out sent and ; city the occupied ; men 7000 of loss the with Pagan to down way its fought ; evacuate to orders imperial the ignored army Mongol the , scholarship ) era colonial British ( traditional mainstream to According . Pagan toward south marched , emperor the of grandson a , sin @-@ Ye Prince by commanded army Mongol The . evacuation of orders imperial the ignored Yunnan of governor the , chaos the Given "," Given the chaos , the governor of Yunnan ignored the imperial orders of evacuation . The Mongol army commanded by Prince Ye @-@ sin , a grandson of the emperor , marched south toward Pagan . According to mainstream traditional ( British colonial era ) scholarship , the Mongol army ignored the imperial orders to evacuate ; fought its way down to Pagan with the loss of 7000 men ; occupied the city ; and sent out detachments to receive homage , one of which reached south of . But not all colonial period scholars agreed with the assessment as none of the contemporary Mongol / Chinese records specifically mentioned the conquest of Pagan or the temporary completeness of the conquest . " " . void now was treaty the as there remained They . to north retreated and , casualties heavy suffered army Mongol the , rate any At . minimal probably was inflicted they damage the , Pagan reach did Mongols the if Even ) . army Mongol the defeated they that claimed brothers three the by 1293 February 16 dated inscription An ( . Pagan of north km 160 than closer got never probably and , and , commanders by led defenses Burmese the by bay at held were They . Pagan reached never probably most forces Mongol the that shows research Recent "," Recent research shows that the Mongol forces most probably never reached Pagan . They were held at bay by the Burmese defenses led by commanders , and , and probably never got closer than 160 km north of Pagan . ( An inscription dated 16 February 1293 by the three brothers claimed that they defeated the Mongol army . ) Even if the Mongols did reach Pagan , the damage they inflicted was probably minimal . At any rate , the Mongol army suffered heavy casualties , and retreated north to . They remained there as the treaty was now void . " " . brothers commander three the with rested now Burma central in power real The . army real no had and , capital the around area small a just controlled "" king "" new the But . 1289 May in Pagan of king as emerged , , sons 's of one until years two another be would It "" . fragmented and broken Asia Southeast of region entire the keep to "" been have may along all aim real his , Indeed . country fragmented the pacify to required be would that troops committing in interest no had apparently emperor The . order restore to expeditions more no send would They . created had they vacuum power the in fill to refused Mongols the But . complete now was Empire Pagan the of disintegration The "," The disintegration of the Pagan Empire was now complete . But the Mongols refused to fill in the power vacuum they had created . They would send no more expeditions to restore order . The emperor apparently had no interest in committing troops that would be required to pacify the fragmented country . Indeed , his real aim all along may have been "" to keep the entire region of Southeast Asia broken and fragmented . "" It would be another two years until one of 's sons , , emerged as king of Pagan in May 1289 . But the new "" king "" controlled just a small area around the capital , and had no real army . The real power in central Burma now rested with the three commander brothers . " " . Yunnan to returned and , evacuated , ) Mien @-@ Cheng ( of province the abolished Mongols the , 1303 April 4 on , later years Two . failed invasion The . ) 01 – 1300 ( Burma of invasion Mongol second the to leading , again intervene to government Mongol the forced dethronement The . Kingdom the founded and , overthrew brothers three the , 1297 December 17 On . power their reduced directly it as arrangement new the resented brothers The . of subordinates as brothers the to titles Chinese gave also emperor The . 1297 March 20 on Pagan of King as Khan emperor Yuan the by recognized was and , 1297 January in Mongols the to submitted , power rising their check To . support consolidating blatantly brothers three the with continued Burma central in struggle power the , Meanwhile . 1290 August 18 on of province Burma central fictional the ended but ) Mien @-@ Cheng ( of province the as to Burma northern occupy to continued Mongols The . 1297 until persist would arrangement uneasy The "," The uneasy arrangement would persist until 1297 . The Mongols continued to occupy northern Burma to as the province of ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) but ended the fictional central Burma province of on 18 August 1290 . Meanwhile , the power struggle in central Burma continued with the three brothers blatantly consolidating support . To check their rising power , submitted to the Mongols in January 1297 , and was recognized by the Yuan emperor Khan as King of Pagan on 20 March 1297 . The emperor also gave Chinese titles to the brothers as subordinates of . The brothers resented the new arrangement as it directly reduced their power . On 17 December 1297 , the three brothers overthrew , and founded the Kingdom . The dethronement forced the Mongol government to intervene again , leading to the second Mongol invasion of Burma ( 1300 – 01 ) . The invasion failed . Two years later , on 4 April 1303 , the Mongols abolished the province of ( Cheng @-@ Mien ) , evacuated , and returned to Yunnan . " " . Asia Southeast mainland throughout states Shan @-@ Tai of rise the and , fragmentation political of period a in ushered invasions The . Burma in developments enduring of series a off set war the , Mongols the to war frontier minor a than more never was it Though . century 13th late the in dynasty Yuan the and Empire Mongol the by waged wars simultaneous near several of one was war The "," The war was one of several near simultaneous wars waged by the Mongol Empire and the Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century . Though it was never more than a minor frontier war to the Mongols , the war set off a series of enduring developments in Burma . The invasions ushered in a period of political fragmentation , and the rise of Tai @-@ Shan states throughout mainland Southeast Asia . " " . century 16th the into well states Shan @-@ Tai small several of up made be to continue would valley Irrawaddy the surrounding region vast The . normalcy of semblance some restoring , basin Irrawaddy the in emerged powers strong relatively two that century 14th late the in only was It . century 14th the of part better the for supremacy for out it fought states minor several , result a As . aftermath immediate the in emerged center viable no , vacuum power the fill to refused Mongols the because and , recover not could dynasty the But . ” again risen have could “ country the and , temporary been have could collapse the , government central stronger a possessed Pagan Had . century 13th early the since decline gradual long in been had kingdom The "" . agonized and prolonged more fact in "" was disintegration 's Pagan . it cause not did but collapse the accelerated merely war the , However . Empire Pagan the of collapse the was war the of result immediate The "," The immediate result of the war was the collapse of the Pagan Empire . However , the war merely accelerated the collapse but did not cause it . Pagan 's disintegration was "" in fact more prolonged and agonized . "" The kingdom had been in long gradual decline since the early 13th century . Had Pagan possessed a stronger central government , the collapse could have been temporary , and the country “ could have risen again ” . But the dynasty could not recover , and because the Mongols refused to fill the power vacuum , no viable center emerged in the immediate aftermath . As a result , several minor states fought it out for supremacy for the better part of the 14th century . It was only in the late 14th century that two relatively strong powers emerged in the Irrawaddy basin , restoring some semblance of normalcy . The vast region surrounding the Irrawaddy valley would continue to be made up of several small Tai @-@ Shan states well into the 16th century . " " ” . pleased they as did they and , case any in there ruled have would who “ , chieftains native the were they , government Yuan the of governors technically were states these of rulers the Though . tribute nominal receive to elected Mongols the , Asia Southeast eastern in Champa and Viet Dai to Asia Southeast central and western in states Shan @-@ Tai formed newly the from , such As ) . today to continues and , centuries more several take to was ” Proper China “ into itself Yunnan of integration The ( . fold the into Yunnan of south regions vast the bring to investments sustained necessary make to unable or unwilling were , administration central the into Yunnan incorporate to trying still were who , Mongols The . Asia Southeast of rest the and Yunnan between buffer useful a as states the viewed who , Mongols the by encouraged was rise Their . Laos and Thailand central and northern to Myanmar eastern and northern to Assam day @-@ present from region vast a dominate to come had states Shan @-@ Tai several , century 14th early the By . stayed invasions Mongol the with down came who people Shan @-@ Tai The . Asia Southeast mainland in states Shan @-@ Tai of emergence the was invasions Mongol the of legacy enduring most the Perhaps "," Perhaps the most enduring legacy of the Mongol invasions was the emergence of Tai @-@ Shan states in mainland Southeast Asia . The Tai @-@ Shan people who came down with the Mongol invasions stayed . By the early 14th century , several Tai @-@ Shan states had come to dominate a vast region from present @-@ day Assam to northern and eastern Myanmar to northern and central Thailand and Laos . Their rise was encouraged by the Mongols , who viewed the states as a useful buffer between Yunnan and the rest of Southeast Asia . The Mongols , who were still trying to incorporate Yunnan into the central administration , were unwilling or unable to make necessary sustained investments to bring the vast regions south of Yunnan into the fold . ( The integration of Yunnan itself into “ China Proper ” was to take several more centuries , and continues to today . ) As such , from the newly formed Tai @-@ Shan states in western and central Southeast Asia to Dai Viet and Champa in eastern Southeast Asia , the Mongols elected to receive nominal tribute . Though the rulers of these states were technically governors of the Yuan government , they were the native chieftains , “ who would have ruled there in any case , and they did as they pleased . ” " " . century 16th @-@ mid the until continue would Burma Upper into states Shan various by raids The . ) Empire Khmer the of parts and ( Burma of direction the in migrations Shan the pushed Yunnan in presence Chinese – Mongol the , standpoint geopolitical a From ) . ) ] Chinese [ the from fled who King the "" ( , Min Pye @-@ as remembered is King , Today . Chinese Han the to refer to used be to came term the , years the Over . Yunnan of soldiers speaking @-@ Turkic the after "" "" Yunnan at powers new the called now Burmese The ( . province Chinese Mongol a now was ) Raj Gandhara after , ် ္ ( as Burmese the to known , Kingdom Dali old The . Burma of doorstep the at China of arrival the marked also war The "," The war also marked the arrival of China at the doorstep of Burma . The old Dali Kingdom , known to the Burmese as ( ္ ် , after Gandhara Raj ) was now a Mongol Chinese province . ( The Burmese now called the new powers at Yunnan "" "" after the Turkic @-@ speaking soldiers of Yunnan . Over the years , the term came to be used to refer to the Han Chinese . Today , King is remembered as @-@ Pye Min , ( "" the King who fled from the [ Chinese ] ) . ) From a geopolitical standpoint , the Mongol – Chinese presence in Yunnan pushed the Shan migrations in the direction of Burma ( and parts of the Khmer Empire ) . The raids by various Shan states into Upper Burma would continue until the mid @-@ 16th century . " " . earlier years 730 came Mongols the since mission Mongol ever first the was this said , Democracy for League National of chairperson the , Kyi Suu San Aung , 2013 November in Myanmar to President the by visit official the During "," During the official visit by the President to Myanmar in November 2013 , Aung San Suu Kyi , the chairperson of National League for Democracy , said this was the first ever Mongol mission since the Mongols came 730 years earlier . " " . Campaign Guadalcanal the during offensives ground Japanese major separate three of second the was and , Islands Solomon the in Guadalcanal on , 1942 September 14 – 12 from place took It . forces ground ) Corps Marine States United mainly ( Allied and Army Japanese Imperial between II War World of campaign Pacific the of battle land a was , Ridge the of Battle and , Ridge Raiders of Battle , Ridge Bloody the of Battle the as known also , Ridge 's Edson of Battle The "," The Battle of Edson 's Ridge , also known as the Battle of the Bloody Ridge , Battle of Raiders Ridge , and Battle of the Ridge , was a land battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Imperial Japanese Army and Allied ( mainly United States Marine Corps ) ground forces . It took place from 12 – 14 September 1942 , on Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands , and was the second of three separate major Japanese ground offensives during the Guadalcanal Campaign . " " . island the from forces Allied the driving and airfield the recapturing of mission the with landings Allied the to response in Guadalcanal to sent was unit 's Kawaguchi . 1942 August 7 on Guadalcanal on landings in Allies the by Japanese the from captured was which , Guadalcanal on Field Henderson guarded that perimeter Lunga the defending were Marines The . Kawaguchi Kiyotake General Major Japanese of command the under , Brigade Infantry 35th Japanese the by attack an repulsed , Vandegrift Alexander General Major U.S. of command overall the under , Marines U.S. , battle the In "," In the battle , U.S. Marines , under the overall command of U.S. Major General Alexander Vandegrift , repulsed an attack by the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade , under the command of Japanese Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi . The Marines were defending the Lunga perimeter that guarded Henderson Field on Guadalcanal , which was captured from the Japanese by the Allies in landings on Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942 . Kawaguchi 's unit was sent to Guadalcanal in response to the Allied landings with the mission of recapturing the airfield and driving the Allied forces from the island . " " . Japanese the for losses heavy with , defeated ultimately was attack 's Kawaguchi , overrun almost were defenses Marine the Although . Edson A. Merritt Colonel Lieutenant Corps Marine U.S. under Battalions Parachute 1st and Raider 1st the from troops primarily , units Corps Marine U.S. several from troops by manned , Field Henderson of south ridge Lunga around occurred assault Japanese main The . defenses U.S. the on assaults frontal nighttime several conducted soldiers 000 @,@ 6 's Kawaguchi – 000 @,@ 12 about – Guadalcanal on forces Allied of strength the "," the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal – about 12 @,@ 000 – Kawaguchi 's 6 @,@ 000 soldiers conducted several nighttime frontal assaults on the U.S. defenses . The main Japanese assault occurred around Lunga ridge south of Henderson Field , manned by troops from several U.S. Marine Corps units , primarily troops from the 1st Raider and 1st Parachute Battalions under U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson . Although the Marine defenses were almost overrun , Kawaguchi 's attack was ultimately defeated , with heavy losses for the Japanese . " " . Pacific South the of areas other in operations offensive Japanese affecting , Field Henderson retake to attempts further for Guadalcanal to troops send to continued Japanese the , Ridge 's Edson After . sources Western in battle the of accounts historical in ridge "" 's Edson "" as to referred commonly was ridge the , ridge the defending in unit 's Edson by participation key the of Because "," Because of the key participation by Edson 's unit in defending the ridge , the ridge was commonly referred to as "" Edson 's "" ridge in historical accounts of the battle in Western sources . After Edson 's Ridge , the Japanese continued to send troops to Guadalcanal for further attempts to retake Henderson Field , affecting Japanese offensive operations in other areas of the South Pacific . " " . campaign Guadalcanal long @-@ month @-@ six the initiated landings The . campaign Guinea New Allied the support and Rabaul at base Japanese major the neutralize to campaign a for points starting as islands the secure to intended also were They . Australia and U.S. the between routes supply the threatening for bases as Japanese the by use their deny to meant were islands the on landings The . Islands Solomon the in Islands Florida and , Tulagi , Guadalcanal on landed ) U.S. primarily ( forces Allied , 1942 August 7 On "," On 7 August 1942 , Allied forces ( primarily U.S. ) landed on Guadalcanal , Tulagi , and Florida Islands in the Solomon Islands . The landings on the islands were meant to deny their use by the Japanese as bases for threatening the supply routes between the U.S. and Australia . They were also intended to secure the islands as starting points for a campaign to neutralize the major Japanese base at Rabaul and support the Allied New Guinea campaign . The landings initiated the six @-@ month @-@ long Guadalcanal campaign . " " . area Point Lunga the around perimeter loose a in Guadalcanal on Division Marine 1st the of troops 000 @,@ 11 his placed Vandegrift . Honiara of capital day present the of east Guadalcanal of island the of shore north the on ) E ″ 4 ′ 3 ° 160 S ″ 45 ′ 25 ° 9 ( Point Lunga at construction under airfield an as well as , islands small nearby and Tulagi secured had forces landing Allied the August 8 on nightfall by , surprise by Japanese the Taking "," Taking the Japanese by surprise , by nightfall on 8 August the Allied landing forces had secured Tulagi and nearby small islands , as well as an airfield under construction at Lunga Point ( 9 ° 25 ′ 45 ″ S 160 ° 3 ′ 4 ″ E ) on the north shore of the island of Guadalcanal east of the present day capital of Honiara . Vandegrift placed his 11 @,@ 000 troops of the 1st Marine Division on Guadalcanal in a loose perimeter around the Lunga Point area . " " . Guadalcanal for name code Allied the after "" Force Air Cactus "" the called were Field Henderson of out operated subsequently that pilots and aircraft Allied The . Midway of Battle the at killed been had who aviator Marine a , Henderson Lofton Major after Field Henderson named was airfield the , August 12 On "," On 12 August , the airfield was named Henderson Field after Major Lofton Henderson , a Marine aviator who had been killed at the Battle of Midway . The Allied aircraft and pilots that subsequently operated out of Henderson Field were called the "" Cactus Air Force "" after the Allied code name for Guadalcanal . " " . 19 August on , perimeter Lunga the of east ) km 29 ( mi 18 about , ) E ″ 56 ′ 20 ° 160 S ″ 38 ′ 24 ° 9 ( Point Taivu at destroyers from landed — soldiers 917 about of consisting — unit 's Ichiki of "" Element First "" The . first arrived — closest the — regiment 's Ichiki ; immediately Guadalcanal toward move to began units different The . Guam near ships transport on embarked was — Ichiki Kiyonao Colonel of command the under — Regiment Infantry ) Ichiki ( 28th the and Philippines the in was Regiment Infantry ) Aoba ( 4th the , Palau at was — Kawaguchi Kiyotake General Major under — Brigade Infantry 35th the , units these Of . area Solomons southern the to send to available units few a only had — Guinea New in campaign Japanese the with involved heavily — Army 17th The . forces Allied from Guadalcanal retaking of task the with — Hyakutake Harukichi General @-@ Lieutenant of command the under and ) E ″ 57 ′ 9 ° 152 S ″ 56 ′ 11 ° 4 ( Rabaul at based command sized @-@ corps a — Army 17th 's Army Japanese Imperial the assigned Headquarters General Imperial Japanese the , Guadalcanal on landings Allied the to response In "," In response to the Allied landings on Guadalcanal , the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters assigned the Imperial Japanese Army 's 17th Army — a corps @-@ sized command based at Rabaul ( 4 ° 11 ′ 56 ″ S 152 ° 9 ′ 57 ″ E ) and under the command of Lieutenant @-@ General Harukichi Hyakutake — with the task of retaking Guadalcanal from Allied forces . The 17th Army — heavily involved with the Japanese campaign in New Guinea — had only a few units available to send to the southern Solomons area . Of these units , the 35th Infantry Brigade — under Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi — was at Palau , the 4th ( Aoba ) Infantry Regiment was in the Philippines and the 28th ( Ichiki ) Infantry Regiment — under the command of Colonel Kiyonao Ichiki — was embarked on transport ships near Guam . The different units began to move toward Guadalcanal immediately ; Ichiki 's regiment — the closest — arrived first . The "" First Element "" of Ichiki 's unit — consisting of about 917 soldiers — landed from destroyers at Taivu Point ( 9 ° 24 ′ 38 ″ S 160 ° 20 ′ 56 ″ E ) , about 18 mi ( 29 km ) east of the Lunga perimeter , on August 19 . " " . Rabaul from orders and reinforcements further awaited and battle the in defeat their of headquarters Army 17th notified , Point Taivu to returned survivors The . battle the in killed were ) himself Ichiki including ( Element First the of men 917 the of 128 but all : Tenaru the of Battle the as known became what in attackers the for losses devastating with repulsed was assault 's Ichiki . 21 August of hours morning early the in perimeter Lunga the of side east the on Creek Alligator at positions Marine on assault frontal nighttime a conducted Element First 's Ichiki , Guadalcanal on forces Allied of strength the "," the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal , Ichiki 's First Element conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of August 21 . Ichiki 's assault was repulsed with devastating losses for the attackers in what became known as the Battle of the Tenaru : all but 128 of the 917 men of the First Element ( including Ichiki himself ) were killed in the battle . The survivors returned to Taivu Point , notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat in the battle and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul . " " . months several for held "" situation tactical curious "" This . attacks air from danger great in was daylight in Field Henderson at aircraft the of range ) km 320 ( mi 200 the within remaining ship Japanese any , However . Allies the by challenged not were and nighttime the during Islands Solomon the around seas the controlled Japanese The . Japanese the by "" Transportation Rat "" and forces Allied by "" Express Tokyo "" the called later were , campaign the throughout occurred which , Guadalcanal to runs destroyer speed @-@ high These . them with Guadalcanal to taken be not could , ammunition and food much and , vehicles , artillery heavy as such , supplies and equipment heavy ' soldiers the of most , However . attack air Allied to exposure their minimizing , night single a in back and Guadalcanal to "" Slot The "" down trip round the make to able usually were destroyers Japanese The . Islands Shortland the in base naval Japanese a through staging , destroyers by Guadalcanal to men 's Kawaguchi deliver to planned Japanese the , there From . Rabaul to sent were soldiers 's Kawaguchi carrying ships the , instead ; ship transport slow by Guadalcanal to troops 's Kawaguchi deliver to not decided Japanese the , Solomons Eastern the of Battle the during convoy troop separate a to attack air Allied by caused damage the of Because . Guadalcanal to trip the of rest the for ships transport slow onto loaded was and Truk reached had unit 's Kawaguchi , August 23 By "," By 23 August , Kawaguchi 's unit had reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal . Because of the damage caused by Allied air attack to a separate troop convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons , the Japanese decided not to deliver Kawaguchi 's troops to Guadalcanal by slow transport ship ; instead , the ships carrying Kawaguchi 's soldiers were sent to Rabaul . From there , the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi 's men to Guadalcanal by destroyers , staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands . The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make the round trip down "" The Slot "" to Guadalcanal and back in a single night , minimizing their exposure to Allied air attack . However , most of the soldiers ' heavy equipment and supplies , such as heavy artillery , vehicles , and much food and ammunition , could not be taken to Guadalcanal with them . These high @-@ speed destroyer runs to Guadalcanal , which occurred throughout the campaign , were later called the "" Tokyo Express "" by Allied forces and "" Rat Transportation "" by the Japanese . The Japanese controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands during the nighttime and were not challenged by the Allies . However , any Japanese ship remaining within the 200 mi ( 320 km ) range of the aircraft at Henderson Field in daylight was in great danger from air attacks . This "" curious tactical situation "" held for several months . " " . members crew 94 and soldiers 's Kawaguchi of 62 killed on attack The . mission their completing without Shortlands the to returned destroyers three the and tow in took Amagiri . and Yugiri damaging heavily and Asagiri sinking , Guadalcanal of north ) km 110 ( mi 70 about attacked and located and Field Henderson from flew , Richard Col. Lt. of command the under 232 @-@ VMSB from bombers dive U.S. 11 , day that 05 : 18 At . fuel conserved which speed slower a at morning next the by trip the complete could they that so day the in earlier trip the start to had but , night one in speed high at Guadalcanal to trip round entire the make not could , fuel of shortage a of Because . ) ( 20 Division Destroyer designated , and , Yugiri , Amagiri , Asagiri destroyers the onto loaded were troops 's Kawaguchi of 600 , August 28 On "," On 28 August , 600 of Kawaguchi 's troops were loaded onto the destroyers Asagiri , Amagiri , Yugiri , and , designated Destroyer Division 20 ( ) . Because of a shortage of fuel , could not make the entire round trip to Guadalcanal at high speed in one night , but had to start the trip earlier in the day so that they could complete the trip by the next morning at a slower speed which conserved fuel . At 18 : 05 that day , 11 U.S. dive bombers from VMSB @-@ 232 under the command of Lt. Col. Richard , flew from Henderson Field and located and attacked about 70 mi ( 110 km ) north of Guadalcanal , sinking Asagiri and heavily damaging Yugiri and . Amagiri took in tow and the three destroyers returned to the Shortlands without completing their mission . The attack on killed 62 of Kawaguchi 's soldiers and 94 crew members . " " . area Tulagi / Guadalcanal the around troops Allied shuttle to used were that Gregory and Little USS ) Marines U.S. the by "" APDs "" called ( transports destroyer old , small the , vicinity the in ships U.S. two sank and detected they , troops their landing after Field Henderson shell to prepared — Murakumo and , Hatsuyuki , Yūdachi — destroyers Express the of three as , September 5 / 4 of night the On . Guadalcanal on troops Japanese the all of command in placed was , run Express August 31 the on Point Taivu at landed who , Kawaguchi General . regiment 's Ichiki of rest the and , Regiment Aoba the of battalion one , Brigade Infantry 35th the of all including , Point Taivu at troops 000 @,@ 5 almost land to able were boats patrol and , destroyers , cruisers light Japanese various , September 4 and August 29 Between . successful more were runs "" Express "" Subsequent "," Subsequent "" Express "" runs were more successful . Between 29 August and 4 September , various Japanese light cruisers , destroyers , and patrol boats were able to land almost 5 @,@ 000 troops at Taivu Point , including all of the 35th Infantry Brigade , one battalion of the Aoba Regiment , and the rest of Ichiki 's regiment . General Kawaguchi , who landed at Taivu Point on the 31 August Express run , was placed in command of all the Japanese troops on Guadalcanal . On the night of 4 / 5 September , as three of the Express destroyers — Yūdachi , Hatsuyuki , and Murakumo — prepared to shell Henderson Field after landing their troops , they detected and sank two U.S. ships in the vicinity , the small , old destroyer transports ( called "" APDs "" by the U.S. Marines ) USS Little and Gregory that were used to shuttle Allied troops around the Guadalcanal / Tulagi area . " " . Guadalcanal on Marines U.S. 000 @,@ 2 about only were there that believed Kawaguchi . forces his augment to battalion infantry more one of delivery for Army 17th the from offer an declined he that him facing forces Allied the defeat could he that enough confident was Kawaguchi . perimeter Lunga the of west 000 @,@ 1 and Point Taivu at troops 200 @,@ 5 had Kawaguchi , September 7 By . days few next the over perimeter Lunga the of west , ) E ″ 18 ′ 40 ° 159 S ″ 32 ′ 15 ° 9 ( Kamimbo near land to able were troops 000 @,@ 1 remaining the of Most . equipment heavy 's unit the of much destroying and barges the in soldiers the of 90 about killing , convoy barge the attacked Field Henderson from aircraft , September 5 – 4 On . September 2 on Island Isabel Santa of coast northern the departed , Oka Colonel of command the under Regiment Infantry 124th , Battalion 2nd the from mainly , barges 61 in equipment heavy and troops 's Kawaguchi of 100 @,@ 1 carrying convoy a , Therefore . barges slow by Guadalcanal to delivered be possible as brigade his of soldiers many as that insisted Kawaguchi , runs destroyer the of successes the of spite In "," In spite of the successes of the destroyer runs , Kawaguchi insisted that as many soldiers of his brigade as possible be delivered to Guadalcanal by slow barges . Therefore , a convoy carrying 1 @,@ 100 of Kawaguchi 's troops and heavy equipment in 61 barges , mainly from the 2nd Battalion , 124th Infantry Regiment under the command of Colonel Oka , departed the northern coast of Santa Isabel Island on 2 September . On 4 – 5 September , aircraft from Henderson Field attacked the barge convoy , killing about 90 of the soldiers in the barges and destroying much of the unit 's heavy equipment . Most of the remaining 1 @,@ 000 troops were able to land near Kamimbo ( 9 ° 15 ′ 32 ″ S 159 ° 40 ′ 18 ″ E ) , west of the Lunga perimeter over the next few days . By 7 September , Kawaguchi had 5 @,@ 200 troops at Taivu Point and 1 @,@ 000 west of the Lunga perimeter . Kawaguchi was confident enough that he could defeat the Allied forces facing him that he declined an offer from the 17th Army for delivery of one more infantry battalion to augment his forces . Kawaguchi believed that there were only about 2 @,@ 000 U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal . " " . command 's Edson under placed was , August in Tanambogo @-@ Gavutu and Tulagi of Battle the in casualties heavy suffered had which , battalion Parachute 1st The . Field Henderson defending men 000 @,@ 11 original 's Vandegrift to troops 500 @,@ 1 about added units These . Guadalcanal to Gavutu and Tulagi from — Battalion Parachute 1st the and , ) Raiders 's Edson ( Edson A. Merritt Colonel Lieutenant U.S. under , Battalion Raider 1st the including — battalions Marine three relocated he , September 3 and August 21 Between . perimeter Lunga the of defenses the improve and strengthen to efforts direct to continued Vandegrift , time this During "," During this time , Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter . Between 21 August and 3 September , he relocated three Marine battalions — including the 1st Raider Battalion , under U.S. Lieutenant Colonel Merritt A. Edson ( Edson 's Raiders ) , and the 1st Parachute Battalion — from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal . These units added about 1 @,@ 500 troops to Vandegrift 's original 11 @,@ 000 men defending Henderson Field . The 1st Parachute battalion , which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu @-@ Tanambogo in August , was placed under Edson 's command . " " . Taivu at base supply 's brigade the guard to behind remained troops Japanese 250 About . coastline the along Point Lunga towards Taivu from marching started had troops 's Kawaguchi of most , September 7 By . perimeter Lunga the of south the from , battalions three in men 000 @,@ 3 numbering , "" Body Center "" 's Kawaguchi by be would attack main The . east the from attack would — Battalion Kuma the renamed — Echelon Second 's Ichiki while west the from perimeter the attack would force 's Oka . attack night surprise a launch and , inland perimeter Lunga the approach , three into split to forces his for called plan 's Kawaguchi "" . airfield Island Guadalcanal the of vicinity the in enemy the annihilate and rout "" to plan attack his issued Kawaguchi , September 7 On "" . island the from flee to attempted who Americans any destroy "" to 12 September on Point Lunga off stationed be warships naval that and , September 9 on beginning Field Henderson on strikes air out carry it that requested and Army 17th radioed He . September 5 on Point Lunga towards Taivu from west forces his marching began and September 12 for perimeter Lunga the on attack his for date the set Kawaguchi "," Kawaguchi set the date for his attack on the Lunga perimeter for 12 September and began marching his forces west from Taivu towards Lunga Point on 5 September . He radioed 17th Army and requested that it carry out air strikes on Henderson Field beginning on 9 September , and that naval warships be stationed off Lunga Point on September 12 to "" destroy any Americans who attempted to flee from the island . "" On 7 September , Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to "" rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield . "" Kawaguchi 's plan called for his forces to split into three , approach the Lunga perimeter inland , and launch a surprise night attack . Oka 's force would attack the perimeter from the west while Ichiki 's Second Echelon — renamed the Kuma Battalion — would attack from the east . The main attack would be by Kawaguchi 's "" Center Body "" , numbering 3 @,@ 000 men in three battalions , from the south of the Lunga perimeter . By 7 September , most of Kawaguchi 's troops had started marching from Taivu towards Lunga Point along the coastline . About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade 's supply base at Taivu . " " . killed were Marines Two . dead 27 behind leaving , jungle the into retreated , Point Lunga towards heading convoy ship supply Allied an of approach concurrent the observing after underway was landing major a believing , defenders Japanese The . village the into pushed force 's Edson , aircraft Field Henderson the from support more and reinforcement this With . landed men 's Edson of rest the , 00 : 11 At . resistance Japanese by slowed were but village Tasimboko towards advanced men 's Edson , transports destroyer the from gunfire and Field Henderson from aircraft by Supported . September 8 on ) time local ( 20 : 05 at Taivu at landed troops 501 of wave first his and Edson . trips two in Taivu to men 's Edson of 813 took boats patrol two and Manley and McKean USS transports Destroyer . Taivu at troops Japanese the against raid a launched Edson . Lunga of east ) km 27 ( mi 17 about , Tasimboko of village the near , Taivu at troops Japanese of Marines the told — Clemens Martin , Force Defence Protectorate Islands Solomon British the in officer and official government British by directed — scouts island native , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , native island scouts — directed by British government official and officer in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force , Martin Clemens — told the Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu , near the village of Tasimboko , about 17 mi ( 27 km ) east of Lunga . Edson launched a raid against the Japanese troops at Taivu . Destroyer transports USS McKean and Manley and two patrol boats took 813 of Edson 's men to Taivu in two trips . Edson and his first wave of 501 troops landed at Taivu at 05 : 20 ( local time ) on 8 September . Supported by aircraft from Henderson Field and gunfire from the destroyer transports , Edson 's men advanced towards Tasimboko village but were slowed by Japanese resistance . At 11 : 00 , the rest of Edson 's men landed . With this reinforcement and more support from the Henderson Field aircraft , Edson 's force pushed into the village . The Japanese defenders , believing a major landing was underway after observing the concurrent approach of an Allied supply ship convoy heading towards Lunga Point , retreated into the jungle , leaving behind 27 dead . Two Marines were killed . " " . attack an planning apparently and island the on were troops Japanese 000 @,@ 3 least at that revealed documents captured the from intelligence and supplies of quantities The . 30 : 17 at perimeter Lunga the to returned and , rest the destroyed , supplies food and equipment , documents seized Marines The . radio shortwave a and , supplies medical and ammunition , food of stockpiles large including , forces 's Kawaguchi for base supply the discovered troops 's Edson , Tasimboko In "," In Tasimboko , Edson 's troops discovered the supply base for Kawaguchi 's forces , including large stockpiles of food , ammunition and medical supplies , and a shortwave radio . The Marines seized documents , equipment and food supplies , destroyed the rest , and returned to the Lunga perimeter at 17 : 30 . The quantities of supplies and intelligence from the captured documents revealed that at least 3 @,@ 000 Japanese troops were on the island and apparently planning an attack . " " . it defend to prepared and ridge the around and onto deployed — the and Raiders 1st the including — unit 's Edson of men 840 the , September 11 On . month preceding the of actions their from "" rest "" to Raiders 's Edson for location good a was ridge the that Vandegrift convinced Thomas , Finally . coast the along attack to likely more were Japanese the that believing , refused Vandegrift but , ridge the defend to forces move to Vandegrift persuade to tried Thomas and Edson . undefended almost was and area surrounding the commanded , airfield the to approach of avenue natural a offered ridge The . Field Henderson of south just River Lunga the to parallel ) E ″ 50 ′ 2 ° 160 S ″ 39 ′ 26 ° 9 ( ridge coral , long ) yd 100 @,@ 1 ( m 000 @,@ 1 , grassy , narrow a , Ridge Lunga the at come would attack Japanese the that believed , officer operations 's Vandegrift , Thomas Gerald Colonel and Edson "," Edson and Colonel Gerald Thomas , Vandegrift 's operations officer , believed that the Japanese attack would come at the Lunga Ridge , a narrow , grassy , 1 @,@ 000 m ( 1 @,@ 100 yd ) long , coral ridge ( 9 ° 26 ′ 39 ″ S 160 ° 2 ′ 50 ″ E ) parallel to the Lunga River just south of Henderson Field . The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield , commanded the surrounding area and was almost undefended . Edson and Thomas tried to persuade Vandegrift to move forces to defend the ridge , but Vandegrift refused , believing that the Japanese were more likely to attack along the coast . Finally , Thomas convinced Vandegrift that the ridge was a good location for Edson 's Raiders to "" rest "" from their actions of the preceding month . On 11 September , the 840 men of Edson 's unit — including the 1st Raiders and the — deployed onto and around the ridge and prepared to defend it . " " . August 30 on captured pilot Army U.S. a from extracted , defenses Marine the on intelligence some had Oka . west the from perimeter Lunga the approached troops 's Oka , time same the At . time of lot a costing , zigzag and slowly proceed to columns Japanese the caused jungle impenetrable almost , thick and , compass faulty one least at , maps good of Lack . airfield the of southeast and south points attack predesignated their towards jungle the into marched they , columns four into Split . Point Koli at coast the left troops 's Kawaguchi , September 9 On . shape its of because ) gata ( "" centipede the "" called they which , ridge the at perimeter Lunga the attack to planning was troops of Body Center 's Kawaguchi "," Kawaguchi 's Center Body of troops was planning to attack the Lunga perimeter at the ridge , which they called "" the centipede "" ( gata ) because of its shape . On 9 September , Kawaguchi 's troops left the coast at Koli Point . Split into four columns , they marched into the jungle towards their predesignated attack points south and southeast of the airfield . Lack of good maps , at least one faulty compass , and thick , almost impenetrable jungle caused the Japanese columns to proceed slowly and zigzag , costing a lot of time . At the same time , Oka 's troops approached the Lunga perimeter from the west . Oka had some intelligence on the Marine defenses , extracted from a U.S. Army pilot captured on 30 August . " " . killed two including , casualties few a causing , September 12 – 11 on daytime during ridge the attacked bombers Japanese . defenses Marine the of part weakest the was ridge the that disclosed pilot U.S. captured a because plan attack his in confident still was Kawaguchi , positions attack planned the reaching in problems the Despite . time on place in were they that reported battalion Kuma the Only . west the in lines Marine the towards advance his in delayed also was Oka . 00 : 22 after until areas assembly their reach not did they but , 00 : 14 by place in battalions Body Center three his wanted Kawaguchi . attacks 's night that for points assembly their toward jungle the through struggled troops 's Kawaguchi , September 12 of day the During "," During the day of 12 September , Kawaguchi 's troops struggled through the jungle toward their assembly points for that night 's attacks . Kawaguchi wanted his three Center Body battalions in place by 14 : 00 , but they did not reach their assembly areas until after 22 : 00 . Oka was also delayed in his advance towards the Marine lines in the west . Only the Kuma battalion reported that they were in place on time . Despite the problems in reaching the planned attack positions , Kawaguchi was still confident in his attack plan because a captured U.S. pilot disclosed that the ridge was the weakest part of the Marine defenses . Japanese bombers attacked the ridge during daytime on 11 – 12 September , causing a few casualties , including two killed . " " . 123 Hill on post command his placed Edson . defenses the throughout scattered were , company weapons heavy the , Company "" E "" from teams gun @-@ Machine . River Lunga the and , lagoon swampy , small a , ridge the between line a held , "" C "" and "" B "" , companies Raider five the of Two . 123 Hill to back 80 Hill from depth in positions holding , side east the on companies battalion Parachute three the and ridge the of side west the on battalion Raider the from companies five the placed Edson . high ) m 18 ( ft 60 about and unnamed was hillock northernmost The . ridge the on feature dominant the , ) high ) m 37 ( ft 123 ( 123 Hill was north yards hundred Six . ) level sea above ) m 24 ( ft 80 rose it because named so ( 80 Hill was jungle thick by sides three on surrounded and tip southern the At . hillocks distinct three of consisted men his deployed Edson which around ridge The . attack would they when or where exactly know not did but , patrols own their and scouts native from reports from forces Japanese the of approach the of knew Americans The "," The Americans knew of the approach of the Japanese forces from reports from native scouts and their own patrols , but did not know exactly where or when they would attack . The ridge around which Edson deployed his men consisted of three distinct hillocks . At the southern tip and surrounded on three sides by thick jungle was Hill 80 ( so named because it rose 80 ft ( 24 m ) above sea level ) . Six hundred yards north was Hill 123 ( 123 ft ( 37 m ) high ) , the dominant feature on the ridge . The northernmost hillock was unnamed and about 60 ft ( 18 m ) high . Edson placed the five companies from the Raider battalion on the west side of the ridge and the three Parachute battalion companies on the east side , holding positions in depth from Hill 80 back to Hill 123 . Two of the five Raider companies , "" B "" and "" C "" , held a line between the ridge , a small , swampy lagoon , and the Lunga River . Machine @-@ gun teams from "" E "" Company , the heavy weapons company , were scattered throughout the defenses . Edson placed his command post on Hill 123 . " " . dawn at lines Marine the near halted and contact make to failed they , night that lines Marine the attack to tried east the in unit Kuma the and west the in Oka both Although . greater somewhat perhaps but unknown are casualties Japanese ; killed were Marines U.S. Twelve "" . helpless and disappointed so felt never have I life whole my In . control my beyond completely was and over all scattered was brigade the , jungle devilish the to Due "" , complained later , attacks ' troops his coordinating as well as lines Marine U.S. the to relation in was he where locating trouble having was who , Kawaguchi . night that ridge the on attack Japanese the stopped effectively confusion resulting the and , positions attack their reach to struggling still were who , Watanabe Colonel Lieutenant under Battalion 3rd 's Kawaguchi from troops with entangled became unit 's . ridge the to back fall to company Marine the forcing and platoon one least at overrunning , River Lunga the and lagoon the between company "" C "" 's Raider the attacked — Major by led — Battalion 1st 's Kawaguchi . ridge the around Marines with skirmishing began troops 's Kawaguchi of groups scattered , time same the At . damage little did but , lines Marine the shelling began artillery Japanese . searchlight a with ridge the illuminated and minutes 20 for perimeter Lunga the shelled destroyers three and Sendai cruiser Japanese the , September 12 on 30 : 21 At "," At 21 : 30 on 12 September , the Japanese cruiser Sendai and three destroyers shelled the Lunga perimeter for 20 minutes and illuminated the ridge with a searchlight . Japanese artillery began shelling the Marine lines , but did little damage . At the same time , scattered groups of Kawaguchi 's troops began skirmishing with Marines around the ridge . Kawaguchi 's 1st Battalion — led by Major — attacked the Raider 's "" C "" company between the lagoon and the Lunga River , overrunning at least one platoon and forcing the Marine company to fall back to the ridge . 's unit became entangled with troops from Kawaguchi 's 3rd Battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Watanabe , who were still struggling to reach their attack positions , and the resulting confusion effectively stopped the Japanese attack on the ridge that night . Kawaguchi , who was having trouble locating where he was in relation to the U.S. Marine lines as well as coordinating his troops ' attacks , later complained , "" Due to the devilish jungle , the brigade was scattered all over and was completely beyond my control . In my whole life I have never felt so disappointed and helpless . "" Twelve U.S. Marines were killed ; Japanese casualties are unknown but perhaps somewhat greater . Although both Oka in the west and the Kuma unit in the east tried to attack the Marine lines that night , they failed to make contact and halted near the Marine lines at dawn . " " . night that attack another for forces his regroup to decided Kawaguchi , 50 : 05 At . battalion 's Watanabe from officers two including , casualties several suffered Japanese The . jungle nearby the in cover seek to open the in out Japanese any forcing , ridge the of south just area the into fired artillery Marine and aircraft Force Air Cactus , September 13 on light first At "," At first light on 13 September , Cactus Air Force aircraft and Marine artillery fired into the area just south of the ridge , forcing any Japanese out in the open to seek cover in the nearby jungle . The Japanese suffered several casualties , including two officers from Watanabe 's battalion . At 05 : 50 , Kawaguchi decided to regroup his forces for another attack that night . " " . units line front 's Edson with placed was observer artillery forward a and , ridge the onto fire direct provide could it where from location a to moved Regiment Marine 11th the from howitzers 105mm four of battery a , addition In . troops 's Edson of rear the to just position a into move to ) 5 / 2 ( Regiment Marine 5th , Battalion 2nd the of consisting force reserve a ordered Vandegrift . Marine each for grenades two or one with , ammunition on low were They . fortifications shallow and rudimentary construct to able only were Marines the , prepare to hours few a only With . 123 Hill at positions Marine the with close to terrain open of ) m 370 ( yd 400 over advance to have would 80 Hill surmounting attackers Japanese Any . companies five placed he 123 Hill behind and Around . 123 Hill of south ) m 140 ( yd 150 about ridge the crossing and River Lunga the at starting , ) m 600 @,@ 1 ( yd 800 @,@ 1 stretched that line a to ) m 370 ( yd 400 about back front his pulled He . forces his repositioned Edson , before night the to lost flank right Marine the on ground the retake to companies two by attempt failed a After . ridge the around and on defenses their improve to troops his directed Edson , night that again attack to Japanese the Expecting "," Expecting the Japanese to attack again that night , Edson directed his troops to improve their defenses on and around the ridge . After a failed attempt by two companies to retake the ground on the Marine right flank lost to the night before , Edson repositioned his forces . He pulled his front back about 400 yd ( 370 m ) to a line that stretched 1 @,@ 800 yd ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) , starting at the Lunga River and crossing the ridge about 150 yd ( 140 m ) south of Hill 123 . Around and behind Hill 123 he placed five companies . Any Japanese attackers surmounting Hill 80 would have to advance over 400 yd ( 370 m ) of open terrain to close with the Marine positions at Hill 123 . With only a few hours to prepare , the Marines were only able to construct rudimentary and shallow fortifications . They were low on ammunition , with one or two grenades for each Marine . Vandegrift ordered a reserve force consisting of the 2nd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 2 / 5 ) to move into a position just to the rear of Edson 's troops . In addition , a battery of four 105mm howitzers from the 11th Marine Regiment moved to a location from where it could provide direct fire onto the ridge , and a forward artillery observer was placed with Edson 's front line units . " " , saying , troops exhausted his addressed and box grenade a onto stepped Edson , afternoon the in Late "," Late in the afternoon , Edson stepped onto a grenade box and addressed his exhausted troops , saying , " " . morning the in us of all for here reliefs have will we that believe to reason every have I . here through come may they and tonight them from attack another expect we But . time long a sleep without been 've we know I . night more one just out Hold . you of ask to thing more one just have I and , job great a done have men You "," You men have done a great job , and I have just one more thing to ask of you . Hold out just one more night . I know we 've been without sleep a long time . But we expect another attack from them tonight and they may come through here . I have every reason to believe that we will have reliefs here for all of us in the morning . " " . ahead night the for mentally prepare them helped and Raiders the of "" spirits the raised "" speech 's Edson "," Edson 's speech "" raised the spirits "" of the Raiders and helped them prepare mentally for the night ahead . " " . attack that ending , killed were men his of 100 around and , followed that fighting heavy the In . 123 Hill as well as , airfield the of short just , ridge the of portion northern the around units Marine the against them led he , 00 : 03 about At . attack the continue to men his ordered . rations "" K "" and "" C "" the on "" themselves gorge "" to paused they , days of couple a for adequately eaten having Not . rations and supplies Marine of pile a upon came men 's . airfield the for heading , River Lunga the and ridge the between lowlands swampy the through forward surged unit 's , unprotected now were flanks whose , units Marine nearby other the "" up @-@ roll "" to try to pausing Without . attack his continued and men his reassembled , fire artillery Marine Under . 123 Hill to back fall to B Company caused assault the of force The . ridge the of west the to just , flank right Marine the on B Company Raider assaulting battalion 's with , nightfall after just began attack 's Kawaguchi . ridge the bombarded briefly destroyers Japanese seven , 00 : 21 At . moon no with , black pitch was night The . artillery light of assortment an plus , brigade his of troops 000 @,@ 3 with Marines 830 's Edson faced Kawaguchi , September 13 on set sun the As "," As the sun set on 13 September , Kawaguchi faced Edson 's 830 Marines with 3 @,@ 000 troops of his brigade , plus an assortment of light artillery . The night was pitch black , with no moon . At 21 : 00 , seven Japanese destroyers briefly bombarded the ridge . Kawaguchi 's attack began just after nightfall , with 's battalion assaulting Raider Company B on the Marine right flank , just to the west of the ridge . The force of the assault caused Company B to fall back to Hill 123 . Under Marine artillery fire , reassembled his men and continued his attack . Without pausing to try to "" roll @-@ up "" the other nearby Marine units , whose flanks were now unprotected , 's unit surged forward through the swampy lowlands between the ridge and the Lunga River , heading for the airfield . 's men came upon a pile of Marine supplies and rations . Not having eaten adequately for a couple of days , they paused to "" gorge themselves "" on the "" C "" and "" K "" rations . ordered his men to continue the attack . At about 03 : 00 , he led them against the Marine units around the northern portion of the ridge , just short of the airfield , as well as Hill 123 . In the heavy fighting that followed , and around 100 of his men were killed , ending that attack . " " . 123 Hill onto back pull to them ordered immediately Edson , B Company Raider exposed the protect To . ridgeline the below draw a into ridge the of side east the off the pushing , B Company Raider also and battalion Parachute Marine the of B Company hit attack 's Tamura . grenades and fire mortar of barrage own their behind bayonets fixed with 80 Hill up charged — men 320 about numbering — troops 's Tamura of companies two , response In . position 's Tamura hit guns ) in 1 @.@ 4 ( mm 105 twelve from barrage a , 00 : 22 about At . fire artillery in called and preparations 's Tamura spotted observers Marine . ridge the of south jungle the from 80 Hill against assault planned their for assembled , Tamura Masao Major under , Battalion 2nd 's Kawaguchi , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , Kawaguchi 's 2nd Battalion , under Major Masao Tamura , assembled for their planned assault against Hill 80 from the jungle south of the ridge . Marine observers spotted Tamura 's preparations and called in artillery fire . At about 22 : 00 , a barrage from twelve 105 mm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns hit Tamura 's position . In response , two companies of Tamura 's troops — numbering about 320 men — charged up Hill 80 with fixed bayonets behind their own barrage of mortar fire and grenades . Tamura 's attack hit Company B of the Marine Parachute battalion and also Raider Company B , pushing the off the east side of the ridge into a draw below the ridgeline . To protect the exposed Raider Company B , Edson immediately ordered them to pull back onto Hill 123 . " " . 123 Hill around positions defensive into back Marines the herded , language "" vivid "" with , and appeared officers Marine other and , staff 's Edson from Bailey D. Kenneth Major , Edson , rout a in rear the for head and break to about were hill the on Marines the that appeared it that moment the at Just . them follow to began Marines Other . earshot within anyone to "" withdraw "" word the repeating , airfield the towards on continued Marines the of some , 123 Hill behind arriving After . masks gas their possessed longer no who Marines other scaring , gas poison with attacking were Japanese the that yelling began Marines few A . disorganized and confused became quickly retreat the , battle the of confusion and darkness the In . 123 Hill behind position a to retreated and ridge the onto climbed C and B Companies Parachute , untenable now were positions their that Deciding C. Company Parachute and ridge the of side east the between gap a through infiltrated battalion 's Watanabe from company Japanese a , time same the At "," At the same time , a Japanese company from Watanabe 's battalion infiltrated through a gap between the east side of the ridge and Parachute Company C. Deciding that their positions were now untenable , Parachute Companies B and C climbed onto the ridge and retreated to a position behind Hill 123 . In the darkness and confusion of the battle , the retreat quickly became confused and disorganized . A few Marines began yelling that the Japanese were attacking with poison gas , scaring other Marines who no longer possessed their gas masks . After arriving behind Hill 123 , some of the Marines continued on towards the airfield , repeating the word "" withdraw "" to anyone within earshot . Other Marines began to follow them . Just at the moment that it appeared that the Marines on the hill were about to break and head for the rear in a rout , Edson , Major Kenneth D. Bailey from Edson 's staff , and other Marine officers appeared and , with "" vivid "" language , herded the Marines back into defensive positions around Hill 123 . " " "" . death into it followed another - down mowed mean I and - down mowed was wave one When ... harder the pours then and moment a for subsides that rain a like , constant almost was attack Japanese The "" , J. William Captain participant Marine Said . low critically running were who , 123 Hill around Marines the to fire under grenades and ammunition took , Bailey Major including , staff command 's Edson of members as well as , units other from Marines . hill the of side east the on position took and , flank the from lines Marine the up roll to preparing apparently were and lines Marine the overrun had who soldiers Japanese killing , forward swept the , bayonets fixed With . flank left his strengthen to 123 Hill behind from advance to C and B Companies Parachute ordered Edson , fighting the in lull short a during , midnight At . pin firing faulty a by disabled was , however "" , Japanese the of favor in tide the turned have could "" which , gun This . Marines the at directly it fire to effort an in 80 Hill of top the to gun "" regimental "" ) in 95 @.@ 2 ( mm 75 a hoisted troops 's Tamura . men 's Tamura by attacks two first the repulsed Marines the , floatplane Japanese one least at by dropped flares parachute of light the Under . ridge the of side east the below from up and 80 Hill from saddle the up charging , hill the on assaults frontal of series a began battalion 's Tamura , 123 Hill around line shaped @-@ horseshoe a into formed Marines the As "," As the Marines formed into a horseshoe @-@ shaped line around Hill 123 , Tamura 's battalion began a series of frontal assaults on the hill , charging up the saddle from Hill 80 and up from below the east side of the ridge . Under the light of parachute flares dropped by at least one Japanese floatplane , the Marines repulsed the first two attacks by Tamura 's men . Tamura 's troops hoisted a 75 mm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) "" regimental "" gun to the top of Hill 80 in an effort to fire it directly at the Marines . This gun , which "" could have turned the tide in favor of the Japanese , "" however , was disabled by a faulty firing pin . At midnight , during a short lull in the fighting , Edson ordered Parachute Companies B and C to advance from behind Hill 123 to strengthen his left flank . With fixed bayonets , the swept forward , killing Japanese soldiers who had overrun the Marine lines and were apparently preparing to roll up the Marine lines from the flank , and took position on the east side of the hill . Marines from other units , as well as members of Edson 's command staff , including Major Bailey , took ammunition and grenades under fire to the Marines around Hill 123 , who were running critically low . Said Marine participant Captain William J. , "" The Japanese attack was almost constant , like a rain that subsides for a moment and then pours the harder ... When one wave was mowed down - and I mean mowed down - another followed it into death . "" " " . survived company his of % 10 only which , fire artillery Marine the by "" annihilated "" was unit his that said later soldier Japanese captured A . Japanese attacking the on toll heavy a taking also was artillery mm 75 and mm 105 Marine . fire grenade and , mortar , gun @-@ machine , rifle Marine by stopped again were but position took the after just flank left 's Edson hit Japanese The "," The Japanese hit Edson 's left flank just after the took position but were again stopped by Marine rifle , machine @-@ gun , mortar , and grenade fire . Marine 105 mm and 75 mm artillery was also taking a heavy toll on the attacking Japanese . A captured Japanese soldier later said that his unit was "" annihilated "" by the Marine artillery fire , which only 10 % of his company survived . " " "" . ground the hugged us of most when , stood – lines front the behind just stood He . night that it did Edson , together battalion a holding man one as thing a such is there if that say can I "" , night the of most for Edson observe to position in was who , Smith Tex Captain Marine Said . efforts defensive their directing and troops his exhorting , 123 Hill on line firing Marine the behind ) m 18 ( yd 20 about standing remained Edson , defenses Marine the overrunning to close came men 's Kawaguchi as , night the Throughout . dawn before attacks Japanese more two repulse helped who , Regiment Marine 5th , Battalion 2nd the from troops by joined were men 's Edson , sides all from fire sniper severe and , fighting hand @-@ to @-@ hand in resulted which of some , assaults more several withstanding after , 00 : 04 By "," By 04 : 00 , after withstanding several more assaults , some of which resulted in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting , and severe sniper fire from all sides , Edson 's men were joined by troops from the 2nd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment , who helped repulse two more Japanese attacks before dawn . Throughout the night , as Kawaguchi 's men came close to overrunning the Marine defenses , Edson remained standing about 20 yd ( 18 m ) behind the Marine firing line on Hill 123 , exhorting his troops and directing their defensive efforts . Said Marine Captain Tex Smith , who was in position to observe Edson for most of the night , "" I can say that if there is such a thing as one man holding a battalion together , Edson did it that night . He stood just behind the front lines – stood , when most of us hugged the ground . "" " " . night the during commander their with contact lost they because battle the in participate not did battalion 's Watanabe of rest the of Most . daybreak after ridge the of south positions original their to back went companies both , them joined reinforcements no When . airfield the around area open the into attacking before arrive to reinforcements for jungle the of edge the at waited companies two other The . retreat to it forced and advances 's company Japanese one stopped engineers Marine the by counterattack A . Field Henderson of runway secondary a , "" One Fighter "" of edge the reached and , gunfire Marine from losses heavy suffering while , ridge the on defenses Marine the skirted , battalions 's Watanabe from one and 's Tamura from two including , companies Japanese three of portions , fighting heavy the During "," During the heavy fighting , portions of three Japanese companies , including two from Tamura 's and one from Watanabe 's battalions , skirted the Marine defenses on the ridge , while suffering heavy losses from Marine gunfire , and reached the edge of "" Fighter One "" , a secondary runway of Henderson Field . A counterattack by the Marine engineers stopped one Japanese company 's advances and forced it to retreat . The other two companies waited at the edge of the jungle for reinforcements to arrive before attacking into the open area around the airfield . When no reinforcements joined them , both companies went back to their original positions south of the ridge after daybreak . Most of the rest of Watanabe 's battalion did not participate in the battle because they lost contact with their commander during the night . " " . jungle the into back retreating survivors few the with , them of most killed and 80 Hill near Japanese the strafed , Bailey by delivered personally request a on acting , Field Henderson at Squadron Fighter 67th the from aircraft Army U.S. three , light first At . 123 Hill on charge more one for preparing perhaps , 80 Hill of slope south the on open the in remained still soldiers Japanese 100 About . ended effectively had ridge the on assault 's Kawaguchi , well as units attacking other his to casualties heavy with and , men and officers its of ¾ losing after shattered battalion 's Tamura with But . ridge the of sides both along scattered remained soldiers Japanese of pockets , September 14 on rose sun the As "," As the sun rose on 14 September , pockets of Japanese soldiers remained scattered along both sides of the ridge . But with Tamura 's battalion shattered after losing ¾ of its officers and men , and with heavy casualties to his other attacking units as well , Kawaguchi 's assault on the ridge had effectively ended . About 100 Japanese soldiers still remained in the open on the south slope of Hill 80 , perhaps preparing for one more charge on Hill 123 . At first light , three U.S. Army aircraft from the 67th Fighter Squadron at Henderson Field , acting on a request personally delivered by Bailey , strafed the Japanese near Hill 80 and killed most of them , with the few survivors retreating back into the jungle . " " . crew its drowning , River Tenaru the into embankment an down tumbled tank One . Japanese the by killed and bayoneted were crewmembers ' tanks disabled the of several , tanks burning their abandoning After . them of three disabled or destroyed guns tank @-@ anti ) in 46 @.@ 1 ( mm 37 Japanese four ; lines Marine the of front in area the sweep to support infantry without tanks light six forward sent , area the in still was battalion 's Mizuno of rest the that believing , Marines the , daybreak After . attack the in killed was Mizuno . back thrown being before defenders Marine the with combat hand @-@ to @-@ hand in engaging and fire artillery Marine through attacking company one with , midnight around started attack 's Mizuno . ) 1 / 3 ( Regiment Marine 1st , Battalion 3rd the of Marines by defended , perimeter Lunga the of sector southeastern the attacked — Mizuno Takeshi Major by led — battalion Kuma The . perimeter Lunga the of sides west and east the on defenses Marine the attacked also units Oka and Kuma 's Kawaguchi , place took ridge the on battle the As "," As the battle on the ridge took place , Kawaguchi 's Kuma and Oka units also attacked the Marine defenses on the east and west sides of the Lunga perimeter . The Kuma battalion — led by Major Takeshi Mizuno — attacked the southeastern sector of the Lunga perimeter , defended by Marines of the 3rd Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment ( 3 / 1 ) . Mizuno 's attack started around midnight , with one company attacking through Marine artillery fire and engaging in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with the Marine defenders before being thrown back . Mizuno was killed in the attack . After daybreak , the Marines , believing that the rest of Mizuno 's battalion was still in the area , sent forward six light tanks without infantry support to sweep the area in front of the Marine lines ; four Japanese 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) anti @-@ tank guns destroyed or disabled three of them . After abandoning their burning tanks , several of the disabled tanks ' crewmembers were bayoneted and killed by the Japanese . One tank tumbled down an embankment into the Tenaru River , drowning its crew . " " . defeated also was September 15 of evening the on unit Kuma the by attack "" weak "" final A . repulsed were but , lines Marine the of portion same the on attack another conducted battalion Kuma the of remnants the , September 14 on 00 : 23 At "," At 23 : 00 on 14 September , the remnants of the Kuma battalion conducted another attack on the same portion of the Marine lines , but were repulsed . A final "" weak "" attack by the Kuma unit on the evening of 15 September was also defeated . " " . attack the in participate not did and lines Marine the find to failed unit 's Oka of rest The . September 14 of evening the on withdrawing before losses heavy took and day the throughout fire artillery Marine by down pinned then was but inland somewhat ridge small a captured company Japanese Another . losses heavy with back thrown were and coast the near ) 5 / 3 ( Regiment Marine 5th , Battalion 3rd the by held positions attacked companies Japanese two , September 14 on 00 : 04 about At . perimeter Lunga the of side west the on locations several at Marines the attacked men 650 about of unit 's Oka "," Oka 's unit of about 650 men attacked the Marines at several locations on the west side of the Lunga perimeter . At about 04 : 00 on 14 September , two Japanese companies attacked positions held by the 3rd Battalion , 5th Marine Regiment ( 3 / 5 ) near the coast and were thrown back with heavy losses . Another Japanese company captured a small ridge somewhat inland but was then pinned down by Marine artillery fire throughout the day and took heavy losses before withdrawing on the evening of 14 September . The rest of Oka 's unit failed to find the Marine lines and did not participate in the attack . " " . camp 's Kawaguchi reaching finally before death to starved almost and , jungle the in weeks three for wandered , lost became , forces Body Center 's Kawaguchi follow to attempting , survivors 's battalion Kuma The . weapons their carried still half only , later days five Kokumbona at positions 's Oka reached them of most time the By . rifles their then and equipment heavy their discard to began , withdrawal their before morning the on rations last their eaten had who , soldiers hungry and exhausted the , progressed march the As . wounded the carry help to had walk to able soldier every Almost . September 16 of morning the on march the began troops 's Kawaguchi . terrain difficult over march ) km 7 @.@ 9 ( mi 6 a , unit 's Oka with join to valley River Matanikau the to west withdraw to ordered then were units 's Kawaguchi . day next the all wounded their to tended and rested they where , jungle the into deeper and ridge the from away brigade shattered his of survivors the led Kawaguchi , September 14 on 05 : 13 At "," At 13 : 05 on 14 September , Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade away from the ridge and deeper into the jungle , where they rested and tended to their wounded all the next day . Kawaguchi 's units were then ordered to withdraw west to the Matanikau River valley to join with Oka 's unit , a 6 mi ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) march over difficult terrain . Kawaguchi 's troops began the march on the morning of 16 September . Almost every soldier able to walk had to help carry the wounded . As the march progressed , the exhausted and hungry soldiers , who had eaten their last rations on the morning before their withdrawal , began to discard their heavy equipment and then their rifles . By the time most of them reached Oka 's positions at Kokumbona five days later , only half still carried their weapons . The Kuma battalion 's survivors , attempting to follow Kawaguchi 's Center Body forces , became lost , wandered for three weeks in the jungle , and almost starved to death before finally reaching Kawaguchi 's camp . " " . September 14 and 12 between killed 80 suffered Marines The . 123 Hill of slopes the on 200 including , dead Japanese 500 counted Marines the , ridge the around and On . Matanikau the to march withdrawal the during died also wounded of number unknown An . battalion 's Watanabe in 60 and , battalion Kuma the in 100 , force 's Oka in 120 , battalion 's in 200 , battalion 's Tamura in 350 including , attack the in killed 830 about lost forces 's Kawaguchi , total In "," In total , Kawaguchi 's forces lost about 830 killed in the attack , including 350 in Tamura 's battalion , 200 in 's battalion , 120 in Oka 's force , 100 in the Kuma battalion , and 60 in Watanabe 's battalion . An unknown number of wounded also died during the withdrawal march to the Matanikau . On and around the ridge , the Marines counted 500 Japanese dead , including 200 on the slopes of Hill 123 . The Marines suffered 80 killed between 12 and 14 September . " " . them of 19 killed that fire artillery in called and column retreating 's Kawaguchi from stragglers encountered Raiders 's Edson from patrol a , September 20 On . surviving platoon the of members wounded few a only with Marines 24 killing , platoon the annihilated nearly and overran Japanese the , nightfall By . Vandegrift by denied was but platoon his rescue to attempt to permission requested commander company Marine The . retreated Marines the of rest the as down pinned was platoon Marine one and , withdrawal the for guards @-@ rear as acting companies Japanese two by ambushed were Marines The . Japanese retreating the pursue to ) 1 / 1 ( Regiment Marine 1st , Battalion 1st the from companies two sent Vandegrift , September 17 On "," On 17 September , Vandegrift sent two companies from the 1st Battalion , 1st Marine Regiment ( 1 / 1 ) to pursue the retreating Japanese . The Marines were ambushed by two Japanese companies acting as rear @-@ guards for the withdrawal , and one Marine platoon was pinned down as the rest of the Marines retreated . The Marine company commander requested permission to attempt to rescue his platoon but was denied by Vandegrift . By nightfall , the Japanese overran and nearly annihilated the platoon , killing 24 Marines with only a few wounded members of the platoon surviving . On 20 September , a patrol from Edson 's Raiders encountered stragglers from Kawaguchi 's retreating column and called in artillery fire that killed 19 of them . " " . October 9 – 6 and September 27 – 23 from River Matanikau the along occurred Japanese the with clashes significant next ' forces 's Vandegrift . perimeter Lunga the around defense of line unbroken an establish to — September 19 on beginning — Vandegrift allowed reinforcements These . Guadalcanal to ) units support additional by augmented Regiment Marine 7th U.S. the ( Brigade Marine Provisional 3rd the from men 157 @,@ 4 delivered convoy naval Allied an , September 18 On . Guadalcanal to Tulagi from , ) 2 / 3 ( Regiment Marine 2nd , Battalion 3rd the , battalion another moved Vandegrift , September 14 On . defenses Lunga their strengthening and up shoring on concentrated forces U.S. the , Matanikau the of west regrouped Japanese the As "," As the Japanese regrouped west of the Matanikau , the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses . On 14 September , Vandegrift moved another battalion , the 3rd Battalion , 2nd Marine Regiment ( 3 / 2 ) , from Tulagi to Guadalcanal . On 18 September , an Allied naval convoy delivered 4 @,@ 157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade ( the U.S. 7th Marine Regiment augmented by additional support units ) to Guadalcanal . These reinforcements allowed Vandegrift — beginning on 19 September — to establish an unbroken line of defense around the Lunga perimeter . Vandegrift 's forces ' next significant clashes with the Japanese occurred along the Matanikau River from 23 – 27 September and 6 – 9 October . " " . Pacific South the throughout defeat ultimate 's Japan to also but , campaign Guadalcanal the in defeat 's Japan to only not contributed Ridge 's Edson at defeat the ; Moresby Port towards drive their restart to able never were Japanese The . resolved was matter Guadalcanal the until withdraw to — Moresby Port of objective their of ) km 48 ( mi 30 within were who , Guinea New on troops his ordered — Headquarters General the of concurrence the with — Hyakutake . Guinea New in Track Kokoda the on offensive Japanese major the support longer no could he , Guadalcanal on forces Allied the defeat to materiel and troops sufficient send to order in , that realized Hyakutake . Pacific the of areas other in operations Japanese on impact strategic telling a have to began battle the of results The "" . war the of battle decisive the into develop might Guadalcanal "" , that concluded staffs command navy and army Japanese top the , session emergency an In . Japan in Headquarters General Imperial the to news the forwarded general The . war the in size this of unit a involving defeat first 's Army Japanese Imperial the , defeat 's Kawaguchi of learned Rabaul at Hyakutake General , September 15 On "," On 15 September , General Hyakutake at Rabaul learned of Kawaguchi 's defeat , the Imperial Japanese Army 's first defeat involving a unit of this size in the war . The general forwarded the news to the Imperial General Headquarters in Japan . In an emergency session , the top Japanese army and navy command staffs concluded that , "" Guadalcanal might develop into the decisive battle of the war . "" The results of the battle began to have a telling strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific . Hyakutake realized that , in order to send sufficient troops and materiel to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal , he could no longer support the major Japanese offensive on the Kokoda Track in New Guinea . Hyakutake — with the concurrence of the General Headquarters — ordered his troops on New Guinea , who were within 30 mi ( 48 km ) of their objective of Port Moresby — to withdraw until the Guadalcanal matter was resolved . The Japanese were never able to restart their drive towards Port Moresby ; the defeat at Edson 's Ridge contributed not only to Japan 's defeat in the Guadalcanal campaign , but also to Japan 's ultimate defeat throughout the South Pacific . " " "" . Ridge Bloody as after ever known best , airfield critical the of south just jungle the from up thrusting ridge a on , 1942 September in than itself island the on victory to closer came never Japanese The "" , adds Frank B. Richard Historian "" . condition bad pretty a in been have would we "" , succeeded it had that and outcome the about doubts had he campaign entire the during time only the was September in ridge the on assault 's Kawaguchi that stated later Vandegrift . Japanese the for defeat decisive more even an in resulted it but , Field Henderson for Battle the at 1942 October late in , Hyakutake by led , Guadalcanal on offensive ground major a mounted Japanese the month next the during forces more delivering After "," After delivering more forces during the next month the Japanese mounted a major ground offensive on Guadalcanal , led by Hyakutake , in late October 1942 at the Battle for Henderson Field , but it resulted in an even more decisive defeat for the Japanese . Vandegrift later stated that Kawaguchi 's assault on the ridge in September was the only time during the entire campaign he had doubts about the outcome and that had it succeeded , "" we would have been in a pretty bad condition . "" Historian Richard B. Frank adds , "" The Japanese never came closer to victory on the island itself than in September 1942 , on a ridge thrusting up from the jungle just south of the critical airfield , best known ever after as Bloody Ridge . "" " " . Township Hamilton in Expressway City Atlantic the and 322 US and , Landing Mays in 40 US , Tuckahoe in 49 Route including , roads several intersects 50 NJ . Landing Mays and , Manor , City Corbin , Tuckahoe of communities the as well as counties May Cape and Atlantic of areas rural mostly through passes , road undivided lane @-@ two a mostly is which , route The . County Atlantic , City Harbor Egg in ) 563 CR ( 563 Route County and 30 US with intersection an to County May Cape , Township Upper in Parkway State Garden the and ) 9 US ( 9 Route U.S. with intersection an from ) km 88 @.@ 41 ( mi 02 @.@ 26 runs It . Jersey New of state U.S. the of part southern the in highway state a is 50 Route "," Route 50 is a state highway in the southern part of the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 26 @.@ 02 mi ( 41 @.@ 88 km ) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) and the Garden State Parkway in Upper Township , Cape May County to an intersection with US 30 and County Route 563 ( CR 563 ) in Egg Harbor City , Atlantic County . The route , which is mostly a two @-@ lane undivided road , passes through mostly rural areas of Atlantic and Cape May counties as well as the communities of Tuckahoe , Corbin City , Manor , and Mays Landing . NJ 50 intersects several roads , including Route 49 in Tuckahoe , US 40 in Mays Landing , and US 322 and the Atlantic City Expressway in Hamilton Township . " " . 2010 June in completion with , interchange full a into reconstructed was Expressway City Atlantic the and 50 Route between interchange The . traffic of lack as well as concerns environmental and financial to due 1970s @-@ mid the by canceled was proposal This . Township Mullica in 30 US to Township Dennis in Parkway State Garden the from running , 50 Route for proposed was freeway a , 1960 In . 14 Route 1927 @-@ pre of portion this replacing , 1927 in alignment current its onto designated was 50 Route . City Harbor Egg to May Cape from run to was that route a , 14 Route 1927 @-@ pre of part a designated was 50 Route now is what , 1917 In . Highway Ocean the of spur a become to 1910 in funding received Petersburg and Seaville between 50 Route current of portion The "," The portion of current Route 50 between Seaville and Petersburg received funding in 1910 to become a spur of the Ocean Highway . In 1917 , what is now Route 50 was designated a part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 , a route that was to run from Cape May to Egg Harbor City . Route 50 was designated onto its current alignment in 1927 , replacing this portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 . In 1960 , a freeway was proposed for Route 50 , running from the Garden State Parkway in Dennis Township to US 30 in Mullica Township . This proposal was canceled by the mid @-@ 1970s due to financial and environmental concerns as well as lack of traffic . The interchange between Route 50 and the Atlantic City Expressway was reconstructed into a full interchange , with completion in June 2010 . " " . Tuckahoe leaving before 49 Route of terminus eastern the encounter and north head routes two the and 557 CR with concurrency a forms 50 Route . 664 CR and 557 CR meets route the , intersection this Past . 669 CR to comes and Tuckahoe to continues It . 631 CR intersecting , line railroad Operations Assets Shared Conrail the over crosses and again north the to turns 50 Route , Petersburg leaving Upon . 610 CR with crossroad a to comes and tracks railroad the from splits it where , Petersburg entering before line railroad Operations Assets Shared Conrail a to parallel closely runs road the , crossing this At . marshland of area an in Creek Swamp Cedar 50 Route , Later . 616 CR with junction a to coming before Greenfield in 671 CR intersects It . buildings some with areas wooded rural mostly through north heads road The . Parkway State Garden southbound the from and to access provides ramp a , terminus southern the From . road undivided lane @-@ two a on north the to heading , County May Cape , Township Upper of section Seaville the in 9 US with intersection an at begins 50 Route "," Route 50 begins at an intersection with US 9 in the Seaville section of Upper Township , Cape May County , heading to the north on a two @-@ lane undivided road . From the southern terminus , a ramp provides access to and from the southbound Garden State Parkway . The road heads north through mostly rural wooded areas with some buildings . It intersects CR 671 in Greenfield before coming to a junction with CR 616 . Later , Route 50 Cedar Swamp Creek in an area of marshland . At this crossing , the road runs closely parallel to a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line before entering Petersburg , where it splits from the railroad tracks and comes to a crossroad with CR 610 . Upon leaving Petersburg , Route 50 turns to the north again and crosses over the Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line , intersecting CR 631 . It continues to Tuckahoe and comes to CR 669 . Past this intersection , the route meets CR 557 and CR 664 . Route 50 forms a concurrency with CR 557 and the two routes head north and encounter the eastern terminus of Route 49 before leaving Tuckahoe . " " . northeast the to turning , 637 CR intersects route The . birds of species several for ground breeding a as known is which , Area Wildlife MacNamara the of west the to passing , Truck 557 CR with concurrent clearings agricultural some through heads 50 Route and Road Tuckahoe Buena on northwest heading by 50 Route from splits 557 CR . Street Broad becoming , Manor enters and northeast the to turns route the , 645 CR with junction the At . areas forested more into north turns road the where , 648 CR intersect and northwest continue 557 CR and 50 Route . route the of west the to looping 611 CR with , areas residential into heads it , City Corbin In . County Atlantic , City Corbin into River Tuckahoe the crosses road the , 49 Route after far Not "," Not far after Route 49 , the road crosses the Tuckahoe River into Corbin City , Atlantic County . In Corbin City , it heads into residential areas , with CR 611 looping to the west of the route . Route 50 and CR 557 continue northwest and intersect CR 648 , where the road turns north into more forested areas . At the junction with CR 645 , the route turns to the northeast and enters Manor , becoming Broad Street . CR 557 splits from Route 50 by heading northwest on Buena Tuckahoe Road and Route 50 heads through some agricultural clearings concurrent with CR 557 Truck , passing to the west of the MacNamara Wildlife Area , which is known as a breeding ground for several species of birds . The route intersects CR 637 , turning to the northeast . " " . north continues 616 CR and , 40 US on east heads 50 Route while point this at 40 US on west the to heads Truck 557 CR . ) Highway Harding ( 40 US with junction a to comes it and Street Mill becomes road the of name the where , Township Hamilton enters soon It . 669 CR meeting and east the to of community residential the passing , Township Weymouth into River South the crosses route The . Park County Manor of west the to passes and north the to turns road the , Lake Stephen and homes some passing After "," After passing some homes and Stephen Lake , the road turns to the north and passes to the west of Manor County Park . The route crosses the South River into Weymouth Township , passing the residential community of to the east and meeting CR 669 . It soon enters Hamilton Township , where the name of the road becomes Mill Street and it comes to a junction with US 40 ( Harding Highway ) . CR 557 Truck heads to the west on US 40 at this point while Route 50 heads east on US 40 , and CR 616 continues north . " " . ) Pike Horse Black ( 322 US with interchange an to coming before , development residential Lakes Leaf Clover the near passing , northeast the to turns route The . forests into back into heads and Landing Mays leaves It . areas developed through passing , Avenue May Cape on north continues 50 Route , Meanwhile . road that along east turning by 50 NJ from splits 40 US and , 559 CR crosses road the , Here . Landing Mays of area downtown the into heading and line railroad abandoned an over passing before 617 CR encountering , north turns and Landing Mays enters , river the over passing Upon . River Harbor Egg Great the crossing and northeast the to turning , road undivided lane @-@ two a , Highway Harding the follow 50 NJ and 40 US "," US 40 and NJ 50 follow the Harding Highway , a two @-@ lane undivided road , turning to the northeast and crossing the Great Egg Harbor River . Upon passing over the river , enters Mays Landing and turns north , encountering CR 617 before passing over an abandoned railroad line and heading into the downtown area of Mays Landing . Here , the road crosses CR 559 , and US 40 splits from NJ 50 by turning east along that road . Meanwhile , Route 50 continues north on Cape May Avenue , passing through developed areas . It leaves Mays Landing and heads into back into forests . The route turns to the northeast , passing near the Clover Leaf Lakes residential development , before coming to an interchange with US 322 ( Black Horse Pike ) . " " . point this at Avenue Philadelphia on north continuing 563 CR with , ) Pike Horse White ( 563 CR and 30 US with intersection an at ends 50 Route , crossing railroad the after block A . Avenue Philadelphia into turning , City Harbor Egg enters and Station City Harbor Egg the near Line City Atlantic s ’ Transit Jersey New crosses road the , later distance short A . 686 CR with intersection an is there where , Township Galloway into crossing , areas inhabited through continues and again road undivided lane @-@ two a becomes route The . Expressway City Atlantic the with interchange full a reaches and highway divided lane @-@ four a to widens 50 Route , interchange this Past "," Past this interchange , Route 50 widens to a four @-@ lane divided highway and reaches a full interchange with the Atlantic City Expressway . The route becomes a two @-@ lane undivided road again and continues through inhabited areas , crossing into Galloway Township , where there is an intersection with CR 686 . A short distance later , the road crosses New Jersey Transit ’ s Atlantic City Line near the Egg Harbor City Station and enters Egg Harbor City , turning into Philadelphia Avenue . A block after the railroad crossing , Route 50 ends at an intersection with US 30 and CR 563 ( White Horse Pike ) , with CR 563 continuing north on Philadelphia Avenue at this point . " " . hurricane a of event the in areas inland to County May Cape from route evacuation as serves also It . routes congested more to alternate an as serving , County May Cape in resorts Shore Jersey the with Expressway City Atlantic the linking route important an is 50 Route "," Route 50 is an important route linking the Atlantic City Expressway with the Jersey Shore resorts in Cape May County , serving as an alternate to more congested routes . It also serves as evacuation route from Cape May County to inland areas in the event of a hurricane . " " . 2010 , 18 June on completed was project This . Expressway City Atlantic the for set improvements of series a of part as interchange full a Expressway City Atlantic the with interchange the making on began construction , 2008 , 21 November On . 50 Route along traffic of lack as well as concerns environmental and financial to due 1970s @-@ mid the by canceled was freeway this , However . Valley Delaware the from travelers for County May Cape of resorts Shore Jersey the to route better a provide as well as region the to development economic provide to intended was freeway proposed This . Township Mullica in 30 US to north Township Dennis in Parkway State Garden the from running , 1960 around 50 Route for proposed was freeway A . renumbering highway state Jersey New 1953 the in routing current its retained 50 Route . renumbering the in assigned number route state highest the , 50 Route as designated was City Harbor Egg and Seaville between 14 Route 1927 @-@ pre of portion the , renumbering highway state Jersey New 1927 the In . City Harbor Egg to May Cape from run to was that route a , 1917 in 14 Route 1927 @-@ pre of part as legislated was 50 Route of alignment day @-@ modern The . 1910 in Highway Ocean the of spur a become to funding received Petersburg and Seaville between 50 Route current of portion The "," The portion of current Route 50 between Seaville and Petersburg received funding to become a spur of the Ocean Highway in 1910 . The modern @-@ day alignment of Route 50 was legislated as part of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 in 1917 , a route that was to run from Cape May to Egg Harbor City . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the portion of pre @-@ 1927 Route 14 between Seaville and Egg Harbor City was designated as Route 50 , the highest state route number assigned in the renumbering . Route 50 retained its current routing in the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering . A freeway was proposed for Route 50 around 1960 , running from the Garden State Parkway in Dennis Township north to US 30 in Mullica Township . This proposed freeway was intended to provide economic development to the region as well as provide a better route to the Jersey Shore resorts of Cape May County for travelers from the Delaware Valley . However , this freeway was canceled by the mid @-@ 1970s due to financial and environmental concerns as well as lack of traffic along Route 50 . On November 21 , 2008 , construction began on making the interchange with the Atlantic City Expressway a full interchange as part of a series of improvements set for the Atlantic City Expressway . This project was completed on June 18 , 2010 . " " . Kariba of town resort the via , Salisbury capital the to Falls Victoria from service scheduled regular 's Rhodesia Air of leg last the flying was , the named Viscount Vickers a , involved aircraft The . War Bush Rhodesian the during , 1978 September 3 on ) ZIPRA ( Army Revolutionary 's People Zimbabwe the by down shot was that flight passenger scheduled a was 825 Flight Rhodesia Air "," Air Rhodesia Flight 825 was a scheduled passenger flight that was shot down by the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) on 3 September 1978 , during the Rhodesian Bush War . The aircraft involved , a Vickers Viscount named the , was flying the last leg of Air Rhodesia 's regular scheduled service from Victoria Falls to the capital Salisbury , via the resort town of Kariba . " " . arrived guerrillas the before water for look to gone had they because lived five further a while , bush surrounding the in hiding by survived passengers Three . gunfire automatic with them massacred and see could they survivors 10 the up rounded , wreckage the approached then insurgents the ; crash this in died 38 , crew four and passengers 52 the Of . up break and cartwheel to plane the caused which , ditch unseen an by foiled was of west just field cotton a in landing belly attempted An . landing emergency an forcing and aircraft the damaging critically , missile homing infrared air @-@ to @-@ surface 2 Strela made @-@ Soviet a with wing starboard its on hit direct a scored guerrillas ZIPRA of group a , off took 825 Flight after Soon "," Soon after Flight 825 took off , a group of ZIPRA guerrillas scored a direct hit on its starboard wing with a Soviet @-@ made Strela 2 surface @-@ to @-@ air infrared homing missile , critically damaging the aircraft and forcing an emergency landing . An attempted belly landing in a cotton field just west of was foiled by an unseen ditch , which caused the plane to cartwheel and break up . Of the 52 passengers and four crew , 38 died in this crash ; the insurgents then approached the wreckage , rounded up the 10 survivors they could see and massacred them with automatic gunfire . Three passengers survived by hiding in the surrounding bush , while a further five lived because they had gone to look for water before the guerrillas arrived . " " . indignation 's government Rhodesian the to much , governments overseas by it of acknowledgement no almost was there but , magazine Time as such journals international in appeared negatively attack the viewing Reports . kind this of attacks supported Rhodesians black few though even , general in blacks of suspicious and resentful violently becoming whites many with , enemies perceived against followed backlash Rhodesian white fierce A . terrorism of act an as attack the saw , white and black both , Rhodesians of majority The . ground the on survivors killed had men his that denied but , purposes military for used been had aircraft the saying , evening same the programme Today 's BBC the with interview an in the down shooting for responsibility claimed publicly Nkomo Joshua leader ZIPRA "," ZIPRA leader Joshua Nkomo publicly claimed responsibility for shooting down the in an interview with the BBC 's Today programme the same evening , saying the aircraft had been used for military purposes , but denied that his men had killed survivors on the ground . The majority of Rhodesians , both black and white , saw the attack as an act of terrorism . A fierce white Rhodesian backlash followed against perceived enemies , with many whites becoming violently resentful and suspicious of blacks in general , even though few black Rhodesians supported attacks of this kind . Reports viewing the attack negatively appeared in international journals such as Time magazine , but there was almost no acknowledgement of it by overseas governments , much to the Rhodesian government 's indignation . " " . incident identical almost an in , flight civilian another , 827 Flight Rhodesia Air down shot ZIPRA , 1979 February in , later months Five . positions guerrilla around and in camping refugees were killed those of many as controversy great brought particular in ZIPRA on attack The . ) ZANLA ( Army Liberation National African Zimbabwe the , rival its and ZIPRA both attacking , months following the over Mozambique and Zambia into strikes retaliatory several launched Forces Security Rhodesian The . areas selected over law martial of extension the announced Smith , September 10 On . "" monster "" a Nkomo calling Smith with , Rhodesians furious the by suspended immediately were , promisingly progressing been had which , Smith Ian Minister Prime and Nkomo between Talks "," Talks between Nkomo and Prime Minister Ian Smith , which had been progressing promisingly , were immediately suspended by the furious Rhodesians , with Smith calling Nkomo a "" monster "" . On 10 September , Smith announced the extension of martial law over selected areas . The Rhodesian Security Forces launched several retaliatory strikes into Zambia and Mozambique over the following months , attacking both ZIPRA and its rival , the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) . The attack on ZIPRA in particular brought great controversy as many of those killed were refugees camping in and around guerrilla positions . Five months later , in February 1979 , ZIPRA shot down Air Rhodesia Flight 827 , another civilian flight , in an almost identical incident . " " . Rhodesia on sanctions economic imposed Nations United the and Britain . internationally unrecognised went declaration unilateral the so , minority white 's country the by dominated was government 's Rhodesia and , decolonisation amid elsewhere and Britain in ground gained recently had "" rule majority before independence no "" of idea The . 1965 November 11 on Kingdom United the from independence declare unilaterally to , Smith Ian Minister Prime by headed , government colonial the led ) Rhodesia Southern or ( Rhodesia of colony governing @-@ self the to sovereignty full of granting the for terms the over dispute A "," A dispute over the terms for the granting of full sovereignty to the self @-@ governing colony of Rhodesia ( or Southern Rhodesia ) led the colonial government , headed by Prime Minister Ian Smith , to unilaterally declare independence from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 . The idea of "" no independence before majority rule "" had recently gained ground in Britain and elsewhere amid decolonisation , and Rhodesia 's government was dominated by the country 's white minority , so the unilateral declaration went unrecognised internationally . Britain and the United Nations imposed economic sanctions on Rhodesia . " " . Rhodesia eastern @-@ north in Farms Whistlefield and Altena attacked ZANLA when , 1972 December in earnest in began , War Bush Rhodesian the , conflict resulting The . forces security and government Rhodesian the against "" Chimurenga Second "" the called they what wage to proceeded armies guerrilla These . ) ZIPRA ( Army Revolutionary 's People Zimbabwe the mobilised , Pact Warsaw the and Leninism – Marxism style @-@ Soviet with aligned , ) ZAPU ( Union 's People African Zimbabwe dominated @-@ Ndebele the while , doctrine Maoist of aspects adopted and ) ZANLA ( Army Liberation National African Zimbabwe the created , comprising mostly , ) ZANU ( Union National African Zimbabwe aligned @-@ Chinese the : rule majority introduce and government the overthrow to campaigns military initiated groups nationalist black backed @-@ communist rival Two "," Two rival communist @-@ backed black nationalist groups initiated military campaigns to overthrow the government and introduce majority rule : the Chinese @-@ aligned Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) , mostly comprising , created the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) and adopted aspects of Maoist doctrine , while the Ndebele @-@ dominated Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) , aligned with Soviet @-@ style Marxism – Leninism and the Warsaw Pact , mobilised the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) . These guerrilla armies proceeded to wage what they called the "" Second Chimurenga "" against the Rhodesian government and security forces . The resulting conflict , the Rhodesian Bush War , began in earnest in December 1972 , when ZANLA attacked Altena and Whistlefield Farms in north @-@ eastern Rhodesia . " " . "" Front Patriotic "" joint a as conferences attend henceforth would they that , December in Conference Geneva unsuccessful the to up @-@ run the during , 1976 October in announced ZAPU and ZANU . 1976 March and 1975 December between talks unsuccessful held Nkomo Joshua leader ZAPU the and Smith , 1975 August of Conference Falls Victoria abortive the Following . regroup to time guerrillas the giving , ceasefire a forced that initiative détente a adopted , Africa South , backer main other 's Rhodesia , time same the Around . ZANU with allied openly state communist a as year following the independence 's Mozambique to led and , administration 's Smith for support economic key its withdraw to Portugal caused 1974 April of Revolution Carnation leftist The . favour ' insurgents the in shift to momentum 's conflict the caused overseas developments , 1974 and 1973 during campaign insurgency @-@ counter successful a mounted forces security the After "," After the security forces mounted a successful counter @-@ insurgency campaign during 1973 and 1974 , developments overseas caused the conflict 's momentum to shift in the insurgents ' favour . The leftist Carnation Revolution of April 1974 caused Portugal to withdraw its key economic support for Smith 's administration , and led to Mozambique 's independence the following year as a communist state openly allied with ZANU . Around the same time , Rhodesia 's other main backer , South Africa , adopted a détente initiative that forced a ceasefire , giving the guerrillas time to regroup . Following the abortive Victoria Falls Conference of August 1975 , Smith and the ZAPU leader Joshua Nkomo held unsuccessful talks between December 1975 and March 1976 . ZANU and ZAPU announced in October 1976 , during the run @-@ up to the unsuccessful Geneva Conference in December , that they would henceforth attend conferences as a joint "" Patriotic Front "" . " " . June 23 on border Mozambican the near Mission Elim at children four and missionaries British nine of killing the in climaxing , missionaries Christian target to began also . guerrillas Leninist – Marxist by killed were , blacks rural to Settlement Internal the explain to provinces the to sent , Council National African United 's Muzorewa from Officials . continued war the as "" People the of Year The "" be to 1978 proclaimed ZANU . "" blacksmiths the "" colleagues black 's Smith dubbed sardonically Nkomo ; refused but , participate to invited were ZAPU and ZANU . elections multiracial to pursuant , 1979 June in Rhodesia Zimbabwe as reconstituted be to due country the with , government transitional white – black joint a created This . "" Settlement Internal "" the became what agreed Jeremiah Chief and Sithole Ndabaningi Reverend the , Muzorewa Abel Bishop by headed groups nationalist militant @-@ non and Smith , 1978 March In "," In March 1978 , Smith and non @-@ militant nationalist groups headed by Bishop Abel Muzorewa , the Reverend Ndabaningi Sithole and Chief Jeremiah agreed what became the "" Internal Settlement "" . This created a joint black – white transitional government , with the country due to be reconstituted as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in June 1979 , pursuant to multiracial elections . ZANU and ZAPU were invited to participate , but refused ; Nkomo sardonically dubbed Smith 's black colleagues "" the blacksmiths "" . ZANU proclaimed 1978 to be "" The Year of the People "" as the war continued . Officials from Muzorewa 's United African National Council , sent to the provinces to explain the Internal Settlement to rural blacks , were killed by Marxist – Leninist guerrillas . also began to target Christian missionaries , climaxing in the killing of nine British missionaries and four children at Elim Mission near the Mozambican border on 23 June . " " . place taken had meetings secret the that publicly revealed Nkomo and Smith , September 2 On . 1978 September of start the by "" success of verge the on seemed "" and well progressed Nkomo and Smith between negotiations , Cilliers historian military African South the to According . talks the in part no have would Mugabe but , Mugabe Robert leader ZANU the involve also to made were Attempts . corporation mining the of assistance the with so doing , ) based was ZAPU where ( Zambia , Lusaka in Nkomo with meetings secret attended he , 1978 August 14 on Starting . ZANLA defeat forces security the help and , overseas recognition diplomatic prompt , domestically credence some it lend would this hoping , government the into Nkomo bring to worked again Smith . administration interim 's Rhodesia recognised country No . control white under service civil the and judiciary the , military the , enforcement law of control kept Settlement Internal the because partly , abroad received badly was government transitional The "," The transitional government was badly received abroad , partly because the Internal Settlement kept control of law enforcement , the military , the judiciary and the civil service under white control . No country recognised Rhodesia 's interim administration . Smith again worked to bring Nkomo into the government , hoping this would lend it some credence domestically , prompt diplomatic recognition overseas , and help the security forces defeat ZANLA . Starting on 14 August 1978 , he attended secret meetings with Nkomo in Lusaka , Zambia ( where ZAPU was based ) , doing so with the assistance of the mining corporation . Attempts were made to also involve the ZANU leader Robert Mugabe , but Mugabe would have no part in the talks . According to the South African military historian Cilliers , negotiations between Smith and Nkomo progressed well and "" seemed on the verge of success "" by the start of September 1978 . On 2 September , Smith and Nkomo revealed publicly that the secret meetings had taken place . " " . War Bush the during targeted been yet had aircraft civilian No . safely landed and survived had all but , hit been had Dakotas Force Air Rhodesian Some . successful been had which of none , weapons these using aircraft military Rhodesian down shoot to attempts reported 20 been had there , 1978 September By . support materiel 's Pact Warsaw the of part as 1970s @-@ mid the from Union Soviet the by supplied , launcher missile air @-@ to @-@ surface launched @-@ shoulder 2 Strela the was ZIPRA for feasible attacks such made that weapon The . target aerial an against attack viable a launch to weapons the had force revolutionary neither , time this before ; war the of stages latter the in , 1977 about until threatened seriously not was traffic air Rhodesian "," Rhodesian air traffic was not seriously threatened until about 1977 , in the latter stages of the war ; before this time , neither revolutionary force had the weapons to launch a viable attack against an aerial target . The weapon that made such attacks feasible for ZIPRA was the Strela 2 shoulder @-@ launched surface @-@ to @-@ air missile launcher , supplied by the Soviet Union from the mid @-@ 1970s as part of the Warsaw Pact 's materiel support . By September 1978 , there had been 20 reported attempts to shoot down Rhodesian military aircraft using these weapons , none of which had been successful . Some Rhodesian Air Force Dakotas had been hit , but all had survived and landed safely . No civilian aircraft had yet been targeted during the Bush War . " " . Durban and Johannesburg of cities African South the to services international as well as , flights cargo and passenger of programme domestic a comprised 1970s late the during network flight 's Rhodesia Air , Airport Salisbury at Based . year that of end the at dissolved was which , Airways African Central succeed to 1967 September 1 on government the by established , airline national 's country the was Rhodesia Air "," Air Rhodesia was the country 's national airline , established by the government on 1 September 1967 to succeed Central African Airways , which was dissolved at the end of that year . Based at Salisbury Airport , Air Rhodesia 's flight network during the late 1970s comprised a domestic programme of passenger and cargo flights , as well as international services to the South African cities of Johannesburg and Durban . " " . Salisbury capital Rhodesian the and Kariba Lake between flowed which , name same the of river the after the named was It . wing each on engines two with aircraft turboprop made @-@ British a , Viscount Vickers a was aircraft 825 Flight The "," The Flight 825 aircraft was a Vickers Viscount , a British @-@ made turboprop aircraft with two engines on each wing . It was named the after the river of the same name , which flowed between Lake Kariba and the Rhodesian capital Salisbury . " " . Time Africa Central 00 : 17 after soon schedule on Airport Kariba from off took flight The . lake the at weekend a after home returning , Salisbury from holidaymakers were whom of most , passengers 52 and members crew four carried Salisbury to Kariba from , afternoon Sunday , 1978 September 3 on flight The . destinations tourist choice 's Rhodesia of one as endured had resort the , ) Zambia in ( Zambezi the of side northern the on guerrillas ZIPRA by Kariba on launched attacks mortar and rocket occasional the Despite . Kariba of town resort the in over stopping , Salisbury and Falls Victoria between journey scheduled regular its of leg final and second the on was The "," The was on the second and final leg of its regular scheduled journey between Victoria Falls and Salisbury , stopping over in the resort town of Kariba . Despite the occasional rocket and mortar attacks launched on Kariba by ZIPRA guerrillas on the northern side of the Zambezi ( in Zambia ) , the resort had endured as one of Rhodesia 's choice tourist destinations . The flight on 3 September 1978 , Sunday afternoon , from Kariba to Salisbury carried four crew members and 52 passengers , most of whom were holidaymakers from Salisbury , returning home after a weekend at the lake . The flight took off from Kariba Airport on schedule soon after 17 : 00 Central Africa Time . " " . Salisbury from , Pearson Louise old @-@ year @-@ 23 and , Bulawayo from and old years 21 , Dulcie were stewardesses air two The . Africa South from child a as immigrated having , life his of most for Rhodesia in lived had and , old years 31 was , Beaumont Garth , officer first His . basis voluntary a on Force Air Rhodesian the in served also had and , 1968 since Rhodesia Air for Viscounts flown had He . 1966 in licence pilot commercial his gained had who Bulawayo of native a , Hood John Captain old @-@ year @-@ 36 by piloted was 825 Flight "," Flight 825 was piloted by 36 @-@ year @-@ old Captain John Hood , a native of Bulawayo who had gained his commercial pilot licence in 1966 . He had flown Viscounts for Air Rhodesia since 1968 , and had also served in the Rhodesian Air Force on a voluntary basis . His first officer , Garth Beaumont , was 31 years old , and had lived in Rhodesia for most of his life , having immigrated as a child from South Africa . The two air stewardesses were Dulcie , 21 years old and from Bulawayo , and 23 @-@ year @-@ old Louise Pearson , from Salisbury . " " . rapidly descend to began the , wildly . engines port two his only with Hood leaving , immediately almost failed engine starboard second The . out put not could crew and passengers the that fire a creating , ruptured lines hydraulic and tank fuel A . explode also to engine inner the causing , exploded and wing starboard 's plane the hit missile seeking @-@ heat The . flight its of phase climb the in still was aircraft the while , off took it after minutes five about the on fired and , flightpath 's 825 Flight beneath bush the in waited , launcher 2 @-@ Strela a with armed , guerrillas ZIPRA of group A "," A group of ZIPRA guerrillas , armed with a Strela @-@ 2 launcher , waited in the bush beneath Flight 825 's flightpath , and fired on the about five minutes after it took off , while the aircraft was still in the climb phase of its flight . The heat @-@ seeking missile hit the plane 's starboard wing and exploded , causing the inner engine to also explode . A fuel tank and hydraulic lines ruptured , creating a fire that the passengers and crew could not put out . The second starboard engine failed almost immediately , leaving Hood with only his two port engines . wildly , the began to descend rapidly . " " . ablaze cabin wrecked the setting , fire caught and ruptured tanks fuel remaining The . exploded and cartwheeled , ditch unseen previously a hit the until stable relatively was landing The . craft the land belly to intending , of west the to bush the in , Hills the in cotton of field open an for aimed he , landing emergency an for brace to passengers his Telling . radioed he "" , in going 're We "" . crash to going was and engines starboard two the lost had he that them informing , control traffic air to call distress a sent Hood Captain 10 : 17 At "," At 17 : 10 Captain Hood sent a distress call to air traffic control , informing them that he had lost the two starboard engines and was going to crash . "" We 're going in , "" he radioed . Telling his passengers to brace for an emergency landing , he aimed for an open field of cotton in the Hills , in the bush to the west of , intending to belly land the craft . The landing was relatively stable until the hit a previously unseen ditch , cartwheeled and exploded . The remaining fuel tanks ruptured and caught fire , setting the wrecked cabin ablaze . " " . ) 4 and 11 aged ( girls two and women four including , wreckage the near view full in passengers 10 left This . same the did Diana wife his and Hansen Hans businessman while , bush surrounding the in cover took , 39 , Hill Anthony reservist Army Rhodesian : approaching figures seeing on hid site crash the at remaining survivors 13 the of Three . 45 : 17 about at it reached and , site crash the towards way their made guerrillas nine , Meanwhile . wreckage the to close remained 13 other The . water of search in village nearby a of direction the in off — Tracey daughter old @-@ year @-@ four her and , Coles Sharon Mrs , Hargreaves Shannon and Robert newlyweds young — others four led , MacLaren Cecil Dr , passengers the of one , others the settling briefly After . wreckage the of out climbed and , injuries with albeit , survived Eighteen . crash the in died , Beaumont and Hood including , 38 , board on people 56 the Of "," Of the 56 people on board , 38 , including Hood and Beaumont , died in the crash . Eighteen survived , albeit with injuries , and climbed out of the wreckage . After briefly settling the others , one of the passengers , Dr Cecil MacLaren , led four others — young newlyweds Robert and Shannon Hargreaves , Mrs Sharon Coles , and her four @-@ year @-@ old daughter Tracey — off in the direction of a nearby village in search of water . The other 13 remained close to the wreckage . Meanwhile , nine guerrillas made their way towards the crash site , and reached it at about 17 : 45 . Three of the 13 survivors remaining at the crash site hid on seeing figures approaching : Rhodesian Army reservist Anthony Hill , 39 , took cover in the surrounding bush , while businessman Hans Hansen and his wife Diana did the same . This left 10 passengers in full view near the wreckage , including four women and two girls ( aged 11 and 4 ) . " " . gunfire automatic of burst sustained a by killed were they before just , cried passengers the of one "" ! us shoot 't don Please "" . said them of one "" , land our taken have You "" . weapons their raised now cadres the , away ) ft 49 ( metres 15 roughly Standing . ) ft sq 110 ( metres square 10 about of area an into assembled were passengers The . others the carry to men bodied @-@ able the told insurgents the , walk to injured badly too were them of some that said survivors the when ; wreckage the from metres few a point a around congregate to passengers the told They . themselves among and survivors the to both , English in spoke They . water bring and help summon would they saying , friendly as passengers 10 the to themselves presented , rifles 47 @-@ AK with armed were who , guerrillas The "," The guerrillas , who were armed with AK @-@ 47 rifles , presented themselves to the 10 passengers as friendly , saying they would summon help and bring water . They spoke in English , both to the survivors and among themselves . They told the passengers to congregate around a point a few metres from the wreckage ; when the survivors said that some of them were too badly injured to walk , the insurgents told the able @-@ bodied men to carry the others . The passengers were assembled into an area of about 10 square metres ( 110 sq ft ) . Standing roughly 15 metres ( 49 ft ) away , the cadres now raised their weapons . "" You have taken our land , "" one of them said . "" Please don 't shoot us ! "" one of the passengers cried , just before they were killed by a sustained burst of automatic gunfire . " " . again left then , belongings ' passengers various with arms their filled , site the around strewn suitcases the of some and cabin wrecked the looted guerrillas The . 45 : 19 about at site crash the to return attackers the saw they , hours two about for there hidden had others the and Hill After . ridge a behind themselves hid successfully but , haste their in fighters the to positions their revealed they ; ran also the and Hill . flee to others the and MacLaren prompting , location general their on fire opened then insurgents The . "" here come "" to group 's MacLaren told guerrillas the of one ; survivors more of presence the to insurgents the alerted This . alive still were thought they who , passengers other the to out called and , way their on continued they , heat the in exploding luggage the in ammunition personal was it Thinking . shots the heard they when site crash the at back almost were companions his and MacLaren , village nearby the from water collected Having "," Having collected water from the nearby village , MacLaren and his companions were almost back at the crash site when they heard the shots . Thinking it was personal ammunition in the luggage exploding in the heat , they continued on their way , and called out to the other passengers , who they thought were still alive . This alerted the insurgents to the presence of more survivors ; one of the guerrillas told MacLaren 's group to "" come here "" . The insurgents then opened fire on their general location , prompting MacLaren and the others to flee . Hill and the also ran ; they revealed their positions to the fighters in their haste , but successfully hid themselves behind a ridge . After Hill and the others had hidden there for about two hours , they saw the attackers return to the crash site at about 19 : 45 . The guerrillas looted the wrecked cabin and some of the suitcases strewn around the site , filled their arms with various passengers ' belongings , then left again . " " . Salisbury in Hospital Fleming Andrew to airlifted were group his and MacLaren while , Hospital Kariba to taken were Hansen Mrs and Mr and Hill ; police and Army Rhodesian the by days following the over found were survivors The "," The survivors were found over the following days by the Rhodesian Army and police ; Hill and Mr and Mrs Hansen were taken to Kariba Hospital , while MacLaren and his group were airlifted to Andrew Fleming Hospital in Salisbury . " " . "" lie deliberate , downright "" a called , manager general 's Rhodesia Air , Travers Pat Captain that allegation an , government the for materiel war and troops hauling surreptitiously of Rhodesia Air accused also He . alive them left had and , them helped had men his that said he , contrast by ; ground the on survivors any killed had men his that denied and , civilians kill to policy 's party his not was it as deaths the regretted he said Nkomo . purposes military for used being was the that intelligence received had he that said He . white and black both , observers Rhodesian most of horror the to , so did he as laughing , day next the programme radio Today 's BBC the with interview an in attack the for responsibility claimed Nkomo "," Nkomo claimed responsibility for the attack in an interview with the BBC 's Today radio programme the next day , laughing as he did so , to the horror of most Rhodesian observers , both black and white . He said that he had received intelligence that the was being used for military purposes . Nkomo said he regretted the deaths as it was not his party 's policy to kill civilians , and denied that his men had killed any survivors on the ground ; by contrast , he said that his men had helped them , and had left them alive . He also accused Air Rhodesia of surreptitiously hauling troops and war materiel for the government , an allegation that Captain Pat Travers , Air Rhodesia 's general manager , called a "" downright , deliberate lie "" . " " . "" ] Falls Victoria at [ stationed paratroopers were there knew intelligence ZIPRA ] and [ ... "" , writes he "" , job the for paratroopers ferrying Viscounts shown had , Mozambique in ZANLA on attacks before , television Rhodesian "" . board on soldiers Rhodesian be to there believed have might ZIPRA that suggesting , militarily used been had the that claim 's Nkomo supports also and , Scouts the "" beyond put be cannot "" massacre the that asserts Sibanda . opinion public shifting of goal the with civilians rural of accused been often had which , unit Scouts Selous race mixed the specifically more , guerrillas @-@ pseudo force security with lay actually massacre the for responsibility that implying was Nkomo , ZAPU of history a wrote who speaker rights human and professor a , Sibanda Eliakim to According "," According to Eliakim Sibanda , a professor and human rights speaker who wrote a history of ZAPU , Nkomo was implying that responsibility for the massacre actually lay with security force pseudo @-@ guerrillas , more specifically the mixed race Selous Scouts unit , which had often been accused of rural civilians with the goal of shifting public opinion . Sibanda asserts that the massacre "" cannot be put beyond "" the Scouts , and also supports Nkomo 's claim that the had been used militarily , suggesting that ZIPRA might have believed there to be Rhodesian soldiers on board . "" Rhodesian television , before attacks on ZANLA in Mozambique , had shown Viscounts ferrying paratroopers for the job , "" he writes , "" ... [ and ] ZIPRA intelligence knew there were paratroopers stationed [ at Victoria Falls ] "" . " " . trial stand to Salisbury to him bring or Nkomo kill either would who anybody to of reward a offered Africa South in Society Rhodesia of Friends A . them massacring before passengers female the raped had killers the that press African South the in appeared reports after particularly , enraged similarly were Africans South White . "" control to difficult ] was [ ... anger of degree "" the that memoirs his in wrote Smith . hours within Salisbury in knowledge common was truth the , investigation ' days four after only so doing , crash the of cause the acknowledge immediately not did authorities Rhodesian Though . attack the in members eight lost having , incident the by affected particularly was family Gulab Rhodesian @-@ Indian prominent The . terrorism of act an as saw others many and they what for retribution exacting to minds their turned many and , fury with news the heard Rhodesia in community white the , Indeed "" . true seem prophecies doomsday Rhodesian of alarming most the make to calculated , story horror genuine a "" as incident the described later fortnight a Time magazine American the in published report A "," A report published in the American magazine Time a fortnight later described the incident as "" a genuine horror story , calculated to make the most alarming of Rhodesian doomsday prophecies seem true . "" Indeed , the white community in Rhodesia heard the news with fury , and many turned their minds to exacting retribution for what they and many others saw as an act of terrorism . The prominent Indian @-@ Rhodesian Gulab family was particularly affected by the incident , having lost eight members in the attack . Though Rhodesian authorities did not immediately acknowledge the cause of the crash , doing so only after four days ' investigation , the truth was common knowledge in Salisbury within hours . Smith wrote in his memoirs that the "" degree of anger ... [ was ] difficult to control "" . White South Africans were similarly enraged , particularly after reports appeared in the South African press that the killers had raped the female passengers before massacring them . A Friends of Rhodesia Society in South Africa offered a reward of to anybody who would either kill Nkomo or bring him to Salisbury to stand trial . " " "" . ears my for specifically meant were evening that voices loud unnecessarily in made remarks derogatory more the of some that sensed I ... or and all for consequences dire threatening , hoarse became voices their until cursed They "" : editors @-@ sub white the among "" temper collective vile "" a relates he , incident the of night the newsroom Herald the Describing . "" sympathisers terrorist "" be to all them believing , general in blacks towards wary and resentful became whites many that memoirs his in wrote later , newspaper Herald Rhodesia the at reporters black few the of one then was who , Geoffrey "," Geoffrey , who was then one of the few black reporters at the Rhodesia Herald newspaper , later wrote in his memoirs that many whites became resentful and wary towards blacks in general , believing them all to be "" terrorist sympathisers "" . Describing the Herald newsroom the night of the incident , he relates a "" vile collective temper "" among the white sub @-@ editors : "" They cursed until their voices became hoarse , threatening dire consequences for all and or ... I sensed that some of the more derogatory remarks made in unnecessarily loud voices that evening were meant specifically for my ears . "" " " . target civilian its and attack the of character the considering especially , governments overseas from emanating sympathy of lack apparent the resented also Rhodesians Many . them attack to do not would it that and , duress extreme under guerrillas the assisted only blacks rural many that them telling , memoirs his to according , to not them instructed He . "" terrorists the assisting and harbouring of crime their for pay people local the make "" to site crash the around bush the into venture to permission his sought groups vigilante be @-@ would several that says Smith . saw they man black first the shot , massacre the of learning on , youths white two that rumour a reported also Time . leave to there drinking blacks forced and "" rifles of triggers the fingering "" bar Salisbury an entered whites of group a , article Time the to According . days following the over occurred incidents motivated racially Several "," Several racially motivated incidents occurred over the following days . According to the Time article , a group of whites entered an Salisbury bar "" fingering the triggers of rifles "" and forced blacks drinking there to leave . Time also reported a rumour that two white youths , on learning of the massacre , shot the first black man they saw . Smith says that several would @-@ be vigilante groups sought his permission to venture into the bush around the crash site to "" make the local people pay for their crime of harbouring and assisting the terrorists "" . He instructed them not to , according to his memoirs , telling them that many rural blacks only assisted the guerrillas under extreme duress , and that it would not do to attack them . Many Rhodesians also resented the apparent lack of sympathy emanating from overseas governments , especially considering the character of the attack and its civilian target . " " . Affairs Foreign of Minister @-@ co the , Byl der van K P including , attended also ministers government several and Smith . units military other from officers senior and soldiers Service Air Special Rhodesian as well as , personnel Airways African South and Rhodesia Air uniformed were cathedral the in present those among Prominent . sets radio portable on inside service the to listening many , pavement and steps the on outside standing 500 another with , inside crowded people 000 @,@ 2 about , Cathedral Anglican 's Salisbury at crew and passengers 's 825 Flight for 1978 September 8 on held service memorial a At "," At a memorial service held on 8 September 1978 for Flight 825 's passengers and crew at Salisbury 's Anglican Cathedral , about 2 @,@ 000 people crowded inside , with another 500 standing outside on the steps and pavement , many listening to the service inside on portable radio sets . Prominent among those present in the cathedral were uniformed Air Rhodesia and South African Airways personnel , as well as Rhodesian Special Air Service soldiers and senior officers from other military units . Smith and several government ministers also attended , including P K van der Byl , the co @-@ Minister of Foreign Affairs . " " "" ! tragedy the is Here . deeply them affects which one not , matter intellectual an is it , borders our from far , others For . come to years for memories our upon burnt be will Kariba from flight fated @-@ ill this of The ... side other the on by pass they , Samaritan Good the of story the in men Like ! not are We ? civilised themselves call who nations from protest of voice the with we are But "" . said he "" , Viscount the attending events the at sickened but anything be can life human of dignity the sacred holds who Nobody "" . overseas from "" silence deafening "" a as described he what damning sermon a gave Costa de John Dean "," Dean John de Costa gave a sermon damning what he described as a "" deafening silence "" from overseas . "" Nobody who holds sacred the dignity of human life can be anything but sickened at the events attending the Viscount , "" he said . "" But are we with the voice of protest from nations who call themselves civilised ? We are not ! Like men in the story of the Good Samaritan , they pass by on the other side ... The of this ill @-@ fated flight from Kariba will be burnt upon our memories for years to come . For others , far from our borders , it is an intellectual matter , not one which affects them deeply . Here is the tragedy ! "" " " . recognition international secure to government Rhodesian transitional the helped have might "" stage critical this at "" two the between agreement an that surmises He . incident the before well progressing been had talks the as , "" massacre Viscount the of result serious most the potentially "" was time this at talks Nkomo – Smith the of ending the that comments Cilliers . "" monster "" a Nkomo called himself Smith . Salisbury by halted immediately were promisingly so progressing been had that leader ZAPU the and Smith between talks The "," The talks between Smith and the ZAPU leader that had been progressing so promisingly were immediately halted by Salisbury . Smith himself called Nkomo a "" monster "" . Cilliers comments that the ending of the Smith – Nkomo talks at this time was "" potentially the most serious result of the Viscount massacre "" , as the talks had been progressing well before the incident . He surmises that an agreement between the two "" at this critical stage "" might have helped the transitional Rhodesian government to secure international recognition . " " . "" go innocents these let not ] [ w "" Rhodesia that guerrillas the warned , Transport of Minister @-@ co the , Irvine William . Front Patriotic the supporting were States United the and Britain because escalated had war the that claimed He . territories respective their in bases guerrilla against "" undertake might we strikes defensive any "" for prepare to countries neighbouring warned and , "" terrorism with associated organisations those of workings internal the liquidate "" to intent 's Rhodesia declared He . needed when and as regions particular in applied be would said he which , law martial of variation a under placed be would country the of areas certain that nation the to announced Minister Prime the , September 10 On "," On 10 September , the Prime Minister announced to the nation that certain areas of the country would be placed under a variation of martial law , which he said would be applied in particular regions as and when needed . He declared Rhodesia 's intent to "" liquidate the internal workings of those organisations associated with terrorism "" , and warned neighbouring countries to prepare for "" any defensive strikes we might undertake "" against guerrilla bases in their respective territories . He claimed that the war had escalated because Britain and the United States were supporting the Patriotic Front . William Irvine , the co @-@ Minister of Transport , warned the guerrillas that Rhodesia "" w [ ] not let these innocents go "" . " " . strike air friendly a by killed accidentally was whom of one , soldiers two only lost forces security the while , killed guerrillas "" hundred several "" were there , figures Rhodesian to According . forces security Rhodesian the by destroyed latter the of one and routed were former the but , carriers personnel armoured 152 @-@ BTR Russian four and tanks 54 @-@ T made @-@ Soviet nine of form the in aid 's ZANLA to armour sent Mozambique . 1978 September 20 on New of much out wiped Service Air Special and Infantry Light Rhodesian , Force Air Rhodesian the , Snoopy Operation called assault ground @-@ airborne combined a In . originals the than area larger far a across distributed were camps new the ; east the to slightly , "" New "" called complex a built since had insurgents the but , there presence ZANLA the of much destroying , Dingo Operation during 1977 November in extensively bases these struck had military Rhodesian The . Mozambique in around bases ZANLA of cluster prominent the was shootdown Viscount the following forces security the by hit target external first the but , country that in targets terrorist against strike retaliatory massive a for clamoured Rhodesians many , Zambia in based were ZIPRA and ZAPU Because "," Because ZAPU and ZIPRA were based in Zambia , many Rhodesians clamoured for a massive retaliatory strike against terrorist targets in that country , but the first external target hit by the security forces following the Viscount shootdown was the prominent cluster of ZANLA bases around in Mozambique . The Rhodesian military had struck these bases extensively in November 1977 during Operation Dingo , destroying much of the ZANLA presence there , but the insurgents had since built a complex called "" New "" , slightly to the east ; the new camps were distributed across a far larger area than the originals . In a combined airborne @-@ ground assault called Operation Snoopy , the Rhodesian Air Force , Rhodesian Light Infantry and Special Air Service wiped out much of New on 20 September 1978 . Mozambique sent armour to ZANLA 's aid in the form of nine Soviet @-@ made T @-@ 54 tanks and four Russian BTR @-@ 152 armoured personnel carriers , but the former were routed and one of the latter destroyed by the Rhodesian security forces . According to Rhodesian figures , there were "" several hundred "" guerrillas killed , while the security forces lost only two soldiers , one of whom was accidentally killed by a friendly air strike . " " . attacked been had border the near guerrillas only previously ; forces Rhodesian the for first a was Zambia inside deep targets Assaulting . Zambia across sweep coordinated a in simultaneously less or more attacked be to were three all ; Camp and , Lusaka of north ) miles 12 ( kilometres 19 , were targets other 's operation Rhodesian The . site on also staff ZIPRA senior with , Camp Freedom at training underwent guerrillas 000 @,@ 4 About . Lusaka to close so site a attack to dare never would Rhodesia that presumed ZIPRA . "" Camp Freedom "" name the under base training and headquarters main 's ZIPRA into transformed been had which , Farm owned @-@ white formerly the was , Lusaka central of east @-@ north ) miles 10 ( kilometres 16 just , target primary 's Gatling . paratroopers Infantry Light Rhodesian and Service Air Special contributed which , Army the and Force Air the between operation force @-@ joint another was , 1978 October 19 on launched , Gatling Operation . 825 Flight for "" time payback "" as described later Bowyer @-@ Petter Peter Captain Group what in , Zambia in bases 's ZIPRA attacked then Rhodesia "," Rhodesia then attacked ZIPRA 's bases in Zambia , in what Group Captain Peter Petter @-@ Bowyer later described as "" payback time "" for Flight 825 . Operation Gatling , launched on 19 October 1978 , was another joint @-@ force operation between the Air Force and the Army , which contributed Special Air Service and Rhodesian Light Infantry paratroopers . Gatling 's primary target , just 16 kilometres ( 10 miles ) north @-@ east of central Lusaka , was the formerly white @-@ owned Farm , which had been transformed into ZIPRA 's main headquarters and training base under the name "" Freedom Camp "" . ZIPRA presumed that Rhodesia would never dare to attack a site so close to Lusaka . About 4 @,@ 000 guerrillas underwent training at Freedom Camp , with senior ZIPRA staff also on site . The Rhodesian operation 's other targets were , 19 kilometres ( 12 miles ) north of Lusaka , and Camp ; all three were to be attacked more or less simultaneously in a coordinated sweep across Zambia . Assaulting targets deep inside Zambia was a first for the Rhodesian forces ; previously only guerrillas near the border had been attacked . " " . instructors Cuban some as well as , personnel ZIPRA 500 @,@ 1 over killed have to claimed afterwards and , operation day @-@ three the during casualties minor only suffered military Rhodesian the , base forward a as Zambia eastern in airstrip Using . traffic air civil halted temporarily and resist to attempt no made , instructions 's Leader Green of all obeyed The . off take to attempted that fighter any down shoot to orders under airfields Zambian the circling were Hunters Hawker Rhodesian that and , "" Zambia against not and , dissidents Rhodesian "" against was attack the that tower Lusaka informing , Farm on assault initial the during hour an of quarter a about for airspace 's country the of control took and ) radar Zambian avoiding thereby ( altitudes low very at Zambia into flew group Force Air Rhodesian a , "" Leader Green "" as tower Airport Lusaka to himself identified who , Dixon Chris Leader Squadron by Led "," Led by Squadron Leader Chris Dixon , who identified himself to Lusaka Airport tower as "" Green Leader "" , a Rhodesian Air Force group flew into Zambia at very low altitudes ( thereby avoiding Zambian radar ) and took control of the country 's airspace for about a quarter of an hour during the initial assault on Farm , informing Lusaka tower that the attack was against "" Rhodesian dissidents , and not against Zambia "" , and that Rhodesian Hawker Hunters were circling the Zambian airfields under orders to shoot down any fighter that attempted to take off . The obeyed all of Green Leader 's instructions , made no attempt to resist and temporarily halted civil air traffic . Using airstrip in eastern Zambia as a forward base , the Rhodesian military suffered only minor casualties during the three @-@ day operation , and afterwards claimed to have killed over 1 @,@ 500 ZIPRA personnel , as well as some Cuban instructors . " " . "" trainees civilian , defenseless at struck forces 's Smith that claim 's ZAPU confirmed "" Agency Refugee UN the and Cross Red the that claims He . killed were "" girls and boys 351 "" says and , "" boys for camp refugee a "" as Camp Freedom describes Sibanda "" . recruits ZIPRA young from refugees innocent distinguish to impossible "" been have would it , airmen Rhodesian the for that comment McLaughlin and . raid Rhodesian the in killed been had these of hundreds and , positions insurgent around or in camped often refugees unarmed , hand other the On . touched been not had , fighters 000 @,@ 10 about numbering then , army 's Nkomo of most as , killed guerrillas of number actual the considerably exaggerated this that write McLaughlin Peter and Paul Historians "," Historians Paul and Peter McLaughlin write that this exaggerated considerably the actual number of guerrillas killed , as most of Nkomo 's army , then numbering about 10 @,@ 000 fighters , had not been touched . On the other hand , unarmed refugees often camped in or around insurgent positions , and hundreds of these had been killed in the Rhodesian raid . and McLaughlin comment that for the Rhodesian airmen , it would have been "" impossible to distinguish innocent refugees from young ZIPRA recruits . "" Sibanda describes Freedom Camp as "" a refugee camp for boys "" , and says "" 351 boys and girls "" were killed . He claims that the Red Cross and the UN Refugee Agency "" confirmed ZAPU 's claim that Smith 's forces struck at defenseless , civilian trainees "" . " " . survivors no were there time This . 1979 February 12 on , 827 Flight Rhodesia Air , Viscount second a down shot ZIPRA , completed was work this Before . Viscounts its for shielding Strela @-@ anti developing began , meanwhile , Rhodesia Air . 1978 of end the by country the of quarters @-@ three covered and , areas rural 's Rhodesia across extended quickly was law Martial . respectively British the and Soviets the from weapons better and aid military further requested same the all Kaunda Kenneth President Zambian the and Nkomo . campaigns guerrilla respective the on impact much made actually not had they though , incident Viscount the following morale white restore to much did bases ZIPRA and ZANLA on attacks Rhodesian The "," The Rhodesian attacks on ZANLA and ZIPRA bases did much to restore white morale following the Viscount incident , though they had not actually made much impact on the respective guerrilla campaigns . Nkomo and the Zambian President Kenneth Kaunda all the same requested further military aid and better weapons from the Soviets and the British respectively . Martial law was quickly extended across Rhodesia 's rural areas , and covered three @-@ quarters of the country by the end of 1978 . Air Rhodesia , meanwhile , began developing anti @-@ Strela shielding for its Viscounts . Before this work was completed , ZIPRA shot down a second Viscount , Air Rhodesia Flight 827 , on 12 February 1979 . This time there were no survivors . " " . Rhodesia in Viscount further no were There . ) m 610 ( feet 000 @,@ 2 over was it once system targeting 's Strela the by detected be not could treated so Viscount a , Force Air the by conducted tests to According . shrouded concurrently pipes exhaust the with , paint radiation @-@ low with coated be would Viscounts the of underside the whereby system a created Rhodesia Air , shootdown second the Following "," Following the second shootdown , Air Rhodesia created a system whereby the underside of the Viscounts would be coated with low @-@ radiation paint , with the exhaust pipes concurrently shrouded . According to tests conducted by the Air Force , a Viscount so treated could not be detected by the Strela 's targeting system once it was over 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) . There were no further Viscount in Rhodesia . " " . Zimbabwe as independence recognised 's country the with concurrently , 1980 April in power took who , Mugabe by won were elections Fresh . period interim an for control direct took and constitution the suspended government UK The . status colonial former its to country the returning , Front Patriotic the and government UK the , Rhodesia Zimbabwe by London in agreed was Agreement House Lancaster the 1979 December in and , however , acceptance international win to failed order new This . 1979 June 1 on Rhodesia Zimbabwe of state ruled @-@ majority , reconstituted the of Minister Prime first the became and , majority a won Muzorewa , ZAPU and ZANU by boycotted , terms Settlement Internal the under year following the held elections the In "," In the elections held the following year under the Internal Settlement terms , boycotted by ZANU and ZAPU , Muzorewa won a majority , and became the first Prime Minister of the reconstituted , majority @-@ ruled state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia on 1 June 1979 . This new order failed to win international acceptance , however , and in December 1979 the Lancaster House Agreement was agreed in London by Zimbabwe Rhodesia , the UK government and the Patriotic Front , returning the country to its former colonial status . The UK government suspended the constitution and took direct control for an interim period . Fresh elections were won by Mugabe , who took power in April 1980 , concurrently with the country 's recognised independence as Zimbabwe . " " . "" died ten the how idea no have truly I "" that simply wrote and , survivors the helped had fighters ZIPRA that claim his repeated Nkomo memoirs 1984 his in ; ZIPRA than other forces to attributed or omitted often is site crash the at passengers 825 Flight surviving of massacre The . board on equipment or personnel military have to them believed have might guerrillas the that grounds the on war of act legitimate a as portrayed meanwhile is planes civilian of downing 's ZIPRA . operations such during refugees helpless of thousands slaughtered deliberately and indiscriminately forces Rhodesian that claim often , newspaper Herald the prominently , Zimbabwe in media State . memory cultural the in predominantly endure that camps guerrilla nationalist against strikes Rhodesian the rather but Viscount the not is it , Zimbabwe modern In "," In modern Zimbabwe , it is not the Viscount but rather the Rhodesian strikes against nationalist guerrilla camps that endure predominantly in the cultural memory . State media in Zimbabwe , prominently the Herald newspaper , often claim that Rhodesian forces indiscriminately and deliberately slaughtered thousands of helpless refugees during such operations . ZIPRA 's downing of civilian planes is meanwhile portrayed as a legitimate act of war on the grounds that the guerrillas might have believed them to have military personnel or equipment on board . The massacre of surviving Flight 825 passengers at the crash site is often omitted or attributed to forces other than ZIPRA ; in his 1984 memoirs Nkomo repeated his claim that ZIPRA fighters had helped the survivors , and wrote simply that "" I truly have no idea how the ten died "" . " " . flag Rhodesian the flies monument the beside pole A . aircraft an symbolising emblem an by topped pair the , side by side , upright stand that slabs granite two on engraved are crew and passengers dead the of names The . year that September 1 on inaugurated and , 2012 in Africa South , Pretoria in Monument Voortrekker the of grounds the on erected was , Memorial Viscount the dubbed , incidents Viscount Rhodesian two the of victims the to memorial A . governments Zimbabwean and Zambian the by jointly dedicated and , 1998 in Zambia in built was on attack Rhodesian the in killed those to monument A "," A monument to those killed in the Rhodesian attack on was built in Zambia in 1998 , and dedicated jointly by the Zambian and Zimbabwean governments . A memorial to the victims of the two Rhodesian Viscount incidents , dubbed the Viscount Memorial , was erected on the grounds of the Voortrekker Monument in Pretoria , South Africa in 2012 , and inaugurated on 1 September that year . The names of the dead passengers and crew are engraved on two granite slabs that stand upright , side by side , the pair topped by an emblem symbolising an aircraft . A pole beside the monument flies the Rhodesian flag . " " . at killed those with Viscount the in killed civilians the juxtaposed and , "" errors communication other and reports intelligence faulty to due fires @-@ cross in up caught get civilians "" conflicts all in that assertion the included motion 's Hoey to response official 's ZAPU "" . country the outside and in daughters and sons our to happened what of mention no is There . struggle the during alone people white of death the regard only they means ] that [ ... provocation a "" commemoration proposed 's Hoey calling , line similar a took , analyst political and diplomat a , Christopher . House Lancaster at enacted amnesty the of spirit the against went that race by motivated provocation a as move the described , commander ZIPRA former a , . supporters its and administration Mugabe the antagonise to intended "" motion "" racist a it branding Herald the with , press Zimbabwean the in outcry prompted shootdown second the of anniversary the on victims the memorialise and attacks Viscount the condemn retrospectively to 2013 February in Hoey Kate MP Labour by forward put motion parliamentary British A "," A British parliamentary motion put forward by Labour MP Kate Hoey in February 2013 to retrospectively condemn the Viscount attacks and memorialise the victims on the anniversary of the second shootdown prompted outcry in the Zimbabwean press , with the Herald branding it a racist "" motion "" intended to antagonise the Mugabe administration and its supporters . , a former ZIPRA commander , described the move as a provocation motivated by race that went against the spirit of the amnesty enacted at Lancaster House . Christopher , a diplomat and political analyst , took a similar line , calling Hoey 's proposed commemoration "" a provocation ... [ that ] means they only regard the death of white people alone during the struggle . There is no mention of what happened to our sons and daughters in and outside the country . "" ZAPU 's official response to Hoey 's motion included the assertion that in all conflicts "" civilians get caught up in cross @-@ fires due to faulty intelligence reports and other communication errors "" , and juxtaposed the civilians killed in the Viscount with those killed at . " " . Site Heritage World UNESCO a declared was it 1979 in and Park National Tikal 's Guatemala of part is site the , Petén El of department the in Situated . Guatemala northern now is what in Basin Petén the of region archaeological the in located is It . civilization Maya Columbian @-@ pre the of centers urban and sites archaeological largest the of one is It . rainforest the protect help may site the to tourism Today . forest the visiting began hunters treasure and archeologists , 1853 in report the republished magazine ' Sciences of Academy Berlin the After . Tikal site the named which , newspaper Guatemalan a , Gaceta La to ruins the reported , sapper @-@ gum a , Tut Ambrosio . Guatemala in rainforest a in found city ancient an of ruins the is ) orthography Mayan modern in al ’ Tik ( ) / / ( Tikal "," Tikal ( / / ) ( Tik ’ al in modern Mayan orthography ) is the ruins of an ancient city found in a rainforest in Guatemala . Ambrosio Tut , a gum @-@ sapper , reported the ruins to La Gaceta , a Guatemalan newspaper , which named the site Tikal . After the Berlin Academy of Sciences ' magazine republished the report in 1853 , archeologists and treasure hunters began visiting the forest . Today tourism to the site may help protect the rainforest . It is one of the largest archaeological sites and urban centers of the pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization . It is located in the archaeological region of the Petén Basin in what is now northern Guatemala . Situated in the department of El Petén , the site is part of Guatemala 's Tikal National Park and in 1979 it was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site . " " . century 10th the of end the by abandonment s ’ site the with culminating , decline population gradual a with coupled were events These . burned were palaces elite that evidence is there and Tikal at built were monuments major new no , Period Classic Late the of end the Following . AD century 4th the in Teotihuacan by conquered was Tikal that evidence is There . Mexico of Valley distant the in Teotihuacan of metropolis great the as such Mesoamerica throughout areas with interacting while , militarily and , economically , politically region Maya the of much dominated city the , time this During . AD 900 to 200 . c , Period Classic the during apogee its reached Tikal , BC century 4th the as far as back dates site the at architecture monumental Though . Maya ancient the of kingdoms powerful most the of one became that state conquest a of capital the was Tikal "," Tikal was the capital of a conquest state that became one of the most powerful kingdoms of the ancient Maya . Though monumental architecture at the site dates back as far as the 4th century BC , Tikal reached its apogee during the Classic Period , c . 200 to 900 AD . During this time , the city dominated much of the Maya region politically , economically , and militarily , while interacting with areas throughout Mesoamerica such as the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . There is evidence that Tikal was conquered by Teotihuacan in the 4th century AD . Following the end of the Late Classic Period , no new major monuments were built at Tikal and there is evidence that elite palaces were burned . These events were coupled with a gradual population decline , culminating with the site ’ s abandonment by the end of the 10th century . " " . palaces and temples , monuments their of investigation the and list this on rulers the of many of tombs the of discovery the , list ruler dynastic long a with , cities Maya lowland large the of any of understood best the is Tikal "," Tikal is the best understood of any of the large lowland Maya cities , with a long dynastic ruler list , the discovery of the tombs of many of the rulers on this list and the investigation of their monuments , temples and palaces . " " . obscure remains meaning precise Its . photo accompanying the in seen glyph emblem "" bundle hair "" the of reading the is which , called simply was whole a as kingdom The . name the bear to city first the as themselves distinguish to wanted presumably city the of rulers the ; glyph emblem same the use to came also Pilas Dos because this called been have to come have may Tikal . "" First "" meaning , Yax or Yax as city ancient the to refer ruins the at inscriptions Hieroglyphic . 1840s the in discovery its after shortly adopted name the rather but site the for name ancient the not is , however , Tikal . language Maya Itza the in "" voices the of place the "" meaning as interpreted been alternatively has It . region the in travelers and hunters by reservoirs ancient 's site the of one to applied apparently was name The . "" waterhole the at "" meaning name modern relatively a be to said is it ; language Maya Yucatec the in 'al ak ti from derived be may Tikal name The "," The name Tikal may be derived from ti ak 'al in the Yucatec Maya language ; it is said to be a relatively modern name meaning "" at the waterhole "" . The name was apparently applied to one of the site 's ancient reservoirs by hunters and travelers in the region . It has alternatively been interpreted as meaning "" the place of the voices "" in the Itza Maya language . Tikal , however , is not the ancient name for the site but rather the name adopted shortly after its discovery in the 1840s . Hieroglyphic inscriptions at the ruins refer to the ancient city as Yax or Yax , meaning "" First "" . Tikal may have come to have been called this because Dos Pilas also came to use the same emblem glyph ; the rulers of the city presumably wanted to distinguish themselves as the first city to bear the name . The kingdom as a whole was simply called , which is the reading of the "" hair bundle "" emblem glyph seen in the accompanying photo . Its precise meaning remains obscure . " " . Belize in now , Caracol ally 's Calakmul of northwest ) mi 53 ( kilometres 85 and , Calakmul , rival Period Classic great its of southeast ) mi 62 ( kilometres 100 located was city The . Yaxha of northwest ) mi 19 ( kilometres 30 and Uaxactun of city Maya contemporary the of south ) mi 12 ( kilometres 19 is It . City Guatemala of north ) mi 188 ( kilometres 303 approximately is Tikal . southwest the to road by ) mi 40 ( kilometres 64 approximately , Elena Santa and Flores are settlements modern large closest The "," The closest large modern settlements are Flores and Santa Elena , approximately 64 kilometres ( 40 mi ) by road to the southwest . Tikal is approximately 303 kilometres ( 188 mi ) north of Guatemala City . It is 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of the contemporary Maya city of Uaxactun and 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) northwest of Yaxha . The city was located 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) southeast of its great Classic Period rival , Calakmul , and 85 kilometres ( 53 mi ) northwest of Calakmul 's ally Caracol , now in Belize . " " . ) mi sq 220 ( kilometres square 570 covers area preserved the and Park National Tikal the as declared been has Tikal around area The . swamps the spanning causeways raised by linked and ground higher of areas upon clustered is site the of architecture major The . lowlands swampy above rising ridges limestone parallel of series a of consists site the of topography The . structures 000 @,@ 3 about included that ) mi sq 2 @.@ 6 ( kilometres square 16 than greater area an covered and mapped completely been has city The "," The city has been completely mapped and covered an area greater than 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) that included about 3 @,@ 000 structures . The topography of the site consists of a series of parallel limestone ridges rising above swampy lowlands . The major architecture of the site is clustered upon areas of higher ground and linked by raised causeways spanning the swamps . The area around Tikal has been declared as the Tikal National Park and the preserved area covers 570 square kilometres ( 220 sq mi ) . " " . ) in 6 @.@ 76 ( millimetres 945 @,@ 1 is Tikal at rainfall annual average The . jungle under covered completely was city this centuries For . park the in roam to said also are cougars and , , Jaguars . regularly there seen be can ants leafcutter and parrots green , , , turkeys ocellated , falcons , eagles harpy , monkeys howler , monkeys spider 's Geoffroy , foxes gray , coatis nosed @-@ white , agouti , fauna the Regarding . ) macrophylla ( mahogany Honduras and , ) odorata ( cedar tropical ; Maya the of tree sacred the ) Ceiba ( kapok gigantic include park Tikal the at trees Conspicuous . Peninsula Yucatan the across route trade west – east natural a dominated have may and , soils upland fertile abundant among located was itself city The . civilization Maya lowland of cradle the formed that Guatemala northern of rainforests tropical the among lie ruins The "," The ruins lie among the tropical rainforests of northern Guatemala that formed the cradle of lowland Maya civilization . The city itself was located among abundant fertile upland soils , and may have dominated a natural east – west trade route across the Yucatan Peninsula . Conspicuous trees at the Tikal park include gigantic kapok ( Ceiba ) the sacred tree of the Maya ; tropical cedar ( odorata ) , and Honduras mahogany ( macrophylla ) . Regarding the fauna , agouti , white @-@ nosed coatis , gray foxes , Geoffroy 's spider monkeys , howler monkeys , harpy eagles , falcons , ocellated turkeys , , , green parrots and leafcutter ants can be seen there regularly . Jaguars , , and cougars are also said to roam in the park . For centuries this city was completely covered under jungle . The average annual rainfall at Tikal is 1 @,@ 945 millimetres ( 76 @.@ 6 in ) . " " . use own their for water store to reservoirs ancient these of one refurbished century 20th the during Tikal in working Archaeologists . reservoirs ten in stored and rainwater from collected was what than other water no had Tikal , cities Maya Classic the of largest the of One "," One of the largest of the Classic Maya cities , Tikal had no water other than what was collected from rainwater and stored in ten reservoirs . Archaeologists working in Tikal during the 20th century refurbished one of these ancient reservoirs to store water for their own use . " " . Guatemala in area protected first the was and Historia e Antropología de Instituto the of auspices the under 1955 May 26 on created was It . ) mi sq 33 @.@ 222 ( kilometres square 83 @.@ 575 of area an covers Park National Tikal The "," The Tikal National Park covers an area of 575 @.@ 83 square kilometres ( 222 @.@ 33 sq mi ) . It was created on 26 May 1955 under the auspices of the Instituto de Antropología e Historia and was the first protected area in Guatemala . " " . range this of end upper the at being figure likely most the with , inhabitants 000 @,@ 90 as high as to 000 @,@ 10 from vary Tikal for estimates Population "," Population estimates for Tikal vary from 10 @,@ 000 to as high as 90 @,@ 000 inhabitants , with the most likely figure being at the upper end of this range . " " . high too far be to figures these believe , Webster David as such , archaeologists some , However . agriculture or habitation for unsuitable were that swamplands extensive the of because impressive more even are figures population These . ) mile square per 515 ( kilometer square per 216 of density a with 000 @,@ 425 at estimated is population peak , sites satellite some including and core site the of radius ) mi 16 ( kilometres 25 a within region a In . ) mile square per 689 ( kilometer square per 265 at estimated is density population ; 000 @,@ 120 at estimated is population peak , core site the of radius ) mi 5 @.@ 7 ( kilometres 12 a within area an In . ) mile square per 1340 ( kilometer square per 517 at estimated is population peak the , hinterland the of defenses earthwork the within falling area ) mi sq 46 ( kilometres square 120 the For . decline sharp a by followed , 830 to through 700 AD from rapidly growing population the with Classic Late the in peak a with , ) 200 AD – BC 2000 approximately ( Period Preclassic the in starting growth of curve continuous a began Tikal of population The "," The population of Tikal began a continuous curve of growth starting in the Preclassic Period ( approximately 2000 BC – AD 200 ) , with a peak in the Late Classic with the population growing rapidly from AD 700 through to 830 , followed by a sharp decline . For the 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) area falling within the earthwork defenses of the hinterland , the peak population is estimated at 517 per square kilometer ( 1340 per square mile ) . In an area within a 12 kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) radius of the site core , peak population is estimated at 120 @,@ 000 ; population density is estimated at 265 per square kilometer ( 689 per square mile ) . In a region within a 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) radius of the site core and including some satellite sites , peak population is estimated at 425 @,@ 000 with a density of 216 per square kilometer ( 515 per square mile ) . These population figures are even more impressive because of the extensive swamplands that were unsuitable for habitation or agriculture . However , some archaeologists , such as David Webster , believe these figures to be far too high . " " . rulers 33 least at included and years 800 spanned , AD century 1st the as early as founded , Tikal of line dynastic The "," The dynastic line of Tikal , founded as early as the 1st century AD , spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers . " " . chamber shaped @-@ bottle subterranean a , sealed a in found were BC 400 @-@ 700 about from dating ceramics of cache A . Preclassic Middle the in , BC 1000 as back far as dating site the at agriculture early of traces are There "," There are traces of early agriculture at the site dating as far back as 1000 BC , in the Middle Preclassic . A cache of ceramics dating from about 700 @-@ 400 BC were found in a sealed , a subterranean bottle @-@ shaped chamber . " " . Belize of all and Guatemala eastern and northern including Peninsula Yucatan entire the included that region a – time this at areas Maya Northern and Central the dominated that culture widespread the in participated Tikal , time this At . Nakbe and Mirador El as such north further sites by dwarfed still was city the although , platforms and pyramids major of building the including , BC 300 – 400 around appearing first , period Preclassic Late the in place taking already was Tikal at construction Major "," Major construction at Tikal was already taking place in the Late Preclassic period , first appearing around 400 – 300 BC , including the building of major pyramids and platforms , although the city was still dwarfed by sites further north such as El Mirador and Nakbe . At this time , Tikal participated in the widespread culture that dominated the Central and Northern Maya areas at this time – a region that included the entire Yucatan Peninsula including northern and eastern Guatemala and all of Belize . " " . red and pink , black , yellow in painted , background scrollwork a against figures human showing walls outer the on paintings elaborate had these of One . proven been not has this although , vaulted @-@ corbel been have may that superstructures walled @-@ masonry had times Late to dating temples Two "," Two temples dating to Late times had masonry @-@ walled superstructures that may have been corbel @-@ vaulted , although this has not been proven . One of these had elaborate paintings on the outer walls showing human figures against a scrollwork background , painted in yellow , black , pink and red . " " . city the at murals early and acropolis the from sculpture broken a by demonstrated as , Tikal influence to began Coast Pacific the from architecture and art style the , Preclassic Late the of end the At . declined neighbors northern giant its as florescence cultural and political a underwent Tikal and appeared first burials rich AD century 1st the In "," In the 1st century AD rich burials first appeared and Tikal underwent a political and cultural florescence as its giant northern neighbors declined . At the end of the Late Preclassic , the style art and architecture from the Pacific Coast began to influence Tikal , as demonstrated by a broken sculpture from the acropolis and early murals at the city . " " . heartland Maya the of core the in , Calakmul and Tikal at concentrated was region Maya the in power , Classic Early the of beginning the At . AD century 3rd the in perhaps , @-@ Moch @-@ Yax by founded was dynasty the , records hieroglyphic later to According . Tikal at rooted deeply most is Maya lowland the among rulership Dynastic "," Dynastic rulership among the lowland Maya is most deeply rooted at Tikal . According to later hieroglyphic records , the dynasty was founded by Yax @-@ Moch @-@ , perhaps in the 3rd century AD . At the beginning of the Early Classic , power in the Maya region was concentrated at Tikal and Calakmul , in the core of the Maya heartland . " " . cities Maya nearby other of development the stimulating , region Maya the in city dynamic most the into developed rapidly Tikal Classic Early the In . Mirador El as such states Preclassic large the of collapse the from benefited have may Tikal "," Tikal may have benefited from the collapse of the large Preclassic states such as El Mirador . In the Early Classic Tikal rapidly developed into the most dynamic city in the Maya region , stimulating the development of other nearby Maya cities . " " . Tikal from prisoners of capture the recording Uaxactun with , Uaxactun neighbor its and Tikal between hostilities saw Classic Early the of part earlier The . lowlands Maya southern the in center paramount the as place 's Tikal take to rose which , Caracol by Classic Early the of end the at defeated was site The . Calakmul and Naranjo , Caracol , Uaxactun including , states Maya other with conflict and alliances of tell inscriptions and war at often was , however , site The "," The site , however , was often at war and inscriptions tell of alliances and conflict with other Maya states , including Uaxactun , Caracol , Naranjo and Calakmul . The site was defeated at the end of the Early Classic by Caracol , which rose to take Tikal 's place as the paramount center in the southern Maya lowlands . The earlier part of the Early Classic saw hostilities between Tikal and its neighbor Uaxactun , with Uaxactun recording the capture of prisoners from Tikal . " " . city the of queen as apparently , ceremony ending @-@ a conducted Lady when , 317 AD by succession male the in breakdown a been have to appears There "," There appears to have been a breakdown in the male succession by AD 317 , when Lady conducted a @-@ ending ceremony , apparently as queen of the city . " " . II 'awiil K Chan Siyaj , son his of rule to right the legitimized thus and dynasty Tikal , defeated , preexisting the from wife a took I Ayiin Nuun Yax that likely seems It . lived latter the as long as for ' 'ak K of vassal a remained and , Tikal of king as years 47 for reigned He . 379 September 13 on enthroned being , boy a still was he while Tikal of king tenth the as installed been had ) Crocodile First ( I Ayiin Nuun Yax of name the by Owl of son the , year a Within . himself for Tikal of throne the take not did but , king became he where , Uaxactun including , area the in cities other over control exerted also He . complex World Lost the near residing apparently were natives Teotihuacan of group a , conquest the of time the at roughly ; itself Tikal at faction political powerful a by aided been have to appears ' 'ak K . executed immediately and captured was who , king Tikal native the defeated that invasion Teotihuacan a led ’ ak ’ K that suggest strongly events recorded These . Teotihuacan of ruler the been have even may Owl . Mexico of Valley distant the in Teotihuacan of metropolis great the from known well is that glyph a , owl an with combined a of hieroglyph Maya @-@ non a by represented figure a serving general foreign a probably was ’ ak ’ K . "" West the of Lord "" as named is he 31 Stela On . January 8 on , Tikal of west the to site a , Peru El through passed having , west the from arrived ) Born Is Fire ( ’ ak ’ K , day same the On . AD 378 January 14 on killed was he that except 'aak Ich Tok Chak about known is Little . Acropolis Central the of core the became it until rulers later by developed and preserved was that palace a built 'aak Ich Tok Chak . ) Paw Jaguar Great ( 'aak Ich Tok Chak was Tikal of king fourteenth The "," The fourteenth king of Tikal was Chak Tok Ich 'aak ( Great Jaguar Paw ) . Chak Tok Ich 'aak built a palace that was preserved and developed by later rulers until it became the core of the Central Acropolis . Little is known about Chak Tok Ich 'aak except that he was killed on 14 January 378 AD . On the same day , K ’ ak ’ ( Fire Is Born ) arrived from the west , having passed through El Peru , a site to the west of Tikal , on 8 January . On Stela 31 he is named as "" Lord of the West "" . K ’ ak ’ was probably a foreign general serving a figure represented by a non @-@ Maya hieroglyph of a combined with an owl , a glyph that is well known from the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the distant Valley of Mexico . Owl may even have been the ruler of Teotihuacan . These recorded events strongly suggest that K ’ ak ’ led a Teotihuacan invasion that defeated the native Tikal king , who was captured and immediately executed . K 'ak ' appears to have been aided by a powerful political faction at Tikal itself ; roughly at the time of the conquest , a group of Teotihuacan natives were apparently residing near the Lost World complex . He also exerted control over other cities in the area , including Uaxactun , where he became king , but did not take the throne of Tikal for himself . Within a year , the son of Owl by the name of Yax Nuun Ayiin I ( First Crocodile ) had been installed as the tenth king of Tikal while he was still a boy , being enthroned on 13 September 379 . He reigned for 47 years as king of Tikal , and remained a vassal of K 'ak ' for as long as the latter lived . It seems likely that Yax Nuun Ayiin I took a wife from the preexisting , defeated , Tikal dynasty and thus legitimized the right to rule of his son , Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II . " " . Caribbean the to link trade a became also and , north further cities hostile from it shielding , Tikal of outpost an became site The I. Ayiin Nuun Yax of reign the during latter the by conquered was , Tikal of northeast ) mi 62 ( kilometres 100 site small a , Azul Río "," Río Azul , a small site 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) northeast of Tikal , was conquered by the latter during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The site became an outpost of Tikal , shielding it from hostile cities further north , and also became a trade link to the Caribbean . " " . direction every in ) mi 16 ( kilometres 25 least at of territory core a had Tikal century 5th the of middle the By . north the to neighbor powerful more their of vassals became Itzá Petén Lake near José San de Motul and as such , sites Other . kingdom 's Tikal into absorbed were , region the in towns smaller with together , Uaxactun . Peten eastern and northern the dominated rapidly Tikal , Teotihuacan by conquered being After . lowlands Maya the in Teotihuacan of partner trading and ally key the became Tikal . rapidly were descendants their , foreign were Tikal of rulers new the Although "," Although the new rulers of Tikal were foreign , their descendants were rapidly . Tikal became the key ally and trading partner of Teotihuacan in the Maya lowlands . After being conquered by Teotihuacan , Tikal rapidly dominated the northern and eastern Peten . Uaxactun , together with smaller towns in the region , were absorbed into Tikal 's kingdom . Other sites , such as and Motul de San José near Lake Petén Itzá became vassals of their more powerful neighbor to the north . By the middle of the 5th century Tikal had a core territory of at least 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) in every direction . " " . purpose defensive a than rather system collection water a as served earthworks the that suggests research Recent . ) mi sq 46 ( kilometres square 120 approximately of area an encircling , resources agricultural and population core 's Tikal protected defenses These . south the to built also probably were fortifications Additional . city the of west and east the to lying swampland of areas large by provided defenses natural the with up joining , hinterland 's Tikal of periphery northern the along built was earthworks and ditches of consisting fortifications of system impressive an century 5th the Around "," Around the 5th century an impressive system of fortifications consisting of ditches and earthworks was built along the northern periphery of Tikal 's hinterland , joining up with the natural defenses provided by large areas of swampland lying to the east and west of the city . Additional fortifications were probably also built to the south . These defenses protected Tikal 's core population and agricultural resources , encircling an area of approximately 120 square kilometres ( 46 sq mi ) . Recent research suggests that the earthworks served as a water collection system rather than a defensive purpose . " " . centuries three next the over intense was Tikal and sites these between interaction The . region Maya the of portion southeastern the upon authority 's Tikal impose to effort an of part been have may centers two these of founding The . itself Tikal by sponsored possibly , Quiriguá of site nearby the founded Copán , 426 late in , time same the At . ’ ak ’ K like much , "" West the of Lord "" as him to refer texts Hieroglyphic . Teotihuacan of garb warrior the in dressed portraits later in depicted was he and characteristics Teotihuacan had tomb His . person same the be well may and Tikal at text early an in to referred is ) ' Mo ' 'uk K lord ( ' Mo ' 'uk K Ajaw as known individual An . Tikal at youth and childhood his passed he that shows remains his of analysis bone and 426 December in Copán in arrived ' Mo ' 'uk K Yax 'inich K . Tikal of intervention direct the involved probably dynasty Copán the of founding the and region Maya ethnically an in not was itself Copán . Tikal with connected clearly was ' Mo ' 'uk K Yax 'inich K founder whose , Copán as south far as reached city the of power the century 5th the In "," In the 5th century the power of the city reached as far south as Copán , whose founder K 'inich Yax K 'uk ' Mo ' was clearly connected with Tikal . Copán itself was not in an ethnically Maya region and the founding of the Copán dynasty probably involved the direct intervention of Tikal . K 'inich Yax K 'uk ' Mo ' arrived in Copán in December 426 and bone analysis of his remains shows that he passed his childhood and youth at Tikal . An individual known as Ajaw K 'uk ' Mo ' ( lord K 'uk ' Mo ' ) is referred to in an early text at Tikal and may well be the same person . His tomb had Teotihuacan characteristics and he was depicted in later portraits dressed in the warrior garb of Teotihuacan . Hieroglyphic texts refer to him as "" Lord of the West "" , much like K ’ ak ’ . At the same time , in late 426 , Copán founded the nearby site of Quiriguá , possibly sponsored by Tikal itself . The founding of these two centers may have been part of an effort to impose Tikal 's authority upon the southeastern portion of the Maya region . The interaction between these sites and Tikal was intense over the next three centuries . " " . "" king high "" to akin something implies that but translated precisely been not has that term a , ' title the adopted capitals two these of kings The . superpowers Maya two between war running @-@ long a to likened been has what in other each against arrayed alliances hostile mutually of network own its forming cities two the of each with , century 6th the in began Calakmul and Tikal between rivalry running @-@ long A "," A long @-@ running rivalry between Tikal and Calakmul began in the 6th century , with each of the two cities forming its own network of mutually hostile alliances arrayed against each other in what has been likened to a long @-@ running war between two Maya superpowers . The kings of these two capitals adopted the title ' , a term that has not been precisely translated but that implies something akin to "" high king "" . " " . . ruler 20th unknown otherwise the be to presumed is who , "" Claw Bird "" lord with paired later was she appears It . numbering dynastic the in counted been have not seems herself Tikal of Lady The . sequence dynastic the in 19th and ruler @-@ co becoming before Tikal at general a as career long a had have to seems who , 'alam B ' was these of first The . rulers @-@ co male with partnered being rather , right own her in ruled have to never seems She . II 'aak Ich Tok Chak of daughter a likely very was who , "" Tikal of Lady "" the as only known , city the ruling queen another saw century 6th early The "," The early 6th century saw another queen ruling the city , known only as the "" Lady of Tikal "" , who was very likely a daughter of Chak Tok Ich 'aak II . She seems never to have ruled in her own right , rather being partnered with male co @-@ rulers . The first of these was ' B 'alam , who seems to have had a long career as a general at Tikal before becoming co @-@ ruler and 19th in the dynastic sequence . The Lady of Tikal herself seems not have been counted in the dynastic numbering . It appears she was later paired with lord "" Bird Claw "" , who is presumed to be the otherwise unknown 20th ruler . . " " . period hiatus long 's Tikal during thrived itself Calakmul . victims 's Calakmul of another , Palenque of Pakal ' Janaab with refuge took Tikal of ruler one least at , period hiatus the During . there relocated forcibly been have may population 's Tikal of some and rapidly grew Caracol , victory great its After . broken were influence and power its but sacked not was Tikal . city the upon impact lasting a having Tikal of defeat the with , Tikal and city that between conflict wider the in Calakmul of ally an was Caracol that seems It . 562 April in war major a in defeat disastrous this suffered Tikal how described Caracol at 21 Altar eroded badly The . Tikal of king the of sacrifice and capture the in resulted have to seems that defeat a , 562 AD in polity Caracol the and Calakmul of hands the at defeat comprehensive 's Tikal by prompted was period the that identified decipherments epigraphic later until unexplained long was Tikal at activity in hiatus This . sculpture public of mutilation deliberate widespread with and erected being stelae new no with , city the befell crisis serious a , AD century 6th the of half latter the In . Tikal at construction scale @-@ large and inscriptions of writing the in lapse a was there where century 7th late to 6th late the between period a to refers "" hiatus Tikal "" The . Classic Early the closing , Tikal defeated and Calakmul with allied have to seems Caracol , century 6th mid the In "," In the mid 6th century , Caracol seems to have allied with Calakmul and defeated Tikal , closing the Early Classic . The "" Tikal hiatus "" refers to a period between the late 6th to late 7th century where there was a lapse in the writing of inscriptions and large @-@ scale construction at Tikal . In the latter half of the 6th century AD , a serious crisis befell the city , with no new stelae being erected and with widespread deliberate mutilation of public sculpture . This hiatus in activity at Tikal was long unexplained until later epigraphic decipherments identified that the period was prompted by Tikal 's comprehensive defeat at the hands of Calakmul and the Caracol polity in AD 562 , a defeat that seems to have resulted in the capture and sacrifice of the king of Tikal . The badly eroded Altar 21 at Caracol described how Tikal suffered this disastrous defeat in a major war in April 562 . It seems that Caracol was an ally of Calakmul in the wider conflict between that city and Tikal , with the defeat of Tikal having a lasting impact upon the city . Tikal was not sacked but its power and influence were broken . After its great victory , Caracol grew rapidly and some of Tikal 's population may have been forcibly relocated there . During the hiatus period , at least one ruler of Tikal took refuge with Janaab ' Pakal of Palenque , another of Calakmul 's victims . Calakmul itself thrived during Tikal 's long hiatus period . " " . Classic Late and Early the into chronology Mesoamerican of period Classic the subdivide commonly archaeologists which by marker a as served has hiatus Tikal the of beginning The "," The beginning of the Tikal hiatus has served as a marker by which archaeologists commonly subdivide the Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology into the Early and Late Classic . " " . Caracol and Pilas Dos , Peru El as such , allies its by dominated area an within Tikal encircle to tried Calakmul . years five lasted that exile an into 'awiil K Chan 'alaj B driving , 672 in Pilas Dos against counterattacked Tikal . Pilas Dos at stayed he instead ; Tikal of ruler new the as installed not was 'awiil K Chan 'alaj B , reason some For . itself Tikal of throne the to claim legitimate a had they that felt probably they and , Tikal of glyph emblem the use to continued Pilas Dos of rulers two first The . city the abandon temporarily to , Tikal of king then the , Chaak Ujol Nuun forcing , 657 in Tikal attacked and , enemy former his of vassal a as throne his on instated @-@ re was he , sacrificed being of instead , but Calakmul of king the by captured was 'awiil K Chan 'alaj B . defeated soundly was and Calakmul by attacked was Pilas Dos later years twenty Roughly . Tikal of king the , brother his for fighting vassal loyal a as served years many for and , 635 in , four of age the at outpost new the of throne the on installed was 'awiil K Chan 'alaj B . River Pasión the of course the along trade control to order in outpost military a as , southwest the to ) mi 68 ( kilometres 110 some , Pilas Dos founded Tikal 629 In "," In 629 Tikal founded Dos Pilas , some 110 kilometres ( 68 mi ) to the southwest , as a military outpost in order to control trade along the course of the Pasión River . B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was installed on the throne of the new outpost at the age of four , in 635 , and for many years served as a loyal vassal fighting for his brother , the king of Tikal . Roughly twenty years later Dos Pilas was attacked by Calakmul and was soundly defeated . B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was captured by the king of Calakmul but , instead of being sacrificed , he was re @-@ instated on his throne as a vassal of his former enemy , and attacked Tikal in 657 , forcing Nuun Ujol Chaak , the then king of Tikal , to temporarily abandon the city . The first two rulers of Dos Pilas continued to use the emblem glyph of Tikal , and they probably felt that they had a legitimate claim to the throne of Tikal itself . For some reason , B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil was not installed as the new ruler of Tikal ; instead he stayed at Dos Pilas . Tikal counterattacked against Dos Pilas in 672 , driving B 'alaj Chan K 'awiil into an exile that lasted five years . Calakmul tried to encircle Tikal within an area dominated by its allies , such as El Peru , Dos Pilas and Caracol . " " . victory military a celebrating monument a erected again never Calakmul , this After . recovered fully never it which from decline long a into state enemy the threw and noble enemy the captured he , 695 in , when Calakmul on tables the turned and construction new of programme a initiated He . hiatus the ending so , ' of title the claimed and years 120 in Tikal at monument dated first the erected I 'awiil K Chan Jasaw , 682 In "," In 682 , Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I erected the first dated monument at Tikal in 120 years and claimed the title of ' , so ending the hiatus . He initiated a programme of new construction and turned the tables on Calakmul when , in 695 , he captured the enemy noble and threw the enemy state into a long decline from which it never fully recovered . After this , Calakmul never again erected a monument celebrating a military victory . " " . today visible architecture impressive the of much for responsible were rulers two These . Itzá Petén Lake around territory the as far as extending , Tikal around area the over control regional firm imposed and allies its and Calakmul against hostilities continued 'awiil K Chan 'in heir his and I 'awiil K Chan Jasaw . style Teotihuacan was monuments on illustrated attire war formal , this after Even . 700 by razed been had Teotihuacan of center the and site Maya any at presence Teotihuacan active no was there , century 7th the By "," By the 7th century , there was no active Teotihuacan presence at any Maya site and the center of Teotihuacan had been razed by 700 . Even after this , formal war attire illustrated on monuments was Teotihuacan style . Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I and his heir 'in Chan K 'awiil continued hostilities against Calakmul and its allies and imposed firm regional control over the area around Tikal , extending as far as the territory around Lake Petén Itzá . These two rulers were responsible for much of the impressive architecture visible today . " " . Copán of fortunes the in decline steady a to lead and area Maya southern the in power of balance the upset This . allies southern 's Tikal of collapse the about bring to Calakmul of part the on effort conscious a was this that appears It . independence own its gained and Copán defeated , Calakmul to allegiance switched , south the in ally key 's Tikal , Copán of vassal a , Quiriguá , 738 In "," In 738 , Quiriguá , a vassal of Copán , Tikal 's key ally in the south , switched allegiance to Calakmul , defeated Copán and gained its own independence . It appears that this was a conscious effort on the part of Calakmul to bring about the collapse of Tikal 's southern allies . This upset the balance of power in the southern Maya area and lead to a steady decline in the fortunes of Copán . " " . rulers later to refer inscriptions hieroglyphic few but built still was architecture Impressive . slowed Tikal at activity , century 9th early and century 8th late the By . Acropolis North the of front in them erected and city the across from monuments collected Tikal of rulers the , century 8th the In "," In the 8th century , the rulers of Tikal collected monuments from across the city and erected them in front of the North Acropolis . By the late 8th century and early 9th century , activity at Tikal slowed . Impressive architecture was still built but few hieroglyphic inscriptions refer to later rulers . " " . glyph emblem exclusive once the inherited now by had and of sites The . memory a than more little was power great once 's Tikal and elsewhere recorded not is he but Tikal of Lord Divine the as city that visiting as Seibal at stela a on mentioned is 'awiil K Jewel , 849 In . independence for bids these crush to power the or authority the lacking apparently Tikal with , glyph emblem the using and rulers local featuring monuments own their erect to began control 's Tikal under traditionally sites satellite , hiatus this During . city the in control central of collapse the from resulting probably , hiatus year @-@ 60 a of beginning the marks and , passed 830 in 'tun Bak 10th the of beginning The . 810 in 'atun K 19th the mark to monuments of erection the and pyramids major 's city the of last the , 3 Temple of erection the with , century the of beginning the at continued Construction . decline environmental corresponding and agriculture intensive of use the accelerating , itself city the to close concentrate heavily to population supporting 's Tikal caused region Maya the in warfare endemic Increasingly . silence into falling city after city and plummeting populations with , region the across sweeping was collapse Maya Classic the of crisis the , century 9th the By "," By the 9th century , the crisis of the Classic Maya collapse was sweeping across the region , with populations plummeting and city after city falling into silence . Increasingly endemic warfare in the Maya region caused Tikal 's supporting population to heavily concentrate close to the city itself , accelerating the use of intensive agriculture and corresponding environmental decline . Construction continued at the beginning of the century , with the erection of Temple 3 , the last of the city 's major pyramids and the erection of monuments to mark the 19th K 'atun in 810 . The beginning of the 10th Bak 'tun in 830 passed , and marks the beginning of a 60 @-@ year hiatus , probably resulting from the collapse of central control in the city . During this hiatus , satellite sites traditionally under Tikal 's control began to erect their own monuments featuring local rulers and using the emblem glyph , with Tikal apparently lacking the authority or the power to crush these bids for independence . In 849 , Jewel K 'awiil is mentioned on a stela at Seibal as visiting that city as the Divine Lord of Tikal but he is not recorded elsewhere and Tikal 's once great power was little more than a memory . The sites of and had by now inherited the once exclusive emblem glyph . " " . resources environmental stretched already the from resulting problems exacerbated have may region Petexbatún the from refugees of influx an although , Classic Terminal the during region Maya the of parts afflicted that warfare endemic the by affected directly was city the that Tikal from evidence much not is There . rapidly collapsed have to seems authority central and 950 to 830 from period the during population its of majority the lost have to seem surroundings immediate its and Tikal . levels population in decline rapid a by followed loss nutrient and erosion , deforestation suffered area the , population peak reached hinterland its and Tikal As "," As Tikal and its hinterland reached peak population , the area suffered deforestation , erosion and nutrient loss followed by a rapid decline in population levels . Tikal and its immediate surroundings seem to have lost the majority of its population during the period from 830 to 950 and central authority seems to have collapsed rapidly . There is not much evidence from Tikal that the city was directly affected by the endemic warfare that afflicted parts of the Maya region during the Terminal Classic , although an influx of refugees from the Petexbatún region may have exacerbated problems resulting from the already stretched environmental resources . " " . century 9th the of half first the in levels population in plunge a of spite in populated heavily remained which , region Lakes Peten the to migrated have may population 's Tikal of Some . years thousand next the for ruins the claimed rainforest the and centuries 11th or 10th the in city the abandoned inhabitants final these Even . ruins the among interspersed huts perishable in survived have may population remnant a although , deserted but all was Tikal , 950 After . looted being tombs find to easier the and jade for explored being Acropolis North the of tombs the with , disappeared had rulers old the for respect all abandonment final its Before . locations new to moved were some and vandalized were monuments Some . them erected had that dynasty royal the of those from removed far activities ritual own their for monuments earlier the reused inhabitants These . instruments musical as such items utilitarian @-@ non and refuse domestic of mixture a included that rubbish left and site the of structures monumental the in reoccupied they rooms the in doorways some blocked squatters The . plazas ceremonial 's city the in erected being were dwellings thatched simple and squatters by occupied were palaces royal its , city the deserted had population 's Tikal of majority vast the century 9th the of end the By . 889 in monuments final their erecting , longer much last not did , Uaxactun and as such , Tikal of satellites former The . silence into fell finally city the before Tikal at erected monument last the was This . 869 in II 'awiil K Chan Jasaw by Plaza Great the in erected stela a by evidenced as , Tikal of city diminished much the at power royal revive to attempt an was there century 9th the of half latter the In "," In the latter half of the 9th century there was an attempt to revive royal power at the much diminished city of Tikal , as evidenced by a stela erected in the Great Plaza by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II in 869 . This was the last monument erected at Tikal before the city finally fell into silence . The former satellites of Tikal , such as and Uaxactun , did not last much longer , erecting their final monuments in 889 . By the end of the 9th century the vast majority of Tikal 's population had deserted the city , its royal palaces were occupied by squatters and simple thatched dwellings were being erected in the city 's ceremonial plazas . The squatters blocked some doorways in the rooms they reoccupied in the monumental structures of the site and left rubbish that included a mixture of domestic refuse and non @-@ utilitarian items such as musical instruments . These inhabitants reused the earlier monuments for their own ritual activities far removed from those of the royal dynasty that had erected them . Some monuments were vandalized and some were moved to new locations . Before its final abandonment all respect for the old rulers had disappeared , with the tombs of the North Acropolis being explored for jade and the easier to find tombs being looted . After 950 , Tikal was all but deserted , although a remnant population may have survived in perishable huts interspersed among the ruins . Even these final inhabitants abandoned the city in the 10th or 11th centuries and the rainforest claimed the ruins for the next thousand years . Some of Tikal 's population may have migrated to the Peten Lakes region , which remained heavily populated in spite of a plunge in population levels in the first half of the 9th century . " " . Tikal of abandonment the to led have may drought meteorological a that suggests system reservoir Tikal the from proxies regarding research new , However . dynasty ruling ancient an with , years thousand a over for architecture and art , life courtly of forefront the at been having city the , civilization Maya Classic of heart the to blow a was Tikal of fall The . failure agrarian and overpopulation is Tikal at collapse of cause likely most The "," The most likely cause of collapse at Tikal is overpopulation and agrarian failure . The fall of Tikal was a blow to the heart of Classic Maya civilization , the city having been at the forefront of courtly life , art and architecture for over a thousand years , with an ancient ruling dynasty . However , new research regarding proxies from the Tikal reservoir system suggests that a meteorological drought may have led to the abandonment of Tikal . " " . Tikal been have well may that ruin a described he 1696 early in forests Petén the in lost became Avendaño de Andrés friar Spanish After . letters his in them mention not did but Tikal of ruins the of kilometres few a within passed Cortés Hernán conquistador Spanish the , 1525 In "," In 1525 , the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés passed within a few kilometres of the ruins of Tikal but did not mention them in his letters . After Spanish friar Andrés de Avendaño became lost in the Petén forests in early 1696 he described a ruin that may well have been Tikal . " " . 1880s the in ruins the record and map , clear to started archaeologists Pioneering . century 20th early the and ) 82 @-@ 1881 in Maudslay P. Alfred including ( century 19th the in Tikal photograph and , map , investigate further to came expeditions other Several . 1853 in Germany in published was account their and them accompanied Lara Eusebio Artist . 1848 in it visited , Petén of governor the and commissioner the respectively , Tut Ambrosio and Méndez Modesto until Tikal visited explorers no , however , towns modern from remoteness 's site the of Because . ) region the in travels 40 @-@ 1839 their during , jungle the above towering tops building white with , city lost a of rumors heard Catherwood Frederick illustrator his and Stephens ( century 19th early the in Stephens Lloyd John of writings the through continuing , century 17th the in starting print in appeared Tikal of accounts hand @-@ third or second- Some . 1850s the in ruins the to expeditions Guatemalan guided they and Tikal about forgot never people local that seems It . region the in lost completely never was site the of knowledge , ruins ancient huge with case the often is As "," As is often the case with huge ancient ruins , knowledge of the site was never completely lost in the region . It seems that local people never forgot about Tikal and they guided Guatemalan expeditions to the ruins in the 1850s . Some second- or third @-@ hand accounts of Tikal appeared in print starting in the 17th century , continuing through the writings of John Lloyd Stephens in the early 19th century ( Stephens and his illustrator Frederick Catherwood heard rumors of a lost city , with white building tops towering above the jungle , during their 1839 @-@ 40 travels in the region ) . Because of the site 's remoteness from modern towns , however , no explorers visited Tikal until Modesto Méndez and Ambrosio Tut , respectively the commissioner and the governor of Petén , visited it in 1848 . Artist Eusebio Lara accompanied them and their account was published in Germany in 1853 . Several other expeditions came to further investigate , map , and photograph Tikal in the 19th century ( including Alfred P. Maudslay in 1881 @-@ 82 ) and the early 20th century . Pioneering archaeologists started to clear , map and record the ruins in the 1880s . " " . 1984 to through continued which , Tikal at project archeological further a began government Guatemalan the , 1979 In . site the at monuments 200 over recorded Project Tikal The . 1969 to 1957 from Plaza Central the and Acropolis North the investigated university the of Coe William by later and Shook M. Edwin by directed Excavations . structures the of many restored and excavated and site the of much mapped They . Project Tikal Pennsylvania of University the by out carried were excavations archaeological major , 1970 through 1956 From . area Maya the in seen previously not scale a on city the map to began project Tikal the 1956 In . mule or foot on jungle the through travel ' days several by reached be only could previously which , ruins the at built was airstrip small a , 1951 In "," In 1951 , a small airstrip was built at the ruins , which previously could only be reached by several days ' travel through the jungle on foot or mule . In 1956 the Tikal project began to map the city on a scale not previously seen in the Maya area . From 1956 through 1970 , major archaeological excavations were carried out by the University of Pennsylvania Tikal Project . They mapped much of the site and excavated and restored many of the structures . Excavations directed by Edwin M. Shook and later by William Coe of the university investigated the North Acropolis and the Central Plaza from 1957 to 1969 . The Tikal Project recorded over 200 monuments at the site . In 1979 , the Guatemalan government began a further archeological project at Tikal , which continued through to 1984 . " " . banknote centavo 50 the of reverse the on featured was Tikal at I Temple . 1977 in released , Hope New A : IV Episode , film Wars Star first the for location filming a as Tikal used Lucas George Filmmaker "," Filmmaker George Lucas used Tikal as a filming location for the first Star Wars film , Episode IV : A New Hope , released in 1977 . Temple I at Tikal was featured on the reverse of the 50 centavo banknote . " " . 1964 in completed was it ; Tikal at built been has museum site A . park national own its by surrounded attraction tourist major a now is Tikal "," Tikal is now a major tourist attraction surrounded by its own national park . A site museum has been built at Tikal ; it was completed in 1964 . " " . Mesoamerica in feature unique a , Plaza Temples Seven the in 3 of set a including , ballgame Mesoamerican the playing for courts seven also are There . doors and windows the across bars wooden with originally , jail a been have to seemed which building a even is There . monuments stone inscribed and platforms , buildings administrative , residences , palaces , pyramids smaller of number a to addition in , palaces royal large , high ) ft 230 ( metres 70 over tower that temples of remains the includes and limestone from built is city ancient the of architecture The . Americas the in cities largest the of one was and cities Maya period Classic the of largest the of one was It . Guatemala of government the and Pennsylvania of University the by restored partially been has Tikal "," Tikal has been partially restored by the University of Pennsylvania and the government of Guatemala . It was one of the largest of the Classic period Maya cities and was one of the largest cities in the Americas . The architecture of the ancient city is built from limestone and includes the remains of temples that tower over 70 metres ( 230 ft ) high , large royal palaces , in addition to a number of smaller pyramids , palaces , residences , administrative buildings , platforms and inscribed stone monuments . There is even a building which seemed to have been a jail , originally with wooden bars across the windows and doors . There are also seven courts for playing the Mesoamerican ballgame , including a set of 3 in the Seven Temples Plaza , a unique feature in Mesoamerica . " " . reservoirs the fed that canals of system a into rainfall channelled that gradient a at laid and stucco with surfaced were plazas main The . depressions natural waterproofed some with together , reservoirs as used were and them waterproof to plastered were building for stone of extraction the by formed depressions The . site @-@ on quarried and local was construction for used limestone The "," The limestone used for construction was local and quarried on @-@ site . The depressions formed by the extraction of stone for building were plastered to waterproof them and were used as reservoirs , together with some waterproofed natural depressions . The main plazas were surfaced with stucco and laid at a gradient that channelled rainfall into a system of canals that fed the reservoirs . " " . thought originally than multifaceted and complex more much is it and proposed originally was what from coverage in significantly varies Tikal of earthwork The . system canal a into integrated were earthwork the of parts some , addition In . feature defensive a as inconsequential is it places many in that and variable highly is earthworks the of scale the that shown has earthworks defensive the exploring project a , Recently . area surrounding the in 000 @,@ 425 possibly and , 000 @,@ 90 and 000 @,@ 10 between site the of size demographic the place estimates Population . ) below see ( ) mi sq 48 ( kilometres square 125 some of area an enclosed have may it ; mapped intensively been has core site the around area ) mi sq 2 @.@ 6 ( kilometres square 16 The . rampart a behind trench wide ) ft 20 ( metre @-@ 6 a with Tikal rings 1960s the in Callender Donald and E. Dennis by discovered earthworks of set huge A . excavated or , mapped , cleared been yet not has which of much , ) mi sq 23 ( kilometres square 60 estimated an covers Tikal of area residential The "," The residential area of Tikal covers an estimated 60 square kilometres ( 23 sq mi ) , much of which has not yet been cleared , mapped , or excavated . A huge set of earthworks discovered by Dennis E. and Donald Callender in the 1960s rings Tikal with a 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) wide trench behind a rampart . The 16 square kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 sq mi ) area around the site core has been intensively mapped ; it may have enclosed an area of some 125 square kilometres ( 48 sq mi ) ( see below ) . Population estimates place the demographic size of the site between 10 @,@ 000 and 90 @,@ 000 , and possibly 425 @,@ 000 in the surrounding area . Recently , a project exploring the defensive earthworks has shown that the scale of the earthworks is highly variable and that in many places it is inconsequential as a defensive feature . In addition , some parts of the earthwork were integrated into a canal system . The earthwork of Tikal varies significantly in coverage from what was originally proposed and it is much more complex and multifaceted than originally thought . " " . dams as served also and season rain the during traffic everyday passage the assisted They . causeways Méndez and Tozzer , Maudslay , Maler the ; archaeologists and explorers early after named been have and limestone plastered and packed of built were causeways broad These . ) southeast the to ) mi 62 @.@ 0 ( kilometre 1 about ( Inscriptions the of Temple the and ) west the to ) ft 460 @,@ 2 ( metres 750 about located ( 4 Temple with Plaza Great the linked These . core urban its through kilometres several for running , city the of parts various linked ) causeways ( of network a , Classic Late the By "," By the Late Classic , a network of ( causeways ) linked various parts of the city , running for several kilometres through its urban core . These linked the Great Plaza with Temple 4 ( located about 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) to the west ) and the Temple of the Inscriptions ( about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the southeast ) . These broad causeways were built of packed and plastered limestone and have been named after early explorers and archaeologists ; the Maler , Maudslay , Tozzer and Méndez causeways . They assisted the passage everyday traffic during the rain season and also served as dams . " " . Classic Late the to dates and captives bound two depicts It H. Group of south just causeway the of course the upon bedrock limestone onto carved is relief @-@ bas large A H. Group to I Temple behind from north runs Causeway Maler The "," The Maler Causeway runs north from behind Temple I to Group H. A large bas @-@ relief is carved onto limestone bedrock upon the course of the causeway just south of Group H. It depicts two bound captives and dates to the Late Classic . " " H. Group to IV Temple from northeast ) mi 50 @.@ 0 ( kilometres 8 @.@ 0 runs Causeway Maudsley The "," The Maudsley Causeway runs 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) northeast from Temple IV to Group H. " " . ) mi 81 @.@ 0 ( kilometres 3 @.@ 1 about of distance a , VI Temple to Plaza East the from southeast runs Causeway Mendez The "," The Mendez Causeway runs southeast from the East Plaza to Temple VI , a distance of about 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 81 mi ) . " " . IV Temple to Plaza Great the from west runs Causeway Tozzer The "," The Tozzer Causeway runs west from the Great Plaza to Temple IV . " " . Acropolis Central the by south the on and Acropolis North the by bordered is it side north the On . pyramids @-@ temple great two by sides west and east the on flanked is it ; site the of core the at lies Plaza Great The "," The Great Plaza lies at the core of the site ; it is flanked on the east and west sides by two great temple @-@ pyramids . On the north side it is bordered by the North Acropolis and on the south by the Central Acropolis . " " . Plaza Great the of south just complex palace a is Acropolis Central The "," The Central Acropolis is a palace complex just south of the Great Plaza . " " . Period Postclassic the into burials receive to continued Acropolis North The . portraits royal and texts hieroglyphic with carved were monuments these of 18 ; Acropolis North the in erected been had altars 30 and stelae 43 , AD century 9th the By . gods the of masks by flanked stairway a and elaborate an had them of each , AD century 6th the in built were pyramids temple Eight . view from it hiding gradually , ) ft 260 by 330 ( metres 80 by 100 measured which , Platform Northern earlier the to added was pyramids tall of row a 400 AD After . structures older the of top on temples new adding burial royal additional each with , Period Classic the of dynasty ruling the for complex funerary a into developed It . BC 350 around , Period Preclassic the in beginning construction with group complex a is It . history construction its investigating thoroughly , complex the across trench massive a excavated Project Tikal the ; area Maya the in groups architectural studied most the of one is , south the to immediately Plaza Great the with together , Acropolis North The "," The North Acropolis , together with the Great Plaza immediately to the south , is one of the most studied architectural groups in the Maya area ; the Tikal Project excavated a massive trench across the complex , thoroughly investigating its construction history . It is a complex group with construction beginning in the Preclassic Period , around 350 BC . It developed into a funerary complex for the ruling dynasty of the Classic Period , with each additional royal burial adding new temples on top of the older structures . After AD 400 a row of tall pyramids was added to the earlier Northern Platform , which measured 100 by 80 metres ( 330 by 260 ft ) , gradually hiding it from view . Eight temple pyramids were built in the 6th century AD , each of them had an elaborate and a stairway flanked by masks of the gods . By the 9th century AD , 43 stelae and 30 altars had been erected in the North Acropolis ; 18 of these monuments were carved with hieroglyphic texts and royal portraits . The North Acropolis continued to receive burials into the Postclassic Period . " " . ) ft sq 000 @,@ 220 ( metres square 000 @,@ 20 than more of area an covers that platform basal large a upon built was It V. Temple to next found is Acropolis South The "," The South Acropolis is found next to Temple V. It was built upon a large basal platform that covers an area of more than 20 @,@ 000 square metres ( 220 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . " " . side north the on ballcourt triple unusual an by and sides west and south the on palaces by , temples identical nearly of row a by side east the on bordered is It . Acropolis South the of west the to is Temples Seven the of Plaza The "," The Plaza of the Seven Temples is to the west of the South Acropolis . It is bordered on the east side by a row of nearly identical temples , by palaces on the south and west sides and by an unusual triple ballcourt on the north side . " " . it of west the to platform small a and Pyramid World Lost the upon centered is it ; Pennsylvania of University the of archaeologists the by name its given was complex Perdido Mundo The . necropolis royal the as served have may it 378 to 250 AD From . Acropolis North the being other the , city the of foci twin the of one became Perdido Mundo the ) 600 – 250 . c ( period Classic Early the During . form tablero @-@ talud the of use the including , Mexico of Valley the in Teotihuacan of metropolis great the by influenced was style architectural its 300 – 250 AD By . history its of course the over times many rebuilt was complex Perdido Mundo The . temples three supported that east the to platform a with aligned pyramid a of consisting Group @-@ E large a as organized was complex The . Tikal at period Preclassic the from dating complex ceremonial largest the is It . Temples Seven the of Plaza the of west the to is Perdido Mundo The "," The Mundo Perdido is to the west of the Plaza of the Seven Temples . It is the largest ceremonial complex dating from the Preclassic period at Tikal . The complex was organized as a large E @-@ Group consisting of a pyramid aligned with a platform to the east that supported three temples . The Mundo Perdido complex was rebuilt many times over the course of its history . By AD 250 – 300 its architectural style was influenced by the great metropolis of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico , including the use of the talud @-@ tablero form . During the Early Classic period ( c . 250 – 600 ) the Mundo Perdido became one of the twin foci of the city , the other being the North Acropolis . From AD 250 to 378 it may have served as the royal necropolis . The Mundo Perdido complex was given its name by the archaeologists of the University of Pennsylvania ; it is centered upon the Lost World Pyramid and a small platform to the west of it . " " . mask gigantic a by framed was group the to entrances the of One . storey upper the to belong chambers further two of remains The . chambers vaulted 29 of total a , floor lower the on are rooms the of most but stories two has It . Tikal at type its of groups largest the of one is and structures type @-@ palace of consists and Classic Late the to dates complex The . Causeway Mendez the of south just lies G Group "," Group G lies just south of the Mendez Causeway . The complex dates to the Late Classic and consists of palace @-@ type structures and is one of the largest groups of its type at Tikal . It has two stories but most of the rooms are on the lower floor , a total of 29 vaulted chambers . The remains of two further chambers belong to the upper storey . One of the entrances to the group was framed by a gigantic mask . " " . Classic Late the to dating temples by bordered is It . Plaza Great the of north the to plaza large a on centered is H Group "," Group H is centered on a large plaza to the north of the Great Plaza . It is bordered by temples dating to the Late Classic . " " . Classic Late the in dominance political 's Tikal of extent the reflect may they and , and Yaxha as such , sites other at found been now have examples rare but Tikal to unique were complexes these that thought once was It . Plaza East the in century 6th early the in built was complex pyramid twin first The . Classic Late the during intervals ) 'atun k or ( year @-@ 20 at built were complexes these and once at built was complex entire The . doorways nine with room single a containing building vaulted long a is there complexes these of side south the On . pair altar and stela sculpted a usually is there , them from equidistant roughly lying and , pyramids the of north the to and pyramid eastern the of west the to immediately placed is stelae plain of row A . sides four all on stairways have and topped @-@ flat are pyramids These . axis west – east an on other each facing pyramids two of consist but size in vary They . destroyed partly were others some and times ancient in dismantled completely was which of one , Tikal at Complexes Pyramid @-@ Twin nine are There "," There are nine Twin @-@ Pyramid Complexes at Tikal , one of which was completely dismantled in ancient times and some others were partly destroyed . They vary in size but consist of two pyramids facing each other on an east – west axis . These pyramids are flat @-@ topped and have stairways on all four sides . A row of plain stelae is placed immediately to the west of the eastern pyramid and to the north of the pyramids , and lying roughly equidistant from them , there is usually a sculpted stela and altar pair . On the south side of these complexes there is a long vaulted building containing a single room with nine doorways . The entire complex was built at once and these complexes were built at 20 @-@ year ( or k 'atun ) intervals during the Late Classic . The first twin pyramid complex was built in the early 6th century in the East Plaza . It was once thought that these complexes were unique to Tikal but rare examples have now been found at other sites , such as Yaxha and , and they may reflect the extent of Tikal 's political dominance in the Late Classic . " " . erected @-@ re been have monuments its and restored been has it of Most . 'atun K 17th the of end the mark to order in 771 in II Ayiin Nuun Yax by built was It . Tikal at largest the of one is and , complex pyramid @-@ twin a is Q Group "," Group Q is a twin @-@ pyramid complex , and is one of the largest at Tikal . It was built by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in 771 in order to mark the end of the 17th K 'atun . Most of it has been restored and its monuments have been re @-@ erected . " " . Causeway Maler the to close is It . 790 to dated , complex pyramid @-@ twin another is R Group "," Group R is another twin @-@ pyramid complex , dated to 790 . It is close to the Maler Causeway . " " . years two as little as in built been have could temples major these of each that estimated is It . site the of survey early the during sequentially numbered were They . high ) feet 200 ( metres 60 over are pyramids these of Some . summits their on structure temple a support which of each , VI - I Temples labelled , pyramids large very six include buildings surviving prominent most The . work archaeological of decades after , excavated been have these of fraction a only and Tikal at structures ancient of thousands are There "," There are thousands of ancient structures at Tikal and only a fraction of these have been excavated , after decades of archaeological work . The most prominent surviving buildings include six very large pyramids , labelled Temples I - VI , each of which support a temple structure on their summits . Some of these pyramids are over 60 metres ( 200 feet ) high . They were numbered sequentially during the early survey of the site . It is estimated that each of these major temples could have been built in as little as two years . " " . Europe in museums to taken were others while , unknown is location their and century 19th the in removed were beams the of some , carved were lintels inner two the but plain is lintel outermost The . beams multiple from fashioned lintels wooden by spanned doorways the with , next the behind each , chambers three has pyramid the of summit the at shrine The . drink and food of offerings with filled vessels ceramic and ornaments shell and jade as well as , vermilion with rubbed and carved finely , people and deities depicting scenes sophisticated with strips and tubes bone animal and human inscribed of collection large a were tomb Classic Late the from recovered items Among . 1962 in Pennsylvania of University the of Aubrey by discovered was king the of tomb The . survives decoration this of little although , king enthroned the of sculpture giant a with decorated originally was temple the topped that massive The . high ) ft 154 ( metres 47 rises temple The . 750 – 740 around completed was pyramid the , 734 AD in structure the in entombed was who , K Chan Jasaw to dedicated pyramid funerary a is ) Jaguar Great the of Temple or Cacao Ah of Temple the as known also ( I Temple "," Temple I ( also known as the Temple of Ah Cacao or Temple of the Great Jaguar ) is a funerary pyramid dedicated to Jasaw Chan K , who was entombed in the structure in AD 734 , the pyramid was completed around 740 – 750 . The temple rises 47 metres ( 154 ft ) high . The massive that topped the temple was originally decorated with a giant sculpture of the enthroned king , although little of this decoration survives . The tomb of the king was discovered by Aubrey of the University of Pennsylvania in 1962 . Among items recovered from the Late Classic tomb were a large collection of inscribed human and animal bone tubes and strips with sophisticated scenes depicting deities and people , finely carved and rubbed with vermilion , as well as jade and shell ornaments and ceramic vessels filled with offerings of food and drink . The shrine at the summit of the pyramid has three chambers , each behind the next , with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels fashioned from multiple beams . The outermost lintel is plain but the two inner lintels were carved , some of the beams were removed in the 19th century and their location is unknown , while others were taken to museums in Europe . " " . York New in History Natural of Museum American the in now is lintel this from beams the of One . shrine summit the of doorway the spanning lintel the into carved was portrait 's queen The . found was tomb no although , K Chan Jasaw of wife the to dedicated was temple The . carved was which of middle the only , lintels wooden by spanned doorways the with chambers consecutive three had shrine summit the , Tikal at temples major other Like . high ) ft 125 ( metres 38 stands and 700 AD around built was it ) Mask the of Temple the as known also ( II Temple "," Temple II ( also known as the Temple of the Mask ) it was built around AD 700 and stands 38 metres ( 125 ft ) high . Like other major temples at Tikal , the summit shrine had three consecutive chambers with the doorways spanned by wooden lintels , only the middle of which was carved . The temple was dedicated to the wife of Jasaw Chan K , although no tomb was found . The queen 's portrait was carved into the lintel spanning the doorway of the summit shrine . One of the beams from this lintel is now in the American Museum of Natural History in New York . " " . chambers two possesses shrine temple The . 810 AD around dance ritual a in engaged Sun Dark showing possibly , lintel roof damaged but sculpted elaborately an contained and tall ) ft 180 ( metres 55 stood It . Tikal at built be to pyramids great the of last the was ) Priest Jaguar the of Temple the as known also ( III Temple "," Temple III ( also known as the Temple of the Jaguar Priest ) was the last of the great pyramids to be built at Tikal . It stood 55 metres ( 180 ft ) tall and contained an elaborately sculpted but damaged roof lintel , possibly showing Dark Sun engaged in a ritual dance around AD 810 . The temple shrine possesses two chambers . " " . Mirador El at structures the of one been have may as , taller been have originally may Teotihuacan at Sun the of Pyramid the although Americas the in structure Columbian @-@ pre tallest the is stands currently it as and , century 8th the in region Maya the in anywhere built pyramid largest the is IV Temple . ) 169 : 1994 Sharer ( 741 CE to corresponds that ) 0 @.@ 0 @.@ 10 @.@ 15 @.@ 9 ( date count long a record summit s ’ pyramid the on temple the into leads that doorway the over lintels wooden carved two and ) I 'awiil K Chan Jasaw or A Ruler of son the , B Ruler ( Chan in ’ of reign the marks IV Temple . comb roof its of top the to level floor plaza the from ) ft 230 ( metres 70 measuring , Tikal at pyramid @-@ temple tallest the is IV Temple "," Temple IV is the tallest temple @-@ pyramid at Tikal , measuring 70 metres ( 230 ft ) from the plaza floor level to the top of its roof comb . Temple IV marks the reign of ’ in Chan ( Ruler B , the son of Ruler A or Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I ) and two carved wooden lintels over the doorway that leads into the temple on the pyramid ’ s summit record a long count date ( 9 @.@ 15 @.@ 10 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 ) that corresponds to CE 741 ( Sharer 1994 : 169 ) . Temple IV is the largest pyramid built anywhere in the Maya region in the 8th century , and as it currently stands is the tallest pre @-@ Columbian structure in the Americas although the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan may originally have been taller , as may have been one of the structures at El Mirador . " " . century 7th the of half second the in Chak Bak Nun of reign the during construction its places structure the with associated ceramics of dating the and analysis radiocarbon via , period Classic Late the in , 700 AD about to dated been has temple The . taller is IV Temple only - Tikal at structure tallest second the it making , high ) ft 187 ( metres 57 stands temple The . ruler unidentified yet as an of pyramid mortuary the is and Acropolis Central the of south stands V Temple "," Temple V stands south of the Central Acropolis and is the mortuary pyramid of an as yet unidentified ruler . The temple stands 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high , making it the second tallest structure at Tikal - only Temple IV is taller . The temple has been dated to about AD 700 , in the Late Classic period , via radiocarbon analysis and the dating of ceramics associated with the structure places its construction during the reign of Nun Bak Chak in the second half of the 7th century . " " . unrestored is front its and west the to plaza a onto faces temple The . comb @-@ roof the of sides and back the cover hieroglyphs of Panels . comb @-@ roof high ) ft 39 ( metre @-@ 12 its for notable is It . 766 AD in dedicated was and Inscriptions the of Temple the as known also is VI Temple "," Temple VI is also known as the Temple of the Inscriptions and was dedicated in AD 766 . It is notable for its 12 @-@ metre ( 39 ft ) high roof @-@ comb . Panels of hieroglyphs cover the back and sides of the roof @-@ comb . The temple faces onto a plaza to the west and its front is unrestored . " " . construction of stages earlier the at arrive to order in 1965 in archaeologists by dismantled completely was 33 Temple of version final The . tall ) ft 108 ( metres 33 standing , completed then was pyramid The . building the of core rubble the into inserted was ) 24 Burial ( tomb ranking high another built being was pyramid new the While . ) 23 Burial ( structure the into set was , ruler unidentified an of , burial royal another and demolished was stairway the , constructions earlier the over built was stage third a Hiatus the During . panels decorated and masks own its with , added was superstructure new a Classic Early the in Later . stairway the flanked that masks stucco large with decorated platform basal wide a as Classic Early the in life started It . Acropolis North the in ) 48 Burial as known ( I 'awiil K Chan Siyaj of tomb the over erected pyramid funerary a was 33 Temple "," Temple 33 was a funerary pyramid erected over the tomb of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil I ( known as Burial 48 ) in the North Acropolis . It started life in the Early Classic as a wide basal platform decorated with large stucco masks that flanked the stairway . Later in the Early Classic a new superstructure was added , with its own masks and decorated panels . During the Hiatus a third stage was built over the earlier constructions , the stairway was demolished and another royal burial , of an unidentified ruler , was set into the structure ( Burial 23 ) . While the new pyramid was being built another high ranking tomb ( Burial 24 ) was inserted into the rubble core of the building . The pyramid was then completed , standing 33 metres ( 108 ft ) tall . The final version of Temple 33 was completely dismantled by archaeologists in 1965 in order to arrive at the earlier stages of construction . " " . other the behind one situated rooms the , shrine chambered three a by topped was pyramid The I. Ayiin Nuun Yax , father his of tomb the over II 'awiil K Chan Siyaj by built was that Acropolis North the in pyramid a is 34 Structure "," Structure 34 is a pyramid in the North Acropolis that was built by Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II over the tomb of his father , Yax Nuun Ayiin I. The pyramid was topped by a three chambered shrine , the rooms situated one behind the other . " " . century 7th the of part later the in , I 'awiil K Chan Jasaw son his of that or Chaak Ujol Nuun of reign the to date probably , ballcourt associated its and , temple The . snake a of that not probably is but tongue bifurcated a possesses head second The . mouth the from emerging head another with , jaguar a of that perhaps , face monstrous a showing , remain now fragments only although friezes with decorated was structure the of roof The . Teotihuacan at used symbols star and Venus the to related , panels talud sloping the into set are symbols flower Large . symbols disc paired with decorated are and panels talud sloping between set are panels tablero vertical The . itself Teotihuacan with than and El with affinities closer has building the of style the that suggested been has it , fact In . Teotihuacan at found style original the from modified , profile platform tablero @-@ talud a has building The . side that on stairway a for Acropolis Central the to close too was side ) south ( fourth the , stairways three and doorways entry four possessed and Ballcourt Plaza East the of end the into built is It . complex pyramid twin existing @-@ pre a over built , Plaza East the in temple radial unusual an is 43 @-@ 5D Structure "," Structure 5D @-@ 43 is an unusual radial temple in the East Plaza , built over a pre @-@ existing twin pyramid complex . It is built into the end of the East Plaza Ballcourt and possessed four entry doorways and three stairways , the fourth ( south ) side was too close to the Central Acropolis for a stairway on that side . The building has a talud @-@ tablero platform profile , modified from the original style found at Teotihuacan . In fact , it has been suggested that the style of the building has closer affinities with El and than with Teotihuacan itself . The vertical tablero panels are set between sloping talud panels and are decorated with paired disc symbols . Large flower symbols are set into the sloping talud panels , related to the Venus and star symbols used at Teotihuacan . The roof of the structure was decorated with friezes although only fragments now remain , showing a monstrous face , perhaps that of a jaguar , with another head emerging from the mouth . The second head possesses a bifurcated tongue but is probably not that of a snake . The temple , and its associated ballcourt , probably date to the reign of Nuun Ujol Chaak or that of his son Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I , in the later part of the 7th century . " " . pyramid World Lost the to near located is It . AD century 4th the to dates it ; façade tablero @-@ talud a and , region Maya the in rare very is that feature architectural an , balustrades has it ; style architectural linked @-@ Teotihuacan clear a possesses 49 @-@ 5C Structure "," Structure 5C @-@ 49 possesses a clear Teotihuacan @-@ linked architectural style ; it has balustrades , an architectural feature that is very rare in the Maya region , and a talud @-@ tablero façade ; it dates to the 4th century AD . It is located near to the Lost World pyramid . " " . superstructure a possess not did and sides four all on stairways had It . 600 AD about to dates that platform style @-@ Teotihuacan small a is 53 @-@ 5C Structure "," Structure 5C @-@ 53 is a small Teotihuacan @-@ style platform that dates to about AD 600 . It had stairways on all four sides and did not possess a superstructure . " " . observatories solar as identified , Groups @-@ E called @-@ so the defines that layout the to adheres complex this of side east the on temples of group a of organization the , alteration significant suffered later plaza the Although . materials perishable from built superstructure a supported possibly that top flat a and sides four all on stairways with high ) ft 98 ( metres 30 than more standing , Classic Early the in , AD century 4th the in 'aak Ich Tok Chak of reign the during form final its attained It . region Maya the in structures largest the of one was pyramid this Preclassic Late the of end the By . Tikal at activity building later by impacted @-@ un and intact remained that structures of complex enclosed an of part is pyramid this ; Preclassic Late the to dates and god sun the of masks stucco with decorated was It V. Temple of west and III Temple of south , core central s ’ Tikal of portion southwest the in lies It . complex Perdido Mundo the in structure largest the is ) 54 @-@ 5C Structure ( Pyramid World Lost The "," The Lost World Pyramid ( Structure 5C @-@ 54 ) is the largest structure in the Mundo Perdido complex . It lies in the southwest portion of Tikal ’ s central core , south of Temple III and west of Temple V. It was decorated with stucco masks of the sun god and dates to the Late Preclassic ; this pyramid is part of an enclosed complex of structures that remained intact and un @-@ impacted by later building activity at Tikal . By the end of the Late Preclassic this pyramid was one of the largest structures in the Maya region . It attained its final form during the reign of Chak Tok Ich 'aak in the 4th century AD , in the Early Classic , standing more than 30 metres ( 98 ft ) high with stairways on all four sides and a flat top that possibly supported a superstructure built from perishable materials . Although the plaza later suffered significant alteration , the organization of a group of temples on the east side of this complex adheres to the layout that defines the so @-@ called E @-@ Groups , identified as solar observatories . " " . motifs crossbones @-@ and @-@ skull with decorated is wall outer rear its and restored been has It . Temples Seven the of Plaza the of side east the on temple central the is 96 @-@ 5D Structure "," Structure 5D @-@ 96 is the central temple on the east side of the Plaza of the Seven Temples . It has been restored and its rear outer wall is decorated with skull @-@ and @-@ crossbones motifs . " " . characteristics Teotihuacan with buildings and sculptures relief , murals ballplayer , masks stucco elaborate revealed have excavations the and Complex World Lost the of south metres hundred few a lies It . excavated thoroughly been has that complex residential elite an is 16 @-@ 6C Group "," Group 6C @-@ 16 is an elite residential complex that has been thoroughly excavated . It lies a few hundred metres south of the Lost World Complex and the excavations have revealed elaborate stucco masks , ballplayer murals , relief sculptures and buildings with Teotihuacan characteristics . " " . Acropolis Central the and I Temple between lies that ballcourt small a is Ballcourt Plaza Great The "," The Great Plaza Ballcourt is a small ballcourt that lies between Temple I and the Central Acropolis . " " . windows low possesses and graffiti ancient has palace The . restored been has which , storey upper the in range single a and storey lower the on chambers of range double a with , storeys two has It . III Temple of west the to lies and Windows of Palace the as known also is Palace Bat The "," The Bat Palace is also known as the Palace of Windows and lies to the west of Temple III . It has two storeys , with a double range of chambers on the lower storey and a single range in the upper storey , which has been restored . The palace has ancient graffiti and possesses low windows . " " . 711 AD to dates complex The . III Temple and Palace Bat the of west the to lies N Complex "," Complex N lies to the west of the Bat Palace and Temple III . The complex dates to AD 711 . " " . III Temple of west the to lies which , N Complex in found was 5 Altar . woman important an of bones the using ritual a performing are They I. 'awiil K Chan Jasaw probably is whom of one , nobles two with carved is 5 Altar "," Altar 5 is carved with two nobles , one of whom is probably Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. They are performing a ritual using the bones of an important woman . Altar 5 was found in Complex N , which lies to the west of Temple III . " " . City Guatemala in Etnología y Arqueología de Nacional Museo the in now is and H Group in P Complex within found was It . captive bound a with sculpted is 8 Altar "," Altar 8 is sculpted with a bound captive . It was found within Complex P in Group H and is now in the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City . " " . VI Temple of front in located is It . captive bound a of sculpture the bears and 21 Stela with associated is 9 Altar "," Altar 9 is associated with Stela 21 and bears the sculpture of a bound captive . It is located in front of Temple VI . " " . erosion from suffered has and complex pyramid @-@ twin a , Q Group of enclosure northern the in is It . scaffold a to tied captive a with carved is 10 Altar "," Altar 10 is carved with a captive tied to a scaffold . It is in the northern enclosure of Group Q , a twin @-@ pyramid complex and has suffered from erosion . " " . IV Temple of stairway the of base the at located centrally is pair altar @-@ stela The . 43 Stela with associated monument plain a is 35 Altar "," Altar 35 is a plain monument associated with Stela 43 . The stela @-@ altar pair is centrally located at the base of the stairway of Temple IV . " " . region Maya the in anywhere survived have to lintels wooden carved elaborately most the are These . temples of doorways inner the spanning lintels as placed were wood of beams , Tikal At "," At Tikal , beams of wood were placed as lintels spanning the inner doorways of temples . These are the most elaborately carved wooden lintels to have survived anywhere in the Maya region . " " . palanquin a on seated 'awiil K Chan 'in depicts and condition perfect almost in was It . century 19th the in Switzerland in Basel to taken was IV Temple from 3 "," 3 from Temple IV was taken to Basel in Switzerland in the 19th century . It was in almost perfect condition and depicts 'in Chan K 'awiil seated on a palanquin . " " : follows Tikal at stelae notable most the of selection A . hieroglyphs and figures with sculpted often , shafts stone carved are Stelae "," Stelae are carved stone shafts , often sculpted with figures and hieroglyphs . A selection of the most notable stelae at Tikal follows : " " . position standing a in II 'awiil K Chan Siyaj king the depicts and century 5th the to dates 1 Stela "," Stela 1 dates to the 5th century and depicts the king Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II in a standing position . " " . profile in than rather , face frontal a with depicted is Ayiin Nuun Yax , Teotihuacan for typically but , sculpture Maya for Unusually . Serpent War Teotihuacan the of version simplified a is helmet His . other the under Tlaloc Mexican the and arm one under God Jaguar Underworld the with king the of portrait a has It . cultures both from deities and , qualities Teotihuacan and Maya of mix a displays stela The . area Maya the in Teotihuacan of intrusion the after Ayiin Nuun Yax of reign the during , 396 AD to dated is 4 Stela "," Stela 4 is dated to AD 396 , during the reign of Yax Nuun Ayiin after the intrusion of Teotihuacan in the Maya area . The stela displays a mix of Maya and Teotihuacan qualities , and deities from both cultures . It has a portrait of the king with the Underworld Jaguar God under one arm and the Mexican Tlaloc under the other . His helmet is a simplified version of the Teotihuacan War Serpent . Unusually for Maya sculpture , but typically for Teotihuacan , Yax Nuun Ayiin is depicted with a frontal face , rather than in profile . " " . 'awiil K Chan 'in by 744 in dedicated was 5 Stela "," Stela 5 was dedicated in 744 by 'in Chan K 'awiil . " " . year that in 'atun K 4th the of end the celebrated who "" Tikal of Lady "" the of name the bears and 514 to dating monument damaged badly a is 6 Stela "," Stela 6 is a badly damaged monument dating to 514 and bears the name of the "" Lady of Tikal "" who celebrated the end of the 4th K 'atun in that year . " " . monument the on depicted prisoner a of capture the including , career his in events earlier and century 6th early the in 'alam B ' of accession the described It . damaged badly is but 12 Stela with twinned is 10 Stela "," Stela 10 is twinned with Stela 12 but is badly damaged . It described the accession of ' B 'alam in the early 6th century and earlier events in his career , including the capture of a prisoner depicted on the monument . " " . II 'awiil K Chan Jasaw by 869 in dedicated was it ; Tikal at erected ever monument last the was 11 Stela "," Stela 11 was the last monument ever erected at Tikal ; it was dedicated in 869 by Jasaw Chan K 'awiil II . " " . king the of honor in dedicated was monument the but rituals ending @-@ year the performing as described is queen The . 'alam B ' king and "" Tikal of Lady "" the as known queen the to linked is 12 Stela "," Stela 12 is linked to the queen known as the "" Lady of Tikal "" and king ' B 'alam . The queen is described as performing the year @-@ ending rituals but the monument was dedicated in honor of the king . " " . III Temple of west , N Complex in found was It . monument the of face front the to limited are , text hieroglyphic a and king the of portrait a including , sculpture The I. 'awiil K Chan Jasaw of reign the during , 711 in dedicated was 16 Stela "," Stela 16 was dedicated in 711 , during the reign of Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. The sculpture , including a portrait of the king and a hieroglyphic text , are limited to the front face of the monument . It was found in Complex N , west of Temple III . " " . shrine funerary his , 34 Temple of base the at erected @-@ re was It . 396 AD of ending @-@ 'atun k the celebrate to I Ayiin Nuun Yax by erected stelae two of one was 18 Stela "," Stela 18 was one of two stelae erected by Yax Nuun Ayiin I to celebrate the k 'atun @-@ ending of AD 396 . It was re @-@ erected at the base of Temple 34 , his funerary shrine . " " . II Ayiin Nuun Yax by 790 in dedicated was 19 Stela "," Stela 19 was dedicated in 790 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II . " " . City Guatemala in Etnología y Arqueología de Nacional Museo the to moved was and , H Group in , P Complex in found was 20 Stela "," Stela 20 was found in Complex P , in Group H , and was moved to the Museo Nacional de Arqueología y Etnología in Guatemala City . " " . VI Temple of front in located is and 9 Altar with associated is stela The . text hieroglyphic accompanying of and figure a of feet the of consisting , quality fine of is sculpture surviving The . times ancient in mutilated been having rest the , intact is stela the of bottom the Only . 'awiil K Chan 'in by 736 in dedicated was 21 Stela "," Stela 21 was dedicated in 736 by 'in Chan K 'awiil . Only the bottom of the stela is intact , the rest having been mutilated in ancient times . The surviving sculpture is of fine quality , consisting of the feet of a figure and of accompanying hieroglyphic text . The stela is associated with Altar 9 and is located in front of Temple VI . " " . mutilated been has stela the on figure the of face The . complex pyramid @-@ twin a , Q Group of enclosure northern the in II Ayiin Nuun Yax by 771 in dedicated was 22 Stela "," Stela 22 was dedicated in 771 by Yax Nuun Ayiin II in the northern enclosure of Group Q , a twin @-@ pyramid complex . The face of the figure on the stela has been mutilated . " " . century 6th early the to dates It . rulers @-@ co male with paired being , right own her in ruled never but six of age the at queen became who II 'aak Ich Tok Chak of daughter a , "" Tikal of Lady "" called @-@ so the of that is monument the on portrait defaced The . complex residential a in erected @-@ re was and antiquity in broken was 23 Stela "," Stela 23 was broken in antiquity and was re @-@ erected in a residential complex . The defaced portrait on the monument is that of the so @-@ called "" Lady of Tikal "" , a daughter of Chak Tok Ich 'aak II who became queen at the age of six but never ruled in her own right , being paired with male co @-@ rulers . It dates to the early 6th century . " " . fragments three on survives Sun Dark of name the although , times ancient in fragments into broken were Both . 7 Altar by accompanied , 810 in 3 Temple of foot the at erected was 24 Stela "," Stela 24 was erected at the foot of Temple 3 in 810 , accompanied by Altar 7 . Both were broken into fragments in ancient times , although the name of Dark Sun survives on three fragments . " " . shrine temple the within interred then were remains Its . Classic Late the of beginning the at probably , broken later was and period Classic Early the during temple the of base the at erected been originally had monument The . altar masonry broken a underneath , 34 Temple of shrine summit the in found was 26 Stela "," Stela 26 was found in the summit shrine of Temple 34 , underneath a broken masonry altar . The monument had originally been erected at the base of the temple during the Early Classic period and was later broken , probably at the beginning of the Late Classic . Its remains were then interred within the temple shrine . " " . 1959 in archaeologists by uncovered be to , III Temple to close tip rubbish a in dumped and away dragged was portion upper the , later time some or century 6th the during smashed deliberately was stela The . city the of deities patron the of one , god jaguar underworld an of head the holding , right the to facing king the of sculpture a bears It . glyph emblem Tikal the bear to monument earliest the also is stela The . lowlands Maya the from date Count Long surviving earliest the , 292 AD to equivalent date ) 15 @.@ 8 @.@ 14 @.@ 12 @.@ 8 ( Count Long a bears 29 Stela "," Stela 29 bears a Long Count ( 8 @.@ 12 @.@ 14 @.@ 8 @.@ 15 ) date equivalent to AD 292 , the earliest surviving Long Count date from the Maya lowlands . The stela is also the earliest monument to bear the Tikal emblem glyph . It bears a sculpture of the king facing to the right , holding the head of an underworld jaguar god , one of the patron deities of the city . The stela was deliberately smashed during the 6th century or some time later , the upper portion was dragged away and dumped in a rubbish tip close to Temple III , to be uncovered by archaeologists in 1959 . " " . enemies 's Tikal of important more the of one , Caracol of that to similar is iconography and style Its . Hiatus the after erected be to monument surviving first the is 30 Stela "," Stela 30 is the first surviving monument to be erected after the Hiatus . Its style and iconography is similar to that of Caracol , one of the more important of Tikal 's enemies . " " . faces four all on carved be to Tikal at stela first the also was It . 378 January in Tikal and Peru El at ' 'ak K of arrival the describes which , Classic Early the from survive to longest the , monument the of back the onto carved is text hieroglyphic long A . Tikal at survive to sculpture Classic Early greatest the as described been has 31 Stela . buried ritually and 33 Temple of summit the to moved was portion upper the and broken was sculpture the times ancient In . god war Teotihuacan the , Tlaloc of face the with decorated shield a bears and hand one in a carries He . warrior Teotihuacan a as dressed youth a as , Ayiin Nuun Yax , father his of portraits two bearing also , II 'awiil K Chan Siyaj of monument accession the is 31 Stela "," Stela 31 is the accession monument of Siyaj Chan K 'awiil II , also bearing two portraits of his father , Yax Nuun Ayiin , as a youth dressed as a Teotihuacan warrior . He carries a in one hand and bears a shield decorated with the face of Tlaloc , the Teotihuacan war god . In ancient times the sculpture was broken and the upper portion was moved to the summit of Temple 33 and ritually buried . Stela 31 has been described as the greatest Early Classic sculpture to survive at Tikal . A long hieroglyphic text is carved onto the back of the monument , the longest to survive from the Early Classic , which describes the arrival of K 'ak ' at El Peru and Tikal in January 378 . It was also the first stela at Tikal to be carved on all four faces . " " . headdress tasselled and eyes goggle his including , Tlaloc god storm Mexican central the of attributes the with city that of lord the depicting apparently sculpture style @-@ Teotihuacan foreign a with monument fragmented a is 32 Stela "," Stela 32 is a fragmented monument with a foreign Teotihuacan @-@ style sculpture apparently depicting the lord of that city with the attributes of the central Mexican storm god Tlaloc , including his goggle eyes and tasselled headdress . " " . Jol Muwaan 'inich K as father 's I 'aak Ich Tok Chak names also stela The . ending @-@ a celebrate to ritual bloodletting a describes monument the of back the on text The . 376 AD to dated is monument The . captive dressed richly , bound a of figure the trampling is He . hand left his in axe flint a holding , 'aak Ich Tok Chak of legs and body lower the shows portion lower the but missing is stela the of portion upper The . complex World Lost the in erected was that monument broken a is 39 Stela "," Stela 39 is a broken monument that was erected in the Lost World complex . The upper portion of the stela is missing but the lower portion shows the lower body and legs of Chak Tok Ich 'aak , holding a flint axe in his left hand . He is trampling the figure of a bound , richly dressed captive . The monument is dated to AD 376 . The text on the back of the monument describes a bloodletting ritual to celebrate a @-@ ending . The stela also names Chak Tok Ich 'aak I 's father as K 'inich Muwaan Jol . " " . 468 AD to dates and Chitam Kan of portrait a bears 40 Stela "," Stela 40 bears a portrait of Kan Chitam and dates to AD 468 . " " . IV Temple of stairway the of base the at monument plain a is It . 35 Altar with paired is 43 Stela "," Stela 43 is paired with Altar 35 . It is a plain monument at the base of the stairway of Temple IV . " " . lid the on painted body dimensional @-@ two the from emerging bird a of neck and head dimensional @-@ three from formed handle the with , tomb the from recovered was bowl ceramic fine A . complex World Lost the in tomb a is 1 Burial "," Burial 1 is a tomb in the Lost World complex . A fine ceramic bowl was recovered from the tomb , with the handle formed from three @-@ dimensional head and neck of a bird emerging from the two @-@ dimensional body painted on the lid . " " . top on built was pyramid the then , vault corbel a with sealed was tomb The . hands his in head severed a holding and bones human of made stool a on sitting , god underworld elderly an of shape the in burner @-@ incense an was offerings the Among . styles Teotihuacan and Maya of blend a demonstrated many and painted and stuccoed were tomb the in Pots . king deceased the with entombed also was dog A . king dead the accompany to sacrificed were youths nine and , food and vessels ceramic including , offerings of array rich a contained tomb The . Acropolis North the in 34 Structure beneath located is It . Ayiin Nuun Yax of tomb the is 10 Burial "," Burial 10 is the tomb of Yax Nuun Ayiin . It is located beneath Structure 34 in the North Acropolis . The tomb contained a rich array of offerings , including ceramic vessels and food , and nine youths were sacrificed to accompany the dead king . A dog was also entombed with the deceased king . Pots in the tomb were stuccoed and painted and many demonstrated a blend of Maya and Teotihuacan styles . Among the offerings was an incense @-@ burner in the shape of an elderly underworld god , sitting on a stool made of human bones and holding a severed head in his hands . The tomb was sealed with a corbel vault , then the pyramid was built on top . " " . intact were victims sacrificial the of skeletons the while hands its of one and femurs its , skull its missing was skeleton 's king The . king the of interment or death the either of date the probably , 457 March 20 to equivalent date Count Long the included that hieroglyphs with painted stucco white with covered were tomb the of walls The . ruler deceased the accompany to order in sacrificed been had who adolescents two of those with together himself king the of remains the contained and bedrock the from cut was tomb the of chamber The . Acropolis North the in 33 Temple beneath located is It . K Chan Siyaj of tomb the as accepted generally is 48 Burial "," Burial 48 is generally accepted as the tomb of Siyaj Chan K . It is located beneath Temple 33 in the North Acropolis . The chamber of the tomb was cut from the bedrock and contained the remains of the king himself together with those of two adolescents who had been sacrificed in order to accompany the deceased ruler . The walls of the tomb were covered with white stucco painted with hieroglyphs that included the Long Count date equivalent to 20 March 457 , probably the date of either the death or interment of the king . The king 's skeleton was missing its skull , its femurs and one of its hands while the skeletons of the sacrificial victims were intact . " " . vessels ceramic six @-@ twenty and shell a , spine stingray a were tomb the of contents the Among . king a of portrait Maya lowland Preclassic rare a is and forehead its on rulership of emblem an wears head This . headband royal pointed @-@ three a bearing and eyes and teeth inlaid @-@ shell with mask greenstone small a by replaced was head missing The . bundle upright an form to textiles in carefully wrapped were bones The . followers his by interred and recovered being before enemies his by mutilated being body his with battle in died probably had deceased The . Acropolis North the of heart the in deep lies which , tomb this to linked been has , Xook ' Ehb Yax , Tikal of founder dynastic The . thighbones its and skull a lacked which , skeleton male single a contained tomb The . vault corbel primitive a with , platform a by enclosed was and Preclassic Late the to dates 85 Burial "," Burial 85 dates to the Late Preclassic and was enclosed by a platform , with a primitive corbel vault . The tomb contained a single male skeleton , which lacked a skull and its thighbones . The dynastic founder of Tikal , Yax Ehb ' Xook , has been linked to this tomb , which lies deep in the heart of the North Acropolis . The deceased had probably died in battle with his body being mutilated by his enemies before being recovered and interred by his followers . The bones were wrapped carefully in textiles to form an upright bundle . The missing head was replaced by a small greenstone mask with shell @-@ inlaid teeth and eyes and bearing a three @-@ pointed royal headband . This head wears an emblem of rulership on its forehead and is a rare Preclassic lowland Maya portrait of a king . Among the contents of the tomb were a stingray spine , a shell and twenty @-@ six ceramic vessels . " " . himself king the of portrait sculpted a bearing lid the with vessel mosaic jade ornate an was tomb the from recovered pieces outstanding the of One . king the of portraits sculpted in depicted as , beads large especially with necklace enormous an including ornaments jade of quantities large with covered was king the of body The . art of works and shell , ceramics , of offerings rich contained tomb The . Plaza Great the of level the below , pyramid the within deep chamber vaulted large a is It I. 'awiil K Chan Jasaw of tomb the is 116 Burial "," Burial 116 is the tomb of Jasaw Chan K 'awiil I. It is a large vaulted chamber deep within the pyramid , below the level of the Great Plaza . The tomb contained rich offerings of , ceramics , shell and works of art . The body of the king was covered with large quantities of jade ornaments including an enormous necklace with especially large beads , as depicted in sculpted portraits of the king . One of the outstanding pieces recovered from the tomb was an ornate jade mosaic vessel with the lid bearing a sculpted portrait of the king himself . " " . gone long originals wooden the , 'awiil K god the of effigies four excavated thus and stucco with hollows these filled Archaeologists . mud dried the in hollows leaving , excavated was tomb the time the by away rotted completely had that objects wooden covered had flood This . antiquity in mud with flooded was 195 Burial "," Burial 195 was flooded with mud in antiquity . This flood had covered wooden objects that had completely rotted away by the time the tomb was excavated , leaving hollows in the dried mud . Archaeologists filled these hollows with stucco and thus excavated four effigies of the god K 'awiil , the wooden originals long gone . " " . God Maize the of head the with topped vessel mosaic jade a contained that tomb royal Classic Late a is 196 Burial "," Burial 196 is a Late Classic royal tomb that contained a jade mosaic vessel topped with the head of the Maize God . " " . Croix St. of island the on flooding minor to led moisture remnant the , However . 10 September on Guadeloupe of east ) km 835 ( mi 520 located while dissipated ultimately low The . storm the around dissipate to continued convection as after shortly low remnant a into deteriorated Josephine . depression tropical a into weaken to Josephine caused waters cooling and , air dry , shear wind of combination the , 6 September On . weaken to storm the caused air dry and , Ike Hurricane of outflow the to due some , shear wind Strong . 3 September on early intensity peak its reached and direction northwest @-@ west general a in moved Josephine , days several next the Over . day same the noon around Josephine Storm Tropical to upgraded quickly was depression The . 2 September on Islands Verde Cape the of southeast @-@ south the to ) km 270 ( mi 170 located while Ten Depression Tropical declared was and organized became quickly wave The . 31 August on coast African the off moved which wave tropical strong a of out developed Josephine . season hurricane Atlantic 2008 the of storm tropical tenth the was Josephine Storm Tropical "," Tropical Storm Josephine was the tenth tropical storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . Josephine developed out of a strong tropical wave which moved off the African coast on August 31 . The wave quickly became organized and was declared Tropical Depression Ten while located 170 mi ( 270 km ) to the south @-@ southeast of the Cape Verde Islands on September 2 . The depression was quickly upgraded to Tropical Storm Josephine around noon the same day . Over the next several days , Josephine moved in a general west @-@ northwest direction and reached its peak intensity early on September 3 . Strong wind shear , some due to the outflow of Hurricane Ike , and dry air caused the storm to weaken . On September 6 , the combination of wind shear , dry air , and cooling waters caused Josephine to weaken into a tropical depression . Josephine deteriorated into a remnant low shortly after as convection continued to dissipate around the storm . The low ultimately dissipated while located 520 mi ( 835 km ) east of Guadeloupe on September 10 . However , the remnant moisture led to minor flooding on the island of St. Croix . " " . quickly intensify to forecast not was but intensification rapid for supportive was which area an in located was Josephine . forming after hours six Josephine Storm Tropical to upgraded was depression The . system the of levels upper the in developed feature like @-@ eye an , organized more became depression the As . islands Verde Cape the of southeast @-@ south located while Ten Depression Tropical became disturbance the 2 September on and , developed slowly and Verde Cape of south tracked It . 2008 August of end the near Africa of coast west the off emerged that wave tropical a as formed Josephine Storm Tropical "," Tropical Storm Josephine formed as a tropical wave that emerged off the west coast of Africa near the end of August 2008 . It tracked south of Cape Verde and slowly developed , and on September 2 the disturbance became Tropical Depression Ten while located south @-@ southeast of the Cape Verde islands . As the depression became more organized , an eye @-@ like feature developed in the upper levels of the system . The depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Josephine six hours after forming . Josephine was located in an area which was supportive for rapid intensification but was not forecast to intensify quickly . " " . stronger become to west the to shear wind the causing , deepening was north the to trough the as duration in short be to forecast was intensification The . organized more became center the of south the to activity thunderstorm as 3 September on hours morning early the in slightly intensified storm the , Josephine of center the from removed partially being convection Despite . southward diving trough level @-@ upper an to due increase significantly to forecasted was shear where area an into heading also was storm The . intensification further ceased and exposed slightly became center the , storm the around shear wind of lack the Despite . intensity actual its of uncertain was Center Hurricane National the and , readings speed wind accurate of lack a was there , storm the of location the to due , However . symmetrical more became storm the as afternoon the throughout intensify to continued Josephine "," Josephine continued to intensify throughout the afternoon as the storm became more symmetrical . However , due to the location of the storm , there was a lack of accurate wind speed readings , and the National Hurricane Center was uncertain of its actual intensity . Despite the lack of wind shear around the storm , the center became slightly exposed and ceased further intensification . The storm was also heading into an area where shear was forecasted to significantly increase due to an upper @-@ level trough diving southward . Despite convection being partially removed from the center of Josephine , the storm intensified slightly in the early morning hours on September 3 as thunderstorm activity to the south of the center became more organized . The intensification was forecast to be short in duration as the trough to the north was deepening , causing the wind shear to the west to become stronger . " " . center the near persisted convection of band a only and exposed completely almost was center the , night late the By . toll their took air dry and shear wind strong as deteriorate rapidly to began Josephine of structure the , hours afternoon the During . system the entering was air dry that sign a , storm the from emanating began clouds arc and restricted becoming was north the towards Outflow . weaken to begun already had it that indications were there , However . organized more become to continued it as ) EDT ( a.m. 8 around ) h / km 100 ( mph 65 of intensity peak its reached Josephine "," Josephine reached its peak intensity of 65 mph ( 100 km / h ) around 8 a.m. ( EDT ) as it continued to become more organized . However , there were indications that it had already begun to weaken . Outflow towards the north was becoming restricted and arc clouds began emanating from the storm , a sign that dry air was entering the system . During the afternoon hours , the structure of Josephine began to rapidly deteriorate as strong wind shear and dry air took their toll . By the late night , the center was almost completely exposed and only a band of convection persisted near the center . " " . slightly weakened Josephine and center the from dislocated became system the around convection The . morning late by Josephine on toll its took again shear wind and lived short was redevelopment the , However . convection some of redevelopment the to due slightly intensified @-@ re Josephine , morning @-@ mid By . shear wind southerly strong the to due , circulation the of north the to mostly , somewhat redevelop to began Josephine with associated convection , 5 September of morning the into 4 September on hours overnight the During . convection of devoid , clouds of swirl a only was Josephine of center the , afternoon the By . again weakened Josephine and hours morning late the by exposed completely became low the and more once decreased convection the , However . predicted was forecast day @-@ 5 the over intensity in change no and westward continued Josephine as shear wind in decrease slight a showed forecast The . intensity in increase an to leading convection new the towards shifted have to found was center The . Josephine of semicircle northern the in formed convection of burst deep , large a , shear wind strong the from effects continuing Despite "," Despite continuing effects from the strong wind shear , a large , deep burst of convection formed in the northern semicircle of Josephine . The center was found to have shifted towards the new convection leading to an increase in intensity . The forecast showed a slight decrease in wind shear as Josephine continued westward and no change in intensity over the 5 @-@ day forecast was predicted . However , the convection decreased once more and the low became completely exposed by the late morning hours and Josephine weakened again . By the afternoon , the center of Josephine was only a swirl of clouds , devoid of convection . During the overnight hours on September 4 into the morning of September 5 , convection associated with Josephine began to redevelop somewhat , mostly to the north of the circulation , due to the strong southerly wind shear . By mid @-@ morning , Josephine re @-@ intensified slightly due to the redevelopment of some convection . However , the redevelopment was short lived and wind shear again took its toll on Josephine by late morning . The convection around the system became dislocated from the center and Josephine weakened slightly . " " . dissipated it until shear wind strong under remain and waters colder over move to began it as Josephine with expected was redevelopment No . storm the of demise the caused air dry and shear wind strong as low remnant a to downgraded was Josephine , morning next The . depression tropical a considered was it , days several next the over regenerating storm the of possibility the to due , but low remnant a classified been normally have would it , system the around convection no was there Since . ) h / km 55 ( mph 35 of winds with ) EDT ( at Depression Tropical a to downgraded was Josephine , convection of lack the to Due . storm tropical a classified be still to enough not but , hours night late the in convection of amount small a regained Josephine . status storm tropical to on holding barely , ) h / km 65 ( mph 40 to weakened storm the and afternoon @-@ mid by convection any of devoid fully almost became Josephine . shear southerly strong by affected being was storm the as afternoon the through continued trend weakening The "," The weakening trend continued through the afternoon as the storm was being affected by strong southerly shear . Josephine became almost fully devoid of any convection by mid @-@ afternoon and the storm weakened to 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , barely holding on to tropical storm status . Josephine regained a small amount of convection in the late night hours , but not enough to still be classified a tropical storm . Due to the lack of convection , Josephine was downgraded to a Tropical Depression at ( EDT ) with winds of 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) . Since there was no convection around the system , it would have normally been classified a remnant low but , due to the possibility of the storm regenerating over the next several days , it was considered a tropical depression . The next morning , Josephine was downgraded to a remnant low as strong wind shear and dry air caused the demise of the storm . No redevelopment was expected with Josephine as it began to move over colder waters and remain under strong wind shear until it dissipated . " " . entirely dissipate to remnants the caused shear wind and air dry , 14 September on , However . Bahamas the towards headed Josephine of remnants the as possible was regeneration of chance the , more Once . system reformed the on up picked models global and redeveloped Josephine of remnants the , 10 September on , However . wave open an into deteriorating Josephine of remnants the to led air dry and shear wind , 9 September on , Finally . exposed became low the once regeneration of chance the state not did Center Hurricane National The . more once exposed was low the and away torn was low remnant the around Convection . again system the over took shear wind , 8 September On . exposed longer no was low the and significantly increased system the around Convection . 7 September on afternoon the during redevelopment of signs show to began Josephine with associated low remnant the , However "," However , the remnant low associated with Josephine began to show signs of redevelopment during the afternoon on September 7 . Convection around the system increased significantly and the low was no longer exposed . On September 8 , wind shear took over the system again . Convection around the remnant low was torn away and the low was exposed once more . The National Hurricane Center did not state the chance of regeneration once the low became exposed . Finally , on September 9 , wind shear and dry air led to the remnants of Josephine deteriorating into an open wave . However , on September 10 , the remnants of Josephine redeveloped and global models picked up on the reformed system . Once more , the chance of regeneration was possible as the remnants of Josephine headed towards the Bahamas . However , on September 14 , dry air and wind shear caused the remnants to dissipate entirely . " " . minor were effects overall and rain the from flooding or damage of reports no were There . ) mm 14 ( inches 55 @.@ 0 around totaling , rainfall minor produced bands rain outer , 2 September on islands Verde Cape the of south the to passed Josephine As "," As Josephine passed to the south of the Cape Verde islands on September 2 , outer rain bands produced minor rainfall , totaling around 0 @.@ 55 inches ( 14 mm ) . There were no reports of damage or flooding from the rain and overall effects were minor . " " . flood the by caused was damage known No . flooding urban some and flooding street minor to led rains heavy The . fell rain of ) mm 4 @.@ 25 ( in 1 to up where Croix St. to thunderstorms and showers brought Josephine from moisture remnant the , dissipated low the after days Several "," Several days after the low dissipated , the remnant moisture from Josephine brought showers and thunderstorms to St. Croix where up to 1 in ( 25 @.@ 4 mm ) of rain fell . The heavy rains led to minor street flooding and some urban flooding . No known damage was caused by the flood . " " . Colorado , County Lake in Leadville of City the of ) ° 223 bearing ( southwest ) km 4 @.@ 19 ( miles 1 @.@ 12 , Forest National Isabel San in located is Elbert Mount . Whitney Mount after States United contiguous the in summit highest @-@ second the and Range Sawatch the in peak highest the is ) m 2 @.@ ( foot @-@ 440 @,@ 14 prominent @-@ ultra The . basin drainage River Mississippi entire the and Colorado of state U.S. the in point highest the and America North of Mountains Rocky the of summit highest the is Elbert Mount "," Mount Elbert is the highest summit of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the U.S. state of Colorado and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . The ultra @-@ prominent 14 @,@ 440 @-@ foot ( @.@ 2 m ) is the highest peak in the Sawatch Range and the second @-@ highest summit in the contiguous United States after Mount Whitney . Mount Elbert is located in San Isabel National Forest , 12 @.@ 1 miles ( 19 @.@ 4 km ) southwest ( bearing 223 ° ) of the City of Leadville in Lake County , Colorado . " " . Mountains Rocky the in others all tops that "" giant gentle "" the as to referred often therefore is Elbert Mount . parlance mountaineering in + A or 2 to 1 Class as categorized are routes climbing popular most and easiest The . 1874 in , peak the of ascent an record to first the was Survey Hayden the of W. Henry . 1874 to 1873 from Colorado of Territory the of Governor and state the of period formative the in active was who , Elbert Hitt Samuel statesman Colorado of honor in named was mountain The "," The mountain was named in honor of Colorado statesman Samuel Hitt Elbert , who was active in the formative period of the state and Governor of the Territory of Colorado from 1873 to 1874 . Henry W. of the Hayden Survey was the first to record an ascent of the peak , in 1874 . The easiest and most popular climbing routes are categorized as Class 1 to 2 or A + in mountaineering parlance . Mount Elbert is therefore often referred to as the "" gentle giant "" that tops all others in the Rocky Mountains . " " . States United the in mountain highest @-@ fourteenth the is Elbert Mount , Hawaii and Alaska Including . California in Whitney Mount is peak parent 's Elbert . town large nearest the is , northeast the to ) km 26 ( miles 16 about , Leadville . west the to ) km 64 ( miles 40 is Aspen and , north the to ) km 80 ( miles 50 is Vail , east the to ) km 209 ( miles 130 about is Denver , Elbert Mount of base the at lies Lakes Twin of community The . Rockies the in highest @-@ fifth the is , south the to , Peak Plata La and , States United contiguous the in highest @-@ third the and Mountains Rocky the in peak highest @-@ second the is , north the to , Massive Mount neighboring The . Peaks Collegiate 's Colorado central to close very is it and , directions all in Elbert surround other Many . summer the in even capped @-@ snow often , Leadville of southwest the to visible is Elbert Mount "," Mount Elbert is visible to the southwest of Leadville , often snow @-@ capped even in the summer . Many other surround Elbert in all directions , and it is very close to central Colorado 's Collegiate Peaks . The neighboring Mount Massive , to the north , is the second @-@ highest peak in the Rocky Mountains and the third @-@ highest in the contiguous United States , and La Plata Peak , to the south , is the fifth @-@ highest in the Rockies . The community of Twin Lakes lies at the base of Mount Elbert , Denver is about 130 miles ( 209 km ) to the east , Vail is 50 miles ( 80 km ) to the north , and Aspen is 40 miles ( 64 km ) to the west . Leadville , about 16 miles ( 26 km ) to the northeast , is the nearest large town . Elbert 's parent peak is Mount Whitney in California . Including Alaska and Hawaii , Mount Elbert is the fourteenth @-@ highest mountain in the United States . " " . Science of issue 1894 July the in reported be to enough remarkable considered was summit 's mountain the on storm electrical An . round @-@ year possible are snow and hailstorms ; summertime the in common are thunderstorms afternoon and , rapidly change often conditions Weather "," Weather conditions often change rapidly , and afternoon thunderstorms are common in the summertime ; hailstorms and snow are possible year @-@ round . An electrical storm on the mountain 's summit was considered remarkable enough to be reported in the July 1894 issue of Science . " " . Dam Loaf Sugar manmade the by created was Lake Turquoise and , moraines end of dam natural the of result a are Lakes Twin the ; respectively Lakes Twin and Turquoise , south and north the both to lakes also are There . tarn small a with cirque large a is there side eastern the up Further . moraine lateral a on lie which , receded glaciers the when deposited rocks metamorphic and igneous large exhibits side eastern the on Elbert of base the , example For . clues such other and features summit characteristic behind leaving , glaciated heavily were range this of tops The . ago years million 28 around east the to Range Mosquito the from separated which Orogeny Laramide the of uplift an , Range Sawatch the of part is Elbert Mount "," Mount Elbert is part of the Sawatch Range , an uplift of the Laramide Orogeny which separated from the Mosquito Range to the east around 28 million years ago . The tops of this range were heavily glaciated , leaving behind characteristic summit features and other such clues . For example , the base of Elbert on the eastern side exhibits large igneous and metamorphic rocks deposited when the glaciers receded , which lie on a lateral moraine . Further up the eastern side there is a large cirque with a small tarn . There are also lakes to both the north and south , Turquoise and Twin Lakes respectively ; the Twin Lakes are a result of the natural dam of end moraines , and Turquoise Lake was created by the manmade Sugar Loaf Dam . " " . precipitation of quantities small relatively receive to it causing , height similar of mountains other amongst position its to attributed be can which , cirque facing @-@ north prominent a and snowpack permanent a both lacks Elbert , elsewhere altitude similar of mountains Unlike . schist and gneiss of "" bands "" as well as , pegmatite including intrusions igneous various are There . old years billion 7 @.@ 1 about and origin in Cambrian @-@ Pre is which , rock basement metamorphic of consists ridge summit the , However . quartzite of largely composed is Elbert Mount "," Mount Elbert is composed largely of quartzite . However , the summit ridge consists of metamorphic basement rock , which is Pre @-@ Cambrian in origin and about 1 @.@ 7 billion years old . There are various igneous intrusions including pegmatite , as well as "" bands "" of gneiss and schist . Unlike mountains of similar altitude elsewhere , Elbert lacks both a permanent snowpack and a prominent north @-@ facing cirque , which can be attributed to its position amongst other mountains of similar height , causing it to receive relatively small quantities of precipitation . " " . Survey Hayden the of part as mountain the surveying was who , 1874 in H.W. by was peak the of ascent recorded first The . activity railroad and mining to land reservation of ) km2 000 @,@ 12 ( acres 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 3 than more up opened that tribe Ute the with 1873 September in treaty a brokered he because , Colorado of Territory @-@ then the of governor the , Elbert Hitt Samuel of honor in miners by named was Elbert Mount "," Mount Elbert was named by miners in honor of Samuel Hitt Elbert , the governor of the then @-@ Territory of Colorado , because he brokered a treaty in September 1873 with the Ute tribe that opened up more than 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 12 @,@ 000 km2 ) of reservation land to mining and railroad activity . The first recorded ascent of the peak was by H.W. in 1874 , who was surveying the mountain as part of the Hayden Survey . " " . development skiing for suitability judge to apparently , summit the to driven was Jeep a when , 1949 in occurred Elbert of ascent motorized first The . Colorado in peak highest the remained has Elbert Mount and unsuccessful ultimately was effort The . them demolish proponents Elbert Mount the have to only , height its boost to summit the on stones of piles large building supporters Massive Mount the with head a to came that dispute ongoing an to led This . ) m 7 @.@ 3 ( feet 12 only by elevation in differ which , Massive Mount , neighbor its and Elbert of heights the over Depression Great the after arose contention some of matter A . 1929 of Datum Level Sea the from resulted measurement original the seems it ; 1988 of Datum Vertical American North the of result a as 1988 in made was change actual The . protests sparked which , elevations mapped of evaluation @-@ re a following ) m 400 @,@ 4 ( feet 440 @,@ 14 to adjusted later was elevation 's Elbert Mount , height in ) m 399 @,@ 4 ( feet 433 @,@ 14 as measured Originally "," Originally measured as 14 @,@ 433 feet ( 4 @,@ 399 m ) in height , Mount Elbert 's elevation was later adjusted to 14 @,@ 440 feet ( 4 @,@ 400 m ) following a re @-@ evaluation of mapped elevations , which sparked protests . The actual change was made in 1988 as a result of the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ; it seems the original measurement resulted from the Sea Level Datum of 1929 . A matter of some contention arose after the Great Depression over the heights of Elbert and its neighbor , Mount Massive , which differ in elevation by only 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) . This led to an ongoing dispute that came to a head with the Mount Massive supporters building large piles of stones on the summit to boost its height , only to have the Mount Elbert proponents demolish them . The effort was ultimately unsuccessful and Mount Elbert has remained the highest peak in Colorado . The first motorized ascent of Elbert occurred in 1949 , when a Jeep was driven to the summit , apparently to judge suitability for skiing development . " " . fir and aspen , spruce , pine lodgepole of mixture a with covered slopes lower the with , forested heavily is mountain the treeline Below . and , var. Gentiana , album Chenopodium , canadensis Aquilegia , , Platanthera , Salix , var. Carex are noted Also . ) avens alpine ( rossii and , ) mountain @-@ the @-@ of @-@ man @-@ old ( grandiflora , ) pilot @-@ sky ( sericea as such plants featuring , environment alpine an is Elbert Mount of summit The "," The summit of Mount Elbert is an alpine environment , featuring plants such as sericea ( sky @-@ pilot ) , grandiflora ( old @-@ man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ mountain ) , and rossii ( alpine avens ) . Also noted are Carex var. , Salix , Platanthera , , Aquilegia canadensis , Chenopodium album , Gentiana var. , and . Below treeline the mountain is heavily forested , with the lower slopes covered with a mixture of lodgepole pine , spruce , aspen and fir . " " . summer the during area the in present are sheep bighorn and turkey , grouse , Elk . avifauna of species many also are there ; gophers pocket and , pikas , deer mule , marmots , bears black include summit the to climb the on reported fauna the of Some "," Some of the fauna reported on the climb to the summit include black bears , marmots , mule deer , pikas , and pocket gophers ; there are also many species of avifauna . Elk , grouse , turkey and bighorn sheep are present in the area during the summer . " " . ridge eastern the climbing then and south the from approaching , Trail Elbert North the than gradient punishing @-@ less a at ) m 400 @,@ 1 ( feet 600 @,@ 4 climbing , long ) km 9 @.@ 8 ( miles 5 @.@ 5 is , Trail Elbert South the , route longer but , easier An . season during hunters and bikers mountain , equestrians to open is trail The . ) m 400 @,@ 1 ( feet 500 @,@ 4 about gains and , Campground Creek Elbert the to close begins Trail Elbert ) Main ( North long ) km 4 @.@ 7 ( miles 6 @.@ 4 The . Lakes Twin of north just Trail Colorado the from starting , east the from peak the ascends route standard The . elevation of ) m 200 @,@ 1 ( feet 100 @,@ 4 over gain which of all , mountain the ascend which routes main three are There "," There are three main routes which ascend the mountain , all of which gain over 4 @,@ 100 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) of elevation . The standard route ascends the peak from the east , starting from the Colorado Trail just north of Twin Lakes . The 4 @.@ 6 miles ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) long North ( Main ) Elbert Trail begins close to the Elbert Creek Campground , and gains about 4 @,@ 500 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) . The trail is open to equestrians , mountain bikers and hunters during season . An easier , but longer route , the South Elbert Trail , is 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) long , climbing 4 @,@ 600 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) at a less @-@ punishing gradient than the North Elbert Trail , approaching from the south and then climbing the eastern ridge . " " . respectively Trailhead Canyon Echo and Trailhead Creek Halfmoon South from , ridge southwestern and , face western the from approaching routes also are There . ascent mile @-@ 5 @.@ 5 the over distributed evenly not is gain elevation The . places in rocky and , unstable , steep extremely is route the , trail a is there that fact the despite and , route this on difficulty great report climbers experienced and healthy Even . ) m 308 @,@ 4 ( feet 134 @,@ 14 at , Elbert South , peak @-@ sub the of ascent an involves also and , elevation in ) m 600 @,@ 1 ( feet 300 @,@ 5 gains , pace on depending hours fourteen to ten takes that climb 2 Class a , Trail Cloud Black the is routes main the of difficult most The "," The most difficult of the main routes is the Black Cloud Trail , a Class 2 climb that takes ten to fourteen hours depending on pace , gains 5 @,@ 300 feet ( 1 @,@ 600 m ) in elevation , and also involves an ascent of the sub @-@ peak , South Elbert , at 14 @,@ 134 feet ( 4 @,@ 308 m ) . Even healthy and experienced climbers report great difficulty on this route , and despite the fact that there is a trail , the route is extremely steep , unstable , and rocky in places . The elevation gain is not evenly distributed over the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ascent . There are also routes approaching from the western face , and southwestern ridge , from South Halfmoon Creek Trailhead and Echo Canyon Trailhead respectively . " " . government U.S. the from borrowed mule a on mountain the ascended , orator the , Dickinson Elizabeth Anna , hiking by is ascent of form conventional most the Although . altitudes high at while thunderstorms afternoon possible to exposure minimize to afternoon early before descend and summit to and a.m. 6 before or at ascent their begin to advised are Climbers . death and , paralysis , breathing with difficulties to lead can which , edema cerebral and edema pulmonary altitude @-@ high to lead can it , cases serious In . acclimatized are who those even , anyone affect can This . sickness altitude particularly , mountains high all to common those are mountain the of dangers main The . climbing rock technical or skills mountaineering specialist require routes conventional the of none , fitness physical requiring and strenuous Although "," Although strenuous and requiring physical fitness , none of the conventional routes require specialist mountaineering skills or technical rock climbing . The main dangers of the mountain are those common to all high mountains , particularly altitude sickness . This can affect anyone , even those who are acclimatized . In serious cases , it can lead to high @-@ altitude pulmonary edema and cerebral edema , which can lead to difficulties with breathing , paralysis , and death . Climbers are advised to begin their ascent at or before 6 a.m. and to summit and descend before early afternoon to minimize exposure to possible afternoon thunderstorms while at high altitudes . Although the most conventional form of ascent is by hiking , Anna Elizabeth Dickinson , the orator , ascended the mountain on a mule borrowed from the U.S. government . " " . Germany in position cultural and social , legal precarious a occupies and government and press German the from antagonism particular encountered has Scientology of Church The . 000 @,@ 12 around of figure membership a gives Scientology of Church the ; today Germany in Scientologists active 000 @,@ 4 are there that estimate authorities German . 1970 since Germany in present been has Scientology of Church The "," The Church of Scientology has been present in Germany since 1970 . German authorities estimate that there are 4 @,@ 000 active Scientologists in Germany today ; the Church of Scientology gives a membership figure of around 12 @,@ 000 . The Church of Scientology has encountered particular antagonism from the German press and government and occupies a precarious legal , social and cultural position in Germany . " " . filters sect by posed rights individual of violation the about concerns raised has and religion a as Scientology recognizes which , government U.S. the by notably most , criticized been has stance This . constitution German the in enshrined values the with conflict that goals political pursues it that believes and religion a as masquerading business abusive an as it views It . religion a as Scientology recognize not does government German The . activities 's organization the monitored has service intelligence domestic German The . conclusions contradictory reached have courts different and , community worldview or religious a of status legal the accorded be should Scientology whether resolved not far so have courts German "," German courts have so far not resolved whether Scientology should be accorded the legal status of a religious or worldview community , and different courts have reached contradictory conclusions . The German domestic intelligence service has monitored the organization 's activities . The German government does not recognize Scientology as a religion . It views it as an abusive business masquerading as a religion and believes that it pursues political goals that conflict with the values enshrined in the German constitution . This stance has been criticized , most notably by the U.S. government , which recognizes Scientology as a religion and has raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect filters . " " . altogether Scientology banning favor Germans most that suggest polls , this Despite . grounds legal insufficient finding , later year a initiative the abandoned but , 2007 late in Scientology banning at aimed process a started ministers interior state and federal German . organization the with association 's employee or 's partner business prospective a expose to "" filters sect "" called @-@ so use employers other and businesses and , parties political major some in membership from barred are They . restrictions economic and political specific face Germany in Scientologists "," Scientologists in Germany face specific political and economic restrictions . They are barred from membership in some major political parties , and businesses and other employers use so @-@ called "" sect filters "" to expose a prospective business partner 's or employee 's association with the organization . German federal and state interior ministers started a process aimed at banning Scientology in late 2007 , but abandoned the initiative a year later , finding insufficient legal grounds . Despite this , polls suggest that most Germans favor banning Scientology altogether . " " . Scientology of Church the by available made "" auditing "" called counselling of type a through cleared be can which , experiences painful of course the in acquired burdens psychological , "" engrams "" in lies unhappiness 's people of source the that teaches Scientology . limitations psychological their overcome has individual every which in age enlightened an about bring to , "" planet the clear "" to is aim utopian stated Its . movement religious new controversial very a been has , countries 150 in represented be to claiming today and Hubbard Ron L. by States United the in 1950s early the in founded , Scientology "," Scientology , founded in the early 1950s in the United States by L. Ron Hubbard and today claiming to be represented in 150 countries , has been a very controversial new religious movement . Its stated utopian aim is to "" clear the planet "" , to bring about an enlightened age in which every individual has overcome their psychological limitations . Scientology teaches that the source of people 's unhappiness lies in "" engrams "" , psychological burdens acquired in the course of painful experiences , which can be cleared through a type of counselling called "" auditing "" made available by the Church of Scientology . " " . religion a as Scientology register to failing for Russia censured which , Rights Human of Court European the at case important an won 2007 in and , 1993 in States United the and 1983 in Australia in notably most , countries of number a in group religious exempt @-@ tax a as recognition gained has Scientology – successful partly been have efforts These . religion a as recognition legal pursue to and charges such against itself defend to lawsuits innumerable fought has Scientology . courses Scientology for money of sums significant with parting into members its tricks it that and , "" aspirations dominating @-@ world with ideology totalitarian , manipulative psychologically , driven @-@ business a "" is Scientology that maintain Critics . religion a as than rather enterprise making @-@ profit a as it classing governments with , history its of much throughout Scientology to controversy brought has services Scientology other and auditing for fees large pay to have Scientologists that fact The "," The fact that Scientologists have to pay large fees for auditing and other Scientology services has brought controversy to Scientology throughout much of its history , with governments classing it as a profit @-@ making enterprise rather than as a religion . Critics maintain that Scientology is "" a business @-@ driven , psychologically manipulative , totalitarian ideology with world @-@ dominating aspirations "" , and that it tricks its members into parting with significant sums of money for Scientology courses . Scientology has fought innumerable lawsuits to defend itself against such charges and to pursue legal recognition as a religion . These efforts have been partly successful – Scientology has gained recognition as a tax @-@ exempt religious group in a number of countries , most notably in Australia in 1983 and the United States in 1993 , and in 2007 won an important case at the European Court of Human Rights , which censured Russia for failing to register Scientology as a religion . " " . UK the and Greece , Belgium in controversial similarly is Scientology . altogether banned being escaped narrowly only Church the and , products Scientology for sums large paying into manipulated been had members that found court a after , 2009 October in fraud organized of convicted was Scientology of Church the , France in ; Scientology opposing in alone not is Germany . organization the against stance strong very a taken has government German the , Accordingly . "" society democratic 's Germany to risk a pose may methods and structure totalitarian "" whose "" criticism any of dislike extreme an and individuals vulnerable of advantage taking of history a with enterprise commercial "" a but , religion a Scientology consider not does it that said has government German The "," The German government has said that it does not consider Scientology a religion , but a "" commercial enterprise with a history of taking advantage of vulnerable individuals and an extreme dislike of any criticism "" whose "" totalitarian structure and methods may pose a risk to Germany 's democratic society "" . Accordingly , the German government has taken a very strong stance against the organization . Germany is not alone in opposing Scientology ; in France , the Church of Scientology was convicted of organized fraud in October 2009 , after a court found that members had been manipulated into paying large sums for Scientology products , and the Church only narrowly escaped being banned altogether . Scientology is similarly controversial in Belgium , Greece and the UK . " " . "" movement political extremist "" an as classified being Scientology to led have and , Nazism with parallels uncomfortable evoke "" war without and criminals without , insanity without "" world utopian 's Scientology towards progress of way the in stand who people "" antisocial "" and "" parasites "" of elimination the to writings Scientology in References . power absolute of position a seeking be to appear might that movement ideological any of wary very is Germany , beginnings small similarly from started that movement fascist a by dominated be to came country the which in , history century @-@ 20th 's Germany of lessons the Given . "" practices totalitarian and inhuman "" uses Scientology that found also court the , decision same the In . "" interests economic its pursue to cover a as merely ' church ' a be to purports Scientology "" that conclusion the to came , "" money more make to as so produce people other make – money more make , money make "" should Scientologists that instruction 's Hubbard noting , court That . Germany of Court Labor Federal the by decision 1995 a to pointed has government German the , religion a as status 's Scientology of subject the On "," On the subject of Scientology 's status as a religion , the German government has pointed to a 1995 decision by the Federal Labor Court of Germany . That court , noting Hubbard 's instruction that Scientologists should "" make money , make more money – make other people produce so as to make more money "" , came to the conclusion that "" Scientology purports to be a ' church ' merely as a cover to pursue its economic interests "" . In the same decision , the court also found that Scientology uses "" inhuman and totalitarian practices "" . Given the lessons of Germany 's 20th @-@ century history , in which the country came to be dominated by a fascist movement that started from similarly small beginnings , Germany is very wary of any ideological movement that might appear to be seeking a position of absolute power . References in Scientology writings to the elimination of "" parasites "" and "" antisocial "" people who stand in the way of progress towards Scientology 's utopian world "" without insanity , without criminals and without war "" evoke uncomfortable parallels with Nazism , and have led to Scientology being classified as an "" extremist political movement "" . " " . family and friends with contact abandon often members that and , "" system Scientology a on dependent financially and psychologically individual the make to as so structured "" are organizations Scientology that noted has government German the Scientology by posed threat potential the examining In . investigators private and cases court malicious through critics its pursuing of record track 's Scientology and , "" environment coercive "" a in place took practices Scientology that finding Court Supreme U.S. 1994 a , documents government of theft the and wiretapping , agencies government U.S. of infiltration the involving conspiracy a for 1980 and 1979 in Scientologists top 11 of conviction the including , Scientology involving cases court U.S. of history long the to pointed also has government German the , stance its justify further To "," To further justify its stance , the German government has also pointed to the long history of U.S. court cases involving Scientology , including the conviction of 11 top Scientologists in 1979 and 1980 for a conspiracy involving the infiltration of U.S. government agencies , wiretapping and the theft of government documents , a 1994 U.S. Supreme Court finding that Scientology practices took place in a "" coercive environment "" , and Scientology 's track record of pursuing its critics through malicious court cases and private investigators . In examining the potential threat posed by Scientology the German government has noted that Scientology organizations are "" structured so as to make the individual psychologically and financially dependent on a Scientology system "" , and that members often abandon contact with friends and family . " " . Westphalia Rhine @-@ North and Bavaria , Württemberg @-@ Baden in found are adherents most ; Republic Democratic German former the of territories the in followers of numbers significant gain to unable proved Scientology , unification @-@ re German Following . Bavaria in three and , Württemberg @-@ Baden in are nine , Missions Scientology the Of . Stuttgart and Hanover , Main am Frankfurt , Düsseldorf , Berlin , Hamburg , Munich – cities big the in located are Churches Scientology German The . Germany in ) "" Missions Scientology "" ( centres minor fourteen as well as , ) "" Churches Scientology "" ( centres major ten were there , 2007 By . 1970 in Germany in active became first Scientology "," Scientology first became active in Germany in 1970 . By 2007 , there were ten major centres ( "" Scientology Churches "" ) , as well as fourteen minor centres ( "" Scientology Missions "" ) in Germany . The German Scientology Churches are located in the big cities – Munich , Hamburg , Berlin , Düsseldorf , Frankfurt am Main , Hanover and Stuttgart . Of the Scientology Missions , nine are in Baden @-@ Württemberg , and three in Bavaria . Following German re @-@ unification , Scientology proved unable to gain significant numbers of followers in the territories of the former German Democratic Republic ; most adherents are found in Baden @-@ Württemberg , Bavaria and North @-@ Rhine Westphalia . " " . hundred few a exceed to unlikely is organizations Scientology German in working members staff Scientology bound contractually of number The . involvement subsequent their of regardless , courses in participated or book a purchased has who anyone including essentially , figures its establishing in criteria inclusive more applies Scientology of Church the because arise numbers membership Scientology in Discrepancies . members 000 @,@ 12 only has it said has Scientology recently more However . years many for stable remained number this ; onwards 1990s @-@ mid the from members 000 @,@ 30 around reported Scientology of Church The . 000 @,@ 6 to 000 @,@ 5 of estimates earlier from down , Germany in Scientologists 000 @,@ 4 are there that estimates , ) Constitution the of Protection the for Office Federal or , ( für the , service intelligence domestic 's Germany e.V. Deutschland Kirche Scientology the is organisation umbrella their ; Germany in or associations independent of number large a by represented is Scientology "," Scientology is represented by a large number of independent associations or in Germany ; their umbrella organisation is the Scientology Kirche Deutschland e.V. Germany 's domestic intelligence service , the für ( , or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) , estimates that there are 4 @,@ 000 Scientologists in Germany , down from earlier estimates of 5 @,@ 000 to 6 @,@ 000 . The Church of Scientology reported around 30 @,@ 000 members from the mid @-@ 1990s onwards ; this number remained stable for many years . However more recently Scientology has said it has only 12 @,@ 000 members . Discrepancies in Scientology membership numbers arise because the Church of Scientology applies more inclusive criteria in establishing its figures , essentially including anyone who has purchased a book or participated in courses , regardless of their subsequent involvement . The number of contractually bound Scientology staff members working in German Scientology organizations is unlikely to exceed a few hundred . " " . pursued being still is programme "" Germany Clear "" the degree what to unknown is it , ) 2009 ( & to According . Scientology advertise to positions their used not had concerned officials the of most , cases isolated some from apart but , confirmed were suspicions the cases 48 in and Scientologists being of suspected been had officials government 90 , 1998 By . success significant any had not has strategy the , the to according , However . in engage religions many those like much , effort missionary a as defended be also course of could programme a such , society in influence their widen to seek religions most As . government and industry in positions key into Scientologists manoeuvring on emphasis special a with , society German in influence political and figures membership both increase to and , history Socialist National 's Germany as such , gain political for exploited be could that Germany in points weak identify to , Germany in problems image 's Scientology address to sought programme The . influence overriding enjoys Scientology which in society pluralist @-@ non a : ideal Scientological the with line in society German transforming of aim term @-@ long the with – world the of regions and countries other in Scientology by pursued strategies equivalent to similar – 1994 in strategy "" Germany Clear "" a formulated Scientology "," Scientology formulated a "" Clear Germany "" strategy in 1994 – similar to equivalent strategies pursued by Scientology in other countries and regions of the world – with the long @-@ term aim of transforming German society in line with the Scientological ideal : a non @-@ pluralist society in which Scientology enjoys overriding influence . The programme sought to address Scientology 's image problems in Germany , to identify weak points in Germany that could be exploited for political gain , such as Germany 's National Socialist history , and to increase both membership figures and political influence in German society , with a special emphasis on manoeuvring Scientologists into key positions in industry and government . As most religions seek to widen their influence in society , such a programme could of course also be defended as a missionary effort , much like those many religions engage in . However , according to the , the strategy has not had any significant success . By 1998 , 90 government officials had been suspected of being Scientologists and in 48 cases the suspicions were confirmed , but apart from some isolated cases , most of the officials concerned had not used their positions to advertise Scientology . According to & ( 2009 ) , it is unknown to what degree the "" Clear Germany "" programme is still being pursued . " " . 1979 in appearing publications these of earliest the , sects religious about warnings general giving statements public and leaflets of range a issuing to resorted government the , illegal anything doing not were movements the as ; situation the with deal to government the on pressure political put which attention media gained movements religious new of influence the about experts sect from Warnings . organization cult @-@ anti prominent most 's Germany , ) "" Freedom Psychic and Intellectual for Campaign "" ( Freiheit und für Aktion of director the became , Heinemann Ingo , founder 's organization the , 1981 In . Organizations Front its and Scientology of Sect The , book influential an published and , places public in proselytizing its over Scientology of Church the against lawsuits successful filed , Scientology with involved get to not people warned it , stance activist an taking ; Scientology opposing to dedicated organization important an became ) "" Campaign Information Educational "" ( Aktion . "" persons concerned and parents of initiatives "" private of establishment the promoted actively also who , Churches Protestant 's Germany of ) ( "" commissioners sect "" the were movements religious new these of critics prominent most The . Mission Light Divine the and , God of Children , ISKCON , Church Unification the as such "" religions youth "" about place took debate widespread when , 1970s early the to back date cults by posed dangers potential the about concerns Public . minds vulnerable on preying venture making @-@ profit exploitative an as or , ) sect or cult ( a as it characterizes generally but , religion a as Scientology regard not does discourse public German "," German public discourse does not regard Scientology as a religion , but generally characterizes it as a ( cult or sect ) , or as an exploitative profit @-@ making venture preying on vulnerable minds . Public concerns about the potential dangers posed by cults date back to the early 1970s , when widespread debate took place about "" youth religions "" such as the Unification Church , ISKCON , Children of God , and the Divine Light Mission . The most prominent critics of these new religious movements were the "" sect commissioners "" ( ) of Germany 's Protestant Churches , who also actively promoted the establishment of private "" initiatives of parents and concerned persons "" . Aktion ( "" Educational Information Campaign "" ) became an important organization dedicated to opposing Scientology ; taking an activist stance , it warned people not to get involved with Scientology , filed successful lawsuits against the Church of Scientology over its proselytizing in public places , and published an influential book , The Sect of Scientology and its Front Organizations . In 1981 , the organization 's founder , Ingo Heinemann , became the director of Aktion für und Freiheit ( "" Campaign for Intellectual and Psychic Freedom "" ) , Germany 's most prominent anti @-@ cult organization . Warnings from sect experts about the influence of new religious movements gained media attention which put political pressure on the government to deal with the situation ; as the movements were not doing anything illegal , the government resorted to issuing a range of leaflets and public statements giving general warnings about religious sects , the earliest of these publications appearing in 1979 . " " . audience mass a reached that programmes television and books by accompanied , basis daily almost an on appeared Scientology on essays and reports , articles press , onward 1990s @-@ mid the From . transgressions of guilty found Org Sea 's Scientology of members for – Force Project Rehabilitation the – gulag a operating system totalitarian a as Scientology describing , magazine weekly read @-@ widely a , Spiegel Der in article an wrote and 1995 late in officials German visited , Scientology of Church the in official PR former and Scientologist @-@ ex American an , Young Vaughn Robert when reinforced were character totalitarian a had Scientology that Perceptions . attention particular attracting Scientology with , 1990s the in intensity in gained movements religious new about concerns and fears German , Japan in incidents Shinrikyo Aum 1995 the and , Temple Solar the of Order the with associated suicides and murders the , 1993 in Siege Waco the as such events by Fueled "," Fueled by events such as the Waco Siege in 1993 , the murders and suicides associated with the Order of the Solar Temple , and the 1995 Aum Shinrikyo incidents in Japan , German fears and concerns about new religious movements gained in intensity in the 1990s , with Scientology attracting particular attention . Perceptions that Scientology had a totalitarian character were reinforced when Robert Vaughn Young , an American ex @-@ Scientologist and former PR official in the Church of Scientology , visited German officials in late 1995 and wrote an article in Der Spiegel , a widely @-@ read weekly magazine , describing Scientology as a totalitarian system operating a gulag – the Rehabilitation Project Force – for members of Scientology 's Sea Org found guilty of transgressions . From the mid @-@ 1990s onward , press articles , reports and essays on Scientology appeared on an almost daily basis , accompanied by books and television programmes that reached a mass audience . " " . Scientology of activities the check to disposal their at means legal all use to asked were governments state and ministries Federal . "" state democratic a to antithetical "" was organization the that concluded , members former of testimony the and , documents legal , sources secondary and primary examining Officials "" . abuses rights human significant of guilty ] ... [ organization driven @-@ business , totalitarian a "" as viewed was Scientology . suppressed be should Scientology that insistence the shared government German of levels all at officials that noted , 1998 in writing , Kent A. Stephen . ostracism social in resulted it with association any of suspected being and , Scientology against campaigns launching in involved became figures political senior : "" correctness political of matter a became "" , adds , enemy public a as Scientology of view This . "" state the of constitution democratic the overthrow to conspiring also was but , zombies less @-@ will into individuals turn to threatened only not that danger political serious "" a as seen be to came Scientology , Hubert scholar religious the by noted As "," As noted by the religious scholar Hubert , Scientology came to be seen as a "" serious political danger that not only threatened to turn individuals into will @-@ less zombies , but was also conspiring to overthrow the democratic constitution of the state "" . This view of Scientology as a public enemy , adds , "" became a matter of political correctness "" : senior political figures became involved in launching campaigns against Scientology , and being suspected of any association with it resulted in social ostracism . Stephen A. Kent , writing in 1998 , noted that officials at all levels of German government shared the insistence that Scientology should be suppressed . Scientology was viewed as "" a totalitarian , business @-@ driven organization [ ... ] guilty of significant human rights abuses . "" Officials examining primary and secondary sources , legal documents , and the testimony of former members , concluded that the organization was "" antithetical to a democratic state "" . Federal ministries and state governments were asked to use all legal means at their disposal to check the activities of Scientology . " " . services intelligence domestic 's Germany by monitoring required , movements religious new among alone , Scientology that concluded , 1998 June in published , report final Its . Scientology about concerns public of because part large in , groups similar and sects investigate to Commission ) Enquiry ( an launched parliament German the , 1996 In . freedom religious with interfere not did they that finding and , informed public the keep to responsibility 's government the of part as them seeing , 1989 in publications such approved had courts German The . Scientology of Church the with dealt them of number significant a and , 1998 and 1996 between increased sects of dangers the on publications Government "," Government publications on the dangers of sects increased between 1996 and 1998 , and a significant number of them dealt with the Church of Scientology . The German courts had approved such publications in 1989 , seeing them as part of the government 's responsibility to keep the public informed , and finding that they did not interfere with religious freedom . In 1996 , the German parliament launched an ( Enquiry ) Commission to investigate sects and similar groups , in large part because of public concerns about Scientology . Its final report , published in June 1998 , concluded that Scientology , alone among new religious movements , required monitoring by Germany 's domestic intelligence services . " " . firm consultancy @-@ management a such via ) provenance its of unaware were who ( companies German major some entered temporarily , places public in proselytizing Scientology of part as free offered usually , Analysis Capacity Oxford 's Scientology of version commercial expensive An . used methods training the of origin the to as them informing without , programmes training and education company of part as , trainers Scientology to employees send may managers these , management upper ' clients their of members recruited have they once ; Scientology with association their conceal often Scientologists by led firms consultancy @-@ Management . companies training @-@ management and consultants management , agents estate as such , companies size @-@ medium and small among successful most been reportedly have businesses infiltrate to Attempts . domination world for preparation in business and politics , society penetrate to aim declared 's Scientology with line in , Scientologists by businesses of "" infiltration "" alleged the been has media German the in concern widespread of area An "," An area of widespread concern in the German media has been the alleged "" infiltration "" of businesses by Scientologists , in line with Scientology 's declared aim to penetrate society , politics and business in preparation for world domination . Attempts to infiltrate businesses have reportedly been most successful among small and medium @-@ size companies , such as estate agents , management consultants and management @-@ training companies . Management @-@ consultancy firms led by Scientologists often conceal their association with Scientology ; once they have recruited members of their clients ' upper management , these managers may send employees to Scientology trainers , as part of company education and training programmes , without informing them as to the origin of the training methods used . An expensive commercial version of Scientology 's Oxford Capacity Analysis , usually offered free as part of Scientology proselytizing in public places , temporarily entered some major German companies ( who were unaware of its provenance ) via such a management @-@ consultancy firm . " " . itself Scientology not but , Scientology of founder the , Hubbard Ron L. of name the mention most at would services tutoring the advertising . methods Scientology using , Scientologists by taught being were children their that unaware be might elsewhere and Stuttgart , Hamburg , Frankfurt in Scientologists by operated centres tutoring school @-@ after 20 around of customers because arose concerns These . market tutoring school @-@ after German the in active becoming were Scientologists that concerns expressed experts sect German , 2000s @-@ mid the In "," In the mid @-@ 2000s , German sect experts expressed concerns that Scientologists were becoming active in the German after @-@ school tutoring market . These concerns arose because customers of around 20 after @-@ school tutoring centres operated by Scientologists in Frankfurt , Hamburg , Stuttgart and elsewhere might be unaware that their children were being taught by Scientologists , using Scientology methods . advertising the tutoring services would at most mention the name of L. Ron Hubbard , the founder of Scientology , but not Scientology itself . " " . ban a for support % 67 found Spiegel Der by 2008 September in conducted poll a ; Scientology banning favoured Germans of % 70 that reported Time , 1997 In . organization subversive a Scientology consider Germans Most . Germany in critics few found comments 's Knopp and 's "" ? war total want you Do "" , question famous ' Goebbels to response 's audience the of reminiscent were felt Knopp and which cheers – cheers enthusiastic with responding audience the , world the "" up clean "" should Scientologists whether audience the asking seen was Cruise which in video Scientology leaked a cited Knopp and . minister propaganda Nazi the , Goebbels to Cruise Tom actor Hollywood Scientologist the likened both Knopp Guido historian the and , Brandenburg and Berlin in Church Lutheran German the of Commissioner Sect , Thomas , 2008 early In "," In early 2008 , Thomas , Sect Commissioner of the German Lutheran Church in Berlin and Brandenburg , and the historian Guido Knopp both likened the Scientologist Hollywood actor Tom Cruise to Goebbels , the Nazi propaganda minister . and Knopp cited a leaked Scientology video in which Cruise was seen asking the audience whether Scientologists should "" clean up "" the world , the audience responding with enthusiastic cheers – cheers which and Knopp felt were reminiscent of the audience 's response to Goebbels ' famous question , "" Do you want total war ? "" 's and Knopp 's comments found few critics in Germany . Most Germans consider Scientology a subversive organization . In 1997 , Time reported that 70 % of Germans favoured banning Scientology ; a poll conducted in September 2008 by Der Spiegel found 67 % support for a ban . " " . debate the in themselves involve they if employment future of prospects their for and funding research their for repercussions fear they because , subject the approaching of wary academics German made has which , Germany in churches Christian the of influence strong the to situation this attributes Hexham . scholars German by studies academic of lack the on particular in remarked have , Canada in Calgary of University the at Studies Religious of Professor , Hexham Irving as well as Schön . Scientology of studies scientific of paucity general the by compounded is situation the that assert Schön and Both . "" stereotypes American to according issue the frame may and investigation boring to news sensationalist prefer may press American the "" that adds she , Germany in Scientology on reporting foreign on commenting ; "" persecution unjust of victim the as itself present to efforts 's Scientology "" and "" statements worded @-@ strong with popularity their enhance to politicians German of efforts "" the both includes this , words 's Schön In . realities underlying the than important more been long have opinion shape to as way a such in information "" frame "" to efforts , view their in : Germany in Scientology around discourse public dominates rhetoric that commented have Gerald and Schön Brigitte as such scholars German "," German scholars such as Brigitte Schön and Gerald have commented that rhetoric dominates public discourse around Scientology in Germany : in their view , efforts to "" frame "" information in such a way as to shape opinion have long been more important than the underlying realities . In Schön 's words , this includes both the "" efforts of German politicians to enhance their popularity with strong @-@ worded statements "" and "" Scientology 's efforts to present itself as the victim of unjust persecution "" ; commenting on foreign reporting on Scientology in Germany , she adds that "" the American press may prefer sensationalist news to boring investigation and may frame the issue according to American stereotypes "" . Both and Schön assert that the situation is compounded by the general paucity of scientific studies of Scientology . Schön as well as Irving Hexham , Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary in Canada , have remarked in particular on the lack of academic studies by German scholars . Hexham attributes this situation to the strong influence of the Christian churches in Germany , which has made German academics wary of approaching the subject , because they fear repercussions for their research funding and for their prospects of future employment if they involve themselves in the debate . " " . million 69 @.@ 8 of viewership a and attention media widespread attracted film the , story true a on based be to Said . family German one on had Scientology effect the of account dramatized a , Remains Nothing Until film the showed , ARD , broadcaster public German a 2010 In "," In 2010 a German public broadcaster , ARD , showed the film Until Nothing Remains , a dramatized account of the effect Scientology had on one German family . Said to be based on a true story , the film attracted widespread media attention and a viewership of 8 @.@ 69 million . " " . association of freedom and taxation as such , Germany in issues other of range broad a affects also "" community worldview or religious "" a as Status . worldview and religion , belief of freedom the guarantees which , constitution German the of 4 Article under ) oder ( "" community worldview or religious "" a as protection for qualify not would Scientology that imply likely most would this , case the were latter the if ; activity commercial purely for pretext a as used only are teachings these not or whether , secondly and , ) law German before equal are these ; or Religion ( "" worldview or religion "" a as qualify Scientology of teachings the not or whether , first : contested are points Two . unresolved is however status legal precise Its . there operate to allowed is and Germany in legal remains Scientology of Church the , banned be to Scientology for calls been have there While "," While there have been calls for Scientology to be banned , the Church of Scientology remains legal in Germany and is allowed to operate there . Its precise legal status however is unresolved . Two points are contested : first , whether or not the teachings of Scientology qualify as a "" religion or worldview "" ( Religion or ; these are equal before German law ) , and secondly , whether or not these teachings are only used as a pretext for purely commercial activity ; if the latter were the case , this would most likely imply that Scientology would not qualify for protection as a "" religious or worldview community "" ( oder ) under Article 4 of the German constitution , which guarantees the freedom of belief , religion and worldview . Status as a "" religious or worldview community "" also affects a broad range of other issues in Germany , such as taxation and freedom of association . " " . inviolate worldview and religion of freedom the declares which , Constitution German the of 1 @.@ 4 Article under protection Scientologist a granted explicitly Germany of Court Administrative Federal the , 2005 In . activity commercial for pretext a as served merely Scientology of teachings the that indications no were there said Mannheim in Württemberg @-@ Baden of Court Administrative the , decision 2003 another In . 2003 in again open question the left court same the by decision another although , Constitution German the of 4 Article under protection to entitled community worldview or religious a represent not did and aims commercial pursued merely Scientology of Church the that decided Germany of Court Labor Federal the , 1995 In . community worldview a as viewed be should Scientology that 1994 in asserted explicitly Hamburg in Court Administrative Upper The . community worldview or religious a represented Scientology that 1980 in assumed implicitly but , matter the on decision explicit an made yet not has Germany of Justice of Court Federal The "," The Federal Court of Justice of Germany has not yet made an explicit decision on the matter , but implicitly assumed in 1980 that Scientology represented a religious or worldview community . The Upper Administrative Court in Hamburg explicitly asserted in 1994 that Scientology should be viewed as a worldview community . In 1995 , the Federal Labor Court of Germany decided that the Church of Scientology merely pursued commercial aims and did not represent a religious or worldview community entitled to protection under Article 4 of the German Constitution , although another decision by the same court left the question open again in 2003 . In another 2003 decision , the Administrative Court of Baden @-@ Württemberg in Mannheim said there were no indications that the teachings of Scientology merely served as a pretext for commercial activity . In 2005 , the Federal Administrative Court of Germany explicitly granted a Scientologist protection under Article 4 @.@ 1 of the German Constitution , which declares the freedom of religion and worldview inviolate . " " . public general the and politicians among Scientology to attitude negative widespread very the despite , favour 's Scientology in decisions court of number a seen have years Recent . religion a than rather , enterprise making @-@ profit a is Scientology that asserts and community worldview or religious a be to Scientology of Church the consider not does government German The . activities business its by judged be should status legal its that and , irrelevant was religion a was Scientology not or whether question the that 1997 in ruled example for Court Administrative Federal The . hand at case the deciding to irrelevant was question the that finding , Scientology of status religious the assess to declined have courts Many "," Many courts have declined to assess the religious status of Scientology , finding that the question was irrelevant to deciding the case at hand . The Federal Administrative Court for example ruled in 1997 that the question whether or not Scientology was a religion was irrelevant , and that its legal status should be judged by its business activities . The German government does not consider the Church of Scientology to be a religious or worldview community and asserts that Scientology is a profit @-@ making enterprise , rather than a religion . Recent years have seen a number of court decisions in Scientology 's favour , despite the very widespread negative attitude to Scientology among politicians and the general public . " " . disposal her at means the all with Scientology oppose would she that and tendencies totalitarian had church the that saying , surveillance the instituted Nolte Claudia Policy Family for Minister . German of number a in Constitution the of Protection the for Offices the have as , 1997 since Scientology monitoring been has and , order democratic and free 's Germany to counter running as Scientology of aims the regards ) Constitution the of Protection the for Office Federal or , für ( service intelligence domestic The . constitution German the in enshrined values the threatens that ideology any of rise the prevent to steps active taking to itself committed has state German present the , 1930s the in Germany in power to rise 's Nazism of history the Given "," Given the history of Nazism 's rise to power in Germany in the 1930s , the present German state has committed itself to taking active steps to prevent the rise of any ideology that threatens the values enshrined in the German constitution . The domestic intelligence service ( für , or Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ) regards the aims of Scientology as running counter to Germany 's free and democratic order , and has been monitoring Scientology since 1997 , as have the Offices for the Protection of the Constitution in a number of German . Minister for Family Policy Claudia Nolte instituted the surveillance , saying that the church had totalitarian tendencies and that she would oppose Scientology with all the means at her disposal . " " . constitution the to opposed were that activities any document not did report the that given , report its in Scientology of activities the include to Constitution the of Protection the for Office Berlin the for illegal was it that ruled court same the , 2003 In . disproportionate was informants of use the that ruled court The . informants paid as Berlin Scientology of Church the of members and staff of deployment and recruitment the stop to it ordered and Constitution the of Protection the for Office Berlin the against ruled Berlin in Court Administrative the , 2001 December In . court in surveillance this of legality the challenged repeatedly has Scientology of Church German The "," The German Church of Scientology has repeatedly challenged the legality of this surveillance in court . In December 2001 , the Administrative Court in Berlin ruled against the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution and ordered it to stop the recruitment and deployment of staff and members of the Church of Scientology Berlin as paid informants . The court ruled that the use of informants was disproportionate . In 2003 , the same court ruled that it was illegal for the Berlin Office for the Protection of the Constitution to include the activities of Scientology in its report , given that the report did not document any activities that were opposed to the constitution . " " . rights human essential other and equality of principle the of abrogation the include did Scientology of Church the of aims the that indicated , public general the to accessible not them of some , sources many that ruled and disagreed court The . Germany in instructions these implement to effort no was there rate any at and , interpretation to subject were and Scientology of Church the within only valid were instructions 's Hubbard that and , being human the of liberation the were aims its , political @-@ non was Scientology that contended had Scientology of Church the for acting counsel Opposing . legislation Scientology @-@ anti prevent to order in institutions government and society infiltrate to steps systematic taking was organization Scientology the that asserted they and , Scientologists to restricted be should , example for , rights civil that written had Hubbard that out pointed Constitution the of Protection the for Office Federal the for acting Lawyers . constitution German the with incompatible were , writings his in Hubbard Ron L. by outlined as , Scientology of aims the that judgment its on opinion its based court federal The . 2004 November in the by surveillance continued against complaint a lost Scientology , level federal the At "," At the federal level , Scientology lost a complaint against continued surveillance by the in November 2004 . The federal court based its opinion on its judgment that the aims of Scientology , as outlined by L. Ron Hubbard in his writings , were incompatible with the German constitution . Lawyers acting for the Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution pointed out that Hubbard had written that civil rights , for example , should be restricted to Scientologists , and they asserted that the Scientology organization was taking systematic steps to infiltrate society and government institutions in order to prevent anti @-@ Scientology legislation . Opposing counsel acting for the Church of Scientology had contended that Scientology was non @-@ political , its aims were the liberation of the human being , and that Hubbard 's instructions were valid only within the Church of Scientology and were subject to interpretation , and at any rate there was no effort to implement these instructions in Germany . The court disagreed and ruled that many sources , some of them not accessible to the general public , indicated that the aims of the Church of Scientology did include the abrogation of the principle of equality and other essential human rights . " " . bylaws its to democracy and rights human on declaration a added organization Scientology the , "" order basic democratic , free the against ambitions "" maintaining of suspected Being . matter the on appeal an hear to refused Münster in Court Administrative Higher Westphalia @-@ Rhine North the after the by activities its of surveillance prevent to battle legal the dropped Germany in Scientology of Church the , 2008 May 6 of As . members few and Scientology of branch local no is there because , 2005 in inappropriate as court a by stopped was surveillance , Saarland In "," In Saarland , surveillance was stopped by a court as inappropriate in 2005 , because there is no local branch of Scientology and few members . As of 6 May 2008 , the Church of Scientology in Germany dropped the legal battle to prevent surveillance of its activities by the after the North Rhine @-@ Westphalia Higher Administrative Court in Münster refused to hear an appeal on the matter . Being suspected of maintaining "" ambitions against the free , democratic basic order "" , the Scientology organization added a declaration on human rights and democracy to its bylaws . " " . incident the for Switzerland to apologized government German the and , Scientology on spying for sentence jail suspended day @-@ 30 a given eventually was He . agent the for bail posted government German The . "" documents identity falsifying and service information political a for working , state foreign a for business illegal out carrying "" with him charging , government German the of agent an detained government Swiss the , 1998 In . Germany of outside services intelligence German the by Scientology of surveillance of example one least at is There "," There is at least one example of surveillance of Scientology by the German intelligence services outside of Germany . In 1998 , the Swiss government detained an agent of the German government , charging him with "" carrying out illegal business for a foreign state , working for a political information service and falsifying identity documents "" . The German government posted bail for the agent . He was eventually given a 30 @-@ day suspended jail sentence for spying on Scientology , and the German government apologized to Switzerland for the incident . " " . government local or regional of part as Germany in exist offices "" 's commissioner Sect "" . businesses by use for agencies government German by drafted been have , Scientologists out screen to used primarily , filters sect Such . contract employment or business a entering before movement religious new or sect a with association any acknowledge to employees or partners business prospective requires that document a is , ) ( "" declaration protective "" a as known also , "" filter sect "" A "," A "" sect filter "" , also known as a "" protective declaration "" ( ) , is a document that requires prospective business partners or employees to acknowledge any association with a sect or new religious movement before entering a business or employment contract . Such sect filters , primarily used to screen out Scientologists , have been drafted by German government agencies for use by businesses . "" Sect commissioner 's "" offices exist in Germany as part of regional or local government . " " . stigma associated the avoid to order in Scientologists not are they saying press the in advertisements placed have businesspeople some ; businesses their against campaigns media conducted and Scientologists individual of names the publicised have officials Government . staff government by fact this to alerted are employees prospective , staff Scientologist having of suspected are companies Where . "" S "" letter the with Scientologists by owned companies mark to – Affairs Social and Labour of Ministry Federal the by operated offices security social and agencies employment local – the in staff government requires 1996 in introduced instruction work A "," A work instruction introduced in 1996 requires government staff in the – local employment agencies and social security offices operated by the Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs – to mark companies owned by Scientologists with the letter "" S "" . Where companies are suspected of having Scientologist staff , prospective employees are alerted to this fact by government staff . Government officials have publicised the names of individual Scientologists and conducted media campaigns against their businesses ; some businesspeople have placed advertisements in the press saying they are not Scientologists in order to avoid the associated stigma . " " . declarations protective of use the cease to subsidiaries German their instructed Company Motor Ford and IBM , Electric General as such companies American some , lawyers Scientology from discrimination about complaint of letters Following . utility the disable to means a provide to agreed Germany Microsoft , concerns these assuage To . espionage for potential the and security data over clergy and officials government German among concern caused this , ) Scientologist a by headed company a ( International Software Executive by developed disk a included system operating 2000 Windows 's Microsoft that known became it When . "" contract the executing in used be not will Hubbard Ron L. of technology the "" that stating form a sign to asked now are firms and , changed was requirement this , 2001 in ; Scientologists not are they state to required likewise were contracts government for tendering Companies . Hesse in instituted been has policy similar a and , Scientologists are they not or whether declare to required are Bavaria in positions service civil for applicants , Scientologists by infiltration government possible about concerns to Due "," Due to concerns about possible government infiltration by Scientologists , applicants for civil service positions in Bavaria are required to declare whether or not they are Scientologists , and a similar policy has been instituted in Hesse . Companies tendering for government contracts were likewise required to state they are not Scientologists ; in 2001 , this requirement was changed , and firms are now asked to sign a form stating that "" the technology of L. Ron Hubbard will not be used in executing the contract "" . When it became known that Microsoft 's Windows 2000 operating system included a disk developed by Executive Software International ( a company headed by a Scientologist ) , this caused concern among German government officials and clergy over data security and the potential for espionage . To assuage these concerns , Microsoft Germany agreed to provide a means to disable the utility . Following letters of complaint about discrimination from Scientology lawyers , some American companies such as General Electric , IBM and Ford Motor Company instructed their German subsidiaries to cease the use of protective declarations . " " . Scientology on work her continues she where , authority interior Hamburg the within position a to moved ; cuts budget of result a as 2010 August in down closed was force task Hamburg The "" . Scientologists of rights civil the restricting in country European Western other any than further gone has Germany "" that noted has , Economics of School London the at sociology of professor a , Barker Eileen . available remain to continued had businesses by used be to filters sample to links Internet "" . filters sect "" of use the banning instructions court with complying not for ) 000 @,@ 7 $ ( Euros 000 @,@ 5 Hamburg of city the fined Court Administrative Hamburg the , 2008 June In . freedom religious infringed practice the that finding , community business its to declarations protective of use the recommending cease to Hamburg of city the ordered Germany of Court Administrative Federal the , Scientologist a by brought case a in , 2005 In . Ursula of leadership the under , Authority Interior Hamburg the for Force Task Scientology the , Scientology opposing to dedicated office time @-@ full a up set Hamburg of state @-@ city The "," The city @-@ state of Hamburg set up a full @-@ time office dedicated to opposing Scientology , the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority , under the leadership of Ursula . In 2005 , in a case brought by a Scientologist , the Federal Administrative Court of Germany ordered the city of Hamburg to cease recommending the use of protective declarations to its business community , finding that the practice infringed religious freedom . In June 2008 , the Hamburg Administrative Court fined the city of Hamburg 5 @,@ 000 Euros ( $ 7 @,@ 000 ) for not complying with court instructions banning the use of "" sect filters . "" Internet links to sample filters to be used by businesses had continued to remain available . Eileen Barker , a professor of sociology at the London School of Economics , has noted that "" Germany has gone further than any other Western European country in restricting the civil rights of Scientologists . "" The Hamburg task force was closed down in August 2010 as a result of budget cuts ; moved to a position within the Hamburg interior authority , where she continues her work on Scientology . " " . programme the in discussed be to going not was Scientology that and , damage greater cause would Travolta uninviting that said ZDF the ; invitation the revoking consider to station TV ZDF the asked and , programme 's Gottschalk on appear to was Travolta John Scientologist that concern expressed , Württemberg @-@ Baden of state German the of President @-@ Minister the , Günther , 2007 In . Scientology to links had who friend a with contact all cease henceforth would he that and , not had he that announcing by responded Gottschalk ; courses Scientology in part taken having of 1993 in accused falsely was , presenter TV German a , Gottschalk Thomas . firm consultancy communication and management Scientologist a by run course a in participated had and Hubbard Ron L. by books reading enjoyed had he that interview an in stated he after centre fencing Olympic German the at job his from dismissed was team fencing national German the of member former and scientist sports a , 1995 In . revoked permits their had agencies such running were who Scientologists ; Germany in agencies pair au and employment running from prevented been have Scientologists . Magazine Time to according , "" purged "" been have parties these of members Scientologist Existing . Party Democratic Free the and Germany of Party Democratic Social the , Bavaria of Union Social Christian the , Union Democratic Christian the as such Germany in parties political major joining from banned been have Scientologists "," Scientologists have been banned from joining major political parties in Germany such as the Christian Democratic Union , the Christian Social Union of Bavaria , the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Free Democratic Party . Existing Scientologist members of these parties have been "" purged "" , according to Time Magazine . Scientologists have been prevented from running employment and au pair agencies in Germany ; Scientologists who were running such agencies had their permits revoked . In 1995 , a sports scientist and former member of the German national fencing team was dismissed from his job at the German Olympic fencing centre after he stated in an interview that he had enjoyed reading books by L. Ron Hubbard and had participated in a course run by a Scientologist management and communication consultancy firm . Thomas Gottschalk , a German TV presenter , was falsely accused in 1993 of having taken part in Scientology courses ; Gottschalk responded by announcing that he had not , and that he would henceforth cease all contact with a friend who had links to Scientology . In 2007 , Günther , the Minister @-@ President of the German state of Baden @-@ Württemberg , expressed concern that Scientologist John Travolta was to appear on Gottschalk 's programme , and asked the ZDF TV station to consider revoking the invitation ; the ZDF said that uninviting Travolta would cause greater damage , and that Scientology was not going to be discussed in the programme . " " . Scientology in membership her of parents 's children the inform to and , work her in methods Scientology use to not promised she , case the concluded that agreement the to According . work her to irrelevant were beliefs Scientological her that satisfaction 's court the to demonstrated had woman The . reinstated be should , Scientologist a as her identified husband @-@ ex her when terminated been had employment whose , centre daycare 's children a in working woman a that ruled Court Administrative Bavarian the , 2010 In "," In 2010 , the Bavarian Administrative Court ruled that a woman working in a children 's daycare centre , whose employment had been terminated when her ex @-@ husband identified her as a Scientologist , should be reinstated . The woman had demonstrated to the court 's satisfaction that her Scientological beliefs were irrelevant to her work . According to the agreement that concluded the case , she promised not to use Scientology methods in her work , and to inform the children 's parents of her membership in Scientology . " " . organization the banning at aimed inquiry judicial possible a for required information the evaluate and collect to agencies intelligence domestic 's Germany asked and , "" treatment equal to right the or man of dignity the like rights human and basic essential "" restricting , goals constitutional @-@ anti pursue to continuing was organization Scientology the that opinion the expressed ministers interior state and federal German , 2007 , 7 December On . Berlin in headquarters Scientology new a of opening the to response in Scientology monitor to efforts their increasing were authorities German that reported was it , 2007 March In "," In March 2007 , it was reported that German authorities were increasing their efforts to monitor Scientology in response to the opening of a new Scientology headquarters in Berlin . On December 7 , 2007 , German federal and state interior ministers expressed the opinion that the Scientology organization was continuing to pursue anti @-@ constitutional goals , restricting "" essential basic and human rights like the dignity of man or the right to equal treatment "" , and asked Germany 's domestic intelligence agencies to collect and evaluate the information required for a possible judicial inquiry aimed at banning the organization . " " "" . Christianity of ban the demand will I mean 't doesn that but totalitarian are that Bible the in quotes of hundreds find also can I "" , added She . "" literature Scientological of pages 000 @,@ 500 of out sentences few a "" on based was evaluation ' ministers interior German the that said and "" absurd "" and "" unrealistic "" accusations the called , Berlin in Scientology of Church the of president , Weber Sabine . courts the in fail likely would organization the ban to attempt an that concern expressing agencies intelligence and experts legal with , spectrum political the of sides all from politicians German by criticized was move The "," The move was criticized by German politicians from all sides of the political spectrum , with legal experts and intelligence agencies expressing concern that an attempt to ban the organization would likely fail in the courts . Sabine Weber , president of the Church of Scientology in Berlin , called the accusations "" unrealistic "" and "" absurd "" and said that the German interior ministers ' evaluation was based on "" a few sentences out of 500 @,@ 000 pages of Scientological literature "" . She added , "" I can also find hundreds of quotes in the Bible that are totalitarian but that doesn 't mean I will demand the ban of Christianity . "" " " . reasoning this accept would court a that doubts expressed but , licence a without medicine practising were they that basis the on Scientology of Church the against act to grounds were there whether considered also The . "" aims criminal had organization the that conclusion "" the supported "" utterances other any nor bylaws its Neither "" . order basic democratic and free 's Germany overthrow and attack to sought aggressively Scientology that assume to grounds no gave behaviour 's Scientology that found report the , Here . constitution the to opposition aggressive 's Scientology was counted had ban the proposing those which on argument second The . one German a than ban to easier much been have would organization foreign A . States United the from "" controlled @-@ remote totally "" was organization the that evidence no and , bylaws German , board German a , missions and churches German were there ; organization foreign a as viewed be could Scientology that evidence no was there stated report the , First . doubtful Scientology ban to undertaking legal any of success the make would that points several noted and gaps knowledge cited the by report The . activity unconstitutional or illegal of evidence insufficient finding after , Scientology ban to attempts its abandoned government the , 2008 November In "," In November 2008 , the government abandoned its attempts to ban Scientology , after finding insufficient evidence of illegal or unconstitutional activity . The report by the cited knowledge gaps and noted several points that would make the success of any legal undertaking to ban Scientology doubtful . First , the report stated there was no evidence that Scientology could be viewed as a foreign organization ; there were German churches and missions , a German board , German bylaws , and no evidence that the organization was "" totally remote @-@ controlled "" from the United States . A foreign organization would have been much easier to ban than a German one . The second argument on which those proposing the ban had counted was Scientology 's aggressive opposition to the constitution . Here , the report found that Scientology 's behaviour gave no grounds to assume that Scientology aggressively sought to attack and overthrow Germany 's free and democratic basic order . "" Neither its bylaws nor any other utterances "" supported the "" conclusion that the organization had criminal aims "" . The also considered whether there were grounds to act against the Church of Scientology on the basis that they were practising medicine without a licence , but expressed doubts that a court would accept this reasoning . " " . continues services intelligence German the by activities 's Scientology of Monitoring . "" possible one only "" the as it describing , decision the with satisfaction expressed Scientology of Church The "" . to hammer a take to have we that organization an not is it but , organization lousy a is ] Scientology [ that is moment the at Government the of appraisal The . practice into this of little very put they But . constitution the of violation in consider we that and tolerate cannot we that – minorities for disrespect its and concept its , writings its through – goals pursues organization This "" , said , minister interior 's Berlin , Körting Ehrhart , attempt ban the drop to decision the on Commenting "," Commenting on the decision to drop the ban attempt , Ehrhart Körting , Berlin 's interior minister , said , "" This organization pursues goals – through its writings , its concept and its disrespect for minorities – that we cannot tolerate and that we consider in violation of the constitution . But they put very little of this into practice . The appraisal of the Government at the moment is that [ Scientology ] is a lousy organization , but it is not an organization that we have to take a hammer to . "" The Church of Scientology expressed satisfaction with the decision , describing it as the "" only one possible "" . Monitoring of Scientology 's activities by the German intelligence services continues . " " . rights religious basic ' Scientologists violated poster the that ruled which Brandenburg @-@ Berlin of Court Administrative Upper the by 2009 July in upheld was decision The . removed be should , freedom individual and democracy to posed activities Scientology dangers potential the of by @-@ passers warning , headquarters Scientology Berlin the of front in stop bus a to next column advertising an on authorities city local by placed poster a that ruled Court Administrative Berlin the , 2009 February In "," In February 2009 , the Berlin Administrative Court ruled that a poster placed by local city authorities on an advertising column next to a bus stop in front of the Berlin Scientology headquarters , warning passers @-@ by of the potential dangers Scientology activities posed to democracy and individual freedom , should be removed . The decision was upheld in July 2009 by the Upper Administrative Court of Berlin @-@ Brandenburg which ruled that the poster violated Scientologists ' basic religious rights . " " . "" authoritarianism 's era Nazi the "" of redolent itself was – "" beginnings inconsequential from , party Nazi the like , growing movement totalitarian a was "" Scientology that fear ' officials by motivated – Scientology to response German the that 1997 in wrote , Times York New the in writing , Cowell Alan "" . disturbing mention to not – still weirder is it to reaction German the but , religion weird one be might Scientology "" : 1996 in said , Post Washington the in writing , example for Cohen Richard . Germany to relation in Scientology towards stance supportive partially least at an taken has , news domestic in Scientology on negatively reporting generally while , media States United The "," The United States media , while generally reporting negatively on Scientology in domestic news , has taken an at least partially supportive stance towards Scientology in relation to Germany . Richard Cohen for example , writing in the Washington Post , said in 1996 : "" Scientology might be one weird religion , but the German reaction to it is weirder still – not to mention disturbing . "" Alan Cowell , writing in the New York Times , wrote in 1997 that the German response to Scientology – motivated by officials ' fear that Scientology "" was a totalitarian movement growing , like the Nazi party , from inconsequential beginnings "" – was itself redolent of "" the Nazi era 's authoritarianism "" . " " . Corea Chick pianist jazz as well as , Travolta John and Cruise Tom actors Scientologist included had actions such of targets Past "" . approval government with sometimes , discrimination and boycotts face may "" connections Scientology with businesses and artists that warned , 1997 January in released , Germany on report rights human 1996 's Department State The . lobbyists paid using , Washington in Scientology of Church the by efforts lobbying intense more of beginning the marked also decision That . States United the in religion exempt @-@ tax a of status the gained Scientology which through , Service Revenue Internal U.S. the and Scientology of Church the between agreement 1993 the after reports rights human annual its in Germany in Scientology of issue the include to began State of Department U.S. The . filters sect by posed rights individual ' Scientologists of violation the over concerns its expressed and groups religious minority against discrimination societal and government constitute actions 's Germany that claimed repeatedly has State of Department U.S. The "," The U.S. Department of State has repeatedly claimed that Germany 's actions constitute government and societal discrimination against minority religious groups and expressed its concerns over the violation of Scientologists ' individual rights posed by sect filters . The U.S. Department of State began to include the issue of Scientology in Germany in its annual human rights reports after the 1993 agreement between the Church of Scientology and the U.S. Internal Revenue Service , through which Scientology gained the status of a tax @-@ exempt religion in the United States . That decision also marked the beginning of more intense lobbying efforts by the Church of Scientology in Washington , using paid lobbyists . The State Department 's 1996 human rights report on Germany , released in January 1997 , warned that artists and businesses with Scientology connections "" may face boycotts and discrimination , sometimes with government approval . "" Past targets of such actions had included Scientologist actors Tom Cruise and John Travolta , as well as jazz pianist Chick Corea . " " . Washington in celebrities Scientology of efforts lobbying by followed was and , notice scant received had then until which , itself Scientology of Church the by drawn parallels similar echoed It . King Larry host show @-@ talk and Vidal Gore and Puzo Mario writers , Stone Oliver director , Hawn Goldie and Hoffman Dustin actors as well as Entertainment Pictures Sony and Universal , Paramount , Bros. Warner , MGM of executives top the including , industry entertainment U.S. the in figures prominent 34 by signed was and , Travolta John and Cruise Tom included have clients whose , Fields Bertram lawyer Hollywood by for paid and conceived was letter The . 1930s the in Germany by espoused policies Nazi and Germany in Scientologists of "" oppression organized "" the between parallels drawing , Tribune Herald International the in advertisement newspaper a as published , appeared Kohl Helmut Chancellor @-@ then to letter open an , 1997 January in Also "," Also in January 1997 , an open letter to then @-@ Chancellor Helmut Kohl appeared , published as a newspaper advertisement in the International Herald Tribune , drawing parallels between the "" organized oppression "" of Scientologists in Germany and Nazi policies espoused by Germany in the 1930s . The letter was conceived and paid for by Hollywood lawyer Bertram Fields , whose clients have included Tom Cruise and John Travolta , and was signed by 34 prominent figures in the U.S. entertainment industry , including the top executives of MGM , Warner Bros. , Paramount , Universal and Sony Pictures Entertainment as well as actors Dustin Hoffman and Goldie Hawn , director Oliver Stone , writers Mario Puzo and Gore Vidal and talk @-@ show host Larry King . It echoed similar parallels drawn by the Church of Scientology itself , which until then had received scant notice , and was followed by lobbying efforts of Scientology celebrities in Washington . " " . "" oppression of cartel contemptuous "" a as such phrases using to referred be legitimately could and goals economic primarily had Scientology that stating rulings court German cited and "" absurd "" as letter the denounced party Union Democratic Christian 's Kohl . Scientology against just not and , "" groups Nazi wing @-@ right including , sects and cults radical "" all against stance determined a took Germany , past Nazi 's Germany of because precisely that explained Officials "" . simple and pure , intimidation is This . religion a as status exempt @-@ tax : them give 't won we what achieve to Scientologists the by up cranked was fuss whole the "" that argued officials German "" . know to want 't don and Germany about thing a know 't don "" it signed who those that said , letter the on commenting , Kohl Chancellor "" . government German the against tactics terror ' Scientologists the support to going 't aren we but , this on Germans the criticized have We "" , saying , Scientology of Church the by made comparisons Nazi from government U.S. the distanced and "" outrageous "" as letter open the in comparisons Nazi the rejected Burns Nicholas spokesman State of Department U.S. "," U.S. Department of State spokesman Nicholas Burns rejected the Nazi comparisons in the open letter as "" outrageous "" and distanced the U.S. government from Nazi comparisons made by the Church of Scientology , saying , "" We have criticized the Germans on this , but we aren 't going to support the Scientologists ' terror tactics against the German government . "" Chancellor Kohl , commenting on the letter , said that those who signed it "" don 't know a thing about Germany and don 't want to know . "" German officials argued that "" the whole fuss was cranked up by the Scientologists to achieve what we won 't give them : tax @-@ exempt status as a religion . This is intimidation , pure and simple . "" Officials explained that precisely because of Germany 's Nazi past , Germany took a determined stance against all "" radical cults and sects , including right @-@ wing Nazi groups "" , and not just against Scientology . Kohl 's Christian Democratic Union party denounced the letter as "" absurd "" and cited German court rulings stating that Scientology had primarily economic goals and could legitimately be referred to using phrases such as a "" contemptuous cartel of oppression "" . " " "" . principles political basic 's Germany to threat a poses Scientology that indications are there , addition In . suicide to even and , ruin financial to , dependency physical and psychological to lead can membership "" that adding , "" members its exploits it that and health physical and mental ' individuals jeopardize seriously can courses scientific @-@ pseudo "" 's Scientology that conclusion the to come had government German the that stating CSCE the to letter a with responded ambassador German The . "" person point Scientology 's administration the "" be to assigned had Clinton whom , Berger Sandy Advisor Security National States United with briefing a had and , Germany in Scientologists of treatment the about complaints their voicing , ) Commission Helsinki the as known also , CSCE ( Europe in Cooperation and Security on Commission the by heard were Hayes Isaac Scientologist fellow and Corea Chick , Travolta John , 1997 September In . "" it fix to wanted he that and ] Germany [ in hand unfair an given were "" Scientologists that stating , "" it on views his respected and , him liked really had and Scientologist a was who ago years roommate a had he "" that recalled Clinton , Travolta to According . "" Scientology with Germany in over issue "" the with "" help to love really "" would he that him assured Clinton said later Travolta . Philadelphia in conference a at Clinton Bill President U.S. with personally met Travolta John , 1997 April In . homeland her in persecution religious to subject be would she claimed who Scientologist German a to asylum granted judge court immigration States United a , 1997 February In "," In February 1997 , a United States immigration court judge granted asylum to a German Scientologist who claimed she would be subject to religious persecution in her homeland . In April 1997 , John Travolta met personally with U.S. President Bill Clinton at a conference in Philadelphia . Travolta later said Clinton assured him that he would "" really love to help "" with the "" issue over in Germany with Scientology "" . According to Travolta , Clinton recalled that "" he had a roommate years ago who was a Scientologist and had really liked him , and respected his views on it "" , stating that Scientologists "" were given an unfair hand in [ Germany ] and that he wanted to fix it "" . In September 1997 , John Travolta , Chick Corea and fellow Scientologist Isaac Hayes were heard by the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe ( CSCE , also known as the Helsinki Commission ) , voicing their complaints about the treatment of Scientologists in Germany , and had a briefing with United States National Security Advisor Sandy Berger , whom Clinton had assigned to be "" the administration 's Scientology point person "" . The German ambassador responded with a letter to the CSCE stating that the German government had come to the conclusion that Scientology 's "" pseudo @-@ scientific courses can seriously jeopardize individuals ' mental and physical health and that it exploits its members "" , adding that "" membership can lead to psychological and physical dependency , to financial ruin , and even to suicide . In addition , there are indications that Scientology poses a threat to Germany 's basic political principles . "" " " . era Nazi the during Jews of that with Scientologists of treatment the of comparison the rejected it , However . filters sect by posed rights individual of violation the about concerns raised 1998 April in report Nations United A "," A United Nations report in April 1998 raised concerns about the violation of individual rights posed by sect filters . However , it rejected the comparison of the treatment of Scientologists with that of Jews during the Nazi era . " " "" . had it if improper nothing been have would there "" , case the orchestrated not had Scientology although that said , official Scientology of Church top ) former ( a , Rathbun Mark "" . States United the in gain political for plight their exaggerated "" not had Scientologists that maintained and "" Scientologists of scores of fortunes and lives the ruined "" had that Germany in "" campaign hate "" a stoking of accused , turn in , Clearwater in resident Scientologists expatriate German . "" system U.S. the of abuse spectacular a "" and , "" gain political for "" undertaken Scientology by "" effort orchestrated "" an of part been had case asylum the that alleged likewise Authority Interior Hamburg the for Force Task Scientology the of Ursula , Florida , Clearwater to visit 2000 a On . asylum for applied she time the at evasion tax for trial on go to about and trouble financial personal in was she that and , Affairs Special of Office 's Scientology of that and request her at Scientologists fellow by written been fact in had – Scientologist a was she because her rejecting were who employers potential from ostensibly – application asylum her of part as submitted had woman the which letters rejection several that asserted It . case asylum the of investigation its of results the published magazine Stern German the , 2000 In "," In 2000 , the German Stern magazine published the results of its investigation of the asylum case . It asserted that several rejection letters which the woman had submitted as part of her asylum application – ostensibly from potential employers who were rejecting her because she was a Scientologist – had in fact been written by fellow Scientologists at her request and that of Scientology 's Office of Special Affairs , and that she was in personal financial trouble and about to go on trial for tax evasion at the time she applied for asylum . On a 2000 visit to Clearwater , Florida , Ursula of the Scientology Task Force for the Hamburg Interior Authority likewise alleged that the asylum case had been part of an "" orchestrated effort "" by Scientology undertaken "" for political gain "" , and "" a spectacular abuse of the U.S. system "" . German expatriate Scientologists resident in Clearwater , in turn , accused of stoking a "" hate campaign "" in Germany that had "" ruined the lives and fortunes of scores of Scientologists "" and maintained that Scientologists had not "" exaggerated their plight for political gain in the United States . "" Mark Rathbun , a ( former ) top Church of Scientology official , said that although Scientology had not orchestrated the case , "" there would have been nothing improper if it had . "" " " . matter the on discourse public open in engage to ability 's Germany in confidence of lack apparent an noted and science over "" triumphed "" had "" alarmism "" that concluded . Scientology towards attitude tolerant more a advocating for media German the in criticism widespread of subject the himself found having after Scientology of study scientific his of publication forego to pressured been had , freedom religious of championing his for , Sweden , University Lund from doctorate honorary an of recipient and Dresden in Totalitarianism into Research for Institute Arendt Hannah the of director , theologian Christian German a , Gerhard that noted , Zeitung Zürcher Neue Swiss the in writing , Joachim , 2003 In "," In 2003 , Joachim , writing in the Swiss Neue Zürcher Zeitung , noted that Gerhard , a German Christian theologian , director of the Hannah Arendt Institute for Research into Totalitarianism in Dresden and recipient of an honorary doctorate from Lund University , Sweden , for his championing of religious freedom , had been pressured to forego publication of his scientific study of Scientology after having found himself the subject of widespread criticism in the German media for advocating a more tolerant attitude towards Scientology . concluded that "" alarmism "" had "" triumphed "" over science and noted an apparent lack of confidence in Germany 's ability to engage in open public discourse on the matter . " " "" . Scientologists by run programs study school @-@ after about warnings issued organizations private Several . decreased Scientology to reactions public and reporting press although , ] sic [ Scientology oppose to continued churches Protestant and Catholic ] ... [ . doctrines its rejected and , courses training its in participate not did , Scientology with contact no had they that writing in confirm to employees new potential asked typically ' filters Sect ' . sector public the in use in remained they , Scientologists boycott and blacklist to ' filters sect ' called @-@ so of use improper the condemned level federal and state the at courts Although . discrimination governmental of instances reported Scientologists ] ... [ . membership party from Scientologists ban ) Party Democratic Free and , Party Democratic Social , Union Social Christian , Union Democratic Christian the ( parties political major the of Four . members its against and group a as Scientology against discriminate that procedures and rules have level state and federal the at agencies Government . religion a is Scientology that ruled explicitly not have level state the at courts various and Court Constitutional The . limbo in remains Scientology of Church the of status The "" that stated , 2013 in published , Germany in freedom religious on report 2012 's State of Department U.S. The "," The U.S. Department of State 's 2012 report on religious freedom in Germany , published in 2013 , stated that "" The status of the Church of Scientology remains in limbo . The Constitutional Court and various courts at the state level have not explicitly ruled that Scientology is a religion . Government agencies at the federal and state level have rules and procedures that discriminate against Scientology as a group and against its members . Four of the major political parties ( the Christian Democratic Union , Christian Social Union , Social Democratic Party , and Free Democratic Party ) ban Scientologists from party membership . [ ... ] Scientologists reported instances of governmental discrimination . Although courts at the state and federal level condemned the improper use of so @-@ called ' sect filters ' to blacklist and boycott Scientologists , they remained in use in the public sector . ' Sect filters ' typically asked potential new employees to confirm in writing that they had no contact with Scientology , did not participate in its training courses , and rejected its doctrines . [ ... ] Catholic and Protestant churches continued to oppose Scientology [ sic ] , although press reporting and public reactions to Scientology decreased . Several private organizations issued warnings about after @-@ school study programs run by Scientologists . "" " " ) German ( "," ( German ) " " ) German ( Scientology of Church German the of website Rights Human – "," – Human Rights website of the German Church of Scientology ( German ) " " ) German ( Constitution the of Protection the for Office Federal German the of Website – governments regional German of Publications : Scientology "," Scientology : Publications of German regional governments – Website of the German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution ( German ) " " ) German ( Force Task Scientology Hamburg the of Website "," Website of the Hamburg Scientology Task Force ( German ) " " . 1918 in Intervention Siberian the in participated ship the although , I War World during combat no saw Asahi . Tsushima of Battle the and Sea Yellow the of Battle the during damaged lightly was and 05 – 1904 of War Japanese @-@ Russo the of battle naval major every in participated She . fleet combat primary 's IJN the , Fleet Standing the of flagship became she , Japan in arrival her after Shortly . Kingdom United the in built and designed was ship the , itself warships such build to capacity industrial the lacked Japan As . 1890s late the in ) IJN ( Navy Japanese Imperial the for built battleship dreadnought @-@ pre a was ) Asahi , ( Asahi "," Asahi ( , Asahi ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships itself , the ship was designed and built in the United Kingdom . Shortly after her arrival in Japan , she became flagship of the Standing Fleet , the IJN 's primary combat fleet . She participated in every major naval battle of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 and was lightly damaged during the Battle of the Yellow Sea and the Battle of Tsushima . Asahi saw no combat during World War I , although the ship participated in the Siberian Intervention in 1918 . " " . survived crew her of most although , Salmon USS submarine American the by route en sunk was She . May in home return to ordered and cruiser light damaged a repair to 1942 early in Singapore occupied to transferred was ship The . 1941 to 1938 late from , Indochina French , Bay Ranh Cam then and , China , Shanghai occupied @-@ Japanese at first based and ship repair a into converted was she , 1938 In . troops Japanese transport to used and , War Japanese @-@ Sino Second the of start the after , 1937 late in recommissioned was Asahi . 1928 in reserve in placed being before ship rescue and salvage submarine a into modified was She . ship depot submarine and training a as served she which after , Treaty Naval Washington the of terms the meet to later years two disarmed was Asahi , 1921 in ship defence coastal a as Reclassified "," Reclassified as a coastal defence ship in 1921 , Asahi was disarmed two years later to meet the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty , after which she served as a training and submarine depot ship . She was modified into a submarine salvage and rescue ship before being placed in reserve in 1928 . Asahi was recommissioned in late 1937 , after the start of the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , and used to transport Japanese troops . In 1938 , she was converted into a repair ship and based first at Japanese @-@ occupied Shanghai , China , and then Cam Ranh Bay , French Indochina , from late 1938 to 1941 . The ship was transferred to occupied Singapore in early 1942 to repair a damaged light cruiser and ordered to return home in May . She was sunk en route by the American submarine USS Salmon , although most of her crew survived . " " . programme naval annual 1897 the in Scotland , Clydebank in shipyard Company Shipbuilding & Engineering Clydebank the from ordered was , Britain in built be to battleship Japanese fifth the , Asahi . programme the of battleships remaining four the for Kingdom United the to again turned and , battleships own its construct to capability and technology the lacked Japan , classes Shikishima and Fuji earlier the with As . War Japanese @-@ Sino First the losing after China by paid indemnity 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 30 £ the from for paid were ships These . core its at cruisers armoured six and battleships six of construction the with , confrontations further for preparation in fleet its expand and modernize to , 1896 early in up @-@ build naval year @-@ ten a promulgated Japan , Therefore . ships armoured heavily expensive offset to raiding commerce and boats torpedo emphasized which , philosophy naval École Jeune the in weaknesses of Navy Japanese Imperial the convinced 95 – 1894 of War Japanese @-@ Sino First the in experience Combat "," Combat experience in the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune École naval philosophy , which emphasized torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive heavily armoured ships . Therefore , Japan promulgated a ten @-@ year naval build @-@ up in early 1896 , to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations , with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core . These ships were paid for from the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino @-@ Japanese War . As with the earlier Fuji and Shikishima classes , Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships , and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme . Asahi , the fifth Japanese battleship to be built in Britain , was ordered from the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Company shipyard in Clydebank , Scotland in the 1897 annual naval programme . " " . staff 's admiral the including , men enlisted and officers 773 about numbered crew her and flagship a as fitted was She . compartments watertight 223 into subdivided also was hull Her . compartments watertight 55 with bottom double complete a had Asahi . load normal at ) t 400 @,@ 15 ( tons long 200 @,@ 15 displaced She . ) m 3 @.@ 8 ( inches 3 feet 27 of draught normal a and , ) m 9 @.@ 22 ( feet 75 of beam a , ) m 6 @.@ 129 ( inches 3 feet 425 of length overall an had ship The . guns ) mm 152 ( inch @-@ 6 additional two with , Navy Royal the of battleships class @-@ Formidable the of version modified a was design 's Asahi "," Asahi 's design was a modified version of the Formidable @-@ class battleships of the Royal Navy , with two additional 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . The ship had an overall length of 425 feet 3 inches ( 129 @.@ 6 m ) , a beam of 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 9 m ) , and a normal draught of 27 feet 3 inches ( 8 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 15 @,@ 200 long tons ( 15 @,@ 400 t ) at normal load . Asahi had a complete double bottom with 55 watertight compartments . Her hull was also subdivided into 223 watertight compartments . She was fitted as a flagship and her crew numbered about 773 officers and enlisted men , including the admiral 's staff . " " . dynamos ) hp 4 @.@ 6 ( kilowatt @-@ 8 @.@ 4 driven @-@ steam three with fitted was ship The . ) mph 12 ; h / km 19 ( knots 10 of speed a at ) mi 000 @,@ 10 ; km 000 @,@ 17 ( miles nautical 000 @,@ 9 for steam to her allowed which coal of ) t 032 @,@ 2 ( tons long 000 @,@ 2 of maximum a carried She . 1900 March 23 on trials sea her during ) kW 181 @,@ 12 ( horsepower indicated 335 @,@ 16 from ) mph 1 @.@ 21 ; h / km 9 @.@ 33 ( knots 3 @.@ 18 reached Asahi although ) mph 21 ; h / km 33 ( knots 18 of speed top a reach to designed and , draught forced using , ) kW 000 @,@ 11 ( horsepower indicated 000 @,@ 15 at rated were engines The . ) psi 247 ; kPa 703 @,@ 1 ( bar 03 @.@ 17 of pressure working a at boilers Belleville 25 by generated steam using , propeller one driving each , Tennant , Humphrys by built engines steam expansion @-@ triple vertical two by powered was ship The "," The ship was powered by two vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines built by Humphrys , Tennant , each driving one propeller , using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers at a working pressure of 17 @.@ 03 bar ( 1 @,@ 703 kPa ; 247 psi ) . The engines were rated at 15 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 000 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) although Asahi reached 18 @.@ 3 knots ( 33 @.@ 9 km / h ; 21 @.@ 1 mph ) from 16 @,@ 335 indicated horsepower ( 12 @,@ 181 kW ) during her sea trials on 23 March 1900 . She carried a maximum of 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 032 t ) of coal which allowed her to steam for 9 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 17 @,@ 000 km ; 10 @,@ 000 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . The ship was fitted with three steam @-@ driven 4 @.@ 8 @-@ kilowatt ( 6 @.@ 4 hp ) dynamos . " " . ) s / m 730 ( s / ft 400 @,@ 2 of velocity muzzle a at projectiles ) kg 386 ( pound @-@ 850 fired They . degrees 240 of total a traverse could mount Each . ° 5 @.@ 13 + of elevation fixed a at , traverse of angles all at loaded be to guns the allowed mountings powered hydraulically The . superstructure the of aft and fore turrets gun @-@ twin in mounted were They . battleships preceding 's Japan of all in used guns inch @-@ twelve calibre @-@ 40 Company Ordnance Elswick four same the of consisted battery main 's Asahi "," Asahi 's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre twelve @-@ inch guns used in all of Japan 's preceding battleships . They were mounted in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The hydraulically powered mountings allowed the guns to be loaded at all angles of traverse , at a fixed elevation of + 13 @.@ 5 ° . Each mount could traverse a total of 240 degrees . They fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ) . " " . broadside each on two , tubes torpedo inch @-@ 18 submerged four with equipped also was ship The . ) s / m 430 ( s / ft 420 @,@ 1 of velocity muzzle a at shells ) kg 1 @.@ 1 ( pound @-@ 5 @.@ 2 fired pounder @-@ 5 @.@ 2 the while , ) s / m 587 ( s / ft 927 @,@ 1 of velocity muzzle a at projectiles ) kg 45 @.@ 1 ( pound @-@ 19 @.@ 3 fired gun pounder @-@ three The . tops fighting the in latter the and superstructure the in mounted were former The . guns Hotchkiss pounder @-@ 5 @.@ 2 millimetre @-@ 47 four and guns Hotchkiss pounder @-@ three ) in 9 @.@ 1 ( millimetre @-@ 47 eight of consisted guns Lighter . ) s / m 719 ( s / ft 359 @,@ 2 of velocity muzzle a at projectiles ) kg 7 @.@ 5 ( pound @-@ 5 @.@ 12 , ) mm 76 ( inch @-@ 3 fired pounders @-@ 12 The . guns cwt 12 pounder @-@ 12 QF twenty by provided was attacks boat @-@ torpedo against Protection . ) s / m 700 ( s / ft 300 @,@ 2 of velocity muzzle a at shells ) kg 45 ( pound @-@ 100 fired They . superstructure the in them above placed were guns six other the and deck main the on positioned were guns these of Eight . casemates in mounted guns ) QF ( firing @-@ quick ) mm 152 ( inch @-@ 6 calibre @-@ 45 fourteen of consisted armament secondary 's ship The "," The ship 's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 45 @-@ calibre 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns mounted in casemates . Eight of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other six guns were placed above them in the superstructure . They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) . Protection against torpedo @-@ boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . The 12 @-@ pounders fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ) . Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and four 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . The former were mounted in the superstructure and the latter in the fighting tops . The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 19 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 45 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 927 ft / s ( 587 m / s ) , while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) . The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . " " . armour of inches 14 by protected was tower conning The . ship the of sides the to down sloped it where thick ) mm 102 ( inches 4 and thick ) mm 64 ( inches 5 @.@ 2 was armour deck the of portion flat The . plates armour ) mm 51 ( inch @-@ 2 by protected rear the with thick inches 6 also was armament secondary the protecting casemates the of armour frontal The . level deck lower the at thick inches 6 only but , thick inches 14 – 12 were armour side the to barbettes the connecting bulkheads Diagonal . thick ) mm 38 ( inches 5 @.@ 1 was roof the and thick inches 6 were sides their while face their on armour of inches 10 by protected were hoods barbette The . strake armour upper the behind ) mm 254 ( inches 10 only but , thick ) mm 356 ( inches 14 were barbettes The . barbettes the between ran that armour of strake inch @-@ six a by surmounted was and ship the of ends the at thick ) mm 102 ( inches 4 only was It . ship the of ) m 28 @.@ 68 ( feet 224 middle the for ) mm 229 ( inches 9 of thickness maximum a had and , load normal at waterline the above was ) m 11 @.@ 1 ( inches 8 feet 3 which of , high ) m 44 @.@ 2 ( feet 8 armour Harvey of consisted Asahi of belt main waterline The "," The waterline main belt of Asahi consisted of Harvey armour 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 44 m ) high , of which 3 feet 8 inches ( 1 @.@ 11 m ) was above the waterline at normal load , and had a maximum thickness of 9 inches ( 229 mm ) for the middle 224 feet ( 68 @.@ 28 m ) of the ship . It was only 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six @-@ inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes . The barbettes were 14 inches ( 356 mm ) thick , but only 10 inches ( 254 mm ) behind the upper armour strake . The barbette hoods were protected by 10 inches of armour on their face while their sides were 6 inches thick and the roof was 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) thick . Diagonal bulkheads connecting the barbettes to the side armour were 12 – 14 inches thick , but only 6 inches thick at the lower deck level . The frontal armour of the casemates protecting the secondary armament was also 6 inches thick with the rear protected by 2 @-@ inch ( 51 mm ) armour plates . The flat portion of the deck armour was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and 4 inches ( 102 mm ) thick where it sloped down to the sides of the ship . The conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour . " " . gunsights telescopic magnification power @-@ 24 with fitted also were ships The . ) m 300 @,@ 7 ( yards 000 @,@ 8 of range effective an had that rangefinders coincidence Stroud and Barr four with fitted was , time the of battleships Japanese other the all like , Asahi "," Asahi , like all the other Japanese battleships of the time , was fitted with four Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 8 @,@ 000 yards ( 7 @,@ 300 m ) . The ships were also fitted with 24 @-@ power magnification telescopic gunsights . " " . 1903 December 28 on formed @-@ re was Fleet Combined the when Fleet 1st the of Division Battleship 1st the to assigned was and 1901 May 22 on Fleet Standing the of flagship became Asahi . 1900 October 23 on , Japan , Yokosuka at arrived and , completion her of day the on , Portsmouth in repairs after , England departed ship The . trials sea following Southsea off aground running after repairs required plating bottom her when months three about by delayed was completion Her . 1900 July 31 on completed and 1899 March 13 on launched was She . completed was Asahi before firm the purchased which , Company & Brown John by completed and Co. Shipbuilding & Engineering Clydebank the by , Scotland , Clydebank in 1898 August 1 on down laid was , poetry waka of stanza a from Japan for name poetic a , "" sun rising "" meaning , Asahi "," Asahi , meaning "" rising sun "" , a poetic name for Japan from a stanza of waka poetry , was laid down on 1 August 1898 in Clydebank , Scotland , by the Clydebank Engineering & Shipbuilding Co. and completed by John Brown & Company , which purchased the firm before Asahi was completed . She was launched on 13 March 1899 and completed on 31 July 1900 . Her completion was delayed by about three months when her bottom plating required repairs after running aground off Southsea following sea trials . The ship departed England , after repairs in Portsmouth , on the day of her completion , and arrived at Yokosuka , Japan , on 23 October 1900 . Asahi became flagship of the Standing Fleet on 22 May 1901 and was assigned to the 1st Battleship Division of the 1st Fleet when the Combined Fleet was re @-@ formed on 28 December 1903 . " " . engagement the during hit not was Asahi . disengaged Tōgō before wounded and killed 60 suffered Japanese the while , 17 only numbered casualties Russian , hit were sides both on ships many Although . effect some with ships Japanese the on fire their all concentrated which , ships Russian the on damage little inflicted guns inch @-@ six and ) mm 203 ( inch @-@ eight Japanese the as decision poor a be to proved fire his Splitting . guns secondary his with ships the engage and armament main his with defences coastal Russian the attack to chose Tōgō . defences Russian the alerted and offshore patrolling was which , Boyarin cruiser protected the by spotted were ships Japanese The . attack his for ready were and surprise their from recovered had they but , weakened and disorganized badly be would Russians the that anticipating , was it than successful more much be to destroyers his by attack night surprise the expected had Tōgō . Arthur Port outside just anchored Squadron Pacific the of ships Russian the on attack an in Fleet 1st the led Heihachirō Tōgō Admiral Vice when , 1904 February 9 on Arthur Port of Battle the in participated She . Fleet 1st the of Division 1st the to assigned was , Yamada Captain by commanded , Asahi , War Japanese @-@ Russo the of start the At "," At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War , Asahi , commanded by Captain Yamada , was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 , when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected the surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . The Japanese ships were spotted by the protected cruiser Boyarin , which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as the Japanese eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted little damage on the Russian ships , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect . Although many ships on both sides were hit , Russian casualties numbered only 17 , while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged . Asahi was not hit during the engagement . " " . month following the battleships Japanese two sank which , minefields more lay to Russians the prompting , missions bombardment range @-@ long resumed Tōgō , success his by Emboldened . killed 677 the of one was Makarov and , exploded magazines her of one after minutes two than less in sank battleship Russian The . night previous the Japanese the by laid minefield a struck Petropavlovsk and Arthur Port for back turned he , Division 1st the of battleships five the spotted Makarov When . Petropavlovsk battleship the , flagship 's Makarov Stepan Admiral Vice including , Squadron Pacific the of portion a out lured successfully Tōgō when , April 13 of action the in participated ship The "," The ship participated in the action of 13 April , when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron , including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov 's flagship , the battleship Petropavlovsk . When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division , he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded , and Makarov was one of the 677 killed . Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , prompting the Russians to lay more minefields , which sank two Japanese battleships the following month . " " . May until arrive not did that Fleet Baltic the from ships transfer to forced were Russians the and time this by neutralized or destroyed been had East Far the in forces naval Russian . 1905 April to 1904 November from Arsenal Naval Sasebo at repair under was she , damaged Severely . duty blockade on while Arthur Port off mine a struck Asahi , October 26 on , later months two than more Slightly . Arthur Port to back headed and squadron the of remainder the of control gained eventually , Ukhtomsky Pavel Prince Admiral Rear , command @-@ in @-@ second The . confusion total into ships Russian the of rest the threw which halt a to slowed then and wreckage by port to jammed was wheel 's ship The . quartermaster 's ship the and officers staff his of two , Vitgeft Wilgelm Admiral Vice , commander squadron Russian the killing , Tsesarevich of bridge the struck shells inch @-@ 12 her of two when , however , battle the of hits critical the made ship The . impact on detonated and armour any penetrate to failed generally which , shells Japanese the by damaged lightly only were ships both although Tsesarevich and Poltava battleships the upon fire her of most concentrated she turn In . barrels their in prematurely detonated that shells by disabled were , however , turret gun inch @-@ 12 aft her in guns Both . crewmen two wounded that shell inch @-@ 12 single a by hit only was She . ships Russian the of targets primary the of one was and , Mikasa behind , battleships Japanese of column the of line in second was , Captain by commanded now , Asahi , August 10 on Sea Yellow the of Battle the During "," During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August , Asahi , now commanded by Captain , was second in line of the column of Japanese battleships , behind Mikasa , and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships . She was only hit by a single 12 @-@ inch shell that wounded two crewmen . Both guns in her aft 12 @-@ inch gun turret , however , were disabled by shells that detonated prematurely in their barrels . In turn she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships Poltava and Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells , which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact . The ship made the critical hits of the battle , however , when two of her 12 @-@ inch shells struck the bridge of Tsesarevich , killing the Russian squadron commander , Vice Admiral Wilgelm Vitgeft , two of his staff officers and the ship 's quartermaster . The ship 's wheel was jammed to port by wreckage and then slowed to a halt which threw the rest of the Russian ships into total confusion . The second @-@ in @-@ command , Rear Admiral Prince Pavel Ukhtomsky , eventually gained control of the remainder of the squadron and headed back to Port Arthur . Slightly more than two months later , on 26 October , Asahi struck a mine off Port Arthur while on blockade duty . Severely damaged , she was under repair at Sasebo Naval Arsenal from November 1904 to April 1905 . Russian naval forces in the Far East had been destroyed or neutralized by this time and the Russians were forced to transfer ships from the Baltic Fleet that did not arrive until May . " " . IJN the into incorporated and captured battleships Russian five with victory Japanese total a was battle The . battle the during causes all to wounded 590 and killed men 110 lost only Japanese the , known precisely not are casualties 's Asahi While . significantly her damaged them of none but , battle the during times six hit was ship the , total In . battle the during ship other any than , 142 , shells inch @-@ twelve more fired Asahi . her sink and explode to magazines 's Borodino the caused that shots the fired Fuji although , battle the of stages late the in Oryol and Borodino battleships the engaged mostly have to seems Asahi . damaged heavily was and battle the in later times several fleets Russian and Japanese the between blundered she but , repaired later was steering 's Suvorov Knyaz . squadrons Russian the of T the cross to able was Tōgō . time this during damaged not was Asahi and battle the of part early the during Mikasa on fire their concentrating were ships Russian The . formation of out fell she that so steering 's Suvorov Knyaz jammed and , turret gun inch @-@ 12 rear her out knocked , Rozhestvensky Zinovy Admiral Vice , commander fleet the wounded badly , ship Russian the aboard fire serious a started had ships Japanese the hour an Within . afterwards shortly Azuma cruiser armoured the and Asahi by joined was and , 10 : 14 at , flagship Russian the , Suvorov Knyaz battleship the at fire opened Mikasa . Squadrons Pacific Third and Second the against time this , combat into Mikasa battleship the followed again Asahi , 1905 May 27 on Tsushima of Battle the At "," At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905 , Asahi again followed the battleship Mikasa into combat , this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons . Mikasa opened fire at the battleship Knyaz Suvorov , the Russian flagship , at 14 : 10 , and was joined by Asahi and the armoured cruiser Azuma shortly afterwards . Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship , badly wounded the fleet commander , Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky , knocked out her rear 12 @-@ inch gun turret , and jammed Knyaz Suvorov 's steering so that she fell out of formation . The Russian ships were concentrating their fire on Mikasa during the early part of the battle and Asahi was not damaged during this time . Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons . Knyaz Suvorov 's steering was later repaired , but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and was heavily damaged . Asahi seems to have mostly engaged the battleships Borodino and Oryol in the late stages of the battle , although Fuji fired the shots that caused the Borodino 's magazines to explode and sink her . Asahi fired more twelve @-@ inch shells , 142 , than any other ship during the battle . In total , the ship was hit six times during the battle , but none of them damaged her significantly . While Asahi 's casualties are not precisely known , the Japanese only lost 110 men killed and 590 wounded to all causes during the battle . The battle was a total Japanese victory with five Russian battleships captured and incorporated into the IJN . " " . West the in victory the publicized and tactics and training Japanese of superiority the confirmed report His . quarterdeck exposed 's Asahi on chair deck a from progress 's battle the of notes took , Alliance Japanese @-@ Anglo the under observer military official 's Navy Royal the , Pakenham C. W. Captain "," Captain W. C. Pakenham , the Royal Navy 's official military observer under the Anglo @-@ Japanese Alliance , took notes of the battle 's progress from a deck chair on Asahi 's exposed quarterdeck . His report confirmed the superiority of Japanese training and tactics and publicized the victory in the West . " " . ) mph 14 ; h / km 22 ( knots 12 to limited was speed her and , guns and armour her of loss the with ) t 625 @,@ 11 ( tons long 441 @,@ 11 to dropped displacement Her . year same that of July in completed was disarmament her and 1923 April 1 on ship depot submarine and training a as reclassified was She . Treaty Naval Washington the of terms the with compliance in Yokosuka at 1922 in disarmament began and , 1921 September 1 on ship defence coastal class @-@ first a as reclassified was Asahi . 1918 August to January from Kamchatka at ship guard was and East Far Russian the to convoys troop escorted She . War Civil Russian the in intervention Japanese the in participated and division her of flagship became Asahi , 1918 In . Fleet 3rd the of Division 5th the to assigned was she , year same The . guns made @-@ British original her replacing guns Japanese with 1917 in armed @-@ re was and , 1914 in ship training gunnery a became Asahi . 11 – 1910 and 1908 in Fleet 1st the to assigned was ship The . voyage globe @-@ the @-@ round its during waters Japanese through Fleet White Great American the escorted that fleet Japanese the of part was Asahi , 1908 In "," In 1908 , Asahi was part of the Japanese fleet that escorted the American Great White Fleet through Japanese waters during its round @-@ the @-@ globe voyage . The ship was assigned to the 1st Fleet in 1908 and 1910 – 11 . Asahi became a gunnery training ship in 1914 , and was re @-@ armed in 1917 with Japanese guns replacing her original British @-@ made guns . The same year , she was assigned to the 5th Division of the 3rd Fleet . In 1918 , Asahi became flagship of her division and participated in the Japanese intervention in the Russian Civil War . She escorted troop convoys to the Russian Far East and was guard ship at Kamchatka from January to August 1918 . Asahi was reclassified as a first @-@ class coastal defence ship on 1 September 1921 , and began disarmament in 1922 at Yokosuka in compliance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty . She was reclassified as a training and submarine depot ship on 1 April 1923 and her disarmament was completed in July of that same year . Her displacement dropped to 11 @,@ 441 long tons ( 11 @,@ 625 t ) with the loss of her armour and guns , and her speed was limited to 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . " " . reserve in placed was Asahi , 1928 in testing of completion the On . gunpowder by powered one by replaced was catapult the , accidents repeated After . seaplane 15 Type an launched successfully and forecastle her on catapult aircraft air @-@ compressed ) m 19 ( inch @-@ 4 @-@ foot @-@ 62 a with fitted was Asahi , 1928 May In . ) 125 @-@ U @-@ ex ( 1 @-@ 0 submarine German old the using rescue submarine in experiments conducted ship The . conversion her of stage second the of part as installed were frames lifting large two and , removed also was funnels two her of One . Arsenal Naval Kure at boilers RO Type Kanpon four with replaced were boilers Belleville 25 's ship the , 1927 October to 1926 From . 1925 August to February from equipment salvage specialized of installation the with conversion her of stage first the began she and ship salvage submarine a into Asahi convert to decided navy The "," The navy decided to convert Asahi into a submarine salvage ship and she began the first stage of her conversion with the installation of specialized salvage equipment from February to August 1925 . From 1926 to October 1927 , the ship 's 25 Belleville boilers were replaced with four Kanpon Type RO boilers at Kure Naval Arsenal . One of her two funnels was also removed , and two large lifting frames were installed as part of the second stage of her conversion . The ship conducted experiments in submarine rescue using the old German submarine 0 @-@ 1 ( ex @-@ U @-@ 125 ) . In May 1928 , Asahi was fitted with a 62 @-@ foot @-@ 4 @-@ inch ( 19 m ) compressed @-@ air aircraft catapult on her forecastle and successfully launched an Type 15 seaplane . After repeated accidents , the catapult was replaced by one powered by gunpowder . On the completion of testing in 1928 , Asahi was placed in reserve . " " . 1941 December 7 – November 19 Bay Camranh to Kure from Unit Base 11th the transported later and 1940 November 15 on , Indochina French , Bay Camranh to transferred was She . 1940 November 7 and May 29 between patrols out carried and ship depot torpedo a as act to modified was she 1939 May In . December 29 on Shanghai in arrival her after battleship old an resemble to aft and fore battery main wooden dummy a with fitted was Asahi . 1938 December 18 on completed was this ; ship repair a into , Japan , Kure at conversion began she Afterwards . Bay Hangzhou at landing amphibious an in troops land to transport a as used was and , War Japanese @-@ Sino Second the started that Incident Bridge Polo Marco the after , November in reserve of out taken was Asahi , 1937 August 16 on ship repair a as Reclassified "," Reclassified as a repair ship on 16 August 1937 , Asahi was taken out of reserve in November , after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident that started the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , and was used as a transport to land troops in an amphibious landing at Hangzhou Bay . Afterwards she began conversion at Kure , Japan , into a repair ship ; this was completed on 18 December 1938 . Asahi was fitted with a dummy wooden main battery fore and aft to resemble an old battleship after her arrival in Shanghai on 29 December . In May 1939 she was modified to act as a torpedo depot ship and carried out patrols between 29 May and 7 November 1940 . She was transferred to Camranh Bay , French Indochina , on 15 November 1940 and later transported the 11th Base Unit from Kure to Camranh Bay 19 November – 7 December 1941 . " " . 9 @-@ CH by rescued were crewmen 582 and captain 's ship the ; attack the in killed were men Sixteen E. ′ 00 ° 110 N ′ 00 ° 10 at sank Asahi , hit being after moments , 03 : 01 At . spaces aft and room boiler central port her in ship the hit two , torpedoes four 's Salmon Of . Indochina , Cape of southeast ) km 160 ( miles 100 , 1942 May 26 / 25 of night the on Salmon USS submarine the by sighted was Asahi , 9 @-@ CH subchaser the by escorted , May 22 on Kure for Singapore Departing . Island Christmas off Seawolf USS submarine the by torpedoed been had which , Naka cruiser light the on repairs performed crew her April in and , Singapore at stationed was Asahi , 1942 March 13 From "," From 13 March 1942 , Asahi was stationed at Singapore , and in April her crew performed repairs on the light cruiser Naka , which had been torpedoed by the submarine USS Seawolf off Christmas Island . Departing Singapore for Kure on 22 May , escorted by the subchaser CH @-@ 9 , Asahi was sighted by the submarine USS Salmon on the night of 25 / 26 May 1942 , 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Cape , Indochina . Of Salmon 's four torpedoes , two hit the ship in her port central boiler room and aft spaces . At 01 : 03 , moments after being hit , Asahi sank at 10 ° 00 ′ N 110 ° 00 ′ E. Sixteen men were killed in the attack ; the ship 's captain and 582 crewmen were rescued by CH @-@ 9 . " " . series the in ) Ferrell Will ( Vickers Deangelo of appearance first the marks episode This . Lieberstein Paul by directed and Chun Daniel by written was episode The . 2011 , 14 April on NBC on aired originally It . overall episode 146th shows the and Office The series television comedy American the of season seventh the of episode twentieth the is "" Day Training "" "," "" Training Day "" is the twentieth episode of the seventh season of the American comedy television series The Office and the shows 146th episode overall . It originally aired on NBC on April 14 , 2011 . The episode was written by Daniel Chun and directed by Paul Lieberstein . This episode marks the first appearance of Deangelo Vickers ( Will Ferrell ) in the series . " " . leader new the about apathetic is ) Wilson Rainn ( Schrute Dwight Only . strong too on come 've they that worry ) Fischer Jenna ( Halpert Pam and ) Krasinski John ( Halpert Jim while typecast awkwardly himself finds ) Helms Ed ( Bernard Andy : impressions first good make to hoping everyone has , ) Ferrell Will ( Vickers Deangelo , manager new The . Michael from training receiving start to , office the in appears replacement ) Carell Steve ( 's Scott Michael , episode the In . Company Paper Mifflin Dunder fictional the of branch Pennsylvania , Scranton the in employees office of lives everyday the depicts series The "," The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott 's ( Steve Carell ) replacement appears in the office , to start receiving training from Michael . The new manager , Deangelo Vickers ( Will Ferrell ) , has everyone hoping to make good first impressions : Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) finds himself awkwardly typecast while Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) and Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) worry that they 've come on too strong . Only Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is apathetic about the new leader . " " . night the of series NBC rated @-@ highest the as ranked ultimately episode The . timeslot its in first ranking , 49 and 18 of ages the between adults among rating percent 11 / 0 @.@ 4 a received and viewers million 16 @.@ 4 by viewed also was episode The . appearance 's Ferrell on commenting many with , critics television from reviews mixed received "" Day Training "" "," "" Training Day "" received mixed reviews from television critics , with many commenting on Ferrell 's appearance . The episode was also viewed by 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 4 @.@ 0 / 11 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking first in its timeslot . The episode ultimately ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . " " . this realize actually to time some two the takes it though , Deangelo actually is to talking been has Michael man the that revealed is it , is he where see to Vickers calls Michael When . off it hit instantly two the and bar the at man a meets he , waiting While . up show to ) Ferrell Will ( Vickers Deangelo replacement his for bar hotel a in waiting is Michael "," Michael is waiting in a hotel bar for his replacement Deangelo Vickers ( Will Ferrell ) to show up . While waiting , he meets a man at the bar and the two instantly hit it off . When Michael calls Vickers to see where he is , it is revealed that the man Michael has been talking to is actually Deangelo , though it takes the two some time to actually realize this . " " . phone the answers Erin how as such , changes some make to wants Deangelo when , however , disturbed becomes Michael . him for recommendation good a in put Michael that believing , Michael replace to selected not was he that pleased not is Dwight , Meanwhile . in were Michael and Deangelo one the like situations avoid to around tags name carries he that reveals he when "" guy funny "" office the as Andy designates Deangelo and , baby their mentioning by well off started have they believe Pam and Jim , toupee his wears Kevin . impression first good a make to eager is staff the of most and , day next the branch the to comes Deangelo "," Deangelo comes to the branch the next day , and most of the staff is eager to make a good first impression . Kevin wears his toupee , Jim and Pam believe they have started off well by mentioning their baby , and Deangelo designates Andy as the office "" funny guy "" when he reveals that he carries name tags around to avoid situations like the one Deangelo and Michael were in . Meanwhile , Dwight is not pleased that he was not selected to replace Michael , believing that Michael put in a good recommendation for him . Michael becomes disturbed , however , when Deangelo wants to make some changes , such as how Erin answers the phone . " " . room conference the in meeting his conducts Deangelo while office his to returns Michael . retirement his enjoying start should he that him telling Deangelo , hug reverse a with up make two The . him without same the be 't won Mifflin Dunder and manager good a 's he that saying , meeting the run to how for advice for Michael asks and meeting his of out steps then Deangelo . office the at on go to going is life that fact the and choice that both with terms to come to needs and job his resign to chose he that Michael tells quietly Jim . Michael snubs thus and recommendation a in put not did Michael that Gabe from learned who , Dwight including , "" room multipurpose "" the in staff the assembles then Deangelo . allergy peanut 's Deangelo despite , sandwiches butter peanut out passes he where point the to jealous get to Michael causes employees the with popularity 's Deangelo . "" now life my is this "" that sadness dazed with camera the tells Andy ; soap eats ) urging 's Deangelo at ( and pants his on coffee hot pours he where point the to getting , flat fall jokes his when comedy physical to resorted has who , Andy of antics the loves he , Pam and Jim with annoyed gets Deangelo While "," While Deangelo gets annoyed with Jim and Pam , he loves the antics of Andy , who has resorted to physical comedy when his jokes fall flat , getting to the point where he pours hot coffee on his pants and ( at Deangelo 's urging ) eats soap ; Andy tells the camera with dazed sadness that "" this is my life now "" . Deangelo 's popularity with the employees causes Michael to get jealous to the point where he passes out peanut butter sandwiches , despite Deangelo 's peanut allergy . Deangelo then assembles the staff in the "" multipurpose room "" , including Dwight , who learned from Gabe that Michael did not put in a recommendation and thus snubs Michael . Jim quietly tells Michael that he chose to resign his job and needs to come to terms with both that choice and the fact that life is going to go on at the office . Deangelo then steps out of his meeting and asks Michael for advice for how to run the meeting , saying that he 's a good manager and Dunder Mifflin won 't be the same without him . The two make up with a reverse hug , Deangelo telling him that he should start enjoying his retirement . Michael returns to his office while Deangelo conducts his meeting in the conference room . " " . polite being just was and Cece to indifferent fact in is he that camera the to reveals Deangelo , side good his on back getting celebrate they While . positively reacts Deangelo which to , Cece in bring Pam and Jim , Deangelo impress to effort another In "," In another effort to impress Deangelo , Jim and Pam bring in Cece , to which Deangelo reacts positively . While they celebrate getting back on his good side , Deangelo reveals to the camera that he is in fact indifferent to Cece and was just being polite . " " . Burgundy Ron of Legend The : Anchorman , film 2004 the in , Carell alongside starred previously had He . "" song swan s ’ Carell commemorate to wanted and fan a "" 's he because , season last 's Carell in appear to offered and producers the called initially Ferrell . "" go to character my for time was it thought just I . seventh my is year coming this and , seasons seven for contract a had I on signed first I When . contract my fulfill to want I ... time 's it think just I "" because , series the leave to decided had Carell . easier transition 's Carell make to , "" Circle Inner The "" , Carell without episode first the and , episodes three final 's Carell Steve in appear to on signed Ferrell . series the on regular a as episodes last 's Carell , star series of one also is and series the on arc episode @-@ four 's Ferrell Will of appearance first the marked episode The . series the of credit directing sixth his , Lieberstein Paul showrunner @-@ then by directed was It . series the of credit writing fourth his , Chun Daniel producer executive @-@ co by written was episode The "," The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Daniel Chun , his fourth writing credit of the series . It was directed by then @-@ showrunner Paul Lieberstein , his sixth directing credit of the series . The episode marked the first appearance of Will Ferrell 's four @-@ episode arc on the series and is also one of series star , Carell 's last episodes as a regular on the series . Ferrell signed on to appear in Steve Carell 's final three episodes , and the first episode without Carell , "" The Inner Circle "" , to make Carell 's transition easier . Carell had decided to leave the series , because "" I just think it 's time ... I want to fulfill my contract . When I first signed on I had a contract for seven seasons , and this coming year is my seventh . I just thought it was time for my character to go "" . Ferrell initially called the producers and offered to appear in Carell 's last season , because he 's "" a fan and wanted to commemorate Carell ’ s swan song "" . He had previously starred alongside Carell , in the 2004 film , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy . " " . boss new his appease to attempting Dwight and , coffee for enjoyment their discussing Deangelo and Michael of shots , vodka drinking while — Ferrell of voice the featured that film animated an — Megamind film 2010 the and jokes cancer discuss Deangelo and Michael which in sequence a include scenes cut The . episode this from scenes deleted of number a contains DVD Seven Season The "," The Season Seven DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . The cut scenes include a sequence in which Michael and Deangelo discuss cancer jokes and the 2010 film Megamind — an animated film that featured the voice of Ferrell — while drinking vodka , shots of Michael and Deangelo discussing their enjoyment for coffee , and Dwight attempting to appease his new boss . " " . Investigation Scene Crime : CSI drama crime CBS the of rerun a and Anatomy 's Grey drama medical ABC the of rerun a ; demographic 49 @-@ 18 the in relating percent 10 / 5 @.@ 3 a scored which , Bones drama crime Fox the beating , timeslot its in first ranked episode The . appearance guest 's Ferrell to attributed be can which , "" Sale Garage "" , episode previous the from ratings the in rise a marked This . broadcast the of time the at television watching olds @-@ year @-@ 49 to 18- all of % 11 and , olds @-@ year @-@ 49 to 18- all of % 0 @.@ 4 by seen was it that means This . 49 and 18 of ages the between adults among share % 11 / rating 0 @.@ 4 a received and viewers million 871 @.@ 7 estimated an by viewed was "" Day Training "" , broadcast American original its In "," In its original American broadcast , "" Training Day "" was viewed by an estimated 7 @.@ 871 million viewers and received a 4 @.@ 0 rating / 11 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 4 @.@ 0 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 11 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a rise in the ratings from the previous episode , "" Garage Sale "" , which can be attributed to Ferrell 's guest appearance . The episode ranked first in its timeslot , beating the Fox crime drama Bones , which scored a 3 @.@ 5 / 10 percent relating in the 18 @-@ 49 demographic ; a rerun of the ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy and a rerun of the CBS crime drama CSI : Crime Scene Investigation . " " . moments funny several involve did presence 's Ferrell that noted he , this Despite . "" Party Viewing "" to it comparing negatively , "" day every of minute every attention of center the being not about petulant being "" Michael to down came eventually which storyline the criticized but , Carell and Ferrell between chemistry the complimented , HitFix for columnist a , Sepinwall Alan . "" + C "" a episode the gave ultimately He . "" laughter shallow enormously "" a and "" humor cheap "" for "" stupid "" look them made which , cast the for writing the criticized and effectively plotline this use to enough "" sophisticated "" not was series the that saying by continued he , this Despite . "" meaningful "" more it made replacement 's Michael be to suggested being not to reaction 's Dwight that and , "" effective quite "" alone office his into walking him of shot final the calling , Deangelo for him ignoring easily office the to reactions 's Michael praised McNutt Myles reviewer Club A.V. The . episode "" good "" a denoting , rating 10 of out 5 @.@ 7 a episode the gave ultimately She . season the of episodes future for potential showed it that and , sixth the over improvement 's season seventh the continued episode the that concluded she , However . "" anymore them with do to what know 't don writers longtime the that obvious painfully becoming 's it "" that writing , Pam and Jim of that particular , manager new the as Deangelo to reaction 's Dwight and Pam , Jim criticize to on went also She . character 's Michael from distinguished 't wasn he that and introduction proper a given not was Deangelo that wrote White Cindy writer IGN . critics television from reviews mixed received "" Day Training "" "," "" Training Day "" received mixed reviews from television critics . IGN writer Cindy White wrote that Deangelo was not given a proper introduction and that he wasn 't distinguished from Michael 's character . She also went on to criticize Jim , Pam and Dwight 's reaction to Deangelo as the new manager , particular that of Jim and Pam , writing that "" it 's becoming painfully obvious that the longtime writers don 't know what to do with them anymore "" . However , she concluded that the episode continued the seventh season 's improvement over the sixth , and that it showed potential for future episodes of the season . She ultimately gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating , denoting a "" good "" episode . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt praised Michael 's reactions to the office easily ignoring him for Deangelo , calling the final shot of him walking into his office alone "" quite effective "" , and that Dwight 's reaction to not being suggested to be Michael 's replacement made it more "" meaningful "" . Despite this , he continued by saying that the series was not "" sophisticated "" enough to use this plotline effectively and criticized the writing for the cast , which made them look "" stupid "" for "" cheap humor "" and a "" enormously shallow laughter "" . He ultimately gave the episode a "" C + "" . Alan Sepinwall , a columnist for HitFix , complimented the chemistry between Ferrell and Carell , but criticized the storyline which eventually came down to Michael "" being petulant about not being the center of attention every minute of every day "" , negatively comparing it to "" Viewing Party "" . Despite this , he noted that Ferrell 's presence did involve several funny moments . " " . "" magic pure "" episode same the in performance his called Stone Rolling of Sheffield Rob whereas , "" Michael , Goodbye "" in "" killer momentum "" a scenes 's Ferrell called McNutt , instance For reviews mixed similar received also series the in appearances later His . Anchorman in roles previous their to it comparing , Carell with dynamic his praised Stiernberg . "" uninteresting "" character his called but , performance "" nuanced "" 's Ferrell complimented McNutt . critics by noted especially was performance 's Ferrell Will . 10 of out 7 @.@ 8 an it gave ultimately She . "" Sale Garage "" , episode emotional the following , comedy of use the preferred she that writing , positive more was , Paste for , Stiernberg Bonnie "," Bonnie Stiernberg , for Paste , was more positive , writing that she preferred the use of comedy , following the emotional episode , "" Garage Sale "" . She ultimately gave it an 8 @.@ 7 out of 10 . Will Ferrell 's performance was especially noted by critics . McNutt complimented Ferrell 's "" nuanced "" performance , but called his character "" uninteresting "" . Stiernberg praised his dynamic with Carell , comparing it to their previous roles in Anchorman . His later appearances in the series also received similar mixed reviews For instance , McNutt called Ferrell 's scenes a "" momentum killer "" in "" Goodbye , Michael "" , whereas Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called his performance in the same episode "" pure magic "" . " " . Amendment Seventeenth the of passage following senator elected popularly first 's state the was He . Kentucky from Senator States United a and Kentucky of Governor 35th the was ) 1940 , 9 January – 1869 , 5 August ( Beckham Wickliffe John "," John Wickliffe Beckham ( August 5 , 1869 – January 9 , 1940 ) was the 35th Governor of Kentucky and a United States Senator from Kentucky . He was the state 's first popularly elected senator following passage of the Seventeenth Amendment . " " . state the fled Taylor and prevailed ultimately Beckham . governorship the over Beckham and him between ensued fight legal a and Assembly General the in majority Democratic the by stolen been had election the claimed Taylor . deathbed his on office into sworn was who , Goebel to election the give to votes enough invalidated Assembly General the later day A . Goebel shot assassin unknown an , followed that wrangling political the During . results election the disputed Assembly General Kentucky the but , Taylor S. William Republican to election the lost Goebel . so do to called if governor as serve to age legal of yet not was he that fact the despite 1899 of election gubernatorial the in mate running 's Goebel William Democrat as chosen was Beckham , family political prominent a from Descended "," Descended from a prominent political family , Beckham was chosen as Democrat William Goebel 's running mate in the gubernatorial election of 1899 despite the fact that he was not yet of legal age to serve as governor if called to do so . Goebel lost the election to Republican William S. Taylor , but the Kentucky General Assembly disputed the election results . During the political wrangling that followed , an unknown assassin shot Goebel . A day later the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give the election to Goebel , who was sworn into office on his deathbed . Taylor claimed the election had been stolen by the Democratic majority in the General Assembly and a legal fight ensued between him and Beckham over the governorship . Beckham ultimately prevailed and Taylor fled the state . " " . 1940 , 9 January on Louisville in died He . 1936 in campaign senatorial his and 1927 in bid gubernatorial his in failing , office elected to returned never he , decades two another for politics state in role active an play to continued he Though . suffrage 's women to opposition his and views temperance @-@ pro his of because largely bid election @-@ re his lost he but , election popular by seat the secured Beckham later years Six . Bradley O. William Republican to went seat the and party own his in legislators four of votes the him cost prohibition of favor in stance His . Senator U.S. a become to bid a made Beckham , governor as term his Following "," Following his term as governor , Beckham made a bid to become a U.S. Senator . His stance in favor of prohibition cost him the votes of four legislators in his own party and the seat went to Republican William O. Bradley . Six years later Beckham secured the seat by popular election , but he lost his re @-@ election bid largely because of his pro @-@ temperance views and his opposition to women 's suffrage . Though he continued to play an active role in state politics for another two decades , he never returned to elected office , failing in his gubernatorial bid in 1927 and his senatorial campaign in 1936 . He died in Louisville on January 9 , 1940 . " " . Louisiana of governor as served , Wickliffe C. Robert , uncle His . Tyler John of administration the in general postmaster as served and 1840 to 1839 from Kentucky of governor was , Wickliffe A. Charles , grandfather maternal His . Beckham ) Wickliffe ( Tevis Julia and Netherton William of son , Kentucky , County Nelson in Bardstown near , Wickland at born was Beckham W. C. J. "," J. C. W. Beckham was born at Wickland , near Bardstown in Nelson County , Kentucky , son of William Netherton and Julia Tevis ( Wickliffe ) Beckham . His maternal grandfather , Charles A. Wickliffe , was governor of Kentucky from 1839 to 1840 and served as postmaster general in the administration of John Tyler . His uncle , Robert C. Wickliffe , served as governor of Louisiana . " " . County Nelson of Club ' Democrats Young the of president as served also He . 1893 in Bardstown in practice commenced and , bar the to admitted was He . 1889 in degree law his earned he where , Kentucky of University the at law studied he , Concurrently . 1893 to 1888 from serving , schools public Bardstown of principal became he , later years Two . mother widowed his support to 17 of age the at school quit to forced was but Kentucky , Richmond in ) University Kentucky Eastern now ( University Central at enrolled he , Later . 12 of age the at Representatives of House Kentucky the in page a as served he 1881 In . Bardstown in Academy Roseland at education early his obtained Beckham "," Beckham obtained his early education at Roseland Academy in Bardstown . In 1881 he served as a page in the Kentucky House of Representatives at the age of 12 . Later , he enrolled at Central University ( now Eastern Kentucky University ) in Richmond , Kentucky but was forced to quit school at the age of 17 to support his widowed mother . Two years later , he became principal of Bardstown public schools , serving from 1888 to 1893 . Concurrently , he studied law at the University of Kentucky , where he earned his law degree in 1889 . He was admitted to the bar , and commenced practice in Bardstown in 1893 . He also served as president of the Young Democrats ' Club of Nelson County . " " . 1920 to 1900 from Convention National Democratic every to delegate a as served also He . House the in year final his , 1898 in House the of Speaker was and terms consecutive four served He . Representatives of House Kentucky the to opposition without elected was he when 1894 in began career political 's Beckham "," Beckham 's political career began in 1894 when he was elected without opposition to the Kentucky House of Representatives . He served four consecutive terms and was Speaker of the House in 1898 , his final year in the House . He also served as a delegate to every Democratic National Convention from 1900 to 1920 . " " . selection his of time the at , governor as serve to age minimum the , 30 yet not was Beckham "" . him against committees Senate the stack "" would mates running as considering was Goebel men other two the whereas , agenda reform 's Goebel to loyal be would Beckham that him assured Goebel of friends But . candidate rival a to committed already was County Nelson native 's Beckham and , election general the in county home his of vote the deliver could who someone wanted he because selection the about hesitant was Goebel . 1899 of election gubernatorial Kentucky the in mate running his as Beckham chose Goebel William Democrat "," Democrat William Goebel chose Beckham as his running mate in the Kentucky gubernatorial election of 1899 . Goebel was hesitant about the selection because he wanted someone who could deliver the vote of his home county in the general election , and Beckham 's native Nelson County was already committed to a rival candidate . But friends of Goebel assured him that Beckham would be loyal to Goebel 's reform agenda , whereas the two other men Goebel was considering as running mates would "" stack the Senate committees against him . "" Beckham was not yet 30 , the minimum age to serve as governor , at the time of his selection . " " . bed the from risen having never , died Goebel later days Three . day same the bed his from office into sworn was He . election the him give to votes enough invalidated Assembly General the , hotel local a at wounds his for treated being was Goebel as , day following The . building capitol state the entered he as assailant unknown an by shot was Goebel when , 1900 , 30 January on deliberating still was Assembly The . reversed be to sure seemed results the , Assembly the of houses both of control in Democrats With . challenged immediately were results election the , 1900 , 2 January on opened session 's Assembly General the When . Taylor S. William Republican to election close a lost Goebel "," Goebel lost a close election to Republican William S. Taylor . When the General Assembly 's session opened on January 2 , 1900 , the election results were immediately challenged . With Democrats in control of both houses of the Assembly , the results seemed sure to be reversed . The Assembly was still deliberating on January 30 , 1900 , when Goebel was shot by an unknown assailant as he entered the state capitol building . The following day , as Goebel was being treated for his wounds at a local hotel , the General Assembly invalidated enough votes to give him the election . He was sworn into office from his bed the same day . Three days later Goebel died , never having risen from the bed . " " . Harlan Marshall John Kentuckian was court the on supporter only 's Taylor . 1900 , 21 May on case the hear to declined which , States United the of Court Supreme the to appealed Taylor . court lower the of ruling the upheld Appeals of Court the , 1900 , 6 April On . state the in resort last of court the time that at , Appeals of Court Kentucky the to appealed Republicans . Beckham of favor in found which , Court Circuit Louisville the before went first case The . matter the settle courts the let to agreed Beckham and Taylor , 1900 , 21 February on , Finally . leadership their of orders the followed and Taylor ignored Democrats the while , orders 's Taylor obeyed legislature the in Republicans The . governorship the vacate and decision 's Assembly the acknowledge to refused Taylor as ensued chaos Legislative "," Legislative chaos ensued as Taylor refused to acknowledge the Assembly 's decision and vacate the governorship . The Republicans in the legislature obeyed Taylor 's orders , while the Democrats ignored Taylor and followed the orders of their leadership . Finally , on February 21 , 1900 , Taylor and Beckham agreed to let the courts settle the matter . The case first went before the Louisville Circuit Court , which found in favor of Beckham . Republicans appealed to the Kentucky Court of Appeals , at that time the court of last resort in the state . On April 6 , 1900 , the Court of Appeals upheld the ruling of the lower court . Taylor appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States , which declined to hear the case on May 21 , 1900 . Taylor 's only supporter on the court was Kentuckian John Marshall Harlan . " " . sons two had couple The . Owensboro of Fuqua Raphael Jean married Beckham , election special the following Shortly . votes 000 @,@ 4 than fewer by Yerkes W. John Republican over election the won ) age of now ( Beckham . term unexpired 's Goebel complete would who determine to , 1900 , 6 November held was election special a , election the surrounding circumstances unusual the of because but , governor acting became Beckham . assassination 's Goebel in implicated be would he fearing , Indiana , Indianapolis to fled Taylor , ruling Court Supreme the Following "," Following the Supreme Court ruling , Taylor fled to Indianapolis , Indiana , fearing he would be implicated in Goebel 's assassination . Beckham became acting governor , but because of the unusual circumstances surrounding the election , a special election was held November 6 , 1900 , to determine who would complete Goebel 's unexpired term . Beckham ( now of age ) won the election over Republican John W. Yerkes by fewer than 4 @,@ 000 votes . Shortly following the special election , Beckham married Jean Raphael Fuqua of Owensboro . The couple had two sons . " " . consent ' parents their without work to 14 under children forbade that law labor child a and revenue 's state the to dollars million half a added that increase tax a were term 's Beckham during passed legislation of pieces major only The . agenda his address to little did Assembly General the that ensured leadership passive his , However . campaign gubernatorial the during advocated had Goebel and he both reform a , prices textbook school uniform set to law a of passage recommended He . system educational 's state the and roads to improvements as such issues controversial @-@ non stressed He . Assembly General the of member a was latter the while mate running late his by authored , Law Election Goebel partisan blatantly the to changes supported he effort this of part As . state the and party his unite to sought Beckham governor As "," As governor Beckham sought to unite his party and the state . As part of this effort he supported changes to the blatantly partisan Goebel Election Law , authored by his late running mate while the latter was a member of the General Assembly . He stressed non @-@ controversial issues such as improvements to roads and the state 's educational system . He recommended passage of a law to set uniform school textbook prices , a reform both he and Goebel had advocated during the gubernatorial campaign . However , his passive leadership ensured that the General Assembly did little to address his agenda . The only major pieces of legislation passed during Beckham 's term were a tax increase that added a half million dollars to the state 's revenue and a child labor law that forbade children under 14 to work without their parents ' consent . " " . candidates minor three and Belknap defeated Beckham . election general the in issue campaign significant any of , Belknap B. Morris , opponent Republican his deprived also record His . nomination 's party his winning in opposition significant no had he , reforms controversial @-@ non supporting and reconciliation of record his to Due . run to eligible was and term first full a served not had Beckham ruled court the but , court in challenged was candidacy His . 1903 in governor as term full a seek would he announced Beckham , terms consecutive serving from governors prohibited Constitution Kentucky the Although "," Although the Kentucky Constitution prohibited governors from serving consecutive terms , Beckham announced he would seek a full term as governor in 1903 . His candidacy was challenged in court , but the court ruled Beckham had not served a full first term and was eligible to run . Due to his record of reconciliation and supporting non @-@ controversial reforms , he had no significant opposition in winning his party 's nomination . His record also deprived his Republican opponent , Morris B. Belknap , of any significant campaign issue in the general election . Beckham defeated Belknap and three minor candidates . " " . Goebel Governor late the to memorial a and building capitol new a building for approved were funds session the During . session 1904 the during passed that reforms significant few of one was law The . term first his during passed not had which , law textbook school uniform a of issue the raised again Beckham , 1904 in legislature the to message his In "," In his message to the legislature in 1904 , Beckham again raised the issue of a uniform school textbook law , which had not passed during his first term . The law was one of few significant reforms that passed during the 1904 session . During the session funds were approved for building a new capitol building and a memorial to the late Governor Goebel . " " . dissented Harlan Marshall John Only . college the against decision 1 – 8 an down handed court the 1908 in and , Court Supreme the to appealed Berea . Appeals of Court Kentucky the and court circuit the in upheld was law the of substance The . law the challenge to suit filed immediately , 1850s the since integrated been had that Kentucky eastern in college private a , College Berea . Kentucky in schools all of segregation racial mandating Law Day the signed Beckham , 1904 March In "," In March 1904 , Beckham signed the Day Law mandating racial segregation of all schools in Kentucky . Berea College , a private college in eastern Kentucky that had been integrated since the 1850s , immediately filed suit to challenge the law . The substance of the law was upheld in the circuit court and the Kentucky Court of Appeals . Berea appealed to the Supreme Court , and in 1908 the court handed down an 8 – 1 decision against the college . Only John Marshall Harlan dissented . " " . County Beckham dissolved and plaintiffs the of favor in found Appeals of Court Kentucky the , 1904 , 29 April On . seat county a of ) km 16 ( miles 10 within pass to borders county forbade constitution state The . County Lewis of seat the , and , County Carter of seat the , Grayson to close too passed County Beckham of border the claiming , lawsuit the joined County Carter . ) km2 000 @,@ 1 ( miles square 400 than less to from carved was it counties the reduced it that and constitution state the by required ) km2 000 @,@ 1 ( miles square 400 the of short fell it that grounds on court in challenged was existence 's county the Soon . seat county the made was Hill Olive . counties Lewis and , Elliott , Carter of parts from County Beckham of creation the approved legislators , session 1904 the of close the Near "," Near the close of the 1904 session , legislators approved the creation of Beckham County from parts of Carter , Elliott , and Lewis counties . Olive Hill was made the county seat . Soon the county 's existence was challenged in court on grounds that it fell short of the 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) required by the state constitution and that it reduced the counties it was carved from to less than 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) . Carter County joined the lawsuit , claiming the border of Beckham County passed too close to Grayson , the seat of Carter County , and , the seat of Lewis County . The state constitution forbade county borders to pass within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of a county seat . On April 29 , 1904 , the Kentucky Court of Appeals found in favor of the plaintiffs and dissolved Beckham County . " " . fraud against protection some policyholders providing and economy its the bolstering , Kentucky in earnings their of percentage certain a invest to required be state the in business doing companies insurance that advocated further He . purposes illegal for hand @-@ on cash of stores large keep to companies insurance the allowed which , dividends deferred of practice the reducing recommended he , particular In . Hughes Evans Charles attorney York New of lead the following , companies insurance corrupt of prosecution and investigation urged Beckham , session legislative 1906 the During "," During the 1906 legislative session , Beckham urged investigation and prosecution of corrupt insurance companies , following the lead of New York attorney Charles Evans Hughes . In particular , he recommended reducing the practice of deferred dividends , which allowed the insurance companies to keep large stores of cash on @-@ hand for illegal purposes . He further advocated that insurance companies doing business in the state be required to invest a certain percentage of their earnings in Kentucky , bolstering the its economy and providing policyholders some protection against fraud . " " . ) University Kentucky Eastern of part later ( Richmond in College Teachers State Eastern and ) University Kentucky Western later ( Green Bowling in College Teachers State Western , schools normal 's state the of two expand to voted Assembly General the , finances improved 's state the by Encouraged . debt 's state the eliminated virtually Beckham , government federal the from debts War Civil old some collecting By . party own his challenge to want 't didn he and region this in dominant were Democrats the – political were reasons his probably more but , refusal his for reasons constitutional cited He . Wars Tobacco Patch Black ongoing the quell to state the of part western the into troops send to refused Beckham "," Beckham refused to send troops into the western part of the state to quell the ongoing Black Patch Tobacco Wars . He cited constitutional reasons for his refusal , but more probably his reasons were political – the Democrats were dominant in this region and he didn 't want to challenge his own party . By collecting some old Civil War debts from the federal government , Beckham virtually eliminated the state 's debt . Encouraged by the state 's improved finances , the General Assembly voted to expand two of the state 's normal schools , Western State Teachers College in Bowling Green ( later Western Kentucky University ) and Eastern State Teachers College in Richmond ( later part of Eastern Kentucky University ) . " " . votes 000 @,@ 11 than more by won Beckham but , nomination senatorial the for Beckham challenged McCreary B. James governor Former . Hays N.B. challenger over primary early the won easily and governor for choice 's Beckham was Hager Wilbur Samuel Auditor State . governor as successor potential his of choice 's party the sway to governor as influence his use to him allowed also It . governor still was he while nomination 's party his secure to him allow would years two up primary the moving and , seat Senate the wanted Beckham . election senatorial the before years two and election gubernatorial the before year full a – November in primaries senatorial and gubernatorial Democratic the set to effort an orchestrated he : 1906 June in move political bold a made Beckham , him behind session legislative successful a With "," With a successful legislative session behind him , Beckham made a bold political move in June 1906 : he orchestrated an effort to set the Democratic gubernatorial and senatorial primaries in November – a full year before the gubernatorial election and two years before the senatorial election . Beckham wanted the Senate seat , and moving the primary up two years would allow him to secure his party 's nomination while he was still governor . It also allowed him to use his influence as governor to sway the party 's choice of his potential successor as governor . State Auditor Samuel Wilbur Hager was Beckham 's choice for governor and easily won the early primary over challenger N.B. Hays . Former governor James B. McCreary challenged Beckham for the senatorial nomination , but Beckham won by more than 11 @,@ 000 votes . " " . him for vote to lines party crossed Democrats four after majority a secured finally Bradley , 1908 February of end the near taken , ballot 29th the On . refused he but , run to Democrat palatable more a allow and withdraw to Beckham pressured Democrats Some . Beckham for campaigned , president for nominee Democratic the , Bryan Jennings William though even , majority a securing man neither with taken were votes more 25 , weeks six next the Over . Beckham for voted not had Democrats Seven . votes 64 received Bradley ; votes 69 needed the of 66 secured Beckham ballot first the On . Bradley O. William governor former nominated Republicans The . earlier years two held primary the of virtue by Senate U.S. the in seat a for nominee Democratic the as legislature the faced he 1908 January In . 1907 , 10 December ended governor as term 's Beckham "," Beckham 's term as governor ended December 10 , 1907 . In January 1908 he faced the legislature as the Democratic nominee for a seat in the U.S. Senate by virtue of the primary held two years earlier . The Republicans nominated former governor William O. Bradley . On the first ballot Beckham secured 66 of the needed 69 votes ; Bradley received 64 votes . Seven Democrats had not voted for Beckham . Over the next six weeks , 25 more votes were taken with neither man securing a majority , even though William Jennings Bryan , the Democratic nominee for president , campaigned for Beckham . Some Democrats pressured Beckham to withdraw and allow a more palatable Democrat to run , but he refused . On the 29th ballot , taken near the end of February 1908 , Bradley finally secured a majority after four Democrats crossed party lines to vote for him . " " . practice law his to returned Beckham , defeat his Following . Louisville from were Beckham against voted who Democrats four the of three , 1908 in election senatorial the In . legislators 's Louisville of support the forfeited had Beckham announced ring whiskey the , this Following . Sunday on saloons closing laws blue enforced and houses gambling closed , department police the in grafting eliminated Bingham . November in held be could elections until mayor interim as , prohibitionist fellow and lawyer young a , Bingham Worth Robert appointed Beckham , 1907 May in "" ring whiskey "" 's city the by interference to due elections municipal 's Louisville of results the invalidated Appeals of Court Kentucky the When . Louisville in machinery political the and interests liquor the crossed had Beckham governor As . Journal @-@ Courier Louisville powerful the of editor , Watterson Henry with odds at him put position His . election the him cost likely prohibition of support ardent 's Beckham "," Beckham 's ardent support of prohibition likely cost him the election . His position put him at odds with Henry Watterson , editor of the powerful Louisville Courier @-@ Journal . As governor Beckham had crossed the liquor interests and the political machinery in Louisville . When the Kentucky Court of Appeals invalidated the results of Louisville 's municipal elections due to interference by the city 's "" whiskey ring "" in May 1907 , Beckham appointed Robert Worth Bingham , a young lawyer and fellow prohibitionist , as interim mayor until elections could be held in November . Bingham eliminated grafting in the police department , closed gambling houses and enforced blue laws closing saloons on Sunday . Following this , the whiskey ring announced Beckham had forfeited the support of Louisville 's legislators . In the senatorial election in 1908 , three of the four Democrats who voted against Beckham were from Louisville . Following his defeat , Beckham returned to his law practice . " " . votes 000 @,@ 32 by election the won Beckham , Wilson Woodrow President of support his by Bolstered . Willson E. Augustus governor former was nominee Republican The . congressman veteran year @-@ 12 a , Stanley O. Augustus defeated Beckham primary Democratic the In . vote popular by but , legislature the by elected be not would senator the , Amendment Seventeenth the of passage the to Due . seat Senate the win to attempted again Beckham later years Six "," Six years later Beckham again attempted to win the Senate seat . Due to the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment , the senator would not be elected by the legislature , but by popular vote . In the Democratic primary Beckham defeated Augustus O. Stanley , a 12 @-@ year veteran congressman . The Republican nominee was former governor Augustus E. Willson . Bolstered by his support of President Woodrow Wilson , Beckham won the election by 32 @,@ 000 votes . " " . Nations of League the supported and Wilson President back to continued Beckham , I War World entered States United the When . Depository Bullion States United the of home the became Knox Fort , I War World after abandoned was Taylor Zachary Camp Though . Knox Fort and Taylor Zachary Camp , Kentucky for posts training military large two securing in influential was he position latter the In . Affairs Military on Committee Senate the on and 1917 to 1915 from Labor of Department the in Expenditures on Committee Senate the of chairman as served Beckham "," Beckham served as chairman of the Senate Committee on Expenditures in the Department of Labor from 1915 to 1917 and on the Senate Committee on Military Affairs . In the latter position he was influential in securing two large military training posts for Kentucky , Camp Zachary Taylor and Fort Knox . Though Camp Zachary Taylor was abandoned after World War I , Fort Knox became the home of the United States Bullion Depository . When the United States entered World War I , Beckham continued to back President Wilson and supported the League of Nations . " " . times both it against voted Beckham . 1919 , 4 June on passed but , 1919 , 10 February on failed amendment The . suffrage 's women granted which , Amendment Nineteenth the opposed Beckham , politics in involvement from protected be should women Believing . 1920 January in effective became and ratified was amendment The . States United the in alcohol of sale and import the forbidding Amendment Eighteenth the of passage supported Beckham , stance prohibitionist his to True "," True to his prohibitionist stance , Beckham supported passage of the Eighteenth Amendment forbidding the import and sale of alcohol in the United States . The amendment was ratified and became effective in January 1920 . Believing women should be protected from involvement in politics , Beckham opposed the Nineteenth Amendment , which granted women 's suffrage . The amendment failed on February 10 , 1919 , but passed on June 4 , 1919 . Beckham voted against it both times . " " . Stanley O. Augustus and Martin B. George , James M. Ollie : Kentucky from Senators U.S. other three alongside served Beckham Senate the in term single his During . percent 7 @.@ 49 's Beckham to vote the of percent 3 @.@ 50 with race the winning , votes 000 @,@ 5 than fewer by election the won Ernst . 1914 in election 's Beckham since popularity lost had who , Wilson President of support his by and vote 's women the by hurt also was He . Cox M. James nominee presidential Democratic than votes fewer 000 @,@ 5 than more received Beckham prominent were industries these where areas in and , state the in business saloon the and industry distilling the destroyed had Prohibition . Ernst P. Richard Republican was election general the in opponent His . 1920 in opposition without Beckham renominated Democrats The "," The Democrats renominated Beckham without opposition in 1920 . His opponent in the general election was Republican Richard P. Ernst . Prohibition had destroyed the distilling industry and the saloon business in the state , and in areas where these industries were prominent Beckham received more than 5 @,@ 000 fewer votes than Democratic presidential nominee James M. Cox . He was also hurt by the women 's vote and by his support of President Wilson , who had lost popularity since Beckham 's election in 1914 . Ernst won the election by fewer than 5 @,@ 000 votes , winning the race with 50 @.@ 3 percent of the vote to Beckham 's 49 @.@ 7 percent . During his single term in the Senate Beckham served alongside three other U.S. Senators from Kentucky : Ollie M. James , George B. Martin and Augustus O. Stanley . " " . racetracks horse 's state the at betting parimutuel allow to legislation securing was interest main whose , Club Jockey the as known machine political powerful a by opposed was He . Bingham W. Robert , ally his by purchased been had which , Journal @-@ Courier Louisville the of support the had he time This . 1927 in governor as term another sought He . Louisville in practice legal his resumed Beckham , Senate the in term his Following "," Following his term in the Senate , Beckham resumed his legal practice in Louisville . He sought another term as governor in 1927 . This time he had the support of the Louisville Courier @-@ Journal , which had been purchased by his ally , Robert W. Bingham . He was opposed by a powerful political machine known as the Jockey Club , whose main interest was securing legislation to allow parimutuel betting at the state 's horse racetracks . " " . him defeat to 000 @,@ 500 $ over spent Club the that estimated was It . votes 000 @,@ 32 than more by Sampson to lost Beckham , governor lieutenant for race the including , ballot the on contest other every winning Democrats the Despite . Club Jockey the of help the with elected been had who , Fields J. William governor Democratic of support the secure not could Beckham election general the In . nomination 's party his won , primary Republican the in nominee 's Club the , Sampson D. Flem . Crowe T. Robert , candidate obscure relatively 's Club the defeated Beckham primary Democratic the In . elections primary ' parties both in candidate a ran Club Jockey The "," The Jockey Club ran a candidate in both parties ' primary elections . In the Democratic primary Beckham defeated the Club 's relatively obscure candidate , Robert T. Crowe . Flem D. Sampson , the Club 's nominee in the Republican primary , won his party 's nomination . In the general election Beckham could not secure the support of Democratic governor William J. Fields , who had been elected with the help of the Jockey Club . Despite the Democrats winning every other contest on the ballot , including the race for lieutenant governor , Beckham lost to Sampson by more than 32 @,@ 000 votes . It was estimated that the Club spent over $ 500 @,@ 000 to defeat him . " " . Commission Reorganization Government State the chaired and Commission Regulations Business of Department the on served also Beckham . 1936 in Commission Service Public Kentucky the to him appointed Chandler return in and , bid 's Chandler supported Beckham . election the won who , Henderson of Chandler "" Happy "" B. A. to turned Democrats The . campaign another to opposed wife his and distraught him left 1934 late in son his of death the but , 1935 in governor for nominee ' Democrats the be to expected was Beckham "," Beckham was expected to be the Democrats ' nominee for governor in 1935 , but the death of his son in late 1934 left him distraught and his wife opposed to another campaign . The Democrats turned to A. B. "" Happy "" Chandler of Henderson , who won the election . Beckham supported Chandler 's bid , and in return Chandler appointed him to the Kentucky Public Service Commission in 1936 . Beckham also served on the Department of Business Regulations Commission and chaired the State Government Reorganization Commission . " " . votes 385 @,@ 2 by seat the retained Logan M. M. incumbent Democratic . expense 's Beckham at them of most , votes 000 @,@ 85 garner did he , Chandler and Bingham of support the without seat the win to able not was Brown while and , Beckham to support his threw Chandler , However . Senate the for run his in support 's Chandler for exchange in governorship the for bid 's Chandler support to agreed had He . Representatives of House Kentucky the of Speaker former and Representative U.S. a was who Democrat a , Brown Y. John of entry the by , though , complicated was race The . Miller Neville mayor Louisville and Workers Mine United the of support the enjoyed also Beckham . influence and prominence his increasing , 's James St. of Court the to ambassador appointed been had , Bingham Robert , ally 's Beckham 1933 In . 1930 in crashed empire banking his when influence and fortune his lost had , Brown B. James , Club Jockey the of head The . 1936 in Senate the to return to attempted Beckham "," Beckham attempted to return to the Senate in 1936 . The head of the Jockey Club , James B. Brown , had lost his fortune and influence when his banking empire crashed in 1930 . In 1933 Beckham 's ally , Robert Bingham , had been appointed ambassador to the Court of St. James 's , increasing his prominence and influence . Beckham also enjoyed the support of the United Mine Workers and Louisville mayor Neville Miller . The race was complicated , though , by the entry of John Y. Brown , a Democrat who was a U.S. Representative and former Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives . He had agreed to support Chandler 's bid for the governorship in exchange for Chandler 's support in his run for the Senate . However , Chandler threw his support to Beckham , and while Brown was not able to win the seat without the support of Bingham and Chandler , he did garner 85 @,@ 000 votes , most of them at Beckham 's expense . Democratic incumbent M. M. Logan retained the seat by 2 @,@ 385 votes . " " . 1973 , 16 February on Places Historic of Register National the to added was , birthplace his , Wickland . 1907 in convention constitutional 's Oklahoma to delegate a as serving was who Kentuckian a of suggestion the at honor his in named was , Oklahoma , County Beckham . Kentucky , Frankfort in Cemetery Frankfort in buried was and , 1940 , 9 January on Louisville in died Beckham "," Beckham died in Louisville on January 9 , 1940 , and was buried in Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort , Kentucky . Beckham County , Oklahoma , was named in his honor at the suggestion of a Kentuckian who was serving as a delegate to Oklahoma 's constitutional convention in 1907 . Wickland , his birthplace , was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 16 , 1973 . " " . 2008 in Fame of Hall Board Rugby International the into inducted were Natives the , rugby Zealand New of development the on impact significant a made Having . Australia in matches football association and football Rules Victorian of number small a as well as , tour the during matches rugby 107 played They . black all wear to first the also and , haka a perform to team Zealand New first the were Natives The . publican a , Scott James by managed and , Eyton Thomas servant civil by promoted , Warbrick Joseph player international Zealand New by organised was it ; authority rugby official any of auspices the under not was tour the , endeavour private wholly A . ) Zealanders New white ( Pākehā some included also and , ancestry Māori of players comprised mostly It . 1889 and 1888 in Zealand New and Australia , Ireland , Britain toured that team union rugby Zealand New a was team football Native Zealand New 89 – 1888 The "," The 1888 – 89 New Zealand Native football team was a New Zealand rugby union team that toured Britain , Ireland , Australia and New Zealand in 1888 and 1889 . It mostly comprised players of Māori ancestry , and also included some Pākehā ( white New Zealanders ) . A wholly private endeavour , the tour was not under the auspices of any official rugby authority ; it was organised by New Zealand international player Joseph Warbrick , promoted by civil servant Thomas Eyton , and managed by James Scott , a publican . The Natives were the first New Zealand team to perform a haka , and also the first to wear all black . They played 107 rugby matches during the tour , as well as a small number of Victorian Rules football and association football matches in Australia . Having made a significant impact on the development of New Zealand rugby , the Natives were inducted into the International Rugby Board Hall of Fame in 2008 . " " . profitable most and largest crowds the and strongest was strength playing the where , England of north the in time their of most spent had they ; them of 22 winning , months three than less in matches 36 played had Natives the 1889 January By . team national Wales the against defeat 0 – 5 a and , Yorkshire , teams county English strongest the of one over win a by followed was This . 4 – 13 won and , Ireland against , December 1 on match international first its played team The . matches 13 their of 10 won they when , November in improved form their but , Middlesex to loss 0 – 9 a included matches early Their . week per matches three played frequently and , schedule match taxing a to subjected was team the , Surrey against October 3 on , match first their Playing . expected had they as "" Māori "" as not was side the that surprise some expressed subsequently press British the but , race their to due curiosity provoked initially players Māori The . Suez and Melbourne via England to travelled side the , 1888 in Zealand New of tour preliminary a After "," After a preliminary tour of New Zealand in 1888 , the side travelled to England via Melbourne and Suez . The Māori players initially provoked curiosity due to their race , but the British press subsequently expressed some surprise that the side was not as "" Māori "" as they had expected . Playing their first match , on 3 October against Surrey , the team was subjected to a taxing match schedule , and frequently played three matches per week . Their early matches included a 9 – 0 loss to Middlesex , but their form improved in November , when they won 10 of their 13 matches . The team played its first international match on 1 December , against Ireland , and won 13 – 4 . This was followed by a win over one of the strongest English county teams , Yorkshire , and a 5 – 0 defeat against the Wales national team . By January 1889 the Natives had played 36 matches in less than three months , winning 22 of them ; they had spent most of their time in the north of England , where the playing strength was strongest and the crowds largest and most profitable . " " . Auckland to 2 – 7 , 1889 August 24 on , match final their losing before undefeated games 31 went They . before country home their in seen not combination of level a displayed they where , Zealand New to returned then They . Queensland and Wales South New , Victoria toured they where Australia to travelled and , off @-@ send official an without England left Zealanders New The . repaired not was damage the but , behaviour their for afterwards apologised Natives The . 0 – 7 won eventually England ; protest in field the leave temporarily to Natives the of three prompting , England to tries controversial of number a awarded , game the refereeing , Hill Rowland George secretary RFU the which during , international England the of aftermath the in nadir a reached tensions and , unsportsmanlike as them regarding , Zealanders New the of behaviour the at concerned increasingly become had ) RFU ( Union Football Rugby amateur strictly the of Officials . England faced they when , February 16 until undefeated went then team The . defeat 4 – 16 a , losses heaviest ' Natives the of one inflicted and match first the in than side stronger a fielded Yorkshire , January 19 on match return a In "," In a return match on 19 January , Yorkshire fielded a stronger side than in the first match and inflicted one of the Natives ' heaviest losses , a 16 – 4 defeat . The team then went undefeated until 16 February , when they faced England . Officials of the strictly amateur Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) had become increasingly concerned at the behaviour of the New Zealanders , regarding them as unsportsmanlike , and tensions reached a nadir in the aftermath of the England international , during which the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill , refereeing the game , awarded a number of controversial tries to England , prompting three of the Natives to temporarily leave the field in protest ; England eventually won 7 – 0 . The Natives apologised afterwards for their behaviour , but the damage was not repaired . The New Zealanders left England without an official send @-@ off , and travelled to Australia where they toured Victoria , New South Wales and Queensland . They then returned to New Zealand , where they displayed a level of combination not seen in their home country before . They went 31 games undefeated before losing their final match , on 24 August 1889 , 7 – 2 to Auckland . " " . team rugby national Zealand New the captained subsequently , Gage David and Ellison Thomas , two and , Zealand New in provincially play to on went players 26 's team the of Seventeen . 1892 in Union Football Rugby Zealand New the of formation the to contributed tour their and , home return their on rugby Zealand New to innovations tactical of number a introduced They . losses 23 and draws 6 , wins 78 was matches rugby in record final ' Natives The "," The Natives ' final record in rugby matches was 78 wins , 6 draws and 23 losses . They introduced a number of tactical innovations to New Zealand rugby on their return home , and their tour contributed to the formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union in 1892 . Seventeen of the team 's 26 players went on to play provincially in New Zealand , and two , Thomas Ellison and David Gage , subsequently captained the New Zealand national rugby team . " " . promoter its Eyton and manager its Scott , captain 's team the be would Warbrick that decided men three the , partnership the joined subsequently , publican a , Scott James When . accepted Warbrick which , tour the managing help offer to him contacted Eyton Thomas servant civil , plans 's Warbrick of Hearing . successful were Zealand New of tour preliminary a if Britain tour team Māori a have to venture a into developed this ; 1888 in side British touring the play to Māori @-@ part or Māori of team a proposed initially He . 1884 in team national Zealand New first the with toured had who player rugby a , Warbrick Joseph by conceived was Britain tour to footballers Māori of team a assembling for idea The "," The idea for assembling a team of Māori footballers to tour Britain was conceived by Joseph Warbrick , a rugby player who had toured with the first New Zealand national team in 1884 . He initially proposed a team of Māori or part @-@ Māori to play the touring British side in 1888 ; this developed into a venture to have a Māori team tour Britain if a preliminary tour of New Zealand were successful . Hearing of Warbrick 's plans , civil servant Thomas Eyton contacted him to offer help managing the tour , which Warbrick accepted . When James Scott , a publican , subsequently joined the partnership , the three men decided that Warbrick would be the team 's captain , Scott its manager and Eyton its promoter . " " . unknown is players the of some of parentage The . father Pākehā a and mother Māori a had fourteen while , Māori blooded @-@ full were five least at these of ; ) Warbrick including ( players 26 comprised squad final The . "" Representatives Football Native Zealand New "" the to "" Maori Zealand New "" the from renamed was team the players Pākehā these of inclusion the to Due . Auckland to lost team the after added were players ) Zealand New white ( Pākehā five ; squad the joined players Māori @-@ part or Māori Twenty . Māori @-@ part only were who members squad allow to relaxed were criteria eligibility the when out pulled later play to agreed initially who players Māori Some . commitments university his to due Taiaroa Jack talented the secure to failed and , availability player to due squad a assembling difficulties had He . 1888 early in tour the for team a assembling started Warbrick "," Warbrick started assembling a team for the tour in early 1888 . He had difficulties assembling a squad due to player availability , and failed to secure the talented Jack Taiaroa due to his university commitments . Some Māori players who initially agreed to play later pulled out when the eligibility criteria were relaxed to allow squad members who were only part @-@ Māori . Twenty Māori or part @-@ Māori players joined the squad ; five Pākehā ( white New Zealand ) players were added after the team lost to Auckland . Due to the inclusion of these Pākehā players the team was renamed from the "" New Zealand Maori "" to the "" New Zealand Native Football Representatives "" . The final squad comprised 26 players ( including Warbrick ) ; of these at least five were full @-@ blooded Māori , while fourteen had a Māori mother and a Pākehā father . The parentage of some of the players is unknown . " " . nil to try one by won was , 1888 July 31 on Dunedin in played Otago against , departure before match Zealand New last Their . them of seven won and , Zealand New of tour preliminary their in games nine played They . 1888 June 23 on Napier in Bay 's Hawke against contested was game first The . Otago and , Canterbury South , Canterbury , Wellington , Nelson , Auckland , Bay 's Hawke against playing , overseas departing before Zealand New toured team The "," The team toured New Zealand before departing overseas , playing against Hawke 's Bay , Auckland , Nelson , Wellington , Canterbury , South Canterbury , and Otago . The first game was contested against Hawke 's Bay in Napier on 23 June 1888 . They played nine games in their preliminary tour of New Zealand , and won seven of them . Their last New Zealand match before departure , against Otago played in Dunedin on 31 July 1888 , was won by one try to nil . " " . 1888 September 27 on London in arrived They . Suez via Britain to continuing before , second the drawing and first the winning , team Union Rugby Melbourne the against matches rugby two played team The . Australia to return their on matches Rules Victorian possible for preparation as Britain in football Rules Victorian in players the train to Lawlor Jack recruited Scott , Melbourne In . 1888 August 1 on leaving , Dunedin from Australia for sailed team The "," The team sailed for Australia from Dunedin , leaving on 1 August 1888 . In Melbourne , Scott recruited Jack Lawlor to train the players in Victorian Rules football in Britain as preparation for possible Victorian Rules matches on their return to Australia . The team played two rugby matches against the Melbourne Rugby Union team , winning the first and drawing the second , before continuing to Britain via Suez . They arrived in London on 27 September 1888 . " " . tries two scored they after Natives the by 1 – 4 won was , Hill Rowland George secretary RFU the by refereed was which , match Surrey The . "" generation a than back further no tribe savage a were they that remembers one when great is resemblance their is that "" ; 1888 November in wrote reporter Scottish a "" , Europeans unlike not are They "" . expected been had as "" Māori "" as not were team the that surprise some was there but – people white @-@ non seen not had Britons most , time the at – press British the from curiosity provoked Māori predominantly was team the That . uniform black all an wear to first the also and , haka a perform to side Zealand New first the became team the where , Surrey against was tour the of match first The . ) RFU ( Union Football Rugby 's England of official an including , administrators rugby local by Britain in met were team The "," The team were met in Britain by local rugby administrators , including an official of England 's Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) . The first match of the tour was against Surrey , where the team became the first New Zealand side to perform a haka , and also the first to wear an all black uniform . That the team was predominantly Māori provoked curiosity from the British press – at the time , most Britons had not seen non @-@ white people – but there was some surprise that the team were not as "" Māori "" as had been expected . "" They are not unlike Europeans , "" a Scottish reporter wrote in November 1888 ; "" that is their resemblance is great when one remembers that they were a savage tribe no further back than a generation "" . The Surrey match , which was refereed by the RFU secretary George Rowland Hill , was won 4 – 1 by the Natives after they scored two tries . " " : game the of say to this had Star Auckland the in report A . to used not were Natives the indulgence an – wine with lunch enjoyed had sides both match the to Prior . Zealanders New the by conceded tries three with , 0 – 9 was score final The . tackling poor by characterised play Natives the with , easily won Middlesex . Gould Arthur including , players international of number a contained side Middlesex The . Uckfield , Park Sheffield at Sheffield of Earl the by hosted and , public the to open not match a in Middlesex against was fixture next Their . Birmingham in Counties Midlands against , game next their win to recovered team The . allowed not then were replacements as , down men two least at match the of most played tourists the – part a played injuries , match Moseley the in and , unexpected were defeats Both . Trent @-@ on @-@ Burton and Moseley by defeats before , Kent and Northamptonshire both defeated next Natives The "," The Natives next defeated both Northamptonshire and Kent , before defeats by Moseley and Burton @-@ on @-@ Trent . Both defeats were unexpected , and in the Moseley match , injuries played a part – the tourists played most of the match at least two men down , as replacements were then not allowed . The team recovered to win their next game , against Midlands Counties in Birmingham . Their next fixture was against Middlesex in a match not open to the public , and hosted by the Earl of Sheffield at Sheffield Park , Uckfield . The Middlesex side contained a number of international players , including Arthur Gould . Middlesex won easily , with the Natives play characterised by poor tackling . The final score was 9 – 0 , with three tries conceded by the New Zealanders . Prior to the match both sides had enjoyed lunch with wine – an indulgence the Natives were not used to . A report in the Auckland Star had this to say of the game : " " "" . form good in been had we if even , us beaten just have would they think I "" , train London the for waiting platform the on were we whilst McCausland Said . witnessed previously never have they admit frankly Maoris the displayed men Home the as "" passing "" Such . available team possible best the collected carefully had Hill Rowland Mr whereas , players scratch of 15 exhibition mere a meet to expected Zealanders New The "," The New Zealanders expected to meet a mere exhibition 15 of scratch players , whereas Mr Rowland Hill had carefully collected the best possible team available . Such "" passing "" as the Home men displayed the Maoris frankly admit they have never previously witnessed . Said McCausland whilst we were on the platform waiting for the London train , "" I think they would have just beaten us , even if we had been in good form . "" " " . team national Ireland the against organised been had match a where , Dublin for left they 1888 November 30 on ; continued schedule heavy their , Nevertheless . side a field to struggling often were tourists the and , players 26 only comprised squad The . injuries had five , November 24 on County Westmorland against played that players fifteen the of – injuries by beset was team the , point this By . them of ten won and November during fixtures thirteen played had team The . District and Liverpool over victory 0 – 9 a and Swinton to loss a were month that matches two last The . tour the of opposition Scottish only their , RFC Hawick against one including , row a in matches seven won then team The . November 10 on Halifax to defeat 4 – 13 a by followed were victories These . point that until side the of out him kept had that injury foot the aggravated but , Tynemouth against match the in appeared Warbrick Joe . Tynemouth and Tees @-@ on @-@ Stockton defeated they ) County Northumberland against ( tour the of draw first their After . Wakefield to lost then , Dewsbury defeated , 0 – 1 Hull to lost Zealanders New The . payments "" time broken "" of issue the over 1895 in RFU the from split clubs member respective their of many until championship county the dominated Lancashire and Yorkshire . based were teams rugby English strongest the where , north the to travelled team the , Middlesex against match the Following "," Following the match against Middlesex , the team travelled to the north , where the strongest English rugby teams were based . Yorkshire and Lancashire dominated the county championship until many of their respective member clubs split from the RFU in 1895 over the issue of "" broken time "" payments . The New Zealanders lost to Hull 1 – 0 , defeated Dewsbury , then lost to Wakefield . After their first draw of the tour ( against Northumberland County ) they defeated Stockton @-@ on @-@ Tees and Tynemouth . Joe Warbrick appeared in the match against Tynemouth , but aggravated the foot injury that had kept him out of the side until that point . These victories were followed by a 13 – 4 defeat to Halifax on 10 November . The team then won seven matches in a row , including one against Hawick RFC , their only Scottish opposition of the tour . The last two matches that month were a loss to Swinton and a 9 – 0 victory over Liverpool and District . The team had played thirteen fixtures during November and won ten of them . By this point , the team was beset by injuries – of the fifteen players that played against Westmorland County on 24 November , five had injuries . The squad comprised only 26 players , and the tourists were often struggling to field a side . Nevertheless , their heavy schedule continued ; on 30 November 1888 they left for Dublin , where a match had been organised against the Ireland national team . " " . nil to tries two scoring ; December 5 on 0 – 2 Ireland of North defeated they where , Belfast to travelled then team The . fixture previous their than better much played side Native the , playing not Keogh despite and , 4 – 4 drawn was College Trinity against match The . Ireland of North then and College Trinity played Natives the , Ireland of defeat their Following . Championship Nations Home 1889 the in nil to tries two Wales defeat to on go did Ireland but , team their criticised strongly and loss the by surprised were press Irish The . victory 4 – 13 a visitors the gave Zealanders New the from finish strong the but , converted not was try The . Williams George by attack @-@ counter a after Ellison Thomas by was scored try third The . press local the by praised was play his and , tries two first the scored Keogh Patrick . tries four scoring , half @-@ second the in considerably improved Natives the but , try converted a scoring after time @-@ half at 0 – 3 led Ireland . selection original their to changes four make to forced were Irish the – injured out players leading of number a had teams Both . 1888 December 1 on , Dublin , Road Lansdowne at played was fixture Ireland The "," The Ireland fixture was played at Lansdowne Road , Dublin , on 1 December 1888 . Both teams had a number of leading players out injured – the Irish were forced to make four changes to their original selection . Ireland led 3 – 0 at half @-@ time after scoring a converted try , but the Natives improved considerably in the second @-@ half , scoring four tries . Patrick Keogh scored the first two tries , and his play was praised by the local press . The third try scored was by Thomas Ellison after a counter @-@ attack by George Williams . The try was not converted , but the strong finish from the New Zealanders gave the visitors a 13 – 4 victory . The Irish press were surprised by the loss and strongly criticised their team , but Ireland did go on to defeat Wales two tries to nil in the 1889 Home Nations Championship . Following their defeat of Ireland , the Natives played Trinity College and then North of Ireland . The match against Trinity College was drawn 4 – 4 , and despite Keogh not playing , the Native side played much better than their previous fixture . The team then travelled to Belfast , where they defeated North of Ireland 2 – 0 on 5 December ; scoring two tries to nil . " " . December 22 on Wales facing before , Llanelli to 0 – 3 lost they where , Wales to travelled team the , victories two further a After . tries six scored who , Natives the by 6 – 10 defeated subsequently were and , team weakened a fielded Yorkshire . season that Championship County inaugural the win to on went and , country the in counties strongest the of one were who , Yorkshire against was match next Their . tries five scoring opposition their despite , Bulldogs Batley with drew they later days Two . 0 – 1 lost they where , Manchester in Lancashire faced Natives the , England to returning After "," After returning to England , the Natives faced Lancashire in Manchester , where they lost 1 – 0 . Two days later they drew with Batley Bulldogs , despite their opposition scoring five tries . Their next match was against Yorkshire , who were one of the strongest counties in the country , and went on to win the inaugural County Championship that season . Yorkshire fielded a weakened team , and were subsequently defeated 10 – 6 by the Natives , who scored six tries . After a further two victories , the team travelled to Wales , where they lost 3 – 0 to Llanelli , before facing Wales on 22 December . " " . forwards the from especially , effort excellent an produced team Welsh the , Thomas George and Arthur Charlie , Biggs at primarily aimed heckles the Despite . 2010 in Tom of debut the until held he record a – player international Welsh youngest the became , days 49 and years 18 aged , Biggs . match the of start the at "" nervous palpably "" was Biggs Norman debutant and , players the on impacted hostility 's crowd The . recorded 120 £ only of receipts gate with , crowd poor a to contributed have may players local of lack the and , Swansea in played was match The . selected been had Llanelli of Griffiths Dan and Swansea of Bowen William and Towers William only team man @-@ 15 the of out and , time the at selection international Welsh dominated teams Four . players their of selection of lack the by slighted feeling Llanelli and Swansea both of fans to due team Welsh the towards hostile fairly were crowd home the match the of start the At "," At the start of the match the home crowd were fairly hostile towards the Welsh team due to fans of both Swansea and Llanelli feeling slighted by the lack of selection of their players . Four teams dominated Welsh international selection at the time , and out of the 15 @-@ man team only William Towers and William Bowen of Swansea and Dan Griffiths of Llanelli had been selected . The match was played in Swansea , and the lack of local players may have contributed to a poor crowd , with gate receipts of only £ 120 recorded . The crowd 's hostility impacted on the players , and debutant Norman Biggs was "" palpably nervous "" at the start of the match . Biggs , aged 18 years and 49 days , became the youngest Welsh international player – a record he held until the debut of Tom in 2010 . Despite the heckles aimed primarily at Biggs , Charlie Arthur and George Thomas , the Welsh team produced an excellent effort , especially from the forwards . " " . game the in scores further no were there but , tries scoring to close came subsequently both Wales for and Natives the for Warbrick . score to Hannan Jim allowing , line try the across ball the get to managed who , Nicholls Sydney by collected was this ; 25 ' Natives the into ball the dribbled Bland Alexander when advantage their push to continued Wales half second the In . down touch could he before line yard @-@ 25 the into back carried was he line the cross to manage did Ellison when and , line try the of yards @-@ five within coming Elliot with , push to continued Natives The . mark a from goal distance long a at failed then and conversion the missed , back @-@ full at position of out in playing , Webb . crowd the from heckles the silence to way some went which , line way @-@ half the try breakaway a scored Thomas George after further even trailed tourists The . defence Welsh the through break to failed he but , Ellison by run spirited a with replied Natives The . Webb Jim by converted was which , try Welsh first the scored Towers "," Towers scored the first Welsh try , which was converted by Jim Webb . The Natives replied with a spirited run by Ellison , but he failed to break through the Welsh defence . The tourists trailed even further after George Thomas scored a breakaway try the half @-@ way line , which went some way to silence the heckles from the crowd . Webb , playing in out of position at full @-@ back , missed the conversion and then failed at a long distance goal from a mark . The Natives continued to push , with Elliot coming within five @-@ yards of the try line , and when Ellison did manage to cross the line he was carried back into the 25 @-@ yard line before he could touch down . In the second half Wales continued to push their advantage when Alexander Bland dribbled the ball into the Natives ' 25 ; this was collected by Sydney Nicholls , who managed to get the ball across the try line , allowing Jim Hannan to score . Warbrick for the Natives and for Wales both subsequently came close to scoring tries , but there were no further scores in the game . " " . play of style quarter @-@ three four adopted had Countries Home three other the years six Within . system the adopt permanently team the saw success its and , Natives the against system quarter @-@ three four the tried again Wales , Indies West the in working Gould With . forward additional the retain to Newport team club his allowed back a as ability formidable whose , Gould Arthur player Welsh star with unpopular particularly was and failure a deemed was system The . quarter @-@ three centre extra an employ instead and , nine than rather forwards eight with play would team the wherein , system quarter @-@ three four the trialled had Wales Championship Nations Home 1886 the In . employed tactics Welsh the of because importance historical of also was match The "," The match was also of historical importance because of the Welsh tactics employed . In the 1886 Home Nations Championship Wales had trialled the four three @-@ quarter system , wherein the team would play with eight forwards rather than nine , and instead employ an extra centre three @-@ quarter . The system was deemed a failure and was particularly unpopular with star Welsh player Arthur Gould , whose formidable ability as a back allowed his club team Newport to retain the additional forward . With Gould working in the West Indies , Wales again tried the four three @-@ quarter system against the Natives , and its success saw the team permanently adopt the system . Within six years the other three Home Countries had adopted four three @-@ quarter style of play . " " . crowd partisan a of front in Cardiff to loss 1 – 4 a with , year the and , matches Welsh their finished They . spectators 000 @,@ 8 of front in Newport over victory a with up this followed and , Wales in win first their for Swansea defeated They . Cardiff and , Newport , clubs local other two and Swansea played Natives the , Wales left they Before "," Before they left Wales , the Natives played Swansea and two other local clubs , Newport , and Cardiff . They defeated Swansea for their first win in Wales , and followed this up with a victory over Newport in front of 8 @,@ 000 spectators . They finished their Welsh matches , and the year , with a 4 – 1 loss to Cardiff in front of a partisan crowd . " " . time second a for Yorkshire faced side the , won then , lost , drew team the where , Warrington and , Castleford , Stockport against matches further Following . Huddersfield and , Rangers , Kirkstall , Church Parish Leeds over victories by followed was This . order in , paying @-@ non them of many , spectators 000 @,@ 12 the of many keep to required were officers police 25 which during , Bradford to loss 1 – 4 a with started January . England against international February 16 their before matches 17 further a play to on go would team The . improvement this reflected reports press positive ; matches October their in form poorer following December and November throughout improved had play ' Natives The . draws three and wins 22 for matches 36 played having 1889 entered side The "," The side entered 1889 having played 36 matches for 22 wins and three draws . The Natives ' play had improved throughout November and December following poorer form in their October matches ; positive press reports reflected this improvement . The team would go on to play a further 17 matches before their 16 February international against England . January started with a 4 – 1 loss to Bradford , during which 25 police officers were required to keep many of the 12 @,@ 000 spectators , many of them non @-@ paying , in order . This was followed by victories over Leeds Parish Church , Kirkstall , Rangers , and Huddersfield . Following further matches against Stockport , Castleford , and Warrington , where the team drew , lost , then won , the side faced Yorkshire for a second time . " " . "" tour whole our in received we beating biggest the , murmur a without "" as match the described later Ellison . Yorkshiremen the to 4 – 16 : tour the of defeat largest their suffering Natives the prevent 't didn this but , match the in late try converted a scored Ellison . half own his from ball the ran he after Lockwood by scored was tries these of second The . goal @-@ drop a as well as tries two further a conceded they ; Natives the for better little was half @-@ second The . time @-@ half at 1 – 9 at scores the left Ellison to try a before tries converted three scored Yorkshire and , opposition strong such against compete to struggled Natives the , "" stale "" and "" about knocked "" as Described . season that later Natives the against England for appear would whom of all , Sutcliffe Willie John and Lockwood Richard , Bonsor Fred including , county the for selected was side strong a and amends make to determined were Yorkshire , loss unexpected the After . December in met first sides the when Natives the against up @-@ line weakened a fielding for press the in criticised been had Yorkshire "," Yorkshire had been criticised in the press for fielding a weakened line @-@ up against the Natives when the sides first met in December . After the unexpected loss , Yorkshire were determined to make amends and a strong side was selected for the county , including Fred Bonsor , Richard Lockwood and John Willie Sutcliffe , all of whom would appear for England against the Natives later that season . Described as "" knocked about "" and "" stale "" , the Natives struggled to compete against such strong opposition , and Yorkshire scored three converted tries before a try to Ellison left the scores at 9 – 1 at half @-@ time . The second @-@ half was little better for the Natives ; they conceded a further two tries as well as a drop @-@ goal . The second of these tries was scored by Lockwood after he ran the ball from his own half . Ellison scored a converted try late in the match , but this didn 't prevent the Natives suffering their largest defeat of the tour : 16 – 4 to the Yorkshiremen . Ellison later described the match as "" without a murmur , the biggest beating we received in our whole tour "" . " " . London to returned Natives the , Counties Midland defeating After . dismissed was side Gloucestershire strong a before , Zealanders New the by defeats heavy suffered and Devonshire . opposition their to combination and passing superior demonstrated side entire the while , Natives the for outstandingly played Keogh back @-@ Half . victory 4 – 17 a in tries nine scored they ; tour the of largest ' Zealanders New the was Somerset over victory The . games five all won and , Gloucestershire and , Taunton , Devonshire , Somersetshire play to west travelled team the , District Valley Spen over victory a After "," After a victory over Spen Valley District , the team travelled west to play Somersetshire , Devonshire , Taunton , and Gloucestershire , and won all five games . The victory over Somerset was the New Zealanders ' largest of the tour ; they scored nine tries in a 17 – 4 victory . Half @-@ back Keogh played outstandingly for the Natives , while the entire side demonstrated superior passing and combination to their opposition . Devonshire and suffered heavy defeats by the New Zealanders , before a strong Gloucestershire side was dismissed . After defeating Midland Counties , the Natives returned to London . " " . tour the of longest their – playing from break day @-@ seven a had team the so and , frost heavy to due postponed was University Oxford against match The . 0 – 10 time this , victorious again were Natives The . players Navy Royal comprising mainly side Services United a was opposition next Their . Keogh by two including , tries four scored having won Zealanders New The . Natives the to defeat 3 – 9 their in club the for played , side Isles British 1888 the with Australia and Zealand New toured had who , Stoddart Andrew . Blackheath , England in clubs strongest the of one against was first The . England against international their before matches further two had team The "," The team had two further matches before their international against England . The first was against one of the strongest clubs in England , Blackheath . Andrew Stoddart , who had toured New Zealand and Australia with the 1888 British Isles side , played for the club in their 9 – 3 defeat to the Natives . The New Zealanders won having scored four tries , including two by Keogh . Their next opposition was a United Services side mainly comprising Royal Navy players . The Natives were again victorious , this time 10 – 0 . The match against Oxford University was postponed due to heavy frost , and so the team had a seven @-@ day break from playing – their longest of the tour . " " . 1889 February 16 on Natives the face to agreeing England in factor a was matches international of absence The . IRFB the joined and relented RFU the , arbitration following , when , 1891 until England against play to refused consequently Scotland and Wales , Ireland . clubs member most the had and , body senior the , asserted they , were they as this deserved they that arguing , vote deciding a held they if join only would they that insisted RFU the but , game the oversee to body international an of establishment the for pushed had authorities Scottish the , 1888 in match international Scotland – England an in try disputed a Following . ) IRFB ( Board Football Rugby International the of formation the over Unions Home other the with dispute in also was RFU The . venue of selection the on yield to unwilling were and , Natives the of motives making @-@ profit the of suspicious already were establishment RFU amateur strictly The . secured be could , receipts gate higher therefore and , crowd larger a where , Oval The at proceed to game the wanted Scott but , ground 's Blackheath at place take should match the that adamant were RFU the – played be should match the where over RFU the with dispute in was , Scott , manager team The . begun even had it before problems management and players ' Natives the causing was England against match The "," The match against England was causing the Natives ' players and management problems before it had even begun . The team manager , Scott , was in dispute with the RFU over where the match should be played – the RFU were adamant that the match should take place at Blackheath 's ground , but Scott wanted the game to proceed at The Oval , where a larger crowd , and therefore higher gate receipts , could be secured . The strictly amateur RFU establishment were already suspicious of the profit @-@ making motives of the Natives , and were unwilling to yield on the selection of venue . The RFU was also in dispute with the other Home Unions over the formation of the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) . Following a disputed try in an England – Scotland international match in 1888 , the Scottish authorities had pushed for the establishment of an international body to oversee the game , but the RFU insisted that they would only join if they held a deciding vote , arguing that they deserved this as they were , they asserted , the senior body , and had the most member clubs . Ireland , Wales and Scotland consequently refused to play against England until 1891 , when , following arbitration , the RFU relented and joined the IRFB . The absence of international matches was a factor in England agreeing to face the Natives on 16 February 1889 . " " . half second the into advantage try @-@ two the took England . goal @-@ in ball the grounded had players their of one that claimed who , Natives the by disputed were both but , Bedford Harry through tries two scored England half the in Later . ground heavy the on scrummaging and tackling much with , affair scoreless a was half first the of opening The . Surrey against , Britain in match first ' Natives the officiated also had who , Hill Rowland by refereed was match The . level domestic at experienced were all , before internationally played not had side England the of 12 Though . strength full to close and , strong both were match February 16 the for selected ups @-@ line The "," The line @-@ ups selected for the 16 February match were both strong , and close to full strength . Though 12 of the England side had not played internationally before , all were experienced at domestic level . The match was refereed by Rowland Hill , who had also officiated the Natives ' first match in Britain , against Surrey . The opening of the first half was a scoreless affair , with much tackling and scrummaging on the heavy ground . Later in the half England scored two tries through Harry Bedford , but both were disputed by the Natives , who claimed that one of their players had grounded the ball in @-@ goal . England took the two @-@ try advantage into the second half . " " . 0 – 7 won ultimately who , English the for try final a by followed was try disputed The . "" game that in all at refereeing , viz , game the of outset the at committed Hill Mr that another with compared when insignificant were they , were errors these as gross "" that tour the after wrote Ellison . RFU the of Secretary also was he because particularly , Hill of critical very was Ellison . play restarted had Hill before not but , return to persuaded eventually were players aggrieved The . protest in field the leave to , Wynyard Sherry and , Williams , Taiaroa Dick , players Native the of three prompting , try the awarded Hill but – "" ball dead "" called had Stoddart claiming after stopped had play that believing , protested Zealanders New The . try a scored and ball the up picked , Evershed Frank , players English the of one happening was this While . seen being without clothing his replace to him allow to Stoddart around circle a formed quickly Natives The . off shorts his ripped process the in and , Stoddart player English the tackle to attempted Ellison . RFU the and Natives the between rift a and controversy caused aftermath its and try The . English the by scored was try disputed third a half second the in Early "," Early in the second half a third disputed try was scored by the English . The try and its aftermath caused controversy and a rift between the Natives and the RFU . Ellison attempted to tackle the English player Stoddart , and in the process ripped his shorts off . The Natives quickly formed a circle around Stoddart to allow him to replace his clothing without being seen . While this was happening one of the English players , Frank Evershed , picked up the ball and scored a try . The New Zealanders protested , believing that play had stopped after claiming Stoddart had called "" dead ball "" – but Hill awarded the try , prompting three of the Native players , Dick Taiaroa , Williams , and Sherry Wynyard , to leave the field in protest . The aggrieved players were eventually persuaded to return , but not before Hill had restarted play . Ellison was very critical of Hill , particularly because he was also Secretary of the RFU . Ellison wrote after the tour that "" gross as these errors were , they were insignificant when compared with another that Mr Hill committed at the outset of the game , viz , refereeing at all in that game "" . The disputed try was followed by a final try for the English , who ultimately won 7 – 0 . " " : game the after days four , another sent therefore he ; inadequate deemed was this but , telegram by apology an sent swiftly McCausland . apologise not did they if Natives the facing from – England of population playing rugby entire the , words other in – players affiliated their of any bar to threatened RFU The . unsportsmanlike was done had Zealanders New the as decision a protesting that and , question above was referee a of decision the that believed time the of authorities English The . injured was Warbrick Joe as team the led had who , McCausland Edward , day the of captain ' Natives the from apology an demanded promptly , instigation 's Hill at , RFU The "," The RFU , at Hill 's instigation , promptly demanded an apology from the Natives ' captain of the day , Edward McCausland , who had led the team as Joe Warbrick was injured . The English authorities of the time believed that the decision of a referee was above question , and that protesting a decision as the New Zealanders had done was unsportsmanlike . The RFU threatened to bar any of their affiliated players – in other words , the entire rugby playing population of England – from facing the Natives if they did not apologise . McCausland swiftly sent an apology by telegram , but this was deemed inadequate ; he therefore sent another , four days after the game : " " . players own their from behaviour similar of tolerant yet , play rough for Zealanders New the criticise to quick were they that claiming , hypocrisy of press English the and RFU the accused , Warbrick Joe including , Natives the of Some . south the in than sport class working more a was north the in which , opponents local their as spirit same the in game the playing as accepted were tourists the ; rarer was sportsmanship ' visitors the of criticism , England of north the In . Britain in arrival their since frequency in increased steadily had Natives the by play aggressive @-@ over and rough of reports ; game the to approach ' Zealanders New the by disturbed were game the governed that establishment London The "," The London establishment that governed the game were disturbed by the New Zealanders ' approach to the game ; reports of rough and over @-@ aggressive play by the Natives had steadily increased in frequency since their arrival in Britain . In the north of England , criticism of the visitors ' sportsmanship was rarer ; the tourists were accepted as playing the game in the same spirit as their local opponents , which in the north was a more working class sport than in the south . Some of the Natives , including Joe Warbrick , accused the RFU and the English press of hypocrisy , claiming that they were quick to criticise the New Zealanders for rough play , yet tolerant of similar behaviour from their own players . " " . England northern in match last ' tourists the in weeks two in time second the for defeated then were Widnes . Hull with draw 1 – 1 a before wins straight seven of run a had then Zealanders New The . March 7 on District and Barrow to loss a suffered Natives the , win 0 – 6 a with Halifax to loss previous their reversing After . dangerous was it frozen so was said Eyton ground a on played , Oldham to defeat a was there , Runcorn over win a After . Leigh to losing before matches two won and north travelled they there From . University Oxford then , Cambridge to first losing before , February 18 on Welsh London defeated They . international England the following London in remained Natives The "," The Natives remained in London following the England international . They defeated London Welsh on 18 February , before losing first to Cambridge , then Oxford University . From there they travelled north and won two matches before losing to Leigh . After a win over Runcorn , there was a defeat to Oldham , played on a ground Eyton said was so frozen it was dangerous . After reversing their previous loss to Halifax with a 6 – 0 win , the Natives suffered a loss to Barrow and District on 7 March . The New Zealanders then had a run of seven straight wins before a 1 – 1 draw with Hull . Widnes were then defeated for the second time in two weeks in the tourists ' last match in northern England . " " . rest to put have should controversy the , match England the after apology official 's team the with that felt who , Scott manager team the from as well as , London outside press the from criticism some provoked RFU the from affront perceived This . farewell formal a without ship boarded Natives the and , negatively team the view to continued London in press and authorities The . victory 49th their and Isles British the in match 74th their was This . 1 – 3 them beat and , Counties Southern played eventually They . Britain in match final their for opponent an find to struggled team The "," The team struggled to find an opponent for their final match in Britain . They eventually played Southern Counties , and beat them 3 – 1 . This was their 74th match in the British Isles and their 49th victory . The authorities and press in London continued to view the team negatively , and the Natives boarded ship without a formal farewell . This perceived affront from the RFU provoked some criticism from the press outside London , as well as from the team manager Scott , who felt that with the team 's official apology after the England match , the controversy should have put to rest . " " . opposition weak relatively against all , them of three only won but , Wales South New in one including , total in matches Rules Victorian nine played side The . crowds large attract to struggled and field the on well perform to failed they that ensured , ) Rules Victorian open more the to suited less therefore and ( forwards rugby were Natives the of most that fact the with combined , rules the with unfamiliarity ' players the ; failure a were matches Rules Victorian the , result a As . training such for energy and time little left had count injury high and schedule heavy the , Isles British the of tour their during Rules Victorian in them coach to Lawlor Jack employed had side the Although . way that money more make to hoping , football Rules Victorian mostly played team the where , May in Melbourne in arrived They . ) later week a followed Wynyard Pie and Eyton ( March 29 on Plymouth left Natives the of majority The "," The majority of the Natives left Plymouth on 29 March ( Eyton and Pie Wynyard followed a week later ) . They arrived in Melbourne in May , where the team played mostly Victorian Rules football , hoping to make more money that way . Although the side had employed Jack Lawlor to coach them in Victorian Rules during their tour of the British Isles , the heavy schedule and high injury count had left little time and energy for such training . As a result , the Victorian Rules matches were a failure ; the players ' unfamiliarity with the rules , combined with the fact that most of the Natives were rugby forwards ( and therefore less suited to the more open Victorian Rules ) , ensured that they failed to perform well on the field and struggled to attract large crowds . The side played nine Victorian Rules matches in total , including one in New South Wales , but won only three of them , all against relatively weak opposition . " " . defeats both – tour the of matches football association only their played team the before , followed victories two Another . 12 – 16 match the won and , Wales South New faced again side the , victories further two After . 9 – 12 Wales South New defeated and , matches rugby further for Sydney for left they this After . victory 0 – 19 a Victoria against game their with , won all were matches The . Victoria and , selection Navy a , Melbourne against : Victoria in while matches rugby three played Zealanders New the – Rules Victorian in failure their to contrasted matches rugby their in success 's side The "," The side 's success in their rugby matches contrasted to their failure in Victorian Rules – the New Zealanders played three rugby matches while in Victoria : against Melbourne , a Navy selection , and Victoria . The matches were all won , with their game against Victoria a 19 – 0 victory . After this they left for Sydney for further rugby matches , and defeated New South Wales 12 – 9 . After two further victories , the side again faced New South Wales , and won the match 16 – 12 . Another two victories followed , before the team played their only association football matches of the tour – both defeats . " " : said later Eyton . game the throw to bookmakers by 50 ₤ offered been had players the of some that circulated rumours concluded game the after long Not . 7 – 11 win to recovered they and improved Natives the of play the , Warbrick of loss the Following . half @-@ second the in early retire to had and , head the to kick a suffered Warbrick Billy . half the of conclusion the at tied were sides two the and , affair close a was half @-@ first the , meeting first their to contrast In . Queensland with rematch a for Brisbane to returned team the , ) defeated comfortably were whom of both ( Ipswich and Toowoomba against , matches two further a After . dominance their reflect not did score the and , win the in themselves exert not did Natives the ; 0 – 22 win to Queenslanders the overwhelm Zealanders New the witnessed spectators 8000 The . Brisbane in Ground Association the at Queensland faced Natives The . region the in while rugby played exclusively team the , Consequently . football of code dominant the was rugby , Wales South New in as , where , Queensland to north travelled team The "," The team travelled north to Queensland , where , as in New South Wales , rugby was the dominant code of football . Consequently , the team exclusively played rugby while in the region . The Natives faced Queensland at the Association Ground in Brisbane . The 8000 spectators witnessed the New Zealanders overwhelm the Queenslanders to win 22 – 0 ; the Natives did not exert themselves in the win , and the score did not reflect their dominance . After a further two matches , against Toowoomba and Ipswich ( both of whom were comfortably defeated ) , the team returned to Brisbane for a rematch with Queensland . In contrast to their first meeting , the first @-@ half was a close affair , and the two sides were tied at the conclusion of the half . Billy Warbrick suffered a kick to the head , and had to retire early in the second @-@ half . Following the loss of Warbrick , the play of the Natives improved and they recovered to win 11 – 7 . Not long after the game concluded rumours circulated that some of the players had been offered ₤ 50 by bookmakers to throw the game . Eyton later said : " " . half second the in game different a played they , cautioned and time @-@ half at it of accused when , events all at ; bookies some by got been had they that and , "" stiff "" playing be to , parlance racing in , thought were players our of four that match this of occasion the on was It "," It was on the occasion of this match that four of our players were thought , in racing parlance , to be playing "" stiff "" , and that they had been got by some bookies ; at all events , when accused of it at half @-@ time and cautioned , they played a different game in the second half . " " . August 5 on Invercargill in arrived and , Zealand New to back travelled then team The . side the of strength playing the reduced suspensions the after , Speakman Charles , time second the only for player replacement a included Natives The . 0 – 19 locals the defeated they where , Toowoomba to travelled team The . players four suspend to was management 's team the from response The "," The response from the team 's management was to suspend four players . The team travelled to Toowoomba , where they defeated the locals 19 – 0 . The Natives included a replacement player for only the second time , Charles Speakman , after the suspensions reduced the playing strength of the side . The team then travelled back to New Zealand , and arrived in Invercargill on 5 August . " " : Annual Union Rugby Queensland 1889 the in aftermath and incident the summarised ) Union Rugby Queensland renamed since ( Union Rugby Northern The . occurred had wrongdoing no confident was management the that and , conducted was investigation an while suspended been only had players the that insisting by responded Eyton . Queensland in them at levelled accusations the explain management 's team the that demanded Union Football Rugby Otago the , Zealand New to return 's side the Following . 3 – 16 Mataura defeated comfortably Natives the , down players two match the playing Despite . August 8 on District Mataura against match their for Hirst W. recruited and , Lee Harry to , injury further suffered side The . 000 @,@ 2 of crowd a of front in 1 – 5 defeated they who , Southland faced Natives the , return their after days Two "," Two days after their return , the Natives faced Southland , who they defeated 5 – 1 in front of a crowd of 2 @,@ 000 . The side suffered further injury , to Harry Lee , and recruited W. Hirst for their match against Mataura District on 8 August . Despite playing the match two players down , the Natives comfortably defeated Mataura 16 – 3 . Following the side 's return to New Zealand , the Otago Rugby Football Union demanded that the team 's management explain the accusations levelled at them in Queensland . Eyton responded by insisting that the players had only been suspended while an investigation was conducted , and that the management was confident no wrongdoing had occurred . The Northern Rugby Union ( since renamed Queensland Rugby Union ) summarised the incident and aftermath in the 1889 Queensland Rugby Union Annual : " " ... allegations the justifying us before facts no are there that opinion of are we , management the from explanation satisfactory a and members accused the from charges of denial explicit an received having and , Team Native the of members certain against charges the regarding evidence available all heard having , That : resolution following the passed who , Union Otago the before bought was matter The . match the sell the attempting of them against made being charge a , suspended were team the of members Four . combination and dash usual their showing not were they as , Maori the with wrong was something that game the of judge a to apparent was it ... "," ... it was apparent to a judge of the game that something was wrong with the Maori , as they were not showing their usual dash and combination . Four members of the team were suspended , a charge being made against them of attempting the sell the match . The matter was bought before the Otago Union , who passed the following resolution : That , having heard all available evidence regarding the charges against certain members of the Native Team , and having received an explicit denial of charges from the accused members and a satisfactory explanation from the management , we are of opinion that there are no facts before us justifying the allegations ... " " : performance ' Natives the of said Press The in published report The . 0 – 15 thrashed they who , August 17 on Canterbury faced then side The . "" feet their with and arms their under , shoulders their over , legs their between quickness and accuracy remarkable with passed black the of wearers the ... "" : Press The by praised was play ' Natives The . 2 – 13 them defeated handily and , Christchurch in , touring were who , Bay 's Hawke faced side The . Christchurch for departed team the when Dunedin in stayed , Keogh , back @-@ half and player star 's side The . 8 – 11 won and , two to tries five opponents their outscored Natives The . Dunedin in Otago faced side the when players suspended their of return the following strength full to back was side The . existed had evidence incriminating if allegations the dismissed have would they that , departure their before Natives the to Union Rugby Otago the of attitude the given , unlikely is It "," It is unlikely , given the attitude of the Otago Rugby Union to the Natives before their departure , that they would have dismissed the allegations if incriminating evidence had existed . The side was back to full strength following the return of their suspended players when the side faced Otago in Dunedin . The Natives outscored their opponents five tries to two , and won 11 – 8 . The side 's star player and half @-@ back , Keogh , stayed in Dunedin when the team departed for Christchurch . The side faced Hawke 's Bay , who were touring , in Christchurch , and handily defeated them 13 – 2 . The Natives ' play was praised by The Press : "" ... the wearers of the black passed with remarkable accuracy and quickness between their legs , over their shoulders , under their arms and with their feet "" . The side then faced Canterbury on 17 August , who they thrashed 15 – 0 . The report published in The Press said of the Natives ' performance : " " ... opponents their nonplussed , one every nearly of powers fending and dodging the and , Rene and , Taiaroa , Taare , Maynard , Warbrick Alf of rushes the , forwards several as well as backs the all and , Warbrick F. , Wynyard H. of passing the , Wynyard W. and , Gage , Madigan by , back full at Warbrick by made were as runs Such . superior 's Canterbury indeed much very were they running or , , passing , dribbling , scrum the in , loose the In . men local our for good too away and far were they admitted be must it ... do will practice and combination of months several what of exhibition fine a was afternoon Saturday on showed play The "," The play showed on Saturday afternoon was a fine exhibition of what several months of combination and practice will do ... it must be admitted they were far and away too good for our local men . In the loose , in the scrum , dribbling , passing , , or running they were very much indeed Canterbury 's superior . Such runs as were made by Warbrick at full back , by Madigan , Gage , and W. Wynyard , the passing of H. Wynyard , F. Warbrick , and all the backs as well as several forwards , the rushes of Alf Warbrick , Maynard , Taare , Taiaroa , and Rene , and the dodging and fending powers of nearly every one , nonplussed their opponents ... " " . defeats the between match one drew and , 30 won side the ; March 9 on Widnes over victory their with started that matches rugby in streak unbeaten game @-@ 31 a had Natives the – matches of run remarkable a ended loss The . conversion a and goal @-@ drop a kicked Aucklanders the but , each tries two scored team each after 2 – 7 lost was match The . August 24 on province the against , match last their played they where Auckland to travelled Natives the this After . match the from profit all Natives the cede to agreed officials Wellington the when only ahead went match the ; venue a on agree not could Union Rugby Wellington the and Scott because abandoned nearly was Wellington against fixture The . defeated also they who , Wellington faced they day next the and , 8 – 10 won was match The . Masterton in Wairarapa played they where north travelled and Christchurch left side The "," The side left Christchurch and travelled north where they played Wairarapa in Masterton . The match was won 10 – 8 , and the next day they faced Wellington , who they also defeated . The fixture against Wellington was nearly abandoned because Scott and the Wellington Rugby Union could not agree on a venue ; the match went ahead only when the Wellington officials agreed to cede the Natives all profit from the match . After this the Natives travelled to Auckland where they played their last match , against the province on 24 August . The match was lost 7 – 2 after each team scored two tries each , but the Aucklanders kicked a drop @-@ goal and a conversion . The loss ended a remarkable run of matches – the Natives had a 31 @-@ game unbeaten streak in rugby matches that started with their victory over Widnes on 9 March ; the side won 30 , and drew one match between the defeats . " " . Zealand New captained subsequently , Gage David and Ellison , two and , Zealand New in provincially play to on went players 26 the of Seventeen . innovations tactical of number a introduced and , country the in any to superior side a into developed had they , Zealand New to returned Natives the time the By . sport the of history the in longest the and , Hemisphere Southern the from team a by Isles British the of tour first the was It . Zealand New within rugby of development the on impact significant a had tour The "," The tour had a significant impact on the development of rugby within New Zealand . It was the first tour of the British Isles by a team from the Southern Hemisphere , and the longest in the history of the sport . By the time the Natives returned to New Zealand , they had developed into a side superior to any in the country , and introduced a number of tactical innovations . Seventeen of the 26 players went on to play provincially in New Zealand , and two , Ellison and David Gage , subsequently captained New Zealand . " " . inductee seventh the – 2008 in Fame of Hall IRB the into inducted was , Warbrick Joe with along , team Native The . 1910 in played first that , NZRFU the by organised team representative a , Blacks All Māori the of forefathers the also are Natives The . 1893 in Australia tour to , Ellison by captained , team Zealand New sanctioned officially an sent NZRFU The . sides Zealand New touring future any over control greater ensure to was formation its for reason one ; 1892 in ) Union Rugby Zealand New renamed later , NZRFU ( Union Football Rugby Zealand New the of formation eventual the prompted also tour The "," The tour also prompted the eventual formation of the New Zealand Rugby Football Union ( NZRFU , later renamed New Zealand Rugby Union ) in 1892 ; one reason for its formation was to ensure greater control over any future touring New Zealand sides . The NZRFU sent an officially sanctioned New Zealand team , captained by Ellison , to tour Australia in 1893 . The Natives are also the forefathers of the Māori All Blacks , a representative team organised by the NZRFU , that first played in 1910 . The Native team , along with Joe Warbrick , was inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame in 2008 – the seventh inductee . " " . unknown or incomplete either are Australia and Britain in matches of number a for ups @-@ line the – only number minimum a is played matches of number The . unknown is players the of several of names exact The . players 26 of consisted squad The "," The squad consisted of 26 players . The exact names of several of the players is unknown . The number of matches played is a minimum number only – the line @-@ ups for a number of matches in Britain and Australia are either incomplete or unknown . " " Stoker FO , Jameson JC , Stevenson R , J , Lytle JN , Moffatt JG , 'Conor O , Forrest EG , Andrews HW , . Warren RG , Stevenson J , Bulger MJ , Walpole A , Woods DC , Edwards T : Ireland "," Ireland : T Edwards , DC Woods , A Walpole , MJ Bulger , J Stevenson , RG Warren . , HW Andrews , EG Forrest , O 'Conor , JG Moffatt , JN Lytle , J , R Stevenson , JC Jameson , FO Stoker " " Goldsmith Charles , Maynard Richard , Warbrick Joe , Anderson W , Ellison Thomas , Taiaroa Dick , Williams George , Elliot William , Madigan Charles , Wynyard Tabby , Keogh Patrick , Warbrick Frederick , McCausland Edward , Gage David , Warbrick William : Natives Zealand New "," New Zealand Natives : William Warbrick , David Gage , Edward McCausland , Frederick Warbrick , Patrick Keogh , Tabby Wynyard , Charles Madigan , William Elliot , George Williams , Dick Taiaroa , Thomas Ellison , W Anderson , Joe Warbrick , Richard Maynard , Charles Goldsmith " " ) Llanelli ( , Griffiths Dan , ) Swansea ( Bowen William , ) Swansea ( Towers William , ) Newport ( Harding Theo , ) Newport ( Hannan Jim , ) Cardiff ( Nicholls Sydney , ) Cardiff ( Bland Alexander , . ) Cardiff ( Hill Frank , ) Cardiff ( William , ) Newport ( Thomas Charlie , ) Cardiff ( Biggs Norman , ) Cardiff ( Arthur Charlie , ) Penarth ( Garrett Dickie , ) Newport ( Thomas George , ) Newport ( Webb Jim : Wales "," Wales : Jim Webb ( Newport ) , George Thomas ( Newport ) , Dickie Garrett ( Penarth ) , Charlie Arthur ( Cardiff ) , Norman Biggs ( Cardiff ) , Charlie Thomas ( Newport ) , William ( Cardiff ) , Frank Hill ( Cardiff ) . , Alexander Bland ( Cardiff ) , Sydney Nicholls ( Cardiff ) , Jim Hannan ( Newport ) , Theo Harding ( Newport ) , William Towers ( Swansea ) , William Bowen ( Swansea ) , Dan Griffiths , ( Llanelli ) " " Ellison Thomas , Wi , Stewart David , Warbrick Arthur , Williams George , Rene Teo , Webster Alexander , Wynyard George , Keogh Patrick , Warbrick Frederick , Elliot William , Gage David , Wynyard Thomas William , McCausland Edward , Warbrick William : Natives Zealand New "," New Zealand Natives : William Warbrick , Edward McCausland , William Thomas Wynyard , David Gage , William Elliot , Frederick Warbrick , Patrick Keogh , George Wynyard , Alexander Webster , Teo Rene , George Williams , Arthur Warbrick , David Stewart , Wi , Thomas Ellison " " Robinson Arthur , Lowrie Frederick , Cave W. John , William , Bedford Harry , Wilkinson James Harry , Anderton Charles , Jowett "" Don "" Donald , Evershed Frank , . Bonsor "" Fred "" Fernand , Scott Martin William , Lockwood "" Dicky "" Richard , Stoddart Andrew , Sutcliffe "" J.W. "" William John , Royle V. "" Artie "" Arthur : England "," England : Arthur "" Artie "" V. Royle , John William "" J.W. "" Sutcliffe , Andrew Stoddart , Richard "" Dicky "" Lockwood , William Martin Scott , Fernand "" Fred "" Bonsor . , Frank Evershed , Donald "" Don "" Jowett , Charles Anderton , Harry James Wilkinson , Harry Bedford , William , John W. Cave , Frederick Lowrie , Arthur Robinson " " Maynard Richard , Taiaroa Dick , Anderson W , Williams George , Ellison Thomas , Lee Harry , Rene Teo , Wynyard George , Keogh Patrick , Gage David , Elliot William , Madigan Charles , Wynyard Tabby , McCausland Edward , Warbrick William : Natives Zealand New "," New Zealand Natives : William Warbrick , Edward McCausland , Tabby Wynyard , Charles Madigan , William Elliot , David Gage , Patrick Keogh , George Wynyard , Teo Rene , Harry Lee , Thomas Ellison , George Williams , W Anderson , Dick Taiaroa , Richard Maynard " " . 's latter the in role title the including , Stravinsky Igor and Ravel Maurice , Satie Erik by works several of premieres American the in sang and career her throughout composers contemporary by songs popularised and performed She . teacher voice and soprano @-@ mezzo American @-@ Canadian a was ) 1958 , 20 December – 1885 , 20 September ( Gauthier "," Gauthier ( September 20 , 1885 – December 20 , 1958 ) was a Canadian @-@ American mezzo @-@ soprano and voice teacher . She performed and popularised songs by contemporary composers throughout her career and sang in the American premieres of several works by Erik Satie , Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky , including the title role in the latter 's . " " "" composers modern important and vital many of recognition the for responsible initially been having enthusiasm unorthodox and mindedness @-@ open rare her ... "" : said , 1949 in received she which , Francisco San of Society Campion the from citation The . music to brought singing her qualities many the for praised was Gauthier . governors of board its on served and Artists Musical of Guild American the of member founding a became she where , York New in studio voice a opened and , 1937 in performing from retired She . return her on audiences American North to introduced she which , music native its in herself immersed years four for and Java to travelled then She . Europe in performed and trained initially she , patrons her were also who , Laurier Wilfrid Sir and Laurier Lady of niece The "," The niece of Lady Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier , who also were her patrons , she initially trained and performed in Europe . She then travelled to Java and for four years immersed herself in its native music , which she introduced to North American audiences on her return . She retired from performing in 1937 , and opened a voice studio in New York , where she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists and served on its board of governors . Gauthier was praised for the many qualities her singing brought to music . The citation from the Campion Society of San Francisco , which she received in 1949 , said : "" ... her rare open @-@ mindedness and unorthodox enthusiasm having been initially responsible for the recognition of many vital and important modern composers "" " " . Laurier Wilfrid Sir and Laurier Zoé Lady , uncle and aunt her by financed , Europe for out set Gauthier , seventeen of age the at , 1902 July in and , career professional reputable a desired they if training for Europe to travel musicians American North that dictated time the of custom The . piano and , voice , harmony in , child a as lessons musical received Gauthier , Ontario , Ottawa in Born "," Born in Ottawa , Ontario , Gauthier received musical lessons as a child , in harmony , voice , and piano . The custom of the time dictated that North American musicians travel to Europe for training if they desired a reputable professional career , and in July 1902 , at the age of seventeen , Gauthier set out for Europe , financed by her aunt and uncle , Lady Zoé Laurier and Sir Wilfrid Laurier . " " . Canada of tour week 30 the during Gauthier to mentorship of degree a provided Albani . tour farewell Canadian her and England of tour a on her accompany to Albani Emma singer Canadian fellow by retained was Gauthier , 1906 In . technique vocal her for credit later would she whom , Jacques under training began later She . surgically removed were they but , problematic were cords vocal her on . Conservatory Paris the of Jean @-@ Auguste from lessons voice private received she where , France to travelled Gauthier "," Gauthier travelled to France , where she received private voice lessons from Auguste @-@ Jean of the Paris Conservatory . on her vocal cords were problematic , but they were removed surgically . She later began training under Jacques , whom she would later credit for her vocal technique . In 1906 , Gauthier was retained by fellow Canadian singer Emma Albani to accompany her on a tour of England and her Canadian farewell tour . Albani provided a degree of mentorship to Gauthier during the 30 week tour of Canada . " " . entirely opera quit and , badly reacted Gauthier . performing be not would she that night opening on Gauthier informing , demands 's to acquiesced director 's company The . opera the from removed be Gauthier that demanded and , own her outshine would voice 's Gauthier that feared , company the of soprano donna prima the , Luisa , Supposedly . 1910 June in opened opera The . company opera Garden Covent London the by performed being was which , Lakmé ' Delibes in Mallika as role operatic second a landed She . Carmen 's Bizet in Micaëla as Italy , Pavia in 1909 in came performance operatic first Her . performances give and study to both continued and there returned She . studies vocal her continue and Europe to return to her allowed that 1906 in scholarship a Gauthier awarded Strathcona Lord "," Lord Strathcona awarded Gauthier a scholarship in 1906 that allowed her to return to Europe and continue her vocal studies . She returned there and continued both to study and give performances . Her first operatic performance came in 1909 in Pavia , Italy as Micaëla in Bizet 's Carmen . She landed a second operatic role as Mallika in Delibes ' Lakmé , which was being performed by the London Covent Garden opera company . The opera opened in June 1910 . Supposedly , Luisa , the prima donna soprano of the company , feared that Gauthier 's voice would outshine her own , and demanded that Gauthier be removed from the opera . The company 's director acquiesced to 's demands , informing Gauthier on opening night that she would not be performing . Gauthier reacted badly , and quit opera entirely . " " . 1915 of fall the in City York New in arriving , America North to back travel to decided she I War World of outbreak the with but , years four for Java in remained She . Zealand New and , Australia , Malaya , Singapore , Japan , China in performances giving , extensively travelled Gauthier , Java in living While . opportunity this afforded be to education music classical a with woman western first the being probably , gamelan the studied she , court Javanese the of permission On . opportunities of number a Gauthier afforded which , Surakarta of Kraton the for conductor the been previously had who , Paul was pianist accompanying Her . repertoire her in this include to began and , Java of music the studied Gauthier . 1911 , 22 May on married and Gauthier . Frans named manager plantation and importer Dutch a met she , There . Java to travelled and Europe departed Gauthier , scene operatic the into entry blocked her by Disappointed "," Disappointed by her blocked entry into the operatic scene , Gauthier departed Europe and travelled to Java . There , she met a Dutch importer and plantation manager named Frans . Gauthier and married on May 22 , 1911 . Gauthier studied the music of Java , and began to include this in her repertoire . Her accompanying pianist was Paul , who had previously been the conductor for the Kraton of Surakarta , which afforded Gauthier a number of opportunities . On permission of the Javanese court , she studied the gamelan , probably being the first western woman with a classical music education to be afforded this opportunity . While living in Java , Gauthier travelled extensively , giving performances in China , Japan , Singapore , Malaya , Australia , and New Zealand . She remained in Java for four years , but with the outbreak of World War I she decided to travel back to North America , arriving in New York City in the fall of 1915 . " " . pieces vocal his of all premiere to Gauthier have to arranged Stravinsky . composers contemporary by songs of premieres perform to invitations receive to began she and , success great a was performance The . Japan and China Ancient of Poems Five ' Griffes and Lyrics Japanese Three 's Stravinsky of premieres American included also then performance Her . Ravel Maurice by songs three of renditions gave She . "" songs untried , interesting of purveyor sensitive ... "" a as known , quickly reputation own her developed She . composers leading many of eye the caught there performance her 1917 November in and , Hall Aeolian at recitals annual giving began Gauthier . singing western modernist in skill and knowledge with combined she which , repertoire musical Javan her on focused Gauthier so , performers musical European and American North many to home already was York New . dancers with music Javan combined which , entitled Vaudeville in performance a on put She . scene music crowded already an in niche a find to struggled Gauthier , York New in Arriving "," Arriving in New York , Gauthier struggled to find a niche in an already crowded music scene . She put on a performance in Vaudeville entitled , which combined Javan music with dancers . New York was already home to many North American and European musical performers , so Gauthier focused on her Javan musical repertoire , which she combined with knowledge and skill in modernist western singing . Gauthier began giving annual recitals at Aeolian Hall , and in November 1917 her performance there caught the eye of many leading composers . She developed her own reputation quickly , known as a "" ... sensitive purveyor of interesting , untried songs "" . She gave renditions of three songs by Maurice Ravel . Her performance then also included American premieres of Stravinsky 's Three Japanese Lyrics and Griffes ' Five Poems of Ancient China and Japan . The performance was a great success , and she began to receive invitations to perform premieres of songs by contemporary composers . Stravinsky arranged to have Gauthier to premiere all of his vocal pieces . " " . critics musical many by reviews negative her earning , well as concert in music Jazz explore to began She . 1923 in again and , 1922 in Europe to returned and frequently America toured Gauthier . concerts her of all in music American included also She . States United the across music French contemporary of amounts large performed Gauthier , this Through . Schoenberg Arnold by Lunaire Pierrot perform to refusal a being exception only the , her to sent works all almost premiered and accepted She . concert in premiere would she that composers various by her to sent being music more to led This . six Les and Satie Erik with also but , him with only not correspondence professional and friendship a up struck she , Ravel Maurice by America North of tour a arrange to there Sent . America of League Music the of behest the at 1920 in Paris to travelled Gauthier "," Gauthier travelled to Paris in 1920 at the behest of the Music League of America . Sent there to arrange a tour of North America by Maurice Ravel , she struck up a friendship and professional correspondence not only with him , but also with Erik Satie and Les six . This led to more music being sent to her by various composers that she would premiere in concert . She accepted and premiered almost all works sent to her , the only exception being a refusal to perform Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg . Through this , Gauthier performed large amounts of contemporary French music across the United States . She also included American music in all of her concerts . Gauthier toured America frequently and returned to Europe in 1922 , and again in 1923 . She began to explore Jazz music in concert as well , earning her negative reviews by many musical critics . " " . art serious considered be could music jazz whether audiences conservative among discussion serious provoked and , success huge a overall was performance the , music Jazz include to decision her panned critics musical some Although . Whiteman Paul and , Thomson Virgil , Heink @-@ Schumann Ernestine included audience the in figures Important . pieces these for piano the played Gershwin . Swanee and , Baby Innocent , Paradise to Stairway a Build 'll I : Gershwin George by works three with finished finally and , Donaldson Walter and Kern Jerome by works performed then , Berlin Irving by Band Ragtime 's Alexander with opened She . however , establishment musical the upset would performance her of half second The . Hindemith Paul and , Bartók Béla , Milhaud Darius , Schoenberg Arnold by works neoclassical and modernist with them mixing , Purcell Henry and Bellini Vincenzo by works classical both performed She . time the at music serious considered works presented programme the of half first The . concert in singer classical a by performed were works his time first the , Gershwin George of works the presented she when occasion historic a became "" Voice for Music Modern and Ancient of Recital "" entitled Hall Aeolian at performance annual 1923 Her "," Her 1923 annual performance at Aeolian Hall entitled "" Recital of Ancient and Modern Music for Voice "" became a historic occasion when she presented the works of George Gershwin , the first time his works were performed by a classical singer in concert . The first half of the programme presented works considered serious music at the time . She performed both classical works by Vincenzo Bellini and Henry Purcell , mixing them with modernist and neoclassical works by Arnold Schoenberg , Darius Milhaud , Béla Bartók , and Paul Hindemith . The second half of her performance would upset the musical establishment , however . She opened with Alexander 's Ragtime Band by Irving Berlin , then performed works by Jerome Kern and Walter Donaldson , and finally finished with three works by George Gershwin : I 'll Build a Stairway to Paradise , Innocent Baby , and Swanee . Gershwin played the piano for these pieces . Important figures in the audience included Ernestine Schumann @-@ Heink , Virgil Thomson , and Paul Whiteman . Although some musical critics panned her decision to include Jazz music , the performance was overall a huge success , and provoked serious discussion among conservative audiences whether jazz music could be considered serious art . " " "" . people own their than foreigners to listen rather would . . . Canadians "" saying , musicians native of treatment 's Canada of opinion negative a held she , York New in music Canadian of performances attended and , time to time from Canada toured she Although . Canada in broadcast radio transcontinental first the was which Ottawa in performance a gave she , 1927 in Confederation Canadian of anniversary sixtieth the On . Canada native her and , Europe , States United the across performances giving continued and , celebrity a became She . Venice in Music Contemporary of Society International the of Festival the at Lobos @-@ Villa Heitor by works performing while booed was she – suffered performances Other . choices classical more with skill her praising while - Strauss Richard , Wolf , Brahms , Schubert - performances classical of fare usual the from reprieve a as selection musical her welcomed Vienna in critic A . successful quite was this , 1925 in London in as well as , 1925 and 1923 in York New in Gershwin of performances her as such , occasions some On . audiences conservative by of poorly thought was that music present to continued Gauthier "," Gauthier continued to present music that was thought poorly of by conservative audiences . On some occasions , such as her performances of Gershwin in New York in 1923 and 1925 , as well as in London in 1925 , this was quite successful . A critic in Vienna welcomed her musical selection as a reprieve from the usual fare of classical performances - Schubert , Brahms , Wolf , Richard Strauss - while praising her skill with more classical choices . Other performances suffered – she was booed while performing works by Heitor Villa @-@ Lobos at the Festival of the International Society of Contemporary Music in Venice . She became a celebrity , and continued giving performances across the United States , Europe , and her native Canada . On the sixtieth anniversary of Canadian Confederation in 1927 , she gave a performance in Ottawa which was the first transcontinental radio broadcast in Canada . Although she toured Canada from time to time , and attended performances of Canadian music in New York , she held a negative opinion of Canada 's treatment of native musicians , saying "" Canadians . . . would rather listen to foreigners than their own people . "" " " . 1958 , 20 December on died She . governors of board its on serving , Artists Musical of Guild American the of member founding a became she There . York New in studio music a opened and , 1937 in entirely performing from retired She . touring from than better substantially was teaching from income Her . performing stage in less and less and , teaching in more and more engage to began she passed time As . Cuba , Havana in concert a giving , 1931 in stage the to return would she but , 1920s late the in performances giving halt to Gauthier forced Illness "," Illness forced Gauthier to halt giving performances in the late 1920s , but she would return to the stage in 1931 , giving a concert in Havana , Cuba . As time passed she began to engage more and more in teaching , and less and less in stage performing . Her income from teaching was substantially better than from touring . She retired from performing entirely in 1937 , and opened a music studio in New York . There she became a founding member of the American Guild of Musical Artists , serving on its board of governors . She died on December 20 , 1958 . " " . venue highbrow a into music lowbrow taking for her condemn to others and , music overlooked otherwise promoting for her cheer to critics some lead halls concert in place taking performances the with combined , singer trained classically a for music jazz of appropriateness The . praised often and , condemned often was performance for music of choice Her . time her in musician controversial a was Gauthier "," Gauthier was a controversial musician in her time . Her choice of music for performance was often condemned , and often praised . The appropriateness of jazz music for a classically trained singer , combined with the performances taking place in concert halls lead some critics to cheer her for promoting otherwise overlooked music , and others to condemn her for taking lowbrow music into a highbrow venue . " " "" . them for found she which expression appropriate the and them of understanding her of because pleasure gave yesterday before day the and today of Frenchmen by songs of singing her ... "" : praised also was pieces the of spirit the capture to ability Her . voice her of quality unpolished the about reservations some with , talent natural her praised Times York New the by review 1917 , 1 May A "," A May 1 , 1917 review by the New York Times praised her natural talent , with some reservations about the unpolished quality of her voice . Her ability to capture the spirit of the pieces was also praised : "" ... her singing of songs by Frenchmen of today and the day before yesterday gave pleasure because of her understanding of them and the appropriate expression which she found for them . "" " " . enthusiastically very concert the received audience The "" . expressive and neat ... "" was performance whose artist scholarly , serious a as praised was she Here "" . jazz for good too much was voice Her "" remarked critic The . music jazz contemporary of selections include to choice her on focused numbers American and German , Austrian , French , English modern as well as , songs Italian historic of performance her of review Time 1923 , 12 November A "," A November 12 , 1923 Time review of her performance of historic Italian songs , as well as modern English , French , Austrian , German and American numbers focused on her choice to include selections of contemporary jazz music . The critic remarked "" Her voice was much too good for jazz . "" Here she was praised as a serious , scholarly artist whose performance was "" ... neat and expressive . "" The audience received the concert very enthusiastically . " " . uncultured or foolish looking of fear for approval show not would but performance the liked who those and ; inappropriate was felt but liked they performance a to react to how unsure those ; it condemned and disliked openly who those ; performance the applauded and enjoyed openly who those : camps various into critics and audience the divides review The . Them or Silent Keep Others – Them Like They That Admit Reluctantly Some – Numbers Jazz Regarding Minds Two of Are People Many : Town Whole Sets Program s ’ Gauthier Eva headed was that day next the Forum Fargo the in headline a in resulted 1923 in Fargo in performance Her "," Her performance in Fargo in 1923 resulted in a headline in the Fargo Forum the next day that was headed Eva Gauthier ’ s Program Sets Whole Town : Many People Are of Two Minds Regarding Jazz Numbers – Some Reluctantly Admit That They Like Them – Others Keep Silent or Them . The review divides the audience and critics into various camps : those who openly enjoyed and applauded the performance ; those who openly disliked and condemned it ; those unsure how to react to a performance they liked but felt was inappropriate ; and those who liked the performance but would not show approval for fear of looking foolish or uncultured . " " . Library Public York New The , Division Music 1960 @-@ 1899 , papers Gauthier "," Gauthier papers , 1899 @-@ 1960 Music Division , The New York Public Library . " " . 1780 in siege British successful more a to owing , Charleston of Siege First the as to referred sometimes also is It . rebels American from city the capture to attempt British first the during , Carolina South , Charleston near place took It . War Revolutionary American the during , 1776 , 28 June on fought was Sullivan Fort of Battle the or Island 's Sullivan of Battle The "," The Battle of Sullivan 's Island or the Battle of Fort Sullivan was fought on June 28 , 1776 , during the American Revolutionary War . It took place near Charleston , South Carolina , during the first British attempt to capture the city from American rebels . It is also sometimes referred to as the First Siege of Charleston , owing to a more successful British siege in 1780 . " " . supervision provide would , war the of theater Continental southern the commanding , Lee Charles General . assault land and bombardment naval a for preparation in , fort constructed partially a commanded Moultrie William Colonel where Island 's Sullivan near , Island Long on landed were troops , June early in there Arriving . Charleston against act to instead decided Parker Peter Sir Admiral and Clinton Henry General , operations their for unsuitable conditions Finding . 1776 May in Carolina North of coast the reached expedition the , weather bad and concerns logistical by Delayed . America North of colonies southern rebellious the in operations for 1776 early in expedition an organized British The "," The British organized an expedition in early 1776 for operations in the rebellious southern colonies of North America . Delayed by logistical concerns and bad weather , the expedition reached the coast of North Carolina in May 1776 . Finding conditions unsuitable for their operations , General Henry Clinton and Admiral Sir Peter Parker decided instead to act against Charleston . Arriving there in early June , troops were landed on Long Island , near Sullivan 's Island where Colonel William Moultrie commanded a partially constructed fort , in preparation for a naval bombardment and land assault . General Charles Lee , commanding the southern Continental theater of the war , would provide supervision . " " . 1780 until Carolina South to return not did and , York New to force expedition their withdrew British The . bombardment 's day entire an after withdrew which , fleet British the on damage significant wrought defenders the by fire Careful . construction log palmetto 's fort the of nature spongy the and soil sandy the to due effect little had bombardment naval The . landing amphibious an prevented defenses American the and , wade to deep too be to found was islands two the between channel the when frustrated was assault land The "," The land assault was frustrated when the channel between the two islands was found to be too deep to wade , and the American defenses prevented an amphibious landing . The naval bombardment had little effect due to the sandy soil and the spongy nature of the fort 's palmetto log construction . Careful fire by the defenders wrought significant damage on the British fleet , which withdrew after an entire day 's bombardment . The British withdrew their expedition force to New York , and did not return to South Carolina until 1780 . " " . city the around shape take to began fortifications defensive and , materiel war producing began tradesmen and manufacturers 's city the , backcountry 's colony the from city the in arrived recruits militia , 1776 into and 1775 Throughout . Concord and Lexington of Battles 1775 April the of arrived word when increased recruitment militia and , them tax to attempts 's parliament British the opposing in colonists other joined citizens 's city The . America North southern in commerce of center a was Carolina South of colony the in Charleston of city the , 1775 in out broke War Revolutionary American the When "," When the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1775 , the city of Charleston in the colony of South Carolina was a center of commerce in southern North America . The city 's citizens joined other colonists in opposing the British parliament 's attempts to tax them , and militia recruitment increased when word arrived of the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord . Throughout 1775 and into 1776 , militia recruits arrived in the city from the colony 's backcountry , the city 's manufacturers and tradesmen began producing war materiel , and defensive fortifications began to take shape around the city . " " . Cornwallis Charles General Major of command the under Ireland from men 000 @,@ 2 of force a and , backcountry Carolina North the in raised Loyalists Scottish largely with join would he where , Carolina North , Fear Cape to travel to was , Boston in then , Clinton Henry General Major . colonies southern the to expedition an planned British the , control more had they where operations of bases Seeking . 1775 in Boston of Siege the with up tied primarily were America North in forces army British "," British army forces in North America were primarily tied up with the Siege of Boston in 1775 . Seeking bases of operations where they had more control , the British planned an expedition to the southern colonies . Major General Henry Clinton , then in Boston , was to travel to Cape Fear , North Carolina , where he would join with largely Scottish Loyalists raised in the North Carolina backcountry , and a force of 2 @,@ 000 men from Ireland under the command of Major General Charles Cornwallis . " " . South the to go to planning were British the that intelligence provided already had December in intercepted letter a ; colonists the to expedition the of notice first the even not was This "" . credited be to novel too is enemy the to plan full his communicate to ; proceeding of way droll a certainly "" was this that observed Lee . south the in was target final his that secret no made Clinton , this Despite . provisions acquiring difficulty having was there anchored fleet British the and , Loyalists evict and disarm to beginning were forces Patriot ; tense extremely time that at was York New . Clinton as day same the there arrived coincidentally , York New of defense the to see to Washington George General Major by sent , Lee Charles General Major . governor royal 's York New , Tryon William with confer to City York New at stopped first and , infantry light of companies two with 20 January on Boston left Clinton . Parker Peter Sir Admiral of command the under warships 11 by escorted , 1776 , 13 February until depart not did troops 500 @,@ 2 its and , difficulties logistical by delayed was , 1775 December of beginning the at depart to supposed originally , expedition Irish The . start the from difficulties by beset was plan The "," The plan was beset by difficulties from the start . The Irish expedition , originally supposed to depart at the beginning of December 1775 , was delayed by logistical difficulties , and its 2 @,@ 500 troops did not depart until February 13 , 1776 , escorted by 11 warships under the command of Admiral Sir Peter Parker . Clinton left Boston on January 20 with two companies of light infantry , and first stopped at New York City to confer with William Tryon , New York 's royal governor . Major General Charles Lee , sent by Major General George Washington to see to the defense of New York , coincidentally arrived there the same day as Clinton . New York was at that time extremely tense ; Patriot forces were beginning to disarm and evict Loyalists , and the British fleet anchored there was having difficulty acquiring provisions . Despite this , Clinton made no secret that his final target was in the south . Lee observed that this was "" certainly a droll way of proceeding ; to communicate his full plan to the enemy is too novel to be credited . "" This was not even the first notice of the expedition to the colonists ; a letter intercepted in December had already provided intelligence that the British were planning to go to the South . " " . ship navy a to escaped then and , arrested been had who , Wright James , Georgia of governor royal the from assistance for pleas received also Clinton . earlier weeks two Bridge Creek 's Moore at defeated been had Loyalists Scottish recruited the that learned and , Campbell William and Martin Josiah , Carolina South and North of governors royal the with met He . there already convoy European the find to expecting , 12 March on Fear Cape at arrived Clinton "," Clinton arrived at Cape Fear on March 12 , expecting to find the European convoy already there . He met with the royal governors of North and South Carolina , Josiah Martin and William Campbell , and learned that the recruited Scottish Loyalists had been defeated at Moore 's Creek Bridge two weeks earlier . Clinton also received pleas for assistance from the royal governor of Georgia , James Wright , who had been arrested , and then escaped to a navy ship . " " . there go to made was decision the that promising sufficiently were defenses Charleston the of condition finished partially the on reports and , coast the down and up expeditions scouting on ships some out sent had Parker . operations further for base suitable a not was Fear Cape that concluded Parker and Cornwallis , Clinton , properties Patriot raided troops British the which in , there weeks several After . 3 May until arrive not did Cornwallis and , 18 April until Fear Cape at arrive not did fleet the of ships first the , seas high and storms by Battered . crossing difficult extremely an had fleet 's Parker "," Parker 's fleet had an extremely difficult crossing . Battered by storms and high seas , the first ships of the fleet did not arrive at Cape Fear until April 18 , and Cornwallis did not arrive until May 3 . After several weeks there , in which the British troops raided Patriot properties , Clinton , Cornwallis and Parker concluded that Cape Fear was not a suitable base for further operations . Parker had sent out some ships on scouting expeditions up and down the coast , and reports on the partially finished condition of the Charleston defenses were sufficiently promising that the decision was made to go there . " " . backcountry surrounding the and Charleston from 700 @,@ 2 numbering militia as well as , ) troops 900 @,@ 1 ( Virginia and Carolina North from regiments Continental of arrival the by augmented further were forces These . 000 @,@ 2 about numbered force total the and , companies artillery independent three by augmented were they ; regiment artillery small a and , regiments rifle two , regiments infantry three comprised forces These . fighter Indian and militiaman former a , Moultrie William Colonel old @-@ year @-@ 46 of command the under force defense a organized , government revolutionary 's Carolina South of backbone the as remained that Assembly General the of president elected recently , Rutledge John "," John Rutledge , recently elected president of the General Assembly that remained as the backbone of South Carolina 's revolutionary government , organized a defense force under the command of 46 @-@ year @-@ old Colonel William Moultrie , a former militiaman and Indian fighter . These forces comprised three infantry regiments , two rifle regiments , and a small artillery regiment ; they were augmented by three independent artillery companies , and the total force numbered about 2 @,@ 000 . These forces were further augmented by the arrival of Continental regiments from North Carolina and Virginia ( 1 @,@ 900 troops ) , as well as militia numbering 2 @,@ 700 from Charleston and the surrounding backcountry . " " . spikes wooden with fastened and thick inches two planks of made were platforms gun The . "" shot the stop to sand with filled , wide feet 16 and , long feet 500 pen immense an "" as site the described detachment naval Patriot the of Horry Peter Captain ; slowly moved construction The . Harbor Charleston into channel the and island the defend to fortress a of construction began and , 1776 March in Island 's Sullivan on arrived Regiment Carolina South 2nd his and Moultrie . city the to approach southeastern the commanded Johnson Fort where , Island James of end northern the pass to have also would it Later . harbor inner the to channel the entered it as Island 's Sullivan of end southern the by pass then and , city the of southeast ) km 13 ( miles 8 about lying shoals submerged of series a , Bar Charleston cross to had first Charleston into sailing vessel large A . warships enemy intruding from entrance the protect could that fort a build to suited well place a as , wide yards hundred few a and long ) km 4 @.@ 6 ( miles 4 about north extending Harbor Charleston to entrance the at land of spit sandy a , Island 's Sullivan saw Moultrie "," Moultrie saw Sullivan 's Island , a sandy spit of land at the entrance to Charleston Harbor extending north about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) long and a few hundred yards wide , as a place well suited to build a fort that could protect the entrance from intruding enemy warships . A large vessel sailing into Charleston first had to cross Charleston Bar , a series of submerged shoals lying about 8 miles ( 13 km ) southeast of the city , and then pass by the southern end of Sullivan 's Island as it entered the channel to the inner harbor . Later it would also have to pass the northern end of James Island , where Fort Johnson commanded the southeastern approach to the city . Moultrie and his 2nd South Carolina Regiment arrived on Sullivan 's Island in March 1776 , and began construction of a fortress to defend the island and the channel into Charleston Harbor . The construction moved slowly ; Captain Peter Horry of the Patriot naval detachment described the site as "" an immense pen 500 feet long , and 16 feet wide , filled with sand to stop the shot "" . The gun platforms were made of planks two inches thick and fastened with wooden spikes . " " . forces Carolina South all of command in Lee proclaiming by intervene to had Rutledge and , instructions his resisted troops Carolina South Some . authority his under formally not thus and , line Continental the on not were ) regiments colonial the or militia ( troops Carolina South the : problem a into ran immediately He . defenses 's city the of command took and , harbor the outside anchored fleet the after shortly Charleston in arrived He "" . enemy the from or to go shall I whether not know I confess ] I [ "" saying , Charleston for headed He . Carolina South or Virginia for sailing was it whether know not did he that but , sailed had fleet the that 1 June on Wilmington from wrote Lee . south sailed it as fleet 's Clinton of those shadowed land by movements his and , colonies southern the in troops Army Continental the command to Lee General appointed had Congress "," Congress had appointed General Lee to command the Continental Army troops in the southern colonies , and his movements by land shadowed those of Clinton 's fleet as it sailed south . Lee wrote from Wilmington on June 1 that the fleet had sailed , but that he did not know whether it was sailing for Virginia or South Carolina . He headed for Charleston , saying "" [ I ] confess I know not whether I shall go to or from the enemy . "" He arrived in Charleston shortly after the fleet anchored outside the harbor , and took command of the city 's defenses . He immediately ran into a problem : the South Carolina troops ( militia or the colonial regiments ) were not on the Continental line , and thus not formally under his authority . Some South Carolina troops resisted his instructions , and Rutledge had to intervene by proclaiming Lee in command of all South Carolina forces . " " . Point 's to retreat orderly an for plans make did Lee . so do could he before day next the began battle the ; Moultrie replace would he that 27 June on decided he that Lee angered so tactics delaying 's Moultrie . "" Sullivan Fort leaving in except , everything in ] Lee [ obey "" to Moultrie Colonel ordered specifically and , refused Rutledge President . "" pen slaughter "" a it calling , fort the abandoning recommended had , state unfinished its seen had he when , Lee General . walls rear and front the dotted , pounders @-@ 26 French and pounders @-@ 18 British few a to pounders @-@ 12 and 9- from ranging , cannon 31 of assortment An . walls northern unfinished and magazine powder the guard helped planks thick of palisade erected hastily A . mounted were artillery the which on platforms wooden the above ) m 0 @.@ 3 ( feet 10 rose and , sand with filled were walls The . wide ) m 9 @.@ 4 ( feet 16 and high ) m 1 @.@ 6 ( feet 20 logs palmetto from made walls with , wall seaward completed the of only consisted Sullivan Fort shaped @-@ Square "," Square @-@ shaped Fort Sullivan consisted only of the completed seaward wall , with walls made from palmetto logs 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high and 16 feet ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) wide . The walls were filled with sand , and rose 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) above the wooden platforms on which the artillery were mounted . A hastily erected palisade of thick planks helped guard the powder magazine and unfinished northern walls . An assortment of 31 cannon , ranging from 9- and 12 @-@ pounders to a few British 18 @-@ pounders and French 26 @-@ pounders , dotted the front and rear walls . General Lee , when he had seen its unfinished state , had recommended abandoning the fort , calling it a "" slaughter pen "" . President Rutledge refused , and specifically ordered Colonel Moultrie to "" obey [ Lee ] in everything , except in leaving Fort Sullivan "" . Moultrie 's delaying tactics so angered Lee that he decided on June 27 that he would replace Moultrie ; the battle began the next day before he could do so . Lee did make plans for an orderly retreat to 's Point . " " . "" proper think you as troops many as send you till possession keep "" could they that and "" guns the under ) purpose the for practiced have I which ( marines and seamen land "" would he , out knocked were guns 's fort the after that Clinton to wrote he , forces land 's Clinton need even not would he believing . walls its breach easily would warships his that confidence expressed Parker Admiral , complete half only Island 's Sullivan on fort the With . entrance harbor the and bar the between anchorage an , Hole Fathom Five in anchored and bar the crossed had fleet British the of most , 8 June By . 's Sullivan of end northern the occupy to sent consequently were troops ; Island 's Sullivan from yards hundred few a just , ) Palms of Isle the as known now ( Island Long nearby on points landing possible for looking apparently boat scout British a noticed Moultrie . day next the Harbor Charleston outside arrived and , 31 May on Fear Cape at anchor weighed fleet British The "," The British fleet weighed anchor at Cape Fear on May 31 , and arrived outside Charleston Harbor the next day . Moultrie noticed a British scout boat apparently looking for possible landing points on nearby Long Island ( now known as the Isle of Palms ) , just a few hundred yards from Sullivan 's Island ; troops were consequently sent to occupy the northern end of Sullivan 's . By June 8 , most of the British fleet had crossed the bar and anchored in Five Fathom Hole , an anchorage between the bar and the harbor entrance . With the fort on Sullivan 's Island only half complete , Admiral Parker expressed confidence that his warships would easily breach its walls . believing he would not even need Clinton 's land forces , he wrote to Clinton that after the fort 's guns were knocked out , he would "" land seamen and marines ( which I have practiced for the purpose ) under the guns "" and that they could "" keep possession till you send as many troops as you think proper "" . " " . Sullivan Fort bombarded fleet the while , so do to shallow sufficiently be to believed British the which , 's Sullivan and Long between ) Inlet Breach as known now ( channel the across wade would troops these that was intent The . Island Long on troops 200 @,@ 2 landing began Clinton , day same That . day next the until delivered not was it and , ) flag truce a flying was which ( it deliver to sent boat the on fired defenders inexperienced the , However . arms their down lay to colonists rebel the on calling proclamation a issued Clinton , 7 June On . 46th the of part and , Foot of Regiments 57th and , 54th , 37th , 33rd , 28th , 15th the of consisted expedition the in forces army The . cannon 300 nearly mounting total in , Thunder vessel bomb the and Friendship , Sphinx , Siren , Solebay , Active , Actaeon frigates and Experiment gun @-@ 50 the as well as , Bristol gun @-@ 50 flagship the : ships war @-@ of @-@ man nine of composed was fleet British The "," The British fleet was composed of nine man @-@ of @-@ war ships : the flagship 50 @-@ gun Bristol , as well as the 50 @-@ gun Experiment and frigates Actaeon , Active , Solebay , Siren , Sphinx , Friendship and the bomb vessel Thunder , in total mounting nearly 300 cannon . The army forces in the expedition consisted of the 15th , 28th , 33rd , 37th , 54th , and 57th Regiments of Foot , and part of the 46th . On June 7 , Clinton issued a proclamation calling on the rebel colonists to lay down their arms . However , the inexperienced defenders fired on the boat sent to deliver it ( which was flying a truce flag ) , and it was not delivered until the next day . That same day , Clinton began landing 2 @,@ 200 troops on Long Island . The intent was that these troops would wade across the channel ( now known as Breach Inlet ) between Long and Sullivan 's , which the British believed to be sufficiently shallow to do so , while the fleet bombarded Fort Sullivan . " " . Sullivan Fort opposite mainland the on Point 's at post guard a fortify to began and , cannons small three and men 750 than more by manned was which , Island 's Sullivan of end northern the at entrenchment an constructed also Americans The . role a played have also may effort the support to Rutledge and Moultrie of unwillingness the ; Charleston from island the separating channel ) km 6 @.@ 1 ( mile one roughly the bridge to boats enough not were there because failed this but , garrison 's fort the for retreat of avenue an provide to boats of bridge a build to attempted also He . Charleston on directly attack an launch to intending were British the case in mainland the on positions reinforcing began He . actions several with landing British the to responded Lee General "," General Lee responded to the British landing with several actions . He began reinforcing positions on the mainland in case the British were intending to launch an attack directly on Charleston . He also attempted to build a bridge of boats to provide an avenue of retreat for the fort 's garrison , but this failed because there were not enough boats to bridge the roughly one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) channel separating the island from Charleston ; the unwillingness of Moultrie and Rutledge to support the effort may also have played a role . The Americans also constructed an entrenchment at the northern end of Sullivan 's Island , which was manned by more than 750 men and three small cannons , and began to fortify a guard post at 's Point on the mainland opposite Fort Sullivan . " " . days several for off it call to Parker prompted conditions wind contrary and weather bad but , 24 June for planned originally was attack The "" . alone defeated being of glory the "" have would Parker Admiral that meant this that reported Clinton . range long at fire cannon inconsequential largely and occasional in engaging , channel the across other each faced forces American and British the , result a As . position Island Long the or ships from bombard to impossible virtually was that position defensive strong a adopted , Lee General from advice timely with , Americans the but , across troops the ferry to boats using considered He . opposition enemy of prospect the without even cross to troops for deep too , deep @-@ shoulder least at was channel the of part that established islands two the between channel the wade to attempt An . 17 June on plan attack the of problem major first the encountered Clinton General "," General Clinton encountered the first major problem of the attack plan on June 17 . An attempt to wade the channel between the two islands established that part of the channel was at least shoulder @-@ deep , too deep for troops to cross even without the prospect of enemy opposition . He considered using boats to ferry the troops across , but the Americans , with timely advice from General Lee , adopted a strong defensive position that was virtually impossible to bombard from ships or the Long Island position . As a result , the British and American forces faced each other across the channel , engaging in occasional and largely inconsequential cannon fire at long range . Clinton reported that this meant that Admiral Parker would have "" the glory of being defeated alone . "" The attack was originally planned for June 24 , but bad weather and contrary wind conditions prompted Parker to call it off for several days . " " "" . directed well exceedingly were guns their except fire to not care took and cool very were they ; indeed decisive but , slow "" was it and "" served well surprisingly was fire Their "" , wrote observer British One . time a at cannon four , volleys small in fired also They . cannons the aimed actually officers few a only and , gunfire their of pace the in deliberate were men 's Moultrie , gunpowder of shortage to Owing . mounts their of out breaking them to led eventually range their increase to powder extra with mortars her of overloading the and , fort the from away far too anchored had she ; lived @-@ short relatively also was action the in role 's Thunder . "" buried immediately were , fort the about and in sand the in fell that those and , instantly up them swallowed that , middle the in morass a had We "" , Moultrie to according ; effect little had they , fort the near or in landed shots 's Thunder of many Although . fire the returned defenders the and , position its reached it when fort the upon fire to began ships these of Each . fort the to broadside facing anchored they where , Island 's Sullivan from ) m 370 ( yards 400 about position closer a to Solebay and Experiment , Bristol , Active took Parker while fort the from ) km 4 @.@ 2 ( miles 5 @.@ 1 about anchored Friendship and Thunder . fort the facing positions into sailed had warships nine , later hour an than Less . attack the for ready was all indicating gun signal a fired ship British a , morning that am 00 : 9 around At . men 435 numbering , Artillery Carolina South 4th the of company a and Regiment Carolina South 2nd the commanding , Moultrie Colonel by defended was Sullivan Fort , 28 June of morning the On "," On the morning of June 28 , Fort Sullivan was defended by Colonel Moultrie , commanding the 2nd South Carolina Regiment and a company of the 4th South Carolina Artillery , numbering 435 men . At around 9 : 00 am that morning , a British ship fired a signal gun indicating all was ready for the attack . Less than an hour later , nine warships had sailed into positions facing the fort . Thunder and Friendship anchored about 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from the fort while Parker took Active , Bristol , Experiment and Solebay to a closer position about 400 yards ( 370 m ) from Sullivan 's Island , where they anchored facing broadside to the fort . Each of these ships began to fire upon the fort when it reached its position , and the defenders returned the fire . Although many of Thunder 's shots landed in or near the fort , they had little effect ; according to Moultrie , "" We had a morass in the middle , that swallowed them up instantly , and those that fell in the sand in and about the fort , were immediately buried "" . Thunder 's role in the action was also relatively short @-@ lived ; she had anchored too far away from the fort , and the overloading of her mortars with extra powder to increase their range eventually led to them breaking out of their mounts . Owing to shortage of gunpowder , Moultrie 's men were deliberate in the pace of their gunfire , and only a few officers actually aimed the cannons . They also fired in small volleys , four cannon at a time . One British observer wrote , "" Their fire was surprisingly well served "" and it was "" slow , but decisive indeed ; they were very cool and took care not to fire except their guns were exceedingly well directed . "" " " . attempt the abandoned Clinton , fire rifle and shot grape of barrage withering a Facing . defenses 's Thomson William Colonel from fire under came troops his carrying longboats of flotilla the , war of sloops two by Assisted . Island 's Sullivan of end northern the to over cross to movements began Clinton General "," General Clinton began movements to cross over to the northern end of Sullivan 's Island . Assisted by two sloops of war , the flotilla of longboats carrying his troops came under fire from Colonel William Thomson 's defenses . Facing a withering barrage of grape shot and rifle fire , Clinton abandoned the attempt . " " "" . guns our from us driven have to as , manner a such in us enfiladed have would they , purpose their effected ships three these Had "" : Moultrie Colonel on lost not fortune good of piece a , position intended its reached ships these of none , Consequently . sandbar submerged the onto far too moved having , grounded remained but , Syren and Sphinx refloat to managed British The . process the in entangled became Sphinx and Actaeon of riggings the and , sandbar uncharted an on grounded ships three all , However . fort the from routes escape main the of one cover also and platform firing main 's fort the enfilade could they which from position a take to , shoals some avoiding , route roundabout a on sent were Actaeon and , Syren , Sphinx frigates the noon Around "," Around noon the frigates Sphinx , Syren , and Actaeon were sent on a roundabout route , avoiding some shoals , to take a position from which they could enfilade the fort 's main firing platform and also cover one of the main escape routes from the fort . However , all three ships grounded on an uncharted sandbar , and the riggings of Actaeon and Sphinx became entangled in the process . The British managed to refloat Sphinx and Syren , but remained grounded , having moved too far onto the submerged sandbar . Consequently , none of these ships reached its intended position , a piece of good fortune not lost on Colonel Moultrie : "" Had these three ships effected their purpose , they would have enfiladed us in such a manner , as to have driven us from our guns . "" " " . range of out withdrew finally fleet the and , hostilities of cessation a forced darkness when , pm 00 : 9 around until continued exchange The . splintering than rather cannonballs the absorbed it and , quiver would structure the ; constructions its in used wood palmetto the of nature spongy the to due failed strategy This . cannonades broadside persistent with walls 's fort the destroy to sought eventually Parker Admiral "" . again town the to up go will I , me for occasion no have you , here well very doing are you see I "" , Moultrie Colonel telling , day the in late fort the visited briefly even Lee ; ships British the at firing resumed defenders the and , mainland the from over gunpowder and ammunition more sent Lee , However . suspended briefly was fire their and , gunpowder of out running were defenders the , afternoon @-@ mid By . exposed backside his leaving , britches his of part off tore also shot The . thigh and knee the in Parker wounding slightly , quarterdeck her hit round One . mizzenmasts and the both damaged severely and rigging her of much destroyed eventually Bristol at fired shot Chain . guns 's fort the from hit after hit took which , Experiment and Bristol , ships war @-@ of @-@ man large two the on fire their concentrate to men his ordered Moultrie , fort the At "," At the fort , Moultrie ordered his men to concentrate their fire on the two large man @-@ of @-@ war ships , Bristol and Experiment , which took hit after hit from the fort 's guns . Chain shot fired at Bristol eventually destroyed much of her rigging and severely damaged both the and mizzenmasts . One round hit her quarterdeck , slightly wounding Parker in the knee and thigh . The shot also tore off part of his britches , leaving his backside exposed . By mid @-@ afternoon , the defenders were running out of gunpowder , and their fire was briefly suspended . However , Lee sent more ammunition and gunpowder over from the mainland , and the defenders resumed firing at the British ships ; Lee even briefly visited the fort late in the day , telling Colonel Moultrie , "" I see you are doing very well here , you have no occasion for me , I will go up to the town again . "" Admiral Parker eventually sought to destroy the fort 's walls with persistent broadside cannonades . This strategy failed due to the spongy nature of the palmetto wood used in its constructions ; the structure would quiver , and it absorbed the cannonballs rather than splintering . The exchange continued until around 9 : 00 pm , when darkness forced a cessation of hostilities , and the fleet finally withdrew out of range . " " . actions 's Jasper depicts ) above pictured ( event this of painting A . bravery for commendations given later and , spirits ' troops the reviving with Moultrie by credited was He . provided be could stand flag a until troops the rallying and up it holding , again flag the raised and battlement the to ran reportedly Jasper William Sergeant . down shot was fort the over raised and designed had Moultrie flag the , battle the during point one At "," At one point during the battle , the flag Moultrie had designed and raised over the fort was shot down . Sergeant William Jasper reportedly ran to the battlement and raised the flag again , holding it up and rallying the troops until a flag stand could be provided . He was credited by Moultrie with reviving the troops ' spirits , and later given commendations for bravery . A painting of this event ( pictured above ) depicts Jasper 's actions . " " . exploded magazine powder 's ship the before shortly retreated and , could they loot and stores what took , ships British the at cannons its of some fired , ship burning the to out sailed boats small in Patriots . hands enemy into falling from her prevent to ship the to fire set , sandbar the off grounded the drag to unable , British the , morning following The . wounded 25 and killed 12 only at casualties their reported Americans The . each casualties 15 reported Solebay and Active . wounded 56 and killed sailors 23 with damaged badly also was Experiment . rigging and , yards , hull the to damage much with times 70 than more hit was which , Bristol aboard wounded 71 and killed sailors 40 reported Parker , casualties Counting "," Counting casualties , Parker reported 40 sailors killed and 71 wounded aboard Bristol , which was hit more than 70 times with much damage to the hull , yards , and rigging . Experiment was also badly damaged with 23 sailors killed and 56 wounded . Active and Solebay reported 15 casualties each . The Americans reported their casualties at only 12 killed and 25 wounded . The following morning , the British , unable to drag the grounded off the sandbar , set fire to the ship to prevent her from falling into enemy hands . Patriots in small boats sailed out to the burning ship , fired some of its cannons at the British ships , took what stores and loot they could , and retreated shortly before the ship 's powder magazine exploded . " " . forces Patriot by captured was and Island Long off grounded transports British the of one , injury to insult add To . City York New against campaign its in army British main the help to northward withdrew fleet British the 21 July on and , transports their on reembarked were troops British The . Philadelphia in Independence of Declaration the of signing the of learned , battle the of days Within . again fort the take to attempt not did British The "," The British did not attempt to take the fort again . Within days of the battle , learned of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia . The British troops were reembarked on their transports , and on July 21 the British fleet withdrew northward to help the main British army in its campaign against New York City . To add insult to injury , one of the British transports grounded off Long Island and was captured by Patriot forces . " " . effort war the fund to currency hard valuable in brought that goods trade produced and effort war northern the to supplies military provided states its , 1778 late in war the of focus a became again South the Until . army entire an captured and city the besieged successfully Clinton General when , 1780 until Charleston to return not did British The "," The British did not return to Charleston until 1780 , when General Clinton successfully besieged the city and captured an entire army . Until the South again became a focus of the war in late 1778 , its states provided military supplies to the northern war effort and produced trade goods that brought in valuable hard currency to fund the war effort . " " . bravery personal his for lauded was Parker and , responsible him held opinion popular , government the by blamed not was Clinton Although . failures 's expedition the for other the on blame the cast to seeking each , battle the after words of war a in engaged Clinton General and Parker Admiral "," Admiral Parker and General Clinton engaged in a war of words after the battle , each seeking to cast the blame on the other for the expedition 's failures . Although Clinton was not blamed by the government , popular opinion held him responsible , and Parker was lauded for his personal bravery . " " . Monument National Sumter Fort of part now is and , 1960 in Service Park National the to over turned was site The . Charleston to invited were Boston and York New , Columbia , Macon , Augusta , Savannah from companies , centennial the celebrate to , 1876 In . War Civil American the of outbreak the to prior Charleston of defense principal the as Sumter Fort by supplanted was it , battle the after years the in modified Extensively . Charleston of city the and fort the of defense successful his for Moultrie William Colonel honor to battle the after shortly Moultrie Fort renamed was Sullivan Fort "," Fort Sullivan was renamed Fort Moultrie shortly after the battle to honor Colonel William Moultrie for his successful defense of the fort and the city of Charleston . Extensively modified in the years after the battle , it was supplanted by Fort Sumter as the principal defense of Charleston prior to the outbreak of the American Civil War . In 1876 , to celebrate the centennial , companies from Savannah , Augusta , Macon , Columbia , New York and Boston were invited to Charleston . The site was turned over to the National Park Service in 1960 , and is now part of Fort Sumter National Monument . " " . engagement the surrounding events the describing markers historical includes monument The . cross to hoped had soldiers 's Clinton General where inlet the overlooking , island the of tip northeastern the at placed been has Island 's Sullivan of Battle the to monument small A "," A small monument to the Battle of Sullivan 's Island has been placed at the northeastern tip of the island , overlooking the inlet where General Clinton 's soldiers had hoped to cross . The monument includes historical markers describing the events surrounding the engagement . " " . Greene Nathanael General by city the to returned was flag the , war the of end the at forces American by reclaimed was ) siege 1780 the in British the to lost ( Charleston When . Flag Liberty or flag Moultrie the as known be to came It . ) victory during raised famously and ( defense successful this of symbol a as seen was it , siege the during down shot being Despite . battle the during fort the at flown was which , corner left top the in crescent white a with flag blue a designed he , government colonial the by Commissioned . Moultrie Colonel by designed flag the was battle the of emblem iconic One "," One iconic emblem of the battle was the flag designed by Colonel Moultrie . Commissioned by the colonial government , he designed a blue flag with a white crescent in the top left corner , which was flown at the fort during the battle . Despite being shot down during the siege , it was seen as a symbol of this successful defense ( and famously raised during victory ) . It came to be known as the Moultrie flag or Liberty Flag . When Charleston ( lost to the British in the 1780 siege ) was reclaimed by American forces at the end of the war , the flag was returned to the city by General Nathanael Greene . " " . work own his of records as well as texts academic producing , publisher a primarily was but , carving @-@ seal and , painting Chinese traditional , calligraphy in worked He . publisher and printmaker , artist Chinese a was ) 1674 – 1584 . c ; : Chinese ( Hu "," Hu ( Chinese : ; c . 1584 – 1674 ) was a Chinese artist , printmaker and publisher . He worked in calligraphy , traditional Chinese painting , and seal @-@ carving , but was primarily a publisher , producing academic texts as well as records of his own work . " " . form art this in achievable previously not were which colour of gradations delicate to leading , printmaking colour in techniques new pioneered Studio Bamboo Ten the at work 's Hu . enterprise this in family his of members several employed he and , techniques embossing and printing colour @-@ multi various practised he which in , Studio Bamboo Ten the called house publishing academic an operated and owned He . 1645 in death and capture 's emperor the after society from retired largely he that such was dynasty the to loyalty his and , seal personal 's Emperor the design , however , did He . office political minor than more anything held never and , post the declined but , Emperor the of court rump the at position a offered was he , loyalist Ming A . dynasty Qing the to dynasty Ming the from transition the during Nanjing in lived Hu "," Hu lived in Nanjing during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty . A Ming loyalist , he was offered a position at the rump court of the Emperor , but declined the post , and never held anything more than minor political office . He did , however , design the Emperor 's personal seal , and his loyalty to the dynasty was such that he largely retired from society after the emperor 's capture and death in 1645 . He owned and operated an academic publishing house called the Ten Bamboo Studio , in which he practised various multi @-@ colour printing and embossing techniques , and he employed several members of his family in this enterprise . Hu 's work at the Ten Bamboo Studio pioneered new techniques in colour printmaking , leading to delicate gradations of colour which were not previously achievable in this art form . " " . brothers his and Hu by prefaced and edited were these of Many . papers writing decorative and , poetry on books , texts medical and academic , catalogues seal published also studio His . years 200 around for print in remained which primer 's artist an , Calligraphy and Painting of Manual Studio Bamboo Ten The entitled painting of manual his for known best is Hu "," Hu is best known for his manual of painting entitled The Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy , an artist 's primer which remained in print for around 200 years . His studio also published seal catalogues , academic and medical texts , books on poetry , and decorative writing papers . Many of these were edited and prefaced by Hu and his brothers . " " . century 19th the of half second the in only occur this to attesting sources earliest the though , doctor a also was himself that stated commonly is It . and 'an Lu around areas the in medicine practised they while them with travelled he 30 turned he after and , physicians were ) , name art , ( brother elder and father his Both . 1585 early or 1584 in Province Anhui , County in born was Hu "," Hu was born in County , Anhui Province in 1584 or early 1585 . Both his father and elder brother ( , art name , ) were physicians , and after he turned 30 he travelled with them while they practised medicine in the areas around Lu 'an and . It is commonly stated that himself was also a doctor , though the earliest sources attesting to this occur only in the second half of the 19th century . " " . ) name courtesy , ( and ) ( sons his and ) , name art , ( and brothers two his including artisans ten employed he where , business printing his for headquarters the as functioned It . property the of front in grew that plants bamboo ten the after , ) , ( Studio Bamboo Ten the it named Hu . artists minded @-@ like for house @-@ meeting a as served , wall city northern the within just located hill a , ) Ge as known also now , ( on home Their . Wu wife his with lived he where Nanjing to moved had Hu , 1619 By "," By 1619 , Hu had moved to Nanjing where he lived with his wife Wu . Their home on ( , now also known as Ge ) , a hill located just within the northern city wall , served as a meeting @-@ house for like @-@ minded artists . Hu named it the Ten Bamboo Studio ( , ) , after the ten bamboo plants that grew in front of the property . It functioned as the headquarters for his printing business , where he employed ten artisans including his two brothers and ( , art name , ) and his sons ( ) and ( , courtesy name ) . " " . ) seals personal subsequent his of some in of title the himself accord did he although ( role the accept not did he but , reward a as ) , ( Secretariat the for of position the him offered court The . Emperor new the for seal a created , script seal with facility and carving @-@ seal his for noted was who , Hu . Emperor the as throne the on Zhu with Nanjing in regime loyalist Ming a up set ministers few a and family imperial the of remnants , 1644 in Beijing capital the of fall the Following . Qing the , dynasty imperial last 's China by replaced and overthrown was , years 250 over for China ruled had which , dynasty Ming the , lifetime 's Hu During "," During Hu 's lifetime , the Ming dynasty , which had ruled China for over 250 years , was overthrown and replaced by China 's last imperial dynasty , the Qing . Following the fall of the capital Beijing in 1644 , remnants of the imperial family and a few ministers set up a Ming loyalist regime in Nanjing with Zhu on the throne as the Emperor . Hu , who was noted for his seal @-@ carving and facility with seal script , created a seal for the new Emperor . The court offered him the position of for the Secretariat ( , ) as a reward , but he did not accept the role ( although he did accord himself the title of in some of his subsequent personal seals ) . " " . death 's Hu after fabricated were they that suggested been has it , events these of mention no make ) 1830 until published not was work 's Wen ( biographies contemporaneous Since . rebellion Manchu the to fallen had Beijing , appointment this up take could he before but , Academy Hanlin the to admittance gained and Personnel of Ministry the to promoted was he , result a As . work this of part as ) , Ji ( Loyalty Displayed of Record the and ) , Ban Qin ( Learning Minor of Promotion Imperial the produced he ; proclamations official record to Rites of Ministry the by employed was student a whilst and , there University National the at studied Hu Nanjing of invasion Qing the to prior , ) , ( South the of History Lost 's Wen to According "," According to Wen 's Lost History of the South ( , ) , prior to the Qing invasion of Nanjing Hu studied at the National University there , and whilst a student was employed by the Ministry of Rites to record official proclamations ; he produced the Imperial Promotion of Minor Learning ( Qin Ban , ) and the Record of Displayed Loyalty ( Ji , ) as part of this work . As a result , he was promoted to the Ministry of Personnel and gained admittance to the Hanlin Academy , but before he could take up this appointment , Beijing had fallen to the Manchu rebellion . Since contemporaneous biographies ( Wen 's work was not published until 1830 ) make no mention of these events , it has been suggested that they were fabricated after Hu 's death . " " . 1674 early or 1673 late around sometime , 90 of age the at poverty in died He . respectively 1673 and 1667 in , years later his during him visiting recorded Lü and Xiao . dynasty Ming the of end the after , 1646 in seclusion into went and life public from retired Hu "," Hu retired from public life and went into seclusion in 1646 , after the end of the Ming dynasty . Xiao and Lü recorded visiting him during his later years , in 1667 and 1673 respectively . He died in poverty at the age of 90 , sometime around late 1673 or early 1674 . " " . seals his aging artificially of practice regular a make not did Hu artists Huizhou other unlike although , impression weathered , ancient an impart to attempt seals Huizhou . followed he models classical the than rigid and angular more somewhat is , structure compositional clear a with and balanced although , calligraphy 's Hu . Zhen He contemporary his by founded carving of school Huizhou the followed he and , dynasty Han the of script seal classical the in rooted was style His . dignitaries numerous for seals personal producing , carver @-@ seal noted a was Hu "," Hu was a noted seal @-@ carver , producing personal seals for numerous dignitaries . His style was rooted in the classical seal script of the Han dynasty , and he followed the Huizhou school of carving founded by his contemporary He Zhen . Hu 's calligraphy , although balanced and with a clear compositional structure , is somewhat more angular and rigid than the classical models he followed . Huizhou seals attempt to impart an ancient , weathered impression , although unlike other Huizhou artists Hu did not make a regular practice of artificially aging his seals . " " . Nanjing through passing travellers and visitors with popular were carvings his that implying , "" treasure and over fight to travellers for inscriptions seal ancient with carvings stone miniature creates "" Hu that ) , ( Carvers @-@ Seal of Biography his in stated , connoisseur art noted a was and Hu as time same the around Nanjing in lived who poet a , Zhou . area local his outside known was work 's Hu "," Hu 's work was known outside his local area . Zhou , a poet who lived in Nanjing around the same time as Hu and was a noted art connoisseur , stated in his Biography of Seal @-@ Carvers ( , ) that Hu "" creates miniature stone carvings with ancient seal inscriptions for travellers to fight over and treasure "" , implying that his carvings were popular with visitors and travellers passing through Nanjing . " " . court Ming Southern the by accepted both nevertheless were itself seal the and submission his but , examinations Imperial the in used ) , ( couplets footed @-@ equally , rhyming of form the in it written not had he because overlooked be would essay his that concerned was Hu . it restoring in favour 's Heaven begged and seal 's Emperor Chongzhen the of loss the bemoaned he which in , ) , Zhen ( Seal the of Exhortation Great the , essay an with creation his presented He . prayer and fasting of period a after carved he which , Emperor the for seal Imperial new a create to himself upon it took Hu , 1644 In "," In 1644 , Hu took it upon himself to create a new Imperial seal for the Emperor , which he carved after a period of fasting and prayer . He presented his creation with an essay , the Great Exhortation of the Seal ( Zhen , ) , in which he bemoaned the loss of the Chongzhen Emperor 's seal and begged Heaven 's favour in restoring it . Hu was concerned that his essay would be overlooked because he had not written it in the form of rhyming , equally @-@ footed couplets ( , ) used in the Imperial examinations , but his submission and the seal itself were nevertheless both accepted by the Southern Ming court . " " . books these of author the been have to appears and practitioner medical a was brother 's Hu . later years ten reissued be to enough popular proved and 1631 in published was ) , ( Illnesses Myriad for Tested , which of first the , textbooks medical were publications earliest 's studio The . audience literary , wealthy a at aimed , kind this of books printed twenty over produced Studio Bamboo Ten the , 1644 and 1627 Between . texts academic for market captive a provided which , ) Academy National ( Nanjing the of north the to just was residence up took Hu which on mountain the : location 's studio the of consequence a likely was academia towards bias This . novels or plays as such fiction narrative of works publish not did Studio Bamboo Ten the , area the in publishers other Unlike . Classics Confucian the on commentaries as well as of copies and ; phonetics and etymology on books ; textbooks medical ; art and poetry , calligraphy on works reference produced , Studio Bamboo Ten the , house publishing His . publisher a primarily was Hu , carver @-@ seal and artist an as reputation his Despite "," Despite his reputation as an artist and seal @-@ carver , Hu was primarily a publisher . His publishing house , the Ten Bamboo Studio , produced reference works on calligraphy , poetry and art ; medical textbooks ; books on etymology and phonetics ; and copies of as well as commentaries on the Confucian Classics . Unlike other publishers in the area , the Ten Bamboo Studio did not publish works of narrative fiction such as plays or novels . This bias towards academia was likely a consequence of the studio 's location : the mountain on which Hu took up residence was just to the north of the Nanjing ( National Academy ) , which provided a captive market for academic texts . Between 1627 and 1644 , the Ten Bamboo Studio produced over twenty printed books of this kind , aimed at a wealthy , literary audience . The studio 's earliest publications were medical textbooks , the first of which , Tested for Myriad Illnesses ( , ) was published in 1631 and proved popular enough to be reissued ten years later . Hu 's brother was a medical practitioner and appears to have been the author of these books . " " . work carving 's Hu showcasing catalogues impression seal on focussing part most the for , dynasty Qing the into well publish to continued studio the , 1646 after society from withdrawal 's Hu Despite . used be to continued imprint Bamboo Ten the although , dynasty previous the with affiliation his of sign a as ) , ( Past the in Rooted Hall the studio the renamed Hu , Dynasty Ming the of fall the After . proclamations Imperial of list a , ) , Ming Huang ( Ming Imperial the of Edicts the and , officials Ming loyal of biography a , ) , Ji Ming Huang ( Loyalty of Record Ming Imperial the included these ; Ming the of rule the extolling works political produced also Studio Bamboo Ten the 1630s the During "," During the 1630s the Ten Bamboo Studio also produced political works extolling the rule of the Ming ; these included the Imperial Ming Record of Loyalty ( Huang Ming Ji , ) , a biography of loyal Ming officials , and the Edicts of the Imperial Ming ( Huang Ming , ) , a list of Imperial proclamations . After the fall of the Ming Dynasty , Hu renamed the studio the Hall Rooted in the Past ( , ) as a sign of his affiliation with the previous dynasty , although the Ten Bamboo imprint continued to be used . Despite Hu 's withdrawal from society after 1646 , the studio continued to publish well into the Qing dynasty , for the most part focussing on seal impression catalogues showcasing Hu 's carving work . " " . possible previously not were which shades of modulation and gradation achieve to him enabled this ; printing before blocks the off ink the of some wiping for process a developing by techniques printing block these refined He . again fashion into come recently only had but earlier years 200 some period Yuan the since existed had which , ) , ( "" printing block @-@ set "" called printing block @-@ multiple of form related a employed also Hu . image single a create to impressions and seventy to up and blocks printing engraved fifty to thirty requiring , process painstaking , lengthy a was It . colour different a bearing each and image final the of part different a with carved each , blocks multiple of use made system This . ) , ( "" printing block assorted "" as known technique printing block a using , colour in publications printed first 's China of some produce to able was he , result a As . designs printed embossed and prints coloured @-@ multi producing for processes creating , printing woodblock of forms various with experimented Hu , studio his At . China in printing colour of process the in advancement considerable seen had dynasty Ming The "," The Ming dynasty had seen considerable advancement in the process of colour printing in China . At his studio , Hu experimented with various forms of woodblock printing , creating processes for producing multi @-@ coloured prints and embossed printed designs . As a result , he was able to produce some of China 's first printed publications in colour , using a block printing technique known as "" assorted block printing "" ( , ) . This system made use of multiple blocks , each carved with a different part of the final image and each bearing a different colour . It was a lengthy , painstaking process , requiring thirty to fifty engraved printing blocks and up to seventy and impressions to create a single image . Hu also employed a related form of multiple @-@ block printing called "" set @-@ block printing "" ( , ) , which had existed since the Yuan period some 200 years earlier but had only recently come into fashion again . He refined these block printing techniques by developing a process for wiping some of the ink off the blocks before printing ; this enabled him to achieve gradation and modulation of shades which were not previously possible . " " . Studio Bamboo Ten the for income sideline a provided which of sale the , papers writing decorative create to embossing used Wu and Hu Both . 1626 in published , ) , ( Paper Letter Studio Wisteria book his in time first the for technique this used had Wu . publisher based @-@ Nanjing a also was who , Wu contemporary 's Hu by invented been having , process new relatively a was This . plants or water on highlights for and clouds for effects relief white create to this used He . paper onto designs stamp to block imprinted , an using , ) , ( "" blocks embossed "" or ) , ( "" designs embossed "" as known ( technique embossing blind a employed Hu , images some In "," In some images , Hu employed a blind embossing technique ( known as "" embossed designs "" ( , ) or "" embossed blocks "" ( , ) , using an , imprinted block to stamp designs onto paper . He used this to create white relief effects for clouds and for highlights on water or plants . This was a relatively new process , having been invented by Hu 's contemporary Wu , who was also a Nanjing @-@ based publisher . Wu had used this technique for the first time in his book Wisteria Studio Letter Paper ( , ) , published in 1626 . Both Hu and Wu used embossing to create decorative writing papers , the sale of which provided a sideline income for the Ten Bamboo Studio . " " "" . scholars to importance undoubted its despite – it study or it through look anyone let to able been never have we , digitized was it until that , delicate so manual the and , fragile so is binding The "" , Department Chinese University Cambridge the of Head , Aylmer Charles Said . 2015 , August in illustrations and writings all including , manual the of scan digital complete a released Library University Cambridge . image particular a at look to order in flat book the lay to reader the allows style binding This . spread page @-@ double a occupies each that so folded are illustrations folio @-@ whole whereby , style ) , ( "" binding butterfly "" the in bound is manual The . overlaps or outlines obvious than rather , images the in colour of gradations obtain to methods printing block @-@ multiple his used Hu , book this In . painting Chinese to approach analytical and categorical a of example first the remains still book the , bamboo and orchids on sections the in appear only instructions these Although . copy to beginners for designed pictures several and technique and position brush correct on instructions with , primer artistic an as intended also was it , artworks of collection a as well As . volumes single as previously released been had sections these of Some . fruit and orchids , plums , animals and birds , rocks , flowers , bamboo , calligraphy covering , sections eight of consists It . 1633 in published , ) himself Hu including ( artists different thirty around by prints 320 around of anthology an , ) , ( Calligraphy and Painting of Manual Studio Bamboo Ten the is work notable most 's Hu "," Hu 's most notable work is the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy ( , ) , an anthology of around 320 prints by around thirty different artists ( including Hu himself ) , published in 1633 . It consists of eight sections , covering calligraphy , bamboo , flowers , rocks , birds and animals , plums , orchids and fruit . Some of these sections had been released previously as single volumes . As well as a collection of artworks , it was also intended as an artistic primer , with instructions on correct brush position and technique and several pictures designed for beginners to copy . Although these instructions only appear in the sections on orchids and bamboo , the book still remains the first example of a categorical and analytical approach to Chinese painting . In this book , Hu used his multiple @-@ block printing methods to obtain gradations of colour in the images , rather than obvious outlines or overlaps . The manual is bound in the "" butterfly binding "" ( , ) style , whereby whole @-@ folio illustrations are folded so that each occupies a double @-@ page spread . This binding style allows the reader to lay the book flat in order to look at a particular image . Cambridge University Library released a complete digital scan of the manual , including all writings and illustrations in August , 2015 . Said Charles Aylmer , Head of the Cambridge University Chinese Department , "" The binding is so fragile , and the manual so delicate , that until it was digitized , we have never been able to let anyone look through it or study it – despite its undoubted importance to scholars . "" " " . dynasty Qing late the to through way the all produced be to continued runs print that such was Manual Studio Bamboo Ten the of popularity The . e @-@ nishiki as known process printing woodblock colour the of e @-@ ukiyo in development the foreshadowed and reprinted was it where , Japan in also and , ) ( Garden Seed Mustard the of Manual known @-@ better but later the for way the paved it where , China across printing colour influence to on went volume This "," This volume went on to influence colour printing across China , where it paved the way for the later but better @-@ known Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden ( ) , and also in Japan , where it was reprinted and foreshadowed the development in ukiyo @-@ e of the colour woodblock printing process known as nishiki @-@ e . The popularity of the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual was such that print runs continued to be produced all the way through to the late Qing dynasty . " " . 1952 in again republished and revised and , Xun Lu and Zhenduo Zheng by 1941 and 1934 between volumes four in reissued was it , 1644 in published Originally . edges open the along sewn and , stacked , folded are pages folio the which in , style ) , ( "" back wrapped "" the in bound was book The . subjects other and vessels ritual , people , rocks of paintings contained also it , papers writing decorative of catalogue a primarily Whilst . relief in out stand illustrations the make to technique embossing stamped the of use made which , samples paper of collection a , ) , ( Paper Letter Studio Bamboo Ten work the produced also Hu "," Hu also produced the work Ten Bamboo Studio Letter Paper ( , ) , a collection of paper samples , which made use of the stamped embossing technique to make the illustrations stand out in relief . Whilst primarily a catalogue of decorative writing papers , it also contained paintings of rocks , people , ritual vessels and other subjects . The book was bound in the "" wrapped back "" ( , ) style , in which the folio pages are folded , stacked , and sewn along the open edges . Originally published in 1644 , it was reissued in four volumes between 1934 and 1941 by Zheng Zhenduo and Lu Xun , and revised and republished again in 1952 . " " . him to homage in partly , death 's Li after published was It . Deng Li , teacher calligraphy his of aid the with compiled Hu which , ) 1663 ( ) , ( Scripts Six in Classic Character Thousand the of Essentials the with taken was approach similar A . text the of pronunciation and formation correct the giving , ) 1640 ( ) , ( Corrected and Identified , Books Four the of Text The entitled , classics Confucian the of edition introductory new a edited Hu , brother his With . characters of formation the in errors common discussed which , ) , Ji Bi ( Calligraphy into Investigations Necessary related the and ) , 'e Zheng ( Erroneous and Correct , Calligraphy of Styles Six The , calligraphy script @-@ seal of manual 's Zhou of reprint a included studio 's Hu by produced works Other "," Other works produced by Hu 's studio included a reprint of Zhou 's manual of seal @-@ script calligraphy , The Six Styles of Calligraphy , Correct and Erroneous ( Zheng 'e , ) and the related Necessary Investigations into Calligraphy ( Bi Ji , ) , which discussed common errors in the formation of characters . With his brother , Hu edited a new introductory edition of the Confucian classics , entitled The Text of the Four Books , Identified and Corrected ( , ) ( 1640 ) , giving the correct formation and pronunciation of the text . A similar approach was taken with the Essentials of the Thousand Character Classic in Six Scripts ( , ) ( 1663 ) , which Hu compiled with the aid of his calligraphy teacher , Li Deng . It was published after Li 's death , partly in homage to him . " " . himself Hu by included and poetry on works several of compilation a was which , ) , Shi Tang ( Poems Tang Selected of Subtle the to Principles Helpful included studio the from poetry on works Other . ) 1635 ( ) , Tan Shi ( Poetry of Discussion the simply called was which , Ye contemporary their by poetry on primer student a collate to together worked brothers Hu three The "," The three Hu brothers worked together to collate a student primer on poetry by their contemporary Ye , which was called simply the Discussion of Poetry ( Shi Tan , ) ( 1635 ) . Other works on poetry from the studio included Helpful Principles to the Subtle of Selected Tang Poems ( Tang Shi , ) , which was a compilation of several works on poetry and included by Hu himself . " " . Hu by preface a with but pseudonym a under written , ) ( Fuyu entitled dominoes Chinese on text a was publications obscure more 's studio the Among "," Among the studio 's more obscure publications was a text on Chinese dominoes entitled Fuyu ( ) , written under a pseudonym but with a preface by Hu . " " ' ' Calligraphy and Painting of Manual Studio Bamboo Ten ' ' the from Images "," Images from the ' ' Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy ' ' " " . Mysore of Kingdom the and Company India East British the between India in war major a of possibility the and Europe in Formio Campo of Treaty the following off called been had but , 1797 during India British from planned been had Philippines Spanish the of invasion major a that threat this was severe So . Britain to importance economic vital of was which , Britain to China Dynasty Qing in Macau from ships merchant Indiaman East of convoy annual an , Fleet China the to threat a posed Manila at squadron Spanish powerful a of presence the Thus . 1796 in enemy an into Coalition First the of War the in Britain Great of ally an from transformed had Spain . port the in maintained squadron Navy Spanish the of condition the assess and galleon Manila a capture , Philippines Spanish the of capital , Manila of defences the of strength the scout to intended Wars Revolutionary French the during operation military flag false Navy Royal a was 1798 January of Manila on Raid The "," The Raid on Manila of January 1798 was a Royal Navy false flag military operation during the French Revolutionary Wars intended to scout the strength of the defences of Manila , capital of the Spanish Philippines , capture a Manila galleon and assess the condition of the Spanish Navy squadron maintained in the port . Spain had transformed from an ally of Great Britain in the War of the First Coalition into an enemy in 1796 . Thus the presence of a powerful Spanish squadron at Manila posed a threat to the China Fleet , an annual convoy of East Indiaman merchant ships from Macau in Qing Dynasty China to Britain , which was of vital economic importance to Britain . So severe was this threat that a major invasion of the Spanish Philippines had been planned from British India during 1797 , but had been called off following the Treaty of Campo Formio in Europe and the possibility of a major war in India between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Mysore . " " . 1798 January 13 on capital Spanish the reached Cooke , Fox in Malcolm Pulteney Captain by accompanied and Sybille in Sailing . prize valuable a make would which , Manila from sail to due was treasure carrying ship a that reports by intrigued also was He . himself Manila in forces Spanish of readiness of state the investigate to decided Cooke mission his completing After . Cooke Edward Captain by commanded and Fox HMS and Sybille HMS frigates the by escorted China to convoy a sent , Rainier Peter Admiral @-@ Rear , Indies East the in commander British the , 98 – 1797 of winter the in Macau at gathering ships merchant the of safety the ensure To "," To ensure the safety of the merchant ships gathering at Macau in the winter of 1797 – 98 , the British commander in the East Indies , Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier , sent a convoy to China escorted by the frigates HMS Sybille and HMS Fox and commanded by Captain Edward Cooke . After completing his mission Cooke decided to investigate the state of readiness of Spanish forces in Manila himself . He was also intrigued by reports that a ship carrying treasure was due to sail from Manila , which would make a valuable prize . Sailing in Sybille and accompanied by Captain Pulteney Malcolm in Fox , Cooke reached the Spanish capital on 13 January 1798 . " " . Macau to returning before Zamboanga assaulting unsuccessfully , southwards sailed and prisoners his released then Cooke , attack bloodless a in gunboats the Capturing . River Pasig the of mouth the in gunboats of squadron a against party raiding a sent he , operations for unavailable thus and repairs extensive undergoing was squadron Spanish the that and Cavite at unloaded been had ship treasure the that , Manila in defences of state the captives his from determined had he Once . turn in prisoner them taking , aboard officials Spanish of boatloads successive lured successfully and vessels French were ships his that pretended Cooke , Bay Manila in Anchored "," Anchored in Manila Bay , Cooke pretended that his ships were French vessels and successfully lured successive boatloads of Spanish officials aboard , taking them prisoner in turn . Once he had determined from his captives the state of defences in Manila , that the treasure ship had been unloaded at Cavite and that the Spanish squadron was undergoing extensive repairs and thus unavailable for operations , he sent a raiding party against a squadron of gunboats in the mouth of the Pasig River . Capturing the gunboats in a bloodless attack , Cooke then released his prisoners and sailed southwards , unsuccessfully assaulting Zamboanga before returning to Macau . " " . Ocean Indian Western the in islands subsidiary few a and France de Île to confined been had region the in presence French the and , 1795 in captured been had Indies East Dutch the of parts and Colony Cape Dutch the , Ceylon Dutch . Calcutta and Madras , Bombay of ports the from Ocean Indian the through routes trade the controlling , 1796 in Indies East the dominated Britain . east the to Philippines Spanish the from attack of threat the with faced were region the in forces British dominant the that meant allegiance political of shift this Indies East the In . ally former its on war declare to subsequently and Britain Great with alliance its renounce to Spain required treaty this of terms secret The . Ildefonso San of Treaty the signed Republic French the and Spain , Wars Revolutionary French the of years three after , 1796 In "," In 1796 , after three years of the French Revolutionary Wars , Spain and the French Republic signed the Treaty of San Ildefonso . The secret terms of this treaty required Spain to renounce its alliance with Great Britain and subsequently to declare war on its former ally . In the East Indies this shift of political allegiance meant that the dominant British forces in the region were faced with the threat of attack from the Spanish Philippines to the east . Britain dominated the East Indies in 1796 , controlling the trade routes through the Indian Ocean from the ports of Bombay , Madras and Calcutta . Dutch Ceylon , the Dutch Cape Colony and parts of the Dutch East Indies had been captured in 1795 , and the French presence in the region had been confined to Île de France and a few subsidiary islands in the Western Indian Ocean . " " . own their of attempt an make might , Cavite at squadron powerful a maintained who , Spanish the that or , 1798 in again try might Sercey that India in concern considerable was There . France de Île to return his on error his of learning only , retreated admiral French the and line the of ships disguised contained convoy unescorted the that believing into Sercey deceived commander the Incident Strait Bali ensuing the In . Sercey de Charles César Pierre amiral @-@ Contre by commanded frigates six comprising , Indies East the in squadron French the by attacked been had convoy the 1797 January In . ) 2016 of as 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 600 £ of equivalent the ( million 8 £ over at valued was 1804 in convoy one : Britain to significant economically was convoy This . cargo commercial other and tea with laden Macau from Europe to westwards sailed , Company India East British the of employ the in ships merchant Indiaman East large of composed , "" Fleet China "" the as known convoy large a year each in Early . China Dynasty Qing in Macau and Canton at began routes trade important most the of Some "," Some of the most important trade routes began at Canton and Macau in Qing Dynasty China . Early in each year a large convoy known as the "" China Fleet "" , composed of large East Indiaman merchant ships in the employ of the British East India Company , sailed westwards to Europe from Macau laden with tea and other commercial cargo . This convoy was economically significant to Britain : one convoy in 1804 was valued at over £ 8 million ( the equivalent of £ 600 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . In January 1797 the convoy had been attacked by the French squadron in the East Indies , comprising six frigates commanded by Contre @-@ amiral Pierre César Charles de Sercey . In the ensuing Bali Strait Incident the commander deceived Sercey into believing that the unescorted convoy contained disguised ships of the line and the French admiral retreated , only learning of his error on his return to Île de France . There was considerable concern in India that Sercey might try again in 1798 , or that the Spanish , who maintained a powerful squadron at Cavite , might make an attempt of their own . " " . China to eastwards squadron his of some diverted Rainier and essential still was Fleet China the of protection the but , cancelled operation the and India in retained therefore were Manila against operation the for planned resources The . hostilities of outbreak renewed a with assistance French seeking were , India Southern in Britain of opponent old an , Mysore of Kingdom the of Sultan Tipu the from emissaries while , alone Spain and France faced now Britain . end an to Coalition First the of War the brought which Formio Campo of Treaty the announcing 1797 August in India in arrived news unexpected when , stages planning advance the in was which operation the for earmarked were forces military and naval substantial a , others among Arthur Colonel and Shore John Sir India of General @-@ Governor the with operating @-@ Co . 1762 in Manila of capture British successful the of repetition in Manila on centred , Philippines the of invasion major a for plans up draw to was Spain and Britain between war of declaration impending the of 1796 November in learning on impulse initial 's Rainier "," Rainier 's initial impulse on learning in November 1796 of the impending declaration of war between Britain and Spain was to draw up plans for a major invasion of the Philippines , centred on Manila in repetition of the successful British capture of Manila in 1762 . Co @-@ operating with the Governor @-@ General of India Sir John Shore and Colonel Arthur among others , a substantial naval and military forces were earmarked for the operation which was in the advance planning stages , when unexpected news arrived in India in August 1797 announcing the Treaty of Campo Formio which brought the War of the First Coalition to an end . Britain now faced France and Spain alone , while emissaries from the Tipu Sultan of the Kingdom of Mysore , an old opponent of Britain in Southern India , were seeking French assistance with a renewed outbreak of hostilities . The resources planned for the operation against Manila were therefore retained in India and the operation cancelled , but the protection of the China Fleet was still essential and Rainier diverted some of his squadron eastwards to China . " " . illnesses tropical by weakened substantially been had crews the although , 1797 December 13 on incident without arrived convoy The . Macau to voyage final the for Malcolm Pulteney Captain under Fox HMS frigate gun @-@ 32 the and Trident HMS and Victorious HMS line the of ships the by there joined , Malacca of Straits the through passage taking , July in convoy the with sailed which , Centurion HMS gun @-@ 50 the and , 1794 in Mykonos of Battle the at French the from captured , Sybille HMS frigate gun @-@ 40 the provided Rainier , force this escort To . Fleet China the join and goods trade load to Macau to trip the for preparation in 1797 of spring the in Bombay at gathered had ships merchant of number A "," A number of merchant ships had gathered at Bombay in the spring of 1797 in preparation for the trip to Macau to load trade goods and join the China Fleet . To escort this force , Rainier provided the 40 @-@ gun frigate HMS Sybille , captured from the French at the Battle of Mykonos in 1794 , and the 50 @-@ gun HMS Centurion , which sailed with the convoy in July , taking passage through the Straits of Malacca , joined there by the ships of the line HMS Victorious and HMS Trident and the 32 @-@ gun frigate HMS Fox under Captain Pulteney Malcolm for the final voyage to Macau . The convoy arrived without incident on 13 December 1797 , although the crews had been substantially weakened by tropical illnesses . " " . 1587 in Cavendish Thomas since galleons Manila the attacking been nevertheless had sailors British but ; trade regional on effects profound have could system financial this of disruption and , Indies East the of most across currency accepted the were dollars Spanish . Spain New from subsidy substantial the by mitigated only loss financial enormous an at operated which , Indies East the in Empire Spanish the of maintenance the to essential was trip round This . Spain New to journey return the for Indies East the from goods trade loaded then ship the , Philippines the in dollars its . Manila to way its on Guam at stopping Ocean Pacific the across Acapulco from dollars silver Spanish million two to up brought ship This . arrive to due was galleon Manila annual the that suggested Macau in rumours , motivation added an As . there based squadron Spanish the and port the on observations make and Manila reconnoitre to decided Cooke , sailing from weeks several Fleet China the and Macau in anchor at safely convoy his With "," With his convoy safely at anchor in Macau and the China Fleet several weeks from sailing , Cooke decided to reconnoitre Manila and make observations on the port and the Spanish squadron based there . As an added motivation , rumours in Macau suggested that the annual Manila galleon was due to arrive . This ship brought up to two million Spanish silver dollars from Acapulco across the Pacific Ocean stopping at Guam on its way to Manila . its dollars in the Philippines , the ship then loaded trade goods from the East Indies for the return journey to New Spain . This round trip was essential to the maintenance of the Spanish Empire in the East Indies , which operated at an enormous financial loss only mitigated by the substantial subsidy from New Spain . Spanish dollars were the accepted currency across most of the East Indies , and disruption of this financial system could have profound effects on regional trade ; but British sailors had nevertheless been attacking the Manila galleons since Thomas Cavendish in 1587 . " " . Prudente smaller the on Fox and Forte gun @-@ 40 powerful the on Sybille modelling , vessels French as ships his disguise to precautions taken had Cooke . Manila off arrived squadron small 's Cooke time the by repaired been not still had damage the of much and 1797 April in typhoon a in badly suffered had squadron Spanish The . dollars silver 900 @,@ 3 remove did he although , intact cargo its with vessel his releasing by captain the rewarded Cooke . sail to unfit were and Cavite at repairs extensive undergoing were Manila in squadron Spanish the of most that learned and captain the questioned closely Cooke , vessel Spanish the Seizing . tricolors French flying were which , frigates the towards lured was which , vessel merchant Spanish small a encountered ships 's Cooke , Luzon Passing . linguist experienced an , Bernard Mr. a carrying latter the , Fox and Sybille with only 1798 January 5 on sailed Cooke , Macau at warships heavier the Leaving "," Leaving the heavier warships at Macau , Cooke sailed on 5 January 1798 only with Sybille and Fox , the latter carrying a Mr. Bernard , an experienced linguist . Passing Luzon , Cooke 's ships encountered a small Spanish merchant vessel , which was lured towards the frigates , which were flying French tricolors . Seizing the Spanish vessel , Cooke closely questioned the captain and learned that most of the Spanish squadron in Manila were undergoing extensive repairs at Cavite and were unfit to sail . Cooke rewarded the captain by releasing his vessel with its cargo intact , although he did remove 3 @,@ 900 silver dollars . The Spanish squadron had suffered badly in a typhoon in April 1797 and much of the damage had still not been repaired by the time Cooke 's small squadron arrived off Manila . Cooke had taken precautions to disguise his ships as French vessels , modelling Sybille on the powerful 40 @-@ gun Forte and Fox on the smaller Prudente . " " . attack an risk than rather ship treasure the from cargo valuable the remove to decided had and waters Philippine in was Pakenham Edward Captain under Resistance HMS frigate British the that arrival 's Cooke before shortly only learned had Spanish The . harbour the in aground Carlos Rey ship merchant valuable another and docks Cavite the at unloaded being , galleon Manila the see also could he disappointment 's Cooke To . action for unfit and dock in Luisa and la de Maria frigates the and Montañés and Europa , Pedro San line the of ships the , Cavite in repair under and dismasted squadron Spanish the see could Cooke point vantage his From . Cavite and Manila between anchoring , January 14 of morning the on bay the across sailing then and Corregidor of fortress the past unchallenged slipping , Bay Manila in arrived Fox and Sybille , 1798 January 13 of afternoon the in Late "," Late in the afternoon of 13 January 1798 , Sybille and Fox arrived in Manila Bay , slipping unchallenged past the fortress of Corregidor and then sailing across the bay on the morning of 14 January , anchoring between Manila and Cavite . From his vantage point Cooke could see the Spanish squadron dismasted and under repair in Cavite , the ships of the line San Pedro , Europa and Montañés and the frigates Maria de la and Luisa in dock and unfit for action . To Cooke 's disappointment he could also see the Manila galleon , being unloaded at the Cavite docks and another valuable merchant ship Rey Carlos aground in the harbour . The Spanish had learned only shortly before Cooke 's arrival that the British frigate HMS Resistance under Captain Edward Pakenham was in Philippine waters and had decided to remove the valuable cargo from the treasure ship rather than risk an attack . " " . "" England of downfall the "" including , toasts of series a drank they together and around wine passed then Cooke , decks below visitor the Inviting . uniforms French fake by augmented been had which , ruse the by convinced completely now was officer Spanish The . Sumatra off 1796 September 9 of Action the in killed been had , Spanish the to unknown , who officer French a , Latour Commodore be to claiming , Fox of deck the on party the joined then Cooke . earliest the at March until sail to position a in be would ships Spanish the of none that cautioned but supplies offered officer The . operations raiding commerce for reinforcements Spanish and supplies seeking Prudente and Forte were arrivals new the that charge in officer the persuade to able was translating Bernard with and fluently French spoke , Cooke like , Malcolm . aboard came crew whose , the by approached consequently was and , anchorage the into ship British first the was Fox "," Fox was the first British ship into the anchorage , and was consequently approached by the , whose crew came aboard . Malcolm , like Cooke , spoke French fluently and with Bernard translating was able to persuade the officer in charge that the new arrivals were Forte and Prudente seeking supplies and Spanish reinforcements for commerce raiding operations . The officer offered supplies but cautioned that none of the Spanish ships would be in a position to sail until March at the earliest . Cooke then joined the party on the deck of Fox , claiming to be Commodore Latour , a French officer who , unknown to the Spanish , had been killed in the Action of 9 September 1796 off Sumatra . The Spanish officer was now completely convinced by the ruse , which had been augmented by fake French uniforms . Inviting the visitor below decks , Cooke then passed wine around and together they drank a series of toasts , including "" the downfall of England "" . " " . guns swivel four by supplemented each , guns long pounder @-@ 24 with two and gun long pounder @-@ 32 a with one , armed @-@ well were and thirty of crews carried normally vessels These . Fox alongside boats three all brought and fight a without Spanish the off drove parties boarding British the , surprise by crews the Taking . moored were gunboats heavy three that learned had they where , River Pasig nearby the of mouth the for rowed party this boats Spanish the into Climbing . clothing their donned and strip to sailors Spanish captured the forced meanwhile Fox of crew The . wine more offered and , sailed frigates British the before release promised , situation their of informed were officers captured the , cabin 's Malcolm In . war of prisoners as decks below taken and gunpoint at seized were crews their whereupon festivities the join to below escorted were officers the , time Each . boat third a in aide an via message a sent who but , aboard not was who , Álava de María Ignacio Don Admiral @-@ Rear , Cavite at commander Spanish the of barge personal the was vessel This . arrivals French the greet to keen officers more containing Fox alongside pulled boat second a until , Philippines the in squadron and defences the of state the about information detailed learning Cooke and Malcolm , drank officers the hour an For "," For an hour the officers drank , Malcolm and Cooke learning detailed information about the state of the defences and squadron in the Philippines , until a second boat pulled alongside Fox containing more officers keen to greet the French arrivals . This vessel was the personal barge of the Spanish commander at Cavite , Rear @-@ Admiral Don Ignacio María de Álava , who was not aboard , but who sent a message via an aide in a third boat . Each time , the officers were escorted below to join the festivities whereupon their crews were seized at gunpoint and taken below decks as prisoners of war . In Malcolm 's cabin , the captured officers were informed of their situation , promised release before the British frigates sailed , and offered more wine . The crew of Fox meanwhile forced the captured Spanish sailors to strip and donned their clothing . Climbing into the Spanish boats this party rowed for the mouth of the nearby Pasig River , where they had learned that three heavy gunboats were moored . Taking the crews by surprise , the British boarding parties drove off the Spanish without a fight and brought all three boats alongside Fox . These vessels normally carried crews of thirty and were well @-@ armed , one with a 32 @-@ pounder long gun and two with 24 @-@ pounder long guns , each supplemented by four swivel guns . " " . gunboats captured the retained he although , parole of conditions the without shore for row and boats their to return to captives the of all allowed Cooke , finished was meal the Once . 200 approximately numbering now Fox on sailors Spanish of number total the , crew the to grog and food sent and captives officer their for dinner large a hosted Malcolm and Cooke , 00 : 16 at , afterwards Shortly . decks below imprisoned were crew 's boat the while , cabin his in officers captured other the join to him brought and French incomprehensible near of tirade a with him received Malcolm . returned be they demanding and gunboats the of seizure the at furious , afterwards shortly Fox reached captain harbour The "," The harbour captain reached Fox shortly afterwards , furious at the seizure of the gunboats and demanding they be returned . Malcolm received him with a tirade of near incomprehensible French and brought him to join the other captured officers in his cabin , while the boat 's crew were imprisoned below decks . Shortly afterwards , at 16 : 00 , Cooke and Malcolm hosted a large dinner for their officer captives and sent food and grog to the crew , the total number of Spanish sailors on Fox now numbering approximately 200 . Once the meal was finished , Cooke allowed all of the captives to return to their boats and row for shore without the conditions of parole , although he retained the captured gunboats . " " . wounded 4 and killed man single a lost defenders The . boats the in lost those to addition in , Fox on wounded eight and Sybille on wounded one and dead two with , range of out retreated and cables anchor their cut frigates both hour an for shot exchanging After . operation the off called Malcolm , beach the from British the drove and ambushed lances with armed villagers 250 as , disarray in force his with so ; stuck became and sandbar a on grounded boat Another . four wounding and two killing , cannonball a by smashed one , fire heavy under came boats The . fort the of side landward the storm to order in landing amphibious an attempted then Malcolm and , calibers different from cannonballs 450 least at recovered Spanish the later though , effect little had This . harbour the protecting fort the of bombardment a ordered , morning following the Sybille refloating after and ruse his abandoned Cooke , forewarned defenders the With . alert on town the put he , fire rifle of volley a but answer no receiving on and , captains their of names the ships British the asked boat Spanish the of captain The . Español , Zamboanga of governor the by sent a of suspicions the raised which port the to entrance the at sandbank a on grounded Sybille but squadron his to water and food supplying into authorities the deceive to attempt an in colours Spanish raised Cooke There . January 22 on Zamboanga reaching before Mindanao scouted subsequently frigates The . crew twelve its with lost , again seen never was and line tow its broke gunboats the of one storm a in later days Four . south turned and January 15 on Corregidor past squadron small his led Cooke "," Cooke led his small squadron past Corregidor on 15 January and turned south . Four days later in a storm one of the gunboats broke its tow line and was never seen again , lost with its twelve crew . The frigates subsequently scouted Mindanao before reaching Zamboanga on 22 January . There Cooke raised Spanish colours in an attempt to deceive the authorities into supplying food and water to his squadron but Sybille grounded on a sandbank at the entrance to the port which raised the suspicions of a sent by the governor of Zamboanga , Español . The captain of the Spanish boat asked the British ships the names of their captains , and on receiving no answer but a volley of rifle fire , he put the town on alert . With the defenders forewarned , Cooke abandoned his ruse and after refloating Sybille the following morning , ordered a bombardment of the fort protecting the harbour . This had little effect , though later the Spanish recovered at least 450 cannonballs from different calibers , and Malcolm then attempted an amphibious landing in order to storm the landward side of the fort . The boats came under heavy fire , one smashed by a cannonball , killing two and wounding four . Another boat grounded on a sandbar and became stuck ; so with his force in disarray , as 250 villagers armed with lances ambushed and drove the British from the beach , Malcolm called off the operation . After exchanging shot for an hour both frigates cut their anchor cables and retreated out of range , with two dead and one wounded on Sybille and eight wounded on Fox , in addition to those lost in the boats . The defenders lost a single man killed and 4 wounded . " " . India to back convoy merchant the escort to China for sailed had Fox and Sybille before not although , recovered eventually were sailors captured the and Kuta at Sultan to complained Cooke . arrive could rescuers before forest the into dragged and captive taken others nine and killed were Two . tribesmen by upon set was Sybille from party boat a beach the On . water fresh collect to Maguindanao of Sultanate the of north the in "" "" named village a at halted squadron the January 27 on , later days Four . Canton to journey return the survive would they believe not did he as gunboats remaining two the scuttling , north sailed he Then . ships the of rigging and masts the refitting days three spent and Zamboanga from league a half withdraw Cooke , repairs requiring now frigates his With "," With his frigates now requiring repairs , Cooke withdraw half a league from Zamboanga and spent three days refitting the masts and rigging of the ships . Then he sailed north , scuttling the two remaining gunboats as he did not believe they would survive the return journey to Canton . Four days later , on 27 January the squadron halted at a village named "" "" in the north of the Sultanate of Maguindanao to collect fresh water . On the beach a boat party from Sybille was set upon by tribesmen . Two were killed and nine others taken captive and dragged into the forest before rescuers could arrive . Cooke complained to Sultan at Kuta and the captured sailors were eventually recovered , although not before Sybille and Fox had sailed for China to escort the merchant convoy back to India . " " . coming @-@ short greatest its as ships treasure the capture to failure the citing and "" outcome glorious no "" have to operation the considering , mission the of critical was Woodman Richard Historian . Cooke than guile and imagination less considerably with man a , officer commanding been have would Pakenham scenario this in that however notes also He . Cavite at warships Spanish disarmed the destroy to able been have may they together Resistance with united squadron 's Cooke had that suggests Parkinson Northcote C. Historian : reinforcements with achieved been have might More . Admiralty the to letter a in outcome the with satisfaction his expressed later Rainier Admiral : lives 18 cost had mission the although , threat immediate no posed Philippines the in forces Spanish the that determined had diversion opportunistic 's Cooke "," Cooke 's opportunistic diversion had determined that the Spanish forces in the Philippines posed no immediate threat , although the mission had cost 18 lives : Admiral Rainier later expressed his satisfaction with the outcome in a letter to the Admiralty . More might have been achieved with reinforcements : Historian C. Northcote Parkinson suggests that had Cooke 's squadron united with Resistance together they may have been able to destroy the disarmed Spanish warships at Cavite . He also notes however that in this scenario Pakenham would have been commanding officer , a man with considerably less imagination and guile than Cooke . Historian Richard Woodman was critical of the mission , considering the operation to have "" no glorious outcome "" and citing the failure to capture the treasure ships as its greatest short @-@ coming . " " . May 25 on dying , wounded mortally Cooke but captured was Forte battle ensuing the In . Bengal in Balasore near February 28 on Cooke under Sybille HMS by intercepted was Forte and , Africa Southern near 1799 February 9 of Action the at Daedalus HMS by captured was Prudente . 1799 early in Ocean Indian the in trade British against independently operate to sent were Prudente and Forte , mimicked had Cooke frigates The . confusion in off driven again was squadron French a which at , 1804 in Aura Pulo of Battle the until again attacked not was Fleet China the and dispersed then squadron combined The . Archipelago Wanshan the in evening that darkness of cover under disappeared and day the during retreated which force Spanish @-@ Franco the on advancing , counterattacked Hargood William Captain commander British The . surprise by defences British the taking , Macau to sailed force combined this , 1799 February of beginning the At . squadron Spanish repaired the join to year the in late Manila to Gueule @-@ Brûle corvette and Preneuse frigate the send to able was Sercey and shipping merchant in coverage the in gaps created resources British of diversion This . Sea Red the in Suez of occupation French the disrupting on focused were forces 's Rainier of majority the and , Strait Bangka the in July in explosion accidental an by destroyed was Resistance year ensuing the During . incident further without sailed Fleet China 1798 The "," The 1798 China Fleet sailed without further incident . During the ensuing year Resistance was destroyed by an accidental explosion in July in the Bangka Strait , and the majority of Rainier 's forces were focused on disrupting the French occupation of Suez in the Red Sea . This diversion of British resources created gaps in the coverage in merchant shipping and Sercey was able to send the frigate Preneuse and corvette Brûle @-@ Gueule to Manila late in the year to join the repaired Spanish squadron . At the beginning of February 1799 , this combined force sailed to Macau , taking the British defences by surprise . The British commander Captain William Hargood counterattacked , advancing on the Franco @-@ Spanish force which retreated during the day and disappeared under cover of darkness that evening in the Wanshan Archipelago . The combined squadron then dispersed and the China Fleet was not attacked again until the Battle of Pulo Aura in 1804 , at which a French squadron was again driven off in confusion . The frigates Cooke had mimicked , Forte and Prudente were sent to operate independently against British trade in the Indian Ocean in early 1799 . Prudente was captured by HMS Daedalus at the Action of 9 February 1799 near Southern Africa , and Forte was intercepted by HMS Sybille under Cooke on 28 February near Balasore in Bengal . In the ensuing battle Forte was captured but Cooke mortally wounded , dying on 25 May . " " . "" Bang the of B the "" at but , pistol starting the of "" bang "" the at merely not races his started he that said he which in , Christie Linford sprinter British of quotation a from name its took sculpture The . Pisa of Tower Leaning the than angle greater a at leaned and taller was It . 2008 in Aspire of completion the until UK the in sculpture tallest the and Manchester in structures tallest the of one was it ; Games Commonwealth 2002 the mark to commissioned was which , England , Manchester in Stadium Manchester of City the to next Heatherwick Thomas by sculpture a was Bang the of B "," B of the Bang was a sculpture by Thomas Heatherwick next to the City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester , England , which was commissioned to mark the 2002 Commonwealth Games ; it was one of the tallest structures in Manchester and the tallest sculpture in the UK until the completion of Aspire in 2008 . It was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa . The sculpture took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie , in which he said that he started his races not merely at the "" bang "" of the starting pistol , but at "" the B of the Bang "" . " " . million 7 @.@ 1 £ totalling settlement court @-@ of @-@ out an in resulting , later year a started action Legal . ground the to fell and detached spikes the of one of tip the as problems structural visible three of first the suffered sculpture the , launch the before days Six . 2005 January 12 until delayed was unveiling official the and overran construction ; 2003 in commissioned was sculpture The "," The sculpture was commissioned in 2003 ; construction overran and the official unveiling was delayed until 12 January 2005 . Six days before the launch , the sculpture suffered the first of three visible structural problems as the tip of one of the spikes detached and fell to the ground . Legal action started a year later , resulting in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement totalling £ 1 @.@ 7 million . " " . storage in remain spikes 180 the while , 2012 July in scrap for sold was core The . removal during apart cut were sculpture the of legs and core the , reassembly potential and storage of promise the Despite . storage in placed and dismantled be would sculpture the that announced Council City Manchester , 2009 February In "," In February 2009 , Manchester City Council announced that the sculpture would be dismantled and placed in storage . Despite the promise of storage and potential reassembly , the core and legs of the sculpture were cut apart during removal . The core was sold for scrap in July 2012 , while the 180 spikes remain in storage . " " . deep ) ft 66 ( m 20 are foundations The . slab concrete reinforced ) ft sq 300 @,@ 4 ( m2 400 a including , tonnes 000 @,@ 1 over weighing foundations the in concrete the with , tonnes 165 weighed sculpture The . ground the above ) ft 72 ( m 22 spikes the to connected which legs steel tapered , long ) ft 82 ( m 25 five by supported and degrees 30 at angled was It . core central a from radiating spikes or columns steel tapered hollow 180 with tall ) ft 184 ( metres 56 stood originally Bang the of B "," B of the Bang originally stood 56 metres ( 184 ft ) tall with 180 hollow tapered steel columns or spikes radiating from a central core . It was angled at 30 degrees and supported by five 25 m ( 82 ft ) long , tapered steel legs which connected to the spikes 22 m ( 72 ft ) above the ground . The sculpture weighed 165 tonnes , with the concrete in the foundations weighing over 1 @,@ 000 tonnes , including a 400 m2 ( 4 @,@ 300 sq ft ) reinforced concrete slab . The foundations are 20 m ( 66 ft ) deep . " " . unknown currently is dismantling after capsule time the of location The . 2300 circa opened be to due , paintings and poems 's children containing , sculpture the of spikes the of one in placed was capsule time a construction of time the At . ) h / km 160 ( mph 100 of excess in gusts withstand to order in wind the in slightly swayed spikes the , design the of part As . water to permeability its reducing by corrosion further inhibits layer This . elements the to exposed is it as layer oxide adhering tightly a develops gradually which , sculpture North the of Angel the as ) Ten @-@ Cor as known also ( steel weathering same the from made was sculpture The "," The sculpture was made from the same weathering steel ( also known as Cor @-@ Ten ) as the Angel of the North sculpture , which gradually develops a tightly adhering oxide layer as it is exposed to the elements . This layer inhibits further corrosion by reducing its permeability to water . As part of the design , the spikes swayed slightly in the wind in order to withstand gusts in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . At the time of construction a time capsule was placed in one of the spikes of the sculpture , containing children 's poems and paintings , due to be opened circa 2300 . The location of the time capsule after dismantling is currently unknown . " " . 1970s the from game 's children popular the after locals the by nicknamed been had artwork The . ' Bang the of B The ' at but , pistol starting the of ' bang ' the at merely not races his started he that said he which in Christie Linford sprinter British of quotation a from name its took It . ; Road New Ashton and Way Turing Alan of corner the at , Beswick in , at Stadium Manchester of City the to next located was Bang the of B "," B of the Bang was located next to the City of Manchester Stadium at , in Beswick , at the corner of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road ; . It took its name from a quotation of British sprinter Linford Christie in which he said that he started his races not merely at the ' bang ' of the starting pistol , but at ' The B of the Bang ' . The artwork had been nicknamed by the locals after the popular children 's game from the 1970s . " " . Heatherwick Thomas by designed was and 2002 in competition a via experts art and residents local both of consisting panel a by selected was design The . Games Commonwealth 2002 the commemorate to Limited Manchester East New by commissioned was It . Pisa of Tower Leaning the than angle greater a at leaned and taller was and firework exploding an like look to designed was It . ) m 20 ( feet 66 at stands which , North the of Angel the of height the twice over well at sculpture tallest 's Britain was Bang the of B , Nottingham of University the at Aspire of construction the to Prior "," Prior to the construction of Aspire at the University of Nottingham , B of the Bang was Britain 's tallest sculpture at well over twice the height of the Angel of the North , which stands at 66 feet ( 20 m ) . It was designed to look like an exploding firework and was taller and leaned at a greater angle than the Leaning Tower of Pisa . It was commissioned by New East Manchester Limited to commemorate the 2002 Commonwealth Games . The design was selected by a panel consisting of both local residents and art experts via a competition in 2002 and was designed by Thomas Heatherwick . " " . Bang the of G nickname the gaining sculpture the to contributed which , 2003 July of date completion optimistic an given had estimates Early . attached being begin could spikes 180 the which after , 2004 August in place into lifted was core central This . escort police a required and , factory the from road via transferred be could that load largest the was This . 2004 June 13 on Manchester in arriving core central the with , 2003 of start the at approved was It . Structures Westbury and Neill and Flint , Lucas , Studio Heatherwick Thomas by Sheffield in constructed was sculpture The "," The sculpture was constructed in Sheffield by Thomas Heatherwick Studio , Lucas , Flint and Neill and Westbury Structures . It was approved at the start of 2003 , with the central core arriving in Manchester on 13 June 2004 . This was the largest load that could be transferred via road from the factory , and required a police escort . This central core was lifted into place in August 2004 , after which the 180 spikes could begin being attached . Early estimates had given an optimistic completion date of July 2003 , which contributed to the sculpture gaining the nickname G of the Bang . " " . 2005 January 12 on place took Christie Linford by unveiling official The "," The official unveiling by Linford Christie took place on 12 January 2005 . " " . 000 @,@ 120 £ providing Council City Manchester and , 000 @,@ 500 £ contributing , Agency Development West North the , 000 @,@ 700 £ of contribution Fund Development Regional European a from sourced was Funding . costs installation include to neglected had costing initial the as , estimate original the twice — construct and design to million 42 @.@ 1 £ cost sculpture the total In "," In total the sculpture cost £ 1 @.@ 42 million to design and construct — twice the original estimate , as the initial costing had neglected to include installation costs . Funding was sourced from a European Regional Development Fund contribution of £ 700 @,@ 000 , the North West Development Agency , contributing £ 500 @,@ 000 , and Manchester City Council providing £ 120 @,@ 000 . " " . planned as ahead went event the , inspection After . unveiling official the before days six only , 2005 January 6 on sculpture the from fell and detached spikes ) ft 9 @.@ 6 ( m 1 @.@ 2 the of one of tip The "," The tip of one of the 2 @.@ 1 m ( 6 @.@ 9 ft ) spikes detached and fell from the sculpture on 6 January 2005 , only six days before the official unveiling . After inspection , the event went ahead as planned . " " . weights ' spikes the of % 70 to weights tip retrofitting of consisted This . movement excessive prevent to place in put equipment with , welded @-@ re were joints the of some , result a As . closed temporarily were sculpture the near pathway and junction the and , public the to off closed was sculpture the time that At . loose hanging discovered was it after firefighters by off cut be to had spike second a , 2005 May in , later months Four "," Four months later , in May 2005 , a second spike had to be cut off by firefighters after it was discovered hanging loose . At that time the sculpture was closed off to the public , and the junction and pathway near the sculpture were temporarily closed . As a result , some of the joints were re @-@ welded , with equipment put in place to prevent excessive movement . This consisted of retrofitting tip weights to 70 % of the spikes ' weights . " " . steel the on placed being stresses the discover to , analysis metallurgical for away taken and sculpture the from removed were spikes nine of total a 2006 May In . ' It Get ' to campaign newspaper local a prompting , off fenced remained Bang the of B , modifications these Despite "," Despite these modifications , B of the Bang remained fenced off , prompting a local newspaper campaign to ' Get It ' . In May 2006 a total of nine spikes were removed from the sculpture and taken away for metallurgical analysis , to discover the stresses being placed on the steel . " " . negligence and contract of breach for damages in £ council the pay to was agreement The . Ltd Structures Westbury and Partnership Neill and Flint , Ltd Lucas subcontractors construction and engineering the and , Ltd Studio Heatherwick Thomas designers 's project the , Council City Manchester between reached being settlement court @-@ of @-@ out an in culminated this 2008 November In . sculpture the to repairs necessary the completing of aim the with , sculpture the of makers the against action legal taking were Council City Manchester that 2007 October in announced was It "," It was announced in October 2007 that Manchester City Council were taking legal action against the makers of the sculpture , with the aim of completing the necessary repairs to the sculpture . In November 2008 this culminated in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement being reached between Manchester City Council , the project 's designers Thomas Heatherwick Studio Ltd , and the engineering and construction subcontractors Lucas Ltd , Flint and Neill Partnership and Westbury Structures Ltd . The agreement was to pay the council £ in damages for breach of contract and negligence . " " . testing extensive for necessity the underlined report the although , fibre carbon from made alternatives with spikes steel the of replacement the involved possibility One . solution term @-@ long a reach to artist the with working to itself committed Council City Manchester and Manchester for value aesthetic 's sculpture the recognised report The . reinstatement safe its for raised be could funds until storage in placed and dismantled be should Bang the of B that recommended council city the , 2009 January in report a on Acting "," Acting on a report in January 2009 , the city council recommended that B of the Bang should be dismantled and placed in storage until funds could be raised for its safe reinstatement . The report recognised the sculpture 's aesthetic value for Manchester and Manchester City Council committed itself to working with the artist to reach a long @-@ term solution . One possibility involved the replacement of the steel spikes with alternatives made from carbon fibre , although the report underlined the necessity for extensive testing . " " "" . nerve 's council the of also but artwork inspirational an of just not loss a be would disappear to it allow To . commissioned was work breaking @-@ ground this that Manchester to tribute great a is It "" , that stating , sculpture the of support in out spoke — compared often is Bang the of B which to — North the of Angel the of creator , Gormley Antony , 2009 January In "," In January 2009 , Antony Gormley , creator of the Angel of the North — to which B of the Bang is often compared — spoke out in support of the sculpture , stating that , "" It is a great tribute to Manchester that this ground @-@ breaking work was commissioned . To allow it to disappear would be a loss not just of an inspirational artwork but also of the council 's nerve . "" " " . equipment cutting oxyacetylene with spikes the removing began Limited Brothers Connell firm demolition and site the around erected was hoarding substantial More . 2009 April in began Bang the of B of removal , plea 's Gormley Despite "," Despite Gormley 's plea , removal of B of the Bang began in April 2009 . More substantial hoarding was erected around the site and demolition firm Connell Brothers Limited began removing the spikes with oxyacetylene cutting equipment . " " . 000 @,@ 17 £ for scrap as sold was core the 2012 July early in and , return 's sculpture landmark the for prospects future on doubt casting , removal during apart cut were too these , legs and core central complex the store to promised had council the Although "," Although the council had promised to store the complex central core and legs , these too were cut apart during removal , casting doubt on future prospects for the landmark sculpture 's return , and in early July 2012 the core was sold as scrap for £ 17 @,@ 000 . " " . Road Buin the along south advanced Brigade 15th Australian the of elements as , 1945 May 22 and April 17 between periods distinct two in occurred battle the , defeated was counterattack Japanese strong a which in Knoll 's Slater of Battle the after Coming . Island Bougainville of sector southern the in fought was battle the , theatre Pacific the of Campaign Bougainville wider the of Part . forces Japanese and Zealand New , Australian involved and War World Second the during place took River Hongorai the of Battle The "," The Battle of the Hongorai River took place during the Second World War and involved Australian , New Zealand and Japanese forces . Part of the wider Bougainville Campaign of the Pacific theatre , the battle was fought in the southern sector of Bougainville Island . Coming after the Battle of Slater 's Knoll in which a strong Japanese counterattack was defeated , the battle occurred in two distinct periods between 17 April and 22 May 1945 , as elements of the Australian 15th Brigade advanced south along the Buin Road . " " . end an to campaign the bringing , began advance Australian final the before end an to came war the , though , Ultimately . again Buin towards advance the resume to preparations making began Australians the , August into and July @-@ late in subsided flooding the and stopped rain the as and , communications of line Australian the harassing began Japanese the , stalled advance Australian the As . supplies for relied Australians the which upon roads and bridges many away washing , objective the of short halt a to advance the brought flooding and rain torrential until continued This . Rivers Mivo and Hari the towards out struck they as continued Buin at concentration Japanese main the towards advance Australian the , fighting early the of end the Following . River Hongorai the towards advance Australians the saw phase initial The "," The initial phase saw the Australians advance towards the Hongorai River . Following the end of the early fighting , the Australian advance towards the main Japanese concentration at Buin continued as they struck out towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers . This continued until torrential rain and flooding brought the advance to a halt short of the objective , washing away many bridges and roads upon which the Australians relied for supplies . As the Australian advance stalled , the Japanese began harassing the Australian line of communications , and as the rain stopped and the flooding subsided in late @-@ July and into August , the Australians began making preparations to resume the advance towards Buin again . Ultimately , though , the war came to an end before the final Australian advance began , bringing the campaign to an end . " " . Rabaul around base Japanese the neutralising for vital was Bougainville that determined planners Allied , 1943 throughout and , Guinea New Papua in base naval and garrison Japanese major the , Rabaul protect helped also bases These . Area Pacific Southwest the and Australia , States United the between communication of lines Allied the attack to and Islands Solomon northern the in operations conduct to it using , island the on airbases several developed subsequently had They . island the garrisoning Australians of force small the from it capturing , 1942 early in Bougainville on landed had forces Japanese "," Japanese forces had landed on Bougainville in early 1942 , capturing it from the small force of Australians garrisoning the island . They had subsequently developed several airbases on the island , using it to conduct operations in the northern Solomon Islands and to attack the Allied lines of communication between the United States , Australia and the Southwest Pacific Area . These bases also helped protect Rabaul , the major Japanese garrison and naval base in Papua New Guinea , and throughout 1943 , Allied planners determined that Bougainville was vital for neutralising the Japanese base around Rabaul . " " . Torokina around perimeter the maintaining on focused posture defensive mainly a adopt to chose forces US the and , subsistence on primarily focused Japanese the as , static largely became Bougainville on situation the , this After . casualties heavy with back turned was which , attack @-@ counter heavy a launched Japanese the , 1944 March In . perimeter strong a establishing , Torokina around position their consolidating began who troops Army US of garrison a by replaced been had Marines US the , attack @-@ counter initial an After . 1943 November in , Bay Augusta Empress of north , island the of coast western the on , Torokina Cape at landing amphibious an conducted Marines US "," US Marines conducted an amphibious landing at Cape Torokina , on the western coast of the island , north of Empress Augusta Bay , in November 1943 . After an initial counter @-@ attack , the US Marines had been replaced by a garrison of US Army troops who began consolidating their position around Torokina , establishing a strong perimeter . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched a heavy counter @-@ attack , which was turned back with heavy casualties . After this , the situation on Bougainville became largely static , as the Japanese focused primarily on subsistence , and the US forces chose to adopt a mainly defensive posture focused on maintaining the perimeter around Torokina . " " . 000 @,@ 40 to closer was time this at island the on Japanese of number the that found was it war the after and inaccurate grossly be to found later were strength Japanese of estimates Allied , However . adopted had forces US the posture defensive the maintaining than rather , elsewhere operations subsequent for troops their free to order in Bougainville from Japanese the clear to campaign aggressive an pursue would Australians the that decided consequently he and , men 500 @,@ 17 just numbered island the on forces Japanese the that believed mistakenly Savige , intelligence inaccurate to Due . Torokina at base US the around themselves establishing initially , 1944 December and November between island the on arriving began forces Australian . Corps XIV American the from Bougainville on operations Allied for responsibility over took — Savige Stanley General Lieutenant of command the under troops Militia mainly of consisting — Corps II Australian the , campaign Philippines the for up troops US free to plans of part as , 1944 late In "," In late 1944 , as part of plans to free US troops up for the Philippines campaign , the Australian II Corps — consisting of mainly Militia troops under the command of Lieutenant General Stanley Savige — took over responsibility for Allied operations on Bougainville from the American XIV Corps . Australian forces began arriving on the island between November and December 1944 , initially establishing themselves around the US base at Torokina . Due to inaccurate intelligence , Savige mistakenly believed that the Japanese forces on the island numbered just 17 @,@ 500 men , and he consequently decided that the Australians would pursue an aggressive campaign to clear the Japanese from Bougainville in order to free their troops for subsequent operations elsewhere , rather than maintaining the defensive posture the US forces had adopted . However , Allied estimates of Japanese strength were later found to be grossly inaccurate and after the war it was found that the number of Japanese on the island at this time was closer to 40 @,@ 000 . " " . Buin around concentrated were forces Japanese the of bulk the where , south the in campaign main the and ; coast east the to drive a for way the opening also while , attacks @-@ counter further against protection them affording as well as , approach of avenues west – east the of control Australians the give would Ridge Pearl of seizure the centre the in ; contained and Peninsula Bonis narrow the into forced be would forces Japanese that planned was it , north the in : drives separate three entailed developed planners Australian that campaign The "," The campaign that Australian planners developed entailed three separate drives : in the north , it was planned that Japanese forces would be forced into the narrow Bonis Peninsula and contained ; in the centre the seizure of Pearl Ridge would give the Australians control of the east – west avenues of approach , as well as affording them protection against further counter @-@ attacks , while also opening the way for a drive to the east coast ; and the main campaign in the south , where the bulk of the Japanese forces were concentrated around Buin . " " . rest of need in was which , Brigade 7th the relieve to up moved was and time the at Bougainville on units Australian the of experienced most the be to considered was Brigade 15th The . Division 3rd the opposing directly be to believed were 300 @,@ 2 which of , men 500 @,@ 10 about at Australians the by estimated was sector southern the in strength Japanese . "" objective intermediate "" an as included also was Hongorai the while , River Hari the capturing with tasked being , south advance its resume to ordered then was Division 3rd Australian The . River Hongorai the towards withdrew , defeat their by demoralised heavily , force Japanese the of survivors the , Meanwhile . lines supply their shorten to paused Australians the as followed lull brief a which after Knoll 's Slater of Battle the fought had they , 1945 April early and March late In . Buin towards drive the to allocated and south moved been had Brigade 7th Australian the , 1944 December in Ridge Pearl of capture the Following "," Following the capture of Pearl Ridge in December 1944 , the Australian 7th Brigade had been moved south and allocated to the drive towards Buin . In late March and early April 1945 , they had fought the Battle of Slater 's Knoll after which a brief lull followed as the Australians paused to shorten their supply lines . Meanwhile , the survivors of the Japanese force , heavily demoralised by their defeat , withdrew towards the Hongorai River . The Australian 3rd Division was then ordered to resume its advance south , being tasked with capturing the Hari River , while the Hongorai was also included as an "" intermediate objective "" . Japanese strength in the southern sector was estimated by the Australians at about 10 @,@ 500 men , of which 2 @,@ 300 were believed to be directly opposing the 3rd Division . The 15th Brigade was considered to be the most experienced of the Australian units on Bougainville at the time and was moved up to relieve the 7th Brigade , which was in need of rest . " " . flank , eastern or , left 's brigade the defending , east @-@ south the to arc wide a in advanced Squadron Commando 8th / 2 the , inland Further . them relieve to elements dispatch could 60th / 57th the until , area the in , River the of north operations patrolling continued Battalion Infantry 9th 's Brigade 7th the so and , May of beginning the until them join not did — Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the — battalion third 's brigade The . Road Buin the across position a up took Battalion Infantry 24th the while Battalion Infantry 25th the replacing Knoll 's Slater for responsibility over took Battalion Infantry 59th / 58th The . units support smaller of number a and , Regiment Field 2nd the from artillery field , Battery Heavy ' U ' from guns mm @-@ 155 of battery a , Company Field 15th the from engineers , Regiment Armoured 4th / 2 the from tanks of troops two as well as battalions infantry three of consisted Brigade 15th the Hammer Heathcote Brigadier of command the Under "," Under the command of Brigadier Heathcote Hammer the 15th Brigade consisted of three infantry battalions as well as two troops of tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , engineers from the 15th Field Company , a battery of 155 @-@ mm guns from ' U ' Heavy Battery , field artillery from the 2nd Field Regiment , and a number of smaller support units . The 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion took over responsibility for Slater 's Knoll replacing the 25th Infantry Battalion while the 24th Infantry Battalion took up a position across the Buin Road . The brigade 's third battalion — the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion — did not join them until the beginning of May , and so the 7th Brigade 's 9th Infantry Battalion continued patrolling operations north of the River , in the area , until the 57th / 60th could dispatch elements to relieve them . Further inland , the 2 / 8th Commando Squadron advanced in a wide arc to the south @-@ east , defending the brigade 's left , or eastern , flank . " " . Knoll 's Slater on attack the during suffered losses following reconstituted being was it where , rear the in placed was Regiment Infantry 23rd The . ' G ' and ' F ' designated , back further strongpoints held both Regiments Artillery Heavy Field 4th and Field 6th The . ' E ' to through ' A ' designated , Road Buin the astride and along rear their to strongpoints five hold to was Regiment Infantry 13th the while , Regiment Artillery Field 6th the to assigned were positions line front The . amalgamated or reorganized be to had units several , consequence a as and Knoll 's Slater around battle previous the in heavily suffered had infantry 's division The . advance of line expected 's Australian the along points strong of number a installed had he mind in orders these with and , possible as long as for Hari the and Hongorai the between advance Australian the delay to ordered been had Akinaga . Akinaga Tsutomu General Lieutenant of command the under , Division 6th the to belonged Australians the opposing forces Japanese The "," The Japanese forces opposing the Australians belonged to the 6th Division , under the command of Lieutenant General Tsutomu Akinaga . Akinaga had been ordered to delay the Australian advance between the Hongorai and the Hari for as long as possible , and with these orders in mind he had installed a number of strong points along the Australian 's expected line of advance . The division 's infantry had suffered heavily in the previous battle around Slater 's Knoll and as a consequence , several units had to be reorganized or amalgamated . The front line positions were assigned to the 6th Field Artillery Regiment , while the 13th Infantry Regiment was to hold five strongpoints to their rear along and astride the Buin Road , designated ' A ' through to ' E ' . The 6th Field and 4th Field Heavy Artillery Regiments both held strongpoints further back , designated ' F ' and ' G ' . The 23rd Infantry Regiment was placed in the rear , where it was being reconstituted following losses suffered during the attack on Slater 's Knoll . " " . Battalion Infantry 9th the from over taking after , from Road Commando the along advanced , May 3 on commencing , Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the inland further ) m 600 @,@ 4 ( yd 000 @,@ 5 while ; rear and flank its protecting 59th / 58th the with Road Buin the along moving , van the in was Battalion Infantry 24th The . one of instead , front battalion @-@ two a on advanced they May early from , Knoll 's Slater around fighting the to prior employed previously had Australians the that tactics the to change a In . attack @-@ counter sudden of case in reserve mobile a as Brigade 29th the of support the him offered who , Savige from Hongorai the towards advance the commence to order the received Hammer , later days Two . Road Commando the as Australians the to known track parallel , secondary a astride east further positioned be would , 9th the relieve to arrived it when , 60th / 57th the and , Knoll 's Slater of east @-@ north , Barara around 59th / 58th the with , Creek Kero around Road Buin the on Battalion Infantry 24th the had dispositions Initial . April 17 on Brigade 7th the from positions forward the over took Brigade 15th The "," The 15th Brigade took over the forward positions from the 7th Brigade on 17 April . Initial dispositions had the 24th Infantry Battalion on the Buin Road around Kero Creek , with the 58th / 59th around Barara , north @-@ east of Slater 's Knoll , and the 57th / 60th , when it arrived to relieve the 9th , would be positioned further east astride a secondary , parallel track known to the Australians as the Commando Road . Two days later , Hammer received the order to commence the advance towards the Hongorai from Savige , who offered him the support of the 29th Brigade as a mobile reserve in case of sudden counter @-@ attack . In a change to the tactics that the Australians had previously employed prior to the fighting around Slater 's Knoll , from early May they advanced on a two @-@ battalion front , instead of one . The 24th Infantry Battalion was in the van , moving along the Buin Road with the 58th / 59th protecting its flank and rear ; while 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) further inland the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion , commencing on 3 May , advanced along the Commando Road from , after taking over from the 9th Infantry Battalion . " " . April 26 on resumed was advance the before , ambushes of number a as well as , out carried were patrols Further . crossing main the of south ) m 910 ( yd 000 @,@ 1 about River Hongorai the of reconnaissance a out carried and Road Buin the of side either positions defensive Japanese the through slip to managed which of one , elements forward their of front in out patrols of number a sent Australians the , time this During . back turned were these although , week following the of course the over counterattacks determined of number a launched Japanese the , response In . southeast the to ) km 6 @.@ 1 ( mi 1 further a was which , Creek towards advance their continued Australians the , this After . wounded 19 and killed Australians seven of loss the for killed been had Japanese 37 , creek the beyond ) m 370 ( yd 400 exploitation of line the to advanced had infantry the and afternoon the in taken been had position the that time the By . creek the across way their forced Australians the , fighting heavy Amidst . bridged was gap the and , bulldozer a was as , forward brought were Engineers . morning next the attack the resuming before in dug Company ' C ' , fell night As . armour Australian the by destroyed were which , pillboxes Japanese several reveal to undergrowth the through hacking , jungle the raked and forward came , Company ' A ' of support In . track the along fighting heavy in embroiled became also Company ' A ' . down bogged became and resistance Japanese stiff against up came — tanks of troop the with along right the on — Company ' C ' , however ; trouble without objective its reached — Company ' D ' — company forward left The . and towards north further track another cut to manoeuvre flanking a out carried — Company ' A ' — another while position the attacked 24th the from — ' D ' and ' C ' — companies infantry two , shells 700 over fired which barrage artillery an , Regiment Armoured 4th / 2 the from tanks Matilda of troop a by Supported . April 17 on Creek 's Dawe around positions Japanese against attack an out carrying , Japanese the contact to first the was Battalion Infantry 24th the , beyond moved they as barrage creeping a under forward Moving "," Moving forward under a creeping barrage as they moved beyond , the 24th Infantry Battalion was the first to contact the Japanese , carrying out an attack against Japanese positions around Dawe 's Creek on 17 April . Supported by a troop of Matilda tanks from the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , an artillery barrage which fired over 700 shells , two infantry companies — ' C ' and ' D ' — from the 24th attacked the position while another — ' A ' Company — carried out a flanking manoeuvre to cut another track further north towards and . The left forward company — ' D ' Company — reached its objective without trouble ; however , ' C ' Company — on the right along with the troop of tanks — came up against stiff Japanese resistance and became bogged down . ' A ' Company also became embroiled in heavy fighting along the track . In support of ' A ' Company , came forward and raked the jungle , hacking through the undergrowth to reveal several Japanese pillboxes , which were destroyed by the Australian armour . As night fell , ' C ' Company dug in before resuming the attack the next morning . Engineers were brought forward , as was a bulldozer , and the gap was bridged . Amidst heavy fighting , the Australians forced their way across the creek . By the time that the position had been taken in the afternoon and the infantry had advanced to the line of exploitation 400 yd ( 370 m ) beyond the creek , 37 Japanese had been killed for the loss of seven Australians killed and 19 wounded . After this , the Australians continued their advance towards Creek , which was a further 1 mi ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the southeast . In response , the Japanese launched a number of determined counterattacks over the course of the following week , although these were turned back . During this time , the Australians sent a number of patrols out in front of their forward elements , one of which managed to slip through the Japanese defensive positions either side of the Buin Road and carried out a reconnaissance of the Hongorai River about 1 @,@ 000 yd ( 910 m ) south of the main crossing . Further patrols were carried out , as well as a number of ambushes , before the advance was resumed on 26 April . " " . fire and observation constant under kept they which , infantry advancing the upon accuracy increasing with artillery their concentrate to began Japanese the , Additionally . support armoured their without fight to infantry the forcing , roads the off themselves position to began Japanese the , tanks Australian the of effectiveness the negate To . also ways other in tactics their adapt to began Japanese The . mines by destroyed be could they where trap a into tanks Australian the lure to order in piece artillery an sacrifice to prepared were they that extent the to , armour Australian the destroy to desperate increasingly became Japanese the as operations proving and clearance route out carry regularly to upon called were support engineer 's Brigade 15th the , this After . devices explosive improvised other and mines , gun machine a with along gun field a by defended roadblock a encountered they when slowed was advance the May 4 on but , week next the over made was progress Further . wounded man one just for , Hongorai the to distance the of third a almost covered Battalion Infantry 24th the days two of course the over and resistance little offered Japanese the support strong such With . fire mortar and artillery of barrage creeping a as well as , infantry advancing the of front in ground the strafed and bombed which — Squadrons 26 and 22 , 14 Nos. — Force Air Zealand New Royal the from Corsairs of squadrons three by supported were Australians the , advance their Resuming "," Resuming their advance , the Australians were supported by three squadrons of Corsairs from the Royal New Zealand Air Force — Nos. 14 , 22 and 26 Squadrons — which bombed and strafed the ground in front of the advancing infantry , as well as a creeping barrage of artillery and mortar fire . With such strong support the Japanese offered little resistance and over the course of two days the 24th Infantry Battalion covered almost a third of the distance to the Hongorai , for just one man wounded . Further progress was made over the next week , but on 4 May the advance was slowed when they encountered a roadblock defended by a field gun along with a machine gun , mines and other improvised explosive devices . After this , the 15th Brigade 's engineer support were called upon to regularly carry out route clearance and proving operations as the Japanese became increasingly desperate to destroy the Australian armour , to the extent that they were prepared to sacrifice an artillery piece in order to lure the Australian tanks into a trap where they could be destroyed by mines . The Japanese began to adapt their tactics in other ways also . To negate the effectiveness of the Australian tanks , the Japanese began to position themselves off the roads , forcing the infantry to fight without their armoured support . Additionally , the Japanese began to concentrate their artillery with increasing accuracy upon the advancing infantry , which they kept under constant observation and fire . " " . Hongorai the defend to attempt their of end the spelt it and Knoll 's Slater at action the since loss biggest the was It . killed men 58 losing , heavily suffered had Japanese attacking the while , wounded nine and killed one suffered they , so doing In . attack the repulsed having position the of possession in remained Australians the over was it when but , hours half @-@ a @-@ and @-@ two over for lasted fighting The . attack @-@ counter sized @-@ company a in put morning following the and , barrage heavy a with position Australian the on up opened artillery Japanese the , night That . position the from defenders Japanese the sweeping before gun field the destroyed and fire opened , howitzer a with armed , Matilda second the , tank stricken the around Moving . crew its wounding and it damaging , it on fire opened gun field the , jammed gun machine 's Matilda lead the After . Japanese 100 approximately by defended gun field concealed a against up came they , support in troop tank a with Advancing . again forward pressed had Battalion Infantry 24th the , Road Buin the along , May 5 On . May 6 on there arriving , river the crossing and , reaching in force main the beat eventually and advance steady a up kept also They . ambushed being them in resulted which , patrolling in inexperience their to due casualties suffered and encounters of number a had they Here . north the to Road Commando parallel the along operating begun had Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the , May 3 , day previous the , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , the previous day , 3 May , the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion had begun operating along the parallel Commando Road to the north . Here they had a number of encounters and suffered casualties due to their inexperience in patrolling , which resulted in them being ambushed . They also kept up a steady advance and eventually beat the main force in reaching , and crossing the river , arriving there on 6 May . On 5 May , along the Buin Road , the 24th Infantry Battalion had pressed forward again . Advancing with a tank troop in support , they came up against a concealed field gun defended by approximately 100 Japanese . After the lead Matilda 's machine gun jammed , the field gun opened fire on it , damaging it and wounding its crew . Moving around the stricken tank , the second Matilda , armed with a howitzer , opened fire and destroyed the field gun before sweeping the Japanese defenders from the position . That night , the Japanese artillery opened up on the Australian position with a heavy barrage , and the following morning put in a company @-@ sized counter @-@ attack . The fighting lasted for over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours , but when it was over the Australians remained in possession of the position having repulsed the attack . In doing so , they suffered one killed and nine wounded , while the attacking Japanese had suffered heavily , losing 58 men killed . It was the biggest loss since the action at Slater 's Knoll and it spelt the end of their attempt to defend the Hongorai . " " . killed 169 least at lost had Japanese the , this Against . wounded 95 and killed 25 losing Battalion Infantry 24th Australian the with , however , them for costly been had Hongorai the to ) m 400 @,@ 6 ( yd 000 @,@ 7 advanced had they which in weeks three previous The . opposition further without May 7 on river the to advance their resume to able were Australians the , this After "," After this , the Australians were able to resume their advance to the river on 7 May without further opposition . The previous three weeks in which they had advanced 7 @,@ 000 yd ( 6 @,@ 400 m ) to the Hongorai had been costly for them , however , with the Australian 24th Infantry Battalion losing 25 killed and 95 wounded . Against this , the Japanese had lost at least 169 killed . " " . advance of axis Australian main the commanded , location its to due , which , Ridge 's Egan as known became that feature a on position Japanese strong a located subsequently and Hongorai the across company a sent Battalion Infantry 24th the , these of part a As . time this during engagements significant of couple a were there and territory held Japanese into deep patrols reconnaissance out carried Australians the , resume to advance the for waited they As . Rivers Mivo and Hari the towards advance the for orders new issue to and situation the evaluate @-@ re to Savige allowed This . masse en Hongorai the cross to attempting before , up brought be to supplies and improved be to roads for wait to had Australians the as week a about of pause a was there , Hongorai the to advance the Following "," Following the advance to the Hongorai , there was a pause of about a week as the Australians had to wait for roads to be improved and supplies to be brought up , before attempting to cross the Hongorai en masse . This allowed Savige to re @-@ evaluate the situation and to issue new orders for the advance towards the Hari and Mivo Rivers . As they waited for the advance to resume , the Australians carried out reconnaissance patrols deep into Japanese held territory and there were a couple of significant engagements during this time . As a part of these , the 24th Infantry Battalion sent a company across the Hongorai and subsequently located a strong Japanese position on a feature that became known as Egan 's Ridge , which , due to its location , commanded the main Australian axis of advance . " " . "" rounds of thousands "" fired mortars and artillery while , sorties 381 flew Zealanders New the , period this During . Roads Commando and Buin the of length the along attacking , campaign aerial day @-@ eight an began — Squadron 16 No. by reinforced now — squadrons Corsair RNZAF the , Meanwhile . withdraw to forced were they , gun field Japanese a by out knocked and up held was tanks the of one After . Ridge 's Egan on attack an out carry to attempted tanks two with along Battalion Infantry 24th the from platoon a May 15 on and , this before began moves Preliminary . Road Buin the up straight advancing , ford the at crossing , line Australian the of centre the from assault frontal main the make would which Battalion Infantry 24th the off Japanese the of attention the divert would Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the left the on while , river the of east the to Track the and Road Buin the cut to tasked right the on Battalion Infantry 59th / 58th the with , May 20 for planned was crossing main The "," The main crossing was planned for 20 May , with the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion on the right tasked to cut the Buin Road and the Track to the east of the river , while on the left the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion would divert the attention of the Japanese off the 24th Infantry Battalion which would make the main frontal assault from the centre of the Australian line , crossing at the ford , advancing straight up the Buin Road . Preliminary moves began before this , and on 15 May a platoon from the 24th Infantry Battalion along with two tanks attempted to carry out an attack on Egan 's Ridge . After one of the tanks was held up and knocked out by a Japanese field gun , they were forced to withdraw . Meanwhile , the RNZAF Corsair squadrons — now reinforced by No. 16 Squadron — began an eight @-@ day aerial campaign , attacking along the length of the Buin and Commando Roads . During this period , the New Zealanders flew 381 sorties , while artillery and mortars fired "" thousands of rounds "" . " " . May 20 on operations patrolling began it where from and supplies receive to base firm a establishing before moves flanking further out carrying , out fan to began and crossing the secured had they noon before shortly , Nevertheless . crossing the negotiate to unable been had which support armoured its without river the of bank far the along attack an out carried company centre the , ford the of north ) m 460 ( yd 500 Crossing . support in artillery of batteries two and Corsairs 32 with Road Commando the along advancing and inland Hongorai the crossing , flank left the on move diversionary its began Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the , May 17 on , later days Two "," Two days later , on 17 May , the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion began its diversionary move on the left flank , crossing the Hongorai inland and advancing along the Commando Road with 32 Corsairs and two batteries of artillery in support . Crossing 500 yd ( 460 m ) north of the ford , the centre company carried out an attack along the far bank of the river without its armoured support which had been unable to negotiate the crossing . Nevertheless , shortly before noon they had secured the crossing and began to fan out , carrying out further flanking moves before establishing a firm base to receive supplies and from where it began patrolling operations on 20 May . " " . feature the clear to up called were pioneers assault and Engineers . trapped booby and mined heavily be to found they which , Ridge 's Egan on ground high the to on move to able was Battalion Infantry 24th the from company a , Finally . ground to go to forced were and Japanese 70 encountered patrol Australian an where west the to further numbers large in concentrated still were Japanese the as further any moving from prevented were they , however ; ford the to advance to able were Australians the and , day following the resumed was attack The . wounded five and killed four losing and fire artillery and arms small heavy under coming after overnight in @-@ dig to forced was and objective their of short just halted was companies the of one but , objectives their reached companies forward the Mostly . tanks Matilda of troops two with along , reserve in back held one and front up companies three with forward moved Battalion Infantry 24th the , support gun machine and mortar with and , barrage creeping a under Advancing . ground the prepared had Corsairs Zealand New by strafing of minutes 20 after May 20 on 30 : 08 at began Road Buin the along attack main the , centre the In "," In the centre , the main attack along the Buin Road began at 08 : 30 on 20 May after 20 minutes of strafing by New Zealand Corsairs had prepared the ground . Advancing under a creeping barrage , and with mortar and machine gun support , the 24th Infantry Battalion moved forward with three companies up front and one held back in reserve , along with two troops of Matilda tanks . Mostly the forward companies reached their objectives , but one of the companies was halted just short of their objective and was forced to dig @-@ in overnight after coming under heavy small arms and artillery fire and losing four killed and five wounded . The attack was resumed the following day , and the Australians were able to advance to the ford ; however , they were prevented from moving any further as the Japanese were still concentrated in large numbers further to the west where an Australian patrol encountered 70 Japanese and were forced to go to ground . Finally , a company from the 24th Infantry Battalion was able to move on to the high ground on Egan 's Ridge , which they found to be heavily mined and booby trapped . Engineers and assault pioneers were called up to clear the feature . " " . ammunition of amount large a and gun mm 70 a behind leaving , abandoned quickly defenders the which position gun Japanese a attacked and up moved tanks the , fire heavy under came patrols 's battalion the of one after , Later . resistance stiff by delayed further and , crossing creek a affect to attempted tanks the while up held being despite afternoon early the in reached it which , objective primary its on advance to began and departure of line the left battalion the , day following The . Japanese the to unbeknown , river the of east the to area assembly an in itself establish to managed had battalion the May 20 on 00 : 16 by and also river the crossed had armour Australian the , mud the through tanks the drag to tractors using , Meanwhile . Japanese the with contacts had had patrols of number a , earlier days two move their Beginning . bulldozer by Hongorai the of bank west the of out carved been had that track a along move flanking wide a out carried Battalion Infantry 59th / 58th the , flank right the On "," On the right flank , the 58th / 59th Infantry Battalion carried out a wide flanking move along a track that had been carved out of the west bank of the Hongorai by bulldozer . Beginning their move two days earlier , a number of patrols had had contacts with the Japanese . Meanwhile , using tractors to drag the tanks through the mud , the Australian armour had crossed the river also and by 16 : 00 on 20 May the battalion had managed to establish itself in an assembly area to the east of the river , unbeknown to the Japanese . The following day , the battalion left the line of departure and began to advance on its primary objective , which it reached in the early afternoon despite being held up while the tanks attempted to affect a creek crossing , and further delayed by stiff resistance . Later , after one of the battalion 's patrols came under heavy fire , the tanks moved up and attacked a Japanese gun position which the defenders quickly abandoned , leaving behind a 70 mm gun and a large amount of ammunition . " " . wounded 64 and killed 13 lost Australians the while , killed 106 Japanese the cost battle the of phase final The . Rivers Mivo and , , Hari the to advance the being , campaign the of stage next the for supplies up bring to which with means the with Australians the providing , opened subsequently was Road Buin the time of period short a Within . infantry Australian of company a by occupied subsequently was It . ridge the abandon to them forced and position the devastated bombardment artillery and aerial heavy A . tunnels in sheltering were Japanese the where , Ridge 's Egan was Hongorai the before location defensive remaining last The . began operations up mopping and secured been had objectives Australian the of most , communications of line their ambush and harass to continued which area the in Japanese of number a still were there although , May 22 By "," By 22 May , although there were still a number of Japanese in the area which continued to harass and ambush their line of communications , most of the Australian objectives had been secured and mopping up operations began . The last remaining defensive location before the Hongorai was Egan 's Ridge , where the Japanese were sheltering in tunnels . A heavy aerial and artillery bombardment devastated the position and forced them to abandon the ridge . It was subsequently occupied by a company of Australian infantry . Within a short period of time the Buin Road was subsequently opened , providing the Australians with the means with which to bring up supplies for the next stage of the campaign , being the advance to the Hari , , and Mivo Rivers . The final phase of the battle cost the Japanese 106 killed , while the Australians lost 13 killed and 64 wounded . " " . July early in Brigade 29th 's Simpson Noel Brigadier by relieved being before River crossed subsequently Brigade 15th the and , artillery and airstrikes with reduced steadily were These . entrenchments deep of series a occupied consequently they and , supply food precarious their protect to order in areas growing food the hold to resolved Japanese the , river the Beyond . June 10 on Hari the crossing , Road Buin the along advanced Brigade 15th the , June into and month the of remainder the Throughout . island the of end southern the at Buin towards advance their continued Australians the , battle the Following . killed men 275 least at lost Japanese the while , wounded 159 and killed men 38 lost Australians the , Hongorai the around fighting the of course the During "," During the course of the fighting around the Hongorai , the Australians lost 38 men killed and 159 wounded , while the Japanese lost at least 275 men killed . Following the battle , the Australians continued their advance towards Buin at the southern end of the island . Throughout the remainder of the month and into June , the 15th Brigade advanced along the Buin Road , crossing the Hari on 10 June . Beyond the river , the Japanese resolved to hold the food growing areas in order to protect their precarious food supply , and they consequently occupied a series of deep entrenchments . These were steadily reduced with airstrikes and artillery , and the 15th Brigade subsequently crossed River before being relieved by Brigadier Noel Simpson 's 29th Brigade in early July . " " . flooding the in destroyed been had that roads and bridges the rebuilding with tasked were that engineers Australian the amongst particularly , costly very proved attacks These . August into continued and July late in resumed were patrols Australian . bombardment artillery Japanese heavy a included which , Road Buin the and River Mivo the of junction the at , around attacks of series a off fought Battalion Infantry 15th the , July 9 On . communications of line Australian the targeting , traps and mines setting and positions their probing , Australians the harass to continued Japanese the , meanwhile ; Mivo the across operations patrolling ceased even Australians the time of period a for worsened situation the as and impossible operations infantry offensive scale @-@ large rendered This . away washed were dependent was system supply Australian the which upon bridges the of many and "" mud of sea a to "" , Long Gavin of words the in , reduced was Road Buin The . ) ft 6 @.@ 6 ( metres 2 rose river the of height The . halt a to advance the brought ultimately flooding and rain torrential , River Mivo the toward advanced Brigade 29th the As "," As the 29th Brigade advanced toward the Mivo River , torrential rain and flooding ultimately brought the advance to a halt . The height of the river rose 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) . The Buin Road was reduced , in the words of Gavin Long , "" to a sea of mud "" and many of the bridges upon which the Australian supply system was dependent were washed away . This rendered large @-@ scale offensive infantry operations impossible and as the situation worsened for a period of time the Australians even ceased patrolling operations across the Mivo ; meanwhile , the Japanese continued to harass the Australians , probing their positions and setting mines and traps , targeting the Australian line of communications . On 9 July , the 15th Infantry Battalion fought off a series of attacks around , at the junction of the Mivo River and the Buin Road , which included a heavy Japanese artillery bombardment . Australian patrols were resumed in late July and continued into August . These attacks proved very costly , particularly amongst the Australian engineers that were tasked with rebuilding the bridges and roads that had been destroyed in the flooding . " " . operations combat major to end an spelt it , this following clashes minor were there although and island the on ordered was fire cease a , surrender unconditional subsequent 's Japan and Nagasaki and Hiroshima on bombs atomic two of dropping the following , however , August @-@ mid By . Peninsula Bonis the into advance an for plans abandon to them forced had Plantation Porton at landing failed the since action holding a conducting been had Australians the where , sector northern the in front Ratsua the on place took Bougainville on operations Australian final the , result a As . completed were these before end an to came war the as ceased island the on operations combat , August into continued Buin towards advance final the for south the in preparations although and , also time this during continued sector northern the in Fighting "," Fighting in the northern sector continued during this time also , and although preparations in the south for the final advance towards Buin continued into August , combat operations on the island ceased as the war came to an end before these were completed . As a result , the final Australian operations on Bougainville took place on the Ratsua front in the northern sector , where the Australians had been conducting a holding action since the failed landing at Porton Plantation had forced them to abandon plans for an advance into the Bonis Peninsula . By mid @-@ August , however , following the dropping of two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and Japan 's subsequent unconditional surrender , a cease fire was ordered on the island and although there were minor clashes following this , it spelt an end to major combat operations . " " . period this for "" Road Commando "" of honour battle separate the received Battalion Infantry 60th / 57th the while , fighting the of stage second the for Battalions Infantry 59th / 58th and 24th the and , Regiment Armoured 4th / 2 the to awarded also was — "" Ford Hongorai – Ridge 's Egan "" — honour battle second A . "" River Hongorai "" honour battle the received Battalions Infantry 59th / 58th and 60th / 57th , 24th , 9th the and , Regiment Armoured 4th / 2 The . River Hongorai the around fighting the for honours battle three awarded Army Australian the , war the of end the Following "," Following the end of the war , the Australian Army awarded three battle honours for the fighting around the Hongorai River . The 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , and the 9th , 24th , 57th / 60th and 58th / 59th Infantry Battalions received the battle honour "" Hongorai River "" . A second battle honour — "" Egan 's Ridge – Hongorai Ford "" — was also awarded to the 2 / 4th Armoured Regiment , and the 24th and 58th / 59th Infantry Battalions for the second stage of the fighting , while the 57th / 60th Infantry Battalion received the separate battle honour of "" Commando Road "" for this period . " " . button single a by controlled attacking and jumping with , scheme control simple a and health of form a as rings collecting involves gameplay 's Hedgehog the Sonic . Emeralds Chaos magical the stolen and robots in animals imprisoned has who scientist a , Robotnik Dr. defeat to quest a in Sonic named hedgehog anthropomorphic an features game The . month following the Japan in and , 1991 June in Australia and Europe , America North in released first was game The . console Genesis Sega the for Sega by published and Team Sonic by developed game video platform a is Hedgehog the Sonic "," Sonic the Hedgehog is a platform video game developed by Sonic Team and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis console . The game was first released in North America , Europe and Australia in June 1991 , and in Japan the following month . The game features an anthropomorphic hedgehog named Sonic in a quest to defeat Dr. Robotnik , a scientist who has imprisoned animals in robots and stolen the magical Chaos Emeralds . Sonic the Hedgehog 's gameplay involves collecting rings as a form of health and a simple control scheme , with jumping and attacking controlled by a single button . " " . Naka Yuji , programmer 's game the by created demo tech a in originated which , scenery curved along roll to sprite 's Sonic allows that technique novel a uses Hedgehog the Sonic . Miyamoto Shigeru , creator series Mario Super of games the by influenced was , gameplay fast for designed , Hedgehog the Sonic . character their match to "" Team Sonic "" themselves renamed and spine and head his along spikes with hedgehog blue a on decided developers the , suggestions of number a considering After . company the for mascot a featuring game a create to team development its ordered Sega when , 1990 in began development 's game The "," The game 's development began in 1990 , when Sega ordered its development team to create a game featuring a mascot for the company . After considering a number of suggestions , the developers decided on a blue hedgehog with spikes along his head and spine and renamed themselves "" Sonic Team "" to match their character . Sonic the Hedgehog , designed for fast gameplay , was influenced by the games of Super Mario series creator , Shigeru Miyamoto . Sonic the Hedgehog uses a novel technique that allows Sonic 's sprite to roll along curved scenery , which originated in a tech demo created by the game 's programmer , Yuji Naka . " " . media other by adaptations and , franchise successful a , clones several inspired and , times of number a ported been has It . console NES Super their and Nintendo with compete to it allowing and era bit @-@ 16 the in player key a as Genesis the establishing , successful commercially also was game The . gameplay of speed and , music , visuals its praised who , critics by received well was game The "," The game was well received by critics , who praised its visuals , music , and speed of gameplay . The game was also commercially successful , establishing the Genesis as a key player in the 16 @-@ bit era and allowing it to compete with Nintendo and their Super NES console . It has been ported a number of times , and inspired several clones , a successful franchise , and adaptations by other media . " " . himself emeralds the collecting and friends animal his freeing by plans 's Robotnik halt to aims who , Sonic controls player The . capsules metal stationary and robots aggressive in Island South of inhabitants animal the trapped has , Robotnik Ivo Dr. , antagonist 's game the , power their harness and Emeralds Chaos six the steal to attempt an In "," In an attempt to steal the six Chaos Emeralds and harness their power , the game 's antagonist , Dr. Ivo Robotnik , has trapped the animal inhabitants of South Island in aggressive robots and stationary metal capsules . The player controls Sonic , who aims to halt Robotnik 's plans by freeing his animal friends and collecting the emeralds himself . " " . instead Emeralds Chaos the juggling while player the taunts Robotnik , collected not are emeralds the all If . shown is sequence ending reward a , game the completes and Emeralds Chaos the all collects player the If "," If the player collects all the Chaos Emeralds and completes the game , a reward ending sequence is shown . If all the emeralds are not collected , Robotnik taunts the player while juggling the Chaos Emeralds instead . " " . ground the on rolling or air the in jumping by performed be can This . ) obstacles some and enemies damaging ( rapidly rotates and ball a into curls he where , spin his is attack main 's Sonic . ) vents from released periodically bubbles air breathing by avoided be can which ( drowning and , platforms or walls moving by crushed being , pits bottomless into falling , spikes sharp of rows avoid must player The . game the complete to required not is this , within animal the frees robot a destroying Although . animals trapped has Robotnik Dr. which of inside ) manuals game Western the in "" "" ( robots of form the in hazards contain levels The . loops @-@ the @-@ loop and , falls high , slopes , springs incorporating levels through speed high at run to ability 's Sonic around centers gameplay whose , platformer scrolling @-@ side , 2D a is Hedgehog the Sonic "," Sonic the Hedgehog is a 2D , side @-@ scrolling platformer , whose gameplay centers around Sonic 's ability to run at high speed through levels incorporating springs , slopes , high falls , and loop @-@ the @-@ loops . The levels contain hazards in the form of robots ( "" "" in the Western game manuals ) inside of which Dr. Robotnik has trapped animals . Although destroying a robot frees the animal within , this is not required to complete the game . The player must avoid rows of sharp spikes , falling into bottomless pits , being crushed by moving walls or platforms , and drowning ( which can be avoided by breathing air bubbles periodically released from vents ) . Sonic 's main attack is his spin , where he curls into a ball and rotates rapidly ( damaging enemies and some obstacles ) . This can be performed by jumping in the air or rolling on the ground . " " . protection other or rings of regardless life a Sonic cost will ) time of out running or pit bottomless a down falling , crushed being , drowning as such ( hazards certain , protection additional provide to collected be may invincibility temporary and shields Although . life a loses he , rings any without hit is Sonic If . again up picked not are they if seconds few a in disappear and flicker will they ; scattered be will rings his all , However . survive will he , ) obstacle or ( enemy an with collides he when ring one least at has Sonic if ; hazards against protection of layer a are Rings . life extra an with player the rewards rings 100 collecting and , rings gold are map level each around Scattered "," Scattered around each level map are gold rings , and collecting 100 rings rewards the player with an extra life . Rings are a layer of protection against hazards ; if Sonic has at least one ring when he collides with an enemy ( or obstacle ) , he will survive . However , all his rings will be scattered ; they will flicker and disappear in a few seconds if they are not picked up again . If Sonic is hit without any rings , he loses a life . Although shields and temporary invincibility may be collected to provide additional protection , certain hazards ( such as drowning , being crushed , falling down a bottomless pit or running out of time ) will cost Sonic a life regardless of rings or other protection . " " . Robotnik with encounter last a for Zone Final the to directly continues player the , zone sixth the After . fight boss a in ) time each vehicle different a pilots who ( Robotnik Dr. confronts player the , act third 's zone each of end the At . progress to ) acts three into subdivided ( zone each through navigate must player A . enemies and style visual own its with each , ) Brain Scrap and , Light Star , Labyrinth , Yard Spring , Marble , Hill Green ( zones six into divided is game The "," The game is divided into six zones ( Green Hill , Marble , Spring Yard , Labyrinth , Star Light , and Scrap Brain ) , each with its own visual style and enemies . A player must navigate through each zone ( subdivided into three acts ) to progress . At the end of each zone 's third act , the player confronts Dr. Robotnik ( who pilots a different vehicle each time ) in a boss fight . After the sixth zone , the player continues directly to the Final Zone for a last encounter with Robotnik . " " . ) continues any have they if , lives three with act the of beginning the to return can player the when ( appear will screen over game the , game the in point any at lost are lives all If . checkpoint the to returns he when 00 : 0 to reset will timer the , life another has but out running time of result a as life a loses he If . life a loses he when post activated recently @-@ most the to return to Sonic allow checkpoints as acting . limit time minute @-@ ten 's act an exceeds or screen @-@ off falls , rings without ) objects or ( enemies hazardous with collides Sonic when lost are which , ) more add rings and ups @-@ power ( lives three with begins player The "," The player begins with three lives ( power @-@ ups and rings add more ) , which are lost when Sonic collides with hazardous enemies ( or objects ) without rings , falls off @-@ screen or exceeds an act 's ten @-@ minute time limit . acting as checkpoints allow Sonic to return to the most @-@ recently activated post when he loses a life . If he loses a life as a result of time running out but has another life , the timer will reset to 0 : 00 when he returns to the checkpoint . If all lives are lost at any point in the game , the game over screen will appear ( when the player can return to the beginning of the act with three lives , if they have any continues ) . " " . ) level the ends which ( "" block goal "" a with colliding without maze the of end the at Emerald Chaos the obtain to is goal main their , found rings 50 each with continue a earns player the Although . attack spin in maze rotating a of walls and bumpers the off bounces Sonic , Stages Special six of each In . ) manual Genesis original the in "" Zone Secret "" a ( Stage Special a enter to jump can he which through appears ring large a , rings fifty least at with zone a of two act or one act of end the reaches Sonic When "," When Sonic reaches the end of act one or act two of a zone with at least fifty rings , a large ring appears through which he can jump to enter a Special Stage ( a "" Secret Zone "" in the original Genesis manual ) . In each of six Special Stages , Sonic bounces off the bumpers and walls of a rotating maze in spin attack . Although the player earns a continue with each 50 rings found , their main goal is to obtain the Chaos Emerald at the end of the maze without colliding with a "" goal block "" ( which ends the level ) . " " . enough be not would this knew it , titles arcade its of ports Genesis with success some had company the Although . industry the in foothold a wanted Sega and , 3 Bros. Mario Super successful the of release the after particularly , time the at dominant was Nintendo ; mind in , Mario , mascot its and Nintendo from competition had Sega . Mouse Mickey as iconic as character a wanted Nakayama Hayao president Sega ; unsatisfactory deemed and Mario to similar considered was he but , Kidd Alex character the by held already position a was This . company the for mascot a featuring game a develop to , , studio development house @-@ in its ordered Sega , 1990 In "," In 1990 , Sega ordered its in @-@ house development studio , , to develop a game featuring a mascot for the company . This was a position already held by the character Alex Kidd , but he was considered similar to Mario and deemed unsatisfactory ; Sega president Hayao Nakayama wanted a character as iconic as Mickey Mouse . Sega had competition from Nintendo and its mascot , Mario , in mind ; Nintendo was dominant at the time , particularly after the release of the successful Super Mario Bros. 3 , and Sega wanted a foothold in the industry . Although the company had some success with Genesis ports of its arcade titles , it knew this would not be enough . " " . body 's Mouse Mickey with head 's Cat the Felix combining by design basic 's Sonic created he that since admitted has Ohshima . ) Hedgehog the 's 1993 in appeared first who ( Armadillo the Mighty for basis the become later would armadillo the although , prevailed , Ohshima Naoto by proposed first , character hedgehog The . hedgehogs and armadillos : spikes with animals two on focused they so , enough aggressive seem not would this that realized then Designers . move attacking an for idea their , ball a into roll can that animals to search its narrowed team The . hardware available the for complex too was but first at promise showed , ears prehensile with objects grasp to able rabbit a , idea One . squirrels and kangaroos like creatures fast as well as , animals fast with associated not designs character eliminated so , speed emphasized Development . mechanics gameplay and , engine an , characters for ideas developed "," developed ideas for characters , an engine , and gameplay mechanics . Development emphasized speed , so eliminated character designs not associated with fast animals , as well as fast creatures like kangaroos and squirrels . One idea , a rabbit able to grasp objects with prehensile ears , showed promise at first but was too complex for the available hardware . The team narrowed its search to animals that can roll into a ball , their idea for an attacking move . Designers then realized that this would not seem aggressive enough , so they focused on two animals with spikes : armadillos and hedgehogs . The hedgehog character , first proposed by Naoto Ohshima , prevailed , although the armadillo would later become the basis for Mighty the Armadillo ( who first appeared in 1993 's the Hedgehog ) . Ohshima has admitted since that he created Sonic 's basic design by combining Felix the Cat 's head with Mickey Mouse 's body . " " . divisions Japanese and American 's Sega between dispute a of result a as regions other in "" Robotnik Dr. "" and Japan in "" Eggman Dr. "" named being up ended antagonist The . changes design make simply to Team Sonic with compromised but , character the of recreation scale @-@ full a proposed initially and is hedgehog a what know not would Americans most that concerns expressed also America of Sega . simple identity his keep to ideas these scrapped America of Sega but , Madonna named girlfriend human a him giving and , fangs vampire him giving , band rock a in him placing included character the out flesh to proposed Ideas . Team Sonic to studios their and "" Sonic "" to name his changed member @-@ eight the but , "" Mr. "" named originally was character new The . ) button one with controlled be could jumping and attacking so ( jumping while spin to ability the given was he and , sleeker look him make to emphasized were spikes 's Sonic . "" world the in character famous "" most the as saw Ohshima whom , Claus Santa of outfit the and Bad for cover album the on boots 's Jackson Michael of inspiration the through red colored were shoes His . logo Sega the match to and backgrounds certain against out stand would he so blue dark to changed was he but , blue of shade light a then , colored @-@ teal originally was Sonic "," Sonic was originally teal @-@ colored , then a light shade of blue , but he was changed to dark blue so he would stand out against certain backgrounds and to match the Sega logo . His shoes were colored red through the inspiration of Michael Jackson 's boots on the album cover for Bad and the outfit of Santa Claus , whom Ohshima saw as the most "" famous character in the world "" . Sonic 's spikes were emphasized to make him look sleeker , and he was given the ability to spin while jumping ( so attacking and jumping could be controlled with one button ) . The new character was originally named "" Mr. "" , but the eight @-@ member changed his name to "" Sonic "" and their studios to Sonic Team . Ideas proposed to flesh out the character included placing him in a rock band , giving him vampire fangs , and giving him a human girlfriend named Madonna , but Sega of America scrapped these ideas to keep his identity simple . Sega of America also expressed concerns that most Americans would not know what a hedgehog is and initially proposed a full @-@ scale recreation of the character , but compromised with Sonic Team to simply make design changes . The antagonist ended up being named "" Dr. Eggman "" in Japan and "" Dr. Robotnik "" in other regions as a result of a dispute between Sega 's American and Japanese divisions . " " . California of geography the by influenced were Hill Green of aesthetics the and , Suzuki artist pop of work the by influenced was scheme color 's game The . design level accessible mostly the into pieces set challenging occasional integrating by gamers casual and hardcore both attract to intended were levels for designs His . year a nearly for project the in engrossed was but , War Gulf the of outbreak the by States United the to move planned his of delay the to due months three for game the on work to intended originally Yasuhara . Yasuhara Hirokazu designer by levels and designs character 's Ohshima with out fleshed was concept this and , tube winding , long a through ball a in rolling character moving @-@ fast a with game platform a was prototype 's Naka . matrix dot a with position its determining by curve a on smoothly move to sprite a allowing algorithm an developed who , Naka by demo tech a with originated gameplay The . Ghosts n ' of port Genesis the and Star Phantasy on work his through them impressed had who , Naka Yuji programmer esteemed to turned Sega , completed protagonist satisfying a With "," With a satisfying protagonist completed , Sega turned to esteemed programmer Yuji Naka , who had impressed them through his work on Phantasy Star and the Genesis port of ' n Ghosts . The gameplay originated with a tech demo by Naka , who developed an algorithm allowing a sprite to move smoothly on a curve by determining its position with a dot matrix . Naka 's prototype was a platform game with a fast @-@ moving character rolling in a ball through a long , winding tube , and this concept was fleshed out with Ohshima 's character designs and levels by designer Hirokazu Yasuhara . Yasuhara originally intended to work on the game for three months due to the delay of his planned move to the United States by the outbreak of the Gulf War , but was engrossed in the project for nearly a year . His designs for levels were intended to attract both hardcore and casual gamers by integrating occasional challenging set pieces into the mostly accessible level design . The game 's color scheme was influenced by the work of pop artist Suzuki , and the aesthetics of Green Hill were influenced by the geography of California . " " . months several for project the on day a hours 19 worked Yasuhara and , Oshima , Naka . Prower "" Tails "" Miles friend best 's Sonic control would player second the where , ) 1992 ( 2 Hedgehog the Sonic sequel in appear later would mode a such , However . feature this implement to insufficient was knowledge programming 's Naka but , screen @-@ split via displayed mode player @-@ two a add to intended team The . console the on impossible considered was that stages special the in effect rotation a and game video a in speed character ever @-@ fastest the had game the , Naka Yuji to according ; rewarded were efforts ' developers The . months six over taking process a , redesign and testing extensive underwent game developing the , prowess technological ' Genesis the demonstrate to need the to Due . quickly more cleared be not could levels the why wondered had he , Bros. Mario Super playing while ; series Mario the than oriented @-@ action more be to creation his wanted also He . jumping for button single a and movement for pad directional a only with controlled be would Sonic that decided Naka , environments complex in mechanics 's Miyamoto of simplicity the Admiring . earlier years playing enjoyed had he games whose , Miyamoto Shigeru by inspired was Naka , mechanics game the designing In "," In designing the game mechanics , Naka was inspired by Shigeru Miyamoto , whose games he had enjoyed playing years earlier . Admiring the simplicity of Miyamoto 's mechanics in complex environments , Naka decided that Sonic would be controlled with only a directional pad for movement and a single button for jumping . He also wanted his creation to be more action @-@ oriented than the Mario series ; while playing Super Mario Bros. , he had wondered why the levels could not be cleared more quickly . Due to the need to demonstrate the Genesis ' technological prowess , the developing game underwent extensive testing and redesign , a process taking over six months . The developers ' efforts were rewarded ; according to Yuji Naka , the game had the fastest @-@ ever character speed in a video game and a rotation effect in the special stages that was considered impossible on the console . The team intended to add a two @-@ player mode displayed via split @-@ screen , but Naka 's programming knowledge was insufficient to implement this feature . However , such a mode would later appear in sequel Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ( 1992 ) , where the second player would control Sonic 's best friend Miles "" Tails "" Prower . Naka , Oshima , and Yasuhara worked 19 hours a day on the project for several months . " " . code 's game the at looking by only identifiable , background black a on text black in names few a displaying by credits developer of prohibition 's Japan of Sega defied he , however , leaving Before . later him hired America of Sega although , release 's game the after shortly company the left He . game the in involvement his for credit little received he ; time this during tenuous was Japan of Sega with relationship 's Naka "," Naka 's relationship with Sega of Japan was tenuous during this time ; he received little credit for his involvement in the game . He left the company shortly after the game 's release , although Sega of America hired him later . Before leaving , however , he defied Sega of Japan 's prohibition of developer credits by displaying a few names in black text on a black background , identifiable only by looking at the game 's code . " " . ) cartridge megabit @-@ four the of memory the of eighth @-@ one used reportedly which ( commercials TV in used chant "" ! ga @-@ Se "" the with test the replaced Naka Yuji and , feature the scrapped schedule development The . Riders Free Sonic and , Heroes Sonic , Chaotix ' Knuckles in appearing also , series the in character recurring a became Vector playable The . keyboard on Crocodile the Vector and , drums on Rabbit Mach , bass on Monkey Max , guitar on Chicken Sharps of "" Band Sonic "" a of music the to breakdancing Sonic of animations with menu test sound a have to intended originally was It . music and effects sound stereo of variety a produce to generators sound programmable SN76489 and Yamaha onboard uses game The . True Come Dreams band pop @-@ J the of songwriter lead and bassist , Nakamura Masato by produced and composed was Hedgehog the Sonic for music The "," The music for Sonic the Hedgehog was composed and produced by Masato Nakamura , bassist and lead songwriter of the J @-@ pop band Dreams Come True . The game uses onboard Yamaha and SN76489 programmable sound generators to produce a variety of stereo sound effects and music . It was originally intended to have a sound test menu with animations of Sonic breakdancing to the music of a "" Sonic Band "" of Sharps Chicken on guitar , Max Monkey on bass , Mach Rabbit on drums , and Vector the Crocodile on keyboard . The playable Vector became a recurring character in the series , also appearing in Knuckles ' Chaotix , Sonic Heroes , and Sonic Free Riders . The development schedule scrapped the feature , and Yuji Naka replaced the test with the "" Se @-@ ga ! "" chant used in TV commercials ( which reportedly used one @-@ eighth of the memory of the four @-@ megabit cartridge ) . " " . remixes Akon their and True Come Dreams by songs comprises third the and recordings demo 's Nakamura Masato contains second the , games both from tracks original features disc first The . Japan in released was 2 Hedgehog the Sonic and Hedgehog the Sonic from music of compilation disc @-@ three a , release 's game the after years twenty , 2011 , 19 October On "," On October 19 , 2011 , twenty years after the game 's release , a three @-@ disc compilation of music from Sonic the Hedgehog and Sonic the Hedgehog 2 was released in Japan . The first disc features original tracks from both games , the second contains Masato Nakamura 's demo recordings and the third comprises songs by Dreams Come True and their Akon remixes . " " . company the for mascot a as Sonic and game the promote to campaign marketing scale @-@ large a created America of Sega . mail by Hedgehog the Sonic of copies free request could switch the before consoles their bought who owners Genesis . Beast Altered replacing , consoles Genesis American with it packaged America of Sega . 26 July on Japan in and , 1991 , 23 June on Australia and , Europe , America North in released was game The . "" stylish "" and "" original "" something – "" packages conventional to particular being without ... art pop to similar "" design package a create to him asked developers the , Watanabe to According . "" neatly them finish "" to gradation and lines clear using , "" colorful "" characters the make to was goal his that said Watanabe Akira illustrator package @-@ Game "," Game @-@ package illustrator Akira Watanabe said that his goal was to make the characters "" colorful "" , using clear lines and gradation to "" finish them neatly "" . According to Watanabe , the developers asked him to create a package design "" similar to pop art ... without being particular to conventional packages "" – something "" original "" and "" stylish "" . The game was released in North America , Europe , and Australia on June 23 , 1991 , and in Japan on July 26 . Sega of America packaged it with American Genesis consoles , replacing Altered Beast . Genesis owners who bought their consoles before the switch could request free copies of Sonic the Hedgehog by mail . Sega of America created a large @-@ scale marketing campaign to promote the game and Sonic as a mascot for the company . " " . Windows and , Xbox , 2 PlayStation for Plus Collection Mega Sonic and Windows and GameCube for Cut 's Director : DX Adventure Sonic in game unlockable an as included and , 2013 , 13 June on Console Virtual 3DS Nintendo the for released @-@ re was version Gear Game The . 8 August on Europe in and , 2008 , 4 August on America North in service Console Virtual 's Wii for released @-@ re was version System Master The . America North in System Master the for released game final the was It . version bit @-@ 16 the from music of adaptations and compositions his including and Koshiro Yuzo musician chiptune by composed , soundtrack different a has game The . hit being after rings his collect @-@ re cannot Sonic and , loops vertical no with , flatter is design level The . assets digital and themes level different with , version bit @-@ 16 the to similar are mechanics gameplay and plot Its . Gear Game and System Master the , consoles bit @-@ 8 's Sega for 1991 in released and Ancient by developed was Hedgehog the Sonic of version A "," A version of Sonic the Hedgehog was developed by Ancient and released in 1991 for Sega 's 8 @-@ bit consoles , the Master System and Game Gear . Its plot and gameplay mechanics are similar to the 16 @-@ bit version , with different level themes and digital assets . The level design is flatter , with no vertical loops , and Sonic cannot re @-@ collect his rings after being hit . The game has a different soundtrack , composed by chiptune musician Yuzo Koshiro and including his compositions and adaptations of music from the 16 @-@ bit version . It was the final game released for the Master System in North America . The Master System version was re @-@ released for Wii 's Virtual Console service in North America on August 4 , 2008 , and in Europe on August 8 . The Game Gear version was re @-@ released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on June 13 , 2013 , and included as an unlockable game in Sonic Adventure DX : Director 's Cut for GameCube and Windows and Sonic Mega Collection Plus for PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Windows . " " . gameplay original the of preservation poor and , music chunky remixed , ) rate frame slow a in resulting ( Advance Boy Game the to conversion poor its concerned complaints chief the ; percent 33 of score Metacritic a with , reviews poor received game The . ratio aspect widescreen 's GBA the to adapted and , in zoomed slightly is screen Its . ) 2 Hedgehog the Sonic until implemented originally not ( move Dash Spin the with Mode Anniversary an and , option select level a , progress game save to ability the as such , features new several included It . anniversary fifteenth 's game the mark to States United in 2006 , 14 November on ) GBA ( Advance Boy Game the for released was , Genesis Hedgehog the Sonic , port A "," A port , Sonic the Hedgehog Genesis , was released for the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) on November 14 , 2006 in United States to mark the game 's fifteenth anniversary . It included several new features , such as the ability to save game progress , a level select option , and an Anniversary Mode with the Spin Dash move ( not originally implemented until Sonic the Hedgehog 2 ) . Its screen is slightly zoomed in , and adapted to the GBA 's widescreen aspect ratio . The game received poor reviews , with a Metacritic score of 33 percent ; the chief complaints concerned its poor conversion to the Game Boy Advance ( resulting in a slow frame rate ) , remixed chunky music , and poor preservation of the original gameplay . " " . Generations Sonic of versions console the in reward unlockable an is game the , Additionally . DS Nintendo the for ) 2010 ( Collection Classic Sonic and , 3 PlayStation and 360 Xbox the for ) 2009 ( Collection Genesis Ultimate 's Sonic , ) 2004 ( Plus Collection Mega Sonic , ) 2002 ( Collection Mega Sonic , Game.com and Saturn Sega the for ) 1997 ( Jam Sonic , Genesis the for ) 1995 ( Compilation Sonic in appeared has It . computers personal and consoles handheld and home of range wide a for ported been has Hedgehog the Sonic , Genesis the for sequels its With "," With its sequels for the Genesis , Sonic the Hedgehog has been ported for a wide range of home and handheld consoles and personal computers . It has appeared in Sonic Compilation ( 1995 ) for the Genesis , Sonic Jam ( 1997 ) for the Sega Saturn and Game.com , Sonic Mega Collection ( 2002 ) , Sonic Mega Collection Plus ( 2004 ) , Sonic 's Ultimate Genesis Collection ( 2009 ) for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , and Sonic Classic Collection ( 2010 ) for the Nintendo DS . Additionally , the game is an unlockable reward in the console versions of Sonic Generations . " " . December in worldwide and , Japan in 2013 May in line Classics 3D 3DS Nintendo the of part as released also was game The . Echidna the Knuckles or Tails as play to option unlockable the and , mode attack time a , dash spin to ability optional the , graphics widescreen features port The . day following the released version Android an with 2013 , 15 May on , port original the replacing , iOS on released was , CD Sonic of rerelease 2011 the in used previously Engine Retro 's Whitehead Christian using created , port mobile remastered A . 2012 December in ) Appstore Amazon the and Play Google ( services app online two to ported was game The . Steam to ported was which download Windows Microsoft a as released was it , 2010 October In . 2009 September in GameTap on available became Hedgehog the Sonic . 2009 April in ) models touch iPod and iPhone compatible ( service iOS 's Apple for and 2007 in models Nano iPod capable @-@ video and , video iPod , Classic iPod the for released was game The . afterwards shortly Network PlayStation and Arcade Live Xbox the for released was and , introduction 2006 's service the at Console Virtual Wii the of part was It . consoles game video generation @-@ seventh major three all for available been has Hedgehog the Sonic "," Sonic the Hedgehog has been available for all three major seventh @-@ generation video game consoles . It was part of the Wii Virtual Console at the service 's 2006 introduction , and was released for the Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network shortly afterwards . The game was released for the iPod Classic , iPod video , and video @-@ capable iPod Nano models in 2007 and for Apple 's iOS service ( compatible iPhone and iPod touch models ) in April 2009 . Sonic the Hedgehog became available on GameTap in September 2009 . In October 2010 , it was released as a Microsoft Windows download which was ported to Steam . The game was ported to two online app services ( Google Play and the Amazon Appstore ) in December 2012 . A remastered mobile port , created using Christian Whitehead 's Retro Engine previously used in the 2011 rerelease of Sonic CD , was released on iOS , replacing the original port , on May 15 , 2013 with an Android version released the following day . The port features widescreen graphics , the optional ability to spin dash , a time attack mode , and the unlockable option to play as Tails or Knuckles the Echidna . The game was also released as part of the Nintendo 3DS 3D Classics line in May 2013 in Japan , and worldwide in December . " " . "" play of depth "" more having as World Mario Super and , colors brighter with , faster being as Hedgehog the Sonic characterized and depth in two the compared Games Video and Computer of Rand Paul . ) System Entertainment Nintendo Super rival Genesis for released recently was which ( World Mario Super particularly , series Mario the rivaled game The . reviews nine on based GameRankings aggregator review the at rating approval percent @-@ 86 an with , reviews retrospective in and release its at praised critically was Hedgehog the Sonic "," Sonic the Hedgehog was critically praised at its release and in retrospective reviews , with an 86 @-@ percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings based on nine reviews . The game rivaled the Mario series , particularly Super Mario World ( which was recently released for Genesis rival Super Nintendo Entertainment System ) . Paul Rand of Computer and Video Games compared the two in depth and characterized Sonic the Hedgehog as being faster , with brighter colors , and Super Mario World as having more "" depth of play "" . " " . appreciated better were effects sound 's game the , "" appealing vaguely "" songs the called Machines Mean Although . "" brilliant absolutely "" effects sound the of some calling , "" jingles and tunes catchy of stacks "" noted Rand . "" amazing "" GameZone and , "" great "" them called Dragon ; received well also were effects sound and music The . "" seen ever ... fastest and smoothest the of some "" animation the called GameZone and "" year the of game video best the for contender serious a this make Hedgehog the Sonic in animation and graphics The "" , Dragon of ) Kirk and , Patricia , Hartley ( Lessers the to According . Machines Mean by echoed was which , "" gorgeous "" and "" popping @-@ eye "" backgrounds intricate the called GamePro of Man Boogie Reviewer . Genesis the for available best the as graphics its describing and animations and , backgrounds , sprites the in detail with color of interaction the praising , "" garish never but , lively "" scheme color its called Rand . graphics detailed , colorful 's game the noted Reviewers "," Reviewers noted the game 's colorful , detailed graphics . Rand called its color scheme "" lively , but never garish "" , praising the interaction of color with detail in the sprites , backgrounds , and animations and describing its graphics as the best available for the Genesis . Reviewer Boogie Man of GamePro called the intricate backgrounds "" eye @-@ popping "" and "" gorgeous "" , which was echoed by Mean Machines . According to the Lessers ( Hartley , Patricia , and Kirk ) of Dragon , "" The graphics and animation in Sonic the Hedgehog make this a serious contender for the best video game of the year "" and GameZone called the animation "" some of the smoothest and fastest ... ever seen "" . The music and sound effects were also well received ; Dragon called them "" great "" , and GameZone "" amazing "" . Rand noted "" stacks of catchy tunes and jingles "" , calling some of the sound effects "" absolutely brilliant "" . Although Mean Machines called the songs "" vaguely appealing "" , the game 's sound effects were better appreciated . " " . frustrating rings 's one of all losing found Paul , ) rooms hidden the especially ( design level the praised Machines Mean of Paul and , Dragon , EGM Although . jumping and running from primarily experience engaging an provide to ability 's Team Sonic praised Man Boogie and , hours for players enchant would it GameZone to according ; "" dream a like plays "" it that general in gameplay the about said Rand . EGM by "" average "" and Rand by "" impossible "" as described , disputed was difficulty 's game The "" . speed warp at Sonic see you till wait , quick was Enterprise the thought you If "" , ) EGM ( Monthly Gaming Electronic to according , and "" action fast @-@ lightning "" its noted Man Boogie 's GamePro . platformers in unprecedented , gameplay fast the cited Critics "," Critics cited the fast gameplay , unprecedented in platformers . GamePro 's Boogie Man noted its "" lightning @-@ fast action "" and , according to Electronic Gaming Monthly ( EGM ) , "" If you thought the Enterprise was quick , wait till you see Sonic at warp speed . "" The game 's difficulty was disputed , described as "" impossible "" by Rand and "" average "" by EGM . Rand said about the gameplay in general that it "" plays like a dream "" ; according to GameZone it would enchant players for hours , and Boogie Man praised Sonic Team 's ability to provide an engaging experience primarily from running and jumping . Although EGM , Dragon , and Paul of Mean Machines praised the level design ( especially the hidden rooms ) , Paul found losing all of one 's rings frustrating . " " . 2008 by downloads paid million eight had version mobile the and , 2009 February by copies million 15 over sold version Genesis original the ; success commercial a been has Hedgehog the Sonic . time all of game greatest @-@ 24th the it called Informer Game 2001 in and , title Genesis favorite @-@ third its game the ranked Mega "" . today so does still and , 91 ' in back impressed achievement technical the But . for known 's game the speed of rate incredible the for allowed which , engine graphics 's Sonic create to was it difficult how realize people Few ... through come that color and clarity the by impressed be 'll You "" : time of test the stood it that agreed IGN of Thomas M. Lucas . "" up hold still gameplay and , audio , graphics underlying the , years these all after "" port Advance Boy Game the in issues technical despite that noting , "" time all of platformers best the of one "" as game the described GameSpot of Provo Frank . time all of games video greatest the of lists on appearing , popularity its maintained has Hedgehog the Sonic "," Sonic the Hedgehog has maintained its popularity , appearing on lists of the greatest video games of all time . Frank Provo of GameSpot described the game as "" one of the best platformers of all time "" , noting that despite technical issues in the Game Boy Advance port "" after all these years , the underlying graphics , audio , and gameplay still hold up "" . Lucas M. Thomas of IGN agreed that it stood the test of time : "" You 'll be impressed by the clarity and color that come through ... Few people realize how difficult it was to create Sonic 's graphics engine , which allowed for the incredible rate of speed the game 's known for . But the technical achievement impressed back in ' 91 , and still does so today . "" Mega ranked the game its third @-@ favorite Genesis title , and in 2001 Game Informer called it the 24th @-@ greatest game of all time . Sonic the Hedgehog has been a commercial success ; the original Genesis version sold over 15 million copies by February 2009 , and the mobile version had eight million paid downloads by 2008 . 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The game 's first stage , Green Hill Zone , has also been re @-@ purposed for use in several other titles such as Sonic Adventure 2 , Sonic Generations and the Super Smash Bros. series . " " . Edwards A. Paul by directed was It . series the from expect could they what of example an as it viewed journalists and , Fringe of episode regular first the was "" Story Old Same The "" . procedural crime the and drama serialized between medium a find to sought they , series the developing When . Orci Roberto and , Kurtzman Alex , Abrams J. J. creators @-@ co and Pinkner Jeff producer executive by written was episode The . Fringe series television drama fiction science American the of season first the of episode second the is "" Story Old Same The "" "," "" The Same Old Story "" is the second episode of the first season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . The episode was written by executive producer Jeff Pinkner and co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman , and Roberto Orci . When developing the series , they sought to find a medium between serialized drama and the crime procedural . "" The Same Old Story "" was the first regular episode of Fringe , and journalists viewed it as an example of what they could expect from the series . It was directed by Paul A. Edwards . " " . syndrome aging rapid from suffers he as , alive stay ) Cecil Derek ( Christopher son his help to working is , progeria in expert an , ) Blum Mark ( Penrose Claus Dr. that revealed is It . removed glands pituitary their had all have who , women young of murders the to case the tie They . investigate ) Noble John ( Bishop Walter and ) Jackson Joshua ( Peter consultants and ) Torv Anna ( Dunham Olivia agent division Fringe , man old @-@ year @-@ 80 an into ages rapidly baby newborn a After "," After a newborn baby rapidly ages into an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man , Fringe division agent Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) and consultants Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) investigate . They tie the case to the murders of young women , who have all had their pituitary glands removed . It is revealed that Dr. Claus Penrose ( Mark Blum ) , an expert in progeria , is working to help his son Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) stay alive , as he suffers from rapid aging syndrome . " " . contrivances plot containing for it faulted but episode previous the from improvement an was it thought reviewers – critics television from reviews mixed received episode The . premiere series the from increase percent 45 a , episode the watched viewers million 272 @.@ 13 estimated An . Fox on 2008 , 16 September on States United the in aired first "" Story Old Same The "" "," "" The Same Old Story "" first aired in the United States on September 16 , 2008 on Fox . An estimated 13 @.@ 272 million viewers watched the episode , a 45 percent increase from the series premiere . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics – reviewers thought it was an improvement from the previous episode but faulted it for containing plot contrivances . 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She dies as the doctors perform a caesarean section , but the child ages rapidly in minutes , soon dead having aged to the likes of an 80 @-@ year @-@ old man . Olivia Dunham ( Anna Torv ) , Peter Bishop ( Joshua Jackson ) , and Walter Bishop ( John Noble ) , new members of the Fringe division , are called to investigate by division head Phillip Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) , believing the case to be part of "" The Pattern "" , a string of mysterious incidents . The woman is identified as having recently left a local motel , and Olivia finds evidence that points to a past serial murder case she and her former partner John Scott were not able to solve . Olivia explains to Peter that their murderer would paralyze his victims , young women , then make an incision along their face to extract a piece of brain material , killing the victim in the process . Walter takes both corpses back to his lab and determines that the woman had only been pregnant minutes before giving birth , her child having accelerated aging disease . Walter is reminded of having previously done work in this field , and remembers where he stashed his car that contains the related files . Once they are retrieved , Olivia makes a connection to the pituitary gland which controls growth in humans , and informs Charlie Francis ( Kirk Acevedo ) to monitor recent cases where the victims ' pituitary gland has been removed . 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Unseen by the Fringe division , Dr. Penrose visits an abandoned warehouse and meets the murderer , Christopher ( Derek Cecil ) , his son , who suffers from rapid aging syndrome . Penrose warns Christopher to be careful and that they only need one more woman to complete the process . By this time , Charlie has found a recent murder victim killed in the same fashion as Olivia 's serial murderer . At Walter 's lab , they identify the pituitary gland has been removed . They rationalize the murderer must extract hormones from the glands to slow down his own aging process . Walter hypothesizes they can discover the location of the crime by looking at the images left in the woman 's optical nerves induced by the paralyzing sedative . Borrowing an electronic pulse camera from Massive Dynamic , they discover the image of a suspension bridge near Stoughton and identify the likely location from which it was viewed — the same warehouse that Dr. Penrose visited . The FBI converge on the building , and Olivia and Peter find Penrose about to cut into another victim . Olivia chases off after Christopher , who eventually succumbs to his rapid aging and dies , while Peter , after nicking Penrose with a bullet , confers with Walter to apply a makeshift defibrillator to bring the victim back to life . " " . details any of void are childhood 's Peter on files medical FBI the that Olivia from learns Walter , earshot of out is Peter When . division Fringe the in position their finalize to forms complete Walter and , Peter , Olivia , case the up wrap they As "," As they wrap up the case , Olivia , Peter , and Walter complete forms to finalize their position in the Fringe division . When Peter is out of earshot , Walter learns from Olivia that the FBI medical files on Peter 's childhood are void of any details . " " . structured be would series the how of example an as it viewed journalists some and , episode regular first 's Fringe was "" Story Old Same The "" "" . show one of course the over themselves resolve to have 't don They . serialized be can stories character the – end an and , middle a , beginning a have – contained @-@ self are episodes our that sure make we While "" , explained . inspiration for Investigation Scene Crime : CSI and Order and Law as such dramas procedural studied and , content serialized and stories standalone between balance a find to wanted They . Alias series television ' Abrams at directed often complaint a was this as , serialized too series the make to want not did creators @-@ co the , Fringe developing In . series the for credit such first his , director the as served Edwards A. Paul . episode the wrote Pinkner Jeff producer executive and , Orci Roberto and Kurtzman Alex , Abrams J. J. creators @-@ Co "," Co @-@ creators J. J. Abrams , Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci , and executive producer Jeff Pinkner wrote the episode . Paul A. Edwards served as the director , his first such credit for the series . In developing Fringe , the co @-@ creators did not want to make the series too serialized , as this was a complaint often directed at Abrams ' television series Alias . They wanted to find a balance between standalone stories and serialized content , and studied procedural dramas such as Law and Order and CSI : Crime Scene Investigation for inspiration . explained , "" While we make sure that our episodes are self @-@ contained – have a beginning , a middle , and an end – the character stories can be serialized . They don 't have to resolve themselves over the course of one show . "" "" The Same Old Story "" was Fringe 's first regular episode , and some journalists viewed it as an example of how the series would be structured . " " "" . lab the in displays and monitors computer various the into it composite and imagery that take "" to used then they which "" , location the on and set the on reference photographic actual of lot a "" used they , vision last 's eye the for that explained Scollard Christopher Supervisor VFX . weapons concealed for clothing 's people through look that security airport in employed devices real on based was gun this , Peter master prop to according ; "" gun photon "" a called they which weapon a rigged department prop The "" . out popping 's eyeball the because gruesome very 's it though even , me like just look does really it because head the see to cool really 's it "" that stated Stanley "" . molds of series a through ] went [ and open it ] ed [ sculpt and eyeball the out drilled "" they , prosthetic a make to plaster Using . head 's Stanley Elizabeth actress on based mold a created crew effects special the , eyeball 's victim the remove they which in scene the For . departments different ' series the among collaboration much involved and research recent actual on based was episode The "," The episode was based on actual recent research and involved much collaboration among the series ' different departments . For the scene in which they remove the victim 's eyeball , the special effects crew created a mold based on actress Elizabeth Stanley 's head . Using plaster to make a prosthetic , they "" drilled out the eyeball and sculpt [ ed ] it open and [ went ] through a series of molds . "" Stanley stated that "" it 's really cool to see the head because it really does look just like me , even though it 's very gruesome because the eyeball 's popping out . "" The prop department rigged a weapon which they called a "" photon gun "" ; according to prop master Peter , this gun was based on real devices employed in airport security that look through people 's clothing for concealed weapons . VFX Supervisor Christopher Scollard explained that for the eye 's last vision , they used "" a lot of actual photographic reference on the set and on the location , "" which they then used to "" take that imagery and composite it into the various computer monitors and displays in the lab . "" " " . sister 's Scott John as Karin and , doctor a as Jones Ty , Amy as Carmen , Penrose Christopher old as McInerney Bernie , Alcott Daisy "" Amber "" Loraine as Gilpin Betty included actors guest Other . Penrose Claus Dr. , father his as Blum Mark and Penrose Christopher as Cecil Derek actors by appearances guest featured "" Story Old Same The "" "," "" The Same Old Story "" featured guest appearances by actors Derek Cecil as Christopher Penrose and Mark Blum as his father , Dr. Claus Penrose . Other guest actors included Betty Gilpin as Loraine "" Amber "" Daisy Alcott , Bernie McInerney as old Christopher Penrose , Carmen as Amy , Ty Jones as a doctor , and Karin as John Scott 's sister . " " . evening that olds @-@ year @-@ 54 to 18- male for program rated highest the also was Fringe . Fringe watch to stayed olds @-@ year @-@ 49 to 18- of percent 95 and audience total 's House of percent 93 as , night the for ratings 's Fringe boost helped , House , in @-@ lead rated @-@ high Its . years five over in series drama network new any for best the was improvement ratings this that claimed Fox . pilot the from million four of increase percent 45 a , States United the in viewers million 272 @.@ 13 by watched was "" Story Old Same The "" "," "" The Same Old Story "" was watched by 13 @.@ 272 million viewers in the United States , a 45 percent increase of four million from the pilot . Fox claimed that this ratings improvement was the best for any new network drama series in over five years . Its high @-@ rated lead @-@ in , House , helped boost Fringe 's ratings for the night , as 93 percent of House 's total audience and 95 percent of 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds stayed to watch Fringe . Fringe was also the highest rated program for male 18- to 54 @-@ year @-@ olds that evening . " " B. a with it graded Pity Without Television while , + C a episode the gave Murray Noel critic Club A.V. The . "" show the to presence unique a brings "" she as "" good very "" as performance 's Torv and , "" notch top "" as level production the praised also he and , "" show great "" a be to potential the has Fringe saying by review his concluded Fickett . show the to viewers new acquaint to needed was it that understood Fickett "" , dialogue clichéd and exposition clunky of lots with laden "" was it though ; pilot the than better was it thought IGN of Fickett Travis . "" history medical 's Peter about truth the know you then , file my read 've you If "" states Walter when , end very the at cliffhanger the and , killer her identity to order in eye 's girl the removed Walter when were episode the of parts interesting most two the stated She . think to what sure 't wasn and , "" place the over all "" seemed episode the thought Boursaw Jane writer Squad TV . critics television from reviews mixed received "" Story Old Same The "" "," "" The Same Old Story "" received mixed reviews from television critics . TV Squad writer Jane Boursaw thought the episode seemed "" all over the place "" , and wasn 't sure what to think . She stated the two most interesting parts of the episode were when Walter removed the girl 's eye in order to identity her killer , and the cliffhanger at the very end , when Walter states "" If you 've read my file , then you know the truth about Peter 's medical history "" . Travis Fickett of IGN thought it was better than the pilot ; though it was "" laden with lots of clunky exposition and clichéd dialogue , "" Fickett understood that it was needed to acquaint new viewers to the show . Fickett concluded his review by saying Fringe has the potential to be a "" great show "" , and he also praised the production level as "" top notch "" , and Torv 's performance as "" very good "" as she "" brings a unique presence to the show "" . The A.V. Club critic Noel Murray gave the episode a C + , while Television Without Pity graded it with a B. " " . "" institutionalized was Walter before conducted they experiments the and government the and Dynamic Massive , Sharp Nina , Walter between connections the into more delve to got also we "" and , "" Peter and Olivia between forming chemistry actual and , isms @-@ Walter awesome , effects special cool really had "" it that thought she because pilot the than better "" Story Old Same The "" liked also Guide TV of Fox Erin . "" sleeve his up tricks more any has Abrams if see to interested 'm I and , unremarkable than unbelievable of side the on err show a have rather "" would he because week next in tune would he said Jackson , flaws these Despite . victim last his killing from interrupted once aging began immediately murderer serial the how like "" contrivances plot "" perceived criticized also and , "" episodes two first the of puzzles the solved neatly "" that aspects "" machina ex deus "" the disliked Magazine Paste of Jackson Josh "," Josh Jackson of Paste Magazine disliked the "" deus ex machina "" aspects that "" neatly solved the puzzles of the first two episodes "" , and also criticized perceived "" plot contrivances "" like how the serial murderer immediately began aging once interrupted from killing his last victim . Despite these flaws , Jackson said he would tune in next week because he would "" rather have a show err on the side of unbelievable than unremarkable , and I 'm interested to see if Abrams has any more tricks up his sleeve "" . Erin Fox of TV Guide also liked "" The Same Old Story "" better than the pilot because she thought that it "" had really cool special effects , awesome Walter @-@ isms , and actual chemistry forming between Olivia and Peter "" , and "" we also got to delve more into the connections between Walter , Nina Sharp , Massive Dynamic and the government and the experiments they conducted before Walter was institutionalized "" . " " "" . explanation stupid less slightly a having for just , one this wins Fringe "" that concluded Zalben . "" Kalm Død "" episode Files @-@ X The plotted @-@ similarly the to "" Story Old Same The "" compared later , Zalben Alex , writer UGO Another "" . space combustible more , smaller a in just had pilot the that humor and , discovery , mystery of sense the of all has "" Story Old Same The "" . ' condensed ' is winner the and , it describe to word the find to struggled 'd I . episode @-@ weekly first the in defined better even is Files @-@ X not Fringe makes what of framework subtle the , fact In . spices and herbs @-@ eleven 's Fringe of any sacrificing without programming genre about holy is that all represents episode second 's Fringe . vanished have concerns my , "" Story Old Same The "" , episode second 's Fringe watch to down sitting after "" but , episodes weekly into translate to hard be would pilot expensive the that concerned was columnist Networks UGO A "," A UGO Networks columnist was concerned that the expensive pilot would be hard to translate into weekly episodes , but "" after sitting down to watch Fringe 's second episode , "" The Same Old Story "" , my concerns have vanished . Fringe 's second episode represents all that is holy about genre programming without sacrificing any of Fringe 's eleven @-@ herbs and spices . In fact , the subtle framework of what makes Fringe not X @-@ Files is even better defined in the first weekly @-@ episode . I 'd struggled to find the word to describe it , and the winner is ' condensed ' . "" The Same Old Story "" has all of the sense of mystery , discovery , and humor that the pilot had just in a smaller , more combustible space . "" Another UGO writer , Alex Zalben , later compared "" The Same Old Story "" to the similarly @-@ plotted The X @-@ Files episode "" Død Kalm "" . Zalben concluded that "" Fringe wins this one , just for having a slightly less stupid explanation . "" " " . weeks five for custody in remanded and , death 's causing with charged , arrested was Blythe Randy vocalist its , later years two concert another for Republic Czech the to returned band the When . cooperation for authorities States United asked unsuccessfully police Czech , investigation the During . death subsequent and coma a to leading injuries head sustained Daniel fan old @-@ year @-@ 19 wherein , Prague in concert God of Lamb 2010 a from stemming , Republic Czech the in case court a was case manslaughter Blythe Randy The "," The Randy Blythe manslaughter case was a court case in the Czech Republic , stemming from a 2010 Lamb of God concert in Prague , wherein 19 @-@ year @-@ old fan Daniel sustained head injuries leading to a coma and subsequent death . During the investigation , Czech police unsuccessfully asked United States authorities for cooperation . When the band returned to the Czech Republic for another concert two years later , its vocalist Randy Blythe was arrested , charged with causing 's death , and remanded in custody for five weeks . " " . 2013 , 5 June on Court High Prague the by upheld was acquittal The . members security and promoters with lay blame the of most and , liable criminally held not was Blythe , circumstances the to due , However . death his for responsibility moral had thus and offstage thrown had Blythe that proven was it , 2013 , 5 March on Prague in Court Municipal the by delivered verdict a to According "," According to a verdict delivered by the Municipal Court in Prague on March 5 , 2013 , it was proven that Blythe had thrown offstage and thus had moral responsibility for his death . However , due to the circumstances , Blythe was not held criminally liable , and most of the blame lay with promoters and security members . The acquittal was upheld by the Prague High Court on June 5 , 2013 . " " . injuries his from later weeks died and , coma a into fell , trauma brain serious suffered , alcohol or drugs of influence the under not was , paper same the to According . head his on directly backwards falling , stage the from singer the by thrown was and onstage climb to tried fan the that report to on went newspaper The . fans to invitation direct a not and audience the from applause invite to intended been have may , stated newspaper the , which , songs between "" up on Come "" chanting was Blythe , arrest 's Blythe following newspaper daily online Czech the by cited statements eyewitness to According . fan attending old @-@ year @-@ 19 a , Daniel of death the in resulted that incident an in involved was Blythe , , club Prague the in , 2010 , 24 May on concert a During "," During a concert on May 24 , 2010 , in the Prague club , , Blythe was involved in an incident that resulted in the death of Daniel , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old attending fan . According to eyewitness statements cited by the Czech online daily newspaper following Blythe 's arrest , Blythe was chanting "" Come on up "" between songs , which , the newspaper stated , may have been intended to invite applause from the audience and not a direct invitation to fans . The newspaper went on to report that the fan tried to climb onstage and was thrown by the singer from the stage , falling backwards directly on his head . According to the same paper , was not under the influence of drugs or alcohol , suffered serious brain trauma , fell into a coma , and died weeks later from his injuries . " " "" . down swept brutally was he , stage the climb to tried somebody when ... divers @-@ stage the towards band the of approach disputable , mildly it say to , was concert the about thing negative only the "" that stated while , "" stage the on anybody like not does band the that fact the to testimony a was head broken some "" that stated by report the , 2010 , 28 May On "" ) ! ( singing stopping even without , podium the off air the through him sent and times of couple a him punched , down intruder the struck he , territory his is it that showed clearly man @-@ front The . times several podium the climbed has who , fan impertinent an down took way uncompromising totally a in Randy "" that alleged by concert the after days two released report another , Meanwhile . ground the on down fan a holding Blythe showing them of one , pictures contains also article The "" . stage the off way brutal relatively a in fans some struck occasions few a on who , Blythe Randall singer the of behavior the was unexpected was that things the of one "" that stated by 2010 , 26 May on released issue at concert the about report A "," A report about the concert at issue released on May 26 , 2010 by stated that "" one of the things that was unexpected was the behavior of the singer Randall Blythe , who on a few occasions struck some fans in a relatively brutal way off the stage . "" The article also contains pictures , one of them showing Blythe holding a fan down on the ground . Meanwhile , another report released two days after the concert by alleged that "" Randy in a totally uncompromising way took down an impertinent fan , who has climbed the podium several times . The front @-@ man clearly showed that it is his territory , he struck the intruder down , punched him a couple of times and sent him through the air off the podium , without even stopping singing ( ! ) "" On May 28 , 2010 , the report by stated that "" some broken head was a testimony to the fact that the band does not like anybody on the stage "" , while stated that "" the only negative thing about the concert was , to say it mildly , disputable approach of the band towards the stage @-@ divers ... when somebody tried to climb the stage , he was brutally swept down . "" " " "" . thing Dime the considering that like something noticed 've would I think I . stage the on beaten being fan a alone let , show particular that recall 't can I "" , said Adler Willie Guitarist . than Blythe with contact into got previously who fan different a was it that trial the during revealed was it , However "" . head his hit and fell he supposedly where audience the into back him pushed Randy that and him reach to able not was security , time third the that alleged is It . performance the during Randy rushed and barricade the jumped concert the during times three that fan a with deals incident ] the [ "" , PR Adrenaline publicist God of Lamb the to According "" . be to supposed not was he where stage the onto climbed someone when concert the during happened which incident unfortunate an was it "" that and , Blythe and fan the between fight no was there that said , concert the of promoter a , Fiala Tomáš , arrest 's Blythe Following "," Following Blythe 's arrest , Tomáš Fiala , a promoter of the concert , said that there was no fight between the fan and Blythe , and that "" it was an unfortunate incident which happened during the concert when someone climbed onto the stage where he was not supposed to be . "" According to the Lamb of God publicist Adrenaline PR , "" [ the ] incident deals with a fan that three times during the concert jumped the barricade and rushed Randy during the performance . It is alleged that the third time , security was not able to reach him and that Randy pushed him back into the audience where supposedly he fell and hit his head . "" However , it was revealed during the trial that it was a different fan who previously got into contact with Blythe than . Guitarist Willie Adler said , "" I can 't recall that particular show , let alone a fan being beaten on the stage . I think I would 've noticed something like that considering the Dime thing . "" " " . management its or God of Lamb from anyone notify not did , moreover , and cooperate to refused they , however ; investigation the in part take to Justice of Department States United the asked police the , concert the from eyewitnesses several interviewing After . coma a following and concert the after month a about , of death the following investigation an launched police the , Martin attorney 's Blythe to According "," According to Blythe 's attorney Martin , the police launched an investigation following the death of , about a month after the concert and following a coma . After interviewing several eyewitnesses from the concert , the police asked the United States Department of Justice to take part in the investigation ; however , they refused to cooperate and , moreover , did not notify anyone from Lamb of God or its management . " " . canceled be to concert the caused Airport at arrival upon arrest 's Blythe but , 2012 , 28 June on Prague in play to prepared was God of Lamb . manslaughter of suspicion on police Czech the by arrested was Blythe , 2012 , 27 June On "," On June 27 , 2012 , Blythe was arrested by the Czech police on suspicion of manslaughter . Lamb of God was prepared to play in Prague on June 28 , 2012 , but Blythe 's arrest upon arrival at Airport caused the concert to be canceled . " " . remorse his expressed and death 's of aware been not had he that stated Blythe , Nova TV to According "," According to TV Nova , Blythe stated that he had not been aware of 's death and expressed his remorse . " " "" . immediately dropped be will and outrageous and bogus "" was charge the said Blythe Mark brother 's Randy . guilty found if imprisonment of years 10 – 5 faced He . ) manslaughter i.e. ( death in resulting harm bodily of infliction intentional contains which , Code Criminal Czech the of ) 4 ( 146 section under Blythe charged formally had police the that 2012 , 29 June on stated spokesperson police A "," A police spokesperson stated on June 29 , 2012 that the police had formally charged Blythe under section 146 ( 4 ) of the Czech Criminal Code , which contains intentional infliction of bodily harm resulting in death ( i.e. manslaughter ) . He faced 5 – 10 years of imprisonment if found guilty . Randy 's brother Mark Blythe said the charge was "" bogus and outrageous and will be dropped immediately . "" " " . Court Municipal Prague the , court appellate by with dealt be to was which , complaint his filed Attorney State the that , 2012 , 9 July until not was it holidays public to Due . complaint a filing by it challenge to or bail the accept either to days working three had Attorney State the , this After . 2012 , 3 July of day @-@ mid on account bank 's court the in deposited was Bail . Prison in held was Blythe ; income annual alleged 's Blythe , ) 000 @,@ 200 $ US ~ ( 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 4 CZK of bail a of possibility the with , remand on held be will Blythe that ruled Court District 8 Prague the of Petr judge , day same the conducted hearing a During . risk flight a Blythe considered he as , detention trial @-@ pre in Blythe remand to motion a brought Attorney State the , 2012 , 30 June On "," On June 30 , 2012 , the State Attorney brought a motion to remand Blythe in pre @-@ trial detention , as he considered Blythe a flight risk . During a hearing conducted the same day , judge Petr of the Prague 8 District Court ruled that Blythe will be held on remand , with the possibility of a bail of CZK 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( ~ US $ 200 @,@ 000 ) , Blythe 's alleged annual income ; Blythe was held in Prison . Bail was deposited in the court 's bank account on mid @-@ day of July 3 , 2012 . After this , the State Attorney had three working days to either accept the bail or to challenge it by filing a complaint . Due to public holidays it was not until July 9 , 2012 , that the State Attorney filed his complaint , which was to be dealt with by appellate court , the Prague Municipal Court . " " . trial the for return would he that Nova TV with interview an in claiming , day next the Republic Czech the left Blythe . release immediate 's Blythe ordered and complaint second 's Attorney State the rejected court appellate the , 2012 , 2 August On . finished are proceedings criminal the until regularly station police given a at report to having Blythe or / and country the in staying Blythe to subject is bail the that achieve to trying , release of conditions the challenged Attorney State the , this After . ) 000 @,@ 400 $ US ~ ( million 8 CZK to amount bail the doubling by decision bail the overturned Vrba judge by headed judges three of panel 's Court Municipal Prague , 2012 , 17 July On "," On July 17 , 2012 , Prague Municipal Court 's panel of three judges headed by judge Vrba overturned the bail decision by doubling the bail amount to CZK 8 million ( ~ US $ 400 @,@ 000 ) . After this , the State Attorney challenged the conditions of release , trying to achieve that the bail is subject to Blythe staying in the country and / or Blythe having to report at a given police station regularly until the criminal proceedings are finished . On August 2 , 2012 , the appellate court rejected the State Attorney 's second complaint and ordered Blythe 's immediate release . Blythe left the Czech Republic the next day , claiming in an interview with TV Nova that he would return for the trial . " " . person in hearing the attend to summoned was Blythe . days consecutive four in hearings the conduct to plan a with , 2013 , 4 February on commence to trial the set judge a , later weeks Two . 2012 , 30 November on charges aforementioned the on Blythe indicted Attorney State the , file case the reviewing After . Blythe indict to Attorney State the to proposed and investigation their closed formally had police the that announced Office 's Attorney State Prague the of spokesperson the , 2012 , 13 November On "," On November 13 , 2012 , the spokesperson of the Prague State Attorney 's Office announced that the police had formally closed their investigation and proposed to the State Attorney to indict Blythe . After reviewing the case file , the State Attorney indicted Blythe on the aforementioned charges on November 30 , 2012 . Two weeks later , a judge set the trial to commence on February 4 , 2013 , with a plan to conduct the hearings in four consecutive days . Blythe was summoned to attend the hearing in person . " " . Attorney State the by assessment legal its by bound not is it , however ; indictment the in stated as deed the on decide to bound is court the , general In . public are Republic Czech the in Trials . judges lay two and Tomáš judge professional presiding of consisting , Court Municipal Prague the of panel a by heard was case The "," The case was heard by a panel of the Prague Municipal Court , consisting of presiding professional judge Tomáš and two lay judges . Trials in the Czech Republic are public . In general , the court is bound to decide on the deed as stated in the indictment ; however , it is not bound by its legal assessment by the State Attorney . " " . Freedoms Basic and Rights Fundamental of Charter and Constitution Czech the under rights of violation of allegation on based be may petition The . Republic Czech the of Court Constitutional the to petition a lodge also may defendant the , remedies these of all exhausting After . case the of review full for provide not does and law of issues on only rest , however , may appeal extraordinary an ; Brno in Republic Czech the of Court Supreme the by heard be would which , Attorney State Supreme the or defendant the by lodged be may appeal extraordinary an , Nevertheless . enforceable and final is court instance second of decision A . judges professional three of consisting , Court High Prague the of panel a by heard be would appeal the ; decision the appeal may Attorney State the and defendant the Both "," Both the defendant and the State Attorney may appeal the decision ; the appeal would be heard by a panel of the Prague High Court , consisting of three professional judges . A decision of second instance court is final and enforceable . Nevertheless , an extraordinary appeal may be lodged by the defendant or the Supreme State Attorney , which would be heard by the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic in Brno ; an extraordinary appeal may , however , rest only on issues of law and does not provide for full review of the case . After exhausting all of these remedies , the defendant may also lodge a petition to the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic . The petition may be based on allegation of violation of rights under the Czech Constitution and Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms . " " . Association Football Czech the of chairman @-@ vice a , Miroslav of disappearance with connection in indicted was who , Rus Miroslav of that is evidence insufficient to due acquittal in ended which cases murder 's of Another . Court Municipal the of tribunal different a by again heard be will case the and , Court High the by appeal on repealed was decision the , however ; evidence of lack to due acquitted Prague in Court Municipal The . murder a ordering for prison in years 25 requesting , mafia Russian of head alleged an , Andranik against case a tried also He . ) imprisonment years 11 ( Petr and ) imprisonment years 13 ( Maria , ) appeal on years 25 , instance 1st at imprisonment life ( Fidler Roman , ) prison in life ( Mika as such , murderers of number a tried had . Vladimír Attorney State by brought was Blythe against Indictment "," Indictment against Blythe was brought by State Attorney Vladimír . had tried a number of murderers , such as Mika ( life in prison ) , Roman Fidler ( life imprisonment at 1st instance , 25 years on appeal ) , Maria ( 13 years imprisonment ) and Petr ( 11 years imprisonment ) . He also tried a case against Andranik , an alleged head of Russian mafia , requesting 25 years in prison for ordering a murder . The Municipal Court in Prague acquitted due to lack of evidence ; however , the decision was repealed on appeal by the High Court , and the case will be heard again by a different tribunal of the Municipal Court . Another of 's murder cases which ended in acquittal due to insufficient evidence is that of Miroslav Rus , who was indicted in connection with disappearance of Miroslav , a vice @-@ chairman of the Czech Football Association . " " . 2000 Forum of directors of board of member a also is He . 1996 in Co. & established , McKenzie & Baker at partner former A . Marián Minister Prime then the of advisor external as served he , 1992 to 1990 From . University York New the at and University Charles of Law of Faculty the at law studied . Vladimír and Martin lawyers Prague by represented was Blythe Randy "," Randy Blythe was represented by Prague lawyers Martin and Vladimír . studied law at the Faculty of Law of Charles University and at the New York University . From 1990 to 1992 , he served as external advisor of the then Prime Minister Marián . A former partner at Baker & McKenzie , established & Co. in 1996 . He is also a member of board of directors of Forum 2000 . " " . "" contempt on bordering behaviour "" as perceived he what for association bar Czech the of commission disciplinary the face to sent judge the , proceedings the During . torture and rape of charges on indicted VIPs Czech of hairdresser a of case the in attorney defense a as acted also . liable not criminally and insane found being Nagy with ended proceedings The . bribe a accepting of indicted was who , Nagy Pavel judge defending also was He . it in part took that evidence no is there , place take did crimes the although that held court The . 2007 in Prague in Court Municipal the by exonerated was he until against testimonies their changed or withdrew gradually victims alleged and witnesses the as , history Czech the in cases criminal longest the of one became It . torture and blackmail committing and murders three commit to preparing with 1994 in charged first was who national Kurdish a , of attorney as fame gained "," gained fame as attorney of , a Kurdish national who was first charged in 1994 with preparing to commit three murders and committing blackmail and torture . It became one of the longest criminal cases in the Czech history , as the witnesses and alleged victims gradually withdrew or changed their testimonies against until he was exonerated by the Municipal Court in Prague in 2007 . The court held that although the crimes did take place , there is no evidence that took part in it . He was also defending judge Pavel Nagy , who was indicted of accepting a bribe . The proceedings ended with Nagy being found insane and criminally not liable . also acted as a defense attorney in the case of a hairdresser of Czech VIPs indicted on charges of rape and torture . During the proceedings , the judge sent to face the disciplinary commission of the Czech bar association for what he perceived as "" behaviour bordering on contempt "" . " " . dangerous rather was it that and , people many too were there , small was stage the that saying , on went technician the , Blythe to According . messy and terrible was club the that him told technician 's God of Lamb , concert the before club the see to wanted he when that testified Blythe . 2013 , 4 February on started trial The "," The trial started on February 4 , 2013 . Blythe testified that when he wanted to see the club before the concert , Lamb of God 's technician told him that the club was terrible and messy . According to Blythe , the technician went on , saying that the stage was small , there were too many people , and that it was rather dangerous . " " . security by stopped being finally before again yet stage the reach to trying saw he that said further Blythe . back from fan the pushing actually was officer security a that out found Blythe that incident the of video a watching after only was It . off jumped fan the where , stage the of edge the to hair his by fan the led then He . stop to him told repeatedly and him on knelt , ground the on him pushed , collar 's caught , danger a as this perceived words own his to according who , Blythe . him hug to attempt an in Blythe around arms his put to tried he , time second The . diving stage before arms his waving started and stage the rushed , attempt first the during that testified Blythe . security by stopped being without twice stage the climb to managed , proceedings the during later testify to scheduled was who and , newspapers Czech by Milan as identified was who , fans the of One . stage the to up climb or members band the reach easily could people that said Blythe . blind @-@ half him left allegedly effects light and smoke the with together which , stage the entering before glasses his off took , nearsighted is who , Blythe "," Blythe , who is nearsighted , took off his glasses before entering the stage , which together with the smoke and light effects allegedly left him half @-@ blind . Blythe said that people could easily reach the band members or climb up to the stage . One of the fans , who was identified as Milan by Czech newspapers , and who was scheduled to testify later during the proceedings , managed to climb the stage twice without being stopped by security . Blythe testified that during the first attempt , rushed the stage and started waving his arms before stage diving . The second time , he tried to put his arms around Blythe in an attempt to hug him . Blythe , who according to his own words perceived this as a danger , caught 's collar , pushed him on the ground , knelt on him and repeatedly told him to stop . He then led the fan by his hair to the edge of the stage , where the fan jumped off . It was only after watching a video of the incident that Blythe found out that a security officer was actually pushing the fan from back . Blythe further said that he saw trying to reach the stage yet again before finally being stopped by security . " " . death 's about out found he that later years two arrest the until not was It . him with contact into came nor saw never he that insisted Blythe . up thumbs him showed fans other that and up get fan the saw he that commented further Blythe . him helping nobody with ground the on lying moment a for was fan the that testified , with incidents previous the caught which video of author , Jiří . not did it which , him catch would crowd the that belief the in stage the of out hands both with him pushed and fan the approached he that testified Blythe . again was it that thought Blythe , stage the climb to tried fan another when , Later "," Later , when another fan tried to climb the stage , Blythe thought that it was again . Blythe testified that he approached the fan and pushed him with both hands out of the stage in the belief that the crowd would catch him , which it did not . Jiří , author of video which caught the previous incidents with , testified that the fan was for a moment lying on the ground with nobody helping him . Blythe further commented that he saw the fan get up and that other fans showed him thumbs up . Blythe insisted that he never saw nor came into contact with him . It was not until the arrest two years later that he found out about 's death . " " . stage the climb to people encourage to not but , crowd the to cheers regularly Blythe that and energetic very is music metal that demonstrate to order in concerts God of Lamb various from videos presented also defense The . person read @-@ well and , moderate , calm a is Blythe , Adler to According . act stage a only is aggressiveness 's Blythe that proclaimed further and stage the of back the from anything seen not had he that testified , drummer 's God of Lamb , Adler Chris . drugs any used never had he that and concert the during alcohol of influence the under not was he that testified further Blythe "," Blythe further testified that he was not under the influence of alcohol during the concert and that he had never used any drugs . Chris Adler , Lamb of God 's drummer , testified that he had not seen anything from the back of the stage and further proclaimed that Blythe 's aggressiveness is only a stage act . According to Adler , Blythe is a calm , moderate , and well @-@ read person . The defense also presented videos from various Lamb of God concerts in order to demonstrate that metal music is very energetic and that Blythe regularly cheers to the crowd , but not to encourage people to climb the stage . " " . ) 000 @,@ 530 $ US . approx ( 000 @,@ 000 @,@ 10 CZK of amount the in damages for claim a brought representative 's family The . incident the of day the until up healthy been had son his that confirmed father 's . team defense the by nor band the from anyone by contacted been not has family the that testified , however , father 's Daniel . person @-@ in meeting a and help offered he which in , family the to letter a written had he , death 's about learning after that alleged also Blythe "," Blythe also alleged that after learning about 's death , he had written a letter to the family , in which he offered help and a meeting in @-@ person . Daniel 's father , however , testified that the family has not been contacted by anyone from the band nor by the defense team . 's father confirmed that his son had been healthy up until the day of the incident . The family 's representative brought a claim for damages in the amount of CZK 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( approx . US $ 530 @,@ 000 ) . " " . started had concert the before player guitar a from autograph an secure to able been had who God of Lamb of fan huge a as described They . Prague of northwest ) mi 81 ( kilometres 130 some mountains in town a , from concert the attend to come had friends three and . Daniel of friends were them Among . 2013 , 5 February on testimonies their delivered witnesses eight , Altogether "," Altogether , eight witnesses delivered their testimonies on February 5 , 2013 . Among them were friends of Daniel . and three friends had come to attend the concert from , a town in mountains some 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) northwest of Prague . They described as a huge fan of Lamb of God who had been able to secure an autograph from a guitar player before the concert had started . " " . it to attention much pay not did guards security the and stage on getting against fans the warned not had band the , to According . ambulance an him called they , concert the after sick fell as , However . reply positive a him gave crowd the that and fell after "" ? okay you Are "" asked Blythe that testimony 's Blythe corroborated . Blythe from punch a receiving and choked , kicked being fan another with , Blythe by stage the off chased be to person first the not was that claimed further He . furious visibly was Blythe that commenting , past the in attended had he concerts the all from deviated behavior 's Blythe that said further He "" . hands both with pushed Blythe sure % 100 "" was he said He . stage the off Blythe by pushed was he crowd the towards around turned he as and , stage the climbed that testified Jan friend 's "," 's friend Jan testified that climbed the stage , and as he turned around towards the crowd he was pushed by Blythe off the stage . He said he was "" 100 % sure Blythe pushed with both hands . "" He further said that Blythe 's behavior deviated from all the concerts he had attended in the past , commenting that Blythe was visibly furious . He further claimed that was not the first person to be chased off the stage by Blythe , with another fan being kicked , choked and receiving a punch from Blythe . corroborated Blythe 's testimony that Blythe asked "" Are you okay ? "" after fell and that the crowd gave him a positive reply . However , as fell sick after the concert , they called him an ambulance . According to , the band had not warned the fans against getting on stage and the security guards did not pay much attention to it . " " . stage the to invitation an as break the in gesture 's Blythe understood he that said Vlach . concussion a have might he fear for ambulance an called they , head his of back the at bulge a had he that realized friends his as and fall the after hour an half about vomiting began . bottle water a fetched was he where , bench a on sit to went , fall the after that testified further Vlach . break the to due stage the of front in fans fewer were there , Vlach to According . ground the on directly fell , stage the under remaining fans of couple a by caught was fan other the While . off both them pushed and fans two the into ran Blythe , him to According . backstage go to leaving were members band the as fan another with together stage the climbed . encore the and concert of end the between break a in happened fall 's that testified Vlach friend other 's "," 's other friend Vlach testified that 's fall happened in a break between the end of concert and the encore . climbed the stage together with another fan as the band members were leaving to go backstage . According to him , Blythe ran into the two fans and pushed them both off . While the other fan was caught by a couple of fans remaining under the stage , fell directly on the ground . According to Vlach , there were fewer fans in front of the stage due to the break . Vlach further testified that after the fall , went to sit on a bench , where he was fetched a water bottle . began vomiting about half an hour after the fall and as his friends realized that he had a bulge at the back of his head , they called an ambulance for fear he might have a concussion . Vlach said that he understood Blythe 's gesture in the break as an invitation to the stage . " " . precisely it see not did he though , singer the perhaps , else someone by helped been have might fall 's fan the that said further He . secured be could he before off fell person another that and stage the off person one pulled he that testified He . stage the climbing for platform a make to as close so not but , stage the to close too was guardrail the that said . incident the of night the guard security a as worked who , Robert was testify to person Another "," Another person to testify was Robert , who worked as a security guard the night of the incident . said that the guardrail was too close to the stage , but not so close as to make a platform for climbing the stage . He testified that he pulled one person off the stage and that another person fell off before he could be secured . He further said that the fan 's fall might have been helped by someone else , perhaps the singer , though he did not see it precisely . " " . behavior aggressive his about claims refuted court in shown evidence video that argued also Blythe . them between contact prior no was there that testified he , hearing court the at , however ; stage on another to hand offered them of one that or hands shook Blythe and that alleged originally witnesses the of one , things other Among . court the at and 2010 in incident the after gave witnesses the testimonies the between differences attacked team defense 's Blythe "," Blythe 's defense team attacked differences between the testimonies the witnesses gave after the incident in 2010 and at the court . Among other things , one of the witnesses originally alleged that and Blythe shook hands or that one of them offered hand to another on stage ; however , at the court hearing , he testified that there was no prior contact between them . Blythe also argued that video evidence shown in court refuted claims about his aggressive behavior . " " . stage on wanted not was he that fact the grasped he that commented He . adequate was reaction 's Blythe , acted he way the and drunk was ) ( he that fact the account into taking that admitted also He . him choke not did definitely Blythe but , moment a for down him held and him on knelt , down him knocked Blythe that testified . stage on get to attempt third the during mind his changed he ; dive stage to order in twice stage the climbed he said . trial the of day third the on testified , stage the off shoving to admitted Blythe whom fan the , Milan "," Milan , the fan whom Blythe admitted to shoving off the stage , testified on the third day of the trial . said he climbed the stage twice in order to stage dive ; he changed his mind during the third attempt to get on stage . testified that Blythe knocked him down , knelt on him and held him down for a moment , but Blythe definitely did not choke him . He also admitted that taking into account the fact that he ( ) was drunk and the way he acted , Blythe 's reaction was adequate . He commented that he grasped the fact that he was not wanted on stage . " " . concert the of end the at fall 's of moment the to as testimony a gave day that stand the took who witness other any nor two the Neither . stage the on fans any want not did Blythe that evident was it that said She . exception no was issue at concert the and acts tough and angry on put always bands metal that saying , concerts metal to standard was behavior 's Blythe that testified crowd the of rear the at concert the attended had who witness Another "," Another witness who had attended the concert at the rear of the crowd testified that Blythe 's behavior was standard to metal concerts , saying that metal bands always put on angry and tough acts and the concert at issue was no exception . She said that it was evident that Blythe did not want any fans on the stage . Neither the two nor any other witness who took the stand that day gave a testimony as to the moment of 's fall at the end of the concert . " " . concert the after or before either him to concerns any expressed not had band the , case the not was this although that testified Fiala Tomáš Promoter . stage the from ) ft 9 @.@ 4 ( metres 5 @.@ 1 placed be should barriers that including , venue concert the to demands security of list a sent had God of Lamb that heard further court The . investigation police the during , later only that for reasons the about learned but , evening that called was ambulance an that aware was She . incident the about known not had she that stated who , producer former 's from statement sworn a read also judge The "," The judge also read a sworn statement from 's former producer , who stated that she had not known about the incident . She was aware that an ambulance was called that evening , but learned about the reasons for that only later , during the police investigation . The court further heard that Lamb of God had sent a list of security demands to the concert venue , including that barriers should be placed 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 @.@ 9 ft ) from the stage . Promoter Tomáš Fiala testified that although this was not the case , the band had not expressed any concerns to him either before or after the concert . " " "" . time every ] stage on [ up coming was who Milan was it , knowledge my of best the To "" : saying by responded Blythe . stage the off threw Blythe whom Milan was it that insists he whether Blythe asked , statements witness previous the to view a with , and testimony 's Blythe the through again went judge The . questions his answering deny can and silent remain to right the had he that him alerted first judge The . day that stand the to again called was Blythe Randy "," Randy Blythe was called again to the stand that day . The judge first alerted him that he had the right to remain silent and can deny answering his questions . The judge went again through the Blythe 's testimony and , with a view to the previous witness statements , asked Blythe whether he insists that it was Milan whom Blythe threw off the stage . Blythe responded by saying : "" To the best of my knowledge , it was Milan who was coming up [ on stage ] every time . "" " " . bone some removing by brain on pressure reduce to second and injury the to tend to first , operations two underwent , There . diagnosis the after hospital another to transferred was , department neurology specialized a have not did hospital this Since . place took diagnosis initial the where , venue the from kilometer a than less hospital nearby a to taken initially was "" . patient the save to more done have 't couldn doctors that and , percent 40 around is injury of kind this from rate mortality "" the that added . brainstem the to blow a from resulting pneumonia was death of cause 's that testified , Post Prague The to According . stand the took Michal witness medical expert , day that Also "," Also that day , expert medical witness Michal took the stand . According to The Prague Post , testified that 's cause of death was pneumonia resulting from a blow to the brainstem . added that the "" mortality rate from this kind of injury is around 40 percent , and that doctors couldn 't have done more to save the patient . "" was initially taken to a nearby hospital less than a kilometer from the venue , where the initial diagnosis took place . Since this hospital did not have a specialized neurology department , was transferred to another hospital after the diagnosis . There , underwent two operations , first to tend to the injury and second to reduce pressure on brain by removing some bone . " " . resumed trial the when return to committed Blythe . witness 's defense the hear to order in , 2013 , 4 March until adjourned be would hearings the which after , day next the hearings the with continue to decided court The . ill fell witness key a as adjournment for asked defense , Finally "," Finally , defense asked for adjournment as a key witness fell ill . The court decided to continue with the hearings the next day , after which the hearings would be adjourned until March 4 , 2013 , in order to hear the defense 's witness . Blythe committed to return when the trial resumed . " " . guardrail the of position the , things other among , describe not could thus and , in dates other on concerts multiple visited had he as , show the from details recalling trouble had . ground the on directly fall anybody seen not had He . behind from fall his aided somebody , dive stage to preparing was he as that and times three stage the reach to tried fan a how saw he that testified . there allowed not were they that demonstrated Blythe , stage the on got somebody time each that said also He . show the of part just is onstage displayed behavior aggressive any realize should fans that and , night that aggressive was Blythe think not did he said He . witnesses previous the by "" situation the of description the like 't didn "" he because newspapers in trial the about reading after defense the contacted Lukáš . adjourned was hearing the before stand the took witness one only , 2013 , 7 February On "," On February 7 , 2013 , only one witness took the stand before the hearing was adjourned . Lukáš contacted the defense after reading about the trial in newspapers because he "" didn 't like the description of the situation "" by the previous witnesses . He said he did not think Blythe was aggressive that night , and that fans should realize any aggressive behavior displayed onstage is just part of the show . He also said that each time somebody got on the stage , Blythe demonstrated that they were not allowed there . testified that he saw how a fan tried to reach the stage three times and that as he was preparing to stage dive , somebody aided his fall from behind . He had not seen anybody fall directly on the ground . had trouble recalling details from the show , as he had visited multiple concerts on other dates in , and thus could not describe , among other things , the position of the guardrail . " " . later minutes 10 – 5 arrived ambulance The . stage the off fell person the that them by told was he that said He . air fresh to building the of out man third a taking men two saw he , exit the by when that testified He . fall the see not did but concert the at present was who bodyguard a was them of One . eyewitnesses two from testimonies heard further court The . stress under emotions his controlling with issues have may he , nevertheless ; aggressive not is Blythe that agreed witnesses expert two The . absence his in undertaken be may they point this at that him told had judge presiding the though even , person in hearings the attend to returned Blythe . ) defense the by appointed , Alena ( psychiatry and ) court the by appointed , Tereza ( psychology criminal of fields the in witnesses expert from testimonies with 2013 , 4 March on resumed trial The "," The trial resumed on March 4 , 2013 with testimonies from expert witnesses in the fields of criminal psychology ( Tereza , appointed by the court ) and psychiatry ( Alena , appointed by the defense ) . Blythe returned to attend the hearings in person , even though the presiding judge had told him that at this point they may be undertaken in his absence . The two expert witnesses agreed that Blythe is not aggressive ; nevertheless , he may have issues with controlling his emotions under stress . The court further heard testimonies from two eyewitnesses . One of them was a bodyguard who was present at the concert but did not see the fall . He testified that when by the exit , he saw two men taking a third man out of the building to fresh air . He said that he was told by them that the person fell off the stage . The ambulance arrived 5 – 10 minutes later . " " . concert the of end the by fall any seeing recall not did day that stand the took who concert the of attendee Another . backwards fell that testified She . moment the at staying were fans no where place a into fans the of row front the behind fall to for enough strong was shove the , her to According "" . him shoved Blythe , up stand to tried he when and , stage the onto climbed e ] h [ "" saying , shove Blythe saw she that testified who , Alena , fan a was eyewitness Another "," Another eyewitness was a fan , Alena , who testified that she saw Blythe shove , saying "" [ h ] e climbed onto the stage , and when he tried to stand up , Blythe shoved him . "" According to her , the shove was strong enough for to fall behind the front row of the fans into a place where no fans were staying at the moment . She testified that fell backwards . Another attendee of the concert who took the stand that day did not recall seeing any fall by the end of the concert . " " . points his of some on Attorney State the with agreed judge presiding The . fall the during turn not did and beginning the from back his onto fell which to according , testimonies eyewitness the of some as well as , time and place the at conditions the omitted witness expert the that claiming , testimony this attacked immediately Attorney State The . himself jumped have must but , pushed only not been have must he , fans the of row first the over fell if that said further He . head his of back the to injury an sustained have not could he , forward falling be he should that and fall the during degrees 180 turn not could that 5 March on testified biomechanics of field the in witness expert appointed @-@ defense A "," A defense @-@ appointed expert witness in the field of biomechanics testified on March 5 that could not turn 180 degrees during the fall and that should he be falling forward , he could not have sustained an injury to the back of his head . He further said that if fell over the first row of the fans , he must have been not only pushed , but must have jumped himself . The State Attorney immediately attacked this testimony , claiming that the expert witness omitted the conditions at the place and time , as well as some of the eyewitness testimonies , according to which fell onto his back from the beginning and did not turn during the fall . The presiding judge agreed with the State Attorney on some of his points . " " "" . injury an to lead may height from fall a that aware are kindergarten the in children even "" that claiming , years 5 for Blythe incarcerate to court the asked Attorney State the , speech closing his In "," In his closing speech , the State Attorney asked the court to incarcerate Blythe for 5 years , claiming that "" even children in the kindergarten are aware that a fall from height may lead to an injury . "" " " . work to unable patient psychiatry a become consequently has mother his and , birthday 's father his on died had Daniel that added further He . suffered has family the loss the replace could money no as , amount requested the substantiating be not would he that continued He . responsible solely was Blythe that believe not did family the , testimonies witness the on based that said representative family A "," A family representative said that based on the witness testimonies , the family did not believe that Blythe was solely responsible . He continued that he would not be substantiating the requested amount , as no money could replace the loss the family has suffered . He further added that Daniel had died on his father 's birthday , and his mother has consequently become a psychiatry patient unable to work . " " . again concerts God of Lamb at happening from similar anything avoid to undertaken be would measures , acquittal of case in that commented further He . so pleaded have would he guilty felt he if that and responsibility any avoid to wish not did he that said Blythe , word closing his In "," In his closing word , Blythe said that he did not wish to avoid any responsibility and that if he felt guilty he would have pleaded so . He further commented that in case of acquittal , measures would be undertaken to avoid anything similar from happening at Lamb of God concerts again . " " . bail 's Blythe of return the ordered and claim damages the dismissed court the , Consequently . it for responsibility moral the had he though even , death 's for liable criminally not was Blythe which to according , verdict a delivered court the , 2013 , 5 March On "," On March 5 , 2013 , the court delivered a verdict , according to which Blythe was not criminally liable for 's death , even though he had the moral responsibility for it . Consequently , the court dismissed the damages claim and ordered the return of Blythe 's bail . " " . family the with met having not for Blythe reproached further Judge . members security and promoters the with lies blame the of part largest the , court the to According . guardrail the over gotten repeatedly had who fan other the for mistaken have could , nearsightedness his to due , Blythe , However . stage the off thrown had Blythe that proven was it that held court The "," The court held that it was proven that Blythe had thrown off the stage . However , Blythe , due to his nearsightedness , could have mistaken for the other fan who had repeatedly gotten over the guardrail . According to the court , the largest part of the blame lies with the promoters and security members . Judge further reproached Blythe for not having met with the family . " " . verdict the appeal would he that announced Attorney State The "," The State Attorney announced that he would appeal the verdict . " " . 2013 , 5 June on panel the by upheld was acquittal 's Blythe . absence 's Blythe in place took hearing The . Jiří judge by chaired , Court High Prague the of judges three of panel a by heard was appeal 's Attorney State The "," The State Attorney 's appeal was heard by a panel of three judges of the Prague High Court , chaired by judge Jiří . The hearing took place in Blythe 's absence . Blythe 's acquittal was upheld by the panel on June 5 , 2013 . " " . final become has it , verdict instance second written of delivery the of months two within SSA by lodged been 't hasn appeal the As . Court Supreme the to ) SSA ( Attorney State Supreme the by appealed been have may verdict The "," The verdict may have been appealed by the Supreme State Attorney ( SSA ) to the Supreme Court . As the appeal hasn 't been lodged by SSA within two months of the delivery of written second instance verdict , it has become final . " " . suit the dismissed 2 Prague for Court Municipal the but damages for millions 15 CZK ca demanded Blythe 2015 In "," In 2015 Blythe demanded ca CZK 15 millions for damages but the Municipal Court for Prague 2 dismissed the suit . " " . signatures 500 @,@ 27 over gathered it , bail on released was Blythe time the By . site petition House White official the at petition a created fan a , detention and arrest the to reaction In "," In reaction to the arrest and detention , a fan created a petition at the official White House petition site . By the time Blythe was released on bail , it gathered over 27 @,@ 500 signatures . " " . Blythe of support in out come also have , Draiman David and Araya Tom as such , metal heavy in figures notable other , Brockie to addition In ” . there got he before legally or diplomatically out worked been all have could stuff This .... up locked be to him for right was it think t ’ don I . arrested be to him for right was it think t ’ don I “ : said Brockie Dave frontman ) Richmond from also are who ( Gwar , event the At . 's Blythe of friend a by , Virginia , Richmond of hometown 's God of Lamb in organized vigil a was there , 2012 , 7 July On "," On July 7 , 2012 , there was a vigil organized in Lamb of God 's hometown of Richmond , Virginia , by a friend of Blythe 's . At the event , Gwar ( who are also from Richmond ) frontman Dave Brockie said : “ I don ’ t think it was right for him to be arrested . I don ’ t think it was right for him to be locked up .... This stuff could have all been worked out diplomatically or legally before he got there . ” In addition to Brockie , other notable figures in heavy metal , such as Tom Araya and David Draiman , have also come out in support of Blythe . " " . "" son their to happened had what of truth the know to wanted just "" and him attacked never family the that emphasized He . "" shows safer for spokesperson a "" be to them promised and , trial the after private in family the met he that explained Blythe , blog his to post a In "," In a post to his blog , Blythe explained that he met the family in private after the trial , and promised them to be "" a spokesperson for safer shows "" . He emphasized that the family never attacked him and "" just wanted to know the truth of what had happened to their son "" . " " . process the in forests state two and national two through passing , UP the of sections rural through runs highway The . 1920s and 1910s the to date that 2 US along bridges historic and designations highway memorial several are There . Byways Michigan Pure designated @-@ state as listed are segments other and , Tours Circle Lakes Great the of part as included are roadway the of sections Two . states Midwest northern neighboring and state the through traffic for conduit major a is 2 US , UP the in arteries transportation major the of one As . Wisconsin of state the traverses briefly 2 US , between in ; Ignace St. at ending and Ironwood at state the entering , system highway trunkline state the of part a as segments two in UP the through runs highway the , Michigan In . Maine , Houlton to , York New , Point Rouses from runs that segment separate a with , Michigan of state US the of ) UP ( Peninsula Upper the to , Washington , Everett connects that System Highway Numbered States United the of component a is ) 2 US ( 2 Highway US "," US Highway 2 ( US 2 ) is a component of the United States Numbered Highway System that connects Everett , Washington , to the Upper Peninsula ( UP ) of the US state of Michigan , with a separate segment that runs from Rouses Point , New York , to Houlton , Maine . In Michigan , the highway runs through the UP in two segments as a part of the state trunkline highway system , entering the state at Ironwood and ending at St. Ignace ; in between , US 2 briefly traverses the state of Wisconsin . As one of the major transportation arteries in the UP , US 2 is a major conduit for traffic through the state and neighboring northern Midwest states . Two sections of the roadway are included as part of the Great Lakes Circle Tours , and other segments are listed as state @-@ designated Pure Michigan Byways . There are several memorial highway designations and historic bridges along US 2 that date to the 1910s and 1920s . The highway runs through rural sections of the UP , passing through two national and two state forests in the process . " " . form basic 's today in resulting , freeway 75 ‑ I the from removed and truncated was Highway U.S. the , 1980s the in though , ) 75 ‑ I ( 75 Interstate new the with coincide to rerouted was 2 US of part , System Highway Interstate the of creation the With . shoreline Michigan Lake the to closer 2 US of routing inland originally an pushed others and , Wisconsin , Hurley with line state the across connected that loop business a created eventually alteration such One . UP the through routing 's highway the reshaped have changes several , 1930s the Since . 1926 , 11 November on created was System Highway US the when 2 US of part as redesignated was 12 ‑ M of Most . 1919 in designated were trunklines highway state first the when 12 ‑ M of part as trails these included later state The . century 20th early the in trails auto Highway International 's King the and Highway International Roosevelt Theodore the of segments Michigan the of part as and , UP the to came settlers European before trails Indian two of part as used was 2 US became what of route The "," The route of what became US 2 was used as part of two Indian trails before European settlers came to the UP , and as part of the Michigan segments of the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway and the King 's International Highway auto trails in the early 20th century . The state later included these trails as part of M ‑ 12 when the first state highway trunklines were designated in 1919 . Most of M ‑ 12 was redesignated as part of US 2 when the US Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 . Since the 1930s , several changes have reshaped the highway 's routing through the UP . One such alteration eventually created a business loop that connected across the state line with Hurley , Wisconsin , and others pushed an originally inland routing of US 2 closer to the Lake Michigan shoreline . With the creation of the Interstate Highway System , part of US 2 was rerouted to coincide with the new Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ) , though in the 1980s , the U.S. Highway was truncated and removed from the I ‑ 75 freeway , resulting in today 's basic form . " " . Wisconsin of state the in ) km 271 @.@ 23 ( miles 460 @.@ 14 for runs that section a by interrupted , segment eastern ) km 390 @.@ 315 ( mile @-@ 974 @.@ 195 a and segment western ) km 703 @.@ 175 ( mile @-@ 177 @.@ 109 a into divided is Michigan in roadway of ) km 093 @.@ 491 ( miles 151 @.@ 305 The . UP the of sides western and eastern the bridge that trunklines primary of pair a of part is 2 US , 28 ‑ M with Together . mobility and , defense , economy 's country the to important roadways of network a is NHS The . length entire its for ) NHS ( System Highway National the on listed is and , "" Midwest the in states of tier northern the across goods of transportation the in role important an "" plays roadway The . gateway western main its providing , Michigan for highway key a is 2 US , report committee planning regional 2006 a to According "," According to a 2006 regional planning committee report , US 2 is a key highway for Michigan , providing its main western gateway . The roadway plays "" an important role in the transportation of goods across the northern tier of states in the Midwest "" , and is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) for its entire length . The NHS is a network of roadways important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility . Together with M ‑ 28 , US 2 is part of a pair of primary trunklines that bridge the eastern and western sides of the UP . The 305 @.@ 151 miles ( 491 @.@ 093 km ) of roadway in Michigan is divided into a 109 @.@ 177 @-@ mile ( 175 @.@ 703 km ) western segment and a 195 @.@ 974 @-@ mile ( 315 @.@ 390 km ) eastern segment , interrupted by a section that runs for 14 @.@ 460 miles ( 23 @.@ 271 km ) in the state of Wisconsin . " " . Gogebic Lake along run to northerly turns 64 ‑ M , concurrency the of end the At . highway the for vehicles 188 @,@ 5 of average overall the to compared , vehicles 770 of stretch the along usage average daily a recorded ) MDOT ( Transportation of Department Michigan the 2010 in ; state the within highway the of length entire the along volume traffic lowest the has concurrency This . Marenisco of community the in Isle Presque the of branch second the over concurrently run and merge 64 ‑ M and 2 US . River Isle Presque the of branches two and Creek Jackson crossing , Forest National Ottawa the through southeasterly turns it , Wakefield leaves Highway US the As . town in stoplight a at 28 ‑ M meeting , Lake Sunday of side south the on Wakefield enters roadway The . River Black the of branch a crosses highway the , Ramsay of community the bypassing While . Bessemer of city the to woodlands UP through eastward continues 2 US . line state the at ends that spur business a to loop the reduced which , border the of side their on signage the removed has Transportation of Department Wisconsin The . highway main the to back and Hurley into border the crossed and Ironwood downtown through west ran that loop full a previously was route business The . Boulevard Douglas at Michigan in route business only its meets 2 US , Drive along Running . downtown of north district commercial a into way the on center welcome a passes and County Gogebic into river the crosses highway The . River Montreal the along runs that line state the over , Michigan , Ironwood and , Wisconsin , Hurley downtown of north time first the for Wisconsin from Michigan enters 2 US "," US 2 enters Michigan from Wisconsin for the first time north of downtown Hurley , Wisconsin , and Ironwood , Michigan , over the state line that runs along the Montreal River . The highway crosses the river into Gogebic County and passes a welcome center on the way into a commercial district north of downtown . Running along Drive , US 2 meets its only business route in Michigan at Douglas Boulevard . The business route was previously a full loop that ran west through downtown Ironwood and crossed the border into Hurley and back to the main highway . The Wisconsin Department of Transportation has removed the signage on their side of the border , which reduced the loop to a business spur that ends at the state line . US 2 continues eastward through UP woodlands to the city of Bessemer . While bypassing the community of Ramsay , the highway crosses a branch of the Black River . The roadway enters Wakefield on the south side of Sunday Lake , meeting M ‑ 28 at a stoplight in town . As the US Highway leaves Wakefield , it turns southeasterly through the Ottawa National Forest , crossing Jackson Creek and two branches of the Presque Isle River . US 2 and M ‑ 64 merge and run concurrently over the second branch of the Presque Isle in the community of Marenisco . This concurrency has the lowest traffic volume along the entire length of the highway within the state ; in 2010 the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) recorded a daily average usage along the stretch of 770 vehicles , compared to the overall average of 5 @,@ 188 vehicles for the highway . At the end of the concurrency , M ‑ 64 turns northerly to run along Lake Gogebic . " " . city the of out northeast turning and river the crossing before 189 ‑ M intersects 2 US , town In . 73 ‑ M meets and name same the of city the approaches it as River Iron the along runs then trunkline The . forest national the of middle the in Township Stambaugh in Lake Golden near ) 16 FFH ( 16 Highway Forest Federal intersects 2 US . County Iron rural into crosses and area the in streams and lakes many the around Watersmeet from southeasterly travels highway The . Resort and Casino Desert Vieux Lac the includes which , Reservation Indian Desert Vieux Lac the and , Wilderness Sylvania the are area the in located Also . rivers Mississippi and Wisconsin the via Mexico of Gulf the to or , rivers Menominee and Brule the via Michigan Lake to , River Ontonagon the via Superior Lake to drain hills rolling the ; meet waters the where also is area The . Channel Sundance the on series documentary a and commercials ESPN of series a on featured team basketball the , Nimrods School High Watersmeet the of home the is community unincorporated That . Watersmeet toward forest national the through area the from line state the to parallel continues highway The "," The highway continues parallel to the state line from the area through the national forest toward Watersmeet . That unincorporated community is the home of the Watersmeet High School Nimrods , the basketball team featured on a series of ESPN commercials and a documentary series on the Sundance Channel . The area is also where the waters meet ; the rolling hills drain to Lake Superior via the Ontonagon River , to Lake Michigan via the Brule and Menominee rivers , or to the Gulf of Mexico via the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers . Also located in the area are the Sylvania Wilderness , and the Lac Vieux Desert Indian Reservation , which includes the Lac Vieux Desert Casino and Resort . The highway travels southeasterly from Watersmeet around the many lakes and streams in the area and crosses into rural Iron County . US 2 intersects Federal Forest Highway 16 ( FFH 16 ) near Golden Lake in Stambaugh Township in the middle of the national forest . The trunkline then runs along the Iron River as it approaches the city of the same name and meets M ‑ 73 . In town , US 2 intersects M ‑ 189 before crossing the river and turning northeast out of the city . " " . ) km 23 ( miles 14 about for Wisconsin , County Florence into crossing , River Brule the at Michigan of state the leaves and lakes and Kennedy , Railroad passes roadway The . River Paint the , to parallel and , of west the to Falls Crystal of out south runs 141 US / 2 US . hill the of top the at courthouse county the to next Avenue Superior and Street 5th between intersection the at terminus eastern 's 69 ‑ M meets and Street 5th onto south turns highway combined The . Avenue Crystal along concurrently run highways two the ; 141 US meets 2 US , town of side west the On . County Iron of seat county the , Falls Crystal to lakes small several near lands forest through eastward continues highway the and , River Iron at Forest National Ottawa the leaves 2 US "," US 2 leaves the Ottawa National Forest at Iron River , and the highway continues eastward through forest lands near several small lakes to Crystal Falls , the county seat of Iron County . On the west side of town , US 2 meets US 141 ; the two highways run concurrently along Crystal Avenue . The combined highway turns south onto 5th Street and meets M ‑ 69 's eastern terminus at the intersection between 5th Street and Superior Avenue next to the county courthouse at the top of the hill . US 2 / US 141 runs south out of Crystal Falls to the west of , and parallel to , the Paint River . The roadway passes Railroad , Kennedy and lakes and leaves the state of Michigan at the Brule River , crossing into Florence County , Wisconsin for about 14 miles ( 23 km ) . " " . County Menominee into passing and Loretto in River Sturgeon the crossing before , Forest State Country Copper the through Lake Hanbury of north passing , Vulcan to County Dickinson rural through east continues 2 US Then . 8 US of terminus eastern the meets highway the where , Norway of street main the along runs trunkline The . UP the in mill paper largest the near pass they where , Quinnesec of community the through travel rail and road Both . ) Railway CN ( Railway National Canadian the of branch a to parallel eastward continues 2 US . Wisconsin enter @-@ re to south the to separates 141 US where Township enters @-@ re highway The . Mall Midtown the near corridor retail second a along east turns and downtown exits 141 US / 2 US . Kingsford to town across run to Avenue Stephenson off west turns 95 ‑ M , Street Ludington at Mountain Iron downtown In . Mine Chapin the of pit flooded a over and corridor retail a through crosses road The . ) Railroad ELS ( Railroad Superior Lake and Escanaba the of line branch a to parallel , Antoine Lake of side west the along Mountain Iron into Avenue Stephenson on south run and concurrency triple a in merge highways The . Kingsford and Mountain Iron of north Township in 95 ‑ M meets subsequently and River Menominee the crosses it where Michigan enters @-@ re 141 US / 2 US "," US 2 / US 141 re @-@ enters Michigan where it crosses the Menominee River and subsequently meets M ‑ 95 in Township north of Iron Mountain and Kingsford . The highways merge in a triple concurrency and run south on Stephenson Avenue into Iron Mountain along the west side of Lake Antoine , parallel to a branch line of the Escanaba and Lake Superior Railroad ( ELS Railroad ) . The road crosses through a retail corridor and over a flooded pit of the Chapin Mine . In downtown Iron Mountain at Ludington Street , M ‑ 95 turns west off Stephenson Avenue to run across town to Kingsford . US 2 / US 141 exits downtown and turns east along a second retail corridor near the Midtown Mall . The highway re @-@ enters Township where US 141 separates to the south to re @-@ enter Wisconsin . US 2 continues eastward parallel to a branch of the Canadian National Railway ( CN Railway ) . Both road and rail travel through the community of Quinnesec , where they pass near the largest paper mill in the UP . The trunkline runs along the main street of Norway , where the highway meets the eastern terminus of US 8 . Then US 2 continues east through rural Dickinson County to Vulcan , passing north of Hanbury Lake through the Copper Country State Forest , before crossing the Sturgeon River in Loretto and passing into Menominee County . " " . Escanaba of outskirts the into east due turning to prior River Ford the crosses roadway The . 69 ‑ M of terminus eastern the intersecting before waterway namesake 's community the crosses highway the , River Bark of East . zones time Eastern and Central the between boundary the as serves also but , communities two the separates only not between in line county The . side County Delta the on River Bark to over crosses it , east continues highway the as but , reservation the of side County Menominee the on is Harris . Community Indian the enters trunkline the , Harris At . Railway CN the of side south the on Spaulding and Wilson of communities the through Powers from runs highway concurrent The . 41 US onto merging northeast turns and intersection way @-@ three a to comes 2 US . Powers entering before Hermansville of community the of edge the through passes highway The . 2 US along character agricultural more a on takes environment the , County Menominee In "," In Menominee County , the environment takes on a more agricultural character along US 2 . The highway passes through the edge of the community of Hermansville before entering Powers . US 2 comes to a three @-@ way intersection and turns northeast merging onto US 41 . The concurrent highway runs from Powers through the communities of Wilson and Spaulding on the south side of the CN Railway . At Harris , the trunkline enters the Indian Community . Harris is on the Menominee County side of the reservation , but as the highway continues east , it crosses over to Bark River on the Delta County side . The county line in between not only separates the two communities , but also serves as the boundary between the Central and Eastern time zones . East of Bark River , the highway crosses the community 's namesake waterway before intersecting the eastern terminus of M ‑ 69 . The roadway crosses the Ford River prior to turning due east into the outskirts of Escanaba . " " . 2011 in daily roadway of segment this used vehicles 977 @,@ 23 of average an : state the in 2 US of all along counts traffic highest the carried here section The . Noc de Bay Little to next immediately run to shifts and Mill Paper Mead large the near mouth its from upstream just River Escanaba the crosses highway lane @-@ four The . College Community Noc de Bay of campus the past Avenue Lincoln on north continues 35 ‑ M / 41 US / 2 US . fairs twin have to state only the , Michigan of state the for fairs state two the of one of site , Fairgrounds State Peninsula Upper the past traffic of lanes four carrying north runs Avenue Lincoln . corridor business different a for district business central traditional the bypassing , north run and merge trunklines The . Avenue Lincoln , axis south – north 's city the along runs which , 35 ‑ M meets highway the , downtown Near . grid street Escanaba the of axis west – east the forms which , Street Ludington along lanes four to widens 41 US / 2 US "," US 2 / US 41 widens to four lanes along Ludington Street , which forms the east – west axis of the Escanaba street grid . Near downtown , the highway meets M ‑ 35 , which runs along the city 's north – south axis , Lincoln Avenue . The trunklines merge and run north , bypassing the traditional central business district for a different business corridor . Lincoln Avenue runs north carrying four lanes of traffic past the Upper Peninsula State Fairgrounds , site of one of the two state fairs for the state of Michigan , the only state to have twin fairs . US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 continues north on Lincoln Avenue past the campus of Bay de Noc Community College . The four @-@ lane highway crosses the Escanaba River just upstream from its mouth near the large Mead Paper Mill and shifts to run immediately next to Little Bay de Noc . The section here carried the highest traffic counts along all of US 2 in the state : an average of 23 @,@ 977 vehicles used this segment of roadway daily in 2011 . " " . County Schoolcraft enters and Peninsula Garden the of base the across cutting inland turns 2 US , 183 ‑ M of terminus northern the with intersection the After . Noc de Bay Big of shore the along runs highway the , Corners Garden Near . Forest National Hiawatha the of unit western the through passes it , County Delta southern crosses 2 US As . bay the of head the around southeast turning and rivers Whitefish and Rapid the crossing , road lane @-@ two a as track easterly an to returns 2 US and , north the to separates 41 US , location this In . River Rapid at ending before Noc de Bay Little of end upper the around runs segment expressway The . ) h / km 110 ( mph 70 of limit speed a has which , 75 @-@ I besides ) h / km 89 ( mph 55 than higher limit speed a with UP the in road only the is This . traffic car for ) h / km 105 ( mph 65 of limit speed a carries trunkline the , area this Through . River Days the crossing , Railway CN the to parallel north continues expressway The . northwest the to turns and Highways US the from separates 35 ‑ M where , North Avenue 4th for stoplight the of south Railroad ELS the crosses and ) 426 CR ( 426 Road County of terminus eastern the intersects highway The . interchanges not and intersections standard has expressway the , freeway a Unlike . access driveway no and median central a by divided lanes four , expressway an is here through highway The . Gladstone downtown of west the to passes 35 ‑ M / 41 US / 2 US and , again inland turns road The "," The road turns inland again , and US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 passes to the west of downtown Gladstone . The highway through here is an expressway , four lanes divided by a central median and no driveway access . Unlike a freeway , the expressway has standard intersections and not interchanges . The highway intersects the eastern terminus of County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) and crosses the ELS Railroad south of the stoplight for 4th Avenue North , where M ‑ 35 separates from the US Highways and turns to the northwest . The expressway continues north parallel to the CN Railway , crossing the Days River . Through this area , the trunkline carries a speed limit of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) for car traffic . This is the only road in the UP with a speed limit higher than 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) besides I @-@ 75 , which has a speed limit of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . The expressway segment runs around the upper end of Little Bay de Noc before ending at Rapid River . In this location , US 41 separates to the north , and US 2 returns to an easterly track as a two @-@ lane road , crossing the Rapid and Whitefish rivers and turning southeast around the head of the bay . As US 2 crosses southern Delta County , it passes through the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest . Near Garden Corners , the highway runs along the shore of Big Bay de Noc . After the intersection with the northern terminus of M ‑ 183 , US 2 turns inland cutting across the base of the Garden Peninsula and enters Schoolcraft County . " " . ) 75 ‑ I BL ( 75 ‑ I Loop Business as Ignace St. downtown into easterly continues roadway The . 75 ‑ I with interchange cloverleaf partial 's highway the at ends designation 2 US The . Ignace St. of west immediately inland turning and Cap Gros near Spot Mystery passing , shoreline Michigan Lake the along continues road The . process the in Lake and Michigan Lake between running , near Forest National Hiawatha the of unit eastern the into crosses highway The . River Cut the over ) m 45 ( feet 147 , Bridge River Cut the crosses 2 US , Epoufette of community the passing After . through shoreline Michigan Lake the follow to Engadine of south the to runs and time last one Railway CN the crosses highway main the , routing former a intersects it Where . City Gould of west County Mackinac into crosses and east due turns 2 US , Park Blaney From . 1980s the by declined but 1920s late the from active was resort the ; 77 ‑ M of terminus southern the at resort @-@ turned @-@ town logging former a is there community The . Park Blaney to northeast @-@ north turns then and Gulliver approaching inland turns trunkline The . River Manistique the crossing , Manistique to Michigan Lake along runs roadway The . Forest State Superior Lake the enters and Forest National Hiawatha the of unit western the leaves 2 US , Thompson approaches highway the As "," As the highway approaches Thompson , US 2 leaves the western unit of the Hiawatha National Forest and enters the Lake Superior State Forest . The roadway runs along Lake Michigan to Manistique , crossing the Manistique River . The trunkline turns inland approaching Gulliver and then turns north @-@ northeast to Blaney Park . The community there is a former logging town @-@ turned @-@ resort at the southern terminus of M ‑ 77 ; the resort was active from the late 1920s but declined by the 1980s . From Blaney Park , US 2 turns due east and crosses into Mackinac County west of Gould City . Where it intersects a former routing , the main highway crosses the CN Railway one last time and runs to the south of Engadine to follow the Lake Michigan shoreline through . After passing the community of Epoufette , US 2 crosses the Cut River Bridge , 147 feet ( 45 m ) over the Cut River . The highway crosses into the eastern unit of the Hiawatha National Forest near , running between Lake Michigan and Lake in the process . The road continues along the Lake Michigan shoreline , passing Mystery Spot near Gros Cap and turning inland immediately west of St. Ignace . The US 2 designation ends at the highway 's partial cloverleaf interchange with I ‑ 75 . The roadway continues easterly into downtown St. Ignace as Business Loop I ‑ 75 ( BL I ‑ 75 ) . " " . Marie . Ste Sault with Ignace St. connected Trail Mackinac The . Ignace St. and Escanaba between 2 US of routing shoreline Michigan Lake the followed roughly Trail Bay Green – Sault The . 2 US future the of parts followed trails these of Two . trails Indian and rivers , lakes the were Michigan of state the became what through routes transportation first the , 1701 In "," In 1701 , the first transportation routes through what became the state of Michigan were the lakes , rivers and Indian trails . Two of these trails followed parts of the future US 2 . The Sault – Green Bay Trail roughly followed the Lake Michigan shoreline routing of US 2 between Escanaba and St. Ignace . The Mackinac Trail connected St. Ignace with Sault Ste . Marie . " " . Wisconsin , County Florence through section the including , 2 US to predecessors immediate the followed branch southern the , UP the Through . Ontario of province Canadian the and Michigan of way by , Maine , Portland to , Oregon , Portland from ran highway this , Overall . 1919 in death his after Roosevelt Theodore president US former for named , Highway International Roosevelt Theodore the for used also were roadways The . 1927 in completely the by out phased was name the ; 1920s early the in area the in highways all to and , Escanaba to highway the over extended was name the Later . Trail the highway the and area the named ) ( Bureau Development Peninsula Upper the , 1915 late in completed were River Iron and Ironwood between roadways original the When . names highway different few a given were UP the through 2 US formed later that roads the , trail auto the of age the In "," In the age of the auto trail , the roads that later formed US 2 through the UP were given a few different highway names . When the original roadways between Ironwood and Iron River were completed in late 1915 , the Upper Peninsula Development Bureau ( ) named the area and the highway the Trail . Later the name was extended over the highway to Escanaba , and to all highways in the area in the early 1920s ; the name was phased out by the completely in 1927 . The roadways were also used for the Theodore Roosevelt International Highway , named for former US president Theodore Roosevelt after his death in 1919 . Overall , this highway ran from Portland , Oregon , to Portland , Maine , by way of Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario . Through the UP , the southern branch followed the immediate predecessors to US 2 , including the section through Florence County , Wisconsin . " " I. War World of because anniversary first its before use of out fell name The . Michigan Lake around drive to motorists entice to intended originally was route The . Escanaba and Powers between 35 ‑ M and 41 US followed route the of Branches . Michigan in stay to 95 ‑ M and 69 ‑ M modern the using , Manistique in junction 94 ‑ M the to Ironwood from 2 US modern the followed route This "" ... Bay Green and Superior and Michigan lakes of banks the along journey circular a "" followed route the , years seventy by Tours Circle Lakes Great the of predecessor A . the by 1917 in established was Route Automobile Lakes Great The "," The Great Lakes Automobile Route was established in 1917 by the . A predecessor of the Great Lakes Circle Tours by seventy years , the route followed "" a circular journey along the banks of lakes Michigan and Superior and Green Bay ... "" This route followed the modern US 2 from Ironwood to the M ‑ 94 junction in Manistique , using the modern M ‑ 69 and M ‑ 95 to stay in Michigan . Branches of the route followed US 41 and M ‑ 35 between Powers and Escanaba . The route was originally intended to entice motorists to drive around Lake Michigan . The name fell out of use before its first anniversary because of World War I. " " . name Highway Canada @-@ Trans the on taken had trail auto the , time that by ; 1960 in opened was Superior Lake of north highway a until Marie . Ste Sault to Ironwood from UP the through 2 US used route basic its but , time the of maps the on varied routings The . trail auto the along continue to States United the enter or Bay Thunder and , Ontario , Marie . Ste Sault between boat by cars their ship to had Motorists . Superior Lake of side north the around it carry to highway no was there but , Scotia Nova , Halifax to , Columbia British , Vancouver linked Highway International 's King the , 1920 In . well as UP the through routed was trail auto Canadian One "," One Canadian auto trail was routed through the UP as well . In 1920 , the King 's International Highway linked Vancouver , British Columbia , to Halifax , Nova Scotia , but there was no highway to carry it around the north side of Lake Superior . Motorists had to ship their cars by boat between Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario , and Thunder Bay or enter the United States to continue along the auto trail . The routings varied on the maps of the time , but its basic route used US 2 through the UP from Ironwood to Sault Ste . Marie until a highway north of Lake Superior was opened in 1960 ; by that time , the auto trail had taken on the Trans @-@ Canada Highway name . " " . extension larger a of part as Garnet to Rexton from 2 US along added was 48 ‑ M , year next the By . 95 ‑ M now is which , 45 ‑ M extended an of part a made was Mountain Iron to south Sagola from 12 ‑ M . ) 141 US now ( 102 US became 69 ‑ M former the when 69 ‑ M new a became Sagola to Falls Crystal from 12 ‑ M of routing former The . Wisconsin , Florence through routed was 2 US , Mountain Iron and Falls Crystal Between . 12 @-@ M replaced partially 2 US , 1926 , 11 November on created was System Highway US the When . Saranac of south 1929 in ) Avenue River Grand ( 16 US alongside table picnic a was first the that state sources other although , 20 – 1919 in River Iron near 2 US now is what near Larson Herbert by created was country the in park roadside first The . Marie . Ste Sault and Ironwood between , 1919 , 1 July by use in was that designation a , 12 ‑ M was 2 US modern the of path the along designated highway trunkline state first The "," The first state trunkline highway designated along the path of the modern US 2 was M ‑ 12 , a designation that was in use by July 1 , 1919 , between Ironwood and Sault Ste . Marie . The first roadside park in the country was created by Herbert Larson near what is now US 2 near Iron River in 1919 – 20 , although other sources state that the first was a picnic table alongside US 16 ( Grand River Avenue ) in 1929 south of Saranac . When the US Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , US 2 partially replaced M @-@ 12 . Between Crystal Falls and Iron Mountain , US 2 was routed through Florence , Wisconsin . The former routing of M ‑ 12 from Crystal Falls to Sagola became a new M ‑ 69 when the former M ‑ 69 became US 102 ( now US 141 ) . M ‑ 12 from Sagola south to Iron Mountain was made a part of an extended M ‑ 45 , which is now M ‑ 95 . By the next year , M ‑ 48 was added along US 2 from Rexton to Garnet as part of a larger extension . " " . 54 ‑ M designated initially was route former the and , 1934 in bypassed was Ironwood Downtown . 1934 and 1932 between River Menominee the over bridge new a to 141 US / 2 US shifted area Mountain Iron the in realignment Another . designation 121 ‑ M the given was routing former the ; Marie . Ste Sault to north and Cedarville to east turning of instead Trail Mackinac followed routing new The . Marie . Ste Sault and Park Rogers between 1933 in completed was rerouting larger A . Escanaba downtown of bypass a with 1930 in made were itself 2 US of routing the to changes first The "," The first changes to the routing of US 2 itself were made in 1930 with a bypass of downtown Escanaba . A larger rerouting was completed in 1933 between Rogers Park and Sault Ste . Marie . The new routing followed Mackinac Trail instead of turning east to Cedarville and north to Sault Ste . Marie ; the former routing was given the M ‑ 121 designation . Another realignment in the Iron Mountain area shifted US 2 / US 141 to a new bridge over the Menominee River between 1932 and 1934 . Downtown Ironwood was bypassed in 1934 , and the former route was initially designated M ‑ 54 . " " . 1936 , 2 August on changes the completing , area the in alignment current its along 2 US route to was change last The . 149 ‑ M of extension further a by replaced was 125 ‑ M and , Thompson to 149 ‑ M of extension an as redesignated was 125 ‑ M and 149 ‑ M between section The . control county to back road old the turning , Thompson in 149 ‑ M and Cooks between 2 US rerouted agency The . 1930s @-@ mid the in Manistique and Thompson , Cooks around highways the of designations and routings the changed ) MSHD ( Department Highway State Michigan The "," The Michigan State Highway Department ( MSHD ) changed the routings and designations of the highways around Cooks , Thompson and Manistique in the mid @-@ 1930s . The agency rerouted US 2 between Cooks and M ‑ 149 in Thompson , turning the old road back to county control . The section between M ‑ 149 and M ‑ 125 was redesignated as an extension of M ‑ 149 to Thompson , and M ‑ 125 was replaced by a further extension of M ‑ 149 . The last change was to route US 2 along its current alignment in the area , completing the changes on August 2 , 1936 . " " . Falls Crystal and Watersmeet near out roadway the straightened 1940s early the in changes Further . 122 ‑ M became docks ferry state the to Ignace St. in connection the ; Park Rogers to 31 US former the along Ignace St. through routed was 2 US and City Mackinaw in docks ferry state the to truncated was 31 US . Ignace St. into lakeshore the along 2 US took routing new The . Peninsula Upper the into 31 US of extension northern the meet to Trail Tahquamenon the to inland Road Worth followed previously 2 US , Moran and Between . time first the for Ignace St. into 2 US rerouted that road new a on 1936 in construction started MSHD The "," The MSHD started construction in 1936 on a new road that rerouted US 2 into St. Ignace for the first time . Between and Moran , US 2 previously followed Worth Road inland to the Tahquamenon Trail to meet the northern extension of US 31 into the Upper Peninsula . The new routing took US 2 along the lakeshore into St. Ignace . US 31 was truncated to the state ferry docks in Mackinaw City and US 2 was routed through St. Ignace along the former US 31 to Rogers Park ; the connection in St. Ignace to the state ferry docks became M ‑ 122 . Further changes in the early 1940s straightened the roadway out near Watersmeet and Crystal Falls . " " . II War World during shortages steel over delays construction after 1946 in completed was it until Bridge River Cut the around detoured was highway new The . 117 ‑ M extend to added was Epoufette into section former Another . concurrency a from 2 US removing , 48 ‑ M just numbered was it , east there From . Garnet as east far as control local to back turned was Engadine through route former The . Epoufette to lake the along then and to City Gould from east due traveled highway new The . 1941 in Epoufette and City Gould between routing lakeshore modern its to 2 US move to MSHD the by completed were realignments Additional "," Additional realignments were completed by the MSHD to move US 2 to its modern lakeshore routing between Gould City and Epoufette in 1941 . The new highway traveled due east from Gould City to and then along the lake to Epoufette . The former route through Engadine was turned back to local control as far east as Garnet . From there east , it was numbered just M ‑ 48 , removing US 2 from a concurrency . Another former section into Epoufette was added to extend M ‑ 117 . The new highway was detoured around the Cut River Bridge until it was completed in 1946 after construction delays over steel shortages during World War II . " " . 1952 by location new a to shifted was line state the to extension western the and , 1950 in reversed was extension 28 ‑ M eastern The . 1945 by 2 US Business as renumbered was designation 54 ‑ M The . 1948 in Marie . Ste Sault to terminus eastern 's 28 ‑ M from made was extension similar A . Wakefield at terminus western its from Ironwood at line state the to 2 US along extended was 28 ‑ M . 1940s the in changes two on took 2 US of end western The "," The western end of US 2 took on two changes in the 1940s . M ‑ 28 was extended along US 2 to the state line at Ironwood from its western terminus at Wakefield . A similar extension was made from M ‑ 28 's eastern terminus to Sault Ste . Marie in 1948 . The M ‑ 54 designation was renumbered as Business US 2 by 1945 . The eastern M ‑ 28 extension was reversed in 1950 , and the western extension to the state line was shifted to a new location by 1952 . " " . ) 75 ‑ I ( 75 Interstate was 1958 in number proposed The . system freeway the for plans readied government federal the as 1955 in released was that , color cover the after Book Yellow or , 1955 September in Designated Areas Urban at Routes Additional All Including Highways Interstate of System National of Location General the in included also was It . Interstates the became later that system the in included was corridor highway this , 1947 from maps planning In . Marie St. Sault and Ignace St. between freeway a to 2 US of section eastern the convert to planned MSHD the , Michigan in System Highway Interstate the of coming the With "," With the coming of the Interstate Highway System in Michigan , the MSHD planned to convert the eastern section of US 2 to a freeway between St. Ignace and Sault St. Marie . In planning maps from 1947 , this highway corridor was included in the system that later became the Interstates . It was also included in the General Location of National System of Interstate Highways Including All Additional Routes at Urban Areas Designated in September 1955 , or Yellow Book after the cover color , that was released in 1955 as the federal government readied plans for the freeway system . The proposed number in 1958 was Interstate 75 ( I ‑ 75 ) . " " . ) 63 @-@ H ( Trail Mackinac as known road county a became routing former 's 2 US of all , time this At . Marie . Ste Sault and Dafter between section the and , Kinross to 123 ‑ M at freeway the of end northern the connected 1963 in opened sections two last The . Kinross and Dafter between as well as Marie . Ste Sault in Bridge International constructed newly the of south the to immediately 1962 in opened were freeway of sections More . 75 ‑ I BL redesignated was Ignace St. downtown in 2 US of routing former The . area Ignace St. the in freeways the along 75 ‑ I follow to shifted was 2 US and , bridge the on 27 US supplanted designation 75 ‑ I the , time the At . sections Shores Evergreen and Bridge Mackinac the between gap the closed segment freeway new another , 1961 In . bridge the to 2 US connected interchange an and freeway of section new a ; 1957 , 1 November on traffic to opened was Bridge Mackinac The . Ignace St. of north 123 ‑ M and Shores Evergreen between 1958 early or 1957 late in built was freeway of section first The "," The first section of freeway was built in late 1957 or early 1958 between Evergreen Shores and M ‑ 123 north of St. Ignace . The Mackinac Bridge was opened to traffic on November 1 , 1957 ; a new section of freeway and an interchange connected US 2 to the bridge . In 1961 , another new freeway segment closed the gap between the Mackinac Bridge and Evergreen Shores sections . At the time , the I ‑ 75 designation supplanted US 27 on the bridge , and US 2 was shifted to follow I ‑ 75 along the freeways in the St. Ignace area . The former routing of US 2 in downtown St. Ignace was redesignated BL I ‑ 75 . More sections of freeway were opened in 1962 immediately to the south of the newly constructed International Bridge in Sault Ste . Marie as well as between Dafter and Kinross . The last two sections opened in 1963 connected the northern end of the freeway at M ‑ 123 to Kinross , and the section between Dafter and Sault Ste . Marie . At this time , all of US 2 's former routing became a county road known as Mackinac Trail ( H @-@ 63 ) . " " . ) h / km 89 ( mph 55 remains trucks for limit speed the although , ) h / km 105 to 89 ( mph 65 to 55 from County Delta in section expressway the along limit speed the raised MDOT , 2011 In . town in river the over highway the carried formerly that bridge the bypassing , 1998 in River Iron through routing 's 2 US to made were changes last The . freeway 75 ‑ I the from it removing by Ignace St. in end to 2 US truncated department the , year same that In . downtown through , Bridge Siphon the including , remainder the replaced 94 ‑ M of extension An . control local to transferred later was it until highway state unnumbered an initially was half western The . ways two in downtown into 2 US of routing former the of disposed MDOT . downtown bypassing , 1983 in River Manistique the over bridge new a built state The . 1971 in River Rapid and Gladstone between expressway an into 41 US / 2 US expanded Highways State of Department The "," The Department of State Highways expanded US 2 / US 41 into an expressway between Gladstone and Rapid River in 1971 . The state built a new bridge over the Manistique River in 1983 , bypassing downtown . MDOT disposed of the former routing of US 2 into downtown in two ways . The western half was initially an unnumbered state highway until it was later transferred to local control . An extension of M ‑ 94 replaced the remainder , including the Siphon Bridge , through downtown . In that same year , the department truncated US 2 to end in St. Ignace by removing it from the I ‑ 75 freeway . The last changes were made to US 2 's routing through Iron River in 1998 , bypassing the bridge that formerly carried the highway over the river in town . In 2011 , MDOT raised the speed limit along the expressway section in Delta County from 55 to 65 mph ( 89 to 105 km / h ) , although the speed limit for trucks remains 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) . " " . Bessemer of east 2 US of ) km 7 @.@ 3 ( miles 3 @.@ 2 along parkway landscaped a as shrubs and trees , evergreens 840 @,@ 1 and elms 140 planted group the , Lane Memory called Also . veterans area the to memorial living permanent a of form the in tribute a created Club 's Women Bessemer the , 1949 in Later . soldiers specific honor could who individuals and businesses local to trees the sold Legion American The . town of west 41 US / 2 US along planted trees maple and elm of consisted project The . Lane Memory called I War World of veterans the to memorial a created Escanaba of residents the , 1929 In . 1933 to 1927 from Congress in served later who citizen local prominent a , Bohn P. Frank honor to Highway Bohn the , Michigan in 2 US to predecessor the , 12 ‑ M named Board Administrative State the , 1924 , 1 July On "," On July 1 , 1924 , the State Administrative Board named M ‑ 12 , the predecessor to US 2 in Michigan , the Bohn Highway to honor Frank P. Bohn , a prominent local citizen who later served in Congress from 1927 to 1933 . In 1929 , the residents of Escanaba created a memorial to the veterans of World War I called Memory Lane . The project consisted of elm and maple trees planted along US 2 / US 41 west of town . The American Legion sold the trees to local businesses and individuals who could honor specific soldiers . Later in 1949 , the Bessemer Women 's Club created a tribute in the form of a permanent living memorial to the area veterans . Also called Memory Lane , the group planted 140 elms and 1 @,@ 840 evergreens , trees and shrubs as a landscaped parkway along 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) of US 2 east of Bessemer . " " . installed them had Romney W. George Governor when 1968 until erected not were highway the marking Signs . Falls Crystal and Mountain Iron between 2 US of place in used were 69 ‑ M and 95 ‑ M , Wisconsin through cuts 2 US where routing the in gap the connect To . 1949 in Highway Memorial Veterans War Spanish United the designated was , Peninsula Lower the in 23 US with along , 2 US of Most "," Most of US 2 , along with US 23 in the Lower Peninsula , was designated the United Spanish War Veterans Memorial Highway in 1949 . To connect the gap in the routing where US 2 cuts through Wisconsin , M ‑ 95 and M ‑ 69 were used in place of US 2 between Iron Mountain and Crystal Falls . Signs marking the highway were not erected until 1968 when Governor George W. Romney had them installed . " " . 1959 in 144 Act Public under assigned was which , designation this grant to Legislature Michigan the petitioned Michigan in organization ) ( Veterans American The . County Delta in ) 426 CR ( 426 Road County and limits city Escanaba northern the between 35 ‑ M / 41 US / 2 US of section the for created was designation Drive Memorial The "," The Memorial Drive designation was created for the section of US 2 / US 41 / M ‑ 35 between the northern Escanaba city limits and County Road 426 ( CR 426 ) in Delta County . The American Veterans ( ) organization in Michigan petitioned the Michigan Legislature to grant this designation , which was assigned under Public Act 144 in 1959 . " " . Trail Heritage Recreational Coast Hidden UP the in included being was County Delta in 35 ‑ M with concurrently runs that 2 US of section the that announced MDOT , 2007 , 26 August On "" . logging and mining : nation and state a built that industries two of history rich "" the honor to designated was Byway Michigan Pure This . Trail Heritage County Iron the named been has Falls Crystal and River Iron between 2 US of section The . Ontario and Minnesota , Wisconsin in counterparts its and MDOT between effort joint a through 1986 May in created were tours two These . ) LMCT ( Tour Circle Michigan Lake the of part is Ignace St. in terminus eastern the to Escanaba in junction 35 ‑ M southern the from segment the and , ) ( Tour Circle Superior Lake the of part is Wakefield in junction 28 ‑ M the to Ironwood near line state Wisconsin the from segment the : ) ( Tour Circle Lakes Great overall the of part are 2 US of sections Two "," Two sections of US 2 are part of the overall Great Lakes Circle Tour ( ) : the segment from the Wisconsin state line near Ironwood to the M ‑ 28 junction in Wakefield is part of the Lake Superior Circle Tour ( ) , and the segment from the southern M ‑ 35 junction in Escanaba to the eastern terminus in St. Ignace is part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( LMCT ) . These two tours were created in May 1986 through a joint effort between MDOT and its counterparts in Wisconsin , Minnesota and Ontario . The section of US 2 between Iron River and Crystal Falls has been named the Iron County Heritage Trail . This Pure Michigan Byway was designated to honor the "" rich history of two industries that built a state and nation : mining and logging . "" On August 26 , 2007 , MDOT announced that the section of US 2 that runs concurrently with M ‑ 35 in Delta County was being included in the UP Hidden Coast Recreational Heritage Trail . " " . significance engineering and architectural its for , 1999 , 9 December on NRHP the on listed was structure The . 191 No. Bridge Line Trunk as MSHD the by built was that span arch spandrel ) m 17 ( long @-@ foot @-@ 55 a is , 1918 to dating , structure original The . bridge new a by bypassed been since has which , River Iron the of crossing the is bridges historic these of first The . however listing 's MDOT to added been not has 2012 late in NRHP the to added bridge third A . ) NRHP ( Places Historic of Register National the on listed also are these of two ; Bridges Historic 's Michigan of listing its to added has MDOT that 2 US of sections former or current along bridges six are There "," There are six bridges along current or former sections of US 2 that MDOT has added to its listing of Michigan 's Historic Bridges ; two of these are also listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) . A third bridge added to the NRHP in late 2012 has not been added to MDOT 's listing however . The first of these historic bridges is the crossing of the Iron River , which has since been bypassed by a new bridge . The original structure , dating to 1918 , is a 55 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 17 m ) spandrel arch span that was built by the MSHD as Trunk Line Bridge No. 191 . The structure was listed on the NRHP on December 9 , 1999 , for its architectural and engineering significance . " " . 2012 in began Places Historic of Register National the on inclusion for process nomination the and , 1971 September in traffic automobile to closed bridge The . span new the over rerouted was highway the and , downstream mile a about built was bridge new a , 1934 In . River Menominee the across 2 US carried Bridge Falls Twin Upper the , 1930s the Until . counties Florence and Dickinson by equally paid , ) 2015 in 000 @,@ 780 $ to equivalent ( 106 @,@ 5 $ cost span The . crossing river existing an flood would Dam Power Falls Twin the because 1910 and 1909 between built was It . Michigan in type its of example known only the is it and , bridge truss @-@ through , camelback , connected @-@ pin , span @-@ single a is structure The . Mountain Iron of northwest River Menominee the crosses that Bridge Falls Twin Upper the of listing the approved Service Park National the , 2012 December In "," In December 2012 , the National Park Service approved the listing of the Upper Twin Falls Bridge that crosses the Menominee River northwest of Iron Mountain . The structure is a single @-@ span , pin @-@ connected , camelback , through @-@ truss bridge , and it is the only known example of its type in Michigan . It was built between 1909 and 1910 because the Twin Falls Power Dam would flood an existing river crossing . The span cost $ 5 @,@ 106 ( equivalent to $ 780 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , paid equally by Dickinson and Florence counties . Until the 1930s , the Upper Twin Falls Bridge carried US 2 across the Menominee River . In 1934 , a new bridge was built about a mile downstream , and the highway was rerouted over the new span . The bridge closed to automobile traffic in September 1971 , and the nomination process for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places began in 2012 . " " . 1929 in built was It . list bridge historic their on it retained MDOT , replaced and demolished was bridge old the though even , 2011 October of As . County Dickinson , Township in Bridge River Sturgeon the replaced MDOT , 2003 In "," In 2003 , MDOT replaced the Sturgeon River Bridge in Township , Dickinson County . As of October 2011 , even though the old bridge was demolished and replaced , MDOT retained it on their historic bridge list . It was built in 1929 . " " . long ) m 90 ( feet 294 is structure span @-@ eight The . ! Not or It Believe 's Ripley in featured been has bridge the that and "" , it under forced atmospherically was that water the by supported partially was itself bridge the , time one At "" : stated Council Tourism Manistique The "" . roadbed the above feet several level water the maintain to mill the allow ] that [ , bridge the of spans side the by formed , bulkheads concrete "" having as bridge the described Administration Progress Works Michigan The . banks natural the than higher banks made @-@ man provided tank this of sides the ; bed river the in lengthwise built was tank concrete a , dikes expensive of Instead . construction bridge any in difficulties meant banks river shallow and , flooded be to city the of section large a require would dam This . mill their supply to River Manistique the on dam a needed and 1916 in organized was Company Paper and Pulp Manistique The . nickname its bridge the giving , effect siphon a produces This . surface road the than higher actually is level water the , river the on flume raceway a of part a as Built . "" Bridge Siphon "" the nicknamed is what on River Manistique the crossed and Manistique through routing different a used 2 US , 1983 Before "," Before 1983 , US 2 used a different routing through Manistique and crossed the Manistique River on what is nicknamed the "" Siphon Bridge "" . Built as a part of a raceway flume on the river , the water level is actually higher than the road surface . This produces a siphon effect , giving the bridge its nickname . The Manistique Pulp and Paper Company was organized in 1916 and needed a dam on the Manistique River to supply their mill . This dam would require a large section of the city to be flooded , and shallow river banks meant difficulties in any bridge construction . Instead of expensive dikes , a concrete tank was built lengthwise in the river bed ; the sides of this tank provided man @-@ made banks higher than the natural banks . The Michigan Works Progress Administration described the bridge as having "" concrete bulkheads , formed by the side spans of the bridge , [ that ] allow the mill to maintain the water level several feet above the roadbed . "" The Manistique Tourism Council stated : "" At one time , the bridge itself was partially supported by the water that was atmospherically forced under it , "" and that the bridge has been featured in Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! . The eight @-@ span structure is 294 feet ( 90 m ) long . " " . river the to down trails and areas picnic are there , bridge the of side either On . state the in bridges truss deck cantilevered two only of one is Bridge River Cut The . river the above ) m 45 ( feet 147 of height a at gorge its and river the over ) m 195 ( feet 641 the bridge to steel structural of ) t 806 ; tons long 793 ( tons short 888 uses span The . shortages steel induced @-@ war to due delayed was completion but II War World during built was structure This . County Mackinac , Township Hendricks in River Cut the across 2 US carries Bridge River Cut The "," The Cut River Bridge carries US 2 across the Cut River in Hendricks Township , Mackinac County . This structure was built during World War II but completion was delayed due to war @-@ induced steel shortages . The span uses 888 short tons ( 793 long tons ; 806 t ) of structural steel to bridge the 641 feet ( 195 m ) over the river and its gorge at a height of 147 feet ( 45 m ) above the river . The Cut River Bridge is one of only two cantilevered deck truss bridges in the state . On either side of the bridge , there are picnic areas and trails down to the river . " " . walls retaining decorative of addition the with along "" biennium 1930 – 1929 the in guardrails new install and ] m 5 @.@ 1 [ feet five by deck its widen "" to MSHD the prompted Trail Mackinac along traffic Increasing . 1920 in built and length in ) m 18 ( feet 60 structure arch spandrel another is bridge The . Ignace St. of north River Carp the over , 2 US to successor modern the , 63 @-@ H carries Bridge River Carp – Trail Mackinac the , 1999 , 17 December on NRHP the on Listed "," Listed on the NRHP on December 17 , 1999 , the Mackinac Trail – Carp River Bridge carries H @-@ 63 , the modern successor to US 2 , over the Carp River north of St. Ignace . The bridge is another spandrel arch structure 60 feet ( 18 m ) in length and built in 1920 . Increasing traffic along Mackinac Trail prompted the MSHD to "" widen its deck by five feet [ 1 @.@ 5 m ] and install new guardrails in the 1929 – 1930 biennium "" along with the addition of decorative retaining walls . " " . removal before bridge current the for falsework a as used was structure previous the : method construction "" innovative "" an with "" massive "" as MDOT by described is structure ) m 78 ( long @-@ foot @-@ 257 and ) m 13 ( wide @-@ foot @-@ 42 The . state the in bridges arch steel three only of one is it , 1934 in Built . Marie . Ste Sault in Canal Power the over ) 75 ‑ I BS ( Street Ashmun carrying structure the is 2 US of segment former a along bridges historic the of last The "," The last of the historic bridges along a former segment of US 2 is the structure carrying Ashmun Street ( BS I ‑ 75 ) over the Power Canal in Sault Ste . Marie . Built in 1934 , it is one of only three steel arch bridges in the state . The 42 @-@ foot @-@ wide ( 13 m ) and 257 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 78 m ) structure is described by MDOT as "" massive "" with an "" innovative "" construction method : the previous structure was used as a falsework for the current bridge before removal . " " . Wisconsin , County Florence in mileage the reflect segment eastern the on signs the ; Ironwood in line state the at starting mileage total the use that highway the of segments Michigan two the along erected has MDOT "," MDOT has erected along the two Michigan segments of the highway that use the total mileage starting at the state line in Ironwood ; the signs on the eastern segment reflect the mileage in Florence County , Wisconsin . " " . downtown of north Street Douglas and Drive of corner the at 2 US with junction its at is route the of terminus eastern The . Street Douglas along area residential a through north bears 2 US . Bus , Street Frederick On . Street Frederick onto turns it until while short a for Street Suffolk on stays 2 US . Bus . Street Suffolk along northward turning before streets Aurora and Silver on Ironwood downtown through extends route The . River Montreal the at line state Wisconsin the from runs that route business ) km 044 @.@ 2 ( mile @-@ 270 @.@ 1 a is ) 2 US . Bus ( 2 Highway U.S. Business "," Business U.S. Highway 2 ( Bus . US 2 ) is a 1 @.@ 270 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 044 km ) business route that runs from the Wisconsin state line at the Montreal River . The route extends through downtown Ironwood on Silver and Aurora streets before turning northward along Suffolk Street . Bus . US 2 stays on Suffolk Street for a short while until it turns onto Frederick Street . On Frederick Street , Bus . US 2 bears north through a residential area along Douglas Street . The eastern terminus of the route is at its junction with US 2 at the corner of Drive and Douglas Street north of downtown . " " . 2002 in 51 US along northward and 77 Highway Trunk State along westward Hurley in 2 US . Bus decommissioned Transportation of Department Wisconsin the before connection business state @-@ bi a originally was It . 2 US of loop business a as renumbered was Ironwood in 54 ‑ M former when 1942 August in created was route business The "," The business route was created in August 1942 when former M ‑ 54 in Ironwood was renumbered as a business loop of US 2 . It was originally a bi @-@ state business connection before the Wisconsin Department of Transportation decommissioned Bus . US 2 in Hurley westward along State Trunk Highway 77 and northward along US 51 in 2002 . " " . outs @-@ sell show for stadium the at held she record previous the breaking , tickets 000 @,@ 200 over equaling , hour one under in out sold , Dome Tokyo , stadium largest 's Japan at dates four the ; successful very was Tour World Butterfly The . selections song as well as , outfits and hairstyles varied Carey , tour the Throughout . US , Hawaii in one and , Australia in six , Asia in shows five spanned tour the 1998 , 11 January on Starting . 1997 December in place taking rehearsals with , States United the and Australia , Asia visited tour The . albums previous her of several from songs included and , ) 1997 ( Butterfly , time the at album 's Carey promoted tour The . Carey Mariah songwriter @-@ singer American by tour concert third the was Tour World Butterfly The "," The Butterfly World Tour was the third concert tour by American singer @-@ songwriter Mariah Carey . The tour promoted Carey 's album at the time , Butterfly ( 1997 ) , and included songs from several of her previous albums . The tour visited Asia , Australia and the United States , with rehearsals taking place in December 1997 . Starting on January 11 , 1998 the tour spanned five shows in Asia , six in Australia , and one in Hawaii , US . Throughout the tour , Carey varied hairstyles and outfits , as well as song selections . The Butterfly World Tour was very successful ; the four dates at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo Dome , sold out in under one hour , equaling over 200 @,@ 000 tickets , breaking the previous record she held at the stadium for show sell @-@ outs . " " . ) ABPD ( Discos de Produtores dos Brasileira Associação the by Brazil in gold and ) RIAA ( America of Association Industry Recording the by States United the in platinum certified being , successful commercially was video The . "" You to Devoted Hopelessly "" , song 's John @-@ Newton of performance joint their during appearance cameo a makes John @-@ Newton Olivia , Additionally . shown is dolphins with swimming Carey of scene a , Australia in performances the to Prior . "" Believe Still I "" of performance her to prior Starr K. Brenda and Carey between conversation a as such video the in included are scenes Other . Brisbane and Hawaii , Japan , York New including venues worldwide different at Carey of performances live featured video The . World the Around titled was and , format VHS in recorded was tour The "," The tour was recorded in VHS format , and was titled Around the World . The video featured live performances of Carey at different worldwide venues including New York , Japan , Hawaii and Brisbane . Other scenes are included in the video such as a conversation between Carey and Brenda K. Starr prior to her performance of "" I Still Believe "" . Prior to the performances in Australia , a scene of Carey swimming with dolphins is shown . Additionally , Olivia Newton @-@ John makes a cameo appearance during their joint performance of Newton @-@ John 's song , "" Hopelessly Devoted to You "" . The video was commercially successful , being certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ) . " " . weeks two of period a for extending , 1997 Christmas after shortly began show the for Rehearsals . States United the in show last one as well as , Australia and Taiwan to tour the extending only , again once Asia in perform to agreed Carey , fans by demand overwhelming to due , However . voice her on strain and times travel long the to due , again once tour to planned not had Carey , Butterfly of release successful critically and commercially the after , 1997 During . hour one under in tickets 000 @,@ 200 selling , record the broke Carey , Tour World Butterfly the On . history 's Japan in sellouts show fastest of record the setting , tickets 000 @,@ 150 over in equaling , hours three under in out sold , Dome Tokyo , stadium largest 's Japan at shows three 's Carey . records sale ticket breaking as well as , alike fans and critics from acclaim critical received , contrast in tour The . Asia and Europe only visiting , 1996 in Tour World Daydream succeeding her on US the visit not did Carey , attention media strong the after , However "" . singer scat a like , confidence playful with growl , turns sensual over linger can she ; notes high whistle @-@ dog to alto husky , rich a from extends range Her . concoction studio no is voice 's Carey Ms. , doubt any Beyond "" , vocals live 's Carey regarding wrote Times York New The of Pareles Jon . vocals 's Carey about raving critics with , reviewed favorably more were nights Succeeding . crowd the with connection a make to failure and fright @-@ stage "" obvious "" deemed 's Carey at aimed mostly , reviews scathing received tour the of night opening The . Tour Box Music the during States United the in shows arena six performed she when , ) 1993 ( Box Music , effort studio third her until tour a on embarked not had she , fact In . tour extensive or large a on journeyed not had Carey , 1990 in debut her Since "," Since her debut in 1990 , Carey had not journeyed on a large or extensive tour . In fact , she had not embarked on a tour until her third studio effort , Music Box ( 1993 ) , when she performed six arena shows in the United States during the Music Box Tour . The opening night of the tour received scathing reviews , mostly aimed at Carey 's deemed "" obvious "" stage @-@ fright and failure to make a connection with the crowd . Succeeding nights were more favorably reviewed , with critics raving about Carey 's vocals . Jon Pareles of The New York Times wrote regarding Carey 's live vocals , "" Beyond any doubt , Ms. Carey 's voice is no studio concoction . Her range extends from a rich , husky alto to dog @-@ whistle high notes ; she can linger over sensual turns , growl with playful confidence , like a scat singer . "" However , after the strong media attention , Carey did not visit the US on her succeeding Daydream World Tour in 1996 , visiting only Europe and Asia . The tour in contrast , received critical acclaim from critics and fans alike , as well as breaking ticket sale records . Carey 's three shows at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo Dome , sold out in under three hours , equaling in over 150 @,@ 000 tickets , setting the record of fastest show sellouts in Japan 's history . On the Butterfly World Tour , Carey broke the record , selling 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour . During 1997 , after the commercially and critically successful release of Butterfly , Carey had not planned to tour once again , due to the long travel times and strain on her voice . However , due to overwhelming demand by fans , Carey agreed to perform in Asia once again , only extending the tour to Taiwan and Australia , as well as one last show in the United States . Rehearsals for the show began shortly after Christmas 1997 , extending for a period of two weeks . " " . stage the of level higher a on Carey behind routines dance ample and slow performed dancers backup male several , song the During . show the of performance sitting only the , "" Eyes My Close "" sang Carey , Afterwards . "" All My "" of performance her during melodies guitar inspired @-@ Latin the played who , player guitar Peruvian a by stage @-@ on joined was Carey , "" ) Time in Back ( Roof The "" for lights dimmed with performance intimate an After . performance 's song the throughout stage the of sections other the access could Carey so lowered was platform the , "" Emotions "" performing began she As . heels stiletto and blouse sheer matching and dress @-@ mini beige a in dressed , platform the atop Carey revealing , draped slowly were curtains the of each , "" Emotions "" with began introduction the As . Price Kelly and Daniels Melodie , Lorenz Trey , tour the throughout vocalists background three featured Carey . curtains draped long several by surrounded , stage on centerpiece elevated small a on standing Carey with began show The "," The show began with Carey standing on a small elevated centerpiece on stage , surrounded by several long draped curtains . Carey featured three background vocalists throughout the tour , Trey Lorenz , Melodie Daniels and Kelly Price . As the introduction began with "" Emotions "" , each of the curtains were slowly draped , revealing Carey atop the platform , dressed in a beige mini @-@ dress and matching sheer blouse and stiletto heels . As she began performing "" Emotions "" , the platform was lowered so Carey could access the other sections of the stage throughout the song 's performance . After an intimate performance with dimmed lights for "" The Roof ( Back in Time ) "" , Carey was joined on @-@ stage by a Peruvian guitar player , who played the Latin @-@ inspired guitar melodies during her performance of "" My All "" . Afterwards , Carey sang "" Close My Eyes "" , the only sitting performance of the show . During the song , several male backup dancers performed slow and ample dance routines behind Carey on a higher level of the stage . " " . 1995 in Garden Square Madison at Carey with song the of performance live their during Men II Boyz of video recorded previously a alongside , "" Day Sweet One "" performed Carey , recital 's song the After . garments black long in dressed all , choir church full a by joined was Carey , stage @-@ On . curls golden loose and blouse white sleeveless a alongside , skirt @-@ mini short a donned She . Carey for change wardrobe another yet accompanied which song a , "" Happen It Make "" came Next . her alongside "" There Be 'll I "" performed who , Lorenz by stage @-@ on joined was Carey , performance 's song the After . up @-@ back vocal any without , stage @-@ on alone Carey featured which , "" Hero "" was list @-@ set the on song next The . song the during routines dance light her mimicked who , dancers up @-@ back female three by joined was Carey , "" Dreamlover "" of performance the For . hair teased @-@ semi and gown black sequined long a donning , evening the of change costume second the had Carey , show the of part second the For "," For the second part of the show , Carey had the second costume change of the evening , donning a long sequined black gown and semi @-@ teased hair . For the performance of "" Dreamlover "" , Carey was joined by three female back @-@ up dancers , who mimicked her light dance routines during the song . The next song on the set @-@ list was "" Hero "" , which featured Carey alone on @-@ stage , without any vocal back @-@ up . After the song 's performance , Carey was joined on @-@ stage by Lorenz , who performed "" I 'll Be There "" alongside her . Next came "" Make It Happen "" , a song which accompanied yet another wardrobe change for Carey . She donned a short mini @-@ skirt , alongside a sleeveless white blouse and loose golden curls . On @-@ stage , Carey was joined by a full church choir , all dressed in long black garments . After the song 's recital , Carey performed "" One Sweet Day "" , alongside a previously recorded video of Boyz II Men during their live performance of the song with Carey at Madison Square Garden in 1995 . " " . dancers the by prop stage large a on carried being while , hat matching and suit Santa a donned Carey , song the During . Carey alongside routines dance light performed who stage on dancers female and male various alongside , "" You Is Christmas for Want I All "" classic holiday her performed Carey , Japan in shows the During . singers up @-@ back of trio her by again once stage on joined being , performance the for gown sequined brown long a donned She . Carey behind screen large the onto projected flowers and butterflies of stills large featured which , "" Butterfly "" was tour the on song final The . "" Love of Vision "" , single debut her performing before outfit first her to similar ensemble beige a to changed again once Carey . skit small a during video music the enacting @-@ re while , "" Honey "" sang she as , dancers male several by joined again once was Carey , countries other in "" Call You Whenever "" or , "" Babydoll "" of performance key @-@ low a After . tour the on performed Carey choreography intricate most the featured performance The . dancers male several alongside routines @-@ dance chair light performed Carey as , stage the behind screen projection large a on Bastard Dirty ' Ol featuring , remix "" Fantasy "" the was performance next Her . top tank a and jeans blue hugging @-@ leg of pair a to changed Carey , song the completing After "," After completing the song , Carey changed to a pair of leg @-@ hugging blue jeans and a tank top . Her next performance was the "" Fantasy "" remix , featuring Ol ' Dirty Bastard on a large projection screen behind the stage , as Carey performed light chair dance @-@ routines alongside several male dancers . The performance featured the most intricate choreography Carey performed on the tour . After a low @-@ key performance of "" Babydoll "" , or "" Whenever You Call "" in other countries , Carey was once again joined by several male dancers , as she sang "" Honey "" , while re @-@ enacting the music video during a small skit . Carey once again changed to a beige ensemble similar to her first outfit before performing her debut single , "" Vision of Love "" . The final song on the tour was "" Butterfly "" , which featured large stills of butterflies and flowers projected onto the large screen behind Carey . She donned a long brown sequined gown for the performance , being joined on stage once again by her trio of back @-@ up singers . During the shows in Japan , Carey performed her holiday classic "" All I Want for Christmas Is You "" , alongside various male and female dancers on stage who performed light dance routines alongside Carey . During the song , Carey donned a Santa suit and matching hat , while being carried on a large stage prop by the dancers . " " . delivery vocal 's Carey as well as , visuals 's show the about raved critics and fans , success commercial its from Aside . venue entire the out sell to history stadiums the in acts few the of one her making , well as out sold Stadium Aloha capacity 000 @,@ 50 's Hawaii at show The . States United the in date more one tour the extend to Carey leading , hours within out sold leg Australian entire the , Additionally . hour one under in tickets 000 @,@ 200 all out selling , record sales @-@ ticket previous 's Carey broke , Dome Tokyo , stadium largest 's Japan at shows four the ; out @-@ sell instant an was tour entire the Virtually "," Virtually the entire tour was an instant sell @-@ out ; the four shows at Japan 's largest stadium , Tokyo Dome , broke Carey 's previous ticket @-@ sales record , selling out all 200 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour . Additionally , the entire Australian leg sold out within hours , leading Carey to extend the tour one more date in the United States . The show at Hawaii 's 50 @,@ 000 capacity Aloha Stadium sold out as well , making her one of the few acts in the stadiums history to sell out the entire venue . Aside from its commercial success , fans and critics raved about the show 's visuals , as well as Carey 's vocal delivery . " " . ) ABPD ( Discos de Produtores dos Brasileira Associação the by Brazil in gold certified also was video The . units 000 @,@ 100 over of shipments denoting , ) RIAA ( America of Association Industry Recording the by platinum certified being , success commercial a was VHS The . Stadium Aloha at "" Hero "" and "" , Honey "" of performance a following , shown is studio City York New a of outside gathering fans a of scene A . Melbourne in stage on John @-@ Newton Olivia by joined is she where , "" You To Devoted Hopelessly "" of rendition live 's Carey is video the on title next the in dolphins with swimming Carey of scenes to leading , shown is "" There Be 'll I "" for Lorenz with Japan in performance 's Carey , after Soon . "" Believe Still I "" performs Carey where , club York New intimate and small a at her to tribute a to lead eventually which , shown are Starr K. Brenda with conversing Carey of scenes , song the of conclusion the After . Taipei and Japan from scenes cut @-@ inter in shown is "" All My "" of performance 's Carey , Afterwards . video the of length bulk the shorten to bridge and verses second the excluding , halves into cut are recitals 's song the where , Hawaii in performances with begins first film The . video the into compiled later were that scenes and skits other few as well as Stadium Aloha , Dome Tokyo from performances featured VHS The . World the Around entitled DVD and VHS a into edited later and filmed were performances and bits several , tour the During "," During the tour , several bits and performances were filmed and later edited into a VHS and DVD entitled Around the World . The VHS featured performances from Tokyo Dome , Aloha Stadium as well as few other skits and scenes that were later compiled into the video . The film first begins with performances in Hawaii , where the song 's recitals are cut into halves , excluding the second verses and bridge to shorten the bulk length of the video . Afterwards , Carey 's performance of "" My All "" is shown in inter @-@ cut scenes from Japan and Taipei . After the conclusion of the song , scenes of Carey conversing with Brenda K. Starr are shown , which eventually lead to a tribute to her at a small and intimate New York club , where Carey performs "" I Still Believe "" . Soon after , Carey 's performance in Japan with Lorenz for "" I 'll Be There "" is shown , leading to scenes of Carey swimming with dolphins in the next title on the video is Carey 's live rendition of "" Hopelessly Devoted To You "" , where she is joined by Olivia Newton @-@ John on stage in Melbourne . A scene of a fans gathering outside of a New York City studio is shown , following a performance of "" Honey , "" and "" Hero "" at Aloha Stadium . The VHS was a commercial success , being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units . The video was also certified gold in Brazil by the Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos ( ABPD ) . " " "" ) Intro ( Butterfly / In Looking "" "," "" Looking In / Butterfly ( Intro ) "" " " "" Emotions "" "," "" Emotions "" " " "" Roof The "" "," "" The Roof "" " " "" All My "" "," "" My All "" " " "" Eyes My Close "" "," "" Close My Eyes "" " " "" ) Mix Dub Sweet Fantasy ( Interlude Daydream "" "," "" Daydream Interlude ( Fantasy Sweet Dub Mix ) "" " " "" Dreamlover "" "," "" Dreamlover "" " " "" Hero "" "," "" Hero "" " " ) Lorenz Trey with ( "" There Be 'll I "" "," "" I 'll Be There "" ( with Trey Lorenz ) " " ) Lorenz Trey ( Happy You Make "" "," "" Make You Happy ( Trey Lorenz ) " " "" Happen It Make "" "," "" Make It Happen "" " " ) Men II Boyz recorded @-@ pre featuring ( "" Day Sweet One "" "," "" One Sweet Day "" ( featuring pre @-@ recorded Boyz II Men ) " " ) Interlude Band ( Nobody 't Ain "" "," "" Ain 't Nobody ( Band Interlude ) " " "" Remix Boy Bad ( Fantasy "" "," "" Fantasy ( Bad Boy Remix "" " " 1 "" Call You Whenever "" "," "" Whenever You Call "" 1 " " "" "," "" " " "" ) Mase recorded @-@ pre featuring ( "" Honey "" "," "" Honey "" ( featuring pre @-@ recorded Mase ) "" " " "" Love of Vision "" "," "" Vision of Love "" " " Butterfly "" "," "" Butterfly " " Without "" "," "" Without " " "" ) Outro ( Butterfly "" "," "" Butterfly ( Outro ) "" " " is Christmas for Want I All "" "," "" All I Want for Christmas is " " dates select on Performed > sus / < 1 > sus < "," < sus > 1 < / sus > Performed on select dates " " keyboard , director - Afanasieff Walter "," Walter Afanasieff - director , keyboard " " keyboard - Shea Dan "," Dan Shea - keyboard " " guitar - Black Vernon "," Vernon Black - guitar " " bass - Jackson Randy "," Randy Jackson - bass " " drums - Conway Gigi "," Gigi Conway - drums " " percussion - Michael Peter "," Peter Michael - percussion " " sequencing music - Gary "," Gary - music sequencing " " vocals background , vocals - Lorenz Trey "," Trey Lorenz - vocals , background vocals " " vocals background - Price Kelly "," Kelly Price - background vocals " " vocals background - Price "," Price - background vocals " " vocals background - Daniels Melonie "," Melonie Daniels - background vocals " " vocals background - Mizelle Cindy "," Cindy Mizelle - background vocals " " : Source "," Source : " " . derelict became it which after , sails two on latterly , 1924 until power wind by worked windmill . flour into wheat grind to century nineteenth early the in built was It . England , Suffolk , at located is windmill The . brick of constructed mill tower listed * II Grade a is Mill 's Button as known also , Windmill "," Windmill , also known as Button 's Mill is a Grade II * listed tower mill constructed of brick . The windmill is located at , Suffolk , England . It was built in the early nineteenth century to grind wheat into flour . windmill worked by wind power until 1924 , latterly on two sails , after which it became derelict . " " . site the at bought be can mill the at ground flour and , public the to open is mill The . period year @-@ eight an over order working full to mill the restore to helped volunteers Numerous . restoration for windmill purchased enthusiasts of group a , 1979 In "," In 1979 , a group of enthusiasts purchased windmill for restoration . Numerous volunteers helped to restore the mill to full working order over an eight @-@ year period . The mill is open to the public , and flour ground at the mill can be bought at the site . " " . engine auxiliary an by driven pair third a with , millstones of pairs two drives It . fantail a by winded and sails Patent with mill tower storey four small a is mill The "," The mill is a small four storey tower mill with Patent sails and winded by a fantail . It drives two pairs of millstones , with a third pair driven by an auxiliary engine . " " . 1862 in Norfolk , Kenninghall from Richard to it sold who , William and Richard sons his to conveyed was it date which at , 1860 until mill the worked Button Richard . Richard son their and Rebecca widow his to jointly passed mill The . 1837 February 11 on died Button William . 1836 September in fitted was stock new A . ) kg 780 @,@ 1 ( tons ¾ 1 weighs and , millwright Lynn Kings the , J by made was It . 1832 July 16 on fitted was new The . fantail a and sails Patent , iron @-@ cast a of fitting the by modernised was mill the , 1832 In . 1819 Day Christmas on work to set was mill The . year previous the Norfolk , Diss , Lane Sandy to moved been had which mill post a replaced It . 1819 in Button William for Bloomfield George millwright by built was at windmill The "," The windmill at was built by millwright George Bloomfield for William Button in 1819 . It replaced a post mill which had been moved to Sandy Lane , Diss , Norfolk the previous year . The mill was set to work on Christmas Day 1819 . In 1832 , the mill was modernised by the fitting of a cast @-@ iron , Patent sails and a fantail . The new was fitted on 16 July 1832 . It was made by J , the Kings Lynn millwright , and weighs 1 ¾ tons ( 1 @,@ 780 kg ) . A new stock was fitted in September 1836 . William Button died on 11 February 1837 . The mill passed jointly to his widow Rebecca and their son Richard . Richard Button worked the mill until 1860 , at which date it was conveyed to his sons Richard and William , who sold it to Richard from Kenninghall , Norfolk in 1862 . " " . again was mill the when 1926 in wrecked was sails two remaining the of One . 1924 in retired he until it ran and mill the to repairs some out carried Vincent . removed was sails of pair one result a as and , was mill The . 1920s early the in sold was engine Hornsby The . Norfolk , from millwright retired a , Vincent Alphonso to it sold he when 1920 until mill the ran Bryant . engine oil Hornsby a by 1914 in replaced was This . floor ground the on millstones of pair extra an driving , power auxiliary as used was engine steam portable a , 1892 From . mill the of floors the rebuilt Bryant . freehold the purchased Bryant Henry and , auction by sold was mill the , 1884 In . 1879 in Bryant Henry to it leased and 1875 in father his of death the on mill the inherited He . son 's Richard , Stephen by worked was mill The "," The mill was worked by Stephen , Richard 's son . He inherited the mill on the death of his father in 1875 and leased it to Henry Bryant in 1879 . In 1884 , the mill was sold by auction , and Henry Bryant purchased the freehold . Bryant rebuilt the floors of the mill . From 1892 , a portable steam engine was used as auxiliary power , driving an extra pair of millstones on the ground floor . This was replaced in 1914 by a Hornsby oil engine . Bryant ran the mill until 1920 when he sold it to Alphonso Vincent , a retired millwright from , Norfolk . The Hornsby engine was sold in the early 1920s . The mill was , and as a result one pair of sails was removed . Vincent carried out some repairs to the mill and ran it until he retired in 1924 . One of the remaining two sails was wrecked in 1926 when the mill was again . " " . 000 @,@ 6 £ cost land of acre an and mill derelict The . Chris and Pearce David , Dolman Peter , Dolman Charles , Barnard Mark of consisted consortium The . made were restoration for plans and , 1979 November in Group Mills Suffolk the of members five by purchased was windmill . gale a in pieces to blown was mill the of cap the , 1976 In . restoration for sale for it offered and minds their changed later They . house a into it convert to intended who , Humphries Mrs and Mr to 1974 in it sold who , daughter his to passed mill The . 1973 in death his until lorry old an in site the at lived He . property the inherited George son his , 1932 in Vincent Alphonso of death the On "," On the death of Alphonso Vincent in 1932 , his son George inherited the property . He lived at the site in an old lorry until his death in 1973 . The mill passed to his daughter , who sold it in 1974 to Mr and Mrs Humphries , who intended to convert it into a house . They later changed their minds and offered it for sale for restoration . In 1976 , the cap of the mill was blown to pieces in a gale . windmill was purchased by five members of the Suffolk Mills Group in November 1979 , and plans for restoration were made . The consortium consisted of Mark Barnard , Charles Dolman , Peter Dolman , David Pearce and Chris . The derelict mill and an acre of land cost £ 6 @,@ 000 . " " . mill the repair to holidays working used who enthusiasts by out carried was work the of Much . years six of period a over restored was mill The "," The mill was restored over a period of six years . Much of the work was carried out by enthusiasts who used working holidays to repair the mill . " " . frame cap the of removal the for preparation in removed were wheels centering cap the and , dismantled be to the allow to erected was Scaffolding . measure safety a as removed was and collapsed partially floor dust the , 1980 spring In . recorded and surveyed was mill The . structure the of penetration water further prevent to mill the of floor dust the on spread were sheets Polythene . possible as as mill the make to was priority first The . 1979 November in mill the of possession took consortium The "," The consortium took possession of the mill in November 1979 . The first priority was to make the mill as as possible . Polythene sheets were spread on the dust floor of the mill to prevent further water penetration of the structure . The mill was surveyed and recorded . In spring 1980 , the dust floor partially collapsed and was removed as a safety measure . Scaffolding was erected to allow the to be dismantled , and the cap centering wheels were removed in preparation for the removal of the cap frame . " " . sections curb iron @-@ cast the and frame cap the by followed , crane mobile a by removed were fragments sail remaining and the , 1980 August 3 On . Edmunds St Bury at maltings a in been previously had which pine pitch of baulks from made were floor dust the for beams floor main new Two . in @-@ work the over mill the on worked volunteers three @-@ Thirty . 1980 August of beginning and July of end the at held was in @-@ work week @-@ two A "," A two @-@ week work @-@ in was held at the end of July and beginning of August 1980 . Thirty @-@ three volunteers worked on the mill over the work @-@ in . Two new main floor beams for the dust floor were made from baulks of pitch pine which had previously been in a maltings at Bury St Edmunds . On 3 August 1980 , the and remaining sail fragments were removed by a mobile crane , followed by the cap frame and the cast @-@ iron curb sections . " " . removed was millstones of pairs two the of one and replaced were floor bin the on floorboards The . winter over out weather the keep to tower mill the over secured was tarpaulin A . windows the of some for made were lintels new and , repaired was brickwork , repair its enable to dismantled was hoist sack The . , Life Anglian East of Museum the at erected @-@ re been had , 1977 February 19 on collapse its following , which , the from pine pitch from made were joists the of Some . sail Common a from whip a been previously had these of One . reused be to fit were which floor original the from salvaged some with along , fitted were joists oak New . repaired was beam oak the and , pine pitch from made was beam main replacement A . repairable was which beam main oak one from apart , removed was floor bin The . tower mill the of top the to repairs for platform working a provide to laid boarding temporary and floor dust the on laid were joists oak New "," New oak joists were laid on the dust floor and temporary boarding laid to provide a working platform for repairs to the top of the mill tower . The bin floor was removed , apart from one oak main beam which was repairable . A replacement main beam was made from pitch pine , and the oak beam was repaired . New oak joists were fitted , along with some salvaged from the original floor which were fit to be reused . One of these had previously been a whip from a Common sail . Some of the joists were made from pitch pine from the , which , following its collapse on 19 February 1977 , had been re @-@ erected at the Museum of East Anglian Life , . The sack hoist was dismantled to enable its repair , brickwork was repaired , and new lintels were made for some of the windows . A tarpaulin was secured over the mill tower to keep the weather out over winter . The floorboards on the bin floor were replaced and one of the two pairs of millstones was removed . " " . owners five the by jointly met being expenditure of balance the with , 65 £ to amounted income and donations Other . Group Mills Suffolk the from 200 £ and , Trust Scarfe the from 200 £ , Council Borough St from 250 £ , Essex Rural of Preservation the for Council the from 500 £ of grants by financed was work The "," The work was financed by grants of £ 500 from the Council for the Preservation of Rural Essex , £ 250 from St Borough Council , £ 200 from the Scarfe Trust , and £ 200 from the Suffolk Mills Group . Other donations and income amounted to £ 65 , with the balance of expenditure being met jointly by the five owners . " " . Orwell Radio and , Telegraph Daily , Times Daily Anglian East , Press Daily Eastern , Press Free Bury , East Look BBC including , media national and local both in reported was "" in @-@ work "" The "," The "" work @-@ in "" was reported in both local and national media , including BBC Look East , Bury Free Press , Eastern Daily Press , East Anglian Daily Times , Daily Telegraph , and Radio Orwell . " " . weeks two the over participated volunteers 37 of total A . August 30 to August 22 from second the and August 2 to July 25 from first the , held were ins @-@ work separate two season 1981 the In "," In the 1981 season two separate work @-@ ins were held , the first from 25 July to 2 August and the second from 22 August to 30 August . A total of 37 volunteers participated over the two weeks . " " . assessed be could replacement its install to route suitable most the that so piece one in removed was which , beam floor main second the including , removed was floor stone the , completed been had work this When . fracture to beam floor main second the causing ) mm 100 ( inches 4 by sunk had floor the and rotted had It . replacement required post One . above machinery the of weight the of whole the bore they as , time a at one repaired were frame the for supports six The . oak with replaced was beam elm the of third a over and , beetles Watch Death by attacked been have to found was beams main the of One . repaired then was which , floor stone the from removed were millstones The "," The millstones were removed from the stone floor , which was then repaired . One of the main beams was found to have been attacked by Death Watch beetles , and over a third of the elm beam was replaced with oak . The six supports for the frame were repaired one at a time , as they bore the whole of the weight of the machinery above . One post required replacement . It had rotted and the floor had sunk by 4 inches ( 100 mm ) causing the second main floor beam to fracture . When this work had been completed , the stone floor was removed , including the second main floor beam , which was removed in one piece so that the most suitable route to install its replacement could be assessed . " " . shaft upright the to attached trammel a by aided , them rebuilding on began work and removed were tower mill the of brickwork of courses four top The . configuration similar a of are floor bin the on Those . them between tongue metal a with grooved @-@ double being boards elm thick ) mm 32 ( inches 4 ⁄ 1 1 the , floor dust the in laid were floorboards New . pine pitch or oak from new made were joists Other . reuse for fit were that joists those and bearers stone old the reusing , reconstructed was floor stone The . concreted was floor ground the and installed was floor stone the for beam main new The "," The new main beam for the stone floor was installed and the ground floor was concreted . The stone floor was reconstructed , reusing the old stone bearers and those joists that were fit for reuse . Other joists were made new from oak or pitch pine . New floorboards were laid in the dust floor , the 1 1 ⁄ 4 inches ( 32 mm ) thick elm boards being double @-@ grooved with a metal tongue between them . Those on the bin floor are of a similar configuration . The top four courses of brickwork of the mill tower were removed and work began on rebuilding them , aided by a trammel attached to the upright shaft . " " . mortar gauged with repointing and brickwork the on pointing old the removing on made was start A . diameter ) mm 410 ( inches 16 by long ) mm 910 ( feet 3 oak of piece a from made was cap the for finial new A . paint lead red of coats two given were gearing fantail and segments curb the , The . distorted had and point this at weak was tower the as cast lintel concrete reinforced a had window floor dust The . bricks engineering red with rebuilt were courses two top The . continued brickwork of courses four top the of reconstruction the and rebuilt was floor dust the on window The . them between tongue metal a with boards grooved @-@ double using again , boarded was floor stone the of remainder the , in @-@ work second the During "," During the second work @-@ in , the remainder of the stone floor was boarded , again using double @-@ grooved boards with a metal tongue between them . The window on the dust floor was rebuilt and the reconstruction of the top four courses of brickwork continued . The top two courses were rebuilt with red engineering bricks . The dust floor window had a reinforced concrete lintel cast as the tower was weak at this point and had distorted . The , the curb segments and fantail gearing were given two coats of red lead paint . A new finial for the cap was made from a piece of oak 3 feet ( 910 mm ) long by 16 inches ( 410 mm ) diameter . A start was made on removing the old pointing on the brickwork and repointing with gauged mortar . " " . News Norfolk South and , Press Daily Eastern the , media local in coverage further received project The . 70 £ to amounted received income and donations Other . Council Borough St from 130 £ and Council Buildings Historic the from 704 @,@ 1 £ , Xerox Rank from 000 @,@ 2 £ were received Donations . 250 @,@ 3 £ cost 1981 in done work The . autumn late in held was which day open an for preparation in cleaned thoroughly mill the and completed was floor stone the of boarding the , finished had in @-@ work the After "," After the work @-@ in had finished , the boarding of the stone floor was completed and the mill thoroughly cleaned in preparation for an open day which was held in late autumn . The work done in 1981 cost £ 3 @,@ 250 . Donations received were £ 2 @,@ 000 from Rank Xerox , £ 1 @,@ 704 from the Historic Buildings Council and £ 130 from St Borough Council . Other donations and income received amounted to £ 70 . The project received further coverage in local media , the Eastern Daily Press , and South Norfolk News . " " . position into the place and over it turn to used was crane mobile a and down upside constructed been had It . 1982 autumn in completed was frame cap The . reused be to fit were that frame cap original the from beams two incorporating , constructed was frame cap The . windows and doors various fitting and making and machinery installing , cap new the of construction the on start a , curb Elm the of installation , tower the of top the at brickwork the of completion the included planned work The . August 29 to August 21 and August 1 to July 24 from place took ins @-@ work 1982 The "," The 1982 work @-@ ins took place from 24 July to 1 August and 21 August to 29 August . The work planned included the completion of the brickwork at the top of the tower , installation of the Elm curb , a start on the construction of the new cap , installing machinery and making and fitting various doors and windows . The cap frame was constructed , incorporating two beams from the original cap frame that were fit to be reused . The cap frame was completed in autumn 1982 . It had been constructed upside down and a mobile crane was used to turn it over and place the into position . " " . beech in cogs three of replacement and nut stone the dismantling including , stones ) m 40 @.@ 1 ( inches 7 feet 4 the to drive final the of overhaul the included work Other . Buildings Ancient of Protection the for Society the of Section Watermill and Wind the from one including , visits scheduled for preparation in inside possible as safe as made generally was mill The . sails Patent the controlling for mechanism and drivetrain fantail the of parts various the of overhaul and brasses various casting as such jobs smaller to confined mainly was 1983 of part early the in Work "," Work in the early part of 1983 was mainly confined to smaller jobs such as casting various brasses and overhaul of the various parts of the fantail drivetrain and mechanism for controlling the Patent sails . The mill was generally made as safe as possible inside in preparation for scheduled visits , including one from the Wind and Watermill Section of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Other work included the overhaul of the final drive to the 4 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 40 m ) stones , including dismantling the stone nut and replacement of three cogs in beech . " " . time this during completed also was circle cap the of rear The . and ribs intermediate of fitting the with competed was frame cap The . windlass a using position into pulled was finial the and fitted were oak of . fitting final for ready scaffolding by supported was finial the and fitted were offsite prefabricated been had which , ribs cap oak The . fitted were braces and posts fantail the , in @-@ work first the During . participating people 35 with , August and July in weeks separate two over place took ins @-@ work The . commenced in @-@ work first the before constructed mostly was circle cap The . outside commenced work , improved weather the When "," When the weather improved , work commenced outside . The cap circle was mostly constructed before the first work @-@ in commenced . The work @-@ ins took place over two separate weeks in July and August , with 35 people participating . During the first work @-@ in , the fantail posts and braces were fitted . The oak cap ribs , which had been prefabricated offsite were fitted and the finial was supported by scaffolding ready for final fitting . of oak were fitted and the finial was pulled into position using a windlass . The cap frame was competed with the fitting of intermediate ribs and . The rear of the cap circle was also completed during this time . " " . in @-@ work second the of end the at completed it of half nearly with , continued tower the of brickwork the of . position into bolted plates track curb iron cast the and , cap the accept to prepared was curb the , tower mill the of top the At . posts fantail the of top on position in fitted fantail the for axle the and the through fitted was rod striking The . structure sturdy a producing , position into screwed band reinforcing steel galvanised the and , windlass and rope a using position into drawn was petticoat The . joints the over fitted were strips cover the , completed was cap the of boarding the When . fit would it before machining much and difficulty without not , the under installed was bearing neck new A . top the towards tapering , petticoat the at wide ) mm 230 ( inches 9 and thick ) mm 13 ( inch ½ are cap the for boards The . in @-@ work second the of Monday the on cap the boarding on made be to start a enabled This . completed frame cap the to of fitting the and completed was dormer rear the , ins @-@ work two the Between "," Between the two work @-@ ins , the rear dormer was completed and the fitting of to the cap frame completed . This enabled a start to be made on boarding the cap on the Monday of the second work @-@ in . The boards for the cap are ½ inch ( 13 mm ) thick and 9 inches ( 230 mm ) wide at the petticoat , tapering towards the top . A new neck bearing was installed under the , not without difficulty and much machining before it would fit . When the boarding of the cap was completed , the cover strips were fitted over the joints . The petticoat was drawn into position using a rope and windlass , and the galvanised steel reinforcing band screwed into position , producing a sturdy structure . The striking rod was fitted through the and the axle for the fantail fitted in position on top of the fantail posts . At the top of the mill tower , the curb was prepared to accept the cap , and the cast iron curb track plates bolted into position . of the brickwork of the tower continued , with nearly half of it completed at the end of the second work @-@ in . " " . Southwold , Brewery from beer with toasted was cap the of fitting The . people 70 some of crowd a by watched , 1983 October 24 on crane mobile a by place into lifted was cap ton @-@ 5 The . dismantled trammel the and removed was tarpaulin The . mill the of floor stone the to fitted was window new a and cap the to done was work Final . weekend the over participating people 17 with , lifted was cap the before weekend the held was in @-@ work mini A . on @-@ lift the for time in completed was , waterproof remain yet and timber the of movement normal withstand to designed , paint modern a of application the but , initially work the hampered weather The . October in on @-@ lift for scheduled was which cap the finishing on continued work , ended had ins @-@ work the After "," After the work @-@ ins had ended , work continued on finishing the cap which was scheduled for lift @-@ on in October . The weather hampered the work initially , but the application of a modern paint , designed to withstand normal movement of the timber and yet remain waterproof , was completed in time for the lift @-@ on . A mini work @-@ in was held the weekend before the cap was lifted , with 17 people participating over the weekend . Final work was done to the cap and a new window was fitted to the stone floor of the mill . The tarpaulin was removed and the trammel dismantled . The 5 @-@ ton cap was lifted into place by a mobile crane on 24 October 1983 , watched by a crowd of some 70 people . The fitting of the cap was toasted with beer from Brewery , Southwold . " " . Foreman Wilf by mill the of drawing a and books guide of sale the from came income Further . Buildings Ancient of Protection the for Society the and Porter D. Mr , Children Gifted for Association National the , Society Transport Historical Ipswich , Institute 's Women Norton ' , Museums Independent of Association the from received were Grants . 408 @,@ 1 £ cost 1983 in work Restoration "," Restoration work in 1983 cost £ 1 @,@ 408 . Grants were received from the Association of Independent Museums , ' Norton Women 's Institute , Ipswich Historical Transport Society , the National Association for Gifted Children , Mr D. Porter and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Further income came from the sale of guide books and a drawing of the mill by Wilf Foreman . " " . floor each on sockets and lights with supplied then was mill The . position into pulled was cable mains the which through ducting of ) m 23 ( yards 25 laid borer thrust The . Heath Martlesham at facility research their at developed been had which borer thrust a trialling were who Telecom British from assistance with laid was cable underground An . provided was supply electricity mains A . mill the at each week a spent parties separate Two . scheme the for candidate good a be would Windmill that suggested had , Trust Preservation Suffolk the , owners its and , project the from benefited previously had Watermill Pakenham . year that for Project Development 's Person Young the from benefit to project the at chosen was Windmill . Board Electricity Eastern from apprentices by were two first The . 1984 during held were ins @-@ work Four "," Four work @-@ ins were held during 1984 . The first two were by apprentices from Eastern Electricity Board . Windmill was chosen at the project to benefit from the Young Person 's Development Project for that year . Pakenham Watermill had previously benefited from the project , and its owners , the Suffolk Preservation Trust , had suggested that Windmill would be a good candidate for the scheme . Two separate parties spent a week each at the mill . A mains electricity supply was provided . An underground cable was laid with assistance from British Telecom who were trialling a thrust borer which had been developed at their research facility at Martlesham Heath . The thrust borer laid 25 yards ( 23 m ) of ducting through which the mains cable was pulled into position . The mill was then supplied with lights and sockets on each floor . " " . necessary as repaired or made were parts broken or missing Some . painted then was it fitting After . crane mobile a of aid the with base concrete permanent a onto fitted was and 1981 in purchased been had engine diesel Hornsby & Ruston ) kW 16 ( horsepower 21 A . problem these remedy to mill the around constructed was drain French A . damp rising to leading , moisture trapping was tower the around path concrete A . position into engine auxiliary the moving and mill the around trench drainage a digging , brickwork foundation the to damage frost some repairing involved apprentices the by undertaken work Other "," Other work undertaken by the apprentices involved repairing some frost damage to the foundation brickwork , digging a drainage trench around the mill and moving the auxiliary engine into position . A concrete path around the tower was trapping moisture , leading to rising damp . A French drain was constructed around the mill to remedy these problem . A 21 horsepower ( 16 kW ) Ruston & Hornsby diesel engine had been purchased in 1981 and was fitted onto a permanent concrete base with the aid of a mobile crane . After fitting it was then painted . Some missing or broken parts were made or repaired as necessary . " " . reassembly for ready mill the to transported and dismantled was it completed was wheel brake the When . iron cast malleable treated @-@ heat in cast were segments new and made was pattern a so , broken all were segments iron original The . mill the in exhibit an as retained were wheel brake original the of remains The . segments teeth iron cast the retaining but , made be would wheel brake original the of version up @-@ scaled a that decided was it and , sought was millwrights professional of opinion The . diameter in ) m 18 @.@ 2 ( inches 2 feet 7 wheel a in resulting , cogs original the of place in fitted ring segment iron cast a with , rebuilt also was wheel brake The . diameter in reduced nuts stone the and diameter in increased was wheel spur great The . sails Common than speed slower a at run sails Patent as , mill the within ratios gear the alter to necessary was it 1832 in modernised was mill the When . speed optimum their at run to sails Common the allow to diameter ) m 83 @.@ 1 ( feet 6 was wheel brake original The . 1819 in installed one original the from altered been had it that evidence showed and , repair to rotten too was wheel brake original The . made were fantail and wheel brake new the , site @-@ Off "," Off @-@ site , the new brake wheel and fantail were made . The original brake wheel was too rotten to repair , and showed evidence that it had been altered from the original one installed in 1819 . The original brake wheel was 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) diameter to allow the Common sails to run at their optimum speed . When the mill was modernised in 1832 it was necessary to alter the gear ratios within the mill , as Patent sails run at a slower speed than Common sails . The great spur wheel was increased in diameter and the stone nuts reduced in diameter . The brake wheel was also rebuilt , with a cast iron segment ring fitted in place of the original cogs , resulting in a wheel 7 feet 2 inches ( 2 @.@ 18 m ) in diameter . The opinion of professional millwrights was sought , and it was decided that a scaled @-@ up version of the original brake wheel would be made , but retaining the cast iron teeth segments . The remains of the original brake wheel were retained as an exhibit in the mill . The original iron segments were all broken , so a pattern was made and new segments were cast in heat @-@ treated malleable cast iron . When the brake wheel was completed it was dismantled and transported to the mill ready for reassembly . " " . shaft upright the on position correct its to restored was which , wheel crown the to fitted were cogs beech New . began in @-@ work first the when attention needing still window one only with , windows and brickwork the to repairs included winter the over mill the at Work . fir Douglas from blades the and pine pitch from made were stocks The . replaced were gears small the of Some . made was fantail The "," The fantail was made . Some of the small gears were replaced . The stocks were made from pitch pine and the blades from Douglas fir . Work at the mill over the winter included repairs to the brickwork and windows , with only one window still needing attention when the first work @-@ in began . New beech cogs were fitted to the crown wheel , which was restored to its correct position on the upright shaft . " " . made be would stocks laminated that decided was it Thus . years seven only after rotted had mill nearby a on stock fir Douglas A . grounds durability and strength on discounted was but lengths such in obtainable was fir Douglas . required lengths the in obtainable not was pine pitch quality Good . stocks laminated or , timber of piece single a from made stocks Traditional . options two leaving , grounds durability and cost on discounted been already had stocks steel Modern . one of instead required were stocks new two Thus . use for unfit be to found was it examination upon but , mill the at preserved and 1920s the in bought been had stock hand @-@ second A . weeks two the over attending people 41 of total a , August and July in held ins @-@ work two the during made were sails and stocks The "," The stocks and sails were made during the two work @-@ ins held in July and August , a total of 41 people attending over the two weeks . A second @-@ hand stock had been bought in the 1920s and preserved at the mill , but upon examination it was found to be unfit for use . Thus two new stocks were required instead of one . Modern steel stocks had already been discounted on cost and durability grounds , leaving two options . Traditional stocks made from a single piece of timber , or laminated stocks . Good quality pitch pine was not obtainable in the lengths required . Douglas fir was obtainable in such lengths but was discounted on strength and durability grounds . A Douglas fir stock on a nearby mill had rotted after only seven years . Thus it was decided that laminated stocks would be made . " " . amateurs by made stocks laminated first the were stocks The . use for ready finished and trimmed being them of one with , in @-@ work the during made were stocks Both . timber of pieces different between occurred joints individual where to paid was attention Careful . the of end poll the through passes stock the where , centre the at required were laminations nine and thick ) mm 38 ( inches 2 ⁄ 1 1 was used timber The . timber solid of stock similar a than stronger % 20 to up be would stock laminated a that estimated was It . seasoned well and preservative with treated pressure been had timber All . fir Douglas from made were stocks long ) m 85 @.@ 15 ( feet 52 The "," The 52 feet ( 15 @.@ 85 m ) long stocks were made from Douglas fir . All timber had been pressure treated with preservative and well seasoned . It was estimated that a laminated stock would be up to 20 % stronger than a similar stock of solid timber . The timber used was 1 1 ⁄ 2 inches ( 38 mm ) thick and nine laminations were required at the centre , where the stock passes through the poll end of the . Careful attention was paid to where individual joints occurred between different pieces of timber . Both stocks were made during the work @-@ in , with one of them being trimmed and finished ready for use . The stocks were the first laminated stocks made by amateurs . " " . in work the of end the at completed been had sails four the of Three . bar sail each at ° ½ 1 by decreasing , ° 15 being tip the at that and ° 27 at being sail the of heel the at That . cut were bars sail the for The . quality for selected , pine pitch modern from made were and bars Sail . end inner their at square ) mm 150 ( inches 6 are whips The . Edmunds St Bury at maltings demolished a from obtained pine pitch of baulk a from cut were whips long ) m 23 @.@ 8 ( feet 27 Four . pitch larger the at , identical be would sails new the that decided was It . pitch ) mm 970 ( inches 2 feet 3 of bays having stock outer the on those and pitch ) mm 910 ( feet 3 of bays having stock inner the on Those . pairs different slightly being originals The . made were sails four The "," The four sails were made . The originals being slightly different pairs . Those on the inner stock having bays of 3 feet ( 910 mm ) pitch and those on the outer stock having bays of 3 feet 2 inches ( 970 mm ) pitch . It was decided that the new sails would be identical , at the larger pitch . Four 27 feet ( 8 @.@ 23 m ) long whips were cut from a baulk of pitch pine obtained from a demolished maltings at Bury St Edmunds . The whips are 6 inches ( 150 mm ) square at their inner end . Sail bars and were made from modern pitch pine , selected for quality . The for the sail bars were cut . That at the heel of the sail being at 27 ° and that at the tip being 15 ° , decreasing by 1 ½ ° at each sail bar . Three of the four sails had been completed at the end of the work in . " " . in @-@ work second the of day last the on again wind by turned mill The . sails of pair second the for repeated was process The . stock the to fitted was sail second the attached been had clamps the and position in wedged when and the of end poll the through inserted carefully was attached sail one with , stock The . in @-@ work second the of end the at crane mobile a of aid the with mill the to fitted were sails four The . brickwork the on repointing further and ironwork painting and cleaning , doors floor ground the of one for frame new a included work Other . year the in later completion for ready pine pitch of baulk a from sawn were stocks the for clamps The . true of ) mm 1 than less ( inch an of th 16 / 1 within was wheel brake the corrected was this When . ) mm 13 ( inch ½ by shaft upright the on eccentric was the that found was It . the around assembled was wheel brake arm clasp The . afterwards shortly installed was blue and white , red painted blades the with , itself fantail The . crank hand the of means by turned be could cap the , in @-@ work second the of end the At . mill the to fitted was gearing associated and fantail The "," The fantail and associated gearing was fitted to the mill . At the end of the second work @-@ in , the cap could be turned by means of the hand crank . The fantail itself , with the blades painted red , white and blue was installed shortly afterwards . The clasp arm brake wheel was assembled around the . It was found that the was eccentric on the upright shaft by ½ inch ( 13 mm ) . When this was corrected the brake wheel was within 1 / 16 th of an inch ( less than 1 mm ) of true . The clamps for the stocks were sawn from a baulk of pitch pine ready for completion later in the year . Other work included a new frame for one of the ground floor doors , cleaning and painting ironwork and further repointing on the brickwork . The four sails were fitted to the mill with the aid of a mobile crane at the end of the second work @-@ in . The stock , with one sail attached was carefully inserted through the poll end of the and when wedged in position and the clamps had been attached the second sail was fitted to the stock . The process was repeated for the second pair of sails . The mill turned by wind again on the last day of the second work @-@ in . " " . cast were sails the for cranks shutter and installed and made were lever brake and brake The . gearing fantail the with troubles teething out sorting and fantail the balancing , sail fourth the of finishing the included year the in later Work "," Work later in the year included the finishing of the fourth sail , balancing the fantail and sorting out teething troubles with the fantail gearing . The brake and brake lever were made and installed and shutter cranks for the sails were cast . " " . programme Anglia About 's Television Anglia on featured being ins @-@ work the of one , Times Daily Anglian East the including , media local in support further received project The . Trust Preservation Mill the with remain to donation the allowed Benham Mr and , with proceeded not was removal the , end the In . to buck mill post derelict a of moving the allow to allocated been had money This . Benham Hervey from 000 @,@ 2 £ was funds the to boost A . 151 £ to came mill the at days open from Income . 52 £ to amounted donations Other , Council Borough St from 500 £ , Heritage English from 209 @,@ 1 £ were received Grants . 918 @,@ 2 £ cost 1984 in work Restoration "," Restoration work in 1984 cost £ 2 @,@ 918 . Grants received were £ 1 @,@ 209 from English Heritage , £ 500 from St Borough Council , Other donations amounted to £ 52 . Income from open days at the mill came to £ 151 . A boost to the funds was £ 2 @,@ 000 from Hervey Benham . This money had been allocated to allow the moving of a derelict post mill buck to . In the end , the removal was not proceeded with , and Mr Benham allowed the donation to remain with the Mill Preservation Trust . The project received further support in local media , including the East Anglian Daily Times , one of the work @-@ ins being featured on Anglia Television 's About Anglia programme . " " . 1987 in completed restoration the saw years two next the over work Further . August 26 to August 17 and July 28 to July 20 from , held were ins @-@ work Two . plastered walls internal and tarred were mill the of walls external The . sails and stocks the of completion and window floor dust the of replacement the included 1985 for planned Work "," Work planned for 1985 included the replacement of the dust floor window and completion of the stocks and sails . The external walls of the mill were tarred and internal walls plastered . Two work @-@ ins were held , from 20 July to 28 July and 17 August to 26 August . Further work over the next two years saw the restoration completed in 1987 . " " . project the for publicity providing or purchased materials for discounts giving by or , money of grants or materials , plant , labour of donation the by achieved was This . organisations 61 and individuals 135 of efforts the by possible made was Windmill of restoration The "," The restoration of Windmill was made possible by the efforts of 135 individuals and 61 organisations . This was achieved by the donation of labour , plant , materials or grants of money , or by giving discounts for materials purchased or providing publicity for the project . " " italics in are article machinery Mill the in explained Terms "," Terms explained in the Mill machinery article are in italics " " 1819 in built As "," As built in 1819 " " . hand by was Winding . diameter ) m 83 @.@ 1 ( feet 6 wheel Brake . millstones of pairs two driving , wooden a on carried sails Common with mill tower storey @-@ four A "," A four @-@ storey tower mill with Common sails carried on a wooden , driving two pairs of millstones . Brake wheel 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) diameter . Winding was by hand . " " restored As "," As restored " " . down top the from described is mill The . level ground at thick ) mm 610 ( feet 2 are walls The . curb the to level ground from ) m 58 @.@ 9 ( inches 5 feet 31 stands and , brick of built is tower storey @-@ four The "," The four @-@ storey tower is built of brick , and stands 31 feet 5 inches ( 9 @.@ 58 m ) from ground level to the curb . The walls are 2 feet ( 610 mm ) thick at ground level . The mill is described from the top down . " " . wind into turned mill the keeps fantail bladed eight The . ) kW 22 ( horsepower 30 develop can and wide ) m 74 @.@ 2 ( feet 9 are They . ) m 51 @.@ 19 ( feet 64 span sails Patent double four the Externally . internally wheel brake wooden diameter ) m 18 @.@ 2 ( inches 2 feet 7 and iron @-@ cast the houses It . finial the to ) m 72 @.@ 13 ( feet 45 of height overall an mill the giving , tower the of top on sits cap pepperpot The "," The pepperpot cap sits on top of the tower , giving the mill an overall height of 45 feet ( 13 @.@ 72 m ) to the finial . It houses the cast @-@ iron and 7 feet 2 inches ( 2 @.@ 18 m ) diameter wooden brake wheel internally . Externally the four double Patent sails span 64 feet ( 19 @.@ 51 m ) . They are 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 74 m ) wide and can develop 30 horsepower ( 22 kW ) . The eight bladed fantail keeps the mill turned into wind . " " . mill the of centre the in , shaft upright the of top the at carried is wheel brake the by driven is which , iron @-@ cast The . cap the to access internal gives and grain of storage for used be could It . floor dust the is mill the of floor top The "," The top floor of the mill is the dust floor . It could be used for storage of grain and gives internal access to the cap . The cast @-@ iron , which is driven by the brake wheel is carried at the top of the upright shaft , in the centre of the mill . " " . belt by below floor the on wheel crown wooden the from driven , floor this on housed is mechanism hoist sack The . flour into ground being before stored is grain the where is floor bin The "," The bin floor is where the grain is stored before being ground into flour . The sack hoist mechanism is housed on this floor , driven from the wooden crown wheel on the floor below by belt . " " . dresser flour a and crusher oat an are floor this on machinery Other . floor bin the on hoist sack the drives This . ceiling the towards located is wheel crown wooden The . diameter ) m 40 @.@ 1 ( inches 7 feet 4 and ) m 32 @.@ 1 ( inches 4 feet 4 are stones The . located are millstones Burr French of pairs two the where is floor stone The "," The stone floor is where the two pairs of French Burr millstones are located . The stones are 4 feet 4 inches ( 1 @.@ 32 m ) and 4 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 40 m ) diameter . The wooden crown wheel is located towards the ceiling . This drives the sack hoist on the bin floor . Other machinery on this floor are an oat crusher and a flour dresser . " " . pulley loose and fast a via engine auxiliary the by driven , frame a on located is millstones Burr French diameter ) m 37 @.@ 1 ( inches 6 feet 4 of pair third A . construction arm clasp to construction arm compass from converted been has wheel spur great The . floor this on located are nuts stone and shaft upright extended the of bottom the at located , wheel spur great wooden The . up bagging for delivered is flour ground freshly the where is It . floor meal the is mill the of floor ground The "," The ground floor of the mill is the meal floor . It is where the freshly ground flour is delivered for bagging up . The wooden great spur wheel , located at the bottom of the extended upright shaft and stone nuts are located on this floor . The great spur wheel has been converted from compass arm construction to clasp arm construction . A third pair of 4 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 37 m ) diameter French Burr millstones is located on a frame , driven by the auxiliary engine via a fast and loose pulley . " " 37 @-@ 1819 Button William "," William Button 1819 @-@ 37 " " ? ? Button Rebecca "," Rebecca Button ? ? " " ? ? 18 Button Richard "," Richard Button 18 ? ? " " 62 @-@ 1860 Button William "," William Button 1860 @-@ 62 " " 62 @-@ 1860 ) Jr ( Button Richard "," Richard Button ( Jr ) 1860 @-@ 62 " " 79 @-@ 1862 Stephen "," Stephen 1862 @-@ 79 " " 1920 @-@ 1879 Bryant Henry "," Henry Bryant 1879 @-@ 1920 " " 24 @-@ 1920 Vincent Alphonso "," Alphonso Vincent 1920 @-@ 24 " " 24 @-@ 1920 Vincent George "," George Vincent 1920 @-@ 24 " " - : above for Reference "," Reference for above : - " " . Codd Viv by produced was mill the of restoration the of video A "," A video of the restoration of the mill was produced by Viv Codd . " " . arrangement prior by times other at open also is It . September and August , July in Sunday first the and holidays bank August and May late the of Sunday the , Monday Easter on public the to open is Mill "," Mill is open to the public on Easter Monday , the Sunday of the late May and August bank holidays and the first Sunday in July , August and September . It is also open at other times by prior arrangement . " " . 2001 , 21 September on States United the in Nickelodeon on aired originally It . artists storyboard as worked Wiese Erik and , Reiss William , Kugler Carson and , directors storyboard as served also Tibbitt and Dohrn . Williams Merriwether and , Tibbitt Paul , Dohrn Walt by written was and , Overtoom Andrew by directed was episode The . SquarePants SpongeBob series television animated American the of episode overall 38th the or , season second the of episode 18th the of segment first the is "" Mouth Sailor "" "," "" Sailor Mouth "" is the first segment of the 18th episode of the second season , or the 38th overall episode of the American animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants . The episode was directed by Andrew Overtoom , and was written by Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams . Dohrn and Tibbitt also served as storyboard directors , and Carson Kugler , William Reiss , and Erik Wiese worked as storyboard artists . It originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 21 , 2001 . " " . punishment as house her paint three the makes , words the of use their by appalled is who , Krabs Mama . him on tell to Krabs Mama to run and it believe cannot two The . words bad 13 the all utters he , toe his injures accidentally Krabs Mr. when , However . him stop to trying SpongeBob with Krabs Mr. tell to runs then Patrick . again swears accidentally SpongeBob , on Later . words bad 13 the of any or again word the use to never two the warns he , them hears Krabs Mr. when , However . speak they sentence every in it using start two The "" . fancy talk to want you when "" used is which "" enhancer sentence "" a is it that him to explains Patrick . means it what know not does but , Krab Krusty the behind dumpster a off "" word bad "" a reads SpongeBob , episode this In . Bottom Bikini of city underwater the in friends various his and character title the of endeavors and adventures the follows series The "," The series follows the adventures and endeavors of the title character and his various friends in the underwater city of Bikini Bottom . In this episode , SpongeBob reads a "" bad word "" off a dumpster behind the Krusty Krab , but does not know what it means . Patrick explains to him that it is a "" sentence enhancer "" which is used "" when you want to talk fancy . "" The two start using it in every sentence they speak . However , when Mr. Krabs hears them , he warns the two never to use the word again or any of the 13 bad words . Later on , SpongeBob accidentally swears again . Patrick then runs to tell Mr. Krabs with SpongeBob trying to stop him . However , when Mr. Krabs accidentally injures his toe , he utters all the 13 bad words . The two cannot believe it and run to Mama Krabs to tell on him . Mama Krabs , who is appalled by their use of the words , makes the three paint her house as punishment . " " . children towards profanity of use satirizing implicitly and promoting of example an as episode the interpreted who , fans and Council Television Parents the group media watchdog by criticized was and , reception negative to immune not was episode the , However . episode the of nature satirical the to due mainly , favorites their of one be to episode the consider crew SquarePants SpongeBob the of members various while , reviews positive received episode The "," The episode received positive reviews , while various members of the SpongeBob SquarePants crew consider the episode to be one of their favorites , mainly due to the satirical nature of the episode . However , the episode was not immune to negative reception , and was criticized by watchdog media group the Parents Television Council and fans , who interpreted the episode as an example of promoting and implicitly satirizing use of profanity towards children . " " . again words swear use never will they that Krabs Mr. vow Patrick and SpongeBob . use not should they words swear 13 are there that mentions and , profanity using were they that them tell to decides then who , Krabs Mr. informs then Squidward . leave and "" word "" his of use 's SpongeBob by appalled are customers Krab Krusty The . intercom the over then and Patrick to word the says and Krab Krusty the into walks SpongeBob , day next The "" . fancy talk to want you when "" used is which "" enhancer sentence "" a is word the that says Patrick and it is what Patrick asks SpongeBob . dumpster a on written words some reads he , trash the out take to Krab Krusty the of back the to around goes SpongeBob When "," When SpongeBob goes around to the back of the Krusty Krab to take out the trash , he reads some words written on a dumpster . SpongeBob asks Patrick what is it and Patrick says that the word is a "" sentence enhancer "" which is used "" when you want to talk fancy . "" The next day , SpongeBob walks into the Krusty Krab and says the word to Patrick and then over the intercom . The Krusty Krab customers are appalled by SpongeBob 's use of his "" word "" and leave . Squidward then informs Mr. Krabs , who then decides to tell them that they were using profanity , and mentions that there are 13 swear words they should not use . SpongeBob and Patrick vow Mr. Krabs that they will never use swear words again . " " . punishment as Krab Krusty the paint them makes and outside Patrick and SpongeBob takes and , explanations gibberish their stops Krabs Mr. , Eventually . along joins then Patrick , word swear the said Patrick that Krabs Mr. tells and door front the through bursts SpongeBob . him stop to trying SpongeBob with Krabs Mr. tell to Krab Krusty the to races then Patrick . word swear the utters accidentally and game the loses he , Eventually . eels gets always SpongeBob but escalators gets always Patrick . Escalators and Eels , game favorite their play they , Later "," Later , they play their favorite game , Eels and Escalators . Patrick always gets escalators but SpongeBob always gets eels . Eventually , he loses the game and accidentally utters the swear word . Patrick then races to the Krusty Krab to tell Mr. Krabs with SpongeBob trying to stop him . SpongeBob bursts through the front door and tells Mr. Krabs that Patrick said the swear word , Patrick then joins along . Eventually , Mr. Krabs stops their gibberish explanations , and takes SpongeBob and Patrick outside and makes them paint the Krusty Krab as punishment . " " . her at words those saying for punishment as paint of coat fresh a with house her painting of task the them of three all gives then She . words those all saying for ashamed be should them of three all that states Krabs Mama . consciousness regains she her of front in words bad those all saying for Patrick and SpongeBob scolds Krabs Mr. after shortly but , faint her makes This . used Krabs Mr. that words swear same the repeat they , house her reach all they When . swears Krabs Mr. that her tell to house ' Krabs Mama to run they , words swear the all hear Patrick and SpongeBob When . injured being foot his about complaining while words swear 13 all says and away paint the throws , rock a on foot his hits he but , job the Patrick and SpongeBob give to about is Krabs Mr. "," Mr. Krabs is about to give SpongeBob and Patrick the job , but he hits his foot on a rock , throws the paint away and says all 13 swear words while complaining about his foot being injured . When SpongeBob and Patrick hear all the swear words , they run to Mama Krabs ' house to tell her that Mr. Krabs swears . When they all reach her house , they repeat the same swear words that Mr. Krabs used . This makes her faint , but shortly after Mr. Krabs scolds SpongeBob and Patrick for saying all those bad words in front of her she regains consciousness . Mama Krabs states that all three of them should be ashamed for saying all those words . She then gives all three of them the task of painting her house with a fresh coat of paint as punishment for saying those words at her . " " . Tibbitt Paul producer executive current and producer creative SquarePants SpongeBob former by voiced was who , Krabs Mama , mother ' Krabs Mr. of introduction the marks episode The . 2001 , 21 September on States United the in Nickelodeon on aired originally episode The . childhood from experiences own ' writers the by inspired was episode the for storyline the of Much "" . through go kids all thing classic a "" as plot episode the described has Hillenburg Stephen creator Series . artists storyboard as worked Wiese Erik and Reiss William , Kugler Carson and , directors storyboard as served also Tibbitt and Dohrn . Williams Merriwether and , Tibbitt Paul , Dohrn Walt by written was and , Overtoom Andrew by directed was "" Mouth Sailor "" "," "" Sailor Mouth "" was directed by Andrew Overtoom , and was written by Walt Dohrn , Paul Tibbitt , and Merriwether Williams . Dohrn and Tibbitt also served as storyboard directors , and Carson Kugler , William Reiss and Erik Wiese worked as storyboard artists . Series creator Stephen Hillenburg has described the episode plot as "" a classic thing all kids go through . "" Much of the storyline for the episode was inspired by the writers ' own experiences from childhood . The episode originally aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on September 21 , 2001 . The episode marks the introduction of Mr. Krabs ' mother , Mama Krabs , who was voiced by former SpongeBob SquarePants creative producer and current executive producer Paul Tibbitt . " " "" . herself mouth sailor a has mother ] 's Drymon [ my that fact the by "" inspired also was , Patrick and SpongeBob than profanity more uses Krabs Mr. where , episode the of end The "" . life real in happened it how much pretty is , him chasing SpongeBob with , tattle to Krabs Mr. to running is Patrick where scene The "" , said Drymon "" . mother my of front in word @-@ f the saying for trouble in got I ] when [ "" experience 's Drymon Derek director creative by inspired was "" Mouth Sailor "" for idea The . episode this for lines story the of much with up come to inspirations as experiences childhood individual their used staff writing The "," The writing staff used their individual childhood experiences as inspirations to come up with much of the story lines for this episode . The idea for "" Sailor Mouth "" was inspired by creative director Derek Drymon 's experience "" [ when ] I got in trouble for saying the f @-@ word in front of my mother . "" Drymon said , "" The scene where Patrick is running to Mr. Krabs to tattle , with SpongeBob chasing him , is pretty much how it happened in real life . "" The end of the episode , where Mr. Krabs uses more profanity than SpongeBob and Patrick , was also inspired "" by the fact that my [ Drymon 's ] mother has a sailor mouth herself . "" " " . audience younger the for inappropriate been have would it because check episode final the in removed was It . game Escalators and Eels the during "" ! too you ' noise Dolphin ' "" saying Patrick by followed "" yourself ' noise dolphin ' Go "" saying SpongeBob had that scene a have to planned was it , commentary DVD 2 season ' series the to According . location changing pieces board certain featured shots many since , animate to crew the for difficult was , Ladders and Snakes of parody a is which , Escalators and Eels of game a playing Patrick and SpongeBob where scene The "," The scene where SpongeBob and Patrick playing a game of Eels and Escalators , which is a parody of Snakes and Ladders , was difficult for the crew to animate , since many shots featured certain board pieces changing location . According to the series ' season 2 DVD commentary , it was planned to have a scene that had SpongeBob saying "" Go ' dolphin noise ' yourself "" followed by Patrick saying "" ' Dolphin noise ' you too ! "" during the Eels and Escalators game . It was removed in the final episode check because it would have been inappropriate for the younger audience . " " . five through one seasons of episodes the all alongside , Episodes 100 First The : SquarePants SpongeBob the on released was "" Mouth Sailor "" , 2009 , 22 September On . 2004 , 19 October on released DVD Season 2nd Complete The : SquarePants SpongeBob the in included also was It . 2002 , 12 March on Stories Sea : SquarePants SpongeBob called compilation DVD the on released was "" Mouth Sailor "" "," "" Sailor Mouth "" was released on the DVD compilation called SpongeBob SquarePants : Sea Stories on March 12 , 2002 . It was also included in the SpongeBob SquarePants : The Complete 2nd Season DVD released on October 19 , 2004 . On September 22 , 2009 , "" Sailor Mouth "" was released on the SpongeBob SquarePants : The First 100 Episodes , alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five . " " . episode SpongeBob favorite second his is "" Mouth Sailor "" that told he , writers 's episode the of one , Tibbitt Paul with interview an In "" . censorship TV of parody the at laugh can adults and , words curse using of thrill forbidden the to relate can children because ] ... [ genius "" it called and plot 's episode the praised Basile "" . slot one number the in being missed barely just ' Mouth Sailor ' "" said She . Episodes SquarePants SpongeBob 10 Top the of list her for two number at episode the ranked About.com of Basile Nancy "" . guard @-@ off me catches just SpongeBob Sometimes "" saying , nature satirical and random its to due mainly , episode favorite his be to "" Mouth Sailor "" considers , crew SquarePants SpongeBob the of member a , Wiese Erik "," Erik Wiese , a member of the SpongeBob SquarePants crew , considers "" Sailor Mouth "" to be his favorite episode , mainly due to its random and satirical nature , saying "" Sometimes SpongeBob just catches me off @-@ guard . "" Nancy Basile of About.com ranked the episode at number two for her list of the Top 10 SpongeBob SquarePants Episodes . She said "" ' Sailor Mouth ' just barely missed being in the number one slot . "" Basile praised the episode 's plot and called it "" genius [ ... ] because children can relate to the forbidden thrill of using curse words , and adults can laugh at the parody of TV censorship . "" In an interview with Paul Tibbitt , one of the episode 's writers , he told that "" Sailor Mouth "" is his second favorite SpongeBob episode . " " . implicitly profanity satirize to intent its over , "" Mouth Sailor "" , SquarePants SpongeBob of episode an misinterpreting for report the criticized News Daily York New the of Huff Richard "" ? this at looked FCC the Has . point a make to characters our of mouths the in language profane putting literally to stooped they that desperate little a and sad 's It "" said , incident the to response in , Nickelodeon . programming television 's children in increased has activity violent and , sexual , profane of levels how of example an as "" Mouth Sailor "" listed PTC the of members several , report later a In . children among profanity of use promoted it that point its prove to 2005 from episode the of broadcast repeat a cited report the but , television cable on programs best the among SquarePants SpongeBob named PTC the which in season the ironically , season television 02 – 2001 the during aired originally episode The . children among profanity of use satirize and promote to attempt implicit an was "" Mouth Sailor "" episode SquarePants SpongeBob the believed fans and , group media watchdog a , Council Television Parents the , programming 's children in content sexual and , profane , violent potentially in increase the documents which , Clothing 's Sheep in Wolves titled report a to According "," According to a report titled Wolves in Sheep 's Clothing , which documents the increase in potentially violent , profane , and sexual content in children 's programming , the Parents Television Council , a watchdog media group , and fans believed the SpongeBob SquarePants episode "" Sailor Mouth "" was an implicit attempt to promote and satirize use of profanity among children . The episode originally aired during the 2001 – 02 television season , ironically the season in which the PTC named SpongeBob SquarePants among the best programs on cable television , but the report cited a repeat broadcast of the episode from 2005 to prove its point that it promoted use of profanity among children . In a later report , several members of the PTC listed "" Sailor Mouth "" as an example of how levels of profane , sexual , and violent activity has increased in children 's television programming . Nickelodeon , in response to the incident , said "" It 's sad and a little desperate that they stooped to literally putting profane language in the mouths of our characters to make a point . Has the FCC looked at this ? "" Richard Huff of the New York Daily News criticized the report for misinterpreting an episode of SpongeBob SquarePants , "" Sailor Mouth "" , over its intent to satirize profanity implicitly . " " . dilemma security unique its and culture strategic Australian of themes enduring the by shaped been also has society Australian and war between relationship The . spirit Anzac the including , identity national and society Australian on influences significant been have service military and war and , wars and conflicts numerous in involved been has Australia , nations other many of that to compared when short is history this Although . century 21st early the in Afghanistan and Iraq in conflicts ongoing the to Europeans and Aboriginals between wars frontier Australian early the from , history modern year @-@ 220 's nation the spans Australia of history military The "," The military history of Australia spans the nation 's 220 @-@ year modern history , from the early Australian frontier wars between Aboriginals and Europeans to the ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan in the early 21st century . Although this history is short when compared to that of many other nations , Australia has been involved in numerous conflicts and wars , and war and military service have been significant influences on Australian society and national identity , including the Anzac spirit . The relationship between war and Australian society has also been shaped by the enduring themes of Australian strategic culture and its unique security dilemma . " " . conflicts these of course the during died Australians 000 @,@ 103 nearly , total In . Afghanistan and Iraq in forces lateral @-@ multi of part as fought also have they recently more while , Islands Solomon the and Timor East , Somalia , Rwanda , Gulf Persian , Sinai the in including , agencies other and Nations United the through , missions peacekeeping international numerous in involved been have forces Australian era Vietnam @-@ Post the In . War Cold the during Vietnam and Borneo , Malaya , Korea in wars the in as well as , War World Second and War World First the in fought Australia , nation independent an then and , dominion federated a as later while , century 19th the of wars small 's Britain in participated colonies Australian the , offshoots British As "," As British offshoots , the Australian colonies participated in Britain 's small wars of the 19th century , while later as a federated dominion , and then an independent nation , Australia fought in the First World War and Second World War , as well as in the wars in Korea , Malaya , Borneo and Vietnam during the Cold War . In the Post @-@ Vietnam era Australian forces have been involved in numerous international peacekeeping missions , through the United Nations and other agencies , including in the Sinai , Persian Gulf , Rwanda , Somalia , East Timor and the Solomon Islands , while more recently they have also fought as part of multi @-@ lateral forces in Iraq and Afghanistan . In total , nearly 103 @,@ 000 Australians died during the course of these conflicts . " " . identity national of sense a forging in event key a as seen been has and Australians as part taking Australians saw that events international first the of one was campaign Gallipoli The . War World First the during Gallipoli at fighting soldiers Australian of behaviour the defined , thought popular to according , which traits ; mateship and egalitarianism , , humour , ingenuity , courage , endurance of notions include ideals These . spirit Anzac the as known , soldiering of and war of experience Australian the of conception idealised an on built been has identity national the of part major a while , history Australian in influences defining been have service military and War . day this to society Australian influence to continues it , century 20th the of half second the during wars major of absence the and military the of professionalisation the to due changing now is this although and , males Australian white of experiences shared greatest single the of one been has service military century last the of most For "," For most of the last century military service has been one of the single greatest shared experiences of white Australian males , and although this is now changing due to the professionalisation of the military and the absence of major wars during the second half of the 20th century , it continues to influence Australian society to this day . War and military service have been defining influences in Australian history , while a major part of the national identity has been built on an idealised conception of the Australian experience of war and of soldiering , known as the Anzac spirit . These ideals include notions of endurance , courage , ingenuity , humour , , egalitarianism and mateship ; traits which , according to popular thought , defined the behaviour of Australian soldiers fighting at Gallipoli during the First World War . The Gallipoli campaign was one of the first international events that saw Australians taking part as Australians and has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity . " " . challenges military major for unpreparedness in resulted historically has which trait a ; arises crisis a until resources allocate to or issues defence about think to reluctant often Australians with , evident been also has complacency strategic towards tendency a , Regardless . allies its with relations by defined been often has policy strategic Australian that ensured has — concerns security pragmatic more for as well as , beliefs and values shared as such reasons cultural for both — of pattern this , Arguably . security its underwritten has States United the with alliance an then since while , 1942 of crisis Japanese the until Britain to linked closely was policy defence Australian , Indeed . warfare expeditionary and ally powerful a with : culture strategic Australian of themes enduring more the of two by shaped been has society Australian and war between relationship The "," The relationship between war and Australian society has been shaped by two of the more enduring themes of Australian strategic culture : with a powerful ally and expeditionary warfare . Indeed , Australian defence policy was closely linked to Britain until the Japanese crisis of 1942 , while since then an alliance with the United States has underwritten its security . Arguably , this pattern of — both for cultural reasons such as shared values and beliefs , as well as for more pragmatic security concerns — has ensured that Australian strategic policy has often been defined by relations with its allies . Regardless , a tendency towards strategic complacency has also been evident , with Australians often reluctant to think about defence issues or to allocate resources until a crisis arises ; a trait which has historically resulted in unpreparedness for major military challenges . " " . qualities humanitarian their and abilities fighting their both for , paradoxically somewhat , noted been often have — Diggers as colloquially known — soldiers Australian conflicts these Throughout . wars foreign in involved become frequently has it , result a as perhaps and periphery the defending itself found often has Australia core the to threats during , sure be To . power world of centres the from removed physically power middle a of circumstances geopolitical the and , Pacific @-@ Asia the of edge the on island European largely a as dilemma security unique its of reflective also are behaviours These . ideology religious and political , economic and beliefs , values associated its well as , heritage European @-@ Anglo Christian @-@ Judaeo and tradition political democratic 's society Australian of product the being , history its throughout persisted have behaviours strategic these and revolutionary than evolutionary more been has Change . themes important been also have reliance @-@ self defence and security collective , multilateralism , Likewise . peacefully changed be only should affairs international in quo status the that proposition the and , security of guarantor a as force armed of legitimacy and relevance enduring the in belief a , sovereignty Westphalian of notions of centrality the , politics international in actor key the as state the of acceptance an : include themes Such . obvious also are culture strategic Australian in themes important other of number a , interests national of conception the and relations international of paradigms liberal and realist the both Reflecting "," Reflecting both the realist and liberal paradigms of international relations and the conception of national interests , a number of other important themes in Australian strategic culture are also obvious . Such themes include : an acceptance of the state as the key actor in international politics , the centrality of notions of Westphalian sovereignty , a belief in the enduring relevance and legitimacy of armed force as a guarantor of security , and the proposition that the status quo in international affairs should only be changed peacefully . Likewise , multilateralism , collective security and defence self @-@ reliance have also been important themes . Change has been more evolutionary than revolutionary and these strategic behaviours have persisted throughout its history , being the product of Australian society 's democratic political tradition and Judaeo @-@ Christian Anglo @-@ European heritage , as well its associated values , beliefs and economic , political and religious ideology . These behaviours are also reflective of its unique security dilemma as a largely European island on the edge of the Asia @-@ Pacific , and the geopolitical circumstances of a middle power physically removed from the centres of world power . To be sure , during threats to the core Australia has often found itself defending the periphery and perhaps as a result , it has frequently become involved in foreign wars . Throughout these conflicts Australian soldiers — known colloquially as Diggers — have often been noted , somewhat paradoxically , for both their fighting abilities and their humanitarian qualities . " " . units engineer and artillery of number small a had as , Australia in served had regiments infantry British 25 , 1870 By . Australia in arrived Foot of Regiment ) Perthshire ( 73rd the 1810 January in , result a As . 1808 in officers its by mounted coup a , Rebellion Rum the was shortcomings these of Chief . Land 's Diemen Van and Wales South New in garrison reliable more a for need the of Office War the convinced corps the in shortcomings however Soon . 1804 in Hill Castle at convicts Irish of rebellion a down putting in involved was subsequently Corps Wales South New The . Corps Wales South New the as known , service colonial for recruited specifically unit Army British a by 1790 in duties these of relieved were they however , Island Norfolk and Cove Sydney at settlements early the protected Marines Originally . forces regular Army British by provided mostly was colonies Australian the of defence the 1870 until 1788 From "," From 1788 until 1870 the defence of the Australian colonies was mostly provided by British Army regular forces . Originally Marines protected the early settlements at Sydney Cove and Norfolk Island , however they were relieved of these duties in 1790 by a British Army unit specifically recruited for colonial service , known as the New South Wales Corps . The New South Wales Corps subsequently was involved in putting down a rebellion of Irish convicts at Castle Hill in 1804 . Soon however shortcomings in the corps convinced the War Office of the need for a more reliable garrison in New South Wales and Van Diemen 's Land . Chief of these shortcomings was the Rum Rebellion , a coup mounted by its officers in 1808 . As a result , in January 1810 the 73rd ( Perthshire ) Regiment of Foot arrived in Australia . By 1870 , 25 British infantry regiments had served in Australia , as had a small number of artillery and engineer units . " " . Sudan the and Zealand New , Afghanistan , India in action saw also Australia in stationed regiments British of Members . goldfields Victorian the on 1854 in Stockade Eureka the at battle the in involved were soldiers British Notably . settlement European of extension the to resistance Aboriginal suppress to and — 1830 in Bathurst at occurred as — rebellions convict down putting , combating , institutions penal at convicts guarding , policing in used instead was Army British The . materialised ever threat actual no , attack external against colonies the protect to was Army British the of role primary the Although "," Although the primary role of the British Army was to protect the colonies against external attack , no actual threat ever materialised . The British Army was instead used in policing , guarding convicts at penal institutions , combating , putting down convict rebellions — as occurred at Bathurst in 1830 — and to suppress Aboriginal resistance to the extension of European settlement . Notably British soldiers were involved in the battle at the Eureka Stockade in 1854 on the Victorian goldfields . Members of British regiments stationed in Australia also saw action in India , Afghanistan , New Zealand and the Sudan . " " . people Australian the to given were structures and dockyards , depots 's Navy Royal the ; Navy Australian Royal the to over handed responsibility and ceased Station Australia the when , 1913 until waters Australian in force naval primary the remained Navy Royal The . Australia in stationed permanently been had ships Navy Royal that occasion first the marking , commodore a of command the under squadron separate a as established was Australia 1859 in , However . Sydney in based , Station Indies East the of units Navy Royal detached by provided was Australia of defence naval the settlement of years early the During "," During the early years of settlement the naval defence of Australia was provided by detached Royal Navy units of the East Indies Station , based in Sydney . However , in 1859 Australia was established as a separate squadron under the command of a commodore , marking the first occasion that Royal Navy ships had been permanently stationed in Australia . The Royal Navy remained the primary naval force in Australian waters until 1913 , when the Australia Station ceased and responsibility handed over to the Royal Australian Navy ; the Royal Navy 's depots , dockyards and structures were given to the Australian people . " " . tribes other on attacks in involved were and units police mounted in served Aborigines many while , lands their on encroachment white resisted groups Aboriginal all Not . units police mounted later and soldiers British of involvement the see did wars frontier the , however , times At . warfare systematic than rather tribes individual and settlers of groups between occurred conflict and sense organised an in conflict the approached Aborigines the nor British the neither large and By . starvation to led sometimes resources food and lands of destruction or occupation the and , populations Aboriginal decimated diseases European . lands ' inhabitants indigenous the of occupation the to and , resources over competition to led presence 's settler the when hostile inevitably were but , varied were Australia in settlers British of arrival sudden the to inhabitants Aboriginal native the of reactions The "," The reactions of the native Aboriginal inhabitants to the sudden arrival of British settlers in Australia were varied , but were inevitably hostile when the settler 's presence led to competition over resources , and to the occupation of the indigenous inhabitants ' lands . European diseases decimated Aboriginal populations , and the occupation or destruction of lands and food resources sometimes led to starvation . By and large neither the British nor the Aborigines approached the conflict in an organised sense and conflict occurred between groups of settlers and individual tribes rather than systematic warfare . At times , however , the frontier wars did see the involvement of British soldiers and later mounted police units . Not all Aboriginal groups resisted white encroachment on their lands , while many Aborigines served in mounted police units and were involved in attacks on other tribes . " " . population native the amongst casualties considerable in resulted ultimately it , British the for failure in began it Although . peninsulas isolated of number a onto inhabitants native 's island the of most driving at aimed and , 1832 and 1828 between fought was War Black called @-@ so the Tasmania in , However . killings the in part their for hanged were Europeans seven 1838 in Wales South New in massacre Creek Myall the after and , however sanctioned officially not were incidents Such . 1834 in Australia Western in Pinjarra of Battle the is famous most the Among . massacres indiscriminate of number a in resulting , violence with reacted often settlers resistance Aboriginal with Faced . Australia in settlement peaceful of "" myth "" academic times at and popular the contradicts warfare This . century 20th early the into continuing and century 18th the in beginning resistance Aboriginal with emerged warfare frontier of pattern a , however disorganised or Organised . continent the across massacres and engagements violent of series a rather but , war single a not was there , result a As . resistance sustained of capable confederations form not did Aborigines the as localised was Europeans and Aborigines between Fighting "," Fighting between Aborigines and Europeans was localised as the Aborigines did not form confederations capable of sustained resistance . As a result , there was not a single war , but rather a series of violent engagements and massacres across the continent . Organised or disorganised however , a pattern of frontier warfare emerged with Aboriginal resistance beginning in the 18th century and continuing into the early 20th century . This warfare contradicts the popular and at times academic "" myth "" of peaceful settlement in Australia . Faced with Aboriginal resistance settlers often reacted with violence , resulting in a number of indiscriminate massacres . Among the most famous is the Battle of Pinjarra in Western Australia in 1834 . Such incidents were not officially sanctioned however , and after the Myall Creek massacre in New South Wales in 1838 seven Europeans were hanged for their part in the killings . However , in Tasmania the so @-@ called Black War was fought between 1828 and 1832 , and aimed at driving most of the island 's native inhabitants onto a number of isolated peninsulas . Although it began in failure for the British , it ultimately resulted in considerable casualties amongst the native population . " " . Europeans the than Aborigines the for costly more proved usually warfare open such , However . reloaded settlers the while spears their hurling then and shots of volley first the out waiting , opponents their surround and outflank to attempt an in formation crescent in advancing them of reports with , effective be sometimes could This . advantage their to numbers superior use to attempt would Aborigines the which during , ensued battle conventional a and terrain open in settlers the attacked Aborigines of groups large occasions On . them feared have may settlers the much how of regardless , settlers European to threat military serious a never were Aborigines The . widespread not was this , firearms using and acquiring groups and individuals of instances some were there Although . Europeans the of challenge the meet to adapt to failed Aborigines main the on , America North and Zealand New of peoples indigenous the Unlike . weapons primitive other and clubs , spears using — practices fighting and hunting existing @-@ pre on based mainly were but , varied tactics Aboriginal . Europeans the by enjoyed advantages logistic and technological the with do to more had have may this , British than died Aborigines more many Although . Aborigines on Europeans by perpetrated mainly and sided one as conflict the depict to though inaccurate be may It "," It may be inaccurate though to depict the conflict as one sided and mainly perpetrated by Europeans on Aborigines . Although many more Aborigines died than British , this may have had more to do with the technological and logistic advantages enjoyed by the Europeans . Aboriginal tactics varied , but were mainly based on pre @-@ existing hunting and fighting practices — using spears , clubs and other primitive weapons . Unlike the indigenous peoples of New Zealand and North America , on the main Aborigines failed to adapt to meet the challenge of the Europeans . Although there were some instances of individuals and groups acquiring and using firearms , this was not widespread . The Aborigines were never a serious military threat to European settlers , regardless of how much the settlers may have feared them . On occasions large groups of Aborigines attacked the settlers in open terrain and a conventional battle ensued , during which the Aborigines would attempt to use superior numbers to their advantage . This could sometimes be effective , with reports of them advancing in crescent formation in an attempt to outflank and surround their opponents , waiting out the first volley of shots and then hurling their spears while the settlers reloaded . However , such open warfare usually proved more costly for the Aborigines than the Europeans . " " . banks both from attacking while rivers into retreat to them force or cliffs off natives the drive to forces positioning and , attacks surprise time @-@ night included employed Tactics . enemies hidden often , moving @-@ fast their fight to tactics their adapt to had also Europeans The . successful proved often , Aborigines of groups engage and surround to horses by provided mobility superior the with combined and ground open on used when , weapons These . available becoming , rifle Winchester the as such rifles fire @-@ rapid as well as , rifle Henry @-@ Martini the later and rifle loading @-@ breech shot single Snider the , revolver Colt shot @-@ six the with , advantage distinct a Europeans the gave firearms in advances significant 1850 by Yet . clubs or spears with engage and close in move to them allowing , advantage an Aborigines the given initially have may deficiencies These . ) ft 160 ( metres 50 within accurate only were and failure of rate high a from suffering while , fire of rate low a produced weapons Such . mechanisms lock @-@ flint with muskets shot single , bore @-@ smooth , loading @-@ muzzle cumbersome often were firearms , century 19th late the to Prior . overstated been often have firearms by afforded advantages the , However . firearms of use the was Europeans the of success the to Central "," Central to the success of the Europeans was the use of firearms . However , the advantages afforded by firearms have often been overstated . Prior to the late 19th century , firearms were often cumbersome muzzle @-@ loading , smooth @-@ bore , single shot muskets with flint @-@ lock mechanisms . Such weapons produced a low rate of fire , while suffering from a high rate of failure and were only accurate within 50 metres ( 160 ft ) . These deficiencies may have initially given the Aborigines an advantage , allowing them to move in close and engage with spears or clubs . Yet by 1850 significant advances in firearms gave the Europeans a distinct advantage , with the six @-@ shot Colt revolver , the Snider single shot breech @-@ loading rifle and later the Martini @-@ Henry rifle , as well as rapid @-@ fire rifles such as the Winchester rifle , becoming available . These weapons , when used on open ground and combined with the superior mobility provided by horses to surround and engage groups of Aborigines , often proved successful . The Europeans also had to adapt their tactics to fight their fast @-@ moving , often hidden enemies . Tactics employed included night @-@ time surprise attacks , and positioning forces to drive the natives off cliffs or force them to retreat into rivers while attacking from both banks . " " . resist to ability their limited have also may which fact a ; century 20th the of beginning the by population Aboriginal the reduced significantly which disease of effect the was though devastating more Far . perished have to believed are Aborigines 000 @,@ 20 least at while , 500 @,@ 2 at deaths European places casualties of estimate One . 1930s the to 1880s the from continuing , Australia central in especially , still later even lasted conflict Territory Northern the In . 1920s the until continuing clashes violent with , 1880 by region Kimberley the reaching , settlement European with north moved violence the , Australia Western In . 1900 to 1860s the from Queensland northern to then and , 1860s and 1850s the in Queensland central to moving , 1860 until continued and 1840s the in Brisbane around area the in began Queensland in war The . 1850 to 1829 from warfare experienced Australia Western of west @-@ south The . 1840s and 1830s the during occurred violence the of majority the , Australia South of parts southern the and Victoria in while , 1830s the to 1804 from traced be can fighting , Tasmania In . 1840s the in Wales South New outback into pushing , conflict the did so west moved frontier the As . 1820s the until surrounds its and Sydney in continued it , 1788 May in Europeans first the of arrival the with Wales South New in Beginning . Australia in settlement British of pattern the followed and years 150 over for lasted conflict The "," The conflict lasted for over 150 years and followed the pattern of British settlement in Australia . Beginning in New South Wales with the arrival of the first Europeans in May 1788 , it continued in Sydney and its surrounds until the 1820s . As the frontier moved west so did the conflict , pushing into outback New South Wales in the 1840s . In Tasmania , fighting can be traced from 1804 to the 1830s , while in Victoria and the southern parts of South Australia , the majority of the violence occurred during the 1830s and 1840s . The south @-@ west of Western Australia experienced warfare from 1829 to 1850 . The war in Queensland began in the area around Brisbane in the 1840s and continued until 1860 , moving to central Queensland in the 1850s and 1860s , and then to northern Queensland from the 1860s to 1900 . In Western Australia , the violence moved north with European settlement , reaching the Kimberley region by 1880 , with violent clashes continuing until the 1920s . In the Northern Territory conflict lasted even later still , especially in central Australia , continuing from the 1880s to the 1930s . One estimate of casualties places European deaths at 2 @,@ 500 , while at least 20 @,@ 000 Aborigines are believed to have perished . Far more devastating though was the effect of disease which significantly reduced the Aboriginal population by the beginning of the 20th century ; a fact which may also have limited their ability to resist . " " . deployment the during wound gunshot accidental an from died sailor One . fortifications Māori against actions in involved were personnel of number a although , support logistic and duties patrol for used subsequently was Victoria . Taranaki in Māori against war its in government colonial Zealand New the help to dispatched was Victoria ship Victorian the , 1861 In "," In 1861 , the Victorian ship Victoria was dispatched to help the New Zealand colonial government in its war against Māori in Taranaki . Victoria was subsequently used for patrol duties and logistic support , although a number of personnel were involved in actions against Māori fortifications . One sailor died from an accidental gunshot wound during the deployment . " " . Australia to returned had others many while , decade the of end the by cities and towns the to drifted had hostilities of cessation the at farmland claim to chosen had who soldiers the of many , However . 1867 in disbanded Regiments Waikato the and , 1864 by over was conflict The . action in killed been have to believed were 20 than Fewer . Ranga Te and , Hill Titi , East , at actions in involved were Australians . duties garrison and patrolling for used primarily were and , battle in involved heavily not were Australians the conditions arduous experiencing Despite . Rangers Forest of Company the in scouts became Australians Other . Regiments Waikato four form to recruited were ) Victoria from were whom of half over ( Australians 500 @,@ 2 than more , land confiscated on settlement Promised . Māori the against province Waikato the of invasion the in assist to troops requested government Zealand New the , 1863 late In "," In late 1863 , the New Zealand government requested troops to assist in the invasion of the Waikato province against the Māori . Promised settlement on confiscated land , more than 2 @,@ 500 Australians ( over half of whom were from Victoria ) were recruited to form four Waikato Regiments . Other Australians became scouts in the Company of Forest Rangers . Despite experiencing arduous conditions the Australians were not heavily involved in battle , and were primarily used for patrolling and garrison duties . Australians were involved in actions at , East , Titi Hill , and Te Ranga . Fewer than 20 were believed to have been killed in action . The conflict was over by 1864 , and the Waikato Regiments disbanded in 1867 . However , many of the soldiers who had chosen to claim farmland at the cessation of hostilities had drifted to the towns and cities by the end of the decade , while many others had returned to Australia . " " . China and Africa South , Sudan in serve to contingents raising colonies the with , century 19th the during Empire British the of conflicts number a in action see did subsequently volunteers many overseas serve to compelled be not could they Although . men 000 @,@ 21 numbered forces the , 1885 By . sense modern the in armies considered be to unbalanced and small too remained they — units artillery and engineer include to forces permanent the of expansion the including — 1870s the in reforms significant after Even . discipline military full to subject nor barracks in housed neither were and , infantry mounted and cavalry , infantry mainly were They . component permanent small a and , soldiers citizen paid , militia volunteer unpaid included forces military colonial The . responsibilities defence own their assumed colonies the , 1870 in ended colonies the for support military when but , regulars British of support in militias were these Initially . forces naval and military raise to crown British the from authority the granted were they , this do To . militia colonial own their raise to required was colony each the of Governor the , affairs some of control retained London in Office Colonial the while and , 1890 and 1855 between government responsible gained had colonies The . defence own their for responsible was governments colonial six the of each , 1901 until 1870 From "," From 1870 until 1901 , each of the six colonial governments was responsible for their own defence . The colonies had gained responsible government between 1855 and 1890 , and while the Colonial Office in London retained control of some affairs , the Governor of the each colony was required to raise their own colonial militia . To do this , they were granted the authority from the British crown to raise military and naval forces . Initially these were militias in support of British regulars , but when military support for the colonies ended in 1870 , the colonies assumed their own defence responsibilities . The colonial military forces included unpaid volunteer militia , paid citizen soldiers , and a small permanent component . They were mainly infantry , cavalry and mounted infantry , and were neither housed in barracks nor subject to full military discipline . Even after significant reforms in the 1870s — including the expansion of the permanent forces to include engineer and artillery units — they remained too small and unbalanced to be considered armies in the modern sense . By 1885 , the forces numbered 21 @,@ 000 men . Although they could not be compelled to serve overseas many volunteers subsequently did see action in a number conflicts of the British Empire during the 19th century , with the colonies raising contingents to serve in Sudan , South Africa and China . " " . colonies the of federation political the on debate the in attention little given generally were issues defence and , however unresolved remaining reforms These . proposal the stifled Victoria and Wales South New towards colonies smaller the by held suspicions however , Hutton Edward General Major , Commandant Wales South New influential the in support found views These . forces volunteer the replace to — Pacific South the in anywhere serve to obliged — units professional for and federated be to forces colonial the for argued Edwards . colonies the between made be to agreements defensive and , defences of restructure a for called he consequence a As . infantry of brigades of mobilisation rapid the by defended be could colonies the that belief the to — forces military colonial of survey a completed recently had who — Edwards James General Major led colonies eastern mainland the between communications railway improved , 1890s the by , However . forts coastal garrisoned on based , artillery and infantry combined by defence static around revolved mainly Australia in defences , period this During . trained well and , professional , disciplined , organised highly were units raised locally the of many , inferiority colonial of reputation a Despite "," Despite a reputation of colonial inferiority , many of the locally raised units were highly organised , disciplined , professional , and well trained . During this period , defences in Australia mainly revolved around static defence by combined infantry and artillery , based on garrisoned coastal forts . However , by the 1890s , improved railway communications between the mainland eastern colonies led Major General James Edwards — who had recently completed a survey of colonial military forces — to the belief that the colonies could be defended by the rapid mobilisation of brigades of infantry . As a consequence he called for a restructure of defences , and defensive agreements to be made between the colonies . Edwards argued for the colonial forces to be federated and for professional units — obliged to serve anywhere in the South Pacific — to replace the volunteer forces . These views found support in the influential New South Wales Commandant , Major General Edward Hutton , however suspicions held by the smaller colonies towards New South Wales and Victoria stifled the proposal . These reforms remaining unresolved however , and defence issues were generally given little attention in the debate on the political federation of the colonies . " " . Australia of Commonwealth new the of control the under placed and amalgamated were they when , 1901 in Federation until forces naval and military their over control maintained colonies separate The . action no saw but Australia South by sent was Protector HMCS while , 1900 in China in Rebellion Boxer the of suppression the in part took Victoria and Wales South New from personnel Naval . Artillery Naval Fremantle the included defences naval only 's Australia Western while , Corps Torpedo small a also had Tasmania . Protector HMCS , ship single a operated Australia South while , 1885 in established was Force Defence Maritime Queensland The . corvette a and boats @-@ torpedo small two had century 20th the of start the by and 1863 in Brigade Naval a formed Wales South New . boats @-@ torpedo five and gunboats small three , Navy Royal the from loan on Nelson HMS warship sail @-@ steam the as well as , 1870 from service in Cerberus HMVS ironclad the with , navies colonial the all of powerful most the became Victoria . forts and vessels man to brigades naval as well as , rivers and harbours of defence the for boats @-@ torpedo and gunboats of number a of consisted and 1880s @-@ mid the in greatly expanded were navies colonial The . overseas deployed been had warship Australian an that occasion first the marked War Taranaki First the during 1860 in Zealand New to deployment its and , Victoria , vessel naval own its received Victoria , 1856 In . navies own their operated also colonies the , Australia Western of exception the With "," With the exception of Western Australia , the colonies also operated their own navies . In 1856 , Victoria received its own naval vessel , Victoria , and its deployment to New Zealand in 1860 during the First Taranaki War marked the first occasion that an Australian warship had been deployed overseas . The colonial navies were expanded greatly in the mid @-@ 1880s and consisted of a number of gunboats and torpedo @-@ boats for the defence of harbours and rivers , as well as naval brigades to man vessels and forts . Victoria became the most powerful of all the colonial navies , with the ironclad HMVS Cerberus in service from 1870 , as well as the steam @-@ sail warship HMS Nelson on loan from the Royal Navy , three small gunboats and five torpedo @-@ boats . New South Wales formed a Naval Brigade in 1863 and by the start of the 20th century had two small torpedo @-@ boats and a corvette . The Queensland Maritime Defence Force was established in 1885 , while South Australia operated a single ship , HMCS Protector . Tasmania had also a small Torpedo Corps , while Western Australia 's only naval defences included the Fremantle Naval Artillery . Naval personnel from New South Wales and Victoria took part in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900 , while HMCS Protector was sent by South Australia but saw no action . The separate colonies maintained control over their military and naval forces until Federation in 1901 , when they were amalgamated and placed under the control of the new Commonwealth of Australia . " " . 1885 March 3 on Sydney from sailed and men 212 of battery artillery an and , officers 24 and men 522 of battalion infantry an of consisted Contingent Wales South New The . expenses 's contingent the meet and forces send to offered government the , 1885 February in Wales South New in arrived death his of news When . 1885 January in killed was he but , evacuation the ordinate @-@ co to Gordon Charles General sent and , Sudan the abandon to Egyptians the instructed British The . forces their extracting of campaign difficult a faced and defeated were they but , revolt the with deal to army an sent Egyptians the , War Mahdist the of part as , 1883 In . followers his to Mahdi as known , ) Ahmed or ( Ahmad Muhammad native of leadership the under rebellion from threat under came , British the by backed , Sudan the in regime Egyptian an , 1880s the of years early the During "," During the early years of the 1880s , an Egyptian regime in the Sudan , backed by the British , came under threat from rebellion under the leadership of native Muhammad Ahmad ( or Ahmed ) , known as Mahdi to his followers . In 1883 , as part of the Mahdist War , the Egyptians sent an army to deal with the revolt , but they were defeated and faced a difficult campaign of extracting their forces . The British instructed the Egyptians to abandon the Sudan , and sent General Charles Gordon to co @-@ ordinate the evacuation , but he was killed in January 1885 . When news of his death arrived in New South Wales in February 1885 , the government offered to send forces and meet the contingent 's expenses . The New South Wales Contingent consisted of an infantry battalion of 522 men and 24 officers , and an artillery battery of 212 men and sailed from Sydney on 3 March 1885 . " " . at camp the rejoined soon they but , month a for drilled and at posted were artillery the , Meanwhile . March previous the of fighting the from dead the bury to sortie last one made they , May 15 On . captured or killed were Arabs 100 than more which during skirmish a in involved heavily were and May 6 on to reconnaissance a on rode They . volunteered men 50 and raised was corps camel a soon but , duties guard to assigned then were Australians The . Nile the on , Berber towards desert the across laid being was that line railway a on work to sent then was contingent the of Most . fighting minor in wounded were Australians three : to returned and huts burned they , village the Reaching . men 000 @,@ 10 of up made formation "" square "" large a in for marched subsequently They . Guards Coldstream and Grenadier , Scots of consisted that brigade a to attached were and March 29 on in arrived contingent The "," The contingent arrived in on 29 March and were attached to a brigade that consisted of Scots , Grenadier and Coldstream Guards . They subsequently marched for in a large "" square "" formation made up of 10 @,@ 000 men . Reaching the village , they burned huts and returned to : three Australians were wounded in minor fighting . Most of the contingent was then sent to work on a railway line that was being laid across the desert towards Berber , on the Nile . The Australians were then assigned to guard duties , but soon a camel corps was raised and 50 men volunteered . They rode on a reconnaissance to on 6 May and were heavily involved in a skirmish during which more than 100 Arabs were killed or captured . On 15 May , they made one last sortie to bury the dead from the fighting of the previous March . Meanwhile , the artillery were posted at and drilled for a month , but they soon rejoined the camp at . " " . campaign the during wounded been had three while journey return the during disease of died subsequently nine ; Sudan in served Australians 770 Approximately . 1885 June 19 on Sydney in arriving , May 17 on home for sailed Contingent Wales South New The . in garrison a left and required effort the worth not was Sudan in campaign the that decided government British the Eventually "," Eventually the British government decided that the campaign in Sudan was not worth the effort required and left a garrison in . The New South Wales Contingent sailed for home on 17 May , arriving in Sydney on 19 June 1885 . Approximately 770 Australians served in Sudan ; nine subsequently died of disease during the return journey while three had been wounded during the campaign . " " . them on casualties significant inflicting after withdraw to attackers their forced subsequently they and , Belmont near time first the for fire under came Lancers the , November 22 On . Africa South to diverted hurriedly , war the before England in training been had who — Lancers Wales South New the with , later weeks three arrived troops first The . colonies other the from each one and , Victoria and Wales South New from men 125 of each squadrons two with , formations British with serve to contingents separate sent governments colonial six the of each and Office War British the by aside set subsequently were force Australian combined a of dispatch the for plans , war of outbreak the After . Colony Cape the and Natal of territories British the into deep striking , 1899 October 11 on war declared Kruger Paul President under Republic Transvaal the and State Free Orange the of Republics Afrikaner the , forces British of deployment the empting @-@ Pre . 1899 in War Boer Second the to led , result a as them between developed that land and resources for competition the and Boers Afrikaner the by settled already Africa South of areas into encroachment British "," British encroachment into areas of South Africa already settled by the Afrikaner Boers and the competition for resources and land that developed between them as a result , led to the Second Boer War in 1899 . Pre @-@ empting the deployment of British forces , the Afrikaner Republics of the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic under President Paul Kruger declared war on 11 October 1899 , striking deep into the British territories of Natal and the Cape Colony . After the outbreak of war , plans for the dispatch of a combined Australian force were subsequently set aside by the British War Office and each of the six colonial governments sent separate contingents to serve with British formations , with two squadrons each of 125 men from New South Wales and Victoria , and one each from the other colonies . The first troops arrived three weeks later , with the New South Wales Lancers — who had been training in England before the war , hurriedly diverted to South Africa . On 22 November , the Lancers came under fire for the first time near Belmont , and they subsequently forced their attackers to withdraw after inflicting significant casualties on them . " " . 1900 February in Kimberley of Siege the in part took subsequently Lancers Wales South New the and Queenslanders hundred Five . prisoner taken 40 another and killed were 50 than more , fighting heavy of hours two during and surprised were Boers the , Regardless . sentries forward Boer the with clashed patrol their when killed were Jones Victor and McLeod David Troopers . Belmont at laager Boer a attacked artillery and British , Canadians of column a and Infantry Mounted Queensland 250 after , 1900 January 1 on Sunnyside at after soon occurred casualties first The . front the to committed soon were and December in arrived Wales South New and Queensland from units Further . infantry mounted into converted soon were they , mobility increased for need a With . Hoad Charles John Colonel of command the under Regiment Australian the designated were and November 26 on Town Cape in arrived Tasmania and , Australia Western , Australia South , Victoria from infantry of contingents first The . involved were units Australian no although , 1899 December 17 – 10 between Week Black during setback major a suffered British the , victories minor of series a Following "," Following a series of minor victories , the British suffered a major setback during Black Week between 10 – 17 December 1899 , although no Australian units were involved . The first contingents of infantry from Victoria , South Australia , Western Australia , and Tasmania arrived in Cape Town on 26 November and were designated the Australian Regiment under the command of Colonel John Charles Hoad . With a need for increased mobility , they were soon converted into mounted infantry . Further units from Queensland and New South Wales arrived in December and were soon committed to the front . The first casualties occurred soon after at Sunnyside on 1 January 1900 , after 250 Queensland Mounted Infantry and a column of Canadians , British and artillery attacked a Boer laager at Belmont . Troopers David McLeod and Victor Jones were killed when their patrol clashed with the Boer forward sentries . Regardless , the Boers were surprised and during two hours of heavy fighting , more than 50 were killed and another 40 taken prisoner . Five hundred Queenslanders and the New South Wales Lancers subsequently took part in the Siege of Kimberley in February 1900 . " " . May 17 on relieved was Mafeking . June 12 on Hill Diamond at again action saw Australians Western and Rifles Mounted Wales South New The . June 3 on Pretoria from withdrew Boers the and , May 30 on fell Johannesburg . Australians 000 @,@ 3 than more including May in Pretoria to drive the with , continued advance the Still . died men of scores and toll its take to began Disease . relieved was Ladysmith while , 1900 March 13 on Bloemfontein entered British The . Cronjé Piet , general Boer the locating Rifles Mounted Wales South New the with , Paardeberg at defeated Boers retreating the and , and River of battles the following relieved was Kimberley , First . attached Corps Medical Army Wales South New and Infantry Mounted Queensland , Lancers Wales South New the with French John General Lieutenant by commanded cavalry of division a included force attacking The . February in State Free Orange the of invasion @-@ counter division five a mounted British the — siege under still Ladysmith with and — January in Kop Spion and , , , Colenso at backs @-@ set serious Despite "," Despite serious set @-@ backs at Colenso , , , and Spion Kop in January — and with Ladysmith still under siege — the British mounted a five division counter @-@ invasion of the Orange Free State in February . The attacking force included a division of cavalry commanded by Lieutenant General John French with the New South Wales Lancers , Queensland Mounted Infantry and New South Wales Army Medical Corps attached . First , Kimberley was relieved following the battles of River and , and the retreating Boers defeated at Paardeberg , with the New South Wales Mounted Rifles locating the Boer general , Piet Cronjé . The British entered Bloemfontein on 13 March 1900 , while Ladysmith was relieved . Disease began to take its toll and scores of men died . Still the advance continued , with the drive to Pretoria in May including more than 3 @,@ 000 Australians . Johannesburg fell on 30 May , and the Boers withdrew from Pretoria on 3 June . The New South Wales Mounted Rifles and Western Australians saw action again at Diamond Hill on 12 June . Mafeking was relieved on 17 May . " " . crimes war for execution and martial court their before in served Peter and Morant "" Breaker "" Harry which in unit the as notoriety gained which the included units Such . discipline military British to subject were and , Army British the of part were soldiers These . discharge after home returning of instead , units irregular African South local joined later Australians Some . ended war the before fighting little saw they although , Africa South to sent also were Army Australian created newly the of battalions Horse Commonwealth Australian eight , 1901 in Federation After . experience military little but , skills shooting and riding @-@ horse with volunteers being usually soldiers these with , Contingents 's Bushmen the of raising the and colonies Australian the in recruiting further to led resistance of phase new This . supply of lines and movements troop British disrupt to warfare guerrilla of campaign a conducting and units commando small forming , out held Boers the still republics Afrikaner the of defeat the Following "," Following the defeat of the Afrikaner republics still the Boers held out , forming small commando units and conducting a campaign of guerrilla warfare to disrupt British troop movements and lines of supply . This new phase of resistance led to further recruiting in the Australian colonies and the raising of the Bushmen 's Contingents , with these soldiers usually being volunteers with horse @-@ riding and shooting skills , but little military experience . After Federation in 1901 , eight Australian Commonwealth Horse battalions of the newly created Australian Army were also sent to South Africa , although they saw little fighting before the war ended . Some Australians later joined local South African irregular units , instead of returning home after discharge . These soldiers were part of the British Army , and were subject to British military discipline . Such units included the which gained notoriety as the unit in which Harry "" Breaker "" Morant and Peter served in before their court martial and execution for war crimes . " " . August 16 on relieved finally post the with , war the during Australians the of achievements major the of one was River Elands of Siege The . retired eventually Boers the , attack frontal a risk to prepared not and , defenders the by ignored were surrender to calls After . post the into fired were shells 800 @,@ 1 than more which during , days 11 lasted siege The . relieved been already had post the that believing back turned column second a while , Boers the by stopped was force relief A . fire rifle and shelling enduring , in dug defenders the night the During . casualties 32 causing shelling heavy with 1900 August 4 on began attack The . Rhodesians 200 and Australians 300 by defended was and stores of quantity large a held post The . Transvaal Western in River Elands the on , against Boers 000 @,@ 3 of force a lead Rey la de Koos , supplies requiring guerrillas the With "," With the guerrillas requiring supplies , Koos de la Rey lead a force of 3 @,@ 000 Boers against , on the Elands River in Western Transvaal . The post held a large quantity of stores and was defended by 300 Australians and 200 Rhodesians . The attack began on 4 August 1900 with heavy shelling causing 32 casualties . During the night the defenders dug in , enduring shelling and rifle fire . A relief force was stopped by the Boers , while a second column turned back believing that the post had already been relieved . The siege lasted 11 days , during which more than 1 @,@ 800 shells were fired into the post . After calls to surrender were ignored by the defenders , and not prepared to risk a frontal attack , the Boers eventually retired . The Siege of Elands River was one of the major achievements of the Australians during the war , with the post finally relieved on 16 August . " " . and , Hill Pink , included actions Australian notable Other . wounded 19 and dead five of loss the for 196 capturing and , 15 wounding , Boers 27 killing , skirmishes 13 in involved were and ) km 919 @,@ 2 ( miles 814 @,@ 1 travelled Rifles Mounted Wales South New the , 1901 of months last in warfare of Indicative . numbers superior with them overwhelming , encampments or farmhouses Boer attack to night at ride would units mounted British and , over was fighting the of bulk the , 1901 @-@ mid By . results yielded soon they however , British the towards bitterness much caused and , expenditure considerable required measures Such . communications railway protect to and mobility Boer limit to obstacles field and blockhouses of system a and , children and women Boer for camps concentration of establishment the , crops and houses of burning the involving policy earth scorched a including , tactics insurgency @-@ counter adopted British the response In "," In response the British adopted counter @-@ insurgency tactics , including a scorched earth policy involving the burning of houses and crops , the establishment of concentration camps for Boer women and children , and a system of blockhouses and field obstacles to limit Boer mobility and to protect railway communications . Such measures required considerable expenditure , and caused much bitterness towards the British , however they soon yielded results . By mid @-@ 1901 , the bulk of the fighting was over , and British mounted units would ride at night to attack Boer farmhouses or encampments , overwhelming them with superior numbers . Indicative of warfare in last months of 1901 , the New South Wales Mounted Rifles travelled 1 @,@ 814 miles ( 2 @,@ 919 km ) and were involved in 13 skirmishes , killing 27 Boers , wounding 15 , and capturing 196 for the loss of five dead and 19 wounded . Other notable Australian actions included , Pink Hill , and . " " . Cross Victoria the awarded were Australians Six . wounded were 735 further a while , action in missing 43 and disease of died 267 , action in killed 251 included casualties ; units Imperial in individuals as enlisted 000 @,@ 10 another perhaps and , Africa South in served Australians 175 @,@ 16 all In . 1902 May 31 on ended war the and , defeated were Boers the Ultimately . wounded 17 and killed 13 lost Bushmen Imperial Queensland 5th the , 1902 January 4 on at , Meanwhile . engagement the in killed also were Boers 60 although , Hill Gun at casualties heavy suffered also Regiment Horse Scottish the of Victorians , 1901 October 30 On . them surprise to Boers 150 of force a allowed security poor after Middleburg near , at wounded 42 and killed 19 lost Rifles Mounted Victorian 5th the , 1901 June 12 On . war the in late losses heavy of number a suffering , however successful always not were Australians "," Australians were not always successful however , suffering a number of heavy losses late in the war . On 12 June 1901 , the 5th Victorian Mounted Rifles lost 19 killed and 42 wounded at , near Middleburg after poor security allowed a force of 150 Boers to surprise them . On 30 October 1901 , Victorians of the Scottish Horse Regiment also suffered heavy casualties at Gun Hill , although 60 Boers were also killed in the engagement . Meanwhile , at on 4 January 1902 , the 5th Queensland Imperial Bushmen lost 13 killed and 17 wounded . Ultimately the Boers were defeated , and the war ended on 31 May 1902 . In all 16 @,@ 175 Australians served in South Africa , and perhaps another 10 @,@ 000 enlisted as individuals in Imperial units ; casualties included 251 killed in action , 267 died of disease and 43 missing in action , while a further 735 were wounded . Six Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross . " " . Infantry Light Marine NSW the contingent the titled and compromised Navy and Army The . ranks their in soldiers having to objected Brigade Naval Wales South New the while , sailors as enlisted be to refused but China to go to keen were soldiers The . War Boer Second the for enlisted originally who Sydney , Barracks Victoria at headquartered soldiers permanent 50 and sailors and officers naval 200 were Wales South New from contingent naval the Amongst . role defence coastal their fulfil to soldiering and handling ship both in trained been had who , reservists brigade naval of up made were forces these of Most . Creswell William Captain of command the under , Protector HMCS ship Australian South the and Wales South New from 260 , Victoria from men 200 accepting Britain with , one modest a was dispatched force The . manpower for forces naval on rely to had they , Africa South in engaged still were troops their of most as but , further assist to offered also colonies The . China to Squadron Australian the from ships dispatch to colonies Australian the from permission sought government British the , June In . interests their protect to Force Field China the of part as forces sent soon — Japan and , States United the , powers European many including — nations western of number a and , 1900 in began China in Rebellion Boxer The "," The Boxer Rebellion in China began in 1900 , and a number of western nations — including many European powers , the United States , and Japan — soon sent forces as part of the China Field Force to protect their interests . In June , the British government sought permission from the Australian colonies to dispatch ships from the Australian Squadron to China . The colonies also offered to assist further , but as most of their troops were still engaged in South Africa , they had to rely on naval forces for manpower . The force dispatched was a modest one , with Britain accepting 200 men from Victoria , 260 from New South Wales and the South Australian ship HMCS Protector , under the command of Captain William Creswell . Most of these forces were made up of naval brigade reservists , who had been trained in both ship handling and soldiering to fulfil their coastal defence role . Amongst the naval contingent from New South Wales were 200 naval officers and sailors and 50 permanent soldiers headquartered at Victoria Barracks , Sydney who originally enlisted for the Second Boer War . The soldiers were keen to go to China but refused to be enlisted as sailors , while the New South Wales Naval Brigade objected to having soldiers in their ranks . The Army and Navy compromised and titled the contingent the NSW Marine Light Infantry . " " . action enemy of result a as killed were none but , injury and sickness from died Australians Six . order civil of restoration the in and expeditions punitive and offensives few a in role minor a only played having , 1901 March in China left They . fighters @-@ fire and railwaymen as working as well as , duties guard and policing performing unhappily , winter the during remained brigades naval The . November in departing before , of Gulf the in duties courier and , transport , survey for used mostly was Protector HMCS . Peking in duties garrison undertook contingent Wales South New the and Tientsin garrisoned then Victorians The . surrendered already had it that find to only again once , fort the to march day @-@ ten a on men 500 @,@ 7 of force a joined Victorians The . forces western by captured was Peking after asylum found have to believed was government Chinese the where , Fu ting @-@ Pao at fortress the on attack the in involved were but , battle the in part take to late too arrived They . railway key a dominated which , Tang Pei at forts Chinese the capturing with tasked force multinational strong @-@ 000 @,@ 8 an to men 300 provided Australians the , Tientsin in Arriving . 1900 August 8 on China for sailed Victoria and Wales South New from contingents The "," The contingents from New South Wales and Victoria sailed for China on 8 August 1900 . Arriving in Tientsin , the Australians provided 300 men to an 8 @,@ 000 @-@ strong multinational force tasked with capturing the Chinese forts at Pei Tang , which dominated a key railway . They arrived too late to take part in the battle , but were involved in the attack on the fortress at Pao @-@ ting Fu , where the Chinese government was believed to have found asylum after Peking was captured by western forces . The Victorians joined a force of 7 @,@ 500 men on a ten @-@ day march to the fort , once again only to find that it had already surrendered . The Victorians then garrisoned Tientsin and the New South Wales contingent undertook garrison duties in Peking . HMCS Protector was mostly used for survey , transport , and courier duties in the Gulf of , before departing in November . The naval brigades remained during the winter , unhappily performing policing and guard duties , as well as working as railwaymen and fire @-@ fighters . They left China in March 1901 , having played only a minor role in a few offensives and punitive expeditions and in the restoration of civil order . Six Australians died from sickness and injury , but none were killed as a result of enemy action . " " . established soon also were Force Naval Commonwealth and ) Army Australian the of forerunner early ( Forces Military Commonwealth the while , result a as being into came immediately Defence of Department the and , federalism behind forces driving of one was Ocean Pacific the in interest German Imperial of face the in efforts defensive wide @-@ Australia of ordination @-@ co The . government federal new the in vested now was responsibility defence , Australia of Constitution the Under . colonies Australian the of federation the of result a as 1901 January 1 on existence into came Australia of Commonwealth The "," The Commonwealth of Australia came into existence on 1 January 1901 as a result of the federation of the Australian colonies . Under the Constitution of Australia , defence responsibility was now vested in the new federal government . The co @-@ ordination of Australia @-@ wide defensive efforts in the face of Imperial German interest in the Pacific Ocean was one of driving forces behind federalism , and the Department of Defence immediately came into being as a result , while the Commonwealth Military Forces ( early forerunner of the Australian Army ) and Commonwealth Naval Force were also soon established . " " . Service National universal of system a was as , established was Duntroon , College Military Royal the Kitchener Lord by report a following , 1911 In . army new the for structure integrated an devising work to set and December 26 on Forces Military Commonwealth the of commander first the became subsequently — Forces Military Wales South New the of commander former a — Hutton Edward Sir General Major . ) CMF ( Forces Military Citizen the as known , units militia in remained soldiers of majority the , However . Australia outside serve or disputes industrial in used be not could forces militia that specified and units infantry standing of raising the prevented also Act This . legislation of piece one under units the all brought 1903 Act Defence the until Acts colonial various the under administered be to continued units individual The . transferred subsequently were , volunteers unpaid 863 @,@ 8 and militia paid 603 @,@ 18 , soldiers professional 457 @,@ 1 including , soldiers colonial 923 @,@ 28 . force new the of part became — Africa South in still those including — forces colonial the all and 1901 March 1 on being into came Forces Military Commonwealth Australian The "," The Australian Commonwealth Military Forces came into being on 1 March 1901 and all the colonial forces — including those still in South Africa — became part of the new force . 28 @,@ 923 colonial soldiers , including 1 @,@ 457 professional soldiers , 18 @,@ 603 paid militia and 8 @,@ 863 unpaid volunteers , were subsequently transferred . The individual units continued to be administered under the various colonial Acts until the Defence Act 1903 brought all the units under one piece of legislation . This Act also prevented the raising of standing infantry units and specified that militia forces could not be used in industrial disputes or serve outside Australia . However , the majority of soldiers remained in militia units , known as the Citizen Military Forces ( CMF ) . Major General Sir Edward Hutton — a former commander of the New South Wales Military Forces — subsequently became the first commander of the Commonwealth Military Forces on 26 December and set to work devising an integrated structure for the new army . In 1911 , following a report by Lord Kitchener the Royal Military College , Duntroon was established , as was a system of universal National Service . " " . force formidable a as War World First the entered navy the consequence a as And . construction under still were ships other several while , destroyers three and , cruisers light three , Australia HMAS battlecruiser the of consisting , Heads Sydney through steamed fleet new the , 1913 October 4 On . Force Naval Commonwealth the absorbing , 1911 in formed subsequently was Navy Australian Royal the and however position their change to Admiralty the prompted construction naval German in surge The . destroyers class @-@ River ton @-@ 700 two of order the to led part in and navy modern a for enthusiasm public fired visit This . Australia visit to Fleet White Great American the invited 1908 in and , unimpressed was Deakin . sufficient be would submarines and destroyers of fleet small a that diplomatically suggested but , challenge the resented and rejected Admiralty The . navy Australian an develop and system subsidy the end to agreement 's Government British the sought , London in Conference Imperial the attending while , Creswell and Deakin Alfred Minister Prime 1907 In . policy naval Australian in change a to lead not did ultimately and , ships capable water blue lacked also force new This . created was Force Naval Commonwealth the when , 1901 March 1 until navies respective their over control maintained colonies The . decades for waters their in squadron naval British a of cost the subsidise to colonies separate the forcing , capabilities water blue lacked and small were navies These . force naval own its operated had colony governing @-@ self each federation to Prior "," Prior to federation each self @-@ governing colony had operated its own naval force . These navies were small and lacked blue water capabilities , forcing the separate colonies to subsidise the cost of a British naval squadron in their waters for decades . The colonies maintained control over their respective navies until 1 March 1901 , when the Commonwealth Naval Force was created . This new force also lacked blue water capable ships , and ultimately did not lead to a change in Australian naval policy . In 1907 Prime Minister Alfred Deakin and Creswell , while attending the Imperial Conference in London , sought the British Government 's agreement to end the subsidy system and develop an Australian navy . The Admiralty rejected and resented the challenge , but suggested diplomatically that a small fleet of destroyers and submarines would be sufficient . Deakin was unimpressed , and in 1908 invited the American Great White Fleet to visit Australia . This visit fired public enthusiasm for a modern navy and in part led to the order of two 700 @-@ ton River @-@ class destroyers . The surge in German naval construction prompted the Admiralty to change their position however and the Royal Australian Navy was subsequently formed in 1911 , absorbing the Commonwealth Naval Force . On 4 October 1913 , the new fleet steamed through Sydney Heads , consisting of the battlecruiser HMAS Australia , three light cruisers , and three destroyers , while several other ships were still under construction . And as a consequence the navy entered the First World War as a formidable force . " " . departments government and arrangements administrative separate had and minister own their to reported each and , however command of chain single a by linked not were branches service the , Regardless . world the in force air oldest second the it making , Force Air Australian Royal the form to 1921 in separated later was and 1916 in Forces Military Australian the of formation the to prior , 1912 in Forces Military Commonwealth the of part as established was ) AFC ( Corps Flying Australian The "," The Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) was established as part of the Commonwealth Military Forces in 1912 , prior to the formation of the Australian Military Forces in 1916 and was later separated in 1921 to form the Royal Australian Air Force , making it the second oldest air force in the world . Regardless , the service branches were not linked by a single chain of command however , and each reported to their own minister and had separate administrative arrangements and government departments . " " . Britain in born been had forces Australian the in served who those of % 20 almost war the of end the by , Indeed . time the at population Australian the up made that Australians @-@ Anglo generation first and citizens born @-@ British of number large the to due part in itself was This . Australia included automatically Britain by war of declaration any that Australians many of sentiment the reflecting and "" Australia is also so , war at is Empire the when ... "" that 1914 August 5 on declaring Cook Joseph Minister Prime with , suit followed rapidly government Australian the , War World First the of start the at Germany on war declared Britain When "," When Britain declared war on Germany at the start of the First World War , the Australian government rapidly followed suit , with Prime Minister Joseph Cook declaring on 5 August 1914 that "" ... when the Empire is at war , so also is Australia "" and reflecting the sentiment of many Australians that any declaration of war by Britain automatically included Australia . This was itself in part due to the large number of British @-@ born citizens and first generation Anglo @-@ Australians that made up the Australian population at the time . Indeed , by the end of the war almost 20 % of those who served in the Australian forces had been born in Britain . " " . committed also were forces naval and air small although , war ground the upon focused predominantly were efforts Australian conflict the of course the Throughout . Division 1st the of command assumed also who , Bridges William General Major was commander first The . 1912 in up drawn plans mobilisation under undertaken was and based regionally primarily was organisation and Enlistment . units supporting plus brigade horse light one and division infantry one as organised , men 000 @,@ 20 pledged government The . 1914 August 10 on began recruitment and formed was ) AIF ( Force Imperial Australian the as known force expeditionary volunteer @-@ all an , 1903 Act Defence the of provisions the under overseas serve to unable were forces militia existing the As "," As the existing militia forces were unable to serve overseas under the provisions of the Defence Act 1903 , an all @-@ volunteer expeditionary force known as the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) was formed and recruitment began on 10 August 1914 . The government pledged 20 @,@ 000 men , organised as one infantry division and one light horse brigade plus supporting units . Enlistment and organisation was primarily regionally based and was undertaken under mobilisation plans drawn up in 1912 . The first commander was Major General William Bridges , who also assumed command of the 1st Division . Throughout the course of the conflict Australian efforts were predominantly focused upon the ground war , although small air and naval forces were also committed . " " . aboard men 35 all with AE1 submarine the of offshore loss mysterious the by compounded were but , fighting the during killed six including , light were losses Australian . 1914 September 17 on surrendered Guinea New German . Toma and Paka Bita at fighting during defenders native and German the from resistance brief only encountering , day next the it occupied and 1914 September 11 on Rabaul reached force The . Guinea New German in Rabaul at and , Islands Caroline the in Yap at those and , Nauru on stations wireless the were force the of objectives The . Holmes William of command the under formed rapidly was , sailors @-@ ex and reservists naval 500 plus battalion infantry an of consisting and — AIF the from separate — force volunteer man @-@ 2000 a , ) MEF & AN ( Force Expeditionary Military and Naval Australian The . colonies Pacific 's Germany of proximity the by posed shipping to threat the reduce to quickly moved forces Australian war of outbreak the Following "," Following the outbreak of war Australian forces moved quickly to reduce the threat to shipping posed by the proximity of Germany 's Pacific colonies . The Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force ( AN & MEF ) , a 2000 @-@ man volunteer force — separate from the AIF — and consisting of an infantry battalion plus 500 naval reservists and ex @-@ sailors , was rapidly formed under the command of William Holmes . The objectives of the force were the wireless stations on Nauru , and those at Yap in the Caroline Islands , and at Rabaul in German New Guinea . The force reached Rabaul on 11 September 1914 and occupied it the next day , encountering only brief resistance from the German and native defenders during fighting at Bita Paka and Toma . German New Guinea surrendered on 17 September 1914 . Australian losses were light , including six killed during the fighting , but were compounded by the mysterious loss offshore of the submarine AE1 with all 35 men aboard . " " . Powers Central the against front another opening to view a with and , Canal Suez important strategically the against attack Turkish any empt @-@ pre to Egypt controlled @-@ British to sent instead were Australians the , Front Western the on employment for then and training further undergo to England for bound originally Although . Navy Australian Royal the involving action ship @-@ to @-@ ship first the in , November 8 on Cocos of Battle the at Emden SMS cruiser German the destroyed and engaged — Sydney HMAS — escorts naval 's convoy the of one journey the During . 1914 November 1 on Albany from convoy single a in ship by departed AIF The "," The AIF departed by ship in a single convoy from Albany on 1 November 1914 . During the journey one of the convoy 's naval escorts — HMAS Sydney — engaged and destroyed the German cruiser SMS Emden at the Battle of Cocos on 8 November , in the first ship @-@ to @-@ ship action involving the Royal Australian Navy . Although originally bound for England to undergo further training and then for employment on the Western Front , the Australians were instead sent to British @-@ controlled Egypt to pre @-@ empt any Turkish attack against the strategically important Suez Canal , and with a view to opening another front against the Central Powers . " " . killed 141 @,@ 8 including , 111 @,@ 26 totalled casualties Australian . objectives its achieving without , stalemate bloody of months eight lasted ultimately and conceived @-@ ill was Campaign Gallipoli the , successful if war the transform to promising Although . 1915 April 25 on peninsula Gallipoli the on Cove Anzac at landed subsequently — Birdwood William general British by commanded — ) ANZAC ( Corps Army Zealand New and Australian combined The . campaign the to committed forces French and Indian , British the amongst included were Australians the reorganisation and training of period a following and Gallipoli at lodgement amphibious an stage to decided then British the war the of out Turkey knock to Aiming "," Aiming to knock Turkey out of the war the British then decided to stage an amphibious lodgement at Gallipoli and following a period of training and reorganisation the Australians were included amongst the British , Indian and French forces committed to the campaign . The combined Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ) — commanded by British general William Birdwood — subsequently landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915 . Although promising to transform the war if successful , the Gallipoli Campaign was ill @-@ conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate , without achieving its objectives . Australian casualties totalled 26 @,@ 111 , including 8 @,@ 141 killed . " " . war in lives their lost subsequently have who those all of and , Anzacs original the of sacrifice and bravery the honour to , Turkey as well as , nations both in memorials at gather people of thousands year every and Zealand New and Australia in Day Anzac as known is , April 25 , landings initial the of date the , Today . identity national of sense a of development the and stage world the on actors independent as nations both of emergence the in milestone important an symbolise to came campaign Gallipoli the Zealanders New and Australians For "," For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity . Today , the date of the initial landings , 25 April , is known as Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand and every year thousands of people gather at memorials in both nations , as well as Turkey , to honour the bravery and sacrifice of the original Anzacs , and of all those who have subsequently lost their lives in war . " " . February in eliminated were Sinai the in garrisons Turkish small the of last the while , 1917 January 9 on captured was Rafa . Canal Suez the from constructed be could pipeline water and railway the which by speed the by governed was advance the of pace the although , Sinai the in offensive the on went forces British the victory this Following . back pushed eventually Turks the with , 1916 August 5 – 3 between Turkish the against Romani of Battle the in action considerable saw subsequently Division Mounted Anzac The . casualties heavy with sect Islamic Turkish @-@ pro primitive the down put successfully forces British combined the which during , Valley Nile the and Desert Libyan the in uprising Senussi the during combat saw first 's Australian The . Egypt of control British threatening were that troops Turkish the fighting in role pivotal a playing , Campaign Palestine and Sinai the of battles major the all in action saw Division Mounted Australian the and Division Mounted Anzac the of troops Australian . Turks the fight to East Middle the in remained units cavalry the while France to move to began infantry the 1916 In . expansion major a underwent AIF the and Egypt to returned Australians the Gallipoli from withdrawal the After "," After the withdrawal from Gallipoli the Australians returned to Egypt and the AIF underwent a major expansion . In 1916 the infantry began to move to France while the cavalry units remained in the Middle East to fight the Turks . Australian troops of the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division saw action in all the major battles of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign , playing a pivotal role in fighting the Turkish troops that were threatening British control of Egypt . The Australian 's first saw combat during the Senussi uprising in the Libyan Desert and the Nile Valley , during which the combined British forces successfully put down the primitive pro @-@ Turkish Islamic sect with heavy casualties . The Anzac Mounted Division subsequently saw considerable action in the Battle of Romani against the Turkish between 3 – 5 August 1916 , with the Turks eventually pushed back . Following this victory the British forces went on the offensive in the Sinai , although the pace of the advance was governed by the speed by which the railway and water pipeline could be constructed from the Suez Canal . Rafa was captured on 9 January 1917 , while the last of the small Turkish garrisons in the Sinai were eliminated in February . " " . process the in fatalities of number a suffered they although , brutality and efficiency with so did and 1919 in Egypt in revolt nationalist a down put help to used subsequently were Horse Light the of Units . 1918 October 30 on surrendered government Turkish The . Megiddo the and Jerusalem , Ridge Mughar at actions in part took and Palestine of out forces Turkish the pushing in assisted troops Australian , Later . wounded 36 and killed 31 of loss the for prisoners 700 over with along contained they water valuable the securing and at wells the capturing Australians the with , overrun were trenches Turkish The . ) km 4 @.@ 6 ( miles 4 than more charged Brigade Horse Light 4th Australian the after , day first the on Beersheba of capture the was moment critical The . soldiers Turkish 000 @,@ 12 capturing and line Beersheba @-@ Gaza the running @-@ over , British the for success complete a was battle The . part took Division Mounted Australian the and Division Mounted Anzac the both time this and November 7 and October 31 between occurred assault third A . April 19 on launched was attempt unsuccessful equally and second a while , 1917 March 26 on Gaza capture to made was attempt unsuccessful , initial an and Palestine entered advance The "," The advance entered Palestine and an initial , unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Gaza on 26 March 1917 , while a second and equally unsuccessful attempt was launched on 19 April . A third assault occurred between 31 October and 7 November and this time both the Anzac Mounted Division and the Australian Mounted Division took part . The battle was a complete success for the British , over @-@ running the Gaza @-@ Beersheba line and capturing 12 @,@ 000 Turkish soldiers . The critical moment was the capture of Beersheba on the first day , after the Australian 4th Light Horse Brigade charged more than 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) . The Turkish trenches were overrun , with the Australians capturing the wells at and securing the valuable water they contained along with over 700 prisoners for the loss of 31 killed and 36 wounded . Later , Australian troops assisted in pushing the Turkish forces out of Palestine and took part in actions at Mughar Ridge , Jerusalem and the Megiddo . The Turkish government surrendered on 30 October 1918 . Units of the Light Horse were subsequently used to help put down a nationalist revolt in Egypt in 1919 and did so with efficiency and brutality , although they suffered a number of fatalities in the process . " " . well performed they where , Front Western the on and Palestine , Egypt in action saw later squadrons four and expanded soon was AFC The . Iraq in interests oil British protecting in assist to upon called was Flight Half Mesopotamian the when , however 1915 May 27 until occur not did flight operational first the , 1914 in Guinea New German to aircraft single a just Deploying . Dominions the among unique was force national separate a as independence its and , development remarkable undergone had AFC the , Meanwhile "," Meanwhile , the AFC had undergone remarkable development , and its independence as a separate national force was unique among the Dominions . Deploying just a single aircraft to German New Guinea in 1914 , the first operational flight did not occur until 27 May 1915 however , when the Mesopotamian Half Flight was called upon to assist in protecting British oil interests in Iraq . The AFC was soon expanded and four squadrons later saw action in Egypt , Palestine and on the Western Front , where they performed well . " " . days 45 just in casualties 000 @,@ 23 suffered had they , organise @-@ re to Somme the from withdrawn was AIF the time the By . men 300 @,@ 6 totalling casualties with , August in attacked was Farm Mouquet . casualties 286 @,@ 5 suffered had they , July 27 on Division 2nd the by relieved were they that time the by and , Pozieres assaulting , July 23 on line the entered Division 1st The . day single a in casualties 533 @,@ 5 suffering , 1916 July 19 on Fromelles of Battle the during action in first the was , flank left the on positioned , Division 5th The . committed been had divisions Australian four weeks within , Somme the of Battle the of day first disastrous the from spared Although . reputation formidable a earning , Front Western the on battles major the of most in participated AIF the years half a and two next the for and 1916 April 7 on Armentières of south sector quiet a in positions up took subsequently Corps Anzac I . 1916 March in Egypt leaving , Belgium and France in action saw AIF the of divisions infantry Five "," Five infantry divisions of the AIF saw action in France and Belgium , leaving Egypt in March 1916 . I Anzac Corps subsequently took up positions in a quiet sector south of Armentières on 7 April 1916 and for the next two and a half years the AIF participated in most of the major battles on the Western Front , earning a formidable reputation . Although spared from the disastrous first day of the Battle of the Somme , within weeks four Australian divisions had been committed . The 5th Division , positioned on the left flank , was the first in action during the Battle of Fromelles on 19 July 1916 , suffering 5 @,@ 533 casualties in a single day . The 1st Division entered the line on 23 July , assaulting Pozieres , and by the time that they were relieved by the 2nd Division on 27 July , they had suffered 5 @,@ 286 casualties . Mouquet Farm was attacked in August , with casualties totalling 6 @,@ 300 men . By the time the AIF was withdrawn from the Somme to re @-@ organise , they had suffered 23 @,@ 000 casualties in just 45 days . " " . casualties Australian 482 @,@ 7 cost efforts these Combined . May @-@ mid in ended battle the until line the in remaining , 1st the relieved Division 5th the May 7 on , Finally . Division 1st the by relieved until them holding and Line Hindenburg the of sections taking in succeeded and , May 3 on beginning , Bullecourt of Battle Second the in part took then Division 2nd The . again it recapturing before , town the abandon to forced were and Lagnicourt near attacked @-@ counter were Divisions 2nd and 1st the , April 15 On . captured 170 @,@ 1 and casualties 000 @,@ 3 over losing , Bullecourt of Battle First disastrous the in Line Hindenburg the assaulted Division 4th the , April 11 On . Bapaume of town the capturing , Line Hindenburg the to back Germans the pursued Divisions 5th and 2nd the , 1917 March In "," In March 1917 , the 2nd and 5th Divisions pursued the Germans back to the Hindenburg Line , capturing the town of Bapaume . On 11 April , the 4th Division assaulted the Hindenburg Line in the disastrous First Battle of Bullecourt , losing over 3 @,@ 000 casualties and 1 @,@ 170 captured . On 15 April , the 1st and 2nd Divisions were counter @-@ attacked near Lagnicourt and were forced to abandon the town , before recapturing it again . The 2nd Division then took part in the Second Battle of Bullecourt , beginning on 3 May , and succeeded in taking sections of the Hindenburg Line and holding them until relieved by the 1st Division . Finally , on 7 May the 5th Division relieved the 1st , remaining in the line until the battle ended in mid @-@ May . Combined these efforts cost 7 @,@ 482 Australian casualties . " " . casualties 000 @,@ 38 suffered Australians the fighting weeks eight of course the over and Passchendaele and Poelcappelle , Broodseinde , Wood Polygon , Road Menin at place took actions Individual . 1917 November and September between , Plateau Gheluvelt the capture to campaign the of part as Belgium in Ypres of Battle Third the in part took then Corps Anzac I . men 800 @,@ 6 nearly included Messines of Battle the during casualties Australian . succeeded it , day next the counterattacks German strong despite and , unopposed virtually was advance The . trenches German the destroying , ridge Messines the underneath placed been had that explosives of ) kg 545 @,@ 454 ( pounds million a of detonation the with commenced attack The . Ypres of south salient a eliminate to Flanders in operation an launched — corps British two with along — Corps Anzac II the , 1917 June 7 On "," On 7 June 1917 , the II Anzac Corps — along with two British corps — launched an operation in Flanders to eliminate a salient south of Ypres . The attack commenced with the detonation of a million pounds ( 454 @,@ 545 kg ) of explosives that had been placed underneath the Messines ridge , destroying the German trenches . The advance was virtually unopposed , and despite strong German counterattacks the next day , it succeeded . Australian casualties during the Battle of Messines included nearly 6 @,@ 800 men . I Anzac Corps then took part in the Third Battle of Ypres in Belgium as part of the campaign to capture the Gheluvelt Plateau , between September and November 1917 . Individual actions took place at Menin Road , Polygon Wood , Broodseinde , Poelcappelle and Passchendaele and over the course of eight weeks fighting the Australians suffered 38 @,@ 000 casualties . " " . time first the for attack an in — armour and artillery , aircraft including — arms combined used successfully , Monash John General Lieutenant , Corps Australian the of commander the Hamel At . Hamel and , Hazebrouck , Wood Hangard , Bretonneux @-@ Villers , Morlancourt , Dernacourt at fought Australians the time this During . Paris of ) km 80 ( miles 50 within to pushed had Germans the May late By . tide the stem to attempt the in engaged were France in divisions AIF five all and months five next the for lasted offensive The . Somme the on Amiens to south rushed were Divisions 4th and 3rd the back fell Allies the As . front ) km 110 ( miles 70 a over divisions three @-@ sixty unleashing , war the win to effort ditched @-@ last a in Offensive Spring its launched Army German the 1918 March 21 On "," On 21 March 1918 the German Army launched its Spring Offensive in a last @-@ ditched effort to win the war , unleashing sixty @-@ three divisions over a 70 miles ( 110 km ) front . As the Allies fell back the 3rd and 4th Divisions were rushed south to Amiens on the Somme . The offensive lasted for the next five months and all five AIF divisions in France were engaged in the attempt to stem the tide . By late May the Germans had pushed to within 50 miles ( 80 km ) of Paris . During this time the Australians fought at Dernacourt , Morlancourt , Villers @-@ Bretonneux , Hangard Wood , Hazebrouck , and Hamel . At Hamel the commander of the Australian Corps , Lieutenant General John Monash , successfully used combined arms — including aircraft , artillery and armour — in an attack for the first time . " " . 1918 November 11 on declared was armistice the when line the of out subsequently was AIF The . Montbrehain at 1918 October 5 on war the of engagement final their before , Quentin St Mont and , Chuignes , Proyart , Etinehem , Lihons at actions fought Corps Australian the Somme the of Battle Second during and , months four for continued offensive The . Army German the of "" Day Black "" the as known became what on made were gains significant , Hamel at earlier developed techniques arms combined the Using . Amiens at striking divisions Australian four included offensive the 1918 August 8 on Beginning . war the ending ultimately — Offensive Days Hundred the — offensive own their launched soon Allies The . Penetrations Peaceful as known , raids of series a undertook Australians the which during , followed lull brief a and July @-@ mid in halt a to ground offensive German The "," The German offensive ground to a halt in mid @-@ July and a brief lull followed , during which the Australians undertook a series of raids , known as Peaceful Penetrations . The Allies soon launched their own offensive — the Hundred Days Offensive — ultimately ending the war . Beginning on 8 August 1918 the offensive included four Australian divisions striking at Amiens . Using the combined arms techniques developed earlier at Hamel , significant gains were made on what became known as the "" Black Day "" of the German Army . The offensive continued for four months , and during Second Battle of the Somme the Australian Corps fought actions at Lihons , Etinehem , Proyart , Chuignes , and Mont St Quentin , before their final engagement of the war on 5 October 1918 at Montbrehain . The AIF was subsequently out of the line when the armistice was declared on 11 November 1918 . " " . war the during conscription to resort to not side either on armies two only of one remained Australia , Consequently . fighting the of end the towards particularly , available manpower of reserves the stretching but , force Australian the of status volunteer the preserving , war the during defeated been had service overseas for conscription on referendums Two . 052 @,@ 993 @,@ 376 £ at calculated was government Australian the to cost financial The . ) % 65 of rate casualty total a ( wounded were 000 @,@ 155 another and killed were 508 @,@ 61 . overseas served 000 @,@ 333 and war the during AIF the in enlisted Australians 806 @,@ 416 all In "," In all 416 @,@ 806 Australians enlisted in the AIF during the war and 333 @,@ 000 served overseas . 61 @,@ 508 were killed and another 155 @,@ 000 were wounded ( a total casualty rate of 65 % ) . The financial cost to the Australian government was calculated at £ 376 @,@ 993 @,@ 052 . Two referendums on conscription for overseas service had been defeated during the war , preserving the volunteer status of the Australian force , but stretching the reserves of manpower available , particularly towards the end of the fighting . Consequently , Australia remained one of only two armies on either side not to resort to conscription during the war . " " . War World First the during Cross Victoria the awarded were Australians 64 . war the in origins their have today exist that nationhood and character Australian of notions the of many while , actor international an as emergence its of symbol a as seen is involvement 's nation the Australians many for , Indeed . also ways other in society Australian on effect profound a had war The "," The war had a profound effect on Australian society in other ways also . Indeed , for many Australians the nation 's involvement is seen as a symbol of its emergence as an international actor , while many of the notions of Australian character and nationhood that exist today have their origins in the war . 64 Australians were awarded the Victoria Cross during the First World War . " " . killed were several and battles sharp of number a in involved were they where , ) ( Force Relief Russia North British the in enlisted subsequently Australians 150 about , England in repatriation Awaiting . ) ( Force Expeditionary Russian North the with units Russian White to advisors as served number small A . fighting the in involved became Army British the with serving Australians many , forces commit to refused government Australian the Although . forces Russian White Bolshevik @-@ anti , tsarist @-@ pro the to support hearted @-@ half giving , intervened — Britain including — powers western the , War World First the of end the Following . 1917 October in power assumed party Bolshevik the and collapsed government provisional Russian the after began War Civil Russian The "," The Russian Civil War began after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Bolshevik party assumed power in October 1917 . Following the end of the First World War , the western powers — including Britain — intervened , giving half @-@ hearted support to the pro @-@ tsarist , anti @-@ Bolshevik White Russian forces . Although the Australian government refused to commit forces , many Australians serving with the British Army became involved in the fighting . A small number served as advisors to White Russian units with the North Russian Expeditionary Force ( ) . Awaiting repatriation in England , about 150 Australians subsequently enlisted in the British North Russia Relief Force ( ) , where they were involved in a number of sharp battles and several were killed . " " . fighting little did and , India and East Middle the to access Turkish preventing at aimed were missions these although , Mission Malleson the and Dunsterforce of part as Mesopotamia in served also they , Later . Siberia in Kolchak Aleksandr Admiral advised more several while , Russia South in Denikin Anton , General Russian White the to Mission Military British the with advisers as served Australians Other . 1918 late in Sea Black the in mission gathering intelligence an out carrying , engaged briefly also was Swan HMAS destroyer Navy Australian Royal The "," The Royal Australian Navy destroyer HMAS Swan was also briefly engaged , carrying out an intelligence gathering mission in the Black Sea in late 1918 . Other Australians served as advisers with the British Military Mission to the White Russian General , Anton Denikin in South Russia , while several more advised Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak in Siberia . Later , they also served in Mesopotamia as part of Dunsterforce and the Malleson Mission , although these missions were aimed at preventing Turkish access to the Middle East and India , and did little fighting . " " . Mesopotamia in operations during disease from being deaths most with , wounded 40 and killed 10 included casualties Total . war the of outcome the to difference little made and time the at home at noticed barely was involvement Australian Yet . numbers small their despite , campaign land the of Crosses Victoria two only the winning , courage and audacity for reputation a confirmed they , Regardless . political been have to unlikely seems it , at guessed be only can Russia in fight to volunteered that 's Australian those of motivations the Although "," Although the motivations of those Australian 's that volunteered to fight in Russia can only be guessed at , it seems unlikely to have been political . Regardless , they confirmed a reputation for audacity and courage , winning the only two Victoria Crosses of the land campaign , despite their small numbers . Yet Australian involvement was barely noticed at home at the time and made little difference to the outcome of the war . Total casualties included 10 killed and 40 wounded , with most deaths being from disease during operations in Mesopotamia . " " . November 23 on Australia to returned Adelaide . support communications and logistic only providing , ashore operations in part no took personnel 's ship The . killers the for searched they as soldiers the for support personnel provide to area the in remained then , troops of platoons three of landing the protect to Malaita to proceeded ship the , October 14 on Tulagi at Arriving . massacre Malaita the as known , October 3 on Malaita of island the on at natives by others sixteen and officer district a of killing the to response in expedition punitive a of part as Protectorate Islands Solomon British the to called was Adelaide HMAS , 1927 October In "," In October 1927 , HMAS Adelaide was called to the British Solomon Islands Protectorate as part of a punitive expedition in response to the killing of a district officer and sixteen others by natives at on the island of Malaita on 3 October , known as the Malaita massacre . Arriving at Tulagi on 14 October , the ship proceeded to Malaita to protect the landing of three platoons of troops , then remained in the area to provide personnel support for the soldiers as they searched for the killers . The ship 's personnel took no part in operations ashore , providing only logistic and communications support . Adelaide returned to Australia on 23 November . " " . forces Nationalist 's Franco Francisco General for fought have to known — War World Second the during RAF the in serving killed later was who catholic conservative a , Bull Nugent — one only with , volunteered Australians 66 least At . origin of country their in fight to returned who migrants born @-@ Spanish were number a while , reasons ideological by motivated radicals were Most . units own their forming than rather , Battalion Lincoln the and Battalion British the as such , nationalities other of battalions the to allocated subsequently were Australians The . Brigades International the through Republic Spanish the supported predominantly they although , War Civil Spanish the of sides both on fought volunteers Australian of number small A "," A small number of Australian volunteers fought on both sides of the Spanish Civil War , although they predominantly supported the Spanish Republic through the International Brigades . The Australians were subsequently allocated to the battalions of other nationalities , such as the British Battalion and the Lincoln Battalion , rather than forming their own units . Most were radicals motivated by ideological reasons , while a number were Spanish @-@ born migrants who returned to fight in their country of origin . At least 66 Australians volunteered , with only one — Nugent Bull , a conservative catholic who was later killed serving in the RAF during the Second World War — known to have fought for General Francisco Franco 's Nationalist forces . " " . killed were 14 least at , countries other from those to compared small relatively was volunteers Australian of number the Although . ) RSL ( Australia of League Services and Returned the or government the by recognised neither were veterans returned , Consequently . taken was action no , enlist to Spain to travelling Australians of reports no received government the as however , time the at illegal was force armed foreign a in Service . support public no received they , rebels Nationalist the with served have may Australians wing right individual although , Equally . basis Nationalist @-@ pro a than rather , basis communist @-@ anti an on Santamaria B.A. by marshalled was cause Republican the to opposition Australian . neutrality its maintained government the and interest public particular spark to failed war the — movement union trade the and Australia of Party Communist the particularly — left Australian the for cause celebrated a While "," While a celebrated cause for the Australian left — particularly the Communist Party of Australia and the trade union movement — the war failed to spark particular public interest and the government maintained its neutrality . Australian opposition to the Republican cause was marshalled by B.A. Santamaria on an anti @-@ communist basis , rather than a pro @-@ Nationalist basis . Equally , although individual right wing Australians may have served with the Nationalist rebels , they received no public support . Service in a foreign armed force was illegal at the time , however as the government received no reports of Australians travelling to Spain to enlist , no action was taken . Consequently , returned veterans were neither recognised by the government or the Returned and Services League of Australia ( RSL ) . Although the number of Australian volunteers was relatively small compared to those from other countries , at least 14 were killed . " " . war the during trained were Australians 000 @,@ 28 almost which through , ) EATS ( Scheme Training Air Empire the through forces air Commonwealth the with service for airmen training to devoted mainly initially were resources 's RAAF The . East Middle the to dispatched were which of three , 1940 and 1939 during formed were divisions infantry Four . 1940 @-@ mid by enlisted had age military of men Australian of proportion high a , War World First the like volunteers of rush no was there While . September @-@ mid in began ) AIF 2nd ( Force Imperial Australian Second a for Recruiting . war for unready and small was military Australian the Germany against war of declaration the of time the At . 1939 September 3 on War World Second the entered Australia "," Australia entered the Second World War on 3 September 1939 . At the time of the declaration of war against Germany the Australian military was small and unready for war . Recruiting for a Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) began in mid @-@ September . While there was no rush of volunteers like the First World War , a high proportion of Australian men of military age had enlisted by mid @-@ 1940 . Four infantry divisions were formed during 1939 and 1940 , three of which were dispatched to the Middle East . The RAAF 's resources were initially mainly devoted to training airmen for service with the Commonwealth air forces through the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) , through which almost 28 @,@ 000 Australians were trained during the war . " " . Division 9th the by replaced was and , Greece in service for withdrawn was it February late In . February 4 on Benghazi captured and Army Italian the of pursuit the in part took Division 6th The . towns both at surrendering troops Italian of thousands of tens with , January 22 on Tobruk and January 5 on Bardia captured and assaulted division The . Compass Operation during forces Commonwealth the of part formed Division 6th the when , 1941 January in action saw first Army The . warships Italian several sank and , Fleet Mediterranean British the of part as operations of series a in part took ) ships the by accepted proudly title a — Goebbels Joseph Minister Propaganda Nazi by "" Flotilla Iron Scrap "" the dubbed ( destroyers elderly five and Sydney HMAS cruiser light the 1940 During . Africa North and Mediterranean the in forces Italian against were war the of engagements major first 's military Australian The "," The Australian military 's first major engagements of the war were against Italian forces in the Mediterranean and North Africa . During 1940 the light cruiser HMAS Sydney and five elderly destroyers ( dubbed the "" Scrap Iron Flotilla "" by Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels — a title proudly accepted by the ships ) took part in a series of operations as part of the British Mediterranean Fleet , and sank several Italian warships . The Army first saw action in January 1941 , when the 6th Division formed part of the Commonwealth forces during Operation Compass . The division assaulted and captured Bardia on 5 January and Tobruk on 22 January , with tens of thousands of Italian troops surrendering at both towns . The 6th Division took part in the pursuit of the Italian Army and captured Benghazi on 4 February . In late February it was withdrawn for service in Greece , and was replaced by the 9th Division . " " . July early in capitulated French the before casualties the of most sustained and fighting the of most in involved were Australians ; expected than stronger was Resistance . French Vichy the against Campaign Lebanon @-@ Syria the in part took headquarters Corps I the and Division 6th the of brigade a , Division 7th the of body main the , June During . October in units British by replaced were they until town port key the defending successfully ; Tobruk at besieged were Division 7th the of brigade a and Division 9th The . Egypt with border the near to back there force Commonwealth the drove and March of end the at Africa North in offensive the on went also Italians and Germans The . combat for ready again was it before rebuilding of period long a required Division 6th the and , campaigns these in captured were Australians 000 @,@ 5 Over . Allies the for defeat in ended also which , May during Crete of Battle the in fought subsequently Crete at force The . Crete and Egypt to evacuated was Division 6th the , campaign this of end the At . Greece of Battle the during invasion German from Greece defend to attempted unsuccessfully which force Allied the of part formed warships Australian several and Corps I of elements other , Division 6th the , April During . 1941 during campaigns of number a endured Mediterranean the in forces Australian The "," The Australian forces in the Mediterranean endured a number of campaigns during 1941 . During April , the 6th Division , other elements of I Corps and several Australian warships formed part of the Allied force which unsuccessfully attempted to defend Greece from German invasion during the Battle of Greece . At the end of this campaign , the 6th Division was evacuated to Egypt and Crete . The force at Crete subsequently fought in the Battle of Crete during May , which also ended in defeat for the Allies . Over 5 @,@ 000 Australians were captured in these campaigns , and the 6th Division required a long period of rebuilding before it was again ready for combat . The Germans and Italians also went on the offensive in North Africa at the end of March and drove the Commonwealth force there back to near the border with Egypt . The 9th Division and a brigade of the 7th Division were besieged at Tobruk ; successfully defending the key port town until they were replaced by British units in October . During June , the main body of the 7th Division , a brigade of the 6th Division and the I Corps headquarters took part in the Syria @-@ Lebanon Campaign against the Vichy French . Resistance was stronger than expected ; Australians were involved in most of the fighting and sustained most of the casualties before the French capitulated in early July . " " . war the of end the until 1943 from Campaign Italian the and Campaign Tunisia subsequent the in part took warships RAN and squadrons RAAF several but , 1943 early in Australia to returned division The . October in Alamein El of Battle Second the and June during Alamein El of Battle First the in role key a played and , East Middle the in remain to unit largest the was Division 9th The . War Pacific the of outbreak the after , 1942 early in Australia to returned Mediterranean the in units Australian of majority The "," The majority of Australian units in the Mediterranean returned to Australia in early 1942 , after the outbreak of the Pacific War . The 9th Division was the largest unit to remain in the Middle East , and played a key role in the First Battle of El Alamein during June and the Second Battle of El Alamein in October . The division returned to Australia in early 1943 , but several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships took part in the subsequent Tunisia Campaign and the Italian Campaign from 1943 until the end of the war . " " . Atlantic the of Battle the in served squadrons patrol maritime RAAF two and 1945 and 1944 during Europe Western of liberation the in participated also squadrons fighter and bomber light in airmen Australian . prisoner taken were more hundreds and killed were 486 @,@ 3 ; combat in deaths Australian all of percent 20 almost sustained and War World Second the during military Australian the of part any of rates casualty highest the of one had Command Bomber in aircrew Australian . France in targets and cities German on raids during losses heavy suffered and offensives major 's Command Bomber of all in part took Australians . war the of end the and 1940 between Command Bomber RAF in squadrons Australian five and British of dozens in served airmen Australian 000 @,@ 13 Approximately . Germany of defeat the to contribution main 's Australia formed Europe in offensive air strategic the in role 's RAAF The "," The RAAF 's role in the strategic air offensive in Europe formed Australia 's main contribution to the defeat of Germany . Approximately 13 @,@ 000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in RAF Bomber Command between 1940 and the end of the war . Australians took part in all of Bomber Command 's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France . Australian aircrew in Bomber Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during the Second World War and sustained almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat ; 3 @,@ 486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner . Australian airmen in light bomber and fighter squadrons also participated in the liberation of Western Europe during 1944 and 1945 and two RAAF maritime patrol squadrons served in the Battle of the Atlantic . " " . waters Australian in destroyers two and cruisers three had RAN the and , trainers obsolete were which of most , aircraft 373 with equipped was RAAF The . Australia in divisions equipped and trained partially eight and , Malaya in stationed was which of most , Division 8th the comprised Pacific the in Army Australian the , 1941 December In . inadequate proved these but , 1941 in loomed Japan with war as defences 's Australia improve to taken were Measures . region Pacific @-@ Asia the and Australia in retained been had units military Australian few relatively , Britain with operation @-@ co on emphasis the of result a as , However . increased Japan from threat the as 1941 and 1940 during Malaya in concentrated were Asia in forces Australian of proportion high a , end this To . region the in aggression Japanese to respond would fleet British large a which from Singapore at base naval major a of defence and construction the involved strategy This . "" strategy Singapore "" the by embodied was which , policy defence Imperial British by dominated was thinking defence 's Australia 1920s the From "," From the 1920s Australia 's defence thinking was dominated by British Imperial defence policy , which was embodied by the "" Singapore strategy "" . This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Japanese aggression in the region . To this end , a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased . However , as a result of the emphasis on co @-@ operation with Britain , relatively few Australian military units had been retained in Australia and the Asia @-@ Pacific region . Measures were taken to improve Australia 's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941 , but these proved inadequate . In December 1941 , the Australian Army in the Pacific comprised the 8th Division , most of which was stationed in Malaya , and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia . The RAAF was equipped with 373 aircraft , most of which were obsolete trainers , and the RAN had three cruisers and two destroyers in Australian waters . " " . captivity in died prisoners Australian 296 @,@ 8 , result a As . guards their by killed and beaten frequently and treatment medical denied , malnutrition to subjected were prisoners The . captivity Japanese in conditions harsh endured and 1942 early in prisoner taken were Australians 000 @,@ 22 Over . base Allied an as used being from it prevent to , February 19 on Japanese the by bombed heavily was Darwin of town Australian The . Java and , Timor , Ambon in and , Rabaul at 1942 early during defeated and overwhelmed also were forces Australian Smaller . island the of much captured Japanese the after February 15 on surrender to forced was but , January of end the at Singapore to withdrew force Commonwealth British The . December 7 on landed which force invasion Japanese smaller a stop to unable were which forces Commonwealth British the of part a formed Malaya in squadrons RAAF and Division 8th The . War Pacific the of months early the during defeats of series a suffered military Australian The "," The Australian military suffered a series of defeats during the early months of the Pacific War . The 8th Division and RAAF squadrons in Malaya formed a part of the British Commonwealth forces which were unable to stop a smaller Japanese invasion force which landed on 7 December . The British Commonwealth force withdrew to Singapore at the end of January , but was forced to surrender on 15 February after the Japanese captured much of the island . Smaller Australian forces were also overwhelmed and defeated during early 1942 at Rabaul , and in Ambon , Timor , and Java . The Australian town of Darwin was heavily bombed by the Japanese on 19 February , to prevent it from being used as an Allied base . Over 22 @,@ 000 Australians were taken prisoner in early 1942 and endured harsh conditions in Japanese captivity . The prisoners were subjected to malnutrition , denied medical treatment and frequently beaten and killed by their guards . As a result , 8 @,@ 296 Australian prisoners died in captivity . " " . March in MacArthur Douglas General of command overall the under placed was military Australian the and , 1942 early in Australia in arrived units Forces Air Army and Army States United of numbers Large . invasion of threat the meet to expanded greatly was military Australian the and , time the at Allies the by known not was fact This . Caledonia New and , Samoa , Fiji , Islands Solomon the , Guinea New capturing by States United the from Australia isolating of strategy a adopted instead which , Headquarters General Imperial Japanese the by impossible be to judged was it , 1942 early in this proposed Navy Japanese Imperial the of elements While . mainland Australian the invade would Japanese the that fear to Australians many caused Pacific the in defeat Allied rapid The "," The rapid Allied defeat in the Pacific caused many Australians to fear that the Japanese would invade the Australian mainland . While elements of the Imperial Japanese Navy proposed this in early 1942 , it was judged to be impossible by the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters , which instead adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing New Guinea , the Solomon Islands , Fiji , Samoa , and New Caledonia . This fact was not known by the Allies at the time , and the Australian military was greatly expanded to meet the threat of invasion . Large numbers of United States Army and Army Air Forces units arrived in Australia in early 1942 , and the Australian military was placed under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur in March . " " . campaign Range Finisterre and campaign Peninsula Huon the during Peninsula Huon the secured and Lae of west and east the to landed they when , Cartwheel Operation in role important an played Divisions 9th and 7th the , 1943 late In . April in campaign Lae @-@ Salamaua the in offensive the onto went and 1943 January in Wau of town the capture to attempt Japanese a defeated also Army Australian The . Gona @-@ Buna of Battle fought @-@ hard the in Papua of coast north the on bases Japanese the captured and assaulted subsequently units Army US and Australian . USAAF and RAAF the of support the with Bay Milne of Battle and campaign Track Kokoda the in offensives these defeated units Army Australian . Bay Milne and Ranges Stanley Owen the across overland advancing by town important strategically the capture to attempted Japanese the , Sea Coral the of Battle the in defeated was Moresby Port at troops land to attempt an After . 1943 and 1942 during campaign Guinea New the in role central a played Australians "," Australians played a central role in the New Guinea campaign during 1942 and 1943 . After an attempt to land troops at Port Moresby was defeated in the Battle of the Coral Sea , the Japanese attempted to capture the strategically important town by advancing overland across the Owen Stanley Ranges and Milne Bay . Australian Army units defeated these offensives in the Kokoda Track campaign and Battle of Milne Bay with the support of the RAAF and USAAF . Australian and US Army units subsequently assaulted and captured the Japanese bases on the north coast of Papua in the hard @-@ fought Battle of Buna @-@ Gona . The Australian Army also defeated a Japanese attempt to capture the town of Wau in January 1943 and went onto the offensive in the Salamaua @-@ Lae campaign in April . In late 1943 , the 7th and 9th Divisions played an important role in Operation Cartwheel , when they landed to the east and west of Lae and secured the Huon Peninsula during the Huon Peninsula campaign and Finisterre Range campaign . " " . ) NEI ( Indies East Netherlands the in positions Japanese against Campaign Area Western North the mount to used being were which Australia northern in bases Allied against raids air conducted also aircraft Japanese . unsuccessful were but , Guinea New and Australia and US the and Australia between lines supply Allied the cut to sought attacks These . 1943 June to January and 1942 August to May from Australia off operated submarines Japanese . 1943 and 1942 during attack under came mainland Australian The "," The Australian mainland came under attack during 1942 and 1943 . Japanese submarines operated off Australia from May to August 1942 and January to June 1943 . These attacks sought to cut the Allied supply lines between Australia and the US and Australia and New Guinea , but were unsuccessful . Japanese aircraft also conducted air raids against Allied bases in northern Australia which were being used to mount the North Western Area Campaign against Japanese positions in the Netherlands East Indies ( NEI ) . " " . controversial remain and defeat 's Japan to little contributed campaigns These . war the of end the until continued which , Campaign Borneo the began units USN and USAAF and Force Air Tactical First Australian the , Corps I , 1945 May In . there forces Japanese remaining the containing or destroying at aimed offensives launched and , Bougainville and , Britain New , Guinea New eastern in garrisons US replaced squadrons RAAF and troops Australian , 1944 late In . campaigns unimportant relatively in used be it that proposals 's MacArthur to agreed and , active remain to military Australian the wanted Government the , Nevertheless . production war boost to forces armed the of size the reduce to Government the forced shortages labour and superfluous military Australian the rendered Pacific the in forces US the of size increasing The . 1944 from declined War Pacific the in role 's Australia "," Australia 's role in the Pacific War declined from 1944 . The increasing size of the US forces in the Pacific rendered the Australian military superfluous and labour shortages forced the Government to reduce the size of the armed forces to boost war production . Nevertheless , the Government wanted the Australian military to remain active , and agreed to MacArthur 's proposals that it be used in relatively unimportant campaigns . In late 1944 , Australian troops and RAAF squadrons replaced US garrisons in eastern New Guinea , New Britain , and Bougainville , and launched offensives aimed at destroying or containing the remaining Japanese forces there . In May 1945 , I Corps , the Australian First Tactical Air Force and USAAF and USN units began the Borneo Campaign , which continued until the end of the war . These campaigns contributed little to Japan 's defeat and remain controversial . " " . Australians to awarded were Crosses Victoria 20 . wounded were 553 @,@ 66 another and killed 767 @,@ 39 included Casualties . overseas served 000 @,@ 557 while , war the during enlisted Australians 000 @,@ 993 . personnel Japanese of trials crimes war of number a conducted also authorities Australian . restored was rule colonial Dutch and British until Indies East Netherlands eastern the and Borneo of much occupying for responsibility assumed Australia 1945 August 15 on surrender 's Japan Following "," Following Japan 's surrender on 15 August 1945 Australia assumed responsibility for occupying much of Borneo and the eastern Netherlands East Indies until British and Dutch colonial rule was restored . Australian authorities also conducted a number of war crimes trials of Japanese personnel . 993 @,@ 000 Australians enlisted during the war , while 557 @,@ 000 served overseas . Casualties included 39 @,@ 767 killed and another 66 @,@ 553 were wounded . 20 Victoria Crosses were awarded to Australians . " " . 1948 July 1 on raised @-@ re was CMF the while , 1947 September 30 on formed subsequently was Army Regular Australian The . Forces Military Citizen the in men 000 @,@ 50 of force time @-@ part a alongside serving , support armoured with battalions infantry three of brigade a into organised regulars 000 @,@ 19 of force field permanent a include would Army Australian the , forces citizen on relied previously had which policy defence Australian previous from departure significant a in , Meanwhile . Force Air Citizen the by manned four including , squadrons 16 of strength a have would Force Air Australian Royal The . reserved in 52 another and commission in ships others 16 , destroyers six , cruisers two , carriers fleet light two include would that fleet a maintaining Navy Australian Royal the that envisioned was It . force peacetime strong relatively a maintaining on predicated were arrangements defence war @-@ post for Plans . 1947 in completed was War World Second the of end the following military Australian the of demobilisation The "," The demobilisation of the Australian military following the end of the Second World War was completed in 1947 . Plans for post @-@ war defence arrangements were predicated on maintaining a relatively strong peacetime force . It was envisioned that the Royal Australian Navy maintaining a fleet that would include two light fleet carriers , two cruisers , six destroyers , 16 others ships in commission and another 52 in reserved . The Royal Australian Air Force would have a strength of 16 squadrons , including four manned by the Citizen Air Force . Meanwhile , in a significant departure from previous Australian defence policy which had previously relied on citizen forces , the Australian Army would include a permanent field force of 19 @,@ 000 regulars organised into a brigade of three infantry battalions with armoured support , serving alongside a part @-@ time force of 50 @,@ 000 men in the Citizen Military Forces . The Australian Regular Army was subsequently formed on 30 September 1947 , while the CMF was re @-@ raised on 1 July 1948 . " " . support provided also Kanimbla and Westralia , Manoora Ships HMAS while , Quiberon and Quadrant , Shoalhaven , Murchison , Culgoa , Bataan , Arunta , Shropshire , Hobart , Australia Ships HMA including , period this during Japan in served warships RAN ten of total A . Japan in remained Squadron 77 No. only 1950 by , However . 1948 in Iwakuni to transferring before , 1946 March from Bofu at based initially , Mustangs 51 @-@ P flying RAAF Wing 81 No. of part as Squadrons 82 and 77 , 76 Nos. of consisted component RAAF The . 1950 in War Korean the of outbreak the following peninsular Korean the on fighting the to committed been had units of majority the time the by although , operations ceased BCOF the when 1951 September until remained forces Australian . battalion strength @-@ under single a to reduced was Japan of occupation the to contribution Army Australian the time that From . Army Regular war @-@ post the of basis the forming , 1948 December in Australia to returned it when Brigade 1st the became Brigade 34th the and , 1949 in Regiment Australian Royal the of battalions 3rd and 2nd , 1st the designated were duties occupation for raised battalions infantry three The . Prefecture Hiroshima in based was and 1946 February in Japan in arrived which Brigade 34th the of consisted initially component Army Australian The . personnel 500 @,@ 13 totalling , squadrons fighter three and warships four , brigade infantry an of consisted component Australian the 1946 in height its At . Zealand New and India , Britain , Australia from forces included which , ) BCOF ( Force Occupation Commonwealth British the of part as Japan of occupation Allied the to forces significant contributed Australia period war @-@ post immediate the In "," In the immediate post @-@ war period Australia contributed significant forces to the Allied occupation of Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) , which included forces from Australia , Britain , India and New Zealand . At its height in 1946 the Australian component consisted of an infantry brigade , four warships and three fighter squadrons , totalling 13 @,@ 500 personnel . The Australian Army component initially consisted of the 34th Brigade which arrived in Japan in February 1946 and was based in Hiroshima Prefecture . The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st , 2nd and 3rd battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment in 1949 , and the 34th Brigade became the 1st Brigade when it returned to Australia in December 1948 , forming the basis of the post @-@ war Regular Army . From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under @-@ strength battalion . Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations , although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsular following the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 . The RAAF component consisted of Nos. 76 , 77 and 82 Squadrons as part of No. 81 Wing RAAF flying P @-@ 51 Mustangs , initially based at Bofu from March 1946 , before transferring to Iwakuni in 1948 . However , by 1950 only No. 77 Squadron remained in Japan . A total of ten RAN warships served in Japan during this period , including HMA Ships Australia , Hobart , Shropshire , Arunta , Bataan , Culgoa , Murchison , Shoalhaven , Quadrant and Quiberon , while HMAS Ships Manoora , Westralia and Kanimbla also provided support . " " . RAN and RAAF , Army the of forces citizen the for manpower provide to 1951 in Scheme Service National a of introduction the included initiatives preparedness defence , Meanwhile . 1954 to 1952 from Mediterranean the in Malta to RAAF Wing 78 No. of deployment the and 49 – 1948 in Airlift Berlin the during aircrew RAAF of involvement the included commitments Early . forces British with operate likely most would they where , forces Australian for operations of area likely most the considered was East Middle The . Britain or States United the either by led coalition a or , Nations United the of part as arrangements security collective under forces contribute to need would it countries bloc Eastern and world Western the between war global a of outbreak the of event the in that assumed planning defence Australian , War Cold the of years early the During "," During the early years of the Cold War , Australian defence planning assumed that in the event of the outbreak of a global war between the Western world and Eastern bloc countries it would need to contribute forces under collective security arrangements as part of the United Nations , or a coalition led by either the United States or Britain . The Middle East was considered the most likely area of operations for Australian forces , where they would most likely operate with British forces . Early commitments included the involvement of RAAF aircrew during the Berlin Airlift in 1948 – 49 and the deployment of No. 78 Wing RAAF to Malta in the Mediterranean from 1952 to 1954 . Meanwhile , defence preparedness initiatives included the introduction of a National Service Scheme in 1951 to provide manpower for the citizen forces of the Army , RAAF and RAN . " " . force the to added was Sydney HMAS aboard group strike carrier aircraft an , Later . committed also were , Bataan HMAS destroyer the and , Shoalhaven HMAS frigate RAN The . Korea Forces Commonwealth British the to personnel support and supply of majority the provided it , addition In . BCOF the of part as Japan in stationed were which of both , ) RAR 3 ( Regiment Australian Royal , Battalion 3rd the from infantry and RAAF Squadron 77 No. from aircraft bomber @-@ fighter Mustang 51 @-@ P contributed initially Australia . attack Korean North the repelling in assist to members requested Council Security Nations United the response In . Korea South to assistance its offered States United the later days two and Pusan of port the toward continued forces Korean North . week a than less in fell which , Seoul capital the for advanced and Korea South into border the crossed ) KPA ( Army Korean North the , 1950 June 25 On "," On 25 June 1950 , the North Korean Army ( KPA ) crossed the border into South Korea and advanced for the capital Seoul , which fell in less than a week . North Korean forces continued toward the port of Pusan and two days later the United States offered its assistance to South Korea . In response the United Nations Security Council requested members to assist in repelling the North Korean attack . Australia initially contributed P @-@ 51 Mustang fighter @-@ bomber aircraft from No. 77 Squadron RAAF and infantry from the 3rd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 3 RAR ) , both of which were stationed in Japan as part of the BCOF . In addition , it provided the majority of supply and support personnel to the British Commonwealth Forces Korea . The RAN frigate HMAS Shoalhaven , and the destroyer HMAS Bataan , were also committed . Later , an aircraft carrier strike group aboard HMAS Sydney was added to the force . " " . parallel 38th the to withdraw to forced was RAR 3 and battles successive in defeated were forces UN the , intervention Chinese the Following . wake the in dismissed was commander battalion new the division Chinese a halting despite and heavily battalion the cost fighting The . November 5 on Pakchon at Chinese the against action first its fought RAR 3 . men 000 @,@ 380 of composed divisions 30 total in ; Group Army 9th the from divisions 12 by November early in reinforced were and , Korea North into ) mi 62 ( kilometres 100 to up penetrated and October 16 on border the crossed Group Army 13th the , intelligence Korean South and US by Undetected . KPA the of remnants the reinforce to River Yalu the across Army Volunteer 's People the of divisions 18 moved had Chinese the October of weeks last the during , Meanwhile . November 1 on later days two died and wounds his to succumbed and battle the after fire artillery by stomach the in wounded was who , Green Charles Colonel Lieutenant , officer commanding their included losses Australian while , heavy were casualties Korean North . 1950 October 29 on Chongju at and 1950 October 26 – 25 on Kujin at followed actions successful Further . River Yalu the towards advancing before , October 22 on Pyongyang near Yongju of Battle at action major first its in involved was and north moved battalion the , MacArthur Douglas General , Commander Supreme UN the under force invasion the of part a As . landings Inchon the following retreat in were Koreans North the , September 28 on Pusan in arrived RAR 3 time the By "," By the time 3 RAR arrived in Pusan on 28 September , the North Koreans were in retreat following the Inchon landings . As a part of the invasion force under the UN Supreme Commander , General Douglas MacArthur , the battalion moved north and was involved in its first major action at Battle of Yongju near Pyongyang on 22 October , before advancing towards the Yalu River . Further successful actions followed at Kujin on 25 – 26 October 1950 and at Chongju on 29 October 1950 . North Korean casualties were heavy , while Australian losses included their commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Charles Green , who was wounded in the stomach by artillery fire after the battle and succumbed to his wounds and died two days later on 1 November . Meanwhile , during the last weeks of October the Chinese had moved 18 divisions of the People 's Volunteer Army across the Yalu River to reinforce the remnants of the KPA . Undetected by US and South Korean intelligence , the 13th Army Group crossed the border on 16 October and penetrated up to 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) into North Korea , and were reinforced in early November by 12 divisions from the 9th Army Group ; in total 30 divisions composed of 380 @,@ 000 men . 3 RAR fought its first action against the Chinese at Pakchon on 5 November . The fighting cost the battalion heavily and despite halting a Chinese division the new battalion commander was dismissed in the wake . Following the Chinese intervention , the UN forces were defeated in successive battles and 3 RAR was forced to withdraw to the 38th parallel . " " . wounded 104 and dead 20 included casualties Australian . retreated Chinese the days five after ; San Maryang of Battle the during 317 Hill and 355 Hill including objectives of number a capturing , October 3 on attacked @-@ counter Division Commonwealth 1st The . River Imjin the of bend a in salient a attacked Chinese the after occurred and Commando Operation during place took battle major second The . Division Commonwealth 1st Indian and , Zealand New , Australian , British , Canadian combined the of part became battalion Australian the , 1951 July In . wounded 59 and killed men 32 of cost the at , positions their recaptured Australians the fighting of night a After . advance Chinese this halt to ordered were troops Canadian and Australian . withdraw to defenders Korean South the forced and valley Kapyong the attacked forces Chinese , April 22 On . Kapyong of Battle the as known became later which fighting during place taking first the with , 1951 in battles major more two in participated subsequently troops Australian . offensive the resumed UN the as 1951 March 12 – 7 between San @-@ at later and , advance Chinese another following 1951 February 17 – 14 on ni @-@ at occurred fighting Further . capital Korean South the to approaches northern the secure to attempt an in positions defensive occupied Australians and British the as , 1951 January 4 – 1 on Uijeongbu at followed battles of series A "," A series of battles followed at Uijeongbu on 1 – 4 January 1951 , as the British and Australians occupied defensive positions in an attempt to secure the northern approaches to the South Korean capital . Further fighting occurred at @-@ ni on 14 – 17 February 1951 following another Chinese advance , and later at @-@ San between 7 – 12 March 1951 as the UN resumed the offensive . Australian troops subsequently participated in two more major battles in 1951 , with the first taking place during fighting which later became known as the Battle of Kapyong . On 22 April , Chinese forces attacked the Kapyong valley and forced the South Korean defenders to withdraw . Australian and Canadian troops were ordered to halt this Chinese advance . After a night of fighting the Australians recaptured their positions , at the cost of 32 men killed and 59 wounded . In July 1951 , the Australian battalion became part of the combined Canadian , British , Australian , New Zealand , and Indian 1st Commonwealth Division . The second major battle took place during Operation Commando and occurred after the Chinese attacked a salient in a bend of the Imjin River . The 1st Commonwealth Division counter @-@ attacked on 3 October , capturing a number of objectives including Hill 355 and Hill 317 during the Battle of Maryang San ; after five days the Chinese retreated . Australian casualties included 20 dead and 104 wounded . " " . captured 30 and wounded 216 @,@ 1 , killed 341 with , war the during served Australians 808 @,@ 17 . 1953 July 27 on suspended were Hostilities . wounded 24 and killed five of loss the for casualties significant inflicting and River Samichon the along attack Chinese concerted a off holding RAR 2 with , 1953 July 26 – 24 during battle last their fought Australians The . 1953 April in RAR 2 by replaced being before , months 12 for Korea in remained battalion This . RAR 1 sending , battalions two to commitment ground its increased Australia , 1952 March In . positions Chinese fortified heavily were them from Across . River Imjin the of northeast hills the in positions 's division the of side eastern the on trenches held RAR 3 , war the of end the until 1951 From . defences wire barbed behind forts sandbagged and , redoubts , tunnels in lived men which in , War World First the to akin warfare trench static in locked became then belligerents The "," The belligerents then became locked in static trench warfare akin to the First World War , in which men lived in tunnels , redoubts , and sandbagged forts behind barbed wire defences . From 1951 until the end of the war , 3 RAR held trenches on the eastern side of the division 's positions in the hills northeast of the Imjin River . Across from them were heavily fortified Chinese positions . In March 1952 , Australia increased its ground commitment to two battalions , sending 1 RAR . This battalion remained in Korea for 12 months , before being replaced by 2 RAR in April 1953 . The Australians fought their last battle during 24 – 26 July 1953 , with 2 RAR holding off a concerted Chinese attack along the Samichon River and inflicting significant casualties for the loss of five killed and 24 wounded . Hostilities were suspended on 27 July 1953 . 17 @,@ 808 Australians served during the war , with 341 killed , 1 @,@ 216 wounded and 30 captured . " " . guerrillas the against missions attack ground number a out carried also they Butterworth Base RAAF at Based . Wing 78 No. from Sabres CAC and Squadron 2 No. from bombers Canberra by replaced were and , 1958 in withdrawn were Lincolns The . troops ground and RAF the with operation joint a in , surrender into one forced and communists 13 killed , camps communist 181 destroyed bombers Lincoln five , Termite Operation as known mission such one in and , successful particularly were RAAF The . bases jungle ) CT ( Terrorist Communist the against raids bombing out carried bombers Lincoln the while , drops leaflet and paratroop as well as , movement troop , runs cargo on used subsequently were Dakotas The . ) FEAF ( Force Air East Far Commonwealth British the of part form to Singapore in arrived Squadron 38 No. from Dakotas of flight a and Squadron 1 No. from Lincolns six , request British a to response in when , 1950 June in began involvement Australian . ) MCP ( Party Communist Malayan the of members by murdered were managers estate three after , 1948 June 18 on declared was Emergency Malayan The "," The Malayan Emergency was declared on 18 June 1948 , after three estate managers were murdered by members of the Malayan Communist Party ( MCP ) . Australian involvement began in June 1950 , when in response to a British request , six Lincolns from No. 1 Squadron and a flight of Dakotas from No. 38 Squadron arrived in Singapore to form part of the British Commonwealth Far East Air Force ( FEAF ) . The Dakotas were subsequently used on cargo runs , troop movement , as well as paratroop and leaflet drops , while the Lincoln bombers carried out bombing raids against the Communist Terrorist ( CT ) jungle bases . The RAAF were particularly successful , and in one such mission known as Operation Termite , five Lincoln bombers destroyed 181 communist camps , killed 13 communists and forced one into surrender , in a joint operation with the RAF and ground troops . The Lincolns were withdrawn in 1958 , and were replaced by Canberra bombers from No. 2 Squadron and CAC Sabres from No. 78 Wing . Based at RAAF Base Butterworth they also carried out a number ground attack missions against the guerrillas . " " . 1960 July 31 on ended officially Emergency Malayan The . 1963 August until Malaysia in stayed which , RAR 2 by replaced was it 1960 October in and , insurgents the with contact make not did RAR 1 border the patrolling Though . RAR 1 by replaced was and 1959 October Malaysia left RAR 3 . border Thailand the across and back pushed been had communists most and , phase final their in were MCP the against operations , 1959 late By . predecessor its than success more had RAR 3 although , limited was contact Again . ambushes and operations denial food in involved was and patrolled extensively battalion new The . Kedah and Perak of jungle the into back insurgents MCP driving began and training jungle of weeks six underwent RAR 3 . RAR 3 by replaced be to 1957 October Malaysia left RAR 2 . kills few relatively achieving , small results and infrequent was enemy the with Contact . Brigade Commonwealth British 28th of part as , bases jungle CT the near and in patrolling extensive conducting , months 20 next the over operations "" up mopping "" in participated mainly RAR 2 . ) RAR 2 ( Regiment Australian Royal , Battalion 2nd the of consisting , peninsula Malaysian on deployed were forces ground Australian first the , 1956 January In . Reserve Strategic East Far the of part as 1955 October in Malaya to deployed were forces ground Australian "," Australian ground forces were deployed to Malaya in October 1955 as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve . In January 1956 , the first Australian ground forces were deployed on Malaysian peninsula , consisting of the 2nd Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( 2 RAR ) . 2 RAR mainly participated in "" mopping up "" operations over the next 20 months , conducting extensive patrolling in and near the CT jungle bases , as part of 28th British Commonwealth Brigade . Contact with the enemy was infrequent and results small , achieving relatively few kills . 2 RAR left Malaysia October 1957 to be replaced by 3 RAR . 3 RAR underwent six weeks of jungle training and began driving MCP insurgents back into the jungle of Perak and Kedah . The new battalion extensively patrolled and was involved in food denial operations and ambushes . Again contact was limited , although 3 RAR had more success than its predecessor . By late 1959 , operations against the MCP were in their final phase , and most communists had been pushed back and across the Thailand border . 3 RAR left Malaysia October 1959 and was replaced by 1 RAR . Though patrolling the border 1 RAR did not make contact with the insurgents , and in October 1960 it was replaced by 2 RAR , which stayed in Malaysia until August 1963 . The Malayan Emergency officially ended on 31 July 1960 . " " . wounded were 27 another and — operations on were 15 only although — Malaya in died 51 and served Australians 000 @,@ 7 ; history military Australian in commitment continued longest the was Emergency The . 1957 and 1956 between positions communist suspected on firing , waters Malayan in served also Navy Australian Royal The . squadron construction field @-@ air an with along , support engineer and artillery provided also Australia "," Australia also provided artillery and engineer support , along with an air @-@ field construction squadron . The Royal Australian Navy also served in Malayan waters , firing on suspected communist positions between 1956 and 1957 . The Emergency was the longest continued commitment in Australian military history ; 7 @,@ 000 Australians served and 51 died in Malaya — although only 15 were on operations — and another 27 were wounded . " " . ) 1959 in suspended been having scheme previous the ( service time @-@ full continuous ' years two of period a for , birth of date on based olds @-@ year @-@ 20 selected for , Act Service National the under introduced @-@ re was Service National or conscription , 1964 In . % 25 by increased be both also would RAN and RAAF The . battalions nine with division brigade @-@ three full a providing ; 000 @,@ 33 to 000 @,@ 22 from years three over % 50 by increased be would Army Australian the of strength The . spending defence in increase large a announced Menzies , 1964 In . Asia East South in "" Defence Forward "" of policy 's Government the out carry could it that so military Australian the expanded greatly Menzies Robert Minister Prime , 1960s the of start the At "," At the start of the 1960s , Prime Minister Robert Menzies greatly expanded the Australian military so that it could carry out the Government 's policy of "" Forward Defence "" in South East Asia . In 1964 , Menzies announced a large increase in defence spending . The strength of the Australian Army would be increased by 50 % over three years from 22 @,@ 000 to 33 @,@ 000 ; providing a full three @-@ brigade division with nine battalions . The RAAF and RAN would also both be increased by 25 % . In 1964 , conscription or National Service was re @-@ introduced under the National Service Act , for selected 20 @-@ year @-@ olds based on date of birth , for a period of two years ' continuous full @-@ time service ( the previous scheme having been suspended in 1959 ) . " " . submarines class @-@ Oberon six of purchase the and , helicopters Wessex ten of acquisition the , role submarine @-@ anti an to Melbourne HMAS carrier aircraft the of conversion the , frigates class @-@ River six of construction the included projects Other . 1967 in Brisbane HMAS by followed , 1965 in fleet the joined Hobart HMAS and Perth HMAS . significant was destroyers American of purchase the and Navy Royal the of those on based designs purchased had RAN the , Traditionally . destroyers class @-@ Q ageing the replace to States United the from purchased were destroyers class @-@ Adams F. Charles three , 1961 In "," In 1961 , three Charles F. Adams @-@ class destroyers were purchased from the United States to replace the ageing Q @-@ class destroyers . Traditionally , the RAN had purchased designs based on those of the Royal Navy and the purchase of American destroyers was significant . HMAS Perth and HMAS Hobart joined the fleet in 1965 , followed by HMAS Brisbane in 1967 . Other projects included the construction of six River @-@ class frigates , the conversion of the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne to an anti @-@ submarine role , the acquisition of ten Wessex helicopters , and the purchase of six Oberon @-@ class submarines . " " . trainers Macchi Italian and aircraft reconnaissance maritime Orion 3 @-@ P , transports Hercules 130 @-@ C , aircraft strike 111 @-@ F American received also service The . them with Squadrons 77 No. and 75 No. , 3 No. equipping , 1967 in fighters Mirage first their of delivery took RAAF The "," The RAAF took delivery of their first Mirage fighters in 1967 , equipping No. 3 , No. 75 and No. 77 Squadrons with them . The service also received American F @-@ 111 strike aircraft , C @-@ 130 Hercules transports , P @-@ 3 Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft and Italian Macchi trainers . " " . 1964 October and September in , Pontian and Labis at incursions airborne and seaborne from infiltrators up mop help to used were RAR 3 from troops Australian occasions two On . only peninsula Malayan the of defence the to involvement its limited initially and Indonesia with war a in involvement of wary was government Australian the Regardless . Reserve Strategic East Far the of part as there based were units airforce and naval , army , Malaysia of security the to commitment military continuing 's Australia of part As . occur did Peninsula Malay the onto incursions airborne and seaborne Indonesian of number a although , Borneo of island the on primarily fought was and , limited remained war The . state new the of security the safeguard to attempting Commonwealth the with , Malaysia of Federation the of creation the over Indonesia and Commonwealth British the between 1966 to 1962 from fought was confrontation Malaysia @-@ Indonesia The "," The Indonesia @-@ Malaysia confrontation was fought from 1962 to 1966 between the British Commonwealth and Indonesia over the creation of the Federation of Malaysia , with the Commonwealth attempting to safeguard the security of the new state . The war remained limited , and was fought primarily on the island of Borneo , although a number of Indonesian seaborne and airborne incursions onto the Malay Peninsula did occur . As part of Australia 's continuing military commitment to the security of Malaysia , army , naval and airforce units were based there as part of the Far East Strategic Reserve . Regardless the Australian government was wary of involvement in a war with Indonesia and initially limited its involvement to the defence of the Malayan peninsula only . On two occasions Australian troops from 3 RAR were used to help mop up infiltrators from seaborne and airborne incursions at Labis and Pontian , in September and October 1964 . " " . intentions and movements enemy determine to intelligence signals and human of role the and , resupply and movement troop for helicopters of use the , operations border @-@ cross , border the along sited bases company of use extensive the by characterised operations with , climate debilitating a and , terrain clad @-@ jungle , mountainous in place took fighting The . Claret Operation codename the under , defensive the on remain to Indonesians the force to ambushes conduct and information obtain to Kalimantan into border the crossing , action aggressive more on decided had British the deployed battalion Australian the time the by , However . centres population protect to and , border Indonesian / Malaysian the control to only attempted had troops Malaysian and British , phases early the During . Borneo to battalion infantry an deploy to requests Malaysian and British to conceded government the raids these Following "," Following these raids the government conceded to British and Malaysian requests to deploy an infantry battalion to Borneo . During the early phases , British and Malaysian troops had attempted only to control the Malaysian / Indonesian border , and to protect population centres . However , by the time the Australian battalion deployed the British had decided on more aggressive action , crossing the border into Kalimantan to obtain information and conduct ambushes to force the Indonesians to remain on the defensive , under the codename Operation Claret . The fighting took place in mountainous , jungle @-@ clad terrain , and a debilitating climate , with operations characterised by the extensive use of company bases sited along the border , cross @-@ border operations , the use of helicopters for troop movement and resupply , and the role of human and signals intelligence to determine enemy movements and intentions . " " . escalated war the had extensively more far used been have would it although , role minor relatively a played RAAF The . Strait Singapore the in infiltrators repelling in and Borneo in positions Indonesian shelling in involved were ships RAN of number a while , engineers and artillery included units Other . reconnaissance covert with tasked often were they though even , Indonesians the on casualties significant inflicting and operations border @-@ cross in part taking , 1966 in again and 1965 in deployed also was ) SASR ( Regiment Service Air Special the of squadron A . occasions of number a on Indonesians the with clashing successfully , border the over operated also and , 1966 August and April between tour eventful @-@ less a served RAR 4 . incidents mine two in casualties suffering as well as — Indonesians the on casualties heavy inflicted they which during and , Koemba Sungei at including — ones smaller several and forces Indonesian with contacts major four had battalion The . border the of sides both on operating , July of end the until Sarawak in served and , 1965 March in Borneo to deployed RAR 3 "," 3 RAR deployed to Borneo in March 1965 , and served in Sarawak until the end of July , operating on both sides of the border . The battalion had four major contacts with Indonesian forces and several smaller ones — including at Sungei Koemba , and during which they inflicted heavy casualties on the Indonesians — as well as suffering casualties in two mine incidents . 4 RAR served a less @-@ eventful tour between April and August 1966 , and also operated over the border , successfully clashing with the Indonesians on a number of occasions . A squadron of the Special Air Service Regiment ( SASR ) was also deployed in 1965 and again in 1966 , taking part in cross @-@ border operations and inflicting significant casualties on the Indonesians , even though they were often tasked with covert reconnaissance . Other units included artillery and engineers , while a number of RAN ships were involved in shelling Indonesian positions in Borneo and in repelling infiltrators in the Singapore Strait . The RAAF played a relatively minor role , although it would have been used far more extensively had the war escalated . " " . wounded eight and action in killed seven with , dead 16 included casualties ; Confrontation during served Australians 500 @,@ 3 . conflict the ended which 1966 August in signed was treaty peace a , power to Suharto General brought which 1966 early in Indonesia in coup military a Following . 1996 in occurred only missions border @-@ cross in involvement of acknowledgement official while , Australia in coverage press little received they and sensitive extremely were Borneo in Operations "," Operations in Borneo were extremely sensitive and they received little press coverage in Australia , while official acknowledgement of involvement in cross @-@ border missions only occurred in 1996 . Following a military coup in Indonesia in early 1966 which brought General Suharto to power , a peace treaty was signed in August 1966 which ended the conflict . 3 @,@ 500 Australians served during Confrontation ; casualties included 16 dead , with seven killed in action and eight wounded . " " . Tau Vung of city port the to aircraft transport Caribou of flight a sent RAAF the , 1964 August in Later . war the in involvement 's Australia beginning , 1962 August and July in arrived They . "" Team The "" as simply known became which , Vietnam Team Training Army Australian the from advisors military 30 offered Australia . Vietnam North communist by supported insurgency growing a to response in allies its and US the from assistance for asked , Diem Dinh Ngo , government Vietnamese South the of leader the , 1962 and 1961 In . 1960s early the throughout Vietnam South supported Australia , consequence a As . 1960s early and 1950s the during Australia in developed which spread its of fear the and , War World Second the after Asia Southeast in communism of rise the by largely driven was War Vietnam the in involvement 's Australia "," Australia 's involvement in the Vietnam War was driven largely by the rise of communism in Southeast Asia after the Second World War , and the fear of its spread which developed in Australia during the 1950s and early 1960s . As a consequence , Australia supported South Vietnam throughout the early 1960s . In 1961 and 1962 , the leader of the South Vietnamese government , Ngo Dinh Diem , asked for assistance from the US and its allies in response to a growing insurgency supported by communist North Vietnam . Australia offered 30 military advisors from the Australian Army Training Team Vietnam , which became known simply as "" The Team "" . They arrived in July and August 1962 , beginning Australia 's involvement in the war . Later in August 1964 , the RAAF sent a flight of Caribou transport aircraft to the port city of Vung Tau . " " . Bribie Operation during bulk the , week single a in wounded 55 and killed men 16 losing , point that to war the in casualties heaviest their suffered Australians the 1967 February during , Regardless . again challenged fundamentally not was ATF 1 and Province Tuy Phuoc over dominance gain to Australians the allowed battle The . battlefield the from recovered later were dead communist 245 while , wounded 24 and killed were Australians 18 . itself than bigger times six least at was that force Cong Viet a defeated and off held support artillery considerable with RAR 6 , Company D , 1966 August 18 on Tan Long of Battle the At . RAAF Squadron 9 No. of helicopters Iroquois the were Included . Province Tuy Phuoc in , Dat Nui at based was and area own its for responsibility primary assigned was force task the , arms support other and artillery , aviation , armour as well as battalions infantry two of Consisting . Scheme Service National controversial increasingly the under , conscripts of number large a were Included . RAR 1 replace to — ) ATF 1 ( Force Task Australian 1st the — unit sized @-@ brigade a of deployment the announced government Australian the , 1966 March In . Trang Bong Suoi and Crimp Operation , Toi Gang including , actions significant of number a fought subsequently it and 1965 June in province Hoa Bien in Brigade Airborne 173rd US the with serve to RAR 1 the dispatching , forces ground committed also Australia . 1965 early by troops combat 000 @,@ 200 to involvement its increased US the , deteriorate to continuing Vietnam South in situation security the with , However "," However , with the security situation in South Vietnam continuing to deteriorate , the US increased its involvement to 200 @,@ 000 combat troops by early 1965 . Australia also committed ground forces , dispatching the 1 RAR to serve with the US 173rd Airborne Brigade in Bien Hoa province in June 1965 and it subsequently fought a number of significant actions , including Gang Toi , Operation Crimp and Suoi Bong Trang . In March 1966 , the Australian government announced the deployment of a brigade @-@ sized unit — the 1st Australian Task Force ( 1 ATF ) — to replace 1 RAR . Included were a large number of conscripts , under the increasingly controversial National Service Scheme . Consisting of two infantry battalions as well as armour , aviation , artillery and other support arms , the task force was assigned primary responsibility for its own area and was based at Nui Dat , in Phuoc Tuy Province . Included were the Iroquois helicopters of No. 9 Squadron RAAF . At the Battle of Long Tan on 18 August 1966 , D Company , 6 RAR with considerable artillery support held off and defeated a Viet Cong force that was at least six times bigger than itself . 18 Australians were killed and 24 wounded , while 245 communist dead were later recovered from the battlefield . The battle allowed the Australians to gain dominance over Phuoc Tuy Province and 1 ATF was not fundamentally challenged again . Regardless , during February 1967 the Australians suffered their heaviest casualties in the war to that point , losing 16 men killed and 55 wounded in a single week , the bulk during Operation Bribie . " " . Vietnam North off waters the in patrols US joined destroyers RAN four and , 1967 in sent was , bombers Canberra flying , RAAF Squadron 2 No. , unit RAAF third A . support in units aviation and logistics , engineers , artillery , armour , battalions infantry three including , troops 500 @,@ 8 numbered ATF 1 , commitment Australian the of height the At . 1971 June in Khanh Long and 1969 early and 1968 December @-@ late in Dich Hat , 1969 June in Ba Binh included actions Australian significant Other . captured 11 and wounded 7 , killed possibly 60 , count body by confirmed killed 267 included casualties communist while , wounded 99 and killed 25 included casualties Australian fighting of days 26 During . war the of battle sustained most and hazardous most , largest their fighting ultimately , warfare conventional near in time first the for strength regimental and battalion in operating units force main Cong Viet and Army Vietnamese North regular with clashed had Australians the Balmoral and Coral Bases Support Fire At . 1968 June and May in Balmoral – Coral of Battle the during later and Offensive Tet 1968 the during Coburg Operation of part as capital the against movement communist interdict to Saigon to leading routes infiltration astride deployed subsequently was ATF 1 . afield further operations conducting time of period significant a spent increasingly Australians the , 1967 throughout control under progressively coming province Tuy Phuoc the with Yet "," Yet with the Phuoc Tuy province coming progressively under control throughout 1967 , the Australians increasingly spent a significant period of time conducting operations further afield . 1 ATF was subsequently deployed astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon to interdict communist movement against the capital as part of Operation Coburg during the 1968 Tet Offensive and later during the Battle of Coral – Balmoral in May and June 1968 . At Fire Support Bases Coral and Balmoral the Australians had clashed with regular North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong main force units operating in battalion and regimental strength for the first time in near conventional warfare , ultimately fighting their largest , most hazardous and most sustained battle of the war . During 26 days of fighting Australian casualties included 25 killed and 99 wounded , while communist casualties included 267 killed confirmed by body count , 60 possibly killed , 7 wounded and 11 captured . Other significant Australian actions included Binh Ba in June 1969 , Hat Dich in late @-@ December 1968 and early 1969 and Long Khanh in June 1971 . At the height of the Australian commitment , 1 ATF numbered 8 @,@ 500 troops , including three infantry battalions , armour , artillery , engineers , logistics and aviation units in support . A third RAAF unit , No. 2 Squadron RAAF , flying Canberra bombers , was sent in 1967 , and four RAN destroyers joined US patrols in the waters off North Vietnam . " " . Cross Victoria the awarded were Four . wounded were 398 @,@ 2 and killed were 519 ; Vietnam in served Australians 000 @,@ 50 than More . developed movement war @-@ anti vocal a increased involvement military 's nation the as , support broad enjoying initially although and war controversial most and longest 's Australia was War Vietnam The . 1973 in withdrawn finally were forces Australian last The . Whitlam Gough of government Labor elected newly the by 1972 December 18 on withdrawn until troops Vietnamese South train to remained advisors the , Meanwhile . October in operations ceased ATF 1 and , withdrawal phased a of part as 1971 during reduced further were forces combat Australian . remaining support aviation and artillery , armour significant with albeit , battalions infantry two just to reduced again was ATF 1 . duty of tour its of end the at replaced not was RAR 8 , war the to commitment own its reduce to keen government Australian the with and Vietnamization of strategy allied overall the of consequence a As . 1970 November in commenced effectively withdrawal Australian The "," The Australian withdrawal effectively commenced in November 1970 . As a consequence of the overall allied strategy of Vietnamization and with the Australian government keen to reduce its own commitment to the war , 8 RAR was not replaced at the end of its tour of duty . 1 ATF was again reduced to just two infantry battalions , albeit with significant armour , artillery and aviation support remaining . Australian combat forces were further reduced during 1971 as part of a phased withdrawal , and 1 ATF ceased operations in October . Meanwhile , the advisors remained to train South Vietnamese troops until withdrawn on 18 December 1972 by the newly elected Labor government of Gough Whitlam . The last Australian forces were finally withdrawn in 1973 . The Vietnam War was Australia 's longest and most controversial war and although initially enjoying broad support , as the nation 's military involvement increased a vocal anti @-@ war movement developed . More than 50 @,@ 000 Australians served in Vietnam ; 519 were killed and 2 @,@ 398 were wounded . Four were awarded the Victoria Cross . " " . Staff Force Defence the of Chief of post the of creation the and department single a into service each supporting departments separate the of unification the recommended that Government the to report a submitted , Tange Arthur , Defence of Department the of Secretary the , 1973 In . War Vietnam the in experiences 's military Australian the during emphasis more received structure command integrated an for need The . doctrine military different a of basis the on operating and organising each with , era war @-@ post the in services the between ordination @-@ co poor in result to continued authority central a of absence the , commands single of part as served frequently units air and ground , naval Australian when War World Second during highlighted been had warfare ' joint ' of importance the Although "," Although the importance of ' joint ' warfare had been highlighted during Second World War when Australian naval , ground and air units frequently served as part of single commands , the absence of a central authority continued to result in poor co @-@ ordination between the services in the post @-@ war era , with each organising and operating on the basis of a different military doctrine . The need for an integrated command structure received more emphasis during the Australian military 's experiences in the Vietnam War . In 1973 , the Secretary of the Department of Defence , Arthur Tange , submitted a report to the Government that recommended the unification of the separate departments supporting each service into a single department and the creation of the post of Chief of the Defence Force Staff . " " . Australia Northern in operations for responsible is and , Darwin in based is Command Northern , addition In . Commands Operations Special and Maritime , Land , Air into divided is and Canberra in Offices Russell at headquartered is ADF the , Today . ) ADF ( Force Defence Australian the as known force professional , volunteer @-@ all , unified a as together brought were military Australian the of branches three the , 1976 January 1 On . abolished was scheme Service National the under conscription while , 1973 in Defence of Department single a into ) Supply and , Force Air , Army , Navy , Defence ( ministries defence five the amalgamated subsequently Government Labor Whitlam The "," The Whitlam Labor Government subsequently amalgamated the five defence ministries ( Defence , Navy , Army , Air Force , and Supply ) into a single Department of Defence in 1973 , while conscription under the National Service scheme was abolished . On 1 January 1976 , the three branches of the Australian military were brought together as a unified , all @-@ volunteer , professional force known as the Australian Defence Force ( ADF ) . Today , the ADF is headquartered at Russell Offices in Canberra and is divided into Air , Land , Maritime and Special Operations Commands . In addition , Northern Command is based in Darwin , and is responsible for operations in Northern Australia . " " . attack possible against ) ' gap sea @-@ air ' the ( approaches maritime northern 's nation the protecting on planning defence Australian focused it , Policy Australia of Defence the as Known . continent Australian the of defence the and reliance @-@ self emphasising policy defence a developed Australia , 1970s early the in ' Suez of east ' withdrawal British the and , 1969 in States United the by Doctrine Guam the of adoption the Following . region 's Australia in threats counter to forces Allied with operate @-@ co to were forces naval and military Australian of role the which in , Defence Forward of concept the on centred strategy military 's Australia , 1970s the Until "," Until the 1970s , Australia 's military strategy centred on the concept of Forward Defence , in which the role of Australian military and naval forces were to co @-@ operate with Allied forces to counter threats in Australia 's region . Following the adoption of the Guam Doctrine by the United States in 1969 , and the British withdrawal ' east of Suez ' in the early 1970s , Australia developed a defence policy emphasising self @-@ reliance and the defence of the Australian continent . Known as the Defence of Australia Policy , it focused Australian defence planning on protecting the nation 's northern maritime approaches ( the ' air @-@ sea gap ' ) against possible attack . " " . events unforeseen to respond rapidly to capability its improve to ADF the for need the highlighted deployment this , successful broadly While . 'état d coups Fijian 1987 the to response in Fiji off waters the to deployed company rifle a and warships several which in , Dance Morris Operation of part as deployment operational first its made ADF the 1987 in , However . Australia outside deployment operational on units military no had ADF the time this During . Australia Northern to units Army regular relocating and , RAAF and RAN the of capabilities the increasing by achieved was This . Australia continental on raids counter to and bases Australian from forces enemy at strike to ability its increase to restructured was ADF the , goal this with line In "," In line with this goal , the ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases and to counter raids on continental Australia . This was achieved by increasing the capabilities of the RAN and RAAF , and relocating regular Army units to Northern Australia . During this time the ADF had no military units on operational deployment outside Australia . However , in 1987 the ADF made its first operational deployment as part of Operation Morris Dance , in which several warships and a rifle company deployed to the waters off Fiji in response to the 1987 Fijian coups d 'état . While broadly successful , this deployment highlighted the need for the ADF to improve its capability to rapidly respond to unforeseen events . " " . flights navigation of freedom in involved been also reportedly have They . Sea China South and Malacca of Strait , Ocean Indian the over patrols conducting , Gateway Operation of part as operations security maritime in participate to continued have Orions the then Since . region the in movements submarine and ship Soviet tracking in involved also were units Navy and Airforce . War Cold the of decades last the in waters Asian throughout missions surveillance clandestine of number a in involved also reportedly were submarines Australian . aircraft fighter Hornet 18 @-@ A / F of deployments occasional as well as , maintained been have Butterworth Company Rifle as known company infantry an and , personnel support , aircraft patrol maritime Orion of detachment a then Since . 1988 in squadrons fighter Mirage two the and , 1973 in Singapore from withdrawn battalion infantry the with reduced gradually were forces these , However . forces naval and ground , air significant including initially commitment this with , attack external of event the in it defend to 1971 in agreed ) ( Arrangements Defence Power Five the of part as Malaysia in forces retain to continued Australia period this During "," During this period Australia continued to retain forces in Malaysia as part of the Five Power Defence Arrangements ( ) agreed in 1971 to defend it in the event of external attack , with this commitment initially including significant air , ground and naval forces . However , these forces were gradually reduced with the infantry battalion withdrawn from Singapore in 1973 , and the two Mirage fighter squadrons in 1988 . Since then a detachment of Orion maritime patrol aircraft , support personnel , and an infantry company known as Rifle Company Butterworth have been maintained , as well as occasional deployments of F / A @-@ 18 Hornet fighter aircraft . Australian submarines were reportedly also involved in a number of clandestine surveillance missions throughout Asian waters in the last decades of the Cold War . Airforce and Navy units were also involved in tracking Soviet ship and submarine movements in the region . Since then the Orions have continued to participate in maritime security operations as part of Operation Gateway , conducting patrols over the Indian Ocean , Strait of Malacca and South China Sea . They have reportedly also been involved in freedom of navigation flights . " " . 2003 and 1991 between Iraq over imposed zones fly @-@ no enforcing in participated subsequently forces air British and US with exchange on or to posted crew ground and airmen Australian of number A . Iraq to applied be to continued which sanctions trade the enforce to Sea Red or Gulf Persian the to frigate a deployed regularly Navy the , war the Following . actions their for decorated later were few a and , combat see did units American and British with exchange on serving personnel ADF Some . Kuwait of invasion the following Iraq against place in put sanctions the enforcing in role significant a playing instead and , combat see not did force Australian the , However . structure command and capabilities its tested deployment the and ADF the of establishment the since zone war active an to deployed were personnel Australian time first the was contribution Australian The . personnel 750 about total in ; team diving clearance a and ship support a , warships two of group task naval a deploying , War Gulf 1991 the to forces military contributed which coalition international the of member a was Australia "," Australia was a member of the international coalition which contributed military forces to the 1991 Gulf War , deploying a naval task group of two warships , a support ship and a clearance diving team ; in total about 750 personnel . The Australian contribution was the first time Australian personnel were deployed to an active war zone since the establishment of the ADF and the deployment tested its capabilities and command structure . However , the Australian force did not see combat , and instead playing a significant role in enforcing the sanctions put in place against Iraq following the invasion of Kuwait . Some ADF personnel serving on exchange with British and American units did see combat , and a few were later decorated for their actions . Following the war , the Navy regularly deployed a frigate to the Persian Gulf or Red Sea to enforce the trade sanctions which continued to be applied to Iraq . A number of Australian airmen and ground crew posted to or on exchange with US and British air forces subsequently participated in enforcing no @-@ fly zones imposed over Iraq between 1991 and 2003 . " " . effectiveness combat 's ADF the improve to and units support to units combat of proportion the increase to attempt an in changed structure force 's ADF the , focus new this with line In . interests security global 's Australia of recognition in threats security potential manage to allies 's Australia and states regional with operation @-@ co in working on emphasis greater and attack direct from Australia defending on emphasis singular less placed strategy defence 's government new the with , role and structure force 's ADF the to reforms significant in resulted government Liberal Howard the of election 1996 The . onwards 1997 from and 1994 in Bougainville and 1995 and 1994 between Rwanda , 1993 in Somalia , 1993 and 1992 between Cambodia , 1989 early in Namibia to made were deployments peacekeeping Large . personnel of hundreds of deployment the to led several , specialists of numbers small only involved deployments these of most While . world the around missions peacekeeping to forces contribute to ADF the upon called increasingly had government Australian the , 1980s late the Since "," Since the late 1980s , the Australian government had increasingly called upon the ADF to contribute forces to peacekeeping missions around the world . While most of these deployments involved only small numbers of specialists , several led to the deployment of hundreds of personnel . Large peacekeeping deployments were made to Namibia in early 1989 , Cambodia between 1992 and 1993 , Somalia in 1993 , Rwanda between 1994 and 1995 and Bougainville in 1994 and from 1997 onwards . The 1996 election of the Howard Liberal government resulted in significant reforms to the ADF 's force structure and role , with the new government 's defence strategy placed less singular emphasis on defending Australia from direct attack and greater emphasis on working in co @-@ operation with regional states and Australia 's allies to manage potential security threats in recognition of Australia 's global security interests . In line with this new focus , the ADF 's force structure changed in an attempt to increase the proportion of combat units to support units and to improve the ADF 's combat effectiveness . " " . 1945 since forces Australian of deployment single largest the in , forces naval and air by supported , force ground significant a included and , personnel 500 @,@ 5 numbered committed force Australian the of size total The . resolutions UN with accordance in operating force UN @-@ non a , ) INTERFET ( Timor East for Force International the as known , coalition military international an led and organised , UNAMET to police contributed had which , Australia . force peacekeeping multinational a of deployment the to agreed subsequently Indonesia , violence the control to Unable . displaced were 000 @,@ 500 than more perhaps while , killed were Timorese East many and arson and looting , violence of campaign a launched , military Indonesian the of elements by supported militias Indonesian @-@ pro results the of announcement the following , However . independence of favour in deciding voters of % 5 @.@ 78 with resulted and 1999 August of end the at held was which , vote the conduct and organise to established was ) UNAMET ( Timor East in Mission Nations United The . 1999 in autonomy on vote to Timorese East the allow to agreed subsequently Habibie B.J. President of government Indonesian new the struggle violent of years following , however , 1975 in Indonesia by invaded was Timor East of colony Portuguese @-@ former The "," The former @-@ Portuguese colony of East Timor was invaded by Indonesia in 1975 , however , following years of violent struggle the new Indonesian government of President B.J. Habibie subsequently agreed to allow the East Timorese to vote on autonomy in 1999 . The United Nations Mission in East Timor ( UNAMET ) was established to organise and conduct the vote , which was held at the end of August 1999 and resulted with 78 @.@ 5 % of voters deciding in favour of independence . However , following the announcement of the results pro @-@ Indonesian militias supported by elements of the Indonesian military , launched a campaign of violence , looting and arson and many East Timorese were killed , while perhaps more than 500 @,@ 000 were displaced . Unable to control the violence , Indonesia subsequently agreed to the deployment of a multinational peacekeeping force . Australia , which had contributed police to UNAMET , organised and led an international military coalition , known as the International Force for East Timor ( INTERFET ) , a non @-@ UN force operating in accordance with UN resolutions . The total size of the Australian force committed numbered 5 @,@ 500 personnel , and included a significant ground force , supported by air and naval forces , in the largest single deployment of Australian forces since 1945 . " " . action in wounded were number a while , causes related battle @-@ non from died Australians Two . 2005 by withdrawn were forces UN and Australian the of bulk the stabilised situation security the with , However . 1999 October in at and Mota , in occurred actions Significant . Timor West with border the along especially , well as forces Indonesian occasions of number a on and militia Indonesian @-@ pro with clashed regularly forces Australian operations these During . mission peacekeeping the to personnel of contributor largest the remained and helicopters Blackhawk and craft landing as well as , personnel 000 @,@ 2 and 500 @,@ 1 between with operation peacekeeping UN the support to continued Australia . 2000 February 28 on completed was UNTAET to INTERFET from operations military of command of over @-@ hand The . independence to transition its during Timor East of administration the for responsible fully becoming , established was ) UNTAET ( Timor East in Administration Transitional Nations United the , force peacekeeping UN a thereafter shortly and referendum the of result the recognised formally Indonesia , 1999 October 19 On . September 28 on Dili in headquarters its established @-@ re UNAMET , Timor East from officials government and police , forces armed Indonesian the of withdrawal the With . operations assistance humanitarian facilitating and , UNAMET supporting and protecting , security and peace restoring with tasked was and 1999 September 12 on arriving began INTERFET , Cosgrove Peter General Major Australian of command overall the Under "," Under the overall command of Australian Major General Peter Cosgrove , INTERFET began arriving on 12 September 1999 and was tasked with restoring peace and security , protecting and supporting UNAMET , and facilitating humanitarian assistance operations . With the withdrawal of the Indonesian armed forces , police and government officials from East Timor , UNAMET re @-@ established its headquarters in Dili on 28 September . On 19 October 1999 , Indonesia formally recognised the result of the referendum and shortly thereafter a UN peacekeeping force , the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor ( UNTAET ) was established , becoming fully responsible for the administration of East Timor during its transition to independence . The hand @-@ over of command of military operations from INTERFET to UNTAET was completed on 28 February 2000 . Australia continued to support the UN peacekeeping operation with between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 personnel , as well as landing craft and Blackhawk helicopters and remained the largest contributor of personnel to the peacekeeping mission . During these operations Australian forces regularly clashed with pro @-@ Indonesian militia and on a number of occasions Indonesian forces as well , especially along the border with West Timor . Significant actions occurred in , Mota and at in October 1999 . However , with the security situation stabilised the bulk of the Australian and UN forces were withdrawn by 2005 . Two Australians died from non @-@ battle related causes , while a number were wounded in action . " " . year per % 3 by expenditure Defence real increasing and personnel time @-@ full 000 @,@ 57 to ADF the expanding , units ADF of equipment and readiness the improving by capabilities 's ADF the improve to committed government Australian The . deployments overseas for ADF the preparing on emphasis greater a placed Paper White Defence 2000 the , response In . operations such sustain and mount to ability 's ADF the in shortcomings revealed and War Vietnam the since Australia of outside operated had force military Australian large a time first the was deployment successful This . Australia outside operations conduct to ability 's ADF the of enhancement an to and policy defence Australian in changes significant to led 1999 in Timor East to deployment unexpected The "," The unexpected deployment to East Timor in 1999 led to significant changes in Australian defence policy and to an enhancement of the ADF 's ability to conduct operations outside Australia . This successful deployment was the first time a large Australian military force had operated outside of Australia since the Vietnam War and revealed shortcomings in the ADF 's ability to mount and sustain such operations . In response , the 2000 Defence White Paper placed a greater emphasis on preparing the ADF for overseas deployments . The Australian government committed to improve the ADF 's capabilities by improving the readiness and equipment of ADF units , expanding the ADF to 57 @,@ 000 full @-@ time personnel and increasing real Defence expenditure by 3 % per year . " " . 2013 April in completed was which process a , 2012 November in Leste @-@ Timor from withdrawing commenced Force Stabilisation International the , drawdown a Following . force international small a of part as forces security local the train to remained personnel Australian 400 just and stabilised been had situation security the 2010 @-@ early by , However . 2007 March 4 on Same at Reinado Alfredo by commanded rebels with clash heavy a including , time this during skirmishes number a in involved were forces Australian . Force Defence Leste Timor the of elements between unrest following , Astute Operation of part as Timor East to deployed again were personnel ADF 000 @,@ 2 , 2006 May In "," In May 2006 , 2 @,@ 000 ADF personnel were again deployed to East Timor as part of Operation Astute , following unrest between elements of the Timor Leste Defence Force . Australian forces were involved in a number skirmishes during this time , including a heavy clash with rebels commanded by Alfredo Reinado at Same on 4 March 2007 . However , by early @-@ 2010 the security situation had been stabilised and just 400 Australian personnel remained to train the local security forces as part of a small international force . Following a drawdown , the International Stabilisation Force commenced withdrawing from Timor @-@ Leste in November 2012 , a process which was completed in April 2013 . " " . 2009 @-@ mid in 550 @,@ 1 and 2009 early in 100 @,@ 1 , 2008 @-@ mid in 000 @,@ 1 to increases small further with , 2007 @-@ mid by 950 to Afghanistan in personnel Australian of number the brought this , personnel security and , officers intelligence and logistics , crews radar to addition In . 2007 April in Taskforce Reconstruction the support to deployed was Group Task Operations Special A . withdrawn later were but airspace Afghan in operating aircraft coalition to support provide to Kyrgyzstan in Base Air Manas in based also were aircraft refuelling air @-@ to @-@ air 707 Boeing two while , 2002 @-@ mid to 2001 @-@ late from Garcia Diego at based was bombers @-@ fighter Hornet 18 @-@ A / F four of detachment A . Catalyst Operation under Iraq in those and Afghanistan in operations the both supporting , 2001 since Ocean Indian and Gulf Persian the in operations international to aircraft transport Hercules 130 @-@ C three and aircraft surveillance Orion 3C @-@ AP two and frigate a contributed also has Australia . Army National Afghan the train and mentor to and reconstruction , security provide to 2006 from Force Task Reconstruction a of form the in forces ground further of addition the with , grown has commitment Australian the time Over . Taliban the against fight to 2005 @-@ mid from again and 2002 to 2001 from Afghanistan in operating group task forces special a been has — Slipper Operation codenamed — contribution visible most 's ADF The . terrorism against coalition international led @-@ American the to committed were forces Australian , 2001 September 11 on Washington and York New in attacks terrorist inspired Islamist the after Shortly "," Shortly after the Islamist inspired terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on 11 September 2001 , Australian forces were committed to the American @-@ led international coalition against terrorism . The ADF 's most visible contribution — codenamed Operation Slipper — has been a special forces task group operating in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2002 and again from mid @-@ 2005 to fight against the Taliban . Over time the Australian commitment has grown , with the addition of further ground forces in the form of a Reconstruction Task Force from 2006 to provide security , reconstruction and to mentor and train the Afghan National Army . Australia has also contributed a frigate and two AP @-@ 3C Orion surveillance aircraft and three C @-@ 130 Hercules transport aircraft to international operations in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean since 2001 , supporting both the operations in Afghanistan and those in Iraq under Operation Catalyst . A detachment of four F / A @-@ 18 Hornet fighter @-@ bombers was based at Diego Garcia from late @-@ 2001 to mid @-@ 2002 , while two Boeing 707 air @-@ to @-@ air refuelling aircraft were also based in Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan to provide support to coalition aircraft operating in Afghan airspace but were later withdrawn . A Special Operations Task Group was deployed to support the Reconstruction Taskforce in April 2007 . In addition to radar crews , logistics and intelligence officers , and security personnel , this brought the number of Australian personnel in Afghanistan to 950 by mid @-@ 2007 , with further small increases to 1 @,@ 000 in mid @-@ 2008 , 1 @,@ 100 in early 2009 and 1 @,@ 550 in mid @-@ 2009 . " " . duties interdiction maritime and piracy counter on Aden of Gulf and Sea Arabian the to frigates 's RAN the of one of deployment the is included Also . Emirates Arab United the in Base Air Minhad Al of out based , Afghanistan and Iraq in operations support to continued aircraft transport and patrol maritime of detachments , Meanwhile . Afghanistan of outside located are but , support in East Middle the in based also were personnel logistic Australian 800 further a , addition In . Kandahar in based unit radar surveillance air RAAF an and Asset Logistics Force the , Chinooks 47D @-@ CH flying Group Wing Rotary the as well as , Kowt Tarin of outside Ripley Base Operation Forward at based both , Group Task Operations Special the and , Force Task Mentoring the as known group battle sized @-@ battalion arms combined a included it 2010 By . elements aviation and artillery , cavalry , engineers , forces special , infantry motorised of consisted force The . withdrawal their to prior Dutch the including , forces coalition other and States United conjunction in Province Uruzgan in operations insurgency @-@ counter in involved was and time this over Afghanistan in remained force modest A "," A modest force remained in Afghanistan over this time and was involved in counter @-@ insurgency operations in Uruzgan Province in conjunction United States and other coalition forces , including the Dutch prior to their withdrawal . The force consisted of motorised infantry , special forces , engineers , cavalry , artillery and aviation elements . By 2010 it included a combined arms battalion @-@ sized battle group known as the Mentoring Task Force , and the Special Operations Task Group , both based at Forward Operation Base Ripley outside of Tarin Kowt , as well as the Rotary Wing Group flying CH @-@ 47D Chinooks , the Force Logistics Asset and an RAAF air surveillance radar unit based in Kandahar . In addition , a further 800 Australian logistic personnel were also based in the Middle East in support , but are located outside of Afghanistan . Meanwhile , detachments of maritime patrol and transport aircraft continued to support operations in Iraq and Afghanistan , based out of Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates . Also included is the deployment of one of the RAN 's frigates to the Arabian Sea and Gulf of Aden on counter piracy and maritime interdiction duties . " " . Afghanistan in served have personnel Australian 000 @,@ 26 Over . Kabul and Kandahar in stationed are and , advisers and trainers as Afghanistan in remain personnel 400 approximately , however ; 2013 December 15 on withdrawn were troops combat last the , forces in drawdown a Following . years forty in decorations such first the , Australia for Cross Victoria the awarded been have Australians Four . Army British the with serving died also Australian another while , wounded 256 and killed 41 include Casualties . requirements security operational to due acknowledged publicly be to yet have others although ; 2011 in Doan and , 2010 in Derapet and Kot Wali Shah the , 2009 in , 2007 in Chora in actions as well as , 2006 in Perth Operation and 2002 in Anaconda Operation included actions significant and , fighting heavy in involved times at were forces Australian "," Australian forces were at times involved in heavy fighting , and significant actions included Operation Anaconda in 2002 and Operation Perth in 2006 , as well as actions in Chora in 2007 , in 2009 , the Shah Wali Kot and Derapet in 2010 , and Doan in 2011 ; although others have yet to be publicly acknowledged due to operational security requirements . Casualties include 41 killed and 256 wounded , while another Australian also died serving with the British Army . Four Australians have been awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia , the first such decorations in forty years . Following a drawdown in forces , the last combat troops were withdrawn on 15 December 2013 ; however , approximately 400 personnel remain in Afghanistan as trainers and advisers , and are stationed in Kandahar and Kabul . Over 26 @,@ 000 Australian personnel have served in Afghanistan . " " . bombs guided @-@ laser 122 dropping and sorties 350 of total a flying Squadron 75 No. with , War Vietnam the since missions combat first its flew also RAAF the invasion the During . SASR the from were Baghdad to troops ground closest the , days few a for while , Iraq into border the cross to forces units coalition first the of one was Force Task Forces Special Australian The . Hercules 130 @-@ C and Orions 3C @-@ AP of number a , Squadron 75 No. from Hornets 18 @-@ A / F 14 deployed RAAF the while , Anzac HMAS and Darwin HMAS frigates the and Kanimbla HMAS ship amphibious the included units RAN . units specialist other of number a and detachment Chinook 47 @-@ CH a , ) Commando ( Regiment Australian Royal , Battalion 4th and SASR the from elements included units Army . units naval and aviation wing fixed and rotary , forces special included elements force Major . Falconer Operation codenamed — personnel 058 @,@ 2 just of consisting , one modest a also was contribution initial The . Iraq of invasion 2003 the during forces American and British joined later forces Australian "," Australian forces later joined British and American forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq . The initial contribution was also a modest one , consisting of just 2 @,@ 058 personnel — codenamed Operation Falconer . Major force elements included special forces , rotary and fixed wing aviation and naval units . Army units included elements from the SASR and 4th Battalion , Royal Australian Regiment ( Commando ) , a CH @-@ 47 Chinook detachment and a number of other specialist units . RAN units included the amphibious ship HMAS Kanimbla and the frigates HMAS Darwin and HMAS Anzac , while the RAAF deployed 14 F / A @-@ 18 Hornets from No. 75 Squadron , a number of AP @-@ 3C Orions and C @-@ 130 Hercules . The Australian Special Forces Task Force was one of the first coalition units forces to cross the border into Iraq , while for a few days , the closest ground troops to Baghdad were from the SASR . During the invasion the RAAF also flew its first combat missions since the Vietnam War , with No. 75 Squadron flying a total of 350 sorties and dropping 122 laser @-@ guided bombs . " " . Slipper Operation of part as Operations of Area East Middle the of parts other to redirected were operations RAN and RAAF while , 2009 @-@ mid by withdrawn were forces these of bulk the Rudd Kevin Minister Prime under government Labor new a of election the Following . elements 3C @-@ AP and Hercules 130H @-@ C included assets RAAF while , Gulf Persian North the in based was frigate RAN A . Iraq — Team Training Army Australian the and Baghdad in Detachment Security the , Iraq Southern in ) W ( OBG the including 2007 May in personnel 400 @,@ 1 at peaked levels Force . control Iraqi to province Muthanna Al of back hand the following , ) ) W ( OBG ( ) West ( Group Battle Overwatch the became later The . units Army Iraqi New of training the support and region the in contingent engineer Japanese the protect to was force this of role The . Catalyst Operation of part as 2005 April in Iraq Southern to deployed later was — infantry and vehicles armoured light ASLAV 40 including and Group Task Muthanna Al the designated — battlegroup armoured light Army Australian an , Iraq of occupation war @-@ post the in part take initially not did Australia While . withdrawn were forces Australian of bulk the defeat their with and , power military coalition for match no proved quickly military Iraqi The "," The Iraqi military quickly proved no match for coalition military power , and with their defeat the bulk of Australian forces were withdrawn . While Australia did not initially take part in the post @-@ war occupation of Iraq , an Australian Army light armoured battlegroup — designated the Al Muthanna Task Group and including 40 ASLAV light armoured vehicles and infantry — was later deployed to Southern Iraq in April 2005 as part of Operation Catalyst . The role of this force was to protect the Japanese engineer contingent in the region and support the training of New Iraqi Army units . The later became the Overwatch Battle Group ( West ) ( OBG ( W ) ) , following the hand back of Al Muthanna province to Iraqi control . Force levels peaked at 1 @,@ 400 personnel in May 2007 including the OBG ( W ) in Southern Iraq , the Security Detachment in Baghdad and the Australian Army Training Team — Iraq . A RAN frigate was based in the North Persian Gulf , while RAAF assets included C @-@ 130H Hercules and AP @-@ 3C elements . Following the election of a new Labor government under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd the bulk of these forces were withdrawn by mid @-@ 2009 , while RAAF and RAN operations were redirected to other parts of the Middle East Area of Operations as part of Operation Slipper . " " . 2013 November in concluded operation This . Operation of part as Iraq for Mission Assistance Nations United the to attached Iraq in remained officers Two . wounded were personnel 27 further A . Force Air Royal British the with serving died Australian third a while , killed accidentally soldiers two with , light relatively were casualties Australian , Iraq in operations during served personnel 000 @,@ 17 than more Although . Iraq in presence diplomatic 's Australia for security providing for responsibility over took which company military private a by replaced was and , 2011 August in withdrawn finally was . Kruger Operation under of part as Baghdad in Embassy Australian the protect to Iraq in remaining soldiers 80 of force Australian small a with , however , continued operations level @-@ Low "," Low @-@ level operations continued , however , with a small Australian force of 80 soldiers remaining in Iraq to protect the Australian Embassy in Baghdad as part of under Operation Kruger . was finally withdrawn in August 2011 , and was replaced by a private military company which took over responsibility for providing security for Australia 's diplomatic presence in Iraq . Although more than 17 @,@ 000 personnel served during operations in Iraq , Australian casualties were relatively light , with two soldiers accidentally killed , while a third Australian died serving with the British Royal Air Force . A further 27 personnel were wounded . Two officers remained in Iraq attached to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq as part of Operation . This operation concluded in November 2013 . " " . 2015 September in Syria to extended were Airstrikes . Forces Security Iraqi regular the train to Iraq to deployed was Taji Group Task as known unit strong @-@ 300 a 2015 April In . November early in Iraq into moving began It . Governments Iraqi and Australian the between agreed was country the in presence their covering framework legal a after Iraq to deployed was and , Forces Security Iraqi assist and advise to operations with tasked is SOTG The . October 1 on operations began ATG the , aircraft Control & Warning Early Airborne Wedgetail 7A @-@ E an and , Transport Tanker Role Multi 30A @-@ KC a , aircraft strike Hornet Super 18F @-@ A / F with Equipped . Iraq in forces State Islamic combat to coalition the of part as Emirates Arab United the in Base Air Minhad Al to deployed were ) SOTG ( Group Task Operations Special and ) ATG ( Group Task Air an 2014 September late In . Iraq northern controlled @-@ Kurdish in forces to munitions and arms airlift to and civilians trapped to aid humanitarian of airdrops conduct to used were East Middle the in based aircraft transport 130J @-@ C and 17 @-@ C RAAF of number a September and August in , Later . offensive Iraq Northern 2014 the by threatened was Baghdad of security the when embassy Australian the protect to Iraq to deployed were personnel SASR of number small a 2014 June In "," In June 2014 a small number of SASR personnel were deployed to Iraq to protect the Australian embassy when the security of Baghdad was threatened by the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive . Later , in August and September a number of RAAF C @-@ 17 and C @-@ 130J transport aircraft based in the Middle East were used to conduct airdrops of humanitarian aid to trapped civilians and to airlift arms and munitions to forces in Kurdish @-@ controlled northern Iraq . In late September 2014 an Air Task Group ( ATG ) and Special Operations Task Group ( SOTG ) were deployed to Al Minhad Air Base in the United Arab Emirates as part of the coalition to combat Islamic State forces in Iraq . Equipped with F / A @-@ 18F Super Hornet strike aircraft , a KC @-@ 30A Multi Role Tanker Transport , and an E @-@ 7A Wedgetail Airborne Early Warning & Control aircraft , the ATG began operations on 1 October . The SOTG is tasked with operations to advise and assist Iraqi Security Forces , and was deployed to Iraq after a legal framework covering their presence in the country was agreed between the Australian and Iraqi Governments . It began moving into Iraq in early November . In April 2015 a 300 @-@ strong unit known as Task Group Taji was deployed to Iraq to train the regular Iraqi Security Forces . Airstrikes were extended to Syria in September 2015 . " " . operations these during died have Australians 14 ; personnel 000 @,@ 30 than more involving , missions separate 100 to close in involved been has Australia . Islands Solomon the and , Timor East , Somalia , Rwanda , Cambodia including missions of number a of support in units combat larger significantly deploying , operations profile @-@ high of series a in involved became Australia when , 1990s @-@ mid the in increasing started tempo operational The . Sinai the in Observers and Force Multinational running long the with involvement ongoing 's Australia been has commitment significant One . police and , observers , medics , engineers , signallers as such troops support technical and level @-@ high of numbers small of mostly consisting , limited been generally have commitments its — 1947 in Indonesia in observers military UN of group first the among being — years 60 for continuously field the in peacekeepers had has Australia Although "" . peacekeeper energetic moderately a been only has Australia , terms international comparative in "" however ; belligerents as than peacekeepers as conflicts more in involved been have Australians . coalitions hoc @-@ ad of part as those as well as , missions sponsored Nations United both in participation included and , diverse been has operations peacekeeping international in involvement 's Australia "," Australia 's involvement in international peacekeeping operations has been diverse , and included participation in both United Nations sponsored missions , as well as those as part of ad @-@ hoc coalitions . Australians have been involved in more conflicts as peacekeepers than as belligerents ; however "" in comparative international terms , Australia has only been a moderately energetic peacekeeper . "" Although Australia has had peacekeepers in the field continuously for 60 years — being among the first group of UN military observers in Indonesia in 1947 — its commitments have generally been limited , consisting mostly of small numbers of high @-@ level and technical support troops such as signallers , engineers , medics , observers , and police . One significant commitment has been Australia 's ongoing involvement with the long running Multinational Force and Observers in the Sinai . The operational tempo started increasing in the mid @-@ 1990s , when Australia became involved in a series of high @-@ profile operations , deploying significantly larger combat units in support of a number of missions including Cambodia , Rwanda , Somalia , East Timor , and the Solomon Islands . Australia has been involved in close to 100 separate missions , involving more than 30 @,@ 000 personnel ; 14 Australians have died during these operations . " " . style confrontational often , direct a in written , views provocative and controversial features work His . government States United the by Americans Native and dissenters political of treatment historical the on is work his of focus primary The . 2007 until 1990 from Boulder Colorado of University the at studies ethnic of professor a was He . activist political and author American an is ) 1947 born ( Churchill LeRoy Ward "," Ward LeRoy Churchill ( born 1947 ) is an American author and political activist . He was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1990 until 2007 . The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters and Native Americans by the United States government . His work features controversial and provocative views , written in a direct , often confrontational style . " " . Center Trade World the in working "" corps technocratic "" the describe to "" little "" phrase the of use 's Churchill for known well is essay the ; century 20th the of half latter the over policy foreign US unlawful of consequence unavoidable and natural a were attacks 11 September the argued he which in , "" Chickens Roosting of Justice the On "" , essay 2001 a of circulation the of because controversy attracted work 's Churchill , 2005 January In "," In January 2005 , Churchill 's work attracted controversy because of the circulation of a 2001 essay , "" On the Justice of Roosting Chickens "" , in which he argued the September 11 attacks were a natural and unavoidable consequence of unlawful US foreign policy over the latter half of the 20th century ; the essay is well known for Churchill 's use of the phrase "" little "" to describe the "" technocratic corps "" working in the World Trade Center . " " . case the hear to declined Court Supreme States United the , 2013 , 1 April On . Colorado of University the of favor in decisions ' courts lower the upheld Court Supreme Colorado the , 2012 , 10 September In . ruling 's court @-@ lower the upheld Appeals of Court Colorado the , 2010 November In . decision 's judge the appealed Churchill , 2010 February In . "" immunity judicial @-@ quasi "" has university the deciding , reinstatement his order to request 's Churchill declined and award monetary the vacated judge Court District a , 2009 July In . damages in 1 $ him awarding , fired wrongly was Churchill that found jury Denver a 2009 April In . employment of termination unlawful for Colorado of University the against lawsuit a filed Churchill . comment "" Little "" the of because fired was he that scholars some by claim a to leading , 2007 , 24 July on fired was Churchill . so done had he that 2006 June in reported it ; misconduct research in engaged had Churchill that allegations investigating began Colorado of University the 2005 March In "," In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct ; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so . Churchill was fired on July 24 , 2007 , leading to a claim by some scholars that he was fired because of the "" Little "" comment . Churchill filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado for unlawful termination of employment . In April 2009 a Denver jury found that Churchill was wrongly fired , awarding him $ 1 in damages . In July 2009 , a District Court judge vacated the monetary award and declined Churchill 's request to order his reinstatement , deciding the university has "" quasi @-@ judicial immunity "" . In February 2010 , Churchill appealed the judge 's decision . In November 2010 , the Colorado Court of Appeals upheld the lower @-@ court 's ruling . In September 10 , 2012 , the Colorado Supreme Court upheld the lower courts ' decisions in favor of the University of Colorado . On April 1 , 2013 , the United States Supreme Court declined to hear the case . " " . years three next the in publish and finish to intended he which books uncompleted dozen @-@ half a had he that stated also Churchill . 2013 in Georgia , Atlanta to relocated had he , region Colorado / plains northern the in years forty than more living after that commented Churchill , interview 2014 February a In "," In a February 2014 interview , Churchill commented that after living more than forty years in the northern plains / Colorado region , he had relocated to Atlanta , Georgia in 2013 . Churchill also stated that he had a half @-@ dozen uncompleted books which he intended to finish and publish in the next three years . " " . schools local attended he where , Elmwood in up grew he and , two was he before divorced parents His . Allen Lucretia and Churchill LeRoy Jack to , Illinois , Urbana in born was Churchill "," Churchill was born in Urbana , Illinois , to Jack LeRoy Churchill and Lucretia Allen . His parents divorced before he was two , and he grew up in Elmwood , where he attended local schools . " " "" . releases news wrote and newsletter battalion the edited and wrote "" who specialist information @-@ public a as served he said he , resume 1980 his On . Army States United the into drafted was he , 1966 In "," In 1966 , he was drafted into the United States Army . On his 1980 resume , he said he served as a public @-@ information specialist who "" wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases . "" " " . weapons fire and bombs build to how Underground Weather the of members taught briefly and , 1960s late the in ) SDS ( Society Democratic a for Students the of office Chicago the at time some spent had he that Post the told Churchill . Vietnam in experiences his of result a as radicalized politically was Churchill that reported also article Post The . enemy the down track to out sent team man @-@ six a of one , ) ( Patrol Reconnaissance Range Long as tour month @-@ 10 a served he where , Vietnam for volunteered then , school paratrooper to went , drafted was he that reported Post Denver the , Churchill on profile 1987 a In "," In a 1987 profile on Churchill , the Denver Post reported that he was drafted , went to paratrooper school , then volunteered for Vietnam , where he served a 10 @-@ month tour as Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol ( ) , one of a six @-@ man team sent out to track down the enemy . The Post article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam . Churchill told the Post that he had spent some time at the Chicago office of the Students for a Democratic Society ( SDS ) in the late 1960s , and briefly taught members of the Weather Underground how to build bombs and fire weapons . " " . team a or , unit the of member a been having Churchill of record no found Association Regiment Ranger 75th The . training or school paratrooper reflect not do they but , driver truck light and projectionist film a as trained was he show records military 's Churchill that reported Post Denver the , 2005 In "," In 2005 , the Denver Post reported that Churchill 's military records show he was trained as a film projectionist and light truck driver , but they do not reflect paratrooper school or training . The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill having been a member of the unit , or a team . " " . Springfield at Illinois of University the now , University State Sangamon from both , 1975 in theory communications in M.A. and 1974 in communications technological in B.A. his received Churchill "," Churchill received his B.A. in technological communications in 1974 and M.A. in communications theory in 1975 , both from Sangamon State University , now the University of Illinois at Springfield . " " . departments Science Political and Sociology the by declined been having after , period probationary year @-@ six usual the without , department Communications the in tenure granted was he year following The . position the for required usually doctorate academic the possess not did he although , professor associate an as him hired Colorado of University the , 1990 In . program studies ethnic the in issues Indian American on lectured also He . administration university the in officer action affirmative an as Boulder Colorado of University the at working began Churchill , 1978 In "," In 1978 , Churchill began working at the University of Colorado Boulder as an affirmative action officer in the university administration . He also lectured on American Indian issues in the ethnic studies program . In 1990 , the University of Colorado hired him as an associate professor , although he did not possess the academic doctorate usually required for the position . The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department , without the usual six @-@ year probationary period , after having been declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments . " " . Americans Native against genocide of policy 's government federal the of part as interpreted has he which , issues these address works published his of Some . quantum blood of proofs requiring often less but , lists historical recognized from descent to related often , members as enrollment for criteria own their established have tribes recognized federally , governments @-@ self establishing @-@ re Since . Rolls Dawes the as known became what for , tribes in membership individual define to "" quantum blood "" of use first 's government federal the was that with Connected . households individual to plots assigned and lands reservation communal the up broke which , Act Dawes the with associated issues in interested been long has He "," He has long been interested in issues associated with the Dawes Act , which broke up the communal reservation lands and assigned plots to individual households . Connected with that was the federal government 's first use of "" blood quantum "" to define individual membership in tribes , for what became known as the Dawes Rolls . Since re @-@ establishing self @-@ governments , federally recognized tribes have established their own criteria for enrollment as members , often related to descent from recognized historical lists , but less often requiring proofs of blood quantum . Some of his published works address these issues , which he has interpreted as part of the federal government 's policy of genocide against Native Americans . " " : interview an in Barsamian David with views his discussed Churchill 1995 In "," In 1995 Churchill discussed his views with David Barsamian in an interview : " " ) . Magazine Z . "" Perspectives Current and Historical : Churchill Ward with Interview "" . ) 1995 December ( Barsamian David ( "" . since ever so increasingly become 's It . place first the in Indianness to criteria genetic this of application the for motivation economic an was It . available were that Indians of number the minimize would that Indianness of definition a create to government the of interests the in clearly was it So . surplus declared be would land the of rest the then , such as identifiable Indians of out ran they If . point that at base reservation existing the in land of parcels individual them allotting of purposes for Indians identifying were They . clear quite was this for reason The . quarter a and quarter a hopefully or Arapaho quarter a or Cheyenne quarter a be to had You . Indian an be and Arapaho eighth an and Cheyenne eighth an be 't couldn You . group given a in indigenous blood quantum by quarter @-@ one least at of and demonstrably was who someone being as Indian define to began they point that At . 1880s @-@ mid , Act General the of passage the until formalized not was it , it with preoccupation some was there while , America @-@ Anglo in But . America @-@ Ibero in quantum blood of basis the was ago years hundred five that say could You "," You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero @-@ America . But in Anglo @-@ America , while there was some preoccupation with it , it was not formalized until the passage of the General Act , mid @-@ 1880s . At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and of at least one @-@ quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group . You couldn 't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian . You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter . The reason for this was quite clear . They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point . If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such , then the rest of the land would be declared surplus . So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available . It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place . It 's become increasingly so ever since . "" ( David Barsamian ( December 1995 ) . "" Interview with Ward Churchill : Historical and Current Perspectives "" . Z Magazine . ) " " . 2002 June in department the of chairman as selected was He . professor full to promoted was he , 1997 In . Colorado of University the of Department Studies Ethnic new the to moved Churchill , 1996 In "," In 1996 , Churchill moved to the new Ethnic Studies Department of the University of Colorado . In 1997 , he was promoted to full professor . He was selected as chairman of the department in June 2002 . " " . Regents of Board 's Colorado of University the by vote one to eight an in misconduct academic for fired was Churchill , 2007 , 24 July On . falsification and , fabrication , plagiarism specifically , misconduct academic of counts multiple committed had Churchill that concluded Colorado of University the at Misconduct Research on Committee Standing the of Committee Investigative the , 2006 , 16 May On . year that of June in expire to scheduled was chair as term his — Colorado of University the at department studies ethnic the of chairman as resigned Churchill , remarks 11 / 9 his over controversy the during , 2005 January In "," In January 2005 , during the controversy over his 9 / 11 remarks , Churchill resigned as chairman of the ethnic studies department at the University of Colorado — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year . On May 16 , 2006 , the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of academic misconduct , specifically plagiarism , fabrication , and falsification . On July 24 , 2007 , Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado 's Board of Regents . " " . Cherokee sixteenths @-@ three is he that 2005 February in Post Denver the told Churchill "" . Cherokee and Creek sixteenth @-@ one was he "" that Daily Colorado the told Churchill , 1993 In . Cherokee sixteenth @-@ one and Creek eighth @-@ one is he that elsewhere wrote Churchill , 1992 In "" . Indians Cherokee of Band United the of member enrolled an am and , 's mother my on Cherokee , side 's father my on descent Creek and Muscogee of myself am I "" , stated Churchill , 2003 In "," In 2003 , Churchill stated , "" I am myself of Muscogee and Creek descent on my father 's side , Cherokee on my mother 's , and am an enrolled member of the United Band of Cherokee Indians . "" In 1992 , Churchill wrote elsewhere that he is one @-@ eighth Creek and one @-@ sixteenth Cherokee . In 1993 , Churchill told the Colorado Daily that "" he was one @-@ sixteenth Creek and Cherokee . "" Churchill told the Denver Post in February 2005 that he is three @-@ sixteenths Cherokee . " " , said initially Band United the , website its on posted and , 2005 , 9 May dated statement a In "," In a statement dated May 9 , 2005 , and posted on its website , the United Band initially said , " " "" . Band United the by fraudulent deemed are , herein listed not reference other any or , employment for applications , lectures , vitae curriculum , biographies ; to limited not but including , spoken or written ' , enrollment ' of assertions or claims future and present , past "" 's Churchill of all that said tribe The "" . ancestry Cherokee any prove not could he because 1990s early the in ' membership associate ' honorary an given only was and Band the of member a NOT IS Churchill Mr. that clear it make to like would Band United The "" "," "" The United Band would like to make it clear that Mr. Churchill IS NOT a member of the Band and was only given an honorary ' associate membership ' in the early 1990s because he could not prove any Cherokee ancestry . "" The tribe said that all of Churchill 's "" past , present and future claims or assertions of ' enrollment , ' written or spoken , including but not limited to ; biographies , curriculum vitae , lectures , applications for employment , or any other reference not listed herein , are deemed fraudulent by the United Band . "" " " : Cherokee being of "" ancestry alleged "" 's Churchill acknowledged and statement its replaced Band United the , later days Two "," Two days later , the United Band replaced its statement and acknowledged Churchill 's "" alleged ancestry "" of being Cherokee : " " "" . Cherokee 16 / 1 claims he since , Oklahoma of Nation Cherokee for status eligibility possess may Churchill Mr. , However "" . said now website 's tribe the "" , honor an as ' Membership Associate ' an awarded was he , causes its and tribe the promoting in the assist to willingness his and , ancestry alleged his regarding information genealogical had Churchill Mr. Because "" "," "" Because Mr. Churchill had genealogical information regarding his alleged ancestry , and his willingness to assist the in promoting the tribe and its causes , he was awarded an ' Associate Membership ' as an honor , "" the tribe 's website now said . "" However , Mr. Churchill may possess eligibility status for Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma , since he claims 1 / 16 Cherokee . "" " " . tribe the in enrollment or rights voting to individual an entitle not did membership associate the and , "" ) ( Blood Indian of Degree of Certificate ' a possess not does he that fact the to due membership tribal for eligible not was "" Churchill that clarified further statement website The . blood Indian American quarter @-@ one certified with members only enrolls tribe the stated , Lisa , spokesperson 's tribe The "," The tribe 's spokesperson , Lisa , stated the tribe enrolls only members with certified one @-@ quarter American Indian blood . The website statement further clarified that Churchill "" was not eligible for tribal membership due to the fact that he does not possess a ' Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood ( ) "" , and the associate membership did not entitle an individual to voting rights or enrollment in the tribe . " " . offensive government US the by "" vetted "" being of idea the finds and , certification for asked never has Churchill "," Churchill has never asked for certification , and finds the idea of being "" vetted "" by the US government offensive . " " . tribe the help to promise a fulfilled never had Churchill that said , council its on years four and committee enrollment 's tribe the on formerly , Berry Ernestine , interview separate a In . rescinded been not has it and membership associate the holds still Churchill that states Band The . member a as tribe the in vote to individual an entitle not does it and , ancestry Indian with do to nothing has it but , tribe the to assistance 's individual an recognizes membership associate honorary Such . memberships associate awarding stop to voted had Band United the , 1994 June In "," In June 1994 , the United Band had voted to stop awarding associate memberships . Such honorary associate membership recognizes an individual 's assistance to the tribe , but it has nothing to do with Indian ancestry , and it does not entitle an individual to vote in the tribe as a member . The Band states that Churchill still holds the associate membership and it has not been rescinded . In a separate interview , Ernestine Berry , formerly on the tribe 's enrollment committee and four years on its council , said that Churchill had never fulfilled a promise to help the tribe . " " . identified were who Churchill of forebears direct 142 the among confirmed was none , but ; ancestors among ancestry Indian of legends family longstanding have family extended 's Churchill of members Numerous . records documented with agree not did lived had ancestors his where of accounts 's Churchill of some that found News The . documents official other and census previous on listed grandparents @-@ great @-@ great his of two but all were as , census 1930 the on white as listed were parents birth 's Churchill both that reported News The . records from identified ] 's Churchill of [ ancestors direct 142 among "" ancestor Indian single a of evidence no up turned "" It . history family and genealogy 's Churchill about article an published News Mountain Rocky the , 2005 June In "," In June 2005 , the Rocky Mountain News published an article about Churchill 's genealogy and family history . It "" turned up no evidence of a single Indian ancestor "" among 142 direct ancestors [ of Churchill 's ] identified from records . The News reported that both Churchill 's birth parents were listed as white on the 1930 census , as were all but two of his great @-@ great @-@ grandparents listed on previous census and other official documents . The News found that some of Churchill 's accounts of where his ancestors had lived did not agree with documented records . Numerous members of Churchill 's extended family have longstanding family legends of Indian ancestry among ancestors ; but , none was confirmed among the 142 direct forebears of Churchill who were identified . " " "" . proving @-@ self is ethnicity or race 's person a that policy university been always has it "" saying , Indian an be to claiming fraudulently was Churchill that allegations on action take to refused Corbridge James Chancellor Boulder @-@ CU then , 1994 In "" . position opportunity special "" a in tenure granted was he that show file personnel university 's Churchill in Documents "," Documents in Churchill 's university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a "" special opportunity position . "" In 1994 , then CU @-@ Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian , saying "" it has always been university policy that a person 's race or ethnicity is self @-@ proving . "" " " "" . misconduct research of definition the under investigation further for appropriate "" not was allegation the that concluded committee The "" . scholarship his to acceptance public and credibility add "" to ethnicity his misrepresented Churchill whether into investigation preliminary a conducted Committee Misconduct Research 's Colorado of University The . ethnicity of basis the on hire not does it that said has University The . termination for grounds and misrepresentation constitute might it prove to ability the without ancestry American Native of assertion his that argue , ) Creek Muscogee @-@ Cheyenne Southern ( Shown Suzan and ) Ojibwe Earth White ( Bellecourt Vernon as such , critics American Native 's Churchill of Some "," Some of Churchill 's Native American critics , such as Vernon Bellecourt ( White Earth Ojibwe ) and Suzan Shown ( Southern Cheyenne @-@ Muscogee Creek ) , argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute misrepresentation and grounds for termination . The University has said that it does not hire on the basis of ethnicity . The University of Colorado 's Research Misconduct Committee conducted a preliminary investigation into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity to "" add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship . "" The committee concluded that the allegation was not "" appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct . "" " " "" . leader Indian blooded @-@ full a is Churchill Ward that ascertained have we that know to locally and internationally , nationally person media every , forward day this from , want I So "" , year that of February in said Means Russell activist indigenous longtime The "" . Bull Sitting goddamned be to claimed never have I ? issue this with do to have that does what , right absolutely are ] critics the [ if even And . was I said never and , blood quarter @-@ one having as confirmed been never have I "" , said Churchill , News Mountain Rocky The in interview 2005 a In "," In a 2005 interview in The Rocky Mountain News , Churchill said , "" I have never been confirmed as having one @-@ quarter blood , and never said I was . And even if [ the critics ] are absolutely right , what does that have to do with this issue ? I have never claimed to be goddamned Sitting Bull . "" The longtime indigenous activist Russell Means said in February of that year , "" So I want , from this day forward , every media person nationally , internationally and locally to know that we have ascertained that Ward Churchill is a full @-@ blooded Indian leader . "" " " . expediency political and enrichment personal of goals further to order in of rules upon based laws quantum blood instituted States United the that argues Churchill . requirements membership their establish tribes American Native some which upon quantum blood the attacking including , ways various in heritage Indian claimed his of verification for requests to responded has Churchill "," Churchill has responded to requests for verification of his claimed Indian heritage in various ways , including attacking the blood quantum upon which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements . Churchill argues that the United States instituted blood quantum laws based upon rules of in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency . " " , says He . purpose genocidal inherent an have laws quantum blood that argued has Churchill , writings his in decades For "," For decades in his writings , Churchill has argued that blood quantum laws have an inherent genocidal purpose . He says , " " . "" existence of out defined be will Indians eventually and ] has [ it as proceed intermarriage let , Indians of definition rigid a as it to hold , quarter @-@ one at quantum blood the Set "" "," "" Set the blood quantum at one @-@ quarter , hold to it as a rigid definition of Indians , let intermarriage proceed as it [ has ] and eventually Indians will be defined out of existence "" . " " . member a as him recognize not would that governments tribal attack to Act Dawes the of interpretation his using of accused been has He . ) below see ( 2005 in him against brought were that allegations misconduct @-@ research several the of one as raised been have assertions 's Churchill "," Churchill 's assertions have been raised as one of the several research @-@ misconduct allegations that were brought against him in 2005 ( see below ) . He has been accused of using his interpretation of the Dawes Act to attack tribal governments that would not recognize him as a member . " " . day this to continues that peoples native of repression the as describes he what and settlers European by Americas the of people indigenous the on inflicted genocide about speaks and , culture and history Indian American on written has Churchill "," Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture , and speaks about genocide inflicted on the indigenous people of the Americas by European settlers and what he describes as the repression of native peoples that continues to this day . " " . more 3 edited @-@ co and volumes 4 edited has He . refereed were these of 27 ; essays scholarly 50 and , reviews law 3 , chapters book 51 written has He . updates with reprinted been have Some . 4 authored @-@ co and own his on books 10 written has Churchill , behalf his on submitted report a to according , 2007 of As "," As of 2007 , according to a report submitted on his behalf , Churchill has written 10 books on his own and co @-@ authored 4 . Some have been reprinted with updates . He has written 51 book chapters , 3 law reviews , and 50 scholarly essays ; 27 of these were refereed . He has edited 4 volumes and co @-@ edited 3 more . " " . opinion political of magazines readership general several for written has Churchill , writing academic his to addition In "" . academics conventional more by favored often journals reviewed @-@ peer mainstream or presses university the in not , journals or presses alternative in largely publish to decided has he "" that noted also investigation The "" . sources primary on based research new describing monographs not , scholars other by studies upon drawing , reinterpretation and synthesis of works all nearly are publications academic His "" , investigation Colorado of University the to According "," According to the University of Colorado investigation , "" His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation , drawing upon studies by other scholars , not monographs describing new research based on primary sources . "" The investigation also noted that "" he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals , not in the university presses or mainstream peer @-@ reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics . "" In addition to his academic writing , Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion . " " . years few following the in movement globalization @-@ anti the within tactics aggressive more inspired and circles leftist in debate much sparked book The . Ryan Mike by commentary a and Churchill by essay the to introduction new a , Mead Ed by preface a included book The . author the as Churchill Ward listing and America North in Struggle Armed of Role the on Reflections : Pathology as Pacifism entitled book a in essay the published Publishing Ring Arbeiter , 1998 In . ineffectual and racist facto de , hypocritical being as left U.S. the within politics pacifist criticizing American an on Notes : Pathology as Pacifism titled essay an wrote Churchill , 1986 In "," In 1986 , Churchill wrote an essay titled Pacifism as Pathology : Notes on an American criticizing pacifist politics within the U.S. left as being hypocritical , de facto racist and ineffectual . In 1998 , Arbeiter Ring Publishing published the essay in a book entitled Pacifism as Pathology : Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America and listing Ward Churchill as the author . The book included a preface by Ed Mead , a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan . The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the anti @-@ globalization movement in the following few years . " " . 1980s the in issues American Central with concerned activists to 1950s the in Party Communist U.S. the from , groups leftist various against activities 's Bureau the detail that memos FBI original of series a examines , Wall Vander Jim with authored @-@ co also , ) 2002 reissued ; 1990 ( Papers COINTELPRO The . program COINTELPRO the under FBI the by 70s ' and 1960s late the during out carried Movement Indian American and Party Panther Black the against war secret a was claim authors the what describes , Wall Vander Jim by authored @-@ co , ) 1988 ( Repression of Agents "," Agents of Repression ( 1988 ) , co @-@ authored by Jim Vander Wall , describes what the authors claim was a secret war against the Black Panther Party and American Indian Movement carried out during the late 1960s and ' 70s by the FBI under the COINTELPRO program . The COINTELPRO Papers ( 1990 ; reissued 2002 ) , also co @-@ authored with Jim Vander Wall , examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau 's activities against various leftist groups , from the U.S. Communist Party in the 1950s to activists concerned with Central American issues in the 1980s . " " "" . Man Piltdown since hoax greatest "" the , shaman Indian Yaqui a of teachings the revealing of claims 's Castaneda Carlos author calls Churchill . exploitation and imperialism cultural of examples finding , movement Age New the and , Wolves with Dances film the , novels mystery 's Tony as phenomena such on focuses He . culture American popular in symbols Indian American of use the and Indians American of portrayal the examines Churchill , ) 1992 ( Race Master the of Fantasies In "," In Fantasies of the Master Race ( 1992 ) , Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture . He focuses on such phenomena as Tony 's mystery novels , the film Dances with Wolves , and the New Age movement , finding examples of cultural imperialism and exploitation . Churchill calls author Carlos Castaneda 's claims of revealing the teachings of a Yaqui Indian shaman , the "" greatest hoax since Piltdown Man . "" " " . mining surface as such practices industrial and defoliation prevent to centuries 20th and 19th the in efforts American Native details He . Indians American of displacement or killing the and lands Native of exploitation systematic 's government U.S. the as describes he what chronicles Churchill which in essays of collection a is ) 2002 reissued ; 1993 ( Land the for Struggle "," Struggle for the Land ( 1993 ; reissued 2002 ) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles what he describes as the U.S. government 's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians . He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as surface mining . " " . scholars some from support received , however , has Churchill . falsification a as criticized been has claim The . decade next the over times several repeated he which claim a , tribes Indian to "" blankets infested @-@ smallpox "" distributed States United the that claim the made first Churchill that book this in was It . tribes Indian toward hostile is and facts historical twists ? Us Are Indians that states , Nation Sioux Santee the of member enrolled an , Professor . Quarterly Indian American The in ? Us Are Indians of review a published Law of School Mexico New of University the of P. John . authors contemporary certain of "" yourself @-@ it @-@ do "" the and , traditions sacred Indian American and shamanism of exploitations Age New about outspoken particularly is Churchill . genocide of tools them calling , laws quantum blood and , 1990 of Act Crafts and Arts Indian the , mascots sports , Leonard of prosecution the , killings Reservation Indian Ridge Pine the , Robe Black movie the examines He . politics and culture popular in issues Indian American explores further , Race Master the of Fantasies to sequel a , ) 1994 ( ? Us Are Indians 's Churchill "," Churchill 's Indians Are Us ? ( 1994 ) , a sequel to Fantasies of the Master Race , further explores American Indian issues in popular culture and politics . He examines the movie Black Robe , the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation killings , the prosecution of Leonard , sports mascots , the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 , and blood quantum laws , calling them tools of genocide . Churchill is particularly outspoken about New Age exploitations of shamanism and American Indian sacred traditions , and the "" do @-@ it @-@ yourself "" of certain contemporary authors . John P. of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of Indians Are Us ? in The American Indian Quarterly . Professor , an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux Nation , states that Indians Are Us ? twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes . It was in this book that Churchill first made the claim that the United States distributed "" smallpox @-@ infested blankets "" to Indian tribes , a claim which he repeated several times over the next decade . The claim has been criticized as a falsification . Churchill has , however , received support from some scholars . " " . "" deception and cant of unsparing , eloquent , powerful "" as writing 's Churchill describes and "" scholars American @-@ Native of generation new a of emergence the "" lauds Zinn Howard , volume this to introduction his In . activism political and , culture , history American Native on essays published previously 23 of collection a is ) 1996 ( 1995 – 1985 , on Essays Selected : Son Native a From "," From a Native Son : Selected Essays on , 1985 – 1995 ( 1996 ) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history , culture , and political activism . In his introduction to this volume , Howard Zinn lauds "" the emergence of a new generation of Native @-@ American scholars "" and describes Churchill 's writing as "" powerful , eloquent , unsparing of cant and deception "" . " " . Jews and Poles the against Nazis as well as , Gypsies the against Europeans and , Armenians against Turks , Cambodia in Rouge Khmer the by genocide of instances historical to Indians American North of treatment the compares He . present the to 1492 from Americas the in cleansing ethnic of survey a is ) 1997 ( Genocide of Matter Little A 's Churchill "," Churchill 's A Little Matter of Genocide ( 1997 ) is a survey of ethnic cleansing in the Americas from 1492 to the present . He compares the treatment of North American Indians to historical instances of genocide by the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia , Turks against Armenians , and Europeans against the Gypsies , as well as Nazis against the Poles and Jews . " " . empire and control colonial establish to "" legalism of form corrupt "" a on depends which "" , logic imperial "" s ' U.S. the of development the demonstrates this that concludes He . abroad application for adapted later but , U.S. the in Indians @-@ non to applied only not were forth set principles the that argues Churchill , law Indian federal of evolution the Tracing . people American Native over control gain to adapted was system legal s ' U.S. the that argues Churchill , ) 2002 ( Justice of In "," In of Justice ( 2002 ) , Churchill argues that the U.S. ' s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people . Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law , Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non @-@ Indians in the U.S. , but later adapted for application abroad . He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S. ' s "" imperial logic , "" which depends on a "" corrupt form of legalism "" to establish colonial control and empire . " " . centuries 21st and 20th the of imperialism U.S. by provoked be to continue and were posits he that resistance of forms worldwide the address book this in essays 's Churchill "" . roost to home coming chickens of case a merely "" as perpetuated Kennedy which violence the to Kennedy F. John president U.S. of assassination the linked X Malcolm which in , speech X Malcolm 1963 a from title the of "" chickens roosting "" the takes essay original The . law international of violations US be to believes Churchill what listing another , interventions military US listing one , chapters other two features book The . Press AK by ) 2003 ( and Arrogance Imperial U.S. of Consequences the on Reflections : Chickens Roosting of Justice the On as published , manuscript length @-@ book a into expanded was 11 / 9 on essay controversial 's Churchill "," Churchill 's controversial essay on 9 / 11 was expanded into a book @-@ length manuscript , published as On the Justice of Roosting Chickens : Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and ( 2003 ) by AK Press . The book features two other chapters , one listing US military interventions , another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law . The original essay takes the "" roosting chickens "" of the title from a 1963 Malcolm X speech , in which Malcolm X linked the assassination of U.S. president John F. Kennedy to the violence which Kennedy perpetuated as "" merely a case of chickens coming home to roost . "" Churchill 's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries . " " . genocidal as regards he which ) 1980s – 1880s ( policies government of part as ) USA the in ( schools boarding Indian or ) Canada in ( schools residential to homes their from children Indian American removing of history the traces Churchill , ) 2004 ( Schools Residential Indian American of Impact Genocidal The : Man the Save , Indian the Kill In "," In Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools ( 2004 ) , Churchill traces the history of removing American Indian children from their homes to residential schools ( in Canada ) or Indian boarding schools ( in the USA ) as part of government policies ( 1880s – 1980s ) which he regards as genocidal . " " . Contras backed @-@ CIA , revolutionary @-@ anti the with allied were who , group Indian Miskito the supported openly others and Morris T. Glenn , Churchill , Means when arose schism the that says It . group national the of name the retains and Minneapolis in based is Council Governing Grand AIM The . autonomous are chapters AIM all that claiming , Bellecourt Clyde and Vernon brothers the and Banks Dennis including , leadership AIM national the with broke , Hill David and , Robert , Morris T. Glenn , Means Russell including , leaders AIM local other and he , 1993 In . Movement Indian American the of chapter autonomous an now , Colorado of Movement Indian American based @-@ Denver the of director @-@ co the as 1984 least at since active been has Churchill "," Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co @-@ director of the Denver @-@ based American Indian Movement of Colorado , now an autonomous chapter of the American Indian Movement . In 1993 , he and other local AIM leaders , including Russell Means , Glenn T. Morris , Robert , and David Hill , broke with the national AIM leadership , including Dennis Banks and the brothers Vernon and Clyde Bellecourt , claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous . The AIM Grand Governing Council is based in Minneapolis and retains the name of the national group . It says that the schism arose when Means , Churchill , Glenn T. Morris and others openly supported the Miskito Indian group , who were allied with the anti @-@ revolutionary , CIA @-@ backed Contras . " " . involved been having of AIM accused publicly had murder the of time the at active leader AIM an that time first the was This . Clark Nelson Theda and , Graham John , Cloud Looking Arlo : death her in involved members AIM level @-@ lower three named and , death 's in complicity of brothers Bellecourt the accused he which in Colorado , Denver in conference press a held Means , 1999 , 3 November On . AIM in discovered been had informants FBI other which in year a was It . informant an being of suspected been had but AIM in woman ranking @-@ highest the then was who , 1975 December in Mae Anna of execution the in involvement alleged their of because brothers Bellecourt the to opposition over dividing members AIM other and Means to split the attributed Harlan as such Journalists "," Journalists such as Harlan attributed the split to Means and other AIM members dividing over opposition to the Bellecourt brothers because of their alleged involvement in the execution of Anna Mae in December 1975 , who was then the highest @-@ ranking woman in AIM but had been suspected of being an informant . It was a year in which other FBI informants had been discovered in AIM . On November 3 , 1999 , Means held a press conference in Denver , Colorado in which he accused the Bellecourt brothers of complicity in 's death , and named three lower @-@ level AIM members involved in her death : Arlo Looking Cloud , John Graham , and Theda Nelson Clark . This was the first time that an AIM leader active at the time of the murder had publicly accused AIM of having been involved . " " "" ... Movement Indian American the divided has death ] 's [ her ... "" , 1999 in said Harlan journalist The . murder 's of aftermath the in divisions to AIM in split the attributed Means . indicted not was and home nursing a in for cared being was Clark then By . respectively , juries state Dakota South and federal by , 2010 and 2004 in murder of convicted were Graham and Cloud Looking "," Looking Cloud and Graham were convicted of murder in 2004 and 2010 , by federal and South Dakota state juries , respectively . By then Clark was being cared for in a nursing home and was not indicted . Means attributed the split in AIM to divisions in the aftermath of 's murder . The journalist Harlan said in 1999 , "" ... her [ 's ] death has divided the American Indian Movement ... "" " " . 1986 as early as this about Colorado of University the to complained he said Bellecourt . credentials his bolster to ' Indian an as himself represented fraudulently ' having of Churchill accused Bellecourt Vernon , addition In "" . Movement Indian American the about Department Police City Rapid the teaching was "" he that stated Churchill which in , Post Denver the for columnist former a , Rave Jodi with interview Colorado , Boulder 1993 a to refer they , Specifically . organization AIM national the subvert to , forces police , Indian @-@ non , local and , FBI the example for , government U.S. the for source intelligence @-@ counter underground an as past the in worked has Churchill that claim , Council Governing Grand AIM called now , organization AIM national the of leaders The . Indians American other against used government U.S. the of tools are , Churchill as such , leaders AIM local the that claiming leadership AIM national the with , continued schism The "," The schism continued , with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders , such as Churchill , are tools of the U.S. government used against other American Indians . The leaders of the national AIM organization , now called AIM Grand Governing Council , claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground counter @-@ intelligence source for the U.S. government , for example the FBI , and local , non @-@ Indian , police forces , to subvert the national AIM organization . Specifically , they refer to a 1993 Boulder , Colorado interview with Jodi Rave , a former columnist for the Denver Post , in which Churchill stated that he "" was teaching the Rapid City Police Department about the American Indian Movement . "" In addition , Vernon Bellecourt accused Churchill of having ' fraudulently represented himself as an Indian ' to bolster his credentials . Bellecourt said he complained to the University of Colorado about this as early as 1986 . " " . Americans Native @-@ non of rights Amendment First the overriding , displays such to subjected be to not right a with Americans Native provides Constitution the to Amendment Ninth the that arguing , unconstitutional are parades such that claimed had Churchill , 2004 as early As . parade the of supporters main the , community American Italian Denver the in leaders some with conflict into come has leadership 's AIM Colorado . parade associated its and holiday Day Columbus the against Denver in protests annual 's AIM Colorado of leader a been has Churchill "," Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM 's annual protests in Denver against the Columbus Day holiday and its associated parade . Colorado AIM 's leadership has come into conflict with some leaders in the Denver Italian American community , the main supporters of the parade . As early as 2004 , Churchill had claimed that such parades are unconstitutional , arguing that the Ninth Amendment to the Constitution provides Native Americans with a right not to be subjected to such displays , overriding the First Amendment rights of non @-@ Native Americans . " " "" . public general the and us appalled and outraged has 11 / 9 on essay his , views political his express to right constitutional the has Churchill Professor While "" , said Phil Chancellor interim Colorado of University the , controversy the Following . supporters and Churchill by McCarthyism of accusations @-@ counter and Churchill of condemnations both to led This . speak to Churchill invited College Hamilton when publicized widely was essay this , 2005 In . Holocaust the organizing in Eichmann Adolf by played role the to "" imperialism American genocidal ongoing "" in Center Trade World the at workers financial of role the compared He . policy foreign U.S. by provoked were attacks 11 September the that argued he , it In . Chickens Roosting of Justice the On entitled 2001 September in essay an wrote Churchill "," Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled On the Justice of Roosting Chickens . In it , he argued that the September 11 attacks were provoked by U.S. foreign policy . He compared the role of financial workers at the World Trade Center in "" ongoing genocidal American imperialism "" to the role played by Adolf Eichmann in organizing the Holocaust . In 2005 , this essay was widely publicized when Hamilton College invited Churchill to speak . This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter @-@ accusations of McCarthyism by Churchill and supporters . Following the controversy , the University of Colorado interim Chancellor Phil said , "" While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views , his essay on 9 / 11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public . "" " " . rights Amendment First and speech free of issues the addressing in case 's Churchill features prominently , HBO on broadcast , Speech Free of Edge the from Stories : Fire Shouting called documentary A "," A documentary called Shouting Fire : Stories from the Edge of Free Speech , broadcast on HBO , prominently features Churchill 's case in addressing the issues of free speech and First Amendment rights . " " . ) 1764 in Pitt Fort at blankets infected @-@ smallpox of use documented @-@ well the with confused be to not ( 1837 in Clark Fort at Army States United the by and 1614 in Smith John by Americans Native to spread intentionally was smallpox that statements and , 1990 of Act Crafts and Arts Indian the , Act Dawes the of history the regarding falsification or fabrication of allegations four and , plagiarism of allegations three including , misconduct research of allegations seven into investigation an ordered administrators Boulder Colorado of University , 2005 In . work their misrepresented had Churchill that claimed who , Thornton Russell and Robertson R.G. historians the and , work 's Churchill on article an preparing been had who , Brown Thomas sociologist the were critics Additional . Lewy Guenter historian and John scholar legal the by criticized been already had which , research 's Churchill to attention academic increased attracted controversy The "," The controversy attracted increased academic attention to Churchill 's research , which had already been criticized by the legal scholar John and historian Guenter Lewy . Additional critics were the sociologist Thomas Brown , who had been preparing an article on Churchill 's work , and the historians R.G. Robertson and Russell Thornton , who claimed that Churchill had misrepresented their work . In 2005 , University of Colorado Boulder administrators ordered an investigation into seven allegations of research misconduct , including three allegations of plagiarism , and four allegations of fabrication or falsification regarding the history of the Dawes Act , the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 , and statements that smallpox was intentionally spread to Native Americans by John Smith in 1614 and by the United States Army at Fort Clark in 1837 ( not to be confused with the well @-@ documented use of smallpox @-@ infected blankets at Fort Pitt in 1764 ) . " " . dismissal favored two while , pay without suspension 's year one and demotion be should penalty the that recommended members Three . offences constitute not did misconduct of findings seven the of two that found which , Committee Tenure and Privilege 's University the of panel a by considered was dismissal proposed his against appeal 's Churchill . imposed be should sanctions what on disagreed also but Committee Investigative the of findings the accepted Misconduct Research on Committee Standing The . sanctions of level appropriate the on divided was committee The . plagiarism of allegations three the of two and , fabrication , falsification including , "" misconduct research serious "" in engaged had Churchill that unanimously agreed Committee Investigative the ; findings their released University the 2006 , 16 May On "," On May 16 , 2006 the University released their findings ; the Investigative Committee agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in "" serious research misconduct "" , including falsification , fabrication , and two of the three allegations of plagiarism . The committee was divided on the appropriate level of sanctions . The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee but also disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed . Churchill 's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University 's Privilege and Tenure Committee , which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute offences . Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year 's suspension without pay , while two favored dismissal . " " . Churchill fire to determined regents the , one to eight of vote a By . dismissed be two that panel Tenure and Privilege of recommendation the overruling , misconduct research of findings the of seven all uphold to two to seven voted regents University the , 2007 , 24 July On "," On July 24 , 2007 , the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct , overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two be dismissed . By a vote of eight to one , the regents determined to fire Churchill . " " . verdict the of light in reinstatement order to Court District Denver the of Naves J. Larry Judge Chief asked counsel 's Churchill "" . that for word his took we , end the in and , money the about 't wasn this saying kept Lane David ] attorney 's Churchill [ that just 's It . money any him give 't didn we when that like anything or face his in slap a 't wasn it "" , interview press a in later said jurors the of one As . damages in 1 $ awarded and , fired wrongly been had Churchill that found jury Colorado a , 2009 , 1 April On . dismissal for grounds the as claim misconduct academic 's university the rejected and firing 's Churchill to led have not would misconduct alleged the that found jury The "" . statements protected constitutionally his to response political adverse the of independently occurred have would dismissal s ’ Churchill whether determine to task s ’ jury the was It "" , said Fish Stanley As . case the in received it instructions jury per misconduct academic of claims 's university the weighed reinstatement for suit 's Churchill in jury The . views unpopular politically expressing his for retribution was firing the that claiming court state in lawsuit a filed Churchill , day next The "," The next day , Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for his expressing politically unpopular views . The jury in Churchill 's suit for reinstatement weighed the university 's claims of academic misconduct per jury instructions it received in the case . As Stanley Fish said , "" It was the jury ’ s task to determine whether Churchill ’ s dismissal would have occurred independently of the adverse political response to his constitutionally protected statements . "" The jury found that the alleged misconduct would not have led to Churchill 's firing and rejected the university 's academic misconduct claim as the grounds for dismissal . On April 1 , 2009 , a Colorado jury found that Churchill had been wrongly fired , and awarded $ 1 in damages . As one of the jurors said later in a press interview , "" it wasn 't a slap in his face or anything like that when we didn 't give him any money . It 's just that [ Churchill 's attorney ] David Lane kept saying this wasn 't about the money , and in the end , we took his word for that . "" Churchill 's counsel asked Chief Judge Larry J. Naves of the Denver District Court to order reinstatement in light of the verdict . " " . CU at reinstatement for request 's Churchill denied Naves . compensation financial any Churchill owe not did University the that determined and verdict jury the vacated , law of matter a as immunity judicial @-@ quasi to entitled were ) university ( defendants the that found Naves Judge , 2009 , 7 July On "," On July 7 , 2009 , Judge Naves found that the defendants ( university ) were entitled to quasi @-@ judicial immunity as a matter of law , vacated the jury verdict and determined that the University did not owe Churchill any financial compensation . Naves denied Churchill 's request for reinstatement at CU . " " . Churchill from appeal an hear to declined Court Supreme U.S. the , 2013 , 1 April On . ruling 's court trial the upholding , "" immunity judicial @-@ quasi "" had University the that ruled court the , 2012 , 10 September On . 2012 , 7 June began arguments oral that indicate records Court . case his hear to agreed Court Supreme Colorado the , 2011 May late In . Court Supreme Colorado the with certiorari of writ for petition a filed Churchill , 2011 February In . decision 's court trial the affirmed Appeals of Court Colorado the of panel judge @-@ three a , 2010 , 24 November On . decisions both appealed Churchill "," Churchill appealed both decisions . On November 24 , 2010 , a three @-@ judge panel of the Colorado Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court 's decision . In February 2011 , Churchill filed a petition for writ of certiorari with the Colorado Supreme Court . In late May 2011 , the Colorado Supreme Court agreed to hear his case . Court records indicate that oral arguments began June 7 , 2012 . On September 10 , 2012 , the court ruled that the University had "" quasi @-@ judicial immunity "" , upholding the trial court 's ruling . On April 1 , 2013 , the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear an appeal from Churchill . " " . Letters Humane of Doctorate honorary an him awarded University Alfred , 1992 "," 1992 , Alfred University awarded him an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters . " " editor as , Books "," Books , as editor " " . 9 @-@ 178 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1984 . Press End South : CO Boulder . Americans Native and Marxism "," Marxism and Native Americans . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1984 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 178 @-@ 9 . " " . 5 @-@ 738 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press End South : CO Boulder . Hawaiians Indigenous of Rights the on Tribunal International the of Record The : Captivity in Islands . ed , Sharon . ) 2005 ( Ward , Churchill as released @-@ Re . 8 @-@ 568 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press End South : CO Boulder . Hawaiians Indigenous of Rights the on Tribunal International The : Captivity in Islands . ) 1997 ( . ed , Sharon "," Sharon , ed . ( 1997 ) . Islands in Captivity : The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 568 @-@ 8 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2005 ) . Sharon , ed . Islands in Captivity : The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 738 @-@ 5 . " " . 5 @-@ 21 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press AK . Indochina In Crimes War U.S. Of Evidence : Silence Of Crime The Confronting . ) 2006 ( . ed , Saito Natsu "," Natsu Saito , ed . ( 2006 ) . Confronting The Crime Of Silence : Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 21 @-@ 5 . " " : author @-@ co and author as , Books "," Books , as author and co @-@ author : " " . 1984 . Press . Lloyd Elisabeth with Multicultural the in Marxism on Essays : versus Culture "," Culture versus : Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural with Elisabeth Lloyd . Press . 1984 . " " . 6 @-@ 294 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1988 . Press End South : CO Boulder . Wall Vander Jim with Movement. Indian American the and Party Panther Black the Against Wars Secret 's FBI The : Repression of Agents "," Agents of Repression : The FBI 's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement. with Jim Vander Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1988 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 294 @-@ 6 . " " . 2 @-@ 359 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1990 . Press End South : CO Boulder . Wall Vander Jim with Domestic Against War Secret 's FBI the from Documents : Papers COINTELPRO The "," The COINTELPRO Papers : Documents from the FBI 's Secret War Against Domestic with Jim Vander Wall . Boulder CO : South End Press . 1990 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 359 @-@ 2 . " " . 4 @-@ 348 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1992 . Press Courage Common . Indians American of Colonization the and , Cinema , Literature : Race Master the of Fantasies "," Fantasies of the Master Race : Literature , Cinema , and the Colonization of American Indians . Common Courage Press . 1992 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 348 @-@ 4 . " " . 3 @-@ 12 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press AK . States United the in Imprisonment of Politics . ed , Wall Vander Jim . ) 2004 ( Ward , Churchill as released @-@ Re . 3 @-@ 17 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press Maisonneuve . ) . ed 4 . Vol , Theory , Culture , Politics , Activism ( America in Imprisonment of Politics The : Steel of Cages . ed , Wall Vander Jim and Jennie . ) 1992 ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( 1992 ) . Jennie and Jim Vander Wall , ed . Cages of Steel : The Politics of Imprisonment in America ( Activism , Politics , Culture , Theory , Vol . 4 ed . ) . Maisonneuve Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 17 @-@ 3 . Re @-@ released as Churchill , Ward ( 2004 ) . Jim Vander Wall , ed . Politics of Imprisonment in the United States . AK Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 12 @-@ 3 . " " . 3 @-@ 415 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2002 . Books Lights City : CA Francisco San . Colonization and , Genocide to Resistance American North Native : Land the for Struggle : edition expanded and Revised . 0 @-@ 001 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1993 . Press Courage Common . America North Contemporary in and , Genocide to Resistance Indigenous : Land the for Struggle "," Struggle for the Land : Indigenous Resistance to Genocide , and in Contemporary North America . Common Courage Press . 1993 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 001 @-@ 0 . Revised and expanded edition : Struggle for the Land : Native North American Resistance to Genocide , and Colonization . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 415 @-@ 3 . " " . 8 @-@ 021 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1994 . Press Courage Common . America North Native in Genocide and Culture : ? Us Are Indians "," Indians Are Us ? : Culture and Genocide in Native North America . Common Courage Press . 1994 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 021 @-@ 8 . " " . 5 @-@ 03 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1995 . Press Aigis . Liberation Indian American for Struggle the from Notes : Came Predator Since "," Since Predator Came : Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation . Aigis Press . 1995 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 03 @-@ 5 . " " . 4 @-@ 553 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . Press End South : CO Boulder . 1995 – 1985 on Essays Selected : Son Native a From . ) 1996 ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( 1996 ) . From a Native Son : Selected Essays on 1985 – 1995 . Boulder CO : South End Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 553 @-@ 4 . " " . 5 @-@ 07 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1998 . Ring Arbeiter . ) Mead Ed by introduction ( Ryan Mike with America. North in Struggle Armed of Role the on Reflections : Pathology as Pacifism "," Pacifism as Pathology : Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America. with Mike Ryan ( introduction by Ed Mead ) . Arbeiter Ring . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 07 @-@ 5 . " " . 9 @-@ 343 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 1998 . Books Lights City : CA Francisco San . Genocide of Matter Little A "," A Little Matter of Genocide . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 343 @-@ 9 . " " . 1 @-@ 059 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2000 . Press Courage Common . Repression Political FBI of History The : Measures Draconian "," Draconian Measures : The History of FBI Political Repression . Common Courage Press . 2000 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 059 @-@ 1 . " " . 4 @-@ @-@ 415 @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2002 . Routledge . Reader Churchill Ward The : Rebellion Of Acts "," Acts Of Rebellion : The Ward Churchill Reader . Routledge . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ @-@ 4 . " " . 0 @-@ 416 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2002 . Books Lights City : CA Francisco San . Law and Peoples Indigenous : Justice of "," of Justice : Indigenous Peoples and Law . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2002 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 416 @-@ 0 . " " . 1 @-@ 79 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2003 . Press AK . and Arrogance Imperial U.S. of Consequences the on Reflections : Chickens Roosting of Justice the On "," On the Justice of Roosting Chickens : Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and . AK Press . 2003 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 79 @-@ 1 . " " . 4 @-@ 434 @-@ @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2004 . Books Lights City : CA Francisco San . Schools Residential Indian American of Impact Genocidal The : Man the Save , Indian the Kill "," Kill the Indian , Save the Man : The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools . San Francisco CA : City Lights Books . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ @-@ 434 @-@ 4 . " " . 8 @-@ 04 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2004 . Press AK . America North Native and , Colonialism , Globalization on Lectures : Power of Teeth the in Truth Speaking "," Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power : Lectures on Globalization , Colonialism , and Native North America . AK Press . 2004 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 04 @-@ 8 . " " . 8 @-@ @-@ 415 @-@ 0 @-@ 978 ISBN . 2005 . Routledge . Party Panther Black The Against War Secret 's FBI The : Destroy And , To "," To , And Destroy : The FBI 's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party . Routledge . 2005 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 415 @-@ @-@ 8 . " " Articles "," Articles " " . 2007 , 14 October on original the from Archived . ) 3 ( 1 Papers Z . "" World Fourth the of Ideology the on Notes : Am I "" . ) 1992 September – July ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( July – September 1992 ) . "" I Am : Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World "" . Z Papers 1 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . " " . "" Americans Native Harms Mascots as Names Indian Using "" and "" Chop Tomahawk the and Chant Indian The "" titles the under published Also . 73 – 366 pp. : CA , Belmont . Anthology An : Gender and Class , Race . ) 1994 ( ) . eds ( Hill Patricia and Anderson Margaret in "" Humanity Against Crimes "" as published First . "" Around Fun the Spread 's Let "" . ) 1994 ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( 1994 ) . "" Let 's Spread the Fun Around "" . First published as "" Crimes Against Humanity "" in Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill ( eds . ) ( 1994 ) . Race , Class and Gender : An Anthology . Belmont , CA : pp. 366 – 73 . Also published under the titles "" The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop "" and "" Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans "" . " " . Magazine . "" Cinema in Americans Native of History A : Signals Smoke "" . ) 1998 November ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( November 1998 ) . "" Smoke Signals : A History of Native Americans in Cinema "" . Magazine . " " . / 1080 @.@ 10 : doi @.@ 76 – 25 : ) 2 ( 17 Democracy and Socialism . "" Denial of Structure The ? Holocaust American An "" . ) 2003 Spring – Winter ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( Winter – Spring 2003 ) . "" An American Holocaust ? The Structure of Denial "" . Socialism and Democracy 17 ( 2 ) : 25 – 76 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / . " " . 2006 , 2 October on original the from Archived . 56 – 45 : ) 1 ( 9 Review Press Alternative . "" Chickens Roosting and Justice , History on Reflections : 1 @-@ 1 @-@ 9 of Ghosts The "" . ) 2005 Spring ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( Spring 2005 ) . "" The Ghosts of 9 @-@ 1 @-@ 1 : Reflections on History , Justice and Roosting Chickens "" . Alternative Press Review 9 ( 1 ) : 45 – 56 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2006 . " " . 29 – 25 : 25 Turn Left . "" Life of Ways and Lands Traditional for Struggles : World Fourth The "" . ) 2007 August – July ( Ward , Churchill "," Churchill , Ward ( July – August 2007 ) . "" The Fourth World : Struggles for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life "" . Left Turn 25 : 25 – 29 . " " video and Audio "," Audio and video " " ) 0 @-@ 47 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN , 2001 , Press AK ( 2000 September , Winnipeg of University the at Conference Time Doing the at recorded , lecture a of CD audio , Imprisonment of Politics The : Time Doing "," Doing Time : The Politics of Imprisonment , audio CD of a lecture , recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the University of Winnipeg , September 2000 ( AK Press , 2001 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 47 @-@ 0 ) " " ) 2 @-@ 72 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN , 2003 , Press AK ( America Occupied In Life "," Life In Occupied America ( AK Press , 2003 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 72 @-@ 2 ) " " ) 0 @-@ 50 @-@ @-@ 1 @-@ 978 ISBN , 2002 , Press AK ( America Native and , Repression , State Police the on Reflections : Eye 's Pig A In "," In A Pig 's Eye : Reflections on the Police State , Repression , and Native America ( AK Press , 2002 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ @-@ 50 @-@ 0 ) " " ) 2002 , Collective Media Cascadia ( 2001 , 17 July recorded video VHS , Glendinning And Churchill Ward With Eugene In Evening An : ! Planet The Off US "," US Off The Planet ! : An Evening In Eugene With Ward Churchill And Glendinning , VHS video recorded July 17 , 2001 ( Cascadia Media Collective , 2002 ) " " ) Audio Press AK ( Oakland in warehouse Press AK an at recorded CD audio 2003 , Left American the in Pathology and Pacifism "," Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left , 2003 audio CD recorded at an AK Press warehouse in Oakland ( AK Press Audio ) " " earlier and 2003 , 10 August Audio Churchill Ward Mag Z "," Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio August 10 , 2003 and earlier " " 2005 , 9 February News Radio Speech Free – Freedom Academic About Speaks Churchill "," Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom – Free Speech Radio News February 9 , 2005 " " . 2005 , 3 February , News Radio Speech Free – Fire Under Churchill Ward "," Ward Churchill Under Fire – Free Speech Radio News , February 3 , 2005 . " " . Churchill with interview exclusive Video / Audio extended features 2005 , 18 February from ! Now Democracy , Show Network Pacifica The Speaks Churchill Ward : Chickens Roosting of Justice The "," The Justice of Roosting Chickens : Ward Churchill Speaks The Pacifica Network Show , Democracy Now ! from February 18 , 2005 features extended Audio / Video exclusive interview with Churchill . " " 2005 , 19 March on Saskatchewan , Battleford North in recorded , "" Peoples Indigenous of Repression Domestic the to Abroad Aggression U.S. Linking : Genocide of Matter Little A "," A Little Matter of Genocide : Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples "" , recorded in North Battleford , Saskatchewan on March 19 , 2005 " " 2006 , 6 April University Washington George at Churchill Ward and Horowitz David with Debate "," Debate with David Horowitz and Ward Churchill at George Washington University April 6 , 2006 " " . 02 @-@ 07 @-@ 2006 Retrieved . "" Horowitz David with debate of audio hour @-@ two Full "" "," "" Full two @-@ hour audio of debate with David Horowitz "" . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . " " ) excerpt ( audio and Video . 02 @-@ 07 @-@ 2006 Retrieved . Foundation Americans Young . "" 1 Round — Churchill Ward vs. Horowitz David "" "," "" David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill — Round 1 "" . Young Americans Foundation . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . Video and audio ( excerpt ) " " . 02 @-@ 07 @-@ 2006 Retrieved . "" Churchill Ward vs. Horowitz David "" "," "" David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill "" . Retrieved 2006 @-@ 07 @-@ 02 . " " . American Native a by as art his identify cannot Churchill , law federal Under . artisan an as tribe a by designated or tribe American Native a in enrolled be must craftsmen and artists , American Native a by being as works exhibit and identify to , that requires It . Act Crafts and Arts Indian 1990 the of passage the protested Churchill , Market Indian Fe Santa at 1990s early the In . works for material source as photographs historical uses He . Culture American Native with associated themes other and figures Indian American often are subjects 's Churchill "," Churchill 's subjects are often American Indian figures and other themes associated with Native American Culture . He uses historical photographs as source material for works . In the early 1990s at Santa Fe Indian Market , Churchill protested the passage of the 1990 Indian Arts and Crafts Act . It requires that , to identify and exhibit works as being by a Native American , artists and craftsmen must be enrolled in a Native American tribe or designated by a tribe as an artisan . Under federal law , Churchill cannot identify his art as by a Native American . " " . originality its surrounding controversy the and artwork 's Churchill mentions journal online The . work ' on based was it that acknowledged publicly he , Attack Winter produced he when , that says Churchill . purchase for online available are copies Other . them of one least at sold and Attack Winter of copies 150 printed Churchill E. Thomas artist the by drawing 1972 a on based , others and Churchill to according , was Attack Winter 1981 his , example For . copyrights infringe may pieces 's Churchill of Some "," Some of Churchill 's pieces may infringe copyrights . For example , his 1981 Winter Attack was , according to Churchill and others , based on a 1972 drawing by the artist Thomas E. Churchill printed 150 copies of Winter Attack and sold at least one of them . Other copies are available online for purchase . Churchill says that , when he produced Winter Attack , he publicly acknowledged that it was based on ' work . The online journal mentions Churchill 's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality . " " . Wiggum for working officer undercover an is Fairey that out turns It . graffiti in town the covering for Bart arrests and show the during appears suddenly Wiggum Chief , However . artworks 's Bart of show gallery a him offers and night one Bart encounters Fairey Shepard artist Street . Springfield over all "" dope "" word the with him of images painting @-@ spray by father his on revenge gets He . trouble causing after Homer by punished is Bart , episode the In . 2012 , 4 March on States United the in network Fox the on aired originally It . Simpsons The sitcom television animated American the of season third @-@ twenty the of episode fifteenth the is "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" "," "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" is the fifteenth episode of the twenty @-@ third season of the American animated television sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 4 , 2012 . In the episode , Bart is punished by Homer after causing trouble . He gets revenge on his father by spray @-@ painting images of him with the word "" dope "" all over Springfield . Street artist Shepard Fairey encounters Bart one night and offers him a gallery show of Bart 's artworks . However , Chief Wiggum suddenly appears during the show and arrests Bart for covering the town in graffiti . It turns out that Fairey is an undercover officer working for Wiggum . " " . Thrones of Game series television fantasy medieval the of sequence opening the parodies which , sequence opening its for critics television from praise received has episode the , then Since . broadcast original its during "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" watch to in tuned Americans million 09 @.@ 5 Around . himself as episode the in starred guest also , Simpsons The of fan time @-@ long a is who , Fairey . themselves as Robbie and , Scharf Kenny , English Ron artists street from appearances guest features and , Banksy artist graffiti by Shop Gift the Through Exit documentary art street 2010 the references episode The "," The episode references the 2010 street art documentary Exit Through the Gift Shop by graffiti artist Banksy , and features guest appearances from street artists Ron English , Kenny Scharf , and Robbie as themselves . Fairey , who is a long @-@ time fan of The Simpsons , also guest starred in the episode as himself . Around 5 @.@ 09 million Americans tuned in to watch "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" during its original broadcast . Since then , the episode has received praise from television critics for its opening sequence , which parodies the opening sequence of the medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones . " " . cage 's rabbit the in up him locking by Bart punishes Homer . show her on herself embarrassed she as phone the answering not for Marge at furious becomes Paula . call 's Paula miss to Marge causing , home ' Simpsons the in lines phone the through chews rabbit The . birthday her for rabbit a mother his gets Bart , Meanwhile . birthday happy a her wish to show upcoming her during live Marge call will she that decides Paula . hers of fan big a is Marge that Paula tells Homer , signing the At . away him take and Apu of hold grab guards security the until fight a in engage two the and Homer overhears , spy to there is who , Apu . more any Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the at shopping be not will he says and store the by impressed is Homer . it sign Paula have to , autographs away giving is Paula where , 's Jack called store food health a to goes He . Paul Paula chef television by designed blender a buys Homer , Marge for gift birthday a As "," As a birthday gift for Marge , Homer buys a blender designed by television chef Paula Paul . He goes to a health food store called Jack 's , where Paula is giving away autographs , to have Paula sign it . Homer is impressed by the store and says he will not be shopping at the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart any more . Apu , who is there to spy , overhears Homer and the two engage in a fight until the security guards grab hold of Apu and take him away . At the signing , Homer tells Paula that Marge is a big fan of hers . Paula decides that she will call Marge live during her upcoming show to wish her a happy birthday . Meanwhile , Bart gets his mother a rabbit for her birthday . The rabbit chews through the phone lines in the Simpsons ' home , causing Marge to miss Paula 's call . Paula becomes furious at Marge for not answering the phone as she embarrassed herself on her show . Homer punishes Bart by locking him up in the rabbit 's cage . " " . chicken as Brazil from imported meat monkey selling were they discovered was it because closing is 's Jack that him tells Manjula wife his when Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the down shut to about is Apu , Later . gun the over hand to him convinces ) Jailbird Snake ( cashier the but , measure desperate a in 's Jack rob to attempting up ends Apu . 's Jack from competition the of because suffers Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the , Meanwhile . agrees then and , him treated Homer how remembers Bart but , unsure is Bart first at , show gallery a in art his showcase to like would and work his by impressed are they that Bart tell four The . graffiti some making is he when night one Bart encounter Robbie and , Scharf Kenny , English Ron , Fairey Shepard artists Street . town the in graffiti more even create to Bart encourages it , news television the on appears work his When . "" dope "" word the and face 's Homer of graffiti painting @-@ spray Springfield around goes Bart , Homer on revenge get To "," To get revenge on Homer , Bart goes around Springfield spray @-@ painting graffiti of Homer 's face and the word "" dope "" . When his work appears on the television news , it encourages Bart to create even more graffiti in the town . Street artists Shepard Fairey , Ron English , Kenny Scharf , and Robbie encounter Bart one night when he is making some graffiti . The four tell Bart that they are impressed by his work and would like to showcase his art in a gallery show , at first Bart is unsure , but Bart remembers how Homer treated him , and then agrees . Meanwhile , the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart suffers because of the competition from Jack 's . Apu ends up attempting to rob Jack 's in a desperate measure , but the cashier ( Snake Jailbird ) convinces him to hand over the gun . Later , Apu is about to shut down the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart when his wife Manjula tells him that Jack 's is closing because it was discovered they were selling monkey meat imported from Brazil as chicken . " " . cage the from blanket the removes he when gone Bart finds and blanket the with cage the covers Wiggum , bathroom the to go to has he that Wiggum tells Bart When . cage rabbit the in up locked being again once by punished is he , Instead . jail to sent not is he , boy a just is Bart Since . Springfield painting @-@ spray been had that artist graffiti the as Bart identify police the helped who officer undercover an is Fairey that and sham a is show gallery the that revealed is It . town the throughout graffiti making for Bart arrest to appear suddenly Department Police Springfield the and Wiggum Chief , show the At . car 's Homer of hood the on "" sorry 'm I "" writes and apologizes Bart after mind his changes but , him to insult an is artwork the discovers he because show 's Bart attend to refuses initially Homer "," Homer initially refuses to attend Bart 's show because he discovers the artwork is an insult to him , but changes his mind after Bart apologizes and writes "" I 'm sorry "" on the hood of Homer 's car . At the show , Chief Wiggum and the Springfield Police Department suddenly appear to arrest Bart for making graffiti throughout the town . It is revealed that the gallery show is a sham and that Fairey is an undercover officer who helped the police identify Bart as the graffiti artist that had been spray @-@ painting Springfield . Since Bart is just a boy , he is not sent to jail . Instead , he is punished by once again being locked up in the rabbit cage . When Bart tells Wiggum that he has to go to the bathroom , Wiggum covers the cage with the blanket and finds Bart gone when he removes the blanket from the cage . " " "" . Burns Mr. by represented here , wealthy very the , movie s ’ Banksy in as , is answer the and , public in free for up puts amateur an that work for pay to enough stupid be would who asks Wiggum . Shop Gift The Through Exit from theme market art @-@ anti the about joke to moment a show the gives sting police a was show art the that reveal "" the that "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" of review his in noted Club A.V. The of Childs Hayden . Springfield in graffiti painting Bart of montage a during episode the in included is , Shop Gift the Through Exit of song theme the is which , "" Ours Are Streets The Tonight "" song Hawley Richard The . ) 2010 ( "" MoneyBART "" titled episode Simpsons earlier an of sequence opening the produced who Banksy artist graffiti by documentary art street 2010 a , Shop Gift the Through Exit to reference a is title The . art of form true a as art street of status debated the spoofs It . ) 12 – 2011 ( Simpsons The of season third @-@ twenty the of part as Moore Dean Steven by directed and Wilmore Marc by written was "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" "," "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" was written by Marc Wilmore and directed by Steven Dean Moore as part of the twenty @-@ third season of The Simpsons ( 2011 – 12 ) . It spoofs the debated status of street art as a true form of art . The title is a reference to Exit Through the Gift Shop , a 2010 street art documentary by graffiti artist Banksy who produced the opening sequence of an earlier Simpsons episode titled "" MoneyBART "" ( 2010 ) . The Richard Hawley song "" Tonight The Streets Are Ours "" , which is the theme song of Exit Through the Gift Shop , is included in the episode during a montage of Bart painting graffiti in Springfield . Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club noted in his review of "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" that the "" reveal that the art show was a police sting gives the show a moment to joke about the anti @-@ art market theme from Exit Through The Gift Shop . Wiggum asks who would be stupid enough to pay for work that an amateur puts up for free in public , and the answer is , as in Banksy ’ s movie , the very wealthy , here represented by Mr. Burns . 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The graffiti art featuring Homer 's face and the word "" dope "" that Bart creates in the episode is a reference to Fairey 's Barack Obama "" Hope "" poster and his Giant image . Fairey has said that The Simpsons has been one of his favorite television shows since the early 1990s because of its "" blend of humor and social commentary "" , and he felt "" deeply honored "" to be included in an episode . Fairey wrote on his website that "" Part of being on The Simpsons , is you ’ re being honored as a reference point in culture . "" He described the plot of the episode as "" great "" , adding that the staff members of the show "" were kind enough to indulge a couple of my dialogue suggestions designed to make the social commentary more pointed ( even though I had to make fun of myself to do so ) . "" This was Fairey 's first acting performance . Street artists English , Scharf , and also guest starred in the episode as themselves . " " . YouTube on theme Simpsons the of cover his saw show the of member staff a after recruited was He . "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" of credits closing the over song theme Simpsons the performed , YouTube on songs famous of covers cappella a uploading for known , Nicholas . well as opening Simpsons the in used and Clausen Alf composer Simpsons The by arranged was sequence opening Thrones of Game the in featured song theme The . couch 's family Simpson the with replaced was Wall The and , Springfield in places with substituted were locations these , opening Simpsons the In . Westeros continent fictional the of map dimensional @-@ three a on series the in featured locations various the shows opening Thrones of Game The . Thrones of Game series fantasy medieval HBO the of sequence opening the spoofed that version redesigned a with episode this in replaced was sequence opening Simpsons traditional The "," The traditional Simpsons opening sequence was replaced in this episode with a redesigned version that spoofed the opening sequence of the HBO medieval fantasy series Game of Thrones . The Game of Thrones opening shows the various locations featured in the series on a three @-@ dimensional map of the fictional continent Westeros . In the Simpsons opening , these locations were substituted with places in Springfield , and The Wall was replaced with the Simpson family 's couch . The theme song featured in the Game of Thrones opening sequence was arranged by The Simpsons composer Alf Clausen and used in the Simpsons opening as well . Nicholas , known for uploading a cappella covers of famous songs on YouTube , performed the Simpsons theme song over the closing credits of "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" . He was recruited after a staff member of the show saw his cover of the Simpsons theme on YouTube . " " . broadcasts time @-@ prime Fox all among seventh and , demographic 49 – 18 the in broadcasts time @-@ prime all among ratings the in 25th placed "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" , 2012 , 4 March – 27 February of week the For . ) people million 33 @.@ 5 by seen was and rating 8 @.@ 2 a received which ( episode Guy Family new a than lower but , Show Cleveland The and , Dynamite Napoleon , ! Dad American of episodes new than higher finishing , demographic 49 – 18 the in and viewers total both of terms in night the for lineup Domination Animation 's Fox in broadcast rated @-@ highest second the became episode The . rating 6 @.@ 2 a acquired which , "" Leave Last Long At "" , episode previous the from decrease slight a was This . share percent seven a and rating Nielsen 5 @.@ 2 a received episode the , 49 – 18 aged adults for demographic the in and , broadcast this during people million 09 @.@ 5 approximately by watched was It . 2012 , 4 March on States United the in network Fox the on broadcast originally was "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" "," "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" was originally broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on March 4 , 2012 . It was watched by approximately 5 @.@ 09 million people during this broadcast , and in the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , the episode received a 2 @.@ 5 Nielsen rating and a seven percent share . This was a slight decrease from the previous episode , "" At Long Last Leave "" , which acquired a 2 @.@ 6 rating . The episode became the second highest @-@ rated broadcast in Fox 's Animation Domination lineup for the night in terms of both total viewers and in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing higher than new episodes of American Dad ! , Napoleon Dynamite , and The Cleveland Show , but lower than a new Family Guy episode ( which received a 2 @.@ 8 rating and was seen by 5 @.@ 33 million people ) . For the week of February 27 – March 4 , 2012 , "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" placed 25th in the ratings among all prime @-@ time broadcasts in the 18 – 49 demographic , and seventh among all Fox prime @-@ time broadcasts . " " "" . credits Thrones of Game terrific the of version inspired @-@ Springfield the us gave that sequence credit opening epic an with opened series animated the when , night last case the was Such . love all we something of parody loving / clever with us for there Always . Simpsons The , Ah "" : commented Goldman Eric 's IGN . show the of history the in best the opening the named , Thrones of Game of fans both , Blend Cinema of West Kelly and Zap2it of Busch Jenna "" . park the of out one this knocking really for staff his and Groening Matt for order in are Congratulations "" : wrote Brandon 's MTV and , "" genius of minute one "" it called TV.com of Surette Tim . Thrones of Game parodies that sequence opening the praised have Critics "" . enough solid otherwise is it but , ending sweet a for looking while bit a episode The . mild relatively is satire the but , episodes recent many than coherent more far and amusing somewhat "" was "" Mart @-@ E @-@ Kwik the Through Exit "" that commented Childs Hayden reviewer television , Club A.V. The for Writing "," Writing for The A.V. Club , television reviewer Hayden Childs commented that "" Exit Through the Kwik @-@ E @-@ Mart "" was "" somewhat amusing and far more coherent than many recent episodes , but the satire is relatively mild . The episode a bit while looking for a sweet ending , but it is otherwise solid enough . "" Critics have praised the opening sequence that parodies Game of Thrones . Tim Surette of TV.com called it "" one minute of genius "" , and MTV 's Brandon wrote : "" Congratulations are in order for Matt Groening and his staff for really knocking this one out of the park . "" Jenna Busch of Zap2it and Kelly West of Cinema Blend , both fans of Game of Thrones , named the opening the best in the history of the show . IGN 's Eric Goldman commented : "" Ah , The Simpsons . Always there for us with clever / loving parody of something we all love . Such was the case last night , when the animated series opened with an epic opening credit sequence that gave us the Springfield @-@ inspired version of the terrific Game of Thrones credits . "" " " . race 2004 the since victory of margin largest the , lengths six by won Oxford . years sixty over in time winning slowest the in resulting – rain heavy and winds strong – conditions weather difficult very in place took race The . history Race Boat in competitor oldest the featured crew 's Oxford . race the won Oxford . Thames River the along Cambridge and Oxford of Universities the from crews between race rowing side @-@ by @-@ side a is event the , annually Held . 2008 March 29 on place took Race Boat 154th The "," The 154th Boat Race took place on 29 March 2008 . Held annually , the event is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford won the race . Oxford 's crew featured the oldest competitor in Boat Race history . The race took place in very difficult weather conditions – strong winds and heavy rain – resulting in the slowest winning time in over sixty years . Oxford won by six lengths , the largest margin of victory since the 2004 race . " " . Race Boat 's Women the won Oxford while , race reserve the in Goldie 's Cambridge beat Isis 's Oxford "," Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie in the reserve race , while Oxford won the Women 's Boat Race . " " . time fourth the for Xchanging by sponsored was race The . 73 's Oxford to victories 79 with , lead overall the and race 's year previous the in length a over by Oxford beaten having , champions reigning as race the into went Cambridge . worldwide broadcast and Kingdom United the throughout followed and universities two the between honour of point major a is rivalry The . London southwest in Thames River the on Course Championship ) km 8 @.@ 6 ( mile @-@ 2 @.@ 4 the on place takes race the , 1829 in held First . ) "" Blues Light "" the as to referred sometimes ( Cambridge of University the and ) "" Blues Dark "" the as to referred sometimes ( Oxford of University the between competition rowing side @-@ by @-@ side a is Race Boat The "," The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the "" Dark Blues "" ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the "" Light Blues "" ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities and followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by over a length in the previous year 's race and the overall lead , with 79 victories to Oxford 's 73 . The race was sponsored by Xchanging for the fourth time . " " . Race Boat main the to prior , Tideway the on place takes usually It . 1965 since held been has boat Goldie 's Cambridge and boat Isis 's Oxford between contested , race reserve The . races reserve and main 's men the as day same the on , Thames River the on held is it , race 2015 the of as but , Races Boat Henley the of part as conducted was contest the , 2014 Until . 1960s the until fixture annual an become not did but , 1927 in place took Race Boat 's Women first The "," The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . " " . Boat Blue own his in row to not president Blue Light seventh the was 'Shaughnessy O Dan president club boat 's Cambridge . 2006 in rowed having , return Edwards Tom old @-@ year @-@ 30 saw also Cambridge while , Blues former were , Dowbiggin Rebecca and Brodie Nick , coxes Both . German a and Australian an , Britons three , Americans four comprised 's Oxford while , American an and Australians two , Britons six of consisted crew Cambridge . Mike American old @-@ year @-@ 36 in history Race Boat in competitor oldest the featured and , opponents their than rower per more ) kg 4 @.@ 5 ( pounds 12 of average an weighed crew 's Oxford "," Oxford 's crew weighed an average of 12 pounds ( 5 @.@ 4 kg ) more per rower than their opponents , and featured the oldest competitor in Boat Race history in 36 @-@ year @-@ old American Mike . Cambridge crew consisted of six Britons , two Australians and an American , while Oxford 's comprised four Americans , three Britons , an Australian and a German . Both coxes , Nick Brodie and Rebecca Dowbiggin , were former Blues , while Cambridge also saw 30 @-@ year @-@ old Tom Edwards return , having rowed in 2006 . Cambridge 's boat club president Dan O 'Shaughnessy was the seventh Light Blue president not to row in his own Blue Boat . " " . race 2004 the since victory of margin largest the but , years sixty over for time winning slowest the in resulted water choppy and winds strong , rain Driving . opponents their of ahead seconds 22 and lengths six , seconds 53 minutes 20 in post finishing the pass to lead their extended Oxford . strokes 30 after Cambridge of clear were and , again once ahead moved Oxford Eyot Chiswick Along . level were they Bridge Hammersmith under passed crews the time the by ; responded Cambridge and ahead length a nearly were Oxford , Cottage Craven By . collision a prevent to attempt an in coxes both to warnings of number a issue to forced was Garrett John Umpire and , other each on closed boats the but , lead early an took Oxford . station Surrey the from start to elected and toss the won Cambridge but , favourites race @-@ pre were Oxford "," Oxford were pre @-@ race favourites , but Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station . Oxford took an early lead , but the boats closed on each other , and Umpire John Garrett was forced to issue a number of warnings to both coxes in an attempt to prevent a collision . By Craven Cottage , Oxford were nearly a length ahead and Cambridge responded ; by the time the crews passed under Hammersmith Bridge they were level . Along Chiswick Eyot Oxford moved ahead once again , and were clear of Cambridge after 30 strokes . Oxford extended their lead to pass the finishing post in 20 minutes 53 seconds , six lengths and 22 seconds ahead of their opponents . Driving rain , strong winds and choppy water resulted in the slowest winning time for over sixty years , but the largest margin of victory since the 2004 race . " " . length a half by Race Boat 's Women the of running 44th the won Oxford . race reserve the in lengths quarter @-@ a @-@ and @-@ three by Goldie 's Cambridge beat Isis 's Oxford "," Oxford 's Isis beat Cambridge 's Goldie by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in the reserve race . Oxford won the 44th running of the Women 's Boat Race by half a length . " " . Thames the into Brodie cox their tossed crew Oxford victorious the , tradition Following . "" day the on faster much were they , Oxford to done Well "" : opponents his congratulated Holland Duncan coach Cambridge . "" rhythm awesome an hit we , it kill to started we and , crew the in going rage the got we "" said Moore Oliver 's Oxford "," Oxford 's Oliver Moore said "" we got the rage going in the crew , and we started to kill it , we hit an awesome rhythm "" . Cambridge coach Duncan Holland congratulated his opponents : "" Well done to Oxford , they were much faster on the day "" . Following tradition , the victorious Oxford crew tossed their cox Brodie into the Thames . " " . War Civil American the and Kansas Bleeding included which period a , settlement to West the of opening the during areas turbulent in security provide to and base supply a as used was it , century quarter next the For . 1850 in settlement of edge the was what in action Army US for base military a as served fort the century 19th the of middle the during , War American @-@ Mexican the during renown achieved who , Scott Winfield General after Named . States United , Kansas , County Bourbon in Service Park National States United the of control the under area historical a is Site Historic National Scott Fort "," Fort Scott National Historic Site is a historical area under the control of the United States National Park Service in Bourbon County , Kansas , United States . Named after General Winfield Scott , who achieved renown during the Mexican @-@ American War , during the middle of the 19th century the fort served as a military base for US Army action in what was the edge of settlement in 1850 . For the next quarter century , it was used as a supply base and to provide security in turbulent areas during the opening of the West to settlement , a period which included Bleeding Kansas and the American Civil War . " " . year the of days most visitors to open is It . Scott Fort of city the inside , prairie tallgrass restored of ) ² m 000 @,@ 20 ( acres five and , ground parade a , structures historic 20 protects site historic national current The "," The current national historic site protects 20 historic structures , a parade ground , and five acres ( 20 @,@ 000 m ² ) of restored tallgrass prairie , inside the city of Fort Scott . It is open to visitors most days of the year . " " . encroachment ' settlers the from Indians the protect to as well as , Indians Plains the from settlers new the protect to intended forts of chain a of one became Scott Fort . States United Eastern the from migrating were who , settlers of number increasing rapidly the to protection provide to established was It . Gibson Fort and Leavenworth Fort between Kansas eastern in road military the on frontier American the on established was , Scott Winfield after named was Scott Fort , 1842 In "," In 1842 , Fort Scott was named after Winfield Scott , was established on the American frontier on the military road in eastern Kansas between Fort Leavenworth and Fort Gibson . It was established to provide protection to the rapidly increasing number of settlers , who were migrating from the Eastern United States . Fort Scott became one of a chain of forts intended to protect the new settlers from the Plains Indians , as well as to protect the Indians from the settlers ' encroachment . " " . War Civil the during used also was it although , 1853 and 1842 between were days active most 's Scott Fort . settlements Indian the on encroach to continuing settlers of competition the to way gave River Missouri the of west lands Indian permanent reserve to intention government States United The "," The United States government intention to reserve permanent Indian lands west of the Missouri River gave way to the competition of settlers continuing to encroach on the Indian settlements . Fort Scott 's most active days were between 1842 and 1853 , although it was also used during the Civil War . " " . 30 May on site Scott Fort the at arrived and 26 May on fort the left garrison 's Wayne Fort of rest the , land the acquire to Cherokees the with haggling After . Kansas day @-@ modern of section Osage the in , built be would Scott Fort where arrived 22 April on and fort their left Wayne Fort of soldiers some , 1842 , 1 April On . area the in raids frequent conducting been had who , Osage the against Indians other and settlers white for defense more provide and ) Defense of Department the by supervised were who ( Cherokee the placate to wanted both Army The . site the and Leavenworth Fort between built be to fort new a to soldiers its move and Wayne Fort abandon to decided Army US the , delay some After . proximity their in Wayne Fort have to upset were ) Oklahoma now ( Territory Indian of Cherokee The "," The Cherokee of Indian Territory ( now Oklahoma ) were upset to have Fort Wayne in their proximity . After some delay , the US Army decided to abandon Fort Wayne and move its soldiers to a new fort to be built between Fort Leavenworth and the site . The Army both wanted to placate the Cherokee ( who were supervised by the Department of Defense ) and provide more defense for white settlers and other Indians against the Osage , who had been conducting frequent raids in the area . On April 1 , 1842 , some soldiers of Fort Wayne left their fort and on April 22 arrived where Fort Scott would be built , in the Osage section of modern @-@ day Kansas . After haggling with the Cherokees to acquire the land , the rest of Fort Wayne 's garrison left the fort on May 26 and arrived at the Fort Scott site on May 30 . " " . ground parade ) m 110 ( foot @-@ 350 a of edges the on were buildings These . equipment and , animals , men the lodging for structures building on concentrated soldiers The . unnecessary fort enclosed an made artillery available the and area open @-@ wide the ; built first when structures or walls defensive have not did fort the , use military for forts most Unlike "," Unlike most forts for military use , the fort did not have defensive walls or structures when first built ; the wide @-@ open area and the available artillery made an enclosed fort unnecessary . The soldiers concentrated on building structures for lodging the men , animals , and equipment . These buildings were on the edges of a 350 @-@ foot ( 110 m ) parade ground . " " . "" average above "" Scott Fort considered he , forts frontier other to comparison in , that reported Croghan George Colonel , fort the of inspection 1844 his In . completed not were barracks enlisted intended the and , 1844 by built was ) house 's commandant post and duplexes four ( quarters officers planned five the of duplex one only , result a As . construction 's fort the for intended wood the of much destroyed accidents Freak . equipment working and labor skilled , wood of lack by plagued efforts his found Swords . consuming time transport making , away ) km 4 @.@ 2 ( miles 5 @.@ 1 built was mill the but , available was Wood . perform to duties other had soldiers the of most and civilians few were there as , on rely to carpenters three and bricklayers two only had He . trees few had which , prairie Kansas the on construction of problems the with deal to had and , structures 's Scott Fort building of charge in was , Swords Thomas Captain , quartermaster post The "," The post quartermaster , Captain Thomas Swords , was in charge of building Fort Scott 's structures , and had to deal with the problems of construction on the Kansas prairie , which had few trees . He had only two bricklayers and three carpenters to rely on , as there were few civilians and most of the soldiers had other duties to perform . Wood was available , but the mill was built 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) away , making transport time consuming . Swords found his efforts plagued by lack of wood , skilled labor and working equipment . Freak accidents destroyed much of the wood intended for the fort 's construction . As a result , only one duplex of the five planned officers quarters ( four duplexes and post commandant 's house ) was built by 1844 , and the intended enlisted barracks were not completed . In his 1844 inspection of the fort , Colonel George Croghan reported that , in comparison to other frontier forts , he considered Fort Scott "" above average "" . " " . Riley Fort western more the of favor in military the by abandoned was it , later years three ; obsolete was it , finished was it time the By . 000 @,@ 35 $ and years eight after , there done be would construction more no that , 1850 , 25 April on decided officials , uncompleted still Scott Fort With . Southwest the to troops redeployed Army US the , War American @-@ Mexican the in escalated that tensions rising the to Due "," Due to the rising tensions that escalated in the Mexican @-@ American War , the US Army redeployed troops to the Southwest . With Fort Scott still uncompleted , officials decided on April 25 , 1850 , that no more construction would be done there , after eight years and $ 35 @,@ 000 . By the time it was finished , it was obsolete ; three years later , it was abandoned by the military in favor of the more western Fort Riley . " " . place the tolerate could officer one way only the was "" hunting duck and chasing wolf "" , Swords Captain to according ; pastime popular a was Hunting . base military a than village frontier a of more seemed it , fort the near place took combat no As . life military for hatred and , pay irregular , boredom to due , % % 12 from ranged fort the from rate desertion The . shop the at AWOL going ' soldiers followed martial @-@ courts few a quite and , soldiers supplied that shop grog a was Missouri in East miles Five . Swords Captain including , them with slaves personal their brought had Officers . fort the at lived civilians few , prostitutes and peddlers whiskey few a from Aside . comfort lacked which , tents in live to had soldiers , built were structures permanent the Until . "" monotonous "" was fort the at life , soldier average the For "," For the average soldier , life at the fort was "" monotonous "" . Until the permanent structures were built , soldiers had to live in tents , which lacked comfort . Aside from a few whiskey peddlers and prostitutes , few civilians lived at the fort . Officers had brought their personal slaves with them , including Captain Swords . Five miles East in Missouri was a grog shop that supplied soldiers , and quite a few courts @-@ martial followed soldiers ' going AWOL at the shop . The desertion rate from the fort ranged from 12 % % , due to boredom , irregular pay , and hatred for military life . As no combat took place near the fort , it seemed more of a frontier village than a military base . Hunting was a popular pastime ; according to Captain Swords , "" wolf chasing and duck hunting "" was the only way one officer could tolerate the place . " " . fighting the in prevalent were that conflicts guerrilla the of elements typical , arson attempted and murder of incidents local were there , time this During . side soil @-@ free the to tended town the outside those but , slavery supported Scott Fort in residents the of Most . Hotel Western the at Slavery @-@ Pro and Hotel Scott Fort the at Soil @-@ Free : Scott Fort at hotels the of one claimed conflict Kansas Bleeding the of factions competing two the of Each . out it keep to determined equally arrived England New from Settlers . slavery permit would Kansas not or whether of vote the sway to try to Kansas to moved soon slavery of favor in Missourians . Kansas of out slavery kept had which , 1820 of Compromise Missouri the repealed Act Nebraska @-@ Kansas the 1854 In . hotels to converted being two with , civilians to auction by sold were buildings the , fort the abandoned army the after years Two "," Two years after the army abandoned the fort , the buildings were sold by auction to civilians , with two being converted to hotels . In 1854 the Kansas @-@ Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 , which had kept slavery out of Kansas . Missourians in favor of slavery soon moved to Kansas to try to sway the vote of whether or not Kansas would permit slavery . Settlers from New England arrived equally determined to keep it out . Each of the two competing factions of the Bleeding Kansas conflict claimed one of the hotels at Fort Scott : Free @-@ Soil at the Fort Scott Hotel and Pro @-@ Slavery at the Western Hotel . Most of the residents in Fort Scott supported slavery , but those outside the town tended to the free @-@ soil side . During this time , there were local incidents of murder and attempted arson , typical elements of the guerrilla conflicts that were prevalent in the fighting . " " . Army Union the of Troops Colored States United the for soldiers black trained and recruited that installations few the of one was Scott Fort . Territory Indian the or , Arkansas , Missouri subjugate to , farther traveled or , fort the by stayed either and , fort the to come would Wisconsin and , Ohio , Colorado , Iowa , Indiana from Troops . owners civilian current the from properties the rented Army Union The . functions quartermaster and commissary for town the within blocks several over took also Army States United The . times war the for it readied and , Scott Fort of command took Army Union the , 1861 August In . post military US a as renewed was fort the , War Civil American the During "," During the American Civil War , the fort was renewed as a US military post . In August 1861 , the Union Army took command of Fort Scott , and readied it for the war times . The United States Army also took over several blocks within the town for commissary and quartermaster functions . The Union Army rented the properties from the current civilian owners . Troops from Indiana , Iowa , Colorado , Ohio , and Wisconsin would come to the fort , and either stayed by the fort , or traveled farther , to subjugate Missouri , Arkansas , or the Indian Territory . Fort Scott was one of the few installations that recruited and trained black soldiers for the United States Colored Troops of the Union Army . " " . controlled they what auction by off sold and facilities the left Army US the 1865 October in , war the of end the Following . war the after until prison and ) hospital military large ( "" hospital general "" a as served fort The . Confederates the with allied were Tribes Civilized Five the of members the of many where , ) Oklahoma of state day @-@ present ( Territory Indian "" unstable "" the and Arkansas of state Confederate the to close and area sympathizing @-@ Southern a within was it as important strategically was site The . Creek Wood Dry of Battle at away ) km 16 ( miles 10 was garrison the to came force Confederate the closest the but , town the capture to hoped Price Sterling general Confederate . fort the at situated was depot supply major A "," A major supply depot was situated at the fort . Confederate general Sterling Price hoped to capture the town , but the closest the Confederate force came to the garrison was 10 miles ( 16 km ) away at Battle of Dry Wood Creek . The site was strategically important as it was within a Southern @-@ sympathizing area and close to the Confederate state of Arkansas and the "" unstable "" Indian Territory ( present @-@ day state of Oklahoma ) , where many of the members of the Five Civilized Tribes were allied with the Confederates . The fort served as a "" general hospital "" ( large military hospital ) and prison until after the war . Following the end of the war , in October 1865 the US Army left the facilities and sold off by auction what they controlled . " " . enemies as both lumped and , railroads the to lackeys troops the considered settlers The . homes squatter their from them evict would , way @-@ of @-@ rights in Government US the by development for land awarded been had which , railroad the that feared latter the of Some . settlers from workers and railroads the protect to sent were They . fort original the used seldom and , tracks rail the along camped soldiers the but , Scott Fort at based was Post The . Kansas Southeast of Post the of formation the with returned Army the , 1870 , 14 January On "," On January 14 , 1870 , the Army returned with the formation of the Post of Southeast Kansas . The Post was based at Fort Scott , but the soldiers camped along the rail tracks , and seldom used the original fort . They were sent to protect the railroads and workers from settlers . Some of the latter feared that the railroad , which had been awarded land for development by the US Government in rights @-@ of @-@ way , would evict them from their squatter homes . The settlers considered the troops lackeys to the railroads , and lumped both as enemies . " " . use civilian for built structures with replaced and razed were buildings military Many . deteriorated slowly and , unattended left were fort the of buildings the , 1965 to 1873 From . good for Scott Fort from troops the withdrew Army US the , 1873 of spring the By . robbery for excuse as cause Confederate recent the using insurgents and Indians with conflicts continuing some had also Settlers "," Settlers also had some continuing conflicts with Indians and insurgents using the recent Confederate cause as excuse for robbery . By the spring of 1873 , the US Army withdrew the troops from Fort Scott for good . From 1873 to 1965 , the buildings of the fort were left unattended , and slowly deteriorated . Many military buildings were razed and replaced with structures built for civilian use . " " . fort the restore to knowledge technical and funds necessary the Kansas , Scott Fort of government city the gave Service Park National the , 1965 , 31 August of Act the With "," With the Act of August 31 , 1965 , the National Park Service gave the city government of Fort Scott , Kansas the necessary funds and technical knowledge to restore the fort . " " . 314 @,@ 22 was it 2007 in ; 528 @,@ 25 was visitation 2005 In . years recent in declined has Visitation . Day Years New and , Christmas , Thanksgiving for save , year the throughout open is fort the Today . ) m2 000 @,@ 69 ( acres 17 encompassing , Service Park National the of supervision the under Site Historic National a became Scott Fort , 1978 , 19 October On "," On October 19 , 1978 , Fort Scott became a National Historic Site under the supervision of the National Park Service , encompassing 17 acres ( 69 @,@ 000 m2 ) . Today the fort is open throughout the year , save for Thanksgiving , Christmas , and New Years Day . Visitation has declined in recent years . In 2005 visitation was 25 @,@ 528 ; in 2007 it was 22 @,@ 314 . " " . project restoration @-@ ecology an of part as restored prairie tallgrass of ) ha 0 @.@ 2 ( acres 5 is park the of feature Another . magazine and , flagpole , shop bake , stables quartermaster , headquarters post and ordnance , stables dragoon , guardhouse , hospital a , barracks infantry two , barracks 's dragoon one , barracks ' officers four include structures Surviving "," Surviving structures include four officers ' barracks , one dragoon 's barracks , two infantry barracks , a hospital , guardhouse , dragoon stables , ordnance and post headquarters , quartermaster stables , bake shop , flagpole , and magazine . Another feature of the park is 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 ha ) of tallgrass prairie restored as part of an ecology @-@ restoration project . " " . anniversary year six 's TNA commemorated event The . championships for were which of three , card 's event the on featured were match dark one and matches wrestling professional Seven . schedule PPV TNA 2008 the in event sixth the and name Slammiversary the under event fourth the was It . Mississippi , Southaven in Center Civic DeSoto the at 2008 , 8 June on place took that promotion ) TNA ( Wrestling Action Nonstop Total the by produced event ) PPV ( view @-@ per @-@ pay wrestling professional a was ) 2008 ( Slammiversary "," Slammiversary ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on June 8 , 2008 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven , Mississippi . It was the fourth event under the Slammiversary name and the sixth event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule . Seven professional wrestling matches and one dark match were featured on the event 's card , three of which were for championships . The event commemorated TNA 's six year anniversary . " " . undercard the on Moose and ) Sky Velvet and Love Angelina ( People Beautiful The over Roxxi and , ODB , Kim Gail of team the by won was match Team Tag Woman Six A . championship the retain to contest the in victors the was LAX . event the at ) Ray Brother and Devon Brother ( 3D Team against ) LAX ; Homicide and Hernandez ( Xchange American Latin The by defended was Championship Team Tag World TNA The . won Styles which , Angle Kurt against Styles A.J. pitting bout a featured also card The . title the retain to match the won Joe . Roode Robert and , Rhino , Cage Christian , T Booker against defended Joe Samoa champion @-@ then which in , Championship Heavyweight World TNA the for match Mountain the of King a was event main The "," The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended against Booker T , Christian Cage , Rhino , and Robert Roode . Joe won the match to retain the title . The card also featured a bout pitting A.J. Styles against Kurt Angle , which Styles won . The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended by The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) at the event . LAX was the victors in the contest to retain the championship . A Six Woman Tag Team match was won by the team of Gail Kim , ODB , and Roxxi over The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Moose on the undercard . " " . another of injury the and man one of death the in resulted which occurred accident an , event the After . Clevett Jason by edition 2007 the to given 10 of out 8 the than lower was which , 10 of out 7 a show the rated Explorer Online Canadian the of section wrestling professional the of Waldman Jon . people 000 @,@ 2 of attendance an had Slammiversary . Newsletter Observer Wrestling The by reported as , 000 @,@ 20 was event the for purchasers of figure reported The . match Mountain the of King a in championship a retain to first the being Joe for remembered is Slammiversary "," Slammiversary is remembered for Joe being the first to retain a championship in a King of the Mountain match . The reported figure of purchasers for the event was 20 @,@ 000 , as reported by The Wrestling Observer Newsletter . Slammiversary had an attendance of 2 @,@ 000 people . Jon Waldman of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show a 7 out of 10 , which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason Clevett . After the event , an accident occurred which resulted in the death of one man and the injury of another . " " . Roberts Jake and , Ware B. Koko , Kamala , Steele George as episode 5 June the on announced were groomsmen 's Lethal . agreed Dutt which to , man best his be to Dutt Sonjay asked Lethal , ! Impact of episode 29 May the On . ! Impact of episode 22 May the on segment the in part take advertised was Young Ace singer American . storyline the in accepted Val and proposed Lethal when , ! Impact of episode 15 May the on announced was This . Slammiversary for promoted was Val SoCal and Lethal Jay of wedding scripted The . ! Impact TNA program television 's TNA on featured was event the at Abyss of return the advertising material Promotional . show the for theme official the as used was Life for Dust by Flood the Release . Tomko and , Joe Samoa , Rhino , Cage Christian , T Booker and "" immortality reach to strives one , made are legends where town a In "" tagline the featuring prior event the promote to poster a released TNA . website their on event the covering section a created TNA . 2002 , 19 June on formed it after , anniversary year six 's TNA celebrates Slammiversary . 25 April on sale on went for Tickets . event the at held be would match Mountain the of King annual the that announced also It . area Memphis the in held being as event the promoted TNA although , Mississippi , Southaven in Center Civic DeSoto the at 8 June on Slammiversary advertising 2008 April in release press a issued TNA . Tennessee in held be to expected was Slammiversary , 2008 March @-@ late In . Florida , Orlando in Zone ! Impact TNA the outside held be would Slammiversary that reported was it , 2008 March In . 8 June on place take to 2008 January in announced was name Slammiversary the in installment fourth The "," The fourth installment in the Slammiversary name was announced in January 2008 to take place on June 8 . In March 2008 , it was reported that Slammiversary would be held outside the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . In late @-@ March 2008 , Slammiversary was expected to be held in Tennessee . TNA issued a press release in April 2008 advertising Slammiversary on June 8 at the DeSoto Civic Center in Southaven , Mississippi , although TNA promoted the event as being held in the Memphis area . It also announced that the annual King of the Mountain match would be held at the event . Tickets for went on sale on April 25 . Slammiversary celebrates TNA 's six year anniversary , after it formed on June 19 , 2002 . TNA created a section covering the event on their website . TNA released a poster to promote the event prior featuring the tagline "" In a town where legends are made , one strives to reach immortality "" and Booker T , Christian Cage , Rhino , Samoa Joe , and Tomko . Release the Flood by Dust for Life was used as the official theme for the show . Promotional material advertising the return of Abyss at the event was featured on TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! . The scripted wedding of Jay Lethal and SoCal Val was promoted for Slammiversary . This was announced on the May 15 episode of Impact ! , when Lethal proposed and Val accepted in the storyline . American singer Ace Young was advertised take part in the segment on the May 22 episode of Impact ! . On the May 29 episode of Impact ! , Lethal asked Sonjay Dutt to be his best man , to which Dutt agreed . Lethal 's groomsmen were announced on the June 5 episode as George Steele , Kamala , Koko B. Ware , and Jake Roberts . " " . matches of series or match wrestling a in culminated and tension built that events scripted the in characters distinguishable less or , heroes , villains portrayed Wrestlers . storylines and feuds scripted existing @-@ pre from wrestlers different involved that match show @-@ pre one and matches wrestling professional seven featured Slammiversary "," Slammiversary featured seven professional wrestling matches and one pre @-@ show match that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . " " . ! Impact of episode 29 May the on Cornette by granted was he which , bout the for Enforcer Ringside Guest Special the made be to requested , storyline the in mentor 's Joe played who , Nash Kevin . Tomko defeating Cage and Storm defeating Rhino with , ! Impact of episode 29 May the on held were matches qualification two last The . ! Impact of episode 22 May the on both , second the in Styles defeated T Booker while , qualifier first the in Morgan defeated Roode . ! Impact of episodes 29 May and 22 May the on held were matches qualifying The . Rhino and , Cage Christian , T Booker , Styles A.J. were four 's Joe while , Tomko and , Roode Robert , Morgan Matt , Storm James were wrestlers four 's Cornette . chose Cornette wrestlers four and chose he wrestlers four between event the to leading place take would matches qualifying that entailed arrangement The . bout the in compete would who on himself and Cornette Jim Director Management between made been had agreement an that well as Slammiversary at place take would encounter the announced Joe , ! Impact of episode 15 May the On . competitors other four against title the defended Joe Samoa champion @-@ then which in , Championship Heavyweight World TNA the for match Mountain the of King a was Slammiversary at event main The "," The main event at Slammiversary was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship , in which then @-@ champion Samoa Joe defended the title against four other competitors . On the May 15 episode of Impact ! , Joe announced the encounter would take place at Slammiversary as well that an agreement had been made between Management Director Jim Cornette and himself on who would compete in the bout . The arrangement entailed that qualifying matches would take place leading to the event between four wrestlers he chose and four wrestlers Cornette chose . Cornette 's four wrestlers were James Storm , Matt Morgan , Robert Roode , and Tomko , while Joe 's four were A.J. Styles , Booker T , Christian Cage , and Rhino . The qualifying matches were held on the May 22 and May 29 episodes of Impact ! . Roode defeated Morgan in the first qualifier , while Booker T defeated Styles in the second , both on the May 22 episode of Impact ! . The last two qualification matches were held on the May 29 episode of Impact ! , with Rhino defeating Storm and Cage defeating Tomko . Kevin Nash , who played Joe 's mentor in the storyline , requested to be made the Special Guest Ringside Enforcer for the bout , which he was granted by Cornette on the May 29 episode of Impact ! . " " . compete to soon too was it feeling officials some despite normally perform to expected was but Slammiversary to prior days few a pain in still was Angle . show the at perform to time in recover not would Angle believing officials TNA several with May early in injury neck severe a sustained Angle . event the for Styles versus Angle announced Cornette , ! Impact of episode 29 May the On . Styles for showed Karen affection the of jealousy his to due episode the in later Styles assaulting and on turning Angle to leading , ! Impact of episode 22 May the on request 's Angle refused Karen . ! Impact of episode 15 May the on Karen with reconcile to attempting Angle with situation the build to continued TNA . ! Impact of episode 13 March the on storyline the in separated Angle and Karen , Afterwards . screen @-@ on married being still Karen and Angle despite Styles and Angle Karen wife life @-@ real 's Angle of wedding scripted the held TNA , ! Impact of episode 14 February the On . group Alliance Angle The of members both , Angle Kurt and Styles A.J. between rivalry the was event the into heading storyline predominate The "," The predominate storyline heading into the event was the rivalry between A.J. Styles and Kurt Angle , both members of The Angle Alliance group . On the February 14 episode of Impact ! , TNA held the scripted wedding of Angle 's real @-@ life wife Karen Angle and Styles despite Angle and Karen still being married on @-@ screen . Afterwards , Karen and Angle separated in the storyline on the March 13 episode of Impact ! . TNA continued to build the situation with Angle attempting to reconcile with Karen on the May 15 episode of Impact ! . Karen refused Angle 's request on the May 22 episode of Impact ! , leading to Angle turning on and assaulting Styles later in the episode due to his jealousy of the affection Karen showed for Styles . On the May 29 episode of Impact ! , Cornette announced Angle versus Styles for the event . Angle sustained a severe neck injury in early May with several TNA officials believing Angle would not recover in time to perform at the show . Angle was still in pain a few days prior to Slammiversary but was expected to perform normally despite some officials feeling it was too soon to compete . " " . ! Impact of episode 29 May the on show the at place take to championship the for Sacrifice from rematch a announced Cornette . two the between rivalry a starting thus , Guerrero Héctor manager 's LAX injure to scripted was and attacked 3D Team , ! Impact of episode 15 May the On . Championship Team Tag World TNA vacant the for Tournament Team Tag Wild Deuces the of round final the in 3D Team defeated LAX , 11 May on Sacrifice event PPV previous 's TNA At . ) Ray Brother and Devon Brother ( 3D Team against ) LAX ; Homicide and Hernandez ( Xchange American Latin The champions @-@ then by Slammiversary at defended was Championship Team Tag World TNA The "," The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended at Slammiversary by then @-@ champions The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) . At TNA 's previous PPV event Sacrifice on May 11 , LAX defeated Team 3D in the final round of the Deuces Wild Tag Team Tournament for the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship . On the May 15 episode of Impact ! , Team 3D attacked and was scripted to injure LAX 's manager Héctor Guerrero , thus starting a rivalry between the two . Cornette announced a rematch from Sacrifice for the championship to take place at the show on the May 29 episode of Impact ! . " " . Roxxi and , ODB , Kim assaulting in People Beautiful The with aligning debut TNA her made Knuckles , ! Impact of episode 5 June the On . Love from interference after lost she which , ! Impact of episode 15 May the on opportunity title her have to on went and bout the won Kim . shaven being head her in resulting , match the — Laveaux Roxxi as known then — Roxxi cost Love . shaven head her had up @-@ runner the while match championship a getting winner the involved contest the of rules The . Championship Knockout 's Women TNA the to contender one @-@ number become to Royal Battle Makeover Knockouts TNA Woman Ten a held TNA where Sacrifice at started which division 's women 's TNA in storyline main the was This . Slammiversary at Roxxi and , ODB , Kim Gail against Knuckles Mickie and ) Sky Velvet and Love Angelina ( People Beautiful The pitting match Team Tag Woman Six a held TNA "," TNA held a Six Woman Tag Team match pitting The Beautiful People ( Angelina Love and Velvet Sky ) and Mickie Knuckles against Gail Kim , ODB , and Roxxi at Slammiversary . This was the main storyline in TNA 's women 's division which started at Sacrifice where TNA held a Ten Woman TNA Knockouts Makeover Battle Royal to become number @-@ one contender to the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship . The rules of the contest involved the winner getting a championship match while the runner @-@ up had her head shaven . Love cost Roxxi — then known as Roxxi Laveaux — the match , resulting in her head being shaven . Kim won the bout and went on to have her title opportunity on the May 15 episode of Impact ! , which she lost after interference from Love . On the June 5 episode of Impact ! , Knuckles made her TNA debut aligning with The Beautiful People in assaulting Kim , ODB , and Roxxi . " " . encounter the won Guns Machine City Motor The . Devine Johnny and Hoyt Lance of team the against ) Sabin Chris and Shelley Alex ( Guns Machine City Motor The pitting show the to prior match dark a as known crowd the up – warm to match a held TNA "," TNA held a match to warm – up the crowd known as a dark match prior to the show pitting The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) against the team of Lance Hoyt and Johnny Devine . The Motor City Machine Guns won the encounter . " " . segment the end to Dutt unconscious an of top on snake a placed Roberts before defense 's Lethal to came Ware and , Kamala , Roberts , Steele , Young . Lethal attacked and storyline the in Val for love his proclaimed Dutt when ended segment The . Challenge Fan 000 @,@ 25 $ second the after place took Val and Lethal of wedding The . segments ringside in or backstage in either , camera on appeared all Tomko and , Dutt Sonjay , Val SoCal , Steiner Scott , Salinas , Khan Rhaka , Saeed Raisha , Ware B. Koko , Angle Karen , Kamala , Devine Johnny , Lethal Jay , Roberts Jake , Guerrero Héctor , Steele George , Young Eric , Young Ace , Abyss , event the at competed who those Besides . event the during interviewers as used were Borash and Thompson Lauren . encounters the for referees as participated Johnson "" Slick "" Mark and , Charles Rudy , Hebner Earl , Thomas Andrew . event the for announcers ring were Penzer David and Borash Jeremy . only bout Angle Kurt versus Styles A.J. the for providing Trigg Frank with , telecast the for commentators the were West Don and Tenay Mike . matches the in involved wrestlers the than other employees featured Slammiversary "," Slammiversary featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast , with Frank Trigg providing for the A.J. Styles versus Kurt Angle bout only . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , and Mark "" Slick "" Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Lauren Thompson and Borash were used as interviewers during the event . Besides those who competed at the event , Abyss , Ace Young , Eric Young , George Steele , Héctor Guerrero , Jake Roberts , Jay Lethal , Johnny Devine , Kamala , Karen Angle , Koko B. Ware , Raisha Saeed , Rhaka Khan , Salinas , Scott Steiner , SoCal Val , Sonjay Dutt , and Tomko all appeared on camera , either in backstage or in ringside segments . The wedding of Lethal and Val took place after the second $ 25 @,@ 000 Fan Challenge . The segment ended when Dutt proclaimed his love for Val in the storyline and attacked Lethal . Young , Steele , Roberts , Kamala , and Ware came to Lethal 's defense before Roberts placed a snake on top of an unconscious Dutt to end the segment . " " . Williams and , Steiner , Khan by attacked being was who Kaz aiding by match this after returned Abyss . Championship Division X TNA the retain to mat the into first @-@ head Kaz slamming by maneuver Destroyer Canadian signature his performing after encounter the won Williams . pipe steel a with face the in him bashed Williams after match the during open busted legitimately was Kaz . times several bout the in interfered Steiner and Khan . bone orbital broken a to due mask face protective a wore Williams . seconds 19 and minutes 15 was bout the of duration The . Steiner Scott and Khan Rhaka by accompanied was Williams . telecast the of contest opening the in Kaz against Williams Petey champion @-@ then by defended was Championship Division X TNA The "," The TNA X Division Championship was defended by then @-@ champion Petey Williams against Kaz in the opening contest of the telecast . Williams was accompanied by Rhaka Khan and Scott Steiner . The duration of the bout was 15 minutes and 19 seconds . Williams wore a protective face mask due to a broken orbital bone . Khan and Steiner interfered in the bout several times . Kaz was legitimately busted open during the match after Williams bashed him in the face with a steel pipe . Williams won the encounter after performing his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver by slamming Kaz head @-@ first into the mat to retain the TNA X Division Championship . Abyss returned after this match by aiding Kaz who was being attacked by Khan , Steiner , and Williams . " " . pin the with following and first @-@ back mat the against Moose slamming and running after team her for bout the won ODB . seconds 14 and minutes 10 lasted It . next match Team Tag Woman Six a in Roxxi and , ODB , Kim Gail of team the fought — Moose renamed — Knuckles Mickie and People Beautiful The of team The "," The team of The Beautiful People and Mickie Knuckles — renamed Moose — fought the team of Gail Kim , ODB , and Roxxi in a Six Woman Tag Team match next . It lasted 10 minutes and 14 seconds . ODB won the bout for her team after running and slamming Moose against the mat back @-@ first and following with the pin . " " . championship the retain to minutes 15 at pin schoolboy a with him pinned and Devon behind up came Homicide , Hernandez on maneuver team tag 3D signature their perform to waiting were 3D Team when end the Near . encounter the in interfered all Devine Johnny associate 's 3D Team and , Guerrero , Salinas . ring the to LAX accompanied Salinas and Guerrero Héctor . 3D Team against LAX by event the of match third the in defended was Championship Team Tag World TNA The "," The TNA World Tag Team Championship was defended in the third match of the event by LAX against Team 3D . Héctor Guerrero and Salinas accompanied LAX to the ring . Salinas , Guerrero , and Team 3D 's associate Johnny Devine all interfered in the encounter . Near the end when Team 3D were waiting to perform their signature 3D tag team maneuver on Hernandez , Homicide came up behind Devon and pinned him with a schoolboy pin at 15 minutes to retain the championship . " " . maneuver Bomb Awesome signature her with mat the into first @-@ back Josie slamming after bout the won Kong . seconds 42 and minute 1 lasting , Kong and Robinson Josie between was second The . seconds 26 and minutes 2 at maneuver Buster Implant signature her with mat the into first @-@ face Serena slamming after won Kong which , Kong against D Serena pitted encounter first The . crowd the in planted each with , predetermined were segments these for chosen participants The . 000 @,@ 25 $ won they Kong defeated they if and participant willing a chose then Saeed and Kong . Kong face to chance the crowd the in fans offering Saeed Raisha manager her and Kong Awesome Champion Knockout 's Women TNA @-@ then with next segments Challenge Fan 000 @,@ 25 $ two held TNA "," TNA held two $ 25 @,@ 000 Fan Challenge segments next with then @-@ TNA Women 's Knockout Champion Awesome Kong and her manager Raisha Saeed offering fans in the crowd the chance to face Kong . Kong and Saeed then chose a willing participant and if they defeated Kong they won $ 25 @,@ 000 . The participants chosen for these segments were predetermined , with each planted in the crowd . The first encounter pitted Serena D against Kong , which Kong won after slamming Serena face @-@ first into the mat with her signature Implant Buster maneuver at 2 minutes and 26 seconds . The second was between Josie Robinson and Kong , lasting 1 minute and 42 seconds . Kong won the bout after slamming Josie back @-@ first into the mat with her signature Awesome Bomb maneuver . " " . Styles assaulted Tomko and Angle , encounter the After . contest the win to attempt pin the with followed then Styles . mat the into first @-@ face Angle slamming by Clash Styles the perform and Angle grab to Styles allowing , release to refused she chair the grabbed Angle Once . chair steel a Angle hand to attempted and area ringside the to down ran then Angle Karen . storyline the in out him knocking , referee the into crash to Angle causing , hold the escaped Styles . hold submission Lock Ankle signature his into countered Angle which , Angle on maneuver Clash Styles signature his perform to attempted Styles . interfere would he believing referee the to due area backstage the to head to Tomko forced referee The . ring the to Tomko by accompanied was Angle . seconds 44 and minutes 22 lasted match The . next show the of encounter sixth the in Angle Kurt fought Styles A.J. "," A.J. Styles fought Kurt Angle in the sixth encounter of the show next . The match lasted 22 minutes and 44 seconds . Angle was accompanied by Tomko to the ring . The referee forced Tomko to head to the backstage area due to the referee believing he would interfere . Styles attempted to perform his signature Styles Clash maneuver on Angle , which Angle countered into his signature Ankle Lock submission hold . Styles escaped the hold , causing Angle to crash into the referee , knocking him out in the storyline . Karen Angle then ran down to the ringside area and attempted to hand Angle a steel chair . Once Angle grabbed the chair she refused to release , allowing Styles to grab Angle and perform the Styles Clash by slamming Angle face @-@ first into the mat . Styles then followed with the pin attempt to win the contest . After the encounter , Angle and Tomko assaulted Styles . " " . competition the win to seconds 49 and minutes 19 at belt title the hung then Joe . maneuver Buster Muscle signature his with mat the into first @-@ neck and back him slamming after Roode pinning by qualify to last the was Joe . maneuver Powerbomb Jackknife signature his with mat the against first @-@ back T Booker dropped then and him stopped Nash . it hang to attempted then and belt title the with Nash attacked he , box the from released was T Booker When . box penalty the to T Booker send and qualify to T Booker pinning by followed He . Joe and T Booker onto off jumped and turnbuckle padded a ascended Cage when hold submission Clutch Coquina signature his in T Booker held Joe , Later . qualify to pin up @-@ roll a with Roode pinned Rhino , afterwards Immediately . pin a with following and him into chair a with held Cage ladder a bashing after qualify to next the was Roode . box penalty the in placed this was Rhino . maneuver End Book signature his with mat the into first @-@ back him slamming after Rhino pinning by qualify to first the was T Booker . rules disqualification no under fought is match The . minutes two for box penalty a in placed this is submit to made or pinned is who wrestler A . match the in submit wrestler another making or pinning either by qualify first must wrestler a , so do to order In . ring the above hook a on belt championship the hang and ladder a climb to is objective the , match Mountain the of King a In . Roode Robert and , Rhino , Cage Christian , T Booker challengers the and Joe Samoa champion @-@ then between Enforcer Ringside Guest Special as Nash Kevin with Championship Heavyweight World TNA the for match Mountain the of King a was event main The "," The main event was a King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship with Kevin Nash as Special Guest Ringside Enforcer between then @-@ champion Samoa Joe and the challengers Booker T , Christian Cage , Rhino , and Robert Roode . In a King of the Mountain match , the objective is to climb a ladder and hang the championship belt on a hook above the ring . In order to do so , a wrestler must first qualify by either pinning or making another wrestler submit in the match . A wrestler who is pinned or made to submit is this placed in a penalty box for two minutes . The match is fought under no disqualification rules . Booker T was the first to qualify by pinning Rhino after slamming him back @-@ first into the mat with his signature Book End maneuver . Rhino was this placed in the penalty box . Roode was the next to qualify after bashing a ladder Cage held with a chair into him and following with a pin . Immediately afterwards , Rhino pinned Roode with a roll @-@ up pin to qualify . Later , Joe held Booker T in his signature Coquina Clutch submission hold when Cage ascended a padded turnbuckle and jumped off onto Booker T and Joe . He followed by pinning Booker T to qualify and send Booker T to the penalty box . When Booker T was released from the box , he attacked Nash with the title belt and then attempted to hang it . Nash stopped him and then dropped Booker T back @-@ first against the mat with his signature Jackknife Powerbomb maneuver . Joe was the last to qualify by pinning Roode after slamming him back and neck @-@ first into the mat with his signature Muscle Buster maneuver . Joe then hung the title belt at 19 minutes and 49 seconds to win the competition . " " . Mackinder Matt from rating same the received Stand Night One as , equally performed both , 1 June on event PPV Stand Night One ) WWE ( 's Entertainment Wrestling World rival to Compared . respectively , Kapur Bob and Sokol Chris by 10 of out 7 a received both Road Victory event PPV next 's TNA and Sacrifice event PPV previous The . Sokol Bryan and Chris by edition 2009 the to given rating same the was 10 of out 7 The . Clevett Jason by edition 2007 the to given 10 of out 8 the than lower was which , 10 of out 7 a event entire the rated Waldman Jon writer Explorer Online Canadian . event the bought people 000 @,@ 20 that reported Newsletter Observer Wrestling The the while , Slammiversary attended people 000 @,@ 2 of total A "," A total of 2 @,@ 000 people attended Slammiversary , while the The Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that 20 @,@ 000 people bought the event . Canadian Online Explorer writer Jon Waldman rated the entire event a 7 out of 10 , which was lower than the 8 out of 10 given to the 2007 edition by Jason Clevett . The 7 out of 10 was the same rating given to the 2009 edition by Chris and Bryan Sokol . The previous PPV event Sacrifice and TNA 's next PPV event Victory Road both received a 7 out of 10 by Chris Sokol and Bob Kapur , respectively . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) One Night Stand PPV event on June 1 , both performed equally , as One Night Stand received the same rating from Matt Mackinder . " " . 10 of out 7 a given was contest Championship Division X The . 10 of out 9 a bout Angle Kurt versus Styles A.J. the and 10 of out 5 @.@ 4 a match Team Tag Woman Six the gave He . 10 of out 4 a received match Championship Team Tag World the while , 10 of out 6 a it gave Waldman , event main the Regarding "" . little to part large "" in was that "" PPV strong a on put TNA "" that felt Waldman "," Waldman felt that "" TNA put on a strong PPV "" that was in "" large part to little . "" Regarding the main event , Waldman gave it a 6 out of 10 , while the World Tag Team Championship match received a 4 out of 10 . He gave the Six Woman Tag Team match a 4 @.@ 5 out of 10 and the A.J. Styles versus Kurt Angle bout a 9 out of 10 . The X Division Championship contest was given a 7 out of 10 . " " "" . it of out crowd the took that Angle from match @-@ mid many too were there because part in match see @-@ must classic a of short but , match good "" a was it that commented Keller , bout Angle and Styles the Regarding "" . opener good very "" a was match Championship Division X the that stated Keller "" . executed well "" were that "" sequences elaborate "" some with "" match tag solid "" a was contest Championship Team Tag World the said Keller "" . fight a win to someone beating "" than "" corner the in plant a hanging someone like seems it as match a to end dramatic particularly "" a for make not does hook a on belt the hang to having that but "" , drama and action of lots "" had event main the felt He . show the reviewed Newsletter Torch Wrestling Pro the of Keller Wade "," Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter reviewed the show . He felt the main event had "" lots of action and drama , "" but that having to hang the belt on a hook does not make for a "" particularly dramatic end to a match as it seems like someone hanging a plant in the corner "" than "" beating someone to win a fight . "" Keller said the World Tag Team Championship contest was a "" solid tag match "" with some "" elaborate sequences "" that were "" well executed . "" Keller stated that the X Division Championship match was a "" very good opener . "" Regarding the Styles and Angle bout , Keller commented that it was a "" good match , but short of a classic must @-@ see match in part because there were too many mid @-@ match from Angle that took the crowd out of it . "" " " "" . slots event main the in wrestlers heavyweight WWE former plodding , slow the balance to show the on athleticism "" more needed but "" , match opening the in Division X the showcased TNA "" that felt Caldwell , Overall "" . audience live the of front in painfully and slowly died that segment bad , bad , bad a just was it "" said Caldwell , show the during segment marriage the Regarding "" . match tag plodding , slow a just "" was Championship Team Tag World the stated Caldwell "" . PPV the before show final the until focus any Division X the give 't didn TNA but , buys PPV additional few a sell to match featured a been have could "" which "" , match opening good very "" a was bout Championship Division X the felt Caldwell . gear second of out moved never just match the like seemed "" it that and "" something missing "" was it felt he that say to on went He "" . match singles featured a in wrestlers best 's TNA of two for high reasonably were expectations the when underwhelming bit "" a was but "" , match singles spotlight fine "" a was contest Angle versus Styles the that stated Caldwell "" . finish anticlimactic "" an with "" match plodding , slow "" a was event main the felt he which in show the of review a posted , Newsletter Torch Wrestling Pro the of also , Caldwell James "," James Caldwell , also of the Pro Wrestling Torch Newsletter , posted a review of the show in which he felt the main event was a "" slow , plodding match "" with an "" anticlimactic finish . "" Caldwell stated that the Styles versus Angle contest was a "" fine spotlight singles match , "" but was a "" bit underwhelming when the expectations were reasonably high for two of TNA 's best wrestlers in a featured singles match . "" He went on to say that he felt it was "" missing something "" and that it "" seemed like the match just never moved out of second gear . Caldwell felt the X Division Championship bout was a "" very good opening match , "" which "" could have been a featured match to sell a few additional PPV buys , but TNA didn 't give the X Division any focus until the final show before the PPV . "" Caldwell stated the World Tag Team Championship was "" just a slow , plodding tag match . "" Regarding the marriage segment during the show , Caldwell said "" it was just a bad , bad , bad segment that died slowly and painfully in front of the live audience . "" Overall , Caldwell felt that "" TNA showcased the X Division in the opening match , "" but needed more "" athleticism on the show to balance the slow , plodding former WWE heavyweight wrestlers in the main event slots . "" " " . of honor in Slammiversary after tapings ! Impact the to prior held was silence of moment A . "" ) 2008 – 1963 ( Kevin memory In "" stating show the of beginning the at banner a with , to dedicated was ! Impact of episode 12 June The . website their through day next the incident the regarding statement a released TNA . incident the in off cut being thumb his to due hospital the to taken also was Martin Paul named worker Another . deceased pronounced was he where Mississippi , Southaven in Hospital DeSoto Baptist the to rushed was He . below floor concrete the against slam to him causing , collapsed on positioned was he scaffolding the when array light a removing was "" Angus "" Kevin named man a , time this During . event the for used set the disassemble to began crews , ended Slammiversary After "," After Slammiversary ended , crews began to disassemble the set used for the event . During this time , a man named Kevin "" Angus "" was removing a light array when the scaffolding he was positioned on collapsed , causing him to slam against the concrete floor below . He was rushed to the Baptist DeSoto Hospital in Southaven , Mississippi where he was pronounced deceased . Another worker named Paul Martin was also taken to the hospital due to his thumb being cut off in the incident . TNA released a statement regarding the incident the next day through their website . The June 12 episode of Impact ! was dedicated to , with a banner at the beginning of the show stating "" In memory Kevin ( 1963 – 2008 ) "" . A moment of silence was held prior to the Impact ! tapings after Slammiversary in honor of . " " . alright be to expected was but contest the after it of out be to appeared Angle , concerns the Despite . Styles A.J. with match Slammiversary his into going health 's Angle Kurt with concerned were wrestlers Several "," Several wrestlers were concerned with Kurt Angle 's health going into his Slammiversary match with A.J. Styles . Despite the concerns , Angle appeared to be out of it after the contest but was expected to be alright . " " . title the retaining Joe with , contest @-@ no a ruled was result match The . Sharmell wife legitimate 's T Booker by counted was that victory pinfall unofficial an for Joe covered then T Booker . bat baseball a with Joe bashing by contest the in interfered Sting when stopped was He . avail no to him stop to try to personnel security and referees several causing , bloody was he till T Booker beat Joe , event the At . watch to there be would he that but , Road Victory at win would two the of which know not did he that proclaimed Sting , ! Impact of episode 10 July the On . title the for 13 July on Road Victory at face would he and T Booker that announced Joe , segment this After . broadcast the in later match one @-@ on @-@ one a in T Booker beat not could Joe that stating Nash to led This . Nash Kevin from interference to due event the at him beat not did Joe that claimed T Booker , ! Impact of episode 12 June the On . Slammiversary following Championship Heavyweight World TNA the over rivalry a started T Booker and Joe Samoa "," Samoa Joe and Booker T started a rivalry over the TNA World Heavyweight Championship following Slammiversary . On the June 12 episode of Impact ! , Booker T claimed that Joe did not beat him at the event due to interference from Kevin Nash . This led to Nash stating that Joe could not beat Booker T in a one @-@ on @-@ one match later in the broadcast . After this segment , Joe announced that Booker T and he would face at Victory Road on July 13 for the title . On the July 10 episode of Impact ! , Sting proclaimed that he did not know which of the two would win at Victory Road , but that he would be there to watch . At the event , Joe beat Booker T till he was bloody , causing several referees and security personnel to try to stop him to no avail . He was stopped when Sting interfered in the contest by bashing Joe with a baseball bat . Booker T then covered Joe for an unofficial pinfall victory that was counted by Booker T 's legitimate wife Sharmell . The match result was ruled a no @-@ contest , with Joe retaining the title . " " . event the at victors the were 3D Team and Angle of team The . chosen being Mayhem Metal Full in resulting , match the for stipulation the determine to held was poll online An . bout the to rules Mayhem Metal Full adding at teasing while , Road Victory at match Team Tag Man Six a to Angle and 3D Team challenging , ! Impact of episode 3 July the on injury from returned Rhino . Ray Brother by table glass a through slammed was Cage ! Impact of episode 26 June the on while , ! Impact of episode 19 June the on out knocked being Rhino with , narrative the in Rhino and Cage both injured then 3D Team . won Angle which , ! Impact of episode 12 June the on match Lumberjack a in faced Angle and Styles . 3D Team by joined was who , Angle Kurt with feud his in Rhino and Cage Christian by joined was Styles A.J. "," A.J. Styles was joined by Christian Cage and Rhino in his feud with Kurt Angle , who was joined by Team 3D . Styles and Angle faced in a Lumberjack match on the June 12 episode of Impact ! , which Angle won . Team 3D then injured both Cage and Rhino in the narrative , with Rhino being knocked out on the June 19 episode of Impact ! , while on the June 26 episode of Impact ! Cage was slammed through a glass table by Brother Ray . Rhino returned from injury on the July 3 episode of Impact ! , challenging Team 3D and Angle to a Six Man Tag Team match at Victory Road , while teasing at adding Full Metal Mayhem rules to the bout . An online poll was held to determine the stipulation for the match , resulting in Full Metal Mayhem being chosen . The team of Angle and Team 3D were the victors at the event . " " . rankings point in victors the being ) . Jr Volador and , Guerrero Último , Bucanero Rey , Averno ( Mexico Team with , place second in finish to ) Man Curry and , Sabin Chris , Shelley Alex , Kaz ( TNA Team causing thus , tournament the win to points appropriate the gaining and match the winning in unsuccessful was He . tournament the of round final the as Road Victory at match X Ultimate Way Four a in competed He . Tournament Cup X World TNA 2008 the in TNA Team captain to on went Kaz , Slammiversary After "," After Slammiversary , Kaz went on to captain Team TNA in the 2008 TNA World X Cup Tournament . He competed in a Four Way Ultimate X match at Victory Road as the final round of the tournament . He was unsuccessful in winning the match and gaining the appropriate points to win the tournament , thus causing Team TNA ( Kaz , Alex Shelley , Chris Sabin , and Curry Man ) to finish in second place , with Team Mexico ( Averno , Rey Bucanero , Último Guerrero , and Volador Jr . ) being the victors in point rankings . " " . Road Victory at title the defending in successful were LAX . ! Impact of episode 19 June the on rules Lumberjack "" Revenge 's Fan "" under Storm and Roode and LAX between Road Victory at defense title a scheduled Cornette Jim Director Management . Guerrero Héctor and LAX assaulted Storm and Roode , bout the After . championship the retain to restart the won LAX . interference to due restarted being before Storm and Roode by won originally was match The . ! Impact of episode 12 June the on title the for LAX challenged and Incorporated Money Beer as known team a formed Storm and Roode . Slammiversary after Championship Team Tag World TNA the over Roode Robert and Storm James with feuded LAX "," LAX feuded with James Storm and Robert Roode over the TNA World Tag Team Championship after Slammiversary . Roode and Storm formed a team known as Beer Money Incorporated and challenged LAX for the title on the June 12 episode of Impact ! . The match was originally won by Roode and Storm before being restarted due to interference . LAX won the restart to retain the championship . After the bout , Roode and Storm assaulted LAX and Héctor Guerrero . Management Director Jim Cornette scheduled a title defense at Victory Road between LAX and Roode and Storm under "" Fan 's Revenge "" Lumberjack rules on the June 19 episode of Impact ! . LAX were successful in defending the title at Victory Road . " " match Mountain the of King "," King of the Mountain match " " . lost presumed is film The . everyone impact to able be would ways eight split pie one that unbelievable was it and long too was film the that mentioned Reviewers . publications trade in reviews mixed to , 1910 , 27 September on released was film The . known are film this for credits staff or cast No . concludes film the and , cat family the including , pie the eating upon tipsy becomes Everyone . pie the to brandy add each people three but , appreciable more it make to attempt an in to added is brandy that pie mince a in is humor the of focus The . dinner a host to going is family Gale the which in , circumstances of comedy a is film The . Company Thanhouser the by produced comedy short silent American 1910 a is Pie Mince Made Home "," Home Made Mince Pie is a 1910 American silent short comedy produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a comedy of circumstances , in which the Gale family is going to host a dinner . The focus of the humor is in a mince pie that brandy is added to in an attempt to make it more appreciable , but three people each add brandy to the pie . Everyone becomes tipsy upon eating the pie , including the family cat , and the film concludes . No cast or staff credits for this film are known . The film was released on September 27 , 1910 , to mixed reviews in trade publications . Reviewers mentioned that the film was too long and it was unbelievable that one pie split eight ways would be able to impact everyone . The film is presumed lost . " " "" . time pleasant a have guests their that end one the to worked and winds country the to economy of thoughts all cast they dinner a gave they whenever but , life of things good the of oversupply an for notable never was table their and , family wealthy overly an hardly were They . guests their as well as themselves for occasion joyous a it made They . feature established this of well thought Gales The . stay to come have such as and necessity of matter a much as just are they ; calendar social the to feature established an are town small the of togethers @-@ get honored time the So . indeed thing dreary very a be would localities some in existence , given constantly are townsfolk the teas and dinners little the for not it were and , tiresome and tedious often is town country a in Life "" : states It . 1910 , 24 September from World Picture Moving The in survives synopsis a , lost presumed is film the Though "," Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from September 24 , 1910 . It states : "" Life in a country town is often tedious and tiresome , and were it not for the little dinners and teas the townsfolk are constantly given , existence in some localities would be a very dreary thing indeed . So the time honored get @-@ togethers of the small town are an established feature to the social calendar ; they are just as much a matter of necessity and as such have come to stay . The Gales thought well of this established feature . They made it a joyous occasion for themselves as well as their guests . They were hardly an overly wealthy family , and their table was never notable for an oversupply of the good things of life , but whenever they gave a dinner they cast all thoughts of economy to the country winds and worked to the one end that their guests have a pleasant time . "" " " "" . too , in ' proportion right the ' pours She . whiskey the for makes and in rushes , flavoring forgotten the about remembered just has who , Gale Daughter than guest his to returned and ceased he has sooner No . mince sacred the into whiskey pouring found is later moment a and himself excuses , too , He . flavored been not has pie the that remembers Gale Pappa Then . guests her to back goes and , liquor of proportion right the pie the into pours She . kitchen the in whiskey of decanter a to speeds she Off . flavoring its received not had pie mince beloved the that Gale Mamma to came recollection the them receiving was she While . neighbors some and , were they , Minister Mrs. the and Minister The . guests the arrived Then . likewise it honor and over come to have would Gale Daughter finally ; stir a it give and over tiptoe would Gale Pappa then ; stir a it give and , state solemn in sat it whereupon table the to tiptoe would Gale Mamma First . pie said the of need the after looking ever were Gales the - pie mince homemade splendid a was dish prize the when - pictured here dinner the of occasion on that wonder little So . shape into larder the get to kitchen the to down hopping come would they rooster the of crow first the At . comfort ' guests the in essential some overlooked have might they that thought for sleep solid ' minutes those get could Gale Daughter or , Pappa , Mamma neither event an such before night the On "" "," "" On the night before such an event neither Mamma , Pappa , or Daughter Gale could get those minutes ' solid sleep for thought that they might have overlooked some essential in the guests ' comfort . At the first crow of the rooster they would come hopping down to the kitchen to get the larder into shape . So little wonder that on occasion of the dinner here pictured - when the prize dish was a splendid homemade mince pie - the Gales were ever looking after the need of the said pie . First Mamma Gale would tiptoe to the table whereupon it sat in solemn state , and give it a stir ; then Pappa Gale would tiptoe over and give it a stir ; finally Daughter Gale would have to come over and honor it likewise . Then arrived the guests . The Minister and the Mrs. Minister , they were , and some neighbors . While she was receiving them the recollection came to Mamma Gale that the beloved mince pie had not received its flavoring . Off she speeds to a decanter of whiskey in the kitchen . She pours into the pie the right proportion of liquor , and goes back to her guests . Then Pappa Gale remembers that the pie has not been flavored . He , too , excuses himself and a moment later is found pouring whiskey into the sacred mince . No sooner has he ceased and returned to his guest than Daughter Gale , who has just remembered about the forgotten flavoring , rushes in and makes for the whiskey . She pours ' the right proportion ' in , too . "" " " . actors eight identifying of possibility the gives still film surviving A . Walters George Mrs. , Rosemond Anna , Noble W. John , Moore Grace , Middleton George , Fortune Thomas , Faust J. Martin , Heming Violet , Eline Marie , Crane Irene , Crane H. Frank , Barnes D. Justus , Abbe G.W. includes list The . films their in personalities important the of list a released company Thanhouser the , 1910 late In . fragmentary are productions Thanhouser 1910 many but , unknown are credits cast The . productions 1910 in uncredited was cameraman the of role The . photographer picture motion and still a as experience of years had who Gregory Louis Carl by joined soon was he but , company Thanhouser the of cameraman first the was Smith Blair . exist candidates possible two least at but , production this for cameraman a attribute not does Bowers David Q. historian Film . 'Neil O Barry been have may it but , unknown is director film The . productions Thanhouser the for scripts writing while World Evening York New The by employed newspaperman experienced an was He . Lonergan Lloyd likely most was it but , unknown is scenario the of writer The "," The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . The cast credits are unknown , but many 1910 Thanhouser productions are fragmentary . In late 1910 , the Thanhouser company released a list of the important personalities in their films . The list includes G.W. Abbe , Justus D. Barnes , Frank H. Crane , Irene Crane , Marie Eline , Violet Heming , Martin J. Faust , Thomas Fortune , George Middleton , Grace Moore , John W. Noble , Anna Rosemond , Mrs. George Walters . A surviving film still gives the possibility of identifying eight actors . " " . Pictures Moving of Censors of Board State Pennsylvania the by censorship without approved was film the , release 's film the after years , 1917 In . Theatre Province the at audience the by praise with met was and Canada , Vancouver in shown be also would film The . Pennsylvania and , Wisconsin , Kansas , Indiana in known theaters in advertisements with , release national wide a had likely film The . 1910 , 27 September on released was , long feet 000 @,@ 1 approximately , comedy reel single The "," The single reel comedy , approximately 1 @,@ 000 feet long , was released on September 27 , 1910 . The film likely had a wide national release , with advertisements in theaters known in Indiana , Kansas , Wisconsin , and Pennsylvania . The film would also be shown in Vancouver , Canada and was met with praise by the audience at the Province Theatre . In 1917 , years after the film 's release , the film was approved without censorship by the Pennsylvania State Board of Censors of Moving Pictures . " " "" . camera the at directly talk to opportunities many so seized not had she if better been have would cook the although , taken well all are parts character The . convincing more been have would and one as make to easy as been have would pies Two . power remarkable its in believe to difficult it making , pieces small eight into cut is pie the that fact the is story the in point weak A ... . situation final the to up leading details trivial with time much too takes film the of part early The . way the of out are scenes first the after funny quite is it and , cooks many too of story old the is This "" , stated Mirror Dramatic York New The "" . cognac from emanate not does humor True . beginning the to ending necessary the only was It . humor no had scene last the me To "" , stated and plot the by amused not was News Picture Moving The of Walton "" . anyone to out mete to like not do we that praise faint the is which , done well was episode pie mince The . matters of end scenario the of importance the realize manufacturers the that time is it and guilty were Independents as well as Licensed . week this screen the on shown others than padded evidently more being as subject this out single not do We ... ! pie mince one in brandy the on drunk getting , cat the of speak to not , people eight Imagine . imagination the upon draws certainly it of partook who guests the to happened What . pie this around centers piece this in humor The . likewise done have others the that knowing one neither , flavoring of proportion proper the added have daughter her and house the of mistress the and maid the , cook the that time the by strongly very brandy resemble to comes flavor the basis a for pie mince a with , fact In . flavor different a with comedy domestic A "" , states reviewer The . fault a be to it find not did but , long too be to subject the found reviewer World Picture Moving The The "," The The Moving Picture World reviewer found the subject to be too long , but did not find it to be a fault . The reviewer states , "" A domestic comedy with a different flavor . In fact , with a mince pie for a basis the flavor comes to resemble brandy very strongly by the time that the cook , the maid and the mistress of the house and her daughter have added the proper proportion of flavoring , neither one knowing that the others have done likewise . The humor in this piece centers around this pie . What happened to the guests who partook of it certainly draws upon the imagination . Imagine eight people , not to speak of the cat , getting drunk on the brandy in one mince pie ! ... We do not single out this subject as being more evidently padded than others shown on the screen this week . Licensed as well as Independents were guilty and it is time that the manufacturers realize the importance of the scenario end of matters . The mince pie episode was well done , which is the faint praise that we do not like to mete out to anyone . "" Walton of The Moving Picture News was not amused by the plot and stated , "" To me the last scene had no humor . It was only the necessary ending to the beginning . True humor does not emanate from cognac . "" The New York Dramatic Mirror stated , "" This is the old story of too many cooks , and it is quite funny after the first scenes are out of the way . The early part of the film takes too much time with trivial details leading up to the final situation . ... A weak point in the story is the fact that the pie is cut into eight small pieces , making it difficult to believe in its remarkable power . Two pies would have been as easy to make as one and would have been more convincing . The character parts are all well taken , although the cook would have been better if she had not seized so many opportunities to talk directly at the camera . "" " " . Kingdom United the in single charting @-@ highest 's Starr remains It . 100 Hot Billboard 's America on 9 number and , Canada and Britain in 2 number at peaked "" Boogaloo Off Back "" . artist solo a as run successful his continued and "" Easy Come 't Don It "" song hit 1971 's Starr to up @-@ follow a was single The . 1971 August in shows Bangladesh for Concert 's Harrison at together appeared had two the after shortly London in place took which , recording the produced Harrison George bandmate Beatles former 's Starr . 1972 March in single album @-@ non a as released , Starr Ringo musician English by song a is "" Boogaloo Off Back "" "," "" Back Off Boogaloo "" is a song by English musician Ringo Starr , released as a non @-@ album single in March 1972 . Starr 's former Beatles bandmate George Harrison produced the recording , which took place in London shortly after the two had appeared together at Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh shows in August 1971 . The single was a follow @-@ up to Starr 's 1971 hit song "" It Don 't Come Easy "" and continued his successful run as a solo artist . "" Back Off Boogaloo "" peaked at number 2 in Britain and Canada , and number 9 on America 's Billboard Hot 100 . It remains Starr 's highest @-@ charting single in the United Kingdom . " " . Voormann Klaus and Wright Gary musicians from contributions and Harrison by part guitar slide prominent a features song the , "" rocker face @-@ your @-@ in energy @-@ high "" a as author one by Described . time this around Rex T. band 's Bolan about , ) 1972 ( Boogie to Born , film documentary a directed who , Starr on rock glam of influence the demonstrates "" Boogaloo Off Back "" . years two previous the over artist solo a as made had McCartney music the for disdain 's Starr reflecting , McCartney Paul at directed were lyrics the that suggested have commentators Some . Bolan Marc songwriter @-@ singer English by inspired was song the for title The "," The title for the song was inspired by English singer @-@ songwriter Marc Bolan . Some commentators have suggested that the lyrics were directed at Paul McCartney , reflecting Starr 's disdain for the music McCartney had made as a solo artist over the previous two years . "" Back Off Boogaloo "" demonstrates the influence of glam rock on Starr , who directed a documentary film , Born to Boogie ( 1972 ) , about Bolan 's band T. Rex around this time . Described by one author as a "" high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker "" , the song features a prominent slide guitar part by Harrison and contributions from musicians Gary Wright and Klaus Voormann . " " . Band Starr @-@ All his of incarnations various the with concert in regularly "" Boogaloo Off Back "" performed has Starr , 1989 in touring to return his Since . Vienna Goodnight album studio 1974 remastered his on track bonus a as and , Starr Ringo of Best Very The : Photograph and Past Your from Blast albums compilation 's Starr on appeared has version original The . "" Man Rich a 're You , Baby "" and "" Sunshine Day Good "" , "" Friends My from Help Little a With "" as such songs Beatles from lyrics incorporates that Nilsson Harry singer American with collaboration a in , Roses the Smell and Stop album 1981 his for "" Boogaloo Off Back "" recorded @-@ re Starr "," Starr re @-@ recorded "" Back Off Boogaloo "" for his 1981 album Stop and Smell the Roses , in a collaboration with American singer Harry Nilsson that incorporates lyrics from Beatles songs such as "" With a Little Help from My Friends "" , "" Good Day Sunshine "" and "" Baby , You 're a Rich Man "" . The original version has appeared on Starr 's compilation albums Blast from Your Past and Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr , and as a bonus track on his remastered 1974 studio album Goodnight Vienna . Since his return to touring in 1989 , Starr has performed "" Back Off Boogaloo "" regularly in concert with the various incarnations of his All @-@ Starr Band . " " . song new the of recording a make and recorder tape a power to order in , night that toys 's children his of out batteries the take to having recalled also Starr "" ' ! boogaloo , you Ooh ' ' ? potatoes some want you Do ' ' . boogaloo , you ooh ... boogaloo off Back ' : speak to used He . guy energised an was ] Bolan [ "" : explained Starr , 1998 May in Storytellers VH1 on composition the discussing When . overnight him to came song the for melody and beat the which after , mind 's Starr in stuck it that often so "" boogaloo "" word the used had Bolan , London outside home 's Starr at evening one dinner Over . "" Moon Keith and Nilsson Harry , myself for out @-@ hang the and , town in office big a , Movies Apple running was I when office the into come to used who friend dear a "" as Bolan described Starr , Noyer Du Paul editor Mojo with interview 2001 a In . Rex T. band rock glam English with guitarist and singer the , Bolan Marc from come having as "" Boogaloo Off Back "" for inspiration initial his identified Starr Ringo "," Ringo Starr identified his initial inspiration for "" Back Off Boogaloo "" as having come from Marc Bolan , the singer and guitarist with English glam rock band T. Rex . In a 2001 interview with Mojo editor Paul Du Noyer , Starr described Bolan as "" a dear friend who used to come into the office when I was running Apple Movies , a big office in town , and the hang @-@ out for myself , Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon "" . Over dinner one evening at Starr 's home outside London , Bolan had used the word "" boogaloo "" so often that it stuck in Starr 's mind , after which the beat and melody for the song came to him overnight . When discussing the composition on VH1 Storytellers in May 1998 , Starr explained : "" [ Bolan ] was an energised guy . He used to speak : ' Back off boogaloo ... ooh you , boogaloo . ' ' Do you want some potatoes ? ' ' Ooh you , boogaloo ! ' "" Starr also recalled having to take the batteries out of his children 's toys that night , in order to power a tape recorder and make a recording of the new song . " " : lyrics song his into incorporated Starr that catchphrase a , "" tasty "" as playing 's footballer a to referred often , Hill Jimmy , host 's program The . Match Big The , show football 's Television Weekend London watching while Starr to came "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of eight middle the to lyrics The "," The lyrics to the middle eight of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" came to Starr while watching London Weekend Television 's football show , The Big Match . The program 's host , Jimmy Hill , often referred to a footballer 's playing as "" tasty "" , a catchphrase that Starr incorporated into his song lyrics : " " now together yourself Get "," Get yourself together now " " tasty something me give And "," And give me something tasty " " do to try you Everything "," Everything you try to do " " . wasted sounds sure it know You "," You know it sure sounds wasted . " " : verse first 's song the in exists message McCartney @-@ anti allegedly 's Starr of example further A . suggests Rodriguez , cannabis with overindulgence 's McCartney to reference a be also could "" wasted ] ing [ sound "" of mention The . "" music better produce to Paul for plea a "" as eight middle the of message the paraphrases Spizer Bruce author and , release on ) 1971 ( Ram and ) 1970 ( McCartney albums solo 's McCartney criticised publicly had Starr . writes Rodriguez Robert biographer Beatles , "" more nothing and Bolan by inspired was song the that claiming "" instead , interpretation such any denied has Starr . McCartney Paul bandmate Beatles former his on Starr by attack an as , statement this particularly and , song the interpreted have Commentators "," Commentators have interpreted the song , and particularly this statement , as an attack by Starr on his former Beatles bandmate Paul McCartney . Starr has denied any such interpretation , instead "" claiming that the song was inspired by Bolan and nothing more "" , Beatles biographer Robert Rodriguez writes . Starr had publicly criticised McCartney 's solo albums McCartney ( 1970 ) and Ram ( 1971 ) on release , and author Bruce Spizer paraphrases the message of the middle eight as "" a plea for Paul to produce better music "" . The mention of "" sound [ ing ] wasted "" could also be a reference to McCartney 's overindulgence with cannabis , Rodriguez suggests . A further example of Starr 's allegedly anti @-@ McCartney message exists in the song 's first verse : " " , up Wake "," Wake up , " " dead are you that pretend 't Don "," Don 't pretend that you are dead " " . cart the off up yourself Get "," Get yourself up off the cart . " " . Beatles the from "" divorce "" a wanted he that Starr and him told had Lennon John after disconsolate , farm Scottish his on away hid McCartney while year that of October and September during circulated rumour latter The . hoax "" Dead Is Paul "" 1969 the to referring be could Starr here that suggest commentators same The "," The same commentators suggest that here Starr could be referring to the 1969 "" Paul Is Dead "" hoax . The latter rumour circulated during September and October of that year while McCartney hid away on his Scottish farm , disconsolate after John Lennon had told him and Starr that he wanted a "" divorce "" from the Beatles . " " . "" boogaloo is do to want I all And / two @-@ thirty only 'm I Now "" lines the with title song the referenced Lennon , ) 1973 ( Ringo album the on record to Starr for "" Greatest the 'm I "" composition 1970 his tailoring When . "" conciliatory been had ' 1970 Early ' as damning as "" was "" Boogaloo Off Back "" that extent the to , up @-@ break ' Beatles the following "" mindset ' Paul vs. us ' the into perfectly fit to happened just "" lyrics the that notes Rodriguez , McCartney towards feeling @-@ ill any minimise to chosen have might Starr years subsequent in that acknowledging While . Harrison George and Lennon , Starr bandmates former his from "" nickname 's Paul as cited been long "" had "" Boogaloo "" that writes Badman Keith Author . favour 's McCartney in found judge Court High a after 1971 March in receivership in placed was which , Corps Apple and Beatles the against stand legal his abandon to McCartney to rebuke 's Starr as title song the viewed have observers , "" Boogaloo Off Back "" in messages supposed these to addition In "," In addition to these supposed messages in "" Back Off Boogaloo "" , observers have viewed the song title as Starr 's rebuke to McCartney to abandon his legal stand against the Beatles and Apple Corps , which was placed in receivership in March 1971 after a High Court judge found in McCartney 's favour . Author Keith Badman writes that "" Boogaloo "" had "" long been cited as Paul 's nickname "" from his former bandmates Starr , Lennon and George Harrison . While acknowledging that in subsequent years Starr might have chosen to minimise any ill @-@ feeling towards McCartney , Rodriguez notes that the lyrics "" just happened to fit perfectly into the ' us vs. Paul ' mindset "" following the Beatles ' break @-@ up , to the extent that "" Back Off Boogaloo "" was "" as damning as ' Early 1970 ' had been conciliatory "" . When tailoring his 1970 composition "" I 'm the Greatest "" for Starr to record on the album Ringo ( 1973 ) , Lennon referenced the song title with the lines "" Now I 'm only thirty @-@ two / And all I want to do is boogaloo "" . " " . "" Photograph "" , composition Harrison – Starr new another record to instead hoping , declined she but , record to Black Cilla Liverpudlian fellow to "" Boogaloo Off Back "" offered originally Starr . contribution songwriting his for credited not was Harrison , "" Easy Come 't Don It "" single hit 1971 's Starr on As . melody the finishing and chords some adding by song the wrote @-@ co Harrison that acknowledged later Starr , "" Boogaloo Off Back "" written @-@ ghost had Bolan that claimed , Clayson Alan biographer Starr of words the in , "" devotees Rex T "" Although "," Although "" T Rex devotees "" , in the words of Starr biographer Alan Clayson , claimed that Bolan had ghost @-@ written "" Back Off Boogaloo "" , Starr later acknowledged that Harrison co @-@ wrote the song by adding some chords and finishing the melody . As on Starr 's 1971 hit single "" It Don 't Come Easy "" , Harrison was not credited for his songwriting contribution . Starr originally offered "" Back Off Boogaloo "" to fellow Liverpudlian Cilla Black to record , but she declined , hoping instead to record another new Starr – Harrison composition , "" Photograph "" . " " . ) saxophone , bass ( Voormann Klaus and ) piano ( Wright Gary , ) guitars ( Harrison , ) percussion , drums , vocals ( Starr comprising up @-@ line a with , "" nature repetitious and sound drum big its "" term Easter Mark and Madinger Chip authors what through Starr on rock glam of influence the reflects recording The . "" Easy Come 't Don It "" on had he as , producing Harrison with , London central in Studio Apple at place took sessions The . York New in Bangladesh for Concert organised @-@ Harrison the at appearance his following , 1971 September in "" Boogaloo Off Back "" recorded Starr , single next his as song the earmarked Having "," Having earmarked the song as his next single , Starr recorded "" Back Off Boogaloo "" in September 1971 , following his appearance at the Harrison @-@ organised Concert for Bangladesh in New York . The sessions took place at Apple Studio in central London , with Harrison producing , as he had on "" It Don 't Come Easy "" . The recording reflects the influence of glam rock on Starr through what authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter term "" its big drum sound and repetitious nature "" , with a line @-@ up comprising Starr ( vocals , drums , percussion ) , Harrison ( guitars ) , Gary Wright ( piano ) and Klaus Voormann ( bass , saxophone ) . " " . Bell Madeline singer soul American by led , vocalists backing three from contributions included overdubs Further . "" Allman Duane mind to brought that breaks slide Harrison of series roaring a "" of writes Leng Simon biographer Harrison while , "" drumming own his for showcase "" rare a as "" opening sounding @-@ martial "" 's Starr describes Rodriguez "," Rodriguez describes Starr 's "" martial @-@ sounding opening "" as a rare "" showcase for his own drumming "" , while Harrison biographer Simon Leng writes of "" a roaring series of Harrison slide breaks that brought to mind Duane Allman "" . Further overdubs included contributions from three backing vocalists , led by American soul singer Madeline Bell . " " . "" recommend to little with dirge sounding @-@ muddy a "" as it describes Spizer ; critics by regard low in held is song the , ) 1971 ( Blindman film the Like . Voormann and Starr assisting Ham Pete guitarist Badfinger with , August 19 – 18 on Apple at place took "" Blindman "" for sessions The . Voormann with track the produced Starr . Bangladesh for Concert the at perform to order in interrupted had Starr which for filming , name same the of Western Spaghetti directed @-@ Baldi Ferdinando the for song theme the , "" Blindman "" recorded and written already had Starr , side @-@ B 's single the For "," For the single 's B @-@ side , Starr had already written and recorded "" Blindman "" , the theme song for the Ferdinando Baldi @-@ directed Spaghetti Western of the same name , filming for which Starr had interrupted in order to perform at the Concert for Bangladesh . Starr produced the track with Voormann . The sessions for "" Blindman "" took place at Apple on 18 – 19 August , with Badfinger guitarist Pete Ham assisting Starr and Voormann . Like the film Blindman ( 1971 ) , the song is held in low regard by critics ; Spizer describes it as "" a muddy @-@ sounding dirge with little to recommend "" . " " . Lennon and McCartney with compared "" intelligently and purposefully more careers solo their managed had who ones the were , both horses dark , Harrison and he that confirmed "" single the that wrote and , up @-@ break ' Beatles the since years two the in himself establishing in success 's Starr noted Woffinden Bob critic NME , "" Boogaloo Off Back "" With . March 18 on Wembley at held concert Rex T. a of footage 's Starr included that Bolan starring film a , ) 1972 ( Boogie to Born with debut directorial his made Starr , movement rock glam 's Britain with himself aligning Further . Blindman and ) 1971 ( Motels 200 as such films in actor an as career a develop to been had priority his , period this During . before year a , "" Easy Come 't Don It "" since release first 's Starr was It . 1849 Apple as , later days three place taking release US a with , R Apple as , Britain in 1972 March 17 on single the issued Records Apple "," Apple Records issued the single on 17 March 1972 in Britain , as Apple R , with a US release taking place three days later , as Apple 1849 . It was Starr 's first release since "" It Don 't Come Easy "" , a year before . During this period , his priority had been to develop a career as an actor in films such as 200 Motels ( 1971 ) and Blindman . Further aligning himself with Britain 's glam rock movement , Starr made his directorial debut with Born to Boogie ( 1972 ) , a film starring Bolan that included Starr 's footage of a T. Rex concert held at Wembley on 18 March . With "" Back Off Boogaloo "" , NME critic Bob Woffinden noted Starr 's success in establishing himself in the two years since the Beatles ' break @-@ up , and wrote that the single "" confirmed that he and Harrison , dark horses both , were the ones who had managed their solo careers more purposefully and intelligently "" compared with McCartney and Lennon . " " . cigarette a holding , sleeve picture 's single the on appeared monster similar A . Films by financed and Taylor Tom by directed was , monster like @-@ Frankenstein a by followed and structure outdoor an around walking Starr shows which , video The . property the after looking was Starr while residence Park Tittenhurst 's Lennon at March 20 on shot was "" Boogaloo Off Back "" for video promotional A . 2 number reached it where , Chart Singles UK the on position best 's Starr achieved and , 100 Hot Billboard the on 9 number reaching , US the in hit a was song The "," The song was a hit in the US , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and achieved Starr 's best position on the UK Singles Chart , where it reached number 2 . A promotional video for "" Back Off Boogaloo "" was shot on 20 March at Lennon 's Tittenhurst Park residence while Starr was looking after the property . The video , which shows Starr walking around an outdoor structure and followed by a Frankenstein @-@ like monster , was directed by Tom Taylor and financed by Films . A similar monster appeared on the single 's picture sleeve , holding a cigarette . " " . "" tune box @-@ juke and radio great "" a as "" Boogaloo Off Back "" highlighted Murray Shaar Charles , NME the for article 1974 a In . "" through shines Starr Ringo of spirit jovial he ] t [ "" where song a as it views AllMusic of DeGagne Mike while , "" inferior slightly "" although , "" Easy Come 't Don It "" as "" ebullient as bit every "" as single the described Woffinden "" . week the of end the by mad all us send to liable and jukeboxes for ideal , effective and hypnotic 's It ... excursion rhythmic playable highly this in Marc the of touch a 's There . drums rock of maestro the for store in be easily could hit One Number A "" : Maker Melody in wrote Welch Chris , release On "" . 't isn that song pop a me Play "" : interview 1973 a in respond to Starr leading , repetitious being for "" Boogaloo Off Back "" criticising reviewers of writes Clayson Alan "," Alan Clayson writes of reviewers criticising "" Back Off Boogaloo "" for being repetitious , leading Starr to respond in a 1973 interview : "" Play me a pop song that isn 't . "" On release , Chris Welch wrote in Melody Maker : "" A Number One hit could easily be in store for the maestro of rock drums . There 's a touch of the Marc in this highly playable rhythmic excursion ... It 's hypnotic and effective , ideal for jukeboxes and liable to send us all mad by the end of the week . "" Woffinden described the single as "" every bit as ebullient "" as "" It Don 't Come Easy "" , although "" slightly inferior "" , while Mike DeGagne of AllMusic views it as a song where "" [ t ] he jovial spirit of Ringo Starr shines through "" . In a 1974 article for the NME , Charles Shaar Murray highlighted "" Back Off Boogaloo "" as a "" great radio and juke @-@ box tune "" . " " "" . singing is Ringo melody the than catchier even 's that line melody alternate an includes which , solo guitar slide – bouncy very and – wacky , wild slightly 's Harrison clearly is event main the "" : recording the of saying , "" Moments Guitar "" Beatles @-@ post best ten 's Harrison of list his on song the includes Fanelli Damian editor World Guitar . "" Faces the match to rock time Good "" as it described and "" gems solo ten "" 's Starr among first "" Boogaloo Off Back "" listed Moody Paul , 1980 – 1970 Years Solo The – Beatles : Originals NME publication 2005 the In . "" guitar slide stinging 's George and drums thundering 's Ringo by propelled rocker face @-@ your @-@ in energy @-@ high "" a as track the praises Spizer Bruce and , "" well talents 's Starr suited that chant crowd soccer , rocking a "" it terms Leng Simon , biographers Beatle Among "," Among Beatle biographers , Simon Leng terms it "" a rocking , soccer crowd chant that suited Starr 's talents well "" , and Bruce Spizer praises the track as a "" high @-@ energy in @-@ your @-@ face rocker propelled by Ringo 's thundering drums and George 's stinging slide guitar "" . In the 2005 publication NME Originals : Beatles – The Solo Years 1970 – 1980 , Paul Moody listed "" Back Off Boogaloo "" first among Starr 's "" ten solo gems "" and described it as "" Good time rock to match the Faces "" . Guitar World editor Damian Fanelli includes the song on his list of Harrison 's ten best post @-@ Beatles "" Guitar Moments "" , saying of the recording : "" the main event is clearly Harrison 's slightly wild , wacky – and very bouncy – slide guitar solo , which includes an alternate melody line that 's even catchier than the melody Ringo is singing . "" " " . song the for video 1972 his included which of edition 's collector the , Starr Ringo of Best Very The : Photograph compilation 2007 his on appeared also "" Boogaloo Off Back "" . ) 1974 ( album Vienna Goodnight his of reissue 1992 the on track bonus a as , "" Blindman "" with along , and , Past Your from Blast , album hits greatest 1975 's Starr include "" Boogaloo Off Back "" for releases @-@ Re "," Re @-@ releases for "" Back Off Boogaloo "" include Starr 's 1975 greatest hits album , Blast from Your Past , and , along with "" Blindman "" , as a bonus track on the 1992 reissue of his Goodnight Vienna album ( 1974 ) . "" Back Off Boogaloo "" also appeared on his 2007 compilation Photograph : The Very Best of Ringo Starr , the collector 's edition of which included his 1972 video for the song . " " . before years ten "" Easy Come 't Don It "" on played had Harrison that riff guitar same the with opens "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of version 1981 the , past his to reference further a In . "" Easy Come 't Don It "" 's Starr as well as , "" Man Rich a 're You , Baby "" and "" Sunshine Day Good "" , "" Madonna Lady "" , "" ! Help "" , "" Friends My from Help Little a With "" , case this in – songs 's band the of number a from lyrics incorporates remake the , "" That Do 't Can You "" ' Beatles the of cover 1968 's Nilsson to Similar . Parks Dyke Van by arrangement musical a features and , Nilsson Harry singer , friend 's Starr by produced was song The . Roses the Smell and Stop , Records Boardwalk on album 1981 his for "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of version new a recorded Starr "," Starr recorded a new version of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" for his 1981 album on Boardwalk Records , Stop and Smell the Roses . The song was produced by Starr 's friend , singer Harry Nilsson , and features a musical arrangement by Van Dyke Parks . Similar to Nilsson 's 1968 cover of the Beatles ' "" You Can 't Do That "" , the remake incorporates lyrics from a number of the band 's songs – in this case , "" With a Little Help from My Friends "" , "" Help ! "" , "" Lady Madonna "" , "" Good Day Sunshine "" and "" Baby , You 're a Rich Man "" , as well as Starr 's "" It Don 't Come Easy "" . In a further reference to his past , the 1981 version of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" opens with the same guitar riff that Harrison had played on "" It Don 't Come Easy "" ten years before . " " . Jumonville Jerry saxophonist by led section horn piece @-@ four a and , ) guitars ( Zito Richie and Dennis , ) piano ( Getz Jane , ) drums ( Keltner Jim , ) vocals ( Nilsson were Starr supporting musicians of cast large the Among . Studios Point Compass 's Nassau at December 5 – 1 on place taking recording additional with , 1980 November 4 on Angeles Los in Studios Recording Evergreen at track basic the taped Starr "," Starr taped the basic track at Evergreen Recording Studios in Los Angeles on 4 November 1980 , with additional recording taking place on 1 – 5 December at Nassau 's Compass Point Studios . Among the large cast of musicians supporting Starr were Nilsson ( vocals ) , Jim Keltner ( drums ) , Jane Getz ( piano ) , Dennis and Richie Zito ( guitars ) , and a four @-@ piece horn section led by saxophonist Jerry Jumonville . " " . "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of "" revamping the hate or love either people ost ] m [ "" that writes Rodriguez ; 1976 since failures critical and commercial of run 's Starr continued album the , 73 – 1971 in artist solo a as success his with Contrasting . 1981 January in Roses the Smell and Stop to contributions his record to due been had who , Lennon John of murder the before days four , December 4 on vocals his overdubbed Starr "," Starr overdubbed his vocals on 4 December , four days before the murder of John Lennon , who had been due to record his contributions to Stop and Smell the Roses in January 1981 . Contrasting with his success as a solo artist in 1971 – 73 , the album continued Starr 's run of commercial and critical failures since 1976 ; Rodriguez writes that "" [ m ] ost people either love or hate the revamping "" of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" . " " . ) drums ( E. Sheila and ) bass ( Lake Greg , ) keyboards ( Jones Howard and Hodgson Roger , ) guitar ( Hunter Ian , ) saxophone ( Rivera Mark , ) vocals ( Starr was up @-@ line Starr @-@ All the point which at , 2001 August in tour US a during recorded was version latter The . ) 2002 ( Band Starr @-@ All New His & Ringo Presents Hour Flower Biscuit King and ) 2001 ( Far So ... Anthology The compilation disc @-@ multi the on appeared have "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of versions Live . "" Man Your Be Wanna I "" composition McCartney – Lennon 1963 the of favour in , however , tour that in early setlist concert the from dropped was song The . 1989 September – July in America North of tour debut 's band the with beginning , Band Starr @-@ All his with concert in "" Boogaloo Off Back "" performed has Starr "," Starr has performed "" Back Off Boogaloo "" in concert with his All @-@ Starr Band , beginning with the band 's debut tour of North America in July – September 1989 . The song was dropped from the concert setlist early in that tour , however , in favour of the 1963 Lennon – McCartney composition "" I Wanna Be Your Man "" . Live versions of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" have appeared on the multi @-@ disc compilation The Anthology ... So Far ( 2001 ) and King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Ringo & His New All @-@ Starr Band ( 2002 ) . The latter version was recorded during a US tour in August 2001 , at which point the All @-@ Starr line @-@ up was Starr ( vocals ) , Mark Rivera ( saxophone ) , Ian Hunter ( guitar ) , Roger Hodgson and Howard Jones ( keyboards ) , Greg Lake ( bass ) and Sheila E. ( drums ) . " " . ) 2007 ( Soundstage at Live : Starr Ringo on issued was , 2005 August in Soundstage 's Television PBS for recorded , Roundheads the with version live Another . ) drums ( Kirke Simon and ) bass ( Blades Jack , ) guitars ( Hudson Mark and Walsh Joe , ) vocals ( Starr included performance this on personnel The . 1998 October in released , video and album live Storytellers VH1 's Starr on appeared , York New , Studios Music Sony at year that May 13 on recorded version A . Man Vertical album studio 1998 his promote to formed he band a , Roundheads the and Ringo with live song the played also Starr "," Starr also played the song live with Ringo and the Roundheads , a band he formed to promote his 1998 studio album Vertical Man . A version recorded on 13 May that year at Sony Music Studios , New York , appeared on Starr 's VH1 Storytellers live album and video , released in October 1998 . The personnel on this performance included Starr ( vocals ) , Joe Walsh and Mark Hudson ( guitars ) , Jack Blades ( bass ) and Simon Kirke ( drums ) . Another live version with the Roundheads , recorded for PBS Television 's Soundstage in August 2005 , was issued on Ringo Starr : Live at Soundstage ( 2007 ) . " " : "" Boogaloo Off Back "" of version original the on played musicians following The "," The following musicians played on the original version of "" Back Off Boogaloo "" : " " vocals backing , percussion , drums , vocals – Starr Ringo "," Ringo Starr – vocals , drums , percussion , backing vocals " " guitar acoustic , guitars slide – Harrison George "," George Harrison – slide guitars , acoustic guitar " " piano – Wright Gary "," Gary Wright – piano " " saxophone , bass – Voormann Klaus "," Klaus Voormann – bass , saxophone " " vocals backing – Gilbert Jean , Duncan Lesley , Bell Madeline "," Madeline Bell , Lesley Duncan , Jean Gilbert – backing vocals " " . scratch from start them have to tapes 's song the erasing considered Eno Brian producer , song the recording difficulties 's band the During . Belfast in particularly , lived they which on street the on based income and religion 's person a identify to possible is it that notion the to response in lyrics the wrote Bono vocalist Lead . end the at again and introduction 's song the during played , effect delay a using arpeggio guitar repeating a is hook 's song The . 1987 August in single third 's album the as released was and Tree Joshua The album 1987 their from track opening the is It . U2 band rock Irish by song a is "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" "," "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" is a song by Irish rock band U2 . It is the opening track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album 's third single in August 1987 . The song 's hook is a repeating guitar arpeggio using a delay effect , played during the song 's introduction and again at the end . Lead vocalist Bono wrote the lyrics in response to the notion that it is possible to identify a person 's religion and income based on the street on which they lived , particularly in Belfast . During the band 's difficulties recording the song , producer Brian Eno considered erasing the song 's tapes to have them start from scratch . " " . Video Music Performance Best for Award Grammy a won which , video music its of filming the for rooftop Angeles Los a on performed was song The . Tour Tree Joshua The on 1987 in debuted song the since act live their of staple a remained has song The . Kingdom United the in four number and , Netherlands the in ten number , Canada in fourteen number , US the in thirteen number at peaking , success commercial a became and critics by praised was "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" "," "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" was praised by critics and became a commercial success , peaking at number thirteen in the US , number fourteen in Canada , number ten in the Netherlands , and number four in the United Kingdom . The song has remained a staple of their live act since the song debuted in 1987 on The Joshua Tree Tour . The song was performed on a Los Angeles rooftop for the filming of its music video , which won a Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video . " " . celebration in air the punching and around dancing recalls Edge The , with demo the share to house the in one no With . "" life ] his [ of song and part guitar amazing most the "" with up come had he felt he , mix rough the finishing After . fan a were he if show U2 future a at hear to like would he what imagined he so , "" song @-@ live U2 ultimate the up conjure "" to wanted Edge The , songs live exceptional on short were band the that and end the approaching were sessions album the that Realising . machine drum a and , guitar , bass , keyboards of arrangement an record to machine tape track @-@ four a used Edge The — home purchased newly his — House Melbeach at room upstairs an In . sessions Tree Joshua The resumed group the before night the composed Edge The guitarist that demo a from originated "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" for music The "," The music for "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" originated from a demo that guitarist The Edge composed the night before the group resumed The Joshua Tree sessions . In an upstairs room at Melbeach House — his newly purchased home — The Edge used a four @-@ track tape machine to record an arrangement of keyboards , bass , guitar , and a drum machine . Realising that the album sessions were approaching the end and that the band were short on exceptional live songs , The Edge wanted to "" conjure up the ultimate U2 live @-@ song "" , so he imagined what he would like to hear at a future U2 show if he were a fan . After finishing the rough mix , he felt he had come up with "" the most amazing guitar part and song of [ his ] life "" . With no one in the house to share the demo with , The Edge recalls dancing around and punching the air in celebration . " " . performance original the from remained nothing until take instrument each replaced gradually had they , work their of all Through . up it fix to trying continued group the and it with problems of lot a had version particular that , explained Eno as but , weeks for take single a on worked band The . "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" of version suitable a record to trying spent were sessions album the of half that estimates Eno Brian producer @-@ Co "" . ridiculous was It . nerd fucking a like changes chord the through band the walking , professor college a like , pointer a holding was I . them call we as , blackboard schoolhouse massive this having remember I . song project science the was that "" , Lanois Daniel producer @-@ co to According . liked they performance a get to struggled group the but , times many rehearsed was , changes chord frequent and shifts signature time two with , arrangement The . "" works it how understand we now whereas , language foreign a like sounded it time the At "" , said Clayton Adam Bassist . song the record to them for difficult was it , demo the liked band the Although "," Although the band liked the demo , it was difficult for them to record the song . Bassist Adam Clayton said , "" At the time it sounded like a foreign language , whereas now we understand how it works "" . The arrangement , with two time signature shifts and frequent chord changes , was rehearsed many times , but the group struggled to get a performance they liked . According to co @-@ producer Daniel Lanois , "" that was the science project song . I remember having this massive schoolhouse blackboard , as we call them . I was holding a pointer , like a college professor , walking the band through the chord changes like a fucking nerd . It was ridiculous . "" Co @-@ producer Brian Eno estimates that half of the album sessions were spent trying to record a suitable version of "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" . The band worked on a single take for weeks , but as Eno explained , that particular version had a lot of problems with it and the group continued trying to fix it up . Through all of their work , they had gradually replaced each instrument take until nothing remained from the original performance . " " . Eno restrained physically and carrying was he tea of tray the dropped , tapes the erase to ready Eno seeing upon and room control the to returned McCarthy Pat engineer fellow , Flood engineer to according ; place took never erasure this but , over recorded be to ready and up cued tapes the had Eno , point one At . performance fresh a with again start to effective more be would it that rather but , song the of abandonment force to not was this that said He . erased tapes 's song the have and "" accident an stage "" to was idea His . scratch from start to best be would it thought Eno that "" work screwdriver "" on spent been had time much So "," So much time had been spent on "" screwdriver work "" that Eno thought it would be best to start from scratch . His idea was to "" stage an accident "" and have the song 's tapes erased . He said that this was not to force abandonment of the song , but rather that it would be more effective to start again with a fresh performance . At one point , Eno had the tapes cued up and ready to be recorded over , but this erasure never took place ; according to engineer Flood , fellow engineer Pat McCarthy returned to the control room and upon seeing Eno ready to erase the tapes , dropped the tray of tea he was carrying and physically restrained Eno . " " "" . live is it song the half not 's it , musically , record the On . live playing through song great truly a became only It . it of sense any make to us for difficult was it , right song that get to long so took It "" , song the of said later Jr. , Mullen Larry Drummer . Tree Joshua The recording of months final the in Lillywhite Steve by mixed songs several of one was It . takes different several from compiled was song the of version studio The "," The studio version of the song was compiled from several different takes . It was one of several songs mixed by Steve Lillywhite in the final months of recording The Joshua Tree . Drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. later said of the song , "" It took so long to get that song right , it was difficult for us to make any sense of it . It only became a truly great song through playing live . On the record , musically , it 's not half the song it is live . "" " " . 10 : 1 at enter drums and bass The . sound rich a creating thus , twice arpeggio the in note each "" play "" to used is effect delay "" eighth dotted "" A . arpeggio note @-@ six "" chiming "" repeated a of consists part this ; seconds 42 after in fades guitar The . notes synthesiser sustained like @-@ chorale with starting , section instrumental an with opens songs The . signature 4 / 4 common a in is song the of remainder the while , signature time 4 / 3 a in played are outro and introduction The . minute per beats 126 of tempo a at played is "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" "," "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" is played at a tempo of 126 beats per minute . The introduction and outro are played in a 3 / 4 time signature , while the remainder of the song is in a common 4 / 4 signature . The songs opens with an instrumental section , starting with chorale @-@ like sustained synthesiser notes . The guitar fades in after 42 seconds ; this part consists of a repeated "" chiming "" six @-@ note arpeggio . A "" dotted eighth "" delay effect is used to "" play "" each note in the arpeggio twice , thus creating a rich sound . The bass and drums enter at 1 : 10 . " " . beat the from sings he notes the offset slightly to rubato of usage his by timing as well as ) "" crack to voice his allows he ; audibly exhales he ; grunts he ; moans he ; sighs he "" ( , timbre its in greatly varies , contrast in , performance vocal 's Bono while , respectively , notes sixteenth and eighth regular in continue drums and bass The . notes sixteenth percussive strumming Edge The features song the of remainder the for played part guitar The . minutes two nearly after emerge vocals the which against , Butler Mark by described as , "" sound of wall "" a creates , progression chord I – V – vi – IV – I – IV – I a following , introduction The "," The introduction , following a I – IV – I – IV – vi – V – I chord progression , creates a "" wall of sound "" , as described by Mark Butler , against which the vocals emerge after nearly two minutes . The guitar part played for the remainder of the song features The Edge strumming percussive sixteenth notes . The bass and drums continue in regular eighth and sixteenth notes , respectively , while Bono 's vocal performance , in contrast , varies greatly in its timbre , ( "" he sighs ; he moans ; he grunts ; he exhales audibly ; he allows his voice to crack "" ) as well as timing by his usage of rubato to slightly offset the notes he sings from the beat . " " . notes synthesiser sustained against played arpeggio guitar note @-@ six a with , introduction the in was it as state same the to reverting instrumentation the , played is outro 's song the , chorus third the After . longer even note same the stretching , melody same the with "" wind the by blown "" sings Bono , choruses later In . "" burning "" at A4 the , song the in note highest the to lead that degrees scale of series a through progresses melody the ; ) D – ♯ F – G – A ( "" love down burning "" line the at chorus first the during climax a reaches development This "," This development reaches a climax during the first chorus at the line "" burning down love "" ( A – G – F ♯ – D ) ; the melody progresses through a series of scale degrees that lead to the highest note in the song , the A4 at "" burning "" . In later choruses , Bono sings "" blown by the wind "" with the same melody , stretching the same note even longer . After the third chorus , the song 's outro is played , the instrumentation reverting to the same state as it was in the introduction , with a six @-@ note guitar arpeggio played against sustained synthesiser notes . " " . village a in staying while bag airsickness an on down them wrote first he ; Hewson Ali , wife his with Ethiopia to visit humanitarian a on while lyrics the wrote Bono "" . all us to most the matter that things the upon touch and people between divisions the and barriers the down break to : art all of dream the 's that Maybe ... together comes everyone where place a : be should concert roll ' n ' rock great a way the 's that , me To . name no have streets the where place a , divisions such 't aren there where world a about thinks and contrast this recognizes song the in guy the ... "" : saying , Ethiopia visiting when felt he anonymity the with this contrasted He . on live they street the by evident are income and religion 's person a where , Ireland Northern , Belfast of streets the about heard Bono that story a by inspired were lyrics The "," The lyrics were inspired by a story that Bono heard about the streets of Belfast , Northern Ireland , where a person 's religion and income are evident by the street they live on . He contrasted this with the anonymity he felt when visiting Ethiopia , saying : "" ... the guy in the song recognizes this contrast and thinks about a world where there aren 't such divisions , a place where the streets have no name . To me , that 's the way a great rock ' n ' roll concert should be : a place where everyone comes together ... Maybe that 's the dream of all art : to break down the barriers and the divisions between people and touch upon the things that matter the most to us all . "" Bono wrote the lyrics while on a humanitarian visit to Ethiopia with his wife , Ali Hewson ; he first wrote them down on an airsickness bag while staying in a village . " " "" . feeling a sketch to trying was I . location romantic a maybe , location spiritual a maybe , location a sketch to trying just was I — sketch a 's it because , LP the on songs other the of any than old of U2 the like more is ' Name No Have Streets the Where ' "" that said , "" sketches "" to Tree Joshua The to prior lyrics his of many compared who , Bono "" . it call to want you whatever , elevation , Transcendence "" about ostensibly is song the , him to According "," According to him , the song is ostensibly about "" Transcendence , elevation , whatever you want to call it . "" Bono , who compared many of his lyrics prior to The Joshua Tree to "" sketches "" , said that "" ' Where the Streets Have No Name ' is more like the U2 of old than any of the other songs on the LP , because it 's a sketch — I was just trying to sketch a location , maybe a spiritual location , maybe a romantic location . I was trying to sketch a feeling . "" " " "" . with terms to come 've I paradoxes the of one 's That . do you then , it about throwaway or flip 're you if But . communicate 't don you , things these about heavy way any get you If . work to seems that , way curious a In . ideas biggest the of some contains also it But . music pop of history the in couplets banal most the of one has ] song the [ that recognize and now it at look can I "" : lyrics ended @-@ open the about opinions mixed expressed has Bono . workers @-@ aid volunteer as Ethiopia to visit 's Ali wife his and 's Bono by influenced was title the believes Stokes Niall Journalist "" ... Belfast was it think to used I . that about , really , sure not 'm I "" , said he , song the in to referring was Bono place the to regard With . "" criterion arbitrary other any or , race , wealth , class by divided not is that world "" a for wish and "" hope of message a "" send lyrics the believed Campbell Michael Journalist . interpretations many to led has lyrics the of nature ended @-@ open The "," The open @-@ ended nature of the lyrics has led to many interpretations . Journalist Michael Campbell believed the lyrics send "" a message of hope "" and wish for a "" world that is not divided by class , wealth , race , or any other arbitrary criterion "" . With regard to the place Bono was referring to in the song , he said , "" I 'm not sure , really , about that . I used to think it was Belfast ... "" Journalist Niall Stokes believes the title was influenced by Bono 's and his wife Ali 's visit to Ethiopia as volunteer aid @-@ workers . Bono has expressed mixed opinions about the open @-@ ended lyrics : "" I can look at it now and recognize that [ the song ] has one of the most banal couplets in the history of pop music . But it also contains some of the biggest ideas . In a curious way , that seems to work . If you get any way heavy about these things , you don 't communicate . But if you 're flip or throwaway about it , then you do . That 's one of the paradoxes I 've come to terms with . "" " " . Chart Singles Irish the topped it and , Chart Singles UK the on four number reached song The . charts Tracks Rock Album the on 11 number and 100 Hot Billboard the on 13 number at peaked song the , U.S. the In . well chart did song the , singles two first 's album the as successful as not Although . tape the of sides both on tracks four all featured single cassette the and , ) "" side @-@ B "" a being despite ( record the of A side on "" Time Against Race "" featured single inch @-@ 12 The . tracks two latter the featured only which , release inch @-@ 7 the for except , "" Thing Sweetest "" and , "" Gold and Silver "" , "" Time Against Race "" including , single the on featured were sides @-@ B Three . formats single CD and cassette , inch @-@ 12 , inch @-@ 7 on released was single The . 1987 August in , instead released was "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" but , "" Town Mining Hill Red "" song the be to meant was Tree Joshua The from single third the , Originally "," Originally , the third single from The Joshua Tree was meant to be the song "" Red Hill Mining Town "" , but "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" was released instead , in August 1987 . The single was released on 7 @-@ inch , 12 @-@ inch , cassette and CD single formats . Three B @-@ sides were featured on the single , including "" Race Against Time "" , "" Silver and Gold "" , and "" Sweetest Thing "" , except for the 7 @-@ inch release , which only featured the latter two tracks . The 12 @-@ inch single featured "" Race Against Time "" on side A of the record ( despite being a "" B @-@ side "" ) , and the cassette single featured all four tracks on both sides of the tape . Although not as successful as the album 's first two singles , the song did chart well . In the U.S. , the song peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 11 on the Album Rock Tracks charts . The song reached number four on the UK Singles Chart , and it topped the Irish Singles Chart . " " . police the booing are crowd the while roof the onto walk police eventually and , down shut be to about is performance the that crew the tell police the , song the of end the Towards . building the surrounding streets the in standing people of crowd large a to "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" perform and , St. Main S. and Ave. 7th of corner the at store liquor a of roof the on seen are U2 , video the into minutes Two . performance the watch to coming are who people of number large the to due , causing is shoot film the that issue security the of crew 's band the inform and set the to up show Police . people 000 @,@ 30 of crowds expecting and downtown concert a performing on planning is U2 that stating jockeys disc with heard are broadcasts radio of clips and , Angeles Los in block a of shot aerial an with begins video The "," The video begins with an aerial shot of a block in Los Angeles , and clips of radio broadcasts are heard with disc jockeys stating that U2 is planning on performing a concert downtown and expecting crowds of 30 @,@ 000 people . Police show up to the set and inform the band 's crew of the security issue that the film shoot is causing , due to the large number of people who are coming to watch the performance . Two minutes into the video , U2 are seen on the roof of a liquor store at the corner of 7th Ave. and S. Main St. , and perform "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" to a large crowd of people standing in the streets surrounding the building . Towards the end of the song , the police tell the crew that the performance is about to be shut down , and eventually police walk onto the roof while the crowd are booing the police . " " . Be It Let film the in depicted as , concert final ' Beatles The to reference a was place public a in rooftop a on performance 's band The . 1987 March 27 on Angeles Los Downtown in store liquor a of rooftop the on place took which , filming 's video the during people 000 @,@ 1 over attracted band The . Ben and Hamlyn Michael by produced and Avis Meiert by directed was "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" for video The "," The video for "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" was directed by Meiert Avis and produced by Michael Hamlyn and Ben . The band attracted over 1 @,@ 000 people during the video 's filming , which took place on the rooftop of a liquor store in Downtown Los Angeles on 27 March 1987 . The band 's performance on a rooftop in a public place was a reference to The Beatles ' final concert , as depicted in the film Let It Be . " " . filming during happened which , generator primary the on power the off shut authorities the that event the in continue could shooting the so roof the on put was generator backup A . fans of group a by intruded be to were it if collapse not would it ensure to store liquor the of roof the reinforcing spent was week a , filming to Prior . "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" of performances four included which , set song @-@ eight an played U2 shoot the During "," During the shoot U2 played an eight @-@ song set , which included four performances of "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" . Prior to filming , a week was spent reinforcing the roof of the liquor store to ensure it would not collapse if it were to be intruded by a group of fans . A backup generator was put on the roof so the shooting could continue in the event that the authorities shut off the power on the primary generator , which happened during filming . " " . Awards Grammy 1989 the at Video Music Performance Best for Award Grammy the won video The . song the of version recorded @-@ studio the from is used audio the , performance live a of is video the Although . shoot film the at up showed one no case in , interest some create to rebuilt was which , Hotel Dollar Million The for sign a is video the of background the In . video the shooting for extensions them gave continually police the but , video music the dramatize to order in authorities the by down shut get to hoping were group the ; exaggerated was police the with confrontation the of much that 2007 in revealed McGuinness Paul manager Band "" . plan the of part integral an was busted getting "" that and , "" time real in almost "" day that happened actually what show video the in depicted events the , Avis to According . police the with confrontation a following arrested almost was Hamlyn . video the in seen as just , filming during happened actually concerns safety to due shoot video the down shut to attempting police the of depiction The "," The depiction of the police attempting to shut down the video shoot due to safety concerns actually happened during filming , just as seen in the video . Hamlyn was almost arrested following a confrontation with the police . According to Avis , the events depicted in the video show what actually happened that day "" almost in real time "" , and that "" getting busted was an integral part of the plan . "" Band manager Paul McGuinness revealed in 2007 that much of the confrontation with the police was exaggerated ; the group were hoping to get shut down by the authorities in order to dramatize the music video , but the police continually gave them extensions for shooting the video . In the background of the video is a sign for The Million Dollar Hotel , which was rebuilt to create some interest , in case no one showed up at the film shoot . Although the video is of a live performance , the audio used is from the studio @-@ recorded version of the song . The video won the Grammy Award for Best Performance Music Video at the 1989 Grammy Awards . " " . live played never was that sides @-@ B 's single the of one only the is and , "" Play 's Child "" episode Vice Miami the in used was track The . Gabriel Peter of reminiscent being as and "" flavour African "" an having as song the described magazine Musician of Hutchinson John "" . fullness of kind strange a with aches it but , empty so is desert The . desert the of me reminds It "" , song the of said Bono . "" time against Race "" phrase the with it following and language Ethiopian an in singing Bono include references lyrical these ; occurrence in famine the firsthand witnessing his and Aid Live after Ethiopia to trip 's Bono by inspired lyrics some contain does but piece instrumental an primarily is song The . take single a in recorded was part drum 's Mullen . parts bass unused 's Clayton of some from stemmed but , Edge The by played was , bodhrán the by inspired , song the in riff bass The "" . rhythm in study a "" and "" piece rhythmic @-@ Afro of kind a "" as Edge The by described was and , funk urban in interest 's band the from developed song The . single the of versions CD and , cassette , inch @-@ 12 the on released was "" Time Against Race "" "," "" Race Against Time "" was released on the 12 @-@ inch , cassette , and CD versions of the single . The song developed from the band 's interest in urban funk , and was described by The Edge as "" a kind of Afro @-@ rhythmic piece "" and "" a study in rhythm . "" The bass riff in the song , inspired by the bodhrán , was played by The Edge , but stemmed from some of Clayton 's unused bass parts . Mullen 's drum part was recorded in a single take . The song is primarily an instrumental piece but does contain some lyrics inspired by Bono 's trip to Ethiopia after Live Aid and his witnessing firsthand the famine in occurrence ; these lyrical references include Bono singing in an Ethiopian language and following it with the phrase "" Race against time "" . Bono said of the song , "" It reminds me of the desert . The desert is so empty , but it aches with a strange kind of fullness . "" John Hutchinson of Musician magazine described the song as having an "" African flavour "" and as being reminiscent of Peter Gabriel . The track was used in the Miami Vice episode "" Child 's Play "" , and is the only one of the single 's B @-@ sides that was never played live . " " . 1990 – 1980 of Best The , album compilation first 's band the of disk bonus sides @-@ B edition limited the on included also was version studio The . Tree Joshua The of edition anniversary 20th the of disc bonus the on featured later were versions City Sun the and recording studio the Both . Hum and Rattle , rockumentary and album 1988 's band the on featured was which of performance one , times several Tour Tree Joshua The on live played was "" Gold and Silver "" "" . guitar based @-@ blues in prowess newfound his demonstrating Edge The with and , line bass sinuous a by underpinned , voice confident and husky in Bono with , raw and tough "" as Musician by described was song The . Tour Tree Joshua The of legs second and first the between break a during 1987 May in during Dublin to returned band the while single "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" the for U2 by recorded @-@ re was It . Wood Ronnie and Richards with recorded he which , "" Gold and Silver "" song influenced @-@ blues the write to him inspired This . "" space outer from were "" they if as felt he and , "" tradition no had "" U2 that realised Bono . 1970s @-@ mid the in youth their in rock punk with began knowledge musical 's U2 of most as , genre the with familiarity of lack his by embarrassed was Bono , blues played Jagger and Richards When . Stones Rolling The of Jagger Mick and Richards Keith with time spent and project City Sun apartheid @-@ anti 's Zandt Van Steven in participated Bono , 1985 In . apartheid African South the protested which , project Apartheid Against United Artists the of support in written was "" Gold and Silver "" "," "" Silver and Gold "" was written in support of the Artists United Against Apartheid project , which protested the South African apartheid . In 1985 , Bono participated in Steven Van Zandt 's anti @-@ apartheid Sun City project and spent time with Keith Richards and Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones . When Richards and Jagger played blues , Bono was embarrassed by his lack of familiarity with the genre , as most of U2 's musical knowledge began with punk rock in their youth in the mid @-@ 1970s . Bono realised that U2 "" had no tradition "" , and he felt as if they "" were from outer space "" . This inspired him to write the blues @-@ influenced song "" Silver and Gold "" , which he recorded with Richards and Ronnie Wood . It was re @-@ recorded by U2 for the "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" single while the band returned to Dublin during in May 1987 during a break between the first and second legs of The Joshua Tree Tour . The song was described by Musician as "" tough and raw , with Bono in husky and confident voice , underpinned by a sinuous bass line , and with The Edge demonstrating his newfound prowess in blues @-@ based guitar . "" "" Silver and Gold "" was played live on The Joshua Tree Tour several times , one performance of which was featured on the band 's 1988 album and rockumentary , Rattle and Hum . Both the studio recording and the Sun City versions were later featured on the bonus disc of the 20th anniversary edition of The Joshua Tree . The studio version was also included on the limited edition B @-@ sides bonus disk of the band 's first compilation album , The Best of 1980 – 1990 . " " "" . Tree Joshua The of instead made have might U2 what of indicator an "" is , "" Time Against Race "" with along , track this that stated Stokes Niall editor Press Hot . 1990 – 1980 of Best The for right own its in single a as 1998 in released and alterations lyrical some with recorded @-@ re was It "" . us for new very 's It "" that noting also , "" purity and intimacy real a with produced pop but , existence of out produced not — be should it as pop is which ... song beautiful a "" as it described Edge The . Lennon John of reminiscent as described been have lyrics 's Bono of Some . play to begins band the of rest the before piece piano short a with opens song The . birthday her forgetting for wife his to apology an as Bono by written was "" Thing Sweetest "" "," "" Sweetest Thing "" was written by Bono as an apology to his wife for forgetting her birthday . The song opens with a short piano piece before the rest of the band begins to play . Some of Bono 's lyrics have been described as reminiscent of John Lennon . The Edge described it as "" a beautiful song ... which is pop as it should be — not produced out of existence , but pop produced with a real intimacy and purity "" , also noting that "" It 's very new for us . "" It was re @-@ recorded with some lyrical alterations and released in 1998 as a single in its own right for The Best of 1980 – 1990 . Hot Press editor Niall Stokes stated that this track , along with "" Race Against Time "" , is "" an indicator of what U2 might have made instead of The Joshua Tree . "" " " . "" drums thunder rolling 's Mullen Larry and bass cathedral 's Clayton Adam , guitar quavering 's Evan ) Edge the ( Dave , delivery resolute 's Bono in clear are implications the but , lyrically oblique bit a "" is track the said Post Washington The . "" life for fleeing someone like , charges music the "" , "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" of said Tribune @-@ Union Diego San The . Tree Joshua The of review their in "" rock assertive "" it called Stone Rolling . quest spiritual and personal a on was band the how demonstrated tracks the saying , sentiments these echoed Record Bergen The . "" answers found have to claim who preachers not ; quest a on still pilgrims "" were group the how showed songs these , "" For Looking 'm I What Found 't Haven Still I "" , album the on track subsequent the with along and "" heaven for search a ] e [ fram Edge the from tones like @-@ bell "" the noted Globe Boston The of Morse Steve . "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" praised critics , Tree Joshua The of release the Upon "," Upon the release of The Joshua Tree , critics praised "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" . Steve Morse of The Boston Globe noted the "" bell @-@ like tones from the Edge fram [ e ] a search for heaven "" and along with the subsequent track on the album , "" I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For "" , these songs showed how the group were "" pilgrims still on a quest ; not preachers who claim to have found answers "" . The Bergen Record echoed these sentiments , saying the tracks demonstrated how the band was on a personal and spiritual quest . Rolling Stone called it "" assertive rock "" in their review of The Joshua Tree . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune said of "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" , "" the music charges , like someone fleeing for life "" . The Washington Post said the track is "" a bit oblique lyrically , but the implications are clear in Bono 's resolute delivery , Dave ( the Edge ) Evan 's quavering guitar , Adam Clayton 's cathedral bass and Larry Mullen 's rolling thunder drums "" . " " . "" force tremendous "" its U2 gave what is "" power sonic "" 's band the and vocals his of combination the believed He . "" unshakable material the to commitment his "" and "" grandiose and passionate "" delivery 's Bono called also Huey . "" peak climactic a toward arrangement its of build slow "" the crediting , "" opener @-@ album perfect "" the song the called He . favorite fan a it making for out singled he qualities , "" chorus anthemic and drive rhythmic propulsive , insistent "" its praised , song the of review a in , Huey Steve 's service The . "" opener epic "" an song the called Allmusic of Erlewine Thomas Stephen , Tree Joshua The Reviewing . "" "" ' Minds Simple to riff opening the compared reviewer The . "" spirituality personal for need the agonize lyrics the as , desperation of wail "" a with through cut vocals 's Bono that "" sound of wall "" a builds song the that wrote Rocket The . "" beautiful breathtakingly are seconds ten last "" the that commented review The . "" wood of piece abused endlessly an than more something "" into instrument the transformed which , playing guitar 's Edge The and singing impassioned 's Bono praised publication The . "" furiously spitting by starts "" album the saying by track opening the as song the lauded NME "," NME lauded the song as the opening track by saying the album "" starts by spitting furiously "" . The publication praised Bono 's impassioned singing and The Edge 's guitar playing , which transformed the instrument into "" something more than an endlessly abused piece of wood "" . The review commented that the "" last ten seconds are breathtakingly beautiful "" . The Rocket wrote that the song builds a "" wall of sound "" that Bono 's vocals cut through with a "" wail of desperation , as the lyrics agonize the need for personal spirituality "" . The reviewer compared the opening riff to Simple Minds ' "" "" . Reviewing The Joshua Tree , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic called the song an "" epic opener "" . The service 's Steve Huey , in a review of the song , praised its "" insistent , propulsive rhythmic drive and anthemic chorus "" , qualities he singled out for making it a fan favorite . He called the song the "" perfect album @-@ opener "" , crediting the "" slow build of its arrangement toward a climactic peak "" . Huey also called Bono 's delivery "" passionate and grandiose "" and "" his commitment to the material unshakable "" . He believed the combination of his vocals and the band 's "" sonic power "" is what gave U2 its "" tremendous force "" . " " "" . room the through walks suddenly God like 's It . word every with along singing , feet its on is audience The . changes everything , song that into go we when but , lives our in gig worst the of middle the in be can We "" , it of said Bono . songs live popular most 's group the of one as regarded widely is song The . 2011 of as performances 700 over totaling , headlined has U2 that concert length @-@ full every nearly at played been since has It . Tour Tree Joshua The of night opening the on Arizona , Tempe in 1987 April 2 on debut concert its made "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" "," "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" made its concert debut on 2 April 1987 in Tempe , Arizona on the opening night of The Joshua Tree Tour . It has since been played at nearly every full @-@ length concert that U2 has headlined , totaling over 700 performances as of 2011 . The song is widely regarded as one of the group 's most popular live songs . Bono said of it , "" We can be in the middle of the worst gig in our lives , but when we go into that song , everything changes . The audience is on its feet , singing along with every word . It 's like God suddenly walks through the room . "" " " . concerts 47 the of one at list set the of out left only was "" Streets "" , 1990 of beginning the and 1989 in place took which Tour Lovetown the During . concerts the of 12 except all at played was "" Streets "" , Tour Tree Joshua The during shows 109 the of Out . "" powerful "" and , "" exhilarating "" , "" uplifting "" : called was song the , reviews other In . "" arena the "" , opening 's song the during that noting , "" scary is songs their afforded power the "" where occasion such one is song the that wrote NME "" . inflamed and ecstatic , up was audience this , ] song the [ of strains opening sonic lofty the From "" , that wrote Tribune @-@ Union Diego San The . setting live a in song the to favourably responded critics and Fans . concerts open to used often most was "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" , Tour Tree Joshua The On "," On The Joshua Tree Tour , "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" was most often used to open concerts . Fans and critics responded favourably to the song in a live setting . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune wrote that , "" From the lofty sonic opening strains of [ the song ] , this audience was up , ecstatic and inflamed . "" NME wrote that the song is one such occasion where "" the power afforded their songs is scary "" , noting that during the song 's opening , "" the arena "" . In other reviews , the song was called : "" uplifting "" , "" exhilarating "" , and "" powerful "" . Out of the 109 shows during The Joshua Tree Tour , "" Streets "" was played at all except 12 of the concerts . During the Lovetown Tour which took place in 1989 and the beginning of 1990 , "" Streets "" was only left out of the set list at one of the 47 concerts . " " . hits greatest of sequence a in inclusion 's song the praised critics , reviews newspaper local other two In . "" arena the for made music playing , mode rock epic into slipping , at best 're they what do U2 as , euphoria instant induces "" song the said Independent The : setlist 's group the in song the welcomed Critics . cover ' Boys Shop Pet the in used style vocal deadpan the adopting occasionally by this parodied Bono . ) "" ) You off Eyes My Take 't Can I ( Name No Have Streets the Where "" titled ( song the of cover synthpop ' Boys Shop Pet the to resemblance a bore that arrangement music dance electronic more a had song the of performances TV Zoo the of Some . Tour ° 360 U2 the of legs 2011 and 2010 the on performances during return a make would video This . screens video the on self younger his acknowledged often Bono and — "" quality Chaplin Charlie , silly "" a it giving as effect the described NME — effect humorous for up speeded was video The . shoot photo 's Tree Joshua The from desert the in group the of footage by accompanied were song the of performances these of Some . straight , "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" including , classics playing to reverted group the , set main the of end the for but , characters of variety a as performed Bono that spectacles multimedia elaborate were tour this from Concerts . Tour TV Zoo 1993 – 1992 the on show every at performed was song The "," The song was performed at every show on the 1992 – 1993 Zoo TV Tour . Concerts from this tour were elaborate multimedia spectacles that Bono performed as a variety of characters , but for the end of the main set , the group reverted to playing classics , including "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" , straight . Some of these performances of the song were accompanied by footage of the group in the desert from The Joshua Tree 's photo shoot . The video was speeded up for humorous effect — NME described the effect as giving it a "" silly , Charlie Chaplin quality "" — and Bono often acknowledged his younger self on the video screens . This video would make a return during performances on the 2010 and 2011 legs of the U2 360 ° Tour . Some of the Zoo TV performances of the song had a more electronic dance music arrangement that bore a resemblance to the Pet Shop Boys ' synthpop cover of the song ( titled "" Where the Streets Have No Name ( I Can 't Take My Eyes off You ) "" ) . Bono parodied this by occasionally adopting the deadpan vocal style used in the Pet Shop Boys ' cover . Critics welcomed the song in the group 's setlist : The Independent said the song "" induces instant euphoria , as U2 do what they 're best at , slipping into epic rock mode , playing music made for the arena "" . In two other local newspaper reviews , critics praised the song 's inclusion in a sequence of greatest hits . " " . "" site landing UFO "" a into stadium the transformed effect the said Press Hot . upwards projected were arch golden 's set the flanking light of beams bright and screen the on shown were doves peace , song the of end the Near . "" monolith horizontal a towards in audience the sucks that tunnel psychedelic , swirling a of heart the into trip style @-@ 2001 , astonishing "" an as described Press Hot that video a displayed screen video massive 's set The . Tour TV Zoo the on played occasionally they arrangement dance electronic the to returned U2 , 1998 – 1997 of Tour PopMart the For "," For the PopMart Tour of 1997 – 1998 , U2 returned to the electronic dance arrangement they occasionally played on the Zoo TV Tour . The set 's massive video screen displayed a video that Hot Press described as an "" astonishing , 2001 @-@ style trip into the heart of a swirling , psychedelic tunnel that sucks the audience in towards a horizontal monolith "" . Near the end of the song , peace doves were shown on the screen and bright beams of light flanking the set 's golden arch were projected upwards . Hot Press said the effect transformed the stadium into a "" UFO landing site "" . " " . "" Shows Halftime Bowl Super 10 Top "" of list 's Illustrated Sports on 1 number ranked later was appearance 's U2 . band the behind banner white large a onto projected victims 11 September the of names the featured performance The . 2002 February 3 on show halftime XXXVI Bowl Super the at song the of performance their during victims 11 / 9 the to tribute paid band The . "" Lights Blinding of City "" song the for inspiration one was experience The . fans many of faces the down streaming tears saw band the , audience the illuminated lights stage the when and , "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" performed band the , attacks the following City York New in show first 's band the During D.C. Washington and City York New in occurred attacks 11 September the , Tour Elevation the of leg third the before Shortly "," Shortly before the third leg of the Elevation Tour , the September 11 attacks occurred in New York City and Washington D.C. During the band 's first show in New York City following the attacks , the band performed "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" , and when the stage lights illuminated the audience , the band saw tears streaming down the faces of many fans . The experience was one inspiration for the song "" City of Blinding Lights "" . The band paid tribute to the 9 / 11 victims during their performance of the song at the Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show on 3 February 2002 . The performance featured the names of the September 11 victims projected onto a large white banner behind the band . U2 's appearance was later ranked number 1 on Sports Illustrated 's list of "" Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime Shows "" . " " . 2011 in Glastonbury headlining while U2 with it playing later , track the of version cover live a for Muse band rock accompanied Edge The , 2010 Festival Glastonbury the At . Festival Film Cannes 2007 the at 3D U2 film concert 's band the of screening preview the at played also was song The "" . time first the for sense making deserts and lands parched about stuff the all , Africa to back coming , later years twenty nearly , was it here And "" , saying , circle full come song the made accompaniment visual this thought He . village Ethiopian an in lyrics the written originally had he that Bono reminded this , night opening 's tour the On . flags African displaying curtains video LED 's stage the by accompanied were which , song the of performance a featured concerts Tour Vertigo the of 131 All . this against argued successfully Clayton and Mullen but , setlists their from song the dropping considered originally group the , Tour Vertigo the For "," For the Vertigo Tour , the group originally considered dropping the song from their setlists , but Mullen and Clayton successfully argued against this . All 131 of the Vertigo Tour concerts featured a performance of the song , which were accompanied by the stage 's LED video curtains displaying African flags . On the tour 's opening night , this reminded Bono that he had originally written the lyrics in an Ethiopian village . He thought this visual accompaniment made the song come full circle , saying , "" And here it was , nearly twenty years later , coming back to Africa , all the stuff about parched lands and deserts making sense for the first time . "" The song was also played at the preview screening of the band 's concert film U2 3D at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival . At the Glastonbury Festival 2010 , The Edge accompanied rock band Muse for a live cover version of the track , later playing it with U2 while headlining Glastonbury in 2011 . " " . set box digital U2 Complete The of part as available only , Tour Lovetown the from performance a contains , Depot Point the from Live , album digital 2004 The . ) Tour ° 360 U2 ( Bowl Rose the at ° 360 U2 and , ) Tour Vertigo ( 3D U2 and Chicago from Live : 2005 Vertigo films concert the in featured were performances later and , Tour Elevation the from performance another featured Ireland , Castle Slane from Live : Home Go U2 album and video concert The . singles "" Storm Electrical "" and "" On Walk "" the on and , Boston from Live : 2001 Elevation film concert the in featured was Tour Elevation the during Boston from recording live A . single "" Please "" U.S. the on later and , EP Live : Please on featured was Tour PopMart the from version second A . City Mexico from Live U2 ! Baby Vista la Hasta and Live TV Zoo , concerts two latter the of releases audio respective the as well as , City Mexico from Live : PopMart and , Sydney from Live : TV Zoo , Hum and Rattle releases video concert the in appear "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" of performances Live "," Live performances of "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" appear in the concert video releases Rattle and Hum , Zoo TV : Live from Sydney , and PopMart : Live from Mexico City , as well as the respective audio releases of the latter two concerts , Zoo TV Live and Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City . A second version from the PopMart Tour was featured on Please : Live EP , and later on the U.S. "" Please "" single . A live recording from Boston during the Elevation Tour was featured in the concert film Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston , and on the "" Walk On "" and "" Electrical Storm "" singles . The concert video and album U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland featured another performance from the Elevation Tour , and later performances were featured in the concert films Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago and U2 3D ( Vertigo Tour ) , and U2 360 ° at the Rose Bowl ( U2 360 ° Tour ) . The 2004 digital album , Live from the Point Depot , contains a performance from the Lovetown Tour , only available as part of The Complete U2 digital box set . " " . Fieldhouse Allen at lineups starting their during song the uses team basketball 's men Jayhawks Kansas The . games home all to prior Stadium Randall Camp at video entrance their for team football Badgers Wisconsin the by used also is song The . Center Bradley Harris BMO the at games home all before video entrance their in song this uses team basketball 's men Eagles Golden Marquette The . games home before Stadium Bank T & M enter they as song the use also Ravens Baltimore The . ice the to take players the when , games home their of each start the at team hockey Canucks Vancouver the by used was introduction 's song The . Awakes Aurora , ensemble wind for piece 2009 his in theme guitar introductory the used Mackey John Composer . retail to performance supported @-@ Soweto the of recording a bring to plans are There . team soccer a forming era apartheid the during prisoners political African South portrays , "" Island Robben "" titled , advertisement The . song the to vocals adding Choir Gospel Soweto African South the with , Cup World FIFA 2010 the for commercials in , songs U2 other among , track the used ESPN network sports American , 2010 In . album the from song popular most the as it ranking , Tree Joshua The from song favourite their as "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" named respondents 800 @,@ 4 of % 29 approximately , U2 @ site fan by poll 2010 a In "" . Time All of Songs Guitar Greatest 100 "" the of list its on 28 number at song the ranked Stone Rolling . history in song greatest @-@ 43rd the track the voted readers 's magazine the , later years Three . "" Ever Songs Best 1001 "" titled edition special a in 459 number at song the ranked Q , year following The . "" ever tune exciting most "" 16th- the "" Name No Have Streets the Where "" named magazine Q , 2002 In "," In 2002 , Q magazine named "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" the 16th- "" most exciting tune ever "" . The following year , Q ranked the song at number 459 in a special edition titled "" 1001 Best Songs Ever "" . Three years later , the magazine 's readers voted the track the 43rd @-@ greatest song in history . Rolling Stone ranked the song at number 28 on its list of the "" 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time . "" In a 2010 poll by fan site @ U2 , approximately 29 % of 4 @,@ 800 respondents named "" Where the Streets Have No Name "" as their favourite song from The Joshua Tree , ranking it as the most popular song from the album . In 2010 , American sports network ESPN used the track , among other U2 songs , in commercials for the 2010 FIFA World Cup , with the South African Soweto Gospel Choir adding vocals to the song . The advertisement , titled "" Robben Island "" , portrays South African political prisoners during the apartheid era forming a soccer team . There are plans to bring a recording of the Soweto @-@ supported performance to retail . Composer John Mackey used the introductory guitar theme in his 2009 piece for wind ensemble , Aurora Awakes . The song 's introduction was used by the Vancouver Canucks hockey team at the start each of their home games , when the players take to the ice . The Baltimore Ravens also use the song as they enter M & T Bank Stadium before home games . The Marquette Golden Eagles men 's basketball team uses this song in their entrance video before all home games at the BMO Harris Bradley Center . The song is also used by the Wisconsin Badgers football team for their entrance video at Camp Randall Stadium prior to all home games . The Kansas Jayhawks men 's basketball team uses the song during their starting lineups at Allen Fieldhouse . " " . ketones vinyl allyl of rearrangements the studying while 1941 in ) 1957 – 1906 ( Nikolaevich Ivan by discovered originally was It . employed substrates and reagents the on depending , variants modern and classical into divided typically is reaction The . of synthesis the for chemistry organic in used reaction chemical a is ) the simply as to referred often ( reaction The "," The reaction ( often referred to as simply the ) is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of . The reaction is typically divided into classical and modern variants , depending on the reagents and substrates employed . It was originally discovered by Ivan Nikolaevich ( 1906 – 1957 ) in 1941 while studying the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones . " " . pathway mechanistic similar a follow they that provided name the under subsumed been have acids Lewis than other promoters and ketones than other substrates involving variants , developed been has reaction the As . ) below Mechanism See ( product the forms which closure ring @-@ 4π cationic a involves mechanism reaction the of step key The . promoter acid or acid Lewis stoichiometric a using ketone a of activation the involves the , described originally As "," As originally described , the involves the activation of a ketone using a stoichiometric Lewis acid or acid promoter . The key step of the reaction mechanism involves a cationic 4π @-@ ring closure which forms the product ( See Mechanism below ) . As the reaction has been developed , variants involving substrates other than ketones and promoters other than Lewis acids have been subsumed under the name provided that they follow a similar mechanistic pathway . " " . published been have reviews several and syntheses total several in used been has reaction The . synthesis total for intermediates synthetic useful as and ) prostaglandins of subclass a and , the , including ( products natural in motifs both as of ubiquity and utility the from stems synthesis organic in tool a as the of success The "," The success of the as a tool in organic synthesis stems from the utility and ubiquity of as both motifs in natural products ( including , the , and a subclass of prostaglandins ) and as useful synthetic intermediates for total synthesis . The reaction has been used in several total syntheses and several reviews have been published . " " . product the produces the of Subsequent . hydrogen @-@ β a lose to reaction elimination an undergoes which cation an generates This . rules Hoffman @-@ Woodward the by dictated as 4π allowed thermally a undergoes which cation a generates catalyst acid the by ketone the of Activation . below outlined is and intramolecular an be to Shoppe by experimentally demonstrated first was reaction classical the of mechanism The "," The mechanism of the classical reaction was first demonstrated experimentally by Shoppe to be an intramolecular and is outlined below . Activation of the ketone by the acid catalyst generates a cation which undergoes a thermally allowed 4π as dictated by the Woodward @-@ Hoffman rules . This generates an cation which undergoes an elimination reaction to lose a β @-@ hydrogen . Subsequent of the produces the product . " " . conformation this enforcing by rate reaction the increase likewise can catalyst the by substituent @-@ α donating electron an of Coordination . strain to due conformer requisite the of population increased an having substrates substituted @-@ α with , rate reaction influences dramatically conformation this enter to system the of propensity The . orientation appropriate an in groups vinyl the placing , conformation trans @-@ s / trans @-@ s the in be must molecule the , transformation this achieve to order In . cation an to closure ring by followed cation the of generation the is particular in a designates what ; known are template this from deviate that variants , above noted As "," As noted above , variants that deviate from this template are known ; what designates a in particular is the generation of the cation followed by ring closure to an cation . In order to achieve this transformation , the molecule must be in the s @-@ trans / s @-@ trans conformation , placing the vinyl groups in an appropriate orientation . The propensity of the system to enter this conformation dramatically influences reaction rate , with α @-@ substituted substrates having an increased population of the requisite conformer due to strain . Coordination of an electron donating α @-@ substituent by the catalyst can likewise increase the reaction rate by enforcing this conformation . " " ) below Interrupted See ( . occurs elimination no that so cation the trap to hydride uses below example The . are most whereas , reaction a of example rare a is the , way this In . configuration initial of regardless trans the yielding , substrates of range wide a on of advance in occur to shown been has isomerization Z @-@ E that severely so conformation trans @-@ s the restricts inward directed substitution @-@ β , Similarly "," Similarly , β @-@ substitution directed inward restricts the s @-@ trans conformation so severely that E @-@ Z isomerization has been shown to occur in advance of on a wide range of substrates , yielding the trans regardless of initial configuration . In this way , the is a rare example of a reaction , whereas most are . The example below uses hydride to trap the cation so that no elimination occurs . ( See Interrupted below ) " " . conformer cis @-@ s the in strain steric of amount large a obviating , hydrogens @-@ β of removal the to due acceleration rate dramatic show Hawaii of University the of Marcus by extensively studied type the of ketones vinyl , vein same this Along "," Along this same vein , vinyl ketones of the type studied extensively by Marcus of the University of Hawaii show dramatic rate acceleration due to the removal of β @-@ hydrogens , obviating a large amount of steric strain in the s @-@ cis conformer . " " . ketone requisite the generate to reaction an involves below shown reaction The . product the to closure ring before ketone a form to situ in olefin the that reasoned correctly . process this of examination major first the marked that ketones vinyl allyl of rearrangements the of study his was it , involvement 's to prior observed been had above template general the following Though "," Though following the general template above had been observed prior to 's involvement , it was his study of the rearrangements of allyl vinyl ketones that marked the first major examination of this process . correctly reasoned that the olefin in situ to form a ketone before ring closure to the product . The reaction shown below involves an reaction to generate the requisite ketone . " " . ketone the generates that isomerization @-@ unusual an via proceed to thought is which of latter the , @-@ Nor and of syntheses the in steps key are below Shown . published were the employing syntheses several when 1980s @-@ mid the in until , years subsequent in quiet relatively was reaction the involving Research "," Research involving the reaction was relatively quiet in subsequent years , until in the mid @-@ 1980s when several syntheses employing the were published . Shown below are key steps in the syntheses of and Nor @-@ , the latter of which is thought to proceed via an unusual @-@ isomerization that generates the ketone . " " . intermediate the of protonation and elimination to relating issues selectivity from stem three last the ; to barriers the of indicative are but , alone mechanism the from evident not are two first The . circumvent to attempt variants modern which drawbacks several from suffers the of version classical The "," The classical version of the suffers from several drawbacks which modern variants attempt to circumvent . The first two are not evident from the mechanism alone , but are indicative of the barriers to ; the last three stem from selectivity issues relating to elimination and protonation of the intermediate . " " . scope substrate the limiting , groups functional sensitive with compatible not are promoters These . ) , BF3 , TiCl4 e.g. ( reaction the for required typically are acids or Lewis Strong "," Strong Lewis or acids are typically required for the reaction ( e.g. TiCl4 , BF3 , ) . These promoters are not compatible with sensitive functional groups , limiting the substrate scope . " " . reaction the of economy atom the limits This . reaction the effect to order in required often are promoter the of equivalents multiple , catalysis for possibility mechanistic the Despite "," Despite the mechanistic possibility for catalysis , multiple equivalents of the promoter are often required in order to effect the reaction . This limits the atom economy of the reaction . " " . required typically is separation arduous as standpoint efficiency an from undesirable highly is This . mixtures as observed often are products various , elimination for available are hydrogens @-@ β multiple if ; not is step elimination The "," The elimination step is not ; if multiple β @-@ hydrogens are available for elimination , various products are often observed as mixtures . This is highly undesirable from an efficiency standpoint as arduous separation is typically required . " " . reaction the of usefulness potential the decreasing , potential a destroys Elimination "," Elimination destroys a potential , decreasing the potential usefulness of the reaction . " " . of mixtures as formed be can products that meaning , not sometimes is the of "," of the is sometimes not , meaning that products can be formed as mixtures of . " " . degrees varying to successful been have These . overall the improving and , step elimination the of the directing , tolerance group functional improve to promoters mild more with reaction the effecting , promoter the in catalytic reaction the rendering : areas key few a on focused has research the , particular In . research academic of area active an be to continue issues its remedying on focused reaction the to modifications , However . form canonical its in reaction the of usefulness the limit above noted shortcomings The "," The shortcomings noted above limit the usefulness of the reaction in its canonical form . However , modifications to the reaction focused on remedying its issues continue to be an active area of academic research . In particular , the research has focused on a few key areas : rendering the reaction catalytic in the promoter , effecting the reaction with more mild promoters to improve functional group tolerance , directing the of the elimination step , and improving the overall . These have been successful to varying degrees . " " . below given are examples key ; field this of examination comprehensive a prevents subject the on literature of volume sheer The . developed been have kinds various of variants enantioselective , Furthermore . ways various in "" intercepted "" cation the having by or fashion unorthodox an in cation the generating by either , reaction the of progress the altering on focused modifications , Additionally "," Additionally , modifications focused on altering the progress of the reaction , either by generating the cation in an unorthodox fashion or by having the cation "" intercepted "" in various ways . Furthermore , enantioselective variants of various kinds have been developed . The sheer volume of literature on the subject prevents a comprehensive examination of this field ; key examples are given below . " " . degrees varying to for selected was isomer cis the , products bicyclic With . reaction the promote to trichloride iron of amounts stoichiometric utilizes and 1980s @-@ mid the in Champaign @-@ Urbana , Illinois of University the of Denmark Scott Professor by extensively most developed was chemistry This . step elimination the of the direct to order in effect silicon @-@ β the of advantage took the of selectivity the improve to efforts earliest The "," The earliest efforts to improve the selectivity of the took advantage of the β @-@ silicon effect in order to direct the of the elimination step . This chemistry was developed most extensively by Professor Scott Denmark of the University of Illinois , Urbana @-@ Champaign in the mid @-@ 1980s and utilizes stoichiometric amounts of iron trichloride to promote the reaction . With bicyclic products , the cis isomer was selected for to varying degrees . " " . ether the to anti alkene silyl the of approach from arises ring formed newly the of stereochemistry resulting the that so , moiety alcohol the of elimination before place takes The . below shown , product natural the of synthesis the in employed subsequently was reaction directed @-@ silicon The "," The silicon @-@ directed reaction was subsequently employed in the synthesis of the natural product , shown below . The takes place before elimination of the alcohol moiety , so that the resulting stereochemistry of the newly formed ring arises from approach of the silyl alkene anti to the ether . " " . equilibration via @-@ α @-@ trans the of formation selective allowing , proton @-@ α the of acidity the increases group withdrawing electron the , addition In . elimination and triflate copper with activation catalytic allows substrate the in vinyl and nucleophile vinyl effective an of Creation . reaction the of selectivity overall the improve to used are groups withdrawing electron and donating electron which in "" polarized "" for paradigm a developed Rochester of University the of Frontier Alison Professor , reaction the of trials various over compiled effects substituent the on Drawing "," Drawing on the substituent effects compiled over various trials of the reaction , Professor Alison Frontier of the University of Rochester developed a paradigm for "" polarized "" in which electron donating and electron withdrawing groups are used to improve the overall selectivity of the reaction . Creation of an effective vinyl nucleophile and vinyl in the substrate allows catalytic activation with copper triflate and elimination . In addition , the electron withdrawing group increases the acidity of the α @-@ proton , allowing selective formation of the trans @-@ α @-@ via equilibration . " " . lower typically is ) . etc , time reaction , yield ( reaction the of efficiency the although , alone group withdrawing or donating a using activation catalytic achieve to possible often is It "," It is often possible to achieve catalytic activation using a donating or withdrawing group alone , although the efficiency of the reaction ( yield , reaction time , etc . ) is typically lower . " " . chloride silver insoluble of precipitation via chloride of loss facilitates salt silver The . of opening ring cationic catalyzed silver the involves example such One . rearrangements of variety a by at arrived is cation requisite the where published examples of number large a been have There . a undergoing of capable is origin its of regardless cation any , extension By "," By extension , any cation regardless of its origin is capable of undergoing a . There have been a large number of examples published where the requisite cation is arrived at by a variety of rearrangements . One such example involves the silver catalyzed cationic ring opening of . The silver salt facilitates loss of chloride via precipitation of insoluble silver chloride . " " . epoxide resultant the of opening ring via cation a generates likewise vinyl a of epoxidation , of synthesis total the In "," In the total synthesis of , epoxidation of a vinyl likewise generates a cation via ring opening of the resultant epoxide . " " . diastereoselectivity complete with step one in core a generates trapping cation successive which in reaction cascade a is below Shown . partners tethered various with cycloadditions cationic undergo also can and nucleophiles carbon and heteroatom with trapped be can cation The . field the covers review his and Alberta of University the of West G. Fredrick by extensively developed been has trapping cation . respectively , electrophiles and nucleophiles various by interrupted be can steps two these , However . by followed elimination is intermediate this for course typical the , above extensively discussed As . formed is cation an , occurred has the Once "," Once the has occurred , an cation is formed . As discussed extensively above , the typical course for this intermediate is elimination followed by . However , these two steps can be interrupted by various nucleophiles and electrophiles , respectively . cation trapping has been developed extensively by Fredrick G. West of the University of Alberta and his review covers the field . The cation can be trapped with heteroatom and carbon nucleophiles and can also undergo cationic cycloadditions with various tethered partners . Shown below is a cascade reaction in which successive cation trapping generates a core in one step with complete diastereoselectivity . " " . group @-@ R the of face opposite the to place takes addition Michael actual the before atom oxygen ester carbonyl the with exchange ligand a in iridium to coordinates first of group nitro the step next the in and the in acid Lewis the as acts it : conversions both for required is catalyst iridium the reaction tandem this In . @-@ β to the of addition conjugate nucleophilic initiate to catalyst iridium an using reaction Michael a with paired is the , study one In . common less decidedly is electrophiles various with trapping "," trapping with various electrophiles is decidedly less common . In one study , the is paired with a Michael reaction using an iridium catalyst to initiate nucleophilic conjugate addition of the to β @-@ . In this tandem reaction the iridium catalyst is required for both conversions : it acts as the Lewis acid in the and in the next step the nitro group of first coordinates to iridium in a ligand exchange with the carbonyl ester oxygen atom before the actual Michael addition takes place to the opposite face of the R @-@ group . " " . below shown as stereochemistry the sets turn in "" rotate "" to groups vinyl the for direction one selecting ; of idea the on based are attempts the of all Almost . the direct extant which in , known also are . catalysts chiral and auxiliaries chiral utilizing developed been have variations several , end that To . reactions of repertoire the to addition desirable a is enantioselective an of development The "," The development of an enantioselective is a desirable addition to the repertoire of reactions . To that end , several variations have been developed utilizing chiral auxiliaries and chiral catalysts . are also known , in which extant direct the . Almost all of the attempts are based on the idea of ; selecting one direction for the vinyl groups to "" rotate "" in turn sets the stereochemistry as shown below . " " ) . the directs auxiliary the that suggests excess enantiomeric of retention the but not is material starting The ( . auxiliary a as acts silicon the way this In . interaction steric unfavorable via it "" towards "" rotating from alkene distant the preventing by the direct to acts group @-@ silyl the , below example the In . way this in diastereoselectivity induced exhibit can directed @-@ Silicon "," Silicon @-@ directed can exhibit induced diastereoselectivity in this way . In the example below , the silyl @-@ group acts to direct the by preventing the distant alkene from rotating "" towards "" it via unfavorable steric interaction . In this way the silicon acts as a auxiliary . ( The starting material is not but the retention of enantiomeric excess suggests that the auxiliary directs the . ) " " . excess enantiomeric % 95 and yield % 64 in chiral a generates below example The . used are if transfer chirality tetrahedral to axial exhibit can substrates 's "," 's substrates can exhibit axial to tetrahedral chirality transfer if are used . The example below generates a chiral in 64 % yield and 95 % enantiomeric excess . " " . solvent as and @-@ 2 @-@ of mixture unusual an employs step key The . of synthesis asymmetric first the in employed was that achiral for auxiliary based @-@ camphor a developed additionally has "," has additionally developed a camphor @-@ based auxiliary for achiral that was employed in the first asymmetric synthesis of . The key step employs an unusual mixture of @-@ 2 @-@ and as solvent . " " . decreased significantly was yield the but complex copper the of % mol 50 of use by unaffected was excess enantiomeric The . ee % 98 to up with complexes ligand ) II ( copper utilized and Aggarwal by reported was asymmetric promoted acid Lewis chiral first The "," The first chiral Lewis acid promoted asymmetric was reported by Aggarwal and utilized copper ( II ) ligand complexes with up to 98 % ee . The enantiomeric excess was unaffected by use of 50 mol % of the copper complex but the yield was significantly decreased . " " . and @-@ homo including , names similar given been have extensions such Other . reaction @-@ iso an as to referred typically is that cationic similar a undergo can ketone unsaturated δ @-@ γ , β @-@ α an , example For . name same the under subsumed also generally are the of Extensions "," Extensions of the are generally also subsumed under the same name . For example , an α @-@ β , γ @-@ δ unsaturated ketone can undergo a similar cationic that is typically referred to as an iso @-@ reaction . Other such extensions have been given similar names , including homo @-@ and . " " . reactions @-@ retro as to referred typically are These . reported been have @-@ β of openings ring several , this from Building . impede severely often donating electron @-@ β , cation the they Because "," Because they the cation , β @-@ electron donating often severely impede . Building from this , several ring openings of β @-@ have been reported . These are typically referred to as retro @-@ reactions . " " . impeding , donation electron by cation the of stabilization @-@ over relative the from stems difficulty The . scope narrow or , yields poor , poor from suffer to tend these Even . literature the in reactions @-@ imino @-@ iso several and , ) below shown ( reported @-@ imino generalized a of example one is there ; instances few have ) reactions @-@ imino as known ( reaction the of analogues Nitrogen "," Nitrogen analogues of the reaction ( known as imino @-@ reactions ) have few instances ; there is one example of a generalized imino @-@ reported ( shown below ) , and several iso @-@ imino @-@ reactions in the literature . Even these tend to suffer from poor , poor yields , or narrow scope . The difficulty stems from the relative over @-@ stabilization of the cation by electron donation , impeding . " " . Farrell and Aniston , Spacey by portrayed , bosses abusive , overbearing respective their murder to decide who , Sudeikis and , Day , Bateman by played , friends three follows plot The . Foxx Jamie and , Spacey Kevin , Farrell Colin , Aniston Jennifer , Sudeikis Jason , Day Charlie , Bateman Jason stars It . Markowitz by story a on based , Goldstein Jonathan and Daley Francis John , Markowitz Michael by written , Gordon Seth by directed film comedy black American 2011 a is Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses is a 2011 American black comedy film directed by Seth Gordon , written by Michael Markowitz , John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein , based on a story by Markowitz . It stars Jason Bateman , Charlie Day , Jason Sudeikis , Jennifer Aniston , Colin Farrell , Kevin Spacey , and Jamie Foxx . The plot follows three friends , played by Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis , who decide to murder their respective overbearing , abusive bosses , portrayed by Spacey , Aniston and Farrell . " " . production into went finally film the and , script the rewritten had Daley and Goldstein , 2010 By . roles different to attached actors of variety a with , production @-@ pre of states various in years six spent film the and 2005 in Cinema Line New by bought was script 's Markowitz "," Markowitz 's script was bought by New Line Cinema in 2005 and the film spent six years in various states of pre @-@ production , with a variety of actors attached to different roles . By 2010 , Goldstein and Daley had rewritten the script , and the film finally went into production . " " . run theatrical its during worldwide million 209 $ over grossed film The . 1990 in Roses the of War The by set previously record the breaking , dollars unadjusted in time all of film comedy black grossing @-@ highest the become to on going and , weekend opening its during States United the in film two number the it making , days three first the in million 28 $ over accruing , expectations financial exceeded film The . 2011 , 8 July on release wide a received and , 2011 , 30 June on Angeles Los in premiered film The "," The film premiered in Los Angeles on June 30 , 2011 , and received a wide release on July 8 , 2011 . The film exceeded financial expectations , accruing over $ 28 million in the first three days , making it the number two film in the United States during its opening weekend , and going on to become the highest @-@ grossing black comedy film of all time in unadjusted dollars , breaking the record previously set by The War of the Roses in 1990 . The film grossed over $ 209 million worldwide during its theatrical run . " " . 2014 , 26 November on released was , 2 Bosses Horrible , sequel A . misogynistic and , homophobic , racist were jokes the felt others while , well explored was premise humorous , dark its that felt reviewers some ; response mixed more a received plot The . reviews across performances their for out singled being lead each with , cast ensemble the praising critics several with , reception critical positive to opened film The "," The film opened to positive critical reception , with several critics praising the ensemble cast , with each lead being singled out for their performances across reviews . The plot received a more mixed response ; some reviewers felt that its dark , humorous premise was explored well , while others felt the jokes were racist , homophobic , and misogynistic . A sequel , Horrible Bosses 2 , was released on November 26 , 2014 . " " . company the of future the threaten incompetence and apathy whose , ) Farrell ( Bobby son addicted @-@ cocaine 's Jack by over taken is company the , attack heart a of dies unexpectedly Jack after but , company chemical a at ) Sutherland Donald ( Jack for working enjoys ) Sudeikis ( Buckman Kurt friend accountant 's Dale and Nick . her with sex has actually he unless her with sex had he that ) Sloane Lindsay ( Stacy fiancee his tell to threatens she ; ) Aniston ( Harris Julia Dr. , boss his by harassed sexually being assistant dental a is Dale . himself to it award to only , months for Nick for promotion a of possibility the implies who , ) Spacey ( David sadistic the for firm financial a at works Nick . bosses their despise who friends are ) Day ( Arbus Dale and ) Bateman ( Hendricks Nick "," Nick Hendricks ( Bateman ) and Dale Arbus ( Day ) are friends who despise their bosses . Nick works at a financial firm for the sadistic David ( Spacey ) , who implies the possibility of a promotion for Nick for months , only to award it to himself . Dale is a dental assistant being sexually harassed by his boss , Dr. Julia Harris ( Aniston ) ; she threatens to tell his fiancee Stacy ( Lindsay Sloane ) that he had sex with her unless he actually has sex with her . Nick and Dale 's accountant friend Kurt Buckman ( Sudeikis ) enjoys working for Jack ( Donald Sutherland ) at a chemical company , but after Jack unexpectedly dies of a heart attack , the company is taken over by Jack 's cocaine @-@ addicted son Bobby ( Farrell ) , whose apathy and incompetence threaten the future of the company . " " . accidents like look deaths the making while motive their hide to bosses 's other each kill Nick and Kurt , Dale that suggests Jones . "" consultant murder "" their be to agrees who con @-@ ex an , ) Foxx ( Jones "" "" Dean meet trio the , hitman a of search In . employers their kill to agree eventually they , hesitant Initially . around longer no were bosses their if happier be would lives their that suggests jokingly Kurt , drinks over , night At "," At night , over drinks , Kurt jokingly suggests that their lives would be happier if their bosses were no longer around . Initially hesitant , they eventually agree to kill their employers . In search of a hitman , the trio meet Dean "" "" Jones ( Foxx ) , an ex @-@ con who agrees to be their "" murder consultant "" . Jones suggests that Dale , Kurt and Nick kill each other 's bosses to hide their motive while making the deaths look like accidents . " " . witness secret a as Nick with , Bobby kills and over drives He . affair an having is ) Bowen Julie ( Rhonda wife his suspecting , address his find to it uses and bedroom his in cellphone 's Bobby discovers . to wanting them of neither despite , murders the commit to , respectively , houses 's and 's Bobby outside wait reluctantly Dale and Nick . him with sex has and seduces she but , home 's Julia watches Kurt , night next The . bedroom 's in phone 's Bobby dropping accidentally Kurt with , flee and death to stabbing is Dale think Kurt and Nick . EpiPen an with him stabbing by saves Dale . litter the on butter peanut the from attack allergy an has then but , littering for Dale confronts and home returns . car the in waits Dale while inside go Nick and Kurt where , house 's to go next They . phone 's Bobby steals Kurt and , house 's Bobby reconnoiter three The "," The three reconnoiter Bobby 's house , and Kurt steals Bobby 's phone . They next go to 's house , where Kurt and Nick go inside while Dale waits in the car . returns home and confronts Dale for littering , but then has an allergy attack from the peanut butter on the litter . Dale saves by stabbing him with an EpiPen . Nick and Kurt think Dale is stabbing to death and flee , with Kurt accidentally dropping Bobby 's phone in 's bedroom . The next night , Kurt watches Julia 's home , but she seduces and has sex with him . Nick and Dale reluctantly wait outside Bobby 's and 's houses , respectively , to commit the murders , despite neither of them wanting to . discovers Bobby 's cellphone in his bedroom and uses it to find his address , suspecting his wife Rhonda ( Julie Bowen ) is having an affair . He drives over and kills Bobby , with Nick as a secret witness . " " . witness the of rid get to him kill to attempting and Bobby murdering for them frame to plan his about boasts he as leg the in himself shoots . gunpoint at them hold and catch to allowing , car 's Kurt disables remotely operator system @-@ navigation 's car the , crime a committed have they Believing . vehicle their rams repeatedly and chase gives but , car by flee They . him blackmail to attempting for three all kill to threatens . Rhonda with sex having elsewhere is , recorder audio the has who , Kurt that realizing before murder the to confess to get Dale and Nick where , party birthday surprise 's crash accidentally three The . it tape secretly and confess to get they that suggests Jones . Cedars on Falling Snow film the bootlegging for imprisoned been having , anyone killed actually never he that learn but , again Jones with consult trio The . free go trio the let to forced are police the , evidence Lacking . murder 's Bobby in suspects them makes footage camera the believe who , police the by arrested are They . plan their with continuing about reservations their discuss to meet trio The . camera traffic a off setting , speed high at flees Nick "," Nick flees at high speed , setting off a traffic camera . The trio meet to discuss their reservations about continuing with their plan . They are arrested by the police , who believe the camera footage makes them suspects in Bobby 's murder . Lacking evidence , the police are forced to let the trio go free . The trio consult with Jones again , but learn that he never actually killed anyone , having been imprisoned for bootlegging the film Snow Falling on Cedars . Jones suggests that they get to confess and secretly tape it . The three accidentally crash 's surprise birthday party , where Nick and Dale get to confess to the murder before realizing that Kurt , who has the audio recorder , is elsewhere having sex with Rhonda . threatens to kill all three for attempting to blackmail him . They flee by car , but gives chase and repeatedly rams their vehicle . Believing they have committed a crime , the car 's navigation @-@ system operator remotely disables Kurt 's car , allowing to catch and hold them at gunpoint . shoots himself in the leg as he boasts about his plan to frame them for murdering Bobby and attempting to kill him to get rid of the witness . " " . act the records secretly Jones while , patient unconscious supposedly a harass sexually to her convincing by harassment her ending into Julia blackmails Dale and , boss new a under job his retains Kurt , CEO sadistic a under company the of president to promoted is Nick . waived charges their get friends the while , prison in life to years 25 to sentenced is . murdered he confessing has that tape the plays Gregory . assurance quality for conversations all record to policy companies his is it that reveals , Gregory , operator system @-@ navigation the but , Kurt and Dale , Nick arrest police The "," The police arrest Nick , Dale and Kurt , but the navigation @-@ system operator , Gregory , reveals that it is his companies policy to record all conversations for quality assurance . Gregory plays the tape that has confessing he murdered . is sentenced to 25 years to life in prison , while the friends get their charges waived . Nick is promoted to president of the company under a sadistic CEO , Kurt retains his job under a new boss , and Dale blackmails Julia into ending her harassment by convincing her to sexually harass a supposedly unconscious patient , while Jones secretly records the act . " " Hendricks Nick as Bateman Jason "," Jason Bateman as Nick Hendricks " " . Bateman for specifically role the wrote Markowitz . him give to intended never boss his that promotion a get to order in hoops through jumping into manipulated is who firm financial a at executive An "," An executive at a financial firm who is manipulated into jumping through hoops in order to get a promotion that his boss never intended to give him . Markowitz wrote the role specifically for Bateman . " " Arbus Dale as Day Charlie "," Charlie Day as Dale Arbus " " . stars main the overshadowed performance his believed insiders industry that reported Reuters — Distance the Going film 2010 the in Sudeikis with performance starring @-@ co his following role the for considered was Day . production lengthy the in points different two at role the for talks in was Kutcher Ashton . fiancée his with love in "" romantic hopeless "" a as Described . boss his by harassed sexually is who assistant dental A "," A dental assistant who is sexually harassed by his boss . Described as a "" hopeless romantic "" in love with his fiancée . Ashton Kutcher was in talks for the role at two different points in the lengthy production . Day was considered for the role following his co @-@ starring performance with Sudeikis in the 2010 film Going the Distance — Reuters reported that industry insiders believed his performance overshadowed the main stars . " " Buckman Kurt as Sudeikis Jason "," Jason Sudeikis as Kurt Buckman " " . 2010 May in cast was Sudeikis . dies boss former beloved his after boss addicted @-@ drug , new a with dealing company chemical a at manager account An "," An account manager at a chemical company dealing with a new , drug @-@ addicted boss after his beloved former boss dies . Sudeikis was cast in May 2010 . " " , Harris Julia Dr. as Aniston Jennifer "," Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris , " " . played had she characters other from different look to wanting , role the for wig brown a wearing on insisted actress The ” . Aniston Jennifer with go s ’ let , movie the of sake the for decided I So . cobweb a with flirting like was It . Vil de Cruella like more looked ] boss aforementioned the [ but "" , stated He . Aniston to go to role the for intended Markowitz , script the writing When . "" everybody with aggressive sexually very "" was she claiming , boss former a on character the based Markowitz "," Markowitz based the character on a former boss , claiming she was "" very sexually aggressive with everybody "" . When writing the script , Markowitz intended for the role to go to Aniston . He stated , "" but [ the aforementioned boss ] looked more like Cruella de Vil . It was like flirting with a cobweb . So I decided for the sake of the movie , let ’ s go with Jennifer Aniston . ” The actress insisted on wearing a brown wig for the role , wanting to look different from other characters she had played . " " Bobby as Farrell Colin "," Colin Farrell as Bobby " " . dragons Chinese for affinity an and belly @-@ pot , hairstyle over comb the suggesting , character his of appearance the to significantly contributed Farrell "" . possible as up screwed pathologically as act to license complete me gave Seth , With . things other of kinds all and , Kurt with had father his relationship the over envy with riddled being and father his to disappointment a being of sense deeper a masking probably is which , esteem @-@ self of sense grandiose his of part all 's It . everything to , scene club the to , humor to , intellect to gift 's God , women to gift 's God 's he thinks guy This "" stating , character the to gave he motivation the explained Farrell "" . doing 's he what idea no has clearly but things of charge in 's who jerk incompetent and corrupt "" a and "" scion "" a as Described "," Described as a "" scion "" and a "" corrupt and incompetent jerk who 's in charge of things but clearly has no idea what he 's doing . "" Farrell explained the motivation he gave to the character , stating "" This guy thinks he 's God 's gift to women , God 's gift to intellect , to humor , to the club scene , to everything . It 's all part of his grandiose sense of self @-@ esteem , which is probably masking a deeper sense of being a disappointment to his father and being riddled with envy over the relationship his father had with Kurt , and all kinds of other things . With , Seth gave me complete license to act as pathologically screwed up as possible . "" Farrell contributed significantly to the appearance of his character , suggesting the comb over hairstyle , pot @-@ belly and an affinity for Chinese dragons . " " David as Spacey Kevin "," Kevin Spacey as David " " . sued being avoid to ) person single one than rather ( bosses real several of amalgamation an was character the that commented Gordon . film the to "" integral "" considered was part The . 2010 June in role the for up signed Spacey . wife attractive an with manipulator master psychopathic a as described , role the take to Cinema Line New by approached been had Bridges Jeff and Hoffman Seymour Philip , Cruise Tom . Industries of President "," President of Industries . Tom Cruise , Philip Seymour Hoffman and Jeff Bridges had been approached by New Line Cinema to take the role , described as a psychopathic master manipulator with an attractive wife . Spacey signed up for the role in June 2010 . The part was considered "" integral "" to the film . Gordon commented that the character was an amalgamation of several real bosses ( rather than one single person ) to avoid being sued . " " Jones "" "" Dean as Foxx Jamie "," Jamie Foxx as Dean "" "" Jones " " "" . in went he when hot were thought he clothes the to back right went he out got he When . capsule time own his in living 's he now and minute a for jail to went maybe who guy a "" as appearance the described Foxx . style clothing retro a and tattoos scalp @-@ full suggesting , appearance 's character his to contributed Foxx . film the of release the to prior , change further to subject be to said was name current The . "" line the over was "" it felt Foxx that commenting Stern Jay producer with , request 's Foxx at changed was it but , "" Jones "" name "" colorful "" more the had character The "," The character had the more "" colorful "" name "" Jones "" , but it was changed at Foxx 's request , with producer Jay Stern commenting that Foxx felt it "" was over the line "" . The current name was said to be subject to further change , prior to the release of the film . Foxx contributed to his character 's appearance , suggesting full @-@ scalp tattoos and a retro clothing style . Foxx described the appearance as "" a guy who maybe went to jail for a minute and now he 's living in his own time capsule . When he got out he went right back to the clothes he thought were hot when he went in . "" " " . Knoxville Johnny and , Shepard Dax , Reynolds Ryan , McConaughey Matthew , Vaughn Vince , Wilson Owen including , star to negotiations in were actors several , film the of development year @-@ six the During "," During the six @-@ year development of the film , several actors were in negotiations to star , including Owen Wilson , Vince Vaughn , Matthew McConaughey , Ryan Reynolds , Dax Shepard , and Johnny Knoxville . " " . Carter worker @-@ co 's Nick as cameos , film the on screenwriter a , Daley Francis John . Sherman Louis CEO sadistic as cameo a makes Newhart Bob . cops of pair a play White Ron and Pierce Wendell while , drinks for scrounging now , manager investment former a , Sommerfeld Kenny plays Byrne J. P. . Stacy fiancee 's Dale as appears Sloane Lindsay . hitman a as hired erroneously prostitute male a as cameo a has Gruffudd Ioan . jealous husband her making intentionally as described character the , "" a be not may or may "" character her that stated Bowen . wife 's , Rhonda as film the in appears Bowen Julie . Wilkens Officer as appears He . "" role smaller a 's It "" saying as quoted was Mustafa . cast the joining as confirmed was Mustafa Isaiah , 2010 , 27 July On . boss 's Kurt and father 's Bobby , Jack portrays Sutherland Donald "," Donald Sutherland portrays Jack , Bobby 's father and Kurt 's boss . On July 27 , 2010 , Isaiah Mustafa was confirmed as joining the cast . Mustafa was quoted as saying "" It 's a smaller role "" . He appears as Officer Wilkens . Julie Bowen appears in the film as Rhonda , 's wife . Bowen stated that her character "" may or may not be a "" , the character described as intentionally making her husband jealous . Ioan Gruffudd has a cameo as a male prostitute erroneously hired as a hitman . Lindsay Sloane appears as Dale 's fiancee Stacy . P. J. Byrne plays Kenny Sommerfeld , a former investment manager , now scrounging for drinks , while Wendell Pierce and Ron White play a pair of cops . Bob Newhart makes a cameo as sadistic CEO Louis Sherman . John Francis Daley , a screenwriter on the film , cameos as Nick 's co @-@ worker Carter . " " . directing Gordon Seth with production into went project the and , 2010 in script the rewrote Daley Francis John and Goldstein Jonathan . direct to talks in were Dobkin David and Oz Frank . Heist Tower comedy the directing with occupied became but , directing in interested was initially Ratner . amount figure @-@ six a for 2005 in Entertainment Rat company production 's Ratner by Cinema Line New to auction at sold was Bosses Horrible for script 's Markowitz "," Markowitz 's script for Horrible Bosses was sold at auction to New Line Cinema by Ratner 's production company Rat Entertainment in 2005 for a six @-@ figure amount . Ratner initially was interested in directing , but became occupied with directing the comedy Tower Heist . Frank Oz and David Dobkin were in talks to direct . Jonathan Goldstein and John Francis Daley rewrote the script in 2010 , and the project went into production with Seth Gordon directing . " " . "" wife trophy "" his with him of portrait oversized intentionally an including , "" show for "" and decorated lavishly more but office the as "" warmth in lacking equally "" as described was home 's . office his of palette color "" blue and grey cold "" surrounding the of that to suit 's match to Pascale Jan decorator set and Frankel with worked Ramsey Carol designer Costume . office an to aspiring and cubicle a in position ranking @-@ low a from starting of experience the represent visually to layouts office their of architecture the about learn to companies management and strategists financial with met team design The "" . office corner his from boss the by monitored is movement every where room the of center the in clustered employees level @-@ lower of anxiety and discomfort the enhance "" to designed was which , bullpen "" "" the is workplace 's and Nick . offices and homes ' bosses respective their and employees three the for environments different distinctly create to out set specifically Frankel Shepherd designer Production "," Production designer Shepherd Frankel specifically set out to create distinctly different environments for the three employees and their respective bosses ' homes and offices . Nick and 's workplace is the "" "" bullpen , which was designed to "" enhance the discomfort and anxiety of lower @-@ level employees clustered in the center of the room where every movement is monitored by the boss from his corner office . "" The design team met with financial strategists and management companies to learn about the architecture of their office layouts to visually represent the experience of starting from a low @-@ ranking position in a cubicle and aspiring to an office . Costume designer Carol Ramsey worked with Frankel and set decorator Jan Pascale to match 's suit to that of the surrounding "" cold grey and blue "" color palette of his office . 's home was described as "" equally lacking in warmth "" as the office but more lavishly decorated and "" for show "" , including an intentionally oversized portrait of him with his "" trophy wife "" . " " "" . work at with away get 't couldn she show of kind the on put to opportunity the her afford which "" street public a onto face which windows wide for allowed design the , home 's character the approaching Similarly "" ' . Doom of Temple the 's It ' , think you and locks door the , close blinds The . office private her into step you till disarming very all — lighting subtle and artwork sumptuous , tones and wallpaper rich with , designed highly 's It "" . "" on going 's what knows always she so rooms other into views and apertures with , environment controlled completely a 's it so , mouse @-@ and @-@ cat play to likes who , game her of top the at professional A Type a 's She "" , stating , mentality 's Julia through design the approached Frankel . office dental a into "" vibe sensual "" a infusing , "" challenge "" a as described was office 's Julia Designing "," Designing Julia 's office was described as a "" challenge "" , infusing a "" sensual vibe "" into a dental office . Frankel approached the design through Julia 's mentality , stating , "" She 's a Type A professional at the top of her game , who likes to play cat @-@ and @-@ mouse , so it 's a completely controlled environment , with apertures and views into other rooms so she always knows what 's going on "" . "" It 's highly designed , with rich wallpaper and tones , sumptuous artwork and subtle lighting — all very disarming till you step into her private office . The blinds close , the door locks and you think , ' It 's the Temple of Doom . ' "" Similarly approaching the character 's home , the design allowed for wide windows which face onto a public street "" which afford her the opportunity to put on the kind of show she couldn 't get away with at work . "" " " . "" prowess of delusions his "" and arts martial with "" infatuation "" his and character the of interpretation 's Gordon and Farrell by provided were design house the of parts Some "" . table massage a and mirrors of lots , dojo makeshift a , vibe 54 Studio 80s ' an with motifs Asian and Egyptian mostly , erotic and exotic finds he anything of mishmash a features It "" , continued Frankel "" . appetites hedonistic his and himself to shrine shameless a is home ] 's Bobby [ whereas , touch human ] 's Jack [ reflects company the "" as contrast the described Frankel . area work the to new being character the , contrast more with designed were environments 's Bobby "," Bobby 's environments were designed with more contrast , the character being new to the work area . Frankel described the contrast as "" the company reflects [ Jack 's ] human touch , whereas [ Bobby 's ] home is a shameless shrine to himself and his hedonistic appetites . "" Frankel continued , "" It features a mishmash of anything he finds exotic and erotic , mostly Egyptian and Asian motifs with an ' 80s Studio 54 vibe , a makeshift dojo , lots of mirrors and a massage table . "" Some parts of the house design were provided by Farrell and Gordon 's interpretation of the character and his "" infatuation "" with martial arts and "" his delusions of prowess "" . " " . Angeles Los downtown in staged was Jones with meet they where scene bar the while , Kurt and , Dale , Nick by frequented bar a as used was , Angeles Los , Hills Woodland in 's Friday T.G.I. A . character 's Sutherland of scene final the for setting a provide and exterior warehouse the of visuals for allow to doorways new creating and walls concrete into windows cutting including , overhauls of series extensive an required warehouse the , imagery surrounding the of advantage take To . facility storage and cleaning water unoccupied an surrounding , Springs Fe Santa in "" containers and pipes of landscape perfect "" a found team production the , "" Chemical "" For . floor vacant a on set the building crew the with , California , Torrance in building office an by represented was "" "" "" . boss horrible a by stopped getting but dream American the pursue to trying are people where "" America in anywhere place taking be could it if as appear to film the for aiming , "" TV on and movies in times hundred a seen already 't haven people that "" locations find to attempted team production The . Angeles Los around and in place took Bosses Horrible of Filming "," Filming of Horrible Bosses took place in and around Los Angeles . The production team attempted to find locations "" that people haven 't already seen a hundred times in movies and on TV "" , aiming for the film to appear as if it could be taking place anywhere in America "" where people are trying to pursue the American dream but getting stopped by a horrible boss . "" "" "" was represented by an office building in Torrance , California , with the crew building the set on a vacant floor . For "" Chemical "" , the production team found a "" perfect landscape of pipes and containers "" in Santa Fe Springs , surrounding an unoccupied water cleaning and storage facility . To take advantage of the surrounding imagery , the warehouse required an extensive series of overhauls , including cutting windows into concrete walls and creating new doorways to allow for visuals of the warehouse exterior and provide a setting for the final scene of Sutherland 's character . A T.G.I. Friday 's in Woodland Hills , Los Angeles , was used as a bar frequented by Nick , Dale , and Kurt , while the bar scene where they meet with Jones was staged in downtown Los Angeles . " " . ” do to needed I that much t ’ wasn there that choreographed beautifully so just was dialogue My "" , stating , stars @-@ co her as much as offer the of advantage taken have not to claimed Aniston though , improvise to actors the encouraged Gordon . camera Genesis Panavision the using digitally shot was film The "," The film was shot digitally using the Panavision Genesis camera . Gordon encouraged the actors to improvise , though Aniston claimed to not have taken advantage of the offer as much as her co @-@ stars , stating , "" My dialogue was just so beautifully choreographed that there wasn ’ t much that I needed to do ” . " " . turntables on DJ and drums on , bass on Lessard and Chaney , guitar on and McCready , keyboard on Mark by provided were contributions Major . music the develop to DJ and Davey , Chaney Chris , Victor , Kaplan Aaron , David , Chamberlain Matt musicians with worked Mark and , Lessard , McCready . Boys Beastie the with collaborator a — Mark Money and Band Matthews Dave of Lessard Stefan , Jam Pearl of McCready Mike by contributed music with , Lennertz Christopher composer winning @-@ award by composed was soundtrack The "," The soundtrack was composed by award @-@ winning composer Christopher Lennertz , with music contributed by Mike McCready of Pearl Jam , Stefan Lessard of Dave Matthews Band and Money Mark — a collaborator with the Beastie Boys . McCready , Lessard , and Mark worked with musicians Matt Chamberlain , David , Aaron Kaplan , Victor , Chris Chaney , Davey and DJ to develop the music . Major contributions were provided by Mark on keyboard , McCready and on guitar , Chaney and Lessard on bass , on drums and DJ on turntables . " " "" . process the in blast a had everyone , all of most and ... it did we think I . itself movie the as attitude of full and irreverent as is that score a produce to wanted I and ] Gordon [ Seth , day the of end the At . ’ At 's It Where ‘ classic 's Beck on played Mark Money that Wurlitzer same the used even We . perfection than rather feel on based choice every made and , sound fat that get to Tools Pro before tape through tracked We "" , continued Lennertz "" . transpire that situations the in humor the elevate and emphasize really to Day Charlie and , Sudeikis , Bateman against play would music the of confidence and toughness the then , score the in magic sonic this of some harness could we if that knew I . swagger and bravado of full and , noisy , brash 's It . way any in digital and shiny or produced @-@ over 't isn It . album an make would they that way same the together score the record would that band a together put to was idea The "" , explained He . record vinyl a from emanating was it if as sound to cue musical each intending , tape analog inch @-@ two on tracks the recording instead , digitally recording against decided he , aim this achieve To . killer calculated to worker average from progression ' characters the to "" authentic "" remain to attempted Lennertz . Records Capitol and Angeles Los West in studio recording Village The at soundtrack the recorded Lennertz "," Lennertz recorded the soundtrack at The Village recording studio in West Los Angeles and Capitol Records . Lennertz attempted to remain "" authentic "" to the characters ' progression from average worker to calculated killer . To achieve this aim , he decided against recording digitally , instead recording the tracks on two @-@ inch analog tape , intending each musical cue to sound as if it was emanating from a vinyl record . He explained , "" The idea was to put together a band that would record the score together the same way that they would make an album . It isn 't over @-@ produced or shiny and digital in any way . It 's brash , noisy , and full of bravado and swagger . I knew that if we could harness some of this sonic magic in the score , then the toughness and confidence of the music would play against Bateman , Sudeikis , and Charlie Day to really emphasize and elevate the humor in the situations that transpire . "" Lennertz continued , "" We tracked through tape before Pro Tools to get that fat sound , and made every choice based on feel rather than perfection . We even used the same Wurlitzer that Money Mark played on Beck 's classic ‘ Where It 's At ’ . At the end of the day , Seth [ Gordon ] and I wanted to produce a score that is as irreverent and full of attitude as the movie itself . I think we did it ... and most of all , everyone had a blast in the process . "" " " . minutes 63 of runtime a with tracks 33 of consists soundtrack The . Music WaterTower by , 2011 , 5 July on formats digital and physical in released was Soundtrack Picture Motion Original The : Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released in physical and digital formats on July 5 , 2011 , by WaterTower Music . The soundtrack consists of 33 tracks with a runtime of 63 minutes . " " . California , Hollywood in Theatre Chinese 's Grauman at 2011 , 30 June on place took Bosses Horrible of premiere world The "," The world premiere of Horrible Bosses took place on June 30 , 2011 at Grauman 's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood , California . " " . million 35 $ of budget its against , million 6 @.@ 209 $ of gross worldwide a for territories other in ) % 9 @.@ 43 ( million 2 @.@ 92 $ and America North the in ) % 1 @.@ 56 ( million 5 @.@ 117 $ grossed Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses grossed $ 117 @.@ 5 million ( 56 @.@ 1 % ) in the North America and $ 92 @.@ 2 million ( 43 @.@ 9 % ) in other territories for a worldwide gross of $ 209 @.@ 6 million , against its budget of $ 35 million . " " America North "," North America " " . dollars unadjusted in film comedy black / dark grossing highest the become to ) $ ( Roses the of War The surpassed Bosses Horrible , days 20 after $ with , 2011 , 28 July On . days 17 in $ of gross a for $ in take to , weekend previous the from theaters thirty leaving and % 33 dropping , week third its during films five top the in remained It . weekend the for third ranked film The . days ten in $ of gross total a for $ taking , % 38 "" respectable "" a by dropped revenue office Box . 134 @,@ 3 of total a for , added theaters 94 further a saw ) July 17 – 15 ( weekend second The . age of years 25 over were audience the of % 64 and , male % 51 was audience weekend opening The . ) $ ( Wives Stepford The 2004 the overtaking , film comedy black / dark a for ever weekend opening grossing @-@ highest the and , ) $ ( Teacher Bad behind again , comedy rated @-@ R original an for weekend opening grossing @-@ highest second the , ) $ ( Moon the of Dark : Transformers behind , weekend the for film two number the it making , theater per 310 @,@ 9 $ of average an , 165 @,@ 302 @,@ 28 $ of total a in took film the , weekend opening the For . ) $ ( Teacher Bad behind , summer the of comedy rated @-@ R original an for gross opening largest second the it giving , day first the on $ grossed It . theaters 040 @,@ 3 across Canada and States United the in 2011 , 8 July on released was Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses was released on July 8 , 2011 in the United States and Canada across 3 @,@ 040 theaters . It grossed $ on the first day , giving it the second largest opening gross for an original R @-@ rated comedy of the summer , behind Bad Teacher ( $ ) . For the opening weekend , the film took in a total of $ 28 @,@ 302 @,@ 165 , an average of $ 9 @,@ 310 per theater , making it the number two film for the weekend , behind Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( $ ) , the second highest @-@ grossing opening weekend for an original R @-@ rated comedy , again behind Bad Teacher ( $ ) , and the highest @-@ grossing opening weekend ever for a dark / black comedy film , overtaking the 2004 The Stepford Wives ( $ ) . The opening weekend audience was 51 % male , and 64 % of the audience were over 25 years of age . The second weekend ( 15 – 17 July ) saw a further 94 theaters added , for a total of 3 @,@ 134 . Box office revenue dropped by a "" respectable "" 38 % , taking $ for a total gross of $ in ten days . The film ranked third for the weekend . It remained in the top five films during its third week , dropping 33 % and leaving thirty theaters from the previous weekend , to take in $ for a gross of $ in 17 days . On July 28 , 2011 , with $ after 20 days , Horrible Bosses surpassed The War of the Roses ( $ ) to become the highest grossing dark / black comedy film in unadjusted dollars . " " territories Other "," Other territories " " . ) 324 @,@ 7 $ ( Africa East and ) 252 @,@ 109 $ ( Norway , ) 632 @,@ 193 $ ( Africa South , ) 372 @,@ 200 $ ( Israel , ) 845 @,@ 367 $ ( Greece , ) 876 @,@ 386 @,@ 3 $ ( Kingdom United the in opened film the , 24 – 21 July of weekend the On . days 17 first the in 009 @,@ 855 $ of total a accruing and weekend opening the for 321 @,@ 348 $ grossing , ) 676 @,@ 13 $ ( Lithuania and ) 316 @,@ 36 $ ( Lebanon , ) 750 @,@ 15 $ ( Latvia , ) 471 @,@ 24 $ ( Estonia in 8 July on and , ) 108 @,@ 258 $ ( Emirates Arab United the in , 2011 , 7 July on released was Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses was released on July 7 , 2011 , in the United Arab Emirates ( $ 258 @,@ 108 ) , and on July 8 in Estonia ( $ 24 @,@ 471 ) , Latvia ( $ 15 @,@ 750 ) , Lebanon ( $ 36 @,@ 316 ) and Lithuania ( $ 13 @,@ 676 ) , grossing $ 348 @,@ 321 for the opening weekend and accruing a total of $ 855 @,@ 009 in the first 17 days . On the weekend of July 21 – 24 , the film opened in the United Kingdom ( $ 3 @,@ 386 @,@ 876 ) , Greece ( $ 367 @,@ 845 ) , Israel ( $ 200 @,@ 372 ) , South Africa ( $ 193 @,@ 632 ) , Norway ( $ 109 @,@ 252 ) and East Africa ( $ 7 @,@ 324 ) . " " . "" reviews average or mixed "" indicating , critics 40 on based , 100 of out 57 of score a film the gave Metacritic aggregate Review "" . works Bosses Horrible , premise solid a of most the makes that cast assembled smartly a to thanks but , original from far and , uneven , nasty 's It "" , reads consensus critical 's site The . 10 / 2 @.@ 6 of rating average an with , reviews 208 on based , % 68 of rating a holds film the , Tomatoes Rotten On . critics from reviews positive generally received Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a rating of 68 % , based on 208 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , "" It 's nasty , uneven , and far from original , but thanks to a smartly assembled cast that makes the most of a solid premise , Horrible Bosses works . "" Review aggregate Metacritic gave the film a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating "" mixed or average reviews "" . " " "" . works Bosses Horrible , t ’ shouldn it when even and count that ways the in "" that concluded review The . "" respectability or sweetness of dose hypocritical a with coarseness its cut to "" attempt not did script the that appreciated and "" impeccable is ... cast the of timing the "" stated Times York New The of Scott O. A. . "" together two the put to how knows who director a and cast impeccable an , script developed @-@ well a to due expected than better works that fun dark "" as picture the summarized Douglas . "" standout real "" the is Day that sentiments 's Rabin Nathan echoed but , "" scene every in kill leads six the "" claiming , "" cast perfect the "" assembled having with Gordon Seth director credited ComingSoon.net of Douglas Edward "" . charisma of force sheer through comedy mainstream solid a into farce lowbrow ramshackle a elevate can madness of spark a with actor character brilliant a how of illustration potent a "" as performance 's Day out singled Rabin "" . failings other 's film the for compensates than more acting "" the adding , "" homicide to resorting while even likeable remain who , leads three its of chemistry the on entirely almost succeeds "" picture the that stating , cast the praised also Rabin Nathan 's Club A.V. The . antagonists and protagonists the of casting the complimented and "" revenge amoral and , desperation , resentment of tale nasty delightfully , built @-@ well , bouncy a "" film the calling , positively reacted Weekly Entertainment of Schwarzbaum Lisa . "" wicked and cheerful "" Bosses Horrible called Ebert . "" sexual alarming enacts hilariously and timing comic acute has she "" stating , form to return a and "" surprise "" a be to performance her judging , Aniston and , "" superb "" him labeling , Spacey to praise particular gave Ebert . strengths 's actor each to playing for it commending and "" cast @-@ well "" it calling , four of out stars half a and three film the gave Ebert Roger "," Roger Ebert gave the film three and a half stars out of four , calling it "" well @-@ cast "" and commending it for playing to each actor 's strengths . Ebert gave particular praise to Spacey , labeling him "" superb "" , and Aniston , judging her performance to be a "" surprise "" and a return to form , stating "" she has acute comic timing and hilariously enacts alarming sexual "" . Ebert called Horrible Bosses "" cheerful and wicked "" . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly reacted positively , calling the film "" a bouncy , well @-@ built , delightfully nasty tale of resentment , desperation , and amoral revenge "" and complimented the casting of the protagonists and antagonists . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin also praised the cast , stating that the picture "" succeeds almost entirely on the chemistry of its three leads , who remain likeable even while resorting to homicide "" , adding the "" acting more than compensates for the film 's other failings . "" Rabin singled out Day 's performance as "" a potent illustration of how a brilliant character actor with a spark of madness can elevate a ramshackle lowbrow farce into a solid mainstream comedy through sheer force of charisma . "" Edward Douglas of ComingSoon.net credited director Seth Gordon with having assembled "" the perfect cast "" , claiming "" the six leads kill in every scene "" , but echoed Nathan Rabin 's sentiments that Day is the "" real standout "" . Douglas summarized the picture as "" dark fun that works better than expected due to a well @-@ developed script , an impeccable cast and a director who knows how to put the two together "" . A. O. Scott of The New York Times stated "" the timing of the cast ... is impeccable "" and appreciated that the script did not attempt "" to cut its coarseness with a hypocritical dose of sweetness or respectability "" . The review concluded that "" in the ways that count and even when it shouldn ’ t , Horrible Bosses works . "" " " "" . misogyny and homophobia of smattering a plus , swearing of quantity inordinate the from instead comes have does film the edginess what "" saying , required premise its as "" dark "" as not was movie the felt but , pacing the to detrimental be to improvisation ' actors the allowing not for Gordon complimenting , review positive a gave Independent The of Barber Nicholas "" . respect @-@ self my of detriment the to probably , frequently laughed I "" admitted but , "" affair misogynistic , lumbering a "" Bosses Horrible called French Philip 's Guardian The "" is it than funnier was it wishing you leaves that farce miss @-@ and @-@ hit "" a is it that and "" premise sharp a on out it "" stating , movie the of critical was but , Day and Bateman to given credit specific with , "" cast killer "" the to kudos gave Travers Peter 's Stone Rolling "" . strength greatest s ’ movie the be to out turns which , stars male three its among camaraderie right the just and , admire to cleverness enough just , comedy 2011 a as it identify to raunchiness enough just has movie the "" concluded Maltin . character 's Farrell for time screen of lack the lamented but , cast the of performances the to praise offered and "" role breakout "" the had have to Day considered indieWire of Maltin Leonard "" . poison with spiked be might cooler water the when even — talk cooler @-@ water with touch deft a has Gordon Seth "" that commented which , Bowles by lauded also was dialogue The . Day and Bateman of performances the for praise adding also though Sudeikis to credit particular giving , "" likable so are characters the "" that added Bowles "" . year the not if , summer the of film funniest the as Bridesmaids rivals that comedy surprising "" a it labeling , stars four of out three film the awarded Bowles Scott 's Today USA "," USA Today 's Scott Bowles awarded the film three out of four stars , labeling it a "" surprising comedy that rivals Bridesmaids as the funniest film of the summer , if not the year . "" Bowles added that "" the characters are so likable "" , giving particular credit to Sudeikis though also adding praise for the performances of Bateman and Day . The dialogue was also lauded by Bowles , which commented that "" Seth Gordon has a deft touch with water @-@ cooler talk — even when the water cooler might be spiked with poison . "" Leonard Maltin of indieWire considered Day to have had the "" breakout role "" and offered praise to the performances of the cast , but lamented the lack of screen time for Farrell 's character . Maltin concluded "" the movie has just enough raunchiness to identify it as a 2011 comedy , just enough cleverness to admire , and just the right camaraderie among its three male stars , which turns out to be the movie ’ s greatest strength . "" Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave kudos to the "" killer cast "" , with specific credit given to Bateman and Day , but was critical of the movie , stating "" it out on a sharp premise "" and that it is a "" hit @-@ and @-@ miss farce that leaves you wishing it was funnier than it is "" The Guardian 's Philip French called Horrible Bosses "" a lumbering , misogynistic affair "" , but admitted "" I laughed frequently , probably to the detriment of my self @-@ respect . "" Nicholas Barber of The Independent gave a positive review , complimenting Gordon for not allowing the actors ' improvisation to be detrimental to the pacing , but felt the movie was not as "" dark "" as its premise required , saying "" what edginess the film does have comes instead from the inordinate quantity of swearing , plus a smattering of homophobia and misogyny . "" " " . "" exaggeration comic top @-@ the @-@ over "" on back falling for it faulted and "" territory daring more , darker "" to premise the pursue to failed film the that lamenting in Voice Village The of sentiments the echoed Chang . "" juvenile and vulgar , moronic predictably "" be to plot the considered but , cast ensemble the of performance the praised Variety of Chang Justin . "" stereotypes "" with filled and racist deemed she plot a and protagonists male , white @-@ all the criticized particularly She . "" daring or dark truly never and , funny loud @-@ out @-@ laugh actually rarely "" was humor the that felt Longworth "" . total — word better a of lack for — be still would Nick and Kurt , Dale , particular these without even , that sign every 's there ... "" stating , bosses ' characters the against "" rage "" legitimate any lacked felt she which , premise the of critical was Voice Village The of Longworth Karina "" . laughs of search in moments of collection a than more anything into ... script the in characters cartoonish and absurdities the turning for flair no shows Gordon Seth "" stating , funny be to failed jokes the stating , negatively responded Honeycutt Kirk 's Reporter Hollywood The . racism and sexism , homophobia perceived the of critical however was 'Hehir O . performances their for Spacey and Aniston , Bateman out singled and Day and Bateman , Sudeikis between "" chemistry comic effortless "" the appreciated Salon . "" night Saturday your ruin 't won it but , practice in than theory in funnier lot "" a as film the characterizing , response mixed a offered 'Hehir O Andrew 's Salon "," Salon 's Andrew O 'Hehir offered a mixed response , characterizing the film as a "" lot funnier in theory than in practice , but it won 't ruin your Saturday night "" . Salon appreciated the "" effortless comic chemistry "" between Sudeikis , Bateman and Day and singled out Bateman , Aniston and Spacey for their performances . O 'Hehir was however critical of the perceived homophobia , sexism and racism . The Hollywood Reporter 's Kirk Honeycutt responded negatively , stating the jokes failed to be funny , stating "" Seth Gordon shows no flair for turning the absurdities and cartoonish characters in the script ... into anything more than a collection of moments in search of laughs . "" Karina Longworth of The Village Voice was critical of the premise , which she felt lacked any legitimate "" rage "" against the characters ' bosses , stating "" ... there 's every sign that , even without these particular , Dale , Kurt and Nick would still be — for lack of a better word — total . "" Longworth felt that the humor was "" rarely actually laugh @-@ out @-@ loud funny , and never truly dark or daring "" . She particularly criticized the all @-@ white , male protagonists and a plot she deemed racist and filled with "" stereotypes "" . Justin Chang of Variety praised the performance of the ensemble cast , but considered the plot to be "" predictably moronic , vulgar and juvenile "" . Chang echoed the sentiments of The Village Voice in lamenting that the film failed to pursue the premise to "" darker , more daring territory "" and faulted it for falling back on "" over @-@ the @-@ top comic exaggeration "" . " " . Transformation Screen @-@ On Best for nomination a received also Farrell . award the claiming Aniston with , Awards Movie MTV 2012 the at Bag Dirt Screen @-@ On Best for nominated both were Aniston and Farrell . Film Comedy best and , Aniston for Actress Comedy , Bateman for Actor Comedy including , Awards Comedy 2012 the from nominations three and , Farrell Colin for Actor Supporting Best for Award Satellite a including , nominations award several received film The "," The film received several award nominations , including a Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor for Colin Farrell , and three nominations from the 2012 Comedy Awards , including Comedy Actor for Bateman , Comedy Actress for Aniston , and best Comedy Film . Farrell and Aniston were both nominated for Best On @-@ Screen Dirt Bag at the 2012 MTV Movie Awards , with Aniston claiming the award . Farrell also received a nomination for Best On @-@ Screen Transformation . " " . film the of premiere network the to rights the obtained FX , 2011 , 26 July On "," On July 26 , 2011 , FX obtained the rights to the network premiere of the film . " " . million 3 @.@ 18 $ earned and units million 3 @.@ 1 estimated an sold has it , 2012 November of As . King Lion The and Lantern Green behind film disc ray @-@ Blu 3 number the and , Lantern Green behind finishing , week the of DVD selling best 2 number the was It . million 1 @.@ 6 $ approximately earning , week first its during States United the in units 682 @,@ 400 estimated an sold version DVD The . 2011 , 11 October on States United the in Disc ray @-@ Blu and DVD on released was Bosses Horrible "," Horrible Bosses was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc in the United States on October 11 , 2011 . The DVD version sold an estimated 400 @,@ 682 units in the United States during its first week , earning approximately $ 6 @.@ 1 million . It was the number 2 best selling DVD of the week , finishing behind Green Lantern , and the number 3 Blu @-@ ray disc film behind Green Lantern and The Lion King . As of November 2012 , it has sold an estimated 1 @.@ 3 million units and earned $ 18 @.@ 3 million . " " . devices of variety a to downloading or streaming allows which service storage cloud a , UltraViolet via film the of version a access to owner the allows that code a included Bros. Warner , Lantern Green and Bosses Horrible of release Disc ray @-@ Blu the with Beginning . sound Audio Master HD @-@ DTS with 1 : 39 @.@ 2 of ratio aspect original 's film the in presented are cuts extended and theatrical the Both . Soundtrack Bosses Horrible the of Making The and , Fun Much So Is Mean Being , Boss Horrible a Surviving , Career Favorite Least My : featurettes four and scenes deleted contains Disc ray @-@ Blu The . minutes 98 theatrical the to compared minutes 106 of runtime a with ) "" Edition Inappropriate Totally "" the ( cut extended , unrated an is version Disc ray @-@ Blu The . pack single a in film the of version digital a and DVD the , Disc ray @-@ Blu the contains edition Disc ray @-@ Blu The . scenes deleted and film the of cut theatrical the contains DVD The "," The DVD contains the theatrical cut of the film and deleted scenes . The Blu @-@ ray Disc edition contains the Blu @-@ ray Disc , the DVD and a digital version of the film in a single pack . The Blu @-@ ray Disc version is an unrated , extended cut ( the "" Totally Inappropriate Edition "" ) with a runtime of 106 minutes compared to the theatrical 98 minutes . The Blu @-@ ray Disc contains deleted scenes and four featurettes : My Least Favorite Career , Surviving a Horrible Boss , Being Mean Is So Much Fun , and The Making of the Horrible Bosses Soundtrack . Both the theatrical and extended cuts are presented in the film 's original aspect ratio of 2 @.@ 39 : 1 with DTS @-@ HD Master Audio sound . Beginning with the Blu @-@ ray Disc release of Horrible Bosses and Green Lantern , Warner Bros. included a code that allows the owner to access a version of the film via UltraViolet , a cloud storage service which allows streaming or downloading to a variety of devices . " " . cast the joining Pine Chris and Waltz Christoph with , roles their reprised Spacey Kevin and , Aniston Jennifer , Foxx . 2013 November in began but , 2013 summer in begin to scheduled been had Filming . script sequel 's Daley and 's Goldstein on rewrite a performed previously had pair The . producer a as production the joining Morris John with , replacement 's Gordon as announced was Anders Sean , 2013 September In . replacement a for searching actively was studio the that and conflicts scheduling of because direct to returning be not would Gordon that announced was it , 2013 August In . Stern Jay and Ratner Brett by produced be again will film The . return to negotiating Foxx with , roles their reprising be to confirmed were Sudeikis and , Day , Bateman month same the in Later . budget the finalizing towards moved had production that and , sequel the for scripts draft multiple submitted had they that confirmed Daley and Goldstein , 2013 March In . script new the writing of process the in were Daley and Goldstein that confirmed was it , 2012 , 27 February On . roles their to return to expected also Sudeikis and , Day , Bateman with , director as return to Gordon with negotiating be to reported was Line New . script the write to returning be would Daley and Goldstein that and , forward moving was sequel a that confirmed was it , 2012 , 4 January On "" . be could sequel the what out figure to trying 're we , now effort concerted more a becoming 's that so , has film the , States the in well done 's It . it discussed definitely 've we , Yeah "" : saying , States United the in film the of success financial the after , sequel a for underway were talks that 2011 July in confirmed Gordon Seth "," Seth Gordon confirmed in July 2011 that talks were underway for a sequel , after the financial success of the film in the United States , saying : "" Yeah , we 've definitely discussed it . It 's done well in the States , the film has , so that 's becoming a more concerted effort now , we 're trying to figure out what the sequel could be . "" On January 4 , 2012 , it was confirmed that a sequel was moving forward , and that Goldstein and Daley would be returning to write the script . New Line was reported to be negotiating with Gordon to return as director , with Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis also expected to return to their roles . On February 27 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Goldstein and Daley were in the process of writing the new script . In March 2013 , Goldstein and Daley confirmed that they had submitted multiple draft scripts for the sequel , and that production had moved towards finalizing the budget . Later in the same month Bateman , Day , and Sudeikis were confirmed to be reprising their roles , with Foxx negotiating to return . The film will again be produced by Brett Ratner and Jay Stern . In August 2013 , it was announced that Gordon would not be returning to direct because of scheduling conflicts and that the studio was actively searching for a replacement . In September 2013 , Sean Anders was announced as Gordon 's replacement , with John Morris joining the production as a producer . The pair had previously performed a rewrite on Goldstein 's and Daley 's sequel script . Filming had been scheduled to begin in summer 2013 , but began in November 2013 . Foxx , Jennifer Aniston , and Kevin Spacey reprised their roles , with Christoph Waltz and Chris Pine joining the cast . " " . Oregon , Dalles The in attack bioterror Rajneeshee 1984 the of prosecution federal the headed later and , marriages sham and fraud immigration of charges investigated Turner . Rajneeshpuram at activity illegal investigate to appointed was Turner after group the assembled , ) Silverman Sheela ( Sheela Anand Ma , command @-@ in @-@ second and secretary personal 's Rajneesh . Oregon of District the for Attorney States United @-@ then the , Turner Charles assassinate to ) Osho as known later ( Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan of followers ranking @-@ high of group a by conspiracy a was plot assassination Rajneeshee 1985 The "," The 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot was a conspiracy by a group of high @-@ ranking followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( later known as Osho ) to assassinate Charles Turner , the then @-@ United States Attorney for the District of Oregon . Rajneesh 's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command , Ma Anand Sheela ( Sheela Silverman ) , assembled the group after Turner was appointed to investigate illegal activity at Rajneeshpuram . Turner investigated charges of immigration fraud and sham marriages , and later headed the federal prosecution of the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles , Oregon . " " . leadership Rajneeshpuram the by acts illegal other and Dalles The in attack bioterror the into enforcement law federal by investigation the of result a as , later discovered only was and out carried never was plot assassination The . Oregon , Portland in workplace his near him murder to planned and , Turner stalked , state @-@ of @-@ out handguns purchase to identification false obtained conspirators The . Langford Kevin Richard and Caldwell Phyllis , Matthews Carol , Potter Alma conspirators @-@ co and ; Rajneeshpuram of command @-@ in @-@ fourth , McCarthy Phyllis Ann ; murderer actual the be to volunteered and silencers and weapons bought who , Stork Jane Catherine , Rajneeshpuram at security of head , Hagan Susan ; Rajneeshpuram of Officer Financial Chief , Croft Anne @-@ Sally , Sheela Anand Ma : included conspirators The "," The conspirators included : Ma Anand Sheela , Sally @-@ Anne Croft , Chief Financial Officer of Rajneeshpuram ; Susan Hagan , head of security at Rajneeshpuram , Catherine Jane Stork , who bought weapons and silencers and volunteered to be the actual murderer ; Ann Phyllis McCarthy , fourth @-@ in @-@ command of Rajneeshpuram ; and co @-@ conspirators Alma Potter , Carol Matthews , Phyllis Caldwell and Richard Kevin Langford . The conspirators obtained false identification to purchase handguns out @-@ of @-@ state , stalked Turner , and planned to murder him near his workplace in Portland , Oregon . The assassination plot was never carried out and was only discovered later , as a result of the investigation by federal law enforcement into the bioterror attack in The Dalles and other illegal acts by the Rajneeshpuram leadership . " " . General Attorney U.S. the from permission without country the reenter to not agreeing and fraud immigration to guilty pleading after States United the left and , conspiracy the to relation in prosecuted never was Rajneesh . conspiracy murder to guilty pleaded commune Rajneesh the of member additional an and prison federal in years five to probation years five from ranging sentences received perpetrators Eight . Australia in son ill her visit to allowed be to order in Germany from States United the to return to agreed Stork Jane Catherine when , 2006 in convicted was conspirator final The . years sixteen for completed not was conviction and prosecution subsequent and perpetrators the against proceedings extradition and , country the fled had Some . players key the of several against indictments brought jury grand federal a when , 1990 in began conspirators the of Prosecution "," Prosecution of the conspirators began in 1990 , when a federal grand jury brought indictments against several of the key players . Some had fled the country , and extradition proceedings against the perpetrators and subsequent prosecution and conviction was not completed for sixteen years . The final conspirator was convicted in 2006 , when Catherine Jane Stork agreed to return to the United States from Germany in order to be allowed to visit her ill son in Australia . Eight perpetrators received sentences ranging from five years probation to five years in federal prison and an additional member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy . Rajneesh was never prosecuted in relation to the conspiracy , and left the United States after pleading guilty to immigration fraud and agreeing not to reenter the country without permission from the U.S. Attorney General . " " . Turner alongside working , group the of investigations in involved also was Frohnmayer Dave General Attorney Oregon . Oregon , Dalles The in attack bioterror Rajneeshee 1984 the to relating prosecution federal the headed later he and , fraud immigration including activities illegal other as well as , group the by organized marriages sham on focused investigation 's Turner . Oregon , Rajneeshpuram in activities 's group the into investigation an head to appointed was he after Turner murder to planned had perpetrators the that stated case the in Prosecutors . organization Rajneeshee the within followers ranking @-@ high were perpetrators The . conspiracy murder to guilty pleaded commune Rajneesh the of member eighth unindicted additional an and , Turner Charles assassinate to conspiracy 1985 a of convicted were , ) Osho as known now ( Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan leader charismatic of ) Rajneeshees called ( followers Seven "," Seven followers ( called Rajneeshees ) of charismatic leader Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh ( now known as Osho ) , were convicted of a 1985 conspiracy to assassinate Charles Turner , and an additional unindicted eighth member of the Rajneesh commune pleaded guilty to murder conspiracy . The perpetrators were high @-@ ranking followers within the Rajneeshee organization . Prosecutors in the case stated that the perpetrators had planned to murder Turner after he was appointed to head an investigation into the group 's activities in Rajneeshpuram , Oregon . Turner 's investigation focused on sham marriages organized by the group , as well as other illegal activities including immigration fraud , and he later headed the federal prosecution relating to the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack in The Dalles , Oregon . Oregon Attorney General Dave Frohnmayer was also involved in investigations of the group , working alongside Turner . " " . Frohnmayer David General Attorney Oregon and Turner Charles Attorney U.S. included which list hit a together put , Australia of ) Bhadra Shanti Ma ( Stork Jane Catherine and International Foundation Rajneesh of treasurer former and , corporation medical Rajneeshee the managed who Philippines the from nurse registered a , ) Puja Anand Ma ( Yvonne Dianne , Sheela Anand Ma including commune the of leaders former Three . leaders Rajneeshee of deportation in resulted have could which investigation immigration federal the thwart to able be would they Turner murdering by that hoped Sheela . prosecution criminal to disciples his of several and Rajneesh exposed and , "" commune the of existence the threatened "" investigation jury grand 's Turner that stated Sheela . organization their among dissidents several as well as , Turner of assassination the plan to order in conspirators of group a formed and followers key 's leader the gathered , ) Sheela Anand Ma ( Silverman Sheela , command @-@ in @-@ second and secretary personal 's Rajneesh , 1985 May In "," In May 1985 , Rajneesh 's personal secretary and second @-@ in @-@ command , Sheela Silverman ( Ma Anand Sheela ) , gathered the leader 's key followers and formed a group of conspirators in order to plan the assassination of Turner , as well as several dissidents among their organization . Sheela stated that Turner 's grand jury investigation "" threatened the existence of the commune "" , and exposed Rajneesh and several of his disciples to criminal prosecution . Sheela hoped that by murdering Turner they would be able to thwart the federal immigration investigation which could have resulted in deportation of Rajneeshee leaders . Three former leaders of the commune including Ma Anand Sheela , Dianne Yvonne ( Ma Anand Puja ) , a registered nurse from the Philippines who managed the Rajneeshee medical corporation , and former treasurer of Rajneesh Foundation International and Catherine Jane Stork ( Ma Shanti Bhadra ) of Australia , put together a hit list which included U.S. Attorney Charles Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer . " " . ) Laxmi Yoga Ma ( Laxmi secretary former 's Rajneesh and , ) ( Byron J. Barbara daughter her , International Foundation Rajneesh against lawsuit a in million 7 @.@ 1 $ US awarded been had who , ) Ma ( Byron C. Helen member former , L. Leslie Oregonian The for journalist investigative , L. James commissioner County Wasco , C. Daniel director planning County Wasco , Green H. Karen general attorney assistant former , Frohnmayer , Turner : including , list hit the on were people nine that reported Oregonian The . force security 's commune the of member a and , Oregon , Portland in Rajneesh Hotel the of manager was Potter . companion traveling and bodyguard 's Sheela Anand Ma , ) Yogini Dhyan Ma ( Potter Alma and , commune Rajneesh the of president , ) Vidya Yoga Ma ( McCarthy Phyllis Ann included plot assassination the in conspirators Other . commune the on construction supervised and , Corporation Investment Rajneesh the ran , Rajneeshpuram at force security the of charge in was Hagan . conspiracy assassination the in participant a also was , hierarchy Rajneeshpuram the in official top a , ) Su Anand Ma ( Hagan Susan "," Susan Hagan ( Ma Anand Su ) , a top official in the Rajneeshpuram hierarchy , was also a participant in the assassination conspiracy . Hagan was in charge of the security force at Rajneeshpuram , ran the Rajneesh Investment Corporation , and supervised construction on the commune . Other conspirators in the assassination plot included Ann Phyllis McCarthy ( Ma Yoga Vidya ) , president of the Rajneesh commune , and Alma Potter ( Ma Dhyan Yogini ) , Ma Anand Sheela 's bodyguard and traveling companion . Potter was manager of the Hotel Rajneesh in Portland , Oregon , and a member of the commune 's security force . The Oregonian reported that nine people were on the hit list , including : Turner , Frohnmayer , former assistant attorney general Karen H. Green , Wasco County planning director Daniel C. , Wasco County commissioner James L. , investigative journalist for The Oregonian Leslie L. , former member Helen C. Byron ( Ma ) , who had been awarded US $ 1 @.@ 7 million in a lawsuit against Rajneesh Foundation International , her daughter Barbara J. Byron ( ) , and Rajneesh 's former secretary Laxmi ( Ma Yoga Laxmi ) . " " . Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan for except , resided commune Rajneesh the of leaders the all where trailers of group a to referred Grove Jesus "" . guns buy to use to dollars thousand several us gave Savita and , Grove Jesus to down went B Shanti "" : Croft Anne @-@ Sally and Stork Jane Catherine to referring , handguns obtained conspiracy murder the of members how affidavit federal a in described ) Deva Ma ( Caldwell Phyllis . plot the to related weapons of purchase the for money provided , Officer Financial Chief 's group the and accountant an , ) Savita Prem Ma as followers by known ( Croft Anne @-@ Sally . Rajneeshpuram in "" Mammas Big "" three the of one also was and , Bhadra Shanti Ma as followers fellow to known was Stork . silencers and guns bought and , Turner murder actually would who follower the be to volunteered Stork Jane Catherine "," Catherine Jane Stork volunteered to be the follower who would actually murder Turner , and bought guns and silencers . Stork was known to fellow followers as Ma Shanti Bhadra , and was also one of the three "" Big Mammas "" in Rajneeshpuram . Sally @-@ Anne Croft ( known by followers as Ma Prem Savita ) , an accountant and the group 's Chief Financial Officer , provided money for the purchase of weapons related to the plot . Phyllis Caldwell ( Ma Deva ) described in a federal affidavit how members of the murder conspiracy obtained handguns , referring to Catherine Jane Stork and Sally @-@ Anne Croft : "" Shanti B went down to Jesus Grove , and Savita gave us several thousand dollars to use to buy guns . "" Jesus Grove referred to a group of trailers where all the leaders of the Rajneesh commune resided , except for Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh . " " . "" guns the without back come to not "" instructed were women the but commune the to back called they said Caldwell . instead Mexico New to traveled and identification state @-@ of @-@ out with Texas in handguns purchasing difficulty encountered but , Texas in guns five purchased They . there guns purchase to Texas to flew Stork Jane Catherine and she stated Caldwell . handguns purchase to Texas to traveled then group the of members Two . guns purchase to certificate birth false a used plot assassination the of perpetrators the , indictment federal a to According . identification false acquire to 1985 of spring the in York New to traveled followers Rajneesh other three and Sheela Anand Ma "," Ma Anand Sheela and three other Rajneesh followers traveled to New York in the spring of 1985 to acquire false identification . According to a federal indictment , the perpetrators of the assassination plot used a false birth certificate to purchase guns . Two members of the group then traveled to Texas to purchase handguns . Caldwell stated she and Catherine Jane Stork flew to Texas to purchase guns there . They purchased five guns in Texas , but encountered difficulty purchasing handguns in Texas with out @-@ of @-@ state identification and traveled to New Mexico instead . Caldwell said they called back to the commune but the women were instructed "" not to come back without the guns "" . " " . detectors metal airport avoid to as so commune Rajneesh the to back bus by traveled Stork and she that said Caldwell . bus Lines Greyhound a on luggage the putting and luggage in them packing by Oregon into guns the smuggled conspirators The . revolvers Magnum Six @-@ Security caliber @-@ .357 Ruger four and , revolver caliber @-@ .38 Colt one obtain to able were They . Caldwell said "" , bullets and guns different five buy and identification of bits two those with Albuquerque in shops gun different several to go to able were we then And "" . "" receipt rent a up made just and book receipt rent a got we "" how described and "" certificate birth a of copy a for asked and records public to "" went next , "" young very dying someone of "" identity the find to library university a to went Stork and she said Caldwell "" . get to easy was it and identification some show was do to had you All . guns buy to easy pretty was it found we "" : Mexico New in guns obtain to easy was it said Caldwell . trace to difficult were which guns purchase to was intention Their . pistols several purchased and , identification false obtained they , Mexico New In "," In New Mexico , they obtained false identification , and purchased several pistols . Their intention was to purchase guns which were difficult to trace . Caldwell said it was easy to obtain guns in New Mexico : "" we found it was pretty easy to buy guns . All you had to do was show some identification and it was easy to get . "" Caldwell said she and Stork went to a university library to find the identity "" of someone dying very young "" , next went "" to public records and asked for a copy of a birth certificate "" and described how "" we got a rent receipt book and just made up a rent receipt "" . "" And then we were able to go to several different gun shops in Albuquerque with those two bits of identification and buy five different guns and bullets , "" said Caldwell . They were able to obtain one Colt .38 @-@ caliber revolver , and four Ruger .357 @-@ caliber Security @-@ Six Magnum revolvers . The conspirators smuggled the guns into Oregon by packing them in luggage and putting the luggage on a Greyhound Lines bus . Caldwell said that she and Stork traveled by bus back to the Rajneesh commune so as to avoid airport metal detectors . " " . Turner to shown being after verified and , commune Rajneesh the of investigation an during ) FBI ( Investigation of Bureau Federal the by obtained later were these ; developed residence 's Turner of pictures had Matthews . "" Turner "" said that residence his of front in sign a locating by home his find to able were and neighborhood 's Turner around drove then They . address 's Turner them give not did officials postal the but , Service Postal U.S. the of members with story the repeating tried two The . number box office post and number route 's Turner obtain to order in , "" plan economic 's Reagan President on survey voter a "" conducting were they officials told and identities fake officials registration voter gave conspirator @-@ co unindicted an and Matthews that state records Court . location parking his and number plate license 's car his learned and , 's Turner of yearbook college a obtained Matthews prosecutors federal to According . Turner Charles of address home the obtain to attempt an in , plot assassination the of planning the during name fake a used ) Samadhi Prem Ma ( Matthews Carol follower Rajneesh . Turner of assassination the for operations of base their as serve to Portland in apartment an out rented They . Oregon , Portland to returned conspirators the guns obtaining After "," After obtaining guns the conspirators returned to Portland , Oregon . They rented out an apartment in Portland to serve as their base of operations for the assassination of Turner . Rajneesh follower Carol Matthews ( Ma Prem Samadhi ) used a fake name during the planning of the assassination plot , in an attempt to obtain the home address of Charles Turner . According to federal prosecutors Matthews obtained a college yearbook of Turner 's , and learned his car 's license plate number and his parking location . Court records state that Matthews and an unindicted co @-@ conspirator gave voter registration officials fake identities and told officials they were conducting "" a voter survey on President Reagan 's economic plan "" , in order to obtain Turner 's route number and post office box number . The two tried repeating the story with members of the U.S. Postal Service , but the postal officials did not give them Turner 's address . They then drove around Turner 's neighborhood and were able to find his home by locating a sign in front of his residence that said "" Turner "" . Matthews had pictures of Turner 's residence developed ; these were later obtained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) during an investigation of the Rajneesh commune , and verified after being shown to Turner . " " "" . off fellow this bump to place good a like seems this said ] Stork Jane Catherine [ Bhadra Shanti "" : location the as garage parking federal the on decided perpetrators the how described Peralta Alma conspirator , FBI the to given affidavit an In . Oregon , Portland in Plaza Schrunk Terry underneath garage federal a in spot parking reserved a had Turner . home his of front in or , work from or to drive the on him murder to risky too be would it felt they because garage parking the on decided conspirators the , house 's Turner watching nights multiple spending After . home his to closer or Portland downtown in Turner murder to whether debated also conspirators the but , Oregon , Portland in , worked he where building office federal the of garage the in Turner shoot to was plan Their . Rajneeshpuram into investigation federal the of efforts the hinder would death his that hoping , him assassinate to methods discussed and , car and home , office 's Turner watched conspirators of group the of Members "," Members of the group of conspirators watched Turner 's office , home and car , and discussed methods to assassinate him , hoping that his death would hinder the efforts of the federal investigation into Rajneeshpuram . Their plan was to shoot Turner in the garage of the federal office building where he worked , in Portland , Oregon , but the conspirators also debated whether to murder Turner in downtown Portland or closer to his home . After spending multiple nights watching Turner 's house , the conspirators decided on the parking garage because they felt it would be too risky to murder him on the drive to or from work , or in front of his home . Turner had a reserved parking spot in a federal garage underneath Terry Schrunk Plaza in Portland , Oregon . In an affidavit given to the FBI , conspirator Alma Peralta described how the perpetrators decided on the federal parking garage as the location : "" Shanti Bhadra [ Catherine Jane Stork ] said this seems like a good place to bump this fellow off . "" " " . group the within position her from her remove to trying were who organization the of members other and commune Rajneesh the within plays power political by distracted became Sheela Anand Ma because out carried not were assassinations the Oregonian The to According . successful was plan the if communes Rajneesh of network international an at out hide to intended conspirators the that officials enforcement law told later . guns their with Turner approach then would others the and , trouble car was there pretend to was conspirators the of one , enforcement law to statements informant to According . Turner murdering of ways different practiced conspirators The "," The conspirators practiced different ways of murdering Turner . According to informant statements to law enforcement , one of the conspirators was to pretend there was car trouble , and the others would then approach Turner with their guns . later told law enforcement officials that the conspirators intended to hide out at an international network of Rajneesh communes if the plan was successful . According to The Oregonian the assassinations were not carried out because Ma Anand Sheela became distracted by political power plays within the Rajneesh commune and other members of the organization who were trying to remove her from her position within the group . " " . 1995 by retired had and , harmed physically never was Turner . Rajneeshpuram at activities into investigation ensuing the of result a as enforcement law federal by uncovered was plot assassination The . allegations his investigate to authorities federal and state asked and , attorney district County Jefferson a , Sullivan Mike of poisoning the including , crimes other and this in involvement of lieutenants departed recently his of several accused Rajneesh , 1985 September in conferences press of series a At . Oregon in attack bioterror the in involved were Rajneeshees the that asserted he which in Representatives of House States United the in speech a gave Weaver H. James Congressman , 1985 , 28 February On "," On February 28 , 1985 , Congressman James H. Weaver gave a speech in the United States House of Representatives in which he asserted that the Rajneeshees were involved in the bioterror attack in Oregon . At a series of press conferences in September 1985 , Rajneesh accused several of his recently departed lieutenants of involvement in this and other crimes , including the poisoning of Mike Sullivan , a Jefferson County district attorney , and asked state and federal authorities to investigate his allegations . The assassination plot was uncovered by federal law enforcement as a result of the ensuing investigation into activities at Rajneeshpuram . Turner was never physically harmed , and had retired by 1995 . " " . guns the find not did but days two for lake the searched divers Scuba . divers Navy U.S. by searched was lake the ; Rajneesh Rancho at lake a in dumped been reportedly had plot assassination the for followers Rajneesh the by purchased guns The . "" officials public to danger present and clear a "" be would jail from followers his and Rajneesh releasing why reasons were allegations these said He . Frohnmayer and Turner assassinate to plotted had Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan of followers that court in said Weaver . Charlotte in airport an at arrested were followers his and Rajneesh after Carolina North in hearing bond 1985 October an at detailed first were charges the ; case the prosecuted Weaver Robert Attorney U.S. Assistant . Frohnmayer David General Attorney Oregon and Turner included also which "" list hit "" a on was , Oregon in movement Rajneesh the on series part @-@ 20 a written had who journalist investigative an , L. Leslie that officials enforcement law federal by 1985 October in informed was Oregonian The "," The Oregonian was informed in October 1985 by federal law enforcement officials that Leslie L. , an investigative journalist who had written a 20 @-@ part series on the Rajneesh movement in Oregon , was on a "" hit list "" which also included Turner and Oregon Attorney General David Frohnmayer . Assistant U.S. Attorney Robert Weaver prosecuted the case ; the charges were first detailed at an October 1985 bond hearing in North Carolina after Rajneesh and his followers were arrested at an airport in Charlotte . Weaver said in court that followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh had plotted to assassinate Turner and Frohnmayer . He said these allegations were reasons why releasing Rajneesh and his followers from jail would be "" a clear and present danger to public officials "" . The guns purchased by the Rajneesh followers for the assassination plot had reportedly been dumped in a lake at Rancho Rajneesh ; the lake was searched by U.S. Navy divers . Scuba divers searched the lake for two days but did not find the guns . " " . hearing the at Weaver said "" , attempt ) assassination ( one least at but , plans simply not were There "" . Rajneesh of "" imprisonment in result might that case immigration an presenting were they because were officials public assassinate to attempts These "" stated Weaver . States United the from deportation and arrest 's Rajneesh to lead could thought she which investigation Service Naturalization and Immigration an prevent would death 's Turner hoped Sheela Anand Ma that enforcement law told . Police State Oregon the and FBI the by investigated was plot assassination The . Peralta Alma and , Yvonne Dianne , Sheela Anand Ma included plot assassination the in involved members that said Greene . program protection witness a in was who organization the of member a from plot assassination the of learned had agents FBI that court in testified , agent immigration U.S. a , Greene Joseph "," Joseph Greene , a U.S. immigration agent , testified in court that FBI agents had learned of the assassination plot from a member of the organization who was in a witness protection program . Greene said that members involved in the assassination plot included Ma Anand Sheela , Dianne Yvonne , and Alma Peralta . The assassination plot was investigated by the FBI and the Oregon State Police . told law enforcement that Ma Anand Sheela hoped Turner 's death would prevent an Immigration and Naturalization Service investigation which she thought could lead to Rajneesh 's arrest and deportation from the United States . Weaver stated "" These attempts to assassinate public officials were because they were presenting an immigration case that might result in imprisonment "" of Rajneesh . "" There were not simply plans , but at least one ( assassination ) attempt , "" said Weaver at the hearing . " " . charges wiretapping on indicted were Rajneesh of followers 21 , 1985 December In . 1985 September in commune the fled had Sheela Anand Ma after discovered were crimes . Rajneeshpuram of members against "" fraud immigration widespread "" of charges brought Turner by led investigation jury grand A "," A grand jury investigation led by Turner brought charges of "" widespread immigration fraud "" against members of Rajneeshpuram . crimes were discovered after Ma Anand Sheela had fled the commune in September 1985 . In December 1985 , 21 followers of Rajneesh were indicted on wiretapping charges . " " . 1990 November in jury grand federal a by conspirators @-@ co other six and Sheela Anand Ma against brought were Indictments . "" "" of name fake the under traveling been had and , passport British false a of possession in found was Matthews , arrest her of time the At . Rajneeshees other three with along held was she where , Turner murder to conspiracy and wiretapping of charges on 1990 October in Germany , Baden @-@ Baden in arrested was Matthews Carol . prison federal in years two of sentence a received she agreement plea 's Peralta of terms the Under . conspiracy murder the in defendants other the against testify to agreed , confidante and bodyguard 's Sheela Anand Ma as served had who , Peralta . murder commit to conspiracy to guilty pleaded Peralta Alma , 1990 September In . England in arrested was Hagan Susan and , Africa South in arrested was McCarthy Phyllis Ann , Germany West in arrested were Langford Kevin Richard and Stork Jane Catherine . 1990 September in arrested were perpetrators the of Four . charges conspiracy murder the prosecuting with tasked was Division Criminal Justice of Department States United the from team special a and , wiretapping federal of charges the prosecute to assigned was C. Baron attorney U.S. assistant criminal Chief "," Chief criminal assistant U.S. attorney Baron C. was assigned to prosecute the charges of federal wiretapping , and a special team from the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division was tasked with prosecuting the murder conspiracy charges . Four of the perpetrators were arrested in September 1990 . Catherine Jane Stork and Richard Kevin Langford were arrested in West Germany , Ann Phyllis McCarthy was arrested in South Africa , and Susan Hagan was arrested in England . In September 1990 , Alma Peralta pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder . Peralta , who had served as Ma Anand Sheela 's bodyguard and confidante , agreed to testify against the other defendants in the murder conspiracy . Under the terms of Peralta 's plea agreement she received a sentence of two years in federal prison . Carol Matthews was arrested in Baden @-@ Baden , Germany in October 1990 on charges of wiretapping and conspiracy to murder Turner , where she was held along with three other Rajneeshees . At the time of her arrest , Matthews was found in possession of a false British passport , and had been traveling under the fake name of "" "" . Indictments were brought against Ma Anand Sheela and six other co @-@ conspirators by a federal grand jury in November 1990 . " " . prison in years five to sentenced was she , court federal in convicted was and plea guilty a entered Matthews Carol , 1991 July In . Europe for U.S. the flee to decided conspiracy murder the of members when them of disposed and , commune the in were they while weapons the for responsibility took , silencers about the instructed , Texas in bought be could conspiracy murder the for guns that suggested had he that Marsh F. Malcom Judge District U.S. told Langford . commune the at policeman and instructor weapons a as served had he that and , Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan guarded that force security personal the was which , "" 38 of Circle "" the called group a of member a was Langford that said Reardon . 1985 , 25 May after time in point a at conspiracy murder the joined he prove to able was government the that and , 1981 in began it since Oregon in commune Rajneesh the of member a been had Langford that stated III Reardon J. Timothy Prosecutor "" . object that toward work to others with agreed and meetings these of number a in participated I . discussed was Oregon for Attorney States United the of killing possible the time which at ... Rajneesh Rancho the at held were meetings , 1985 In "" : form agreement plea his on wrote Langford . conspiracy murder the of members other the against testify to agreed Langford . wiretapping and firearms to relating him against charges other of dismissal the and prison federal in years five of sentence a received he exchange in and , Turner against plot conspiracy murder the in participating to court federal in guilty pleaded Langford Kevin Richard , 1991 , 25 April On . wiretapping out carrying and murder commit to conspiracy of charges to innocent pleaded both and , Oregon in court federal in appeared Langford and Matthews , 1991 , 15 April On . Airport Main Rhine at Langford and Matthews the of custody took and Germany , Frankfurt to traveled Service Marshals States United the from officials enforcement Law . Oregon , Portland in court federal in appear to order in States United the to Germany from extradited were ) Swami ( Langford Kevin Richard and Matthews Carol , 1991 April In "," In April 1991 , Carol Matthews and Richard Kevin Langford ( Swami ) were extradited from Germany to the United States in order to appear in federal court in Portland , Oregon . Law enforcement officials from the United States Marshals Service traveled to Frankfurt , Germany and took custody of the Matthews and Langford at Rhine Main Airport . On April 15 , 1991 , Matthews and Langford appeared in federal court in Oregon , and both pleaded innocent to charges of conspiracy to commit murder and carrying out wiretapping . On April 25 , 1991 , Richard Kevin Langford pleaded guilty in federal court to participating in the murder conspiracy plot against Turner , and in exchange he received a sentence of five years in federal prison and the dismissal of other charges against him relating to firearms and wiretapping . Langford agreed to testify against the other members of the murder conspiracy . Langford wrote on his plea agreement form : "" In 1985 , meetings were held at the Rancho Rajneesh ... at which time the possible killing of the United States Attorney for Oregon was discussed . I participated in a number of these meetings and agreed with others to work toward that object . "" Prosecutor Timothy J. Reardon III stated that Langford had been a member of the Rajneesh commune in Oregon since it began in 1981 , and that the government was able to prove he joined the murder conspiracy at a point in time after May 25 , 1985 . Reardon said that Langford was a member of a group called the "" Circle of 38 "" , which was the personal security force that guarded Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh , and that he had served as a weapons instructor and policeman at the commune . Langford told U.S. District Judge Malcom F. Marsh that he had suggested that guns for the murder conspiracy could be bought in Texas , instructed the about silencers , took responsibility for the weapons while they were in the commune , and disposed of them when members of the murder conspiracy decided to flee the U.S. for Europe . In July 1991 , Carol Matthews entered a guilty plea and was convicted in federal court , she was sentenced to five years in prison . " " . Turner towards "" anger tremendous "" 's Sheela Anand Ma by motivated was conspiracy murder the that affidavit FBI an in stated ) Deva Krishna Swami as followers Rajneesh to known ( Knapp Berry David . "" handguns and rifles semiautomatic Uzi using tactics commando "" in trained were and , "" 38 the "" as known commune Oregon the at followers Rajneesh of group a to belonged also plot conspiracy murder the in members the of all that stated affidavits The U.S. the to Germany from Stork Jane extradite to attempt an of part as , Germany , Karlsruhe in Court Regional Higher the with case conspiracy murder the in affidavits filed prosecutors U.S. , 1991 June In . States United the to back Stork extradite to refused government German the , 1991 In . 1990 in jury grand federal a by indicted was She . Germany to fled already had Stork but , Turner assassinate to plot the uncovered FBI the from agents , release her After . jail in years three almost served and , 1986 in ) Devaraj Swami ( Meredith George Dr. physician 's Rajneesh of murder attempted the of convicted was Stork Jane Catherine "," Catherine Jane Stork was convicted of the attempted murder of Rajneesh 's physician Dr. George Meredith ( Swami Devaraj ) in 1986 , and served almost three years in jail . After her release , agents from the FBI uncovered the plot to assassinate Turner , but Stork had already fled to Germany . She was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1990 . In 1991 , the German government refused to extradite Stork back to the United States . In June 1991 , U.S. prosecutors filed affidavits in the murder conspiracy case with the Higher Regional Court in Karlsruhe , Germany , as part of an attempt to extradite Jane Stork from Germany to the U.S. The affidavits stated that all of the members in the murder conspiracy plot also belonged to a group of Rajneesh followers at the Oregon commune known as "" the 38 "" , and were trained in "" commando tactics using Uzi semiautomatic rifles and handguns "" . David Berry Knapp ( known to Rajneesh followers as Swami Krishna Deva ) stated in an FBI affidavit that the murder conspiracy was motivated by Ma Anand Sheela 's "" tremendous anger "" towards Turner . " " . served already time to sentenced and , 1999 in "" murder of commission the to preparatory acts criminal "" of guilty found was Sheela . court Swiss a in her tried instead and , States United the from request extradition an declined Switzerland . border Swiss the crossed she if extradition risked and , plot the in role her for enforcement law federal by wanted still was she 1999 of as and , States United the left had Sheela after discovered was conspiracy assassination The . 1988 in prison from release her after Switzerland to moved and , Dalles The in attack bioterror 1984 the and wiretapping , arson , murder attempted , assault to related charges for prison federal security minimum a in months 29 served Sheela Anand Ma "," Ma Anand Sheela served 29 months in a minimum security federal prison for charges related to assault , attempted murder , arson , wiretapping and the 1984 bioterror attack in The Dalles , and moved to Switzerland after her release from prison in 1988 . The assassination conspiracy was discovered after Sheela had left the United States , and as of 1999 she was still wanted by federal law enforcement for her role in the plot , and risked extradition if she crossed the Swiss border . Switzerland declined an extradition request from the United States , and instead tried her in a Swiss court . Sheela was found guilty of "" criminal acts preparatory to the commission of murder "" in 1999 , and sentenced to time already served . " " . Britain to returned and , 1998 April in California , Dublin FCI at imprisonment from released were Hagan and Croft "" . system justice criminal the of heart the at aimed crime serious deadly a "" assassination commit to conspiracy the called Reardon Tim Prosecutor "" . system justice criminal the against offense serious extremely an committed had who goodwill obvious of people "" as them described Marsh Malcolm Judge federal the , Hagan and Croft for sentencing the At . jurors the of one said "" , job fabulous absolutely an did we think I . notes , evidence , notes , evidence – everything over hashed We "" . trial their during testify not did Hagan and Croft . prison in years five to sentenced were women Both . agreements immunity or plea conditional to pursuant case the in testified Peralta Alma and , Caldwell Phyllis , Langford Kevin Richard conspirators @-@ co , Avalos and Knapp to addition In . Turner assassinate to plotted that conspirators the of part been had she that stated and case Croft the in testified , disciple Rajneesh a , ) Ava Ma ( Avalos Kay Ava . conspiracy assassination the in Hagan and Croft implicated and case the in government the for testified , Rajneeshpuram of mayor former the , Knapp Berry David . Turner murdering discussed they where meetings planning in women both placed who Rajneesh of followers former including , witnesses nine @-@ twenty presented prosecution the trial their During . Howard Michael Secretary Home to Britain from extradition their appeal to attempted unsuccessfully had They . plot assassination the in roles their for 1995 , 28 July on decision jury a by convicted were and , 1994 in Britain from extradited were Hagan Susan and Croft Anne @-@ Sally "," Sally @-@ Anne Croft and Susan Hagan were extradited from Britain in 1994 , and were convicted by a jury decision on July 28 , 1995 for their roles in the assassination plot . They had unsuccessfully attempted to appeal their extradition from Britain to Home Secretary Michael Howard . During their trial the prosecution presented twenty @-@ nine witnesses , including former followers of Rajneesh who placed both women in planning meetings where they discussed murdering Turner . David Berry Knapp , the former mayor of Rajneeshpuram , testified for the government in the case and implicated Croft and Hagan in the assassination conspiracy . Ava Kay Avalos ( Ma Ava ) , a Rajneesh disciple , testified in the Croft case and stated that she had been part of the conspirators that plotted to assassinate Turner . In addition to Knapp and Avalos , co @-@ conspirators Richard Kevin Langford , Phyllis Caldwell , and Alma Peralta testified in the case pursuant to conditional plea or immunity agreements . Both women were sentenced to five years in prison . Croft and Hagan did not testify during their trial . "" We hashed over everything – evidence , notes , evidence , notes . I think we did an absolutely fabulous job , "" said one of the jurors . At the sentencing for Croft and Hagan , the federal Judge Malcolm Marsh described them as "" people of obvious goodwill who had committed an extremely serious offense against the criminal justice system . "" Prosecutor Tim Reardon called the conspiracy to commit assassination "" a deadly serious crime aimed at the heart of the criminal justice system . "" Croft and Hagan were released from imprisonment at FCI Dublin , California in April 1998 , and returned to Britain . " " "" . torture psychological "" group the with time her called and "" , time the at tougher being not for myself forgive cannot I "" stated McCarthy , statements court In "" . laughable "" sentence prison year @-@ one the called Turner . Vidya Yoga Ma as followers 's Rajneesh by known was and , Rajneeshpuram of command @-@ in @-@ fourth as served had McCarthy . 000 @,@ 10 $ USD of fine a and jail in year one to sentenced was and , murder commit to conspiracy to guilty pleaded McCarthy Phyllis Ann , 2002 December In "," In December 2002 , Ann Phyllis McCarthy pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit murder , and was sentenced to one year in jail and a fine of USD $ 10 @,@ 000 . McCarthy had served as fourth @-@ in @-@ command of Rajneeshpuram , and was known by Rajneesh 's followers as Ma Yoga Vidya . Turner called the one @-@ year prison sentence "" laughable . "" In court statements , McCarthy stated "" I cannot forgive myself for not being tougher at the time , "" and called her time with the group "" psychological torture . "" " " . sentencing her after Germany to returned Stork "" . sorry truly 'm I . did I what do to right the has person No ... truth terrible this face to alone me to up is it , Turner Mr. kill to conspired actually I "" : stated Stork , sentencing her After . Turner murder to set was that assassin designated the was she said and , conspiracy the of "" MVP "" the as Stork described case the in prosecutor federal A "" . ways her of error the seen "" had she thought Marsh F. Malcolm Judge Judge District U.S. , prison in life faced have could Stork Though "" . bed my beside gun loaded a with slept I time long a for and , appointee presidential a , me murder to conspiracy wait @-@ in @-@ lying a was This "" commented and , sentence harsher a received have should she thought Turner . jail German a in served already time months three and , probation years five to her sentenced judge Oregon An . law firearms federal of violation in weapons of purchase the to guilty pleaded also Stork , murder commit to conspiracy of charges to addition In . son her visit to Australia to travel to her allowed court the , sentencing to Prior . tumor brain terminal 's son her of learning after States United the to return and in herself turn to offered Stork . prosecutors Oregon with negotiations of months ten after , plot assassination political the in sentenced perpetrator last the became Stork , 2006 February In "," In February 2006 , Stork became the last perpetrator sentenced in the political assassination plot , after ten months of negotiations with Oregon prosecutors . Stork offered to turn herself in and return to the United States after learning of her son 's terminal brain tumor . Prior to sentencing , the court allowed her to travel to Australia to visit her son . In addition to charges of conspiracy to commit murder , Stork also pleaded guilty to the purchase of weapons in violation of federal firearms law . An Oregon judge sentenced her to five years probation , and three months time already served in a German jail . Turner thought she should have received a harsher sentence , and commented "" This was a lying @-@ in @-@ wait conspiracy to murder me , a presidential appointee , and for a long time I slept with a loaded gun beside my bed . "" Though Stork could have faced life in prison , U.S. District Judge Judge Malcolm F. Marsh thought she had "" seen the error of her ways . "" A federal prosecutor in the case described Stork as the "" MVP "" of the conspiracy , and said she was the designated assassin that was set to murder Turner . After her sentencing , Stork stated : "" I actually conspired to kill Mr. Turner , it is up to me alone to face this terrible truth ... No person has the right to do what I did . I 'm truly sorry . "" Stork returned to Germany after her sentencing . " " "" . poisoning salmonella the including , members cult by perpetrated crimes serious more the of any for prosecuted never was he , Nevertheless "" Soil American on Terrorism in writes McCann T. Joseph . General Attorney States United the from first permission given unless return not and States United the leave to agreed He . States United the from deported was and , fraud immigration to guilty plead to agreed , 000 @,@ 400 $ US of fine a paid Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan . commune Rajneesh the of enemies specific of murder "" necessary "" the authorized personally had Rajneesh Shree Bhagwan that conspiracy murder the of members told had Sheela Anand Ma stated , case the in Justice of Department States United the for prosecutor lead , III Reardon J. Timothy , affidavit an In "," In an affidavit , Timothy J. Reardon III , lead prosecutor for the United States Department of Justice in the case , stated Ma Anand Sheela had told members of the murder conspiracy that Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh had personally authorized the "" necessary "" murder of specific enemies of the Rajneesh commune . Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh paid a fine of US $ 400 @,@ 000 , agreed to plead guilty to immigration fraud , and was deported from the United States . He agreed to leave the United States and not return unless given permission first from the United States Attorney General . Joseph T. McCann writes in Terrorism on American Soil "" Nevertheless , he was never prosecuted for any of the more serious crimes perpetrated by cult members , including the salmonella poisoning . 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Bond James agent MI6 fictional the as Brosnan Pierce star to film final and fourth the and , series Bond James the in film spy twentieth the is ) 2002 ( Day Another Die "," Die Another Day ( 2002 ) is the twentieth spy film in the James Bond series , and the fourth and final film to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . The film follows Bond as he leads a mission to North Korea , during which he is betrayed and , after seemingly killing a rogue North Korean colonel , is captured and imprisoned . Fourteen months later , Bond is released as part of a prisoner exchange . that someone within the British government betrayed him , he attempts to earn redemption by tracking down his betrayer and killing a North Korean agent he believes was involved in his torture . " " . films preceding the of each to references includes Day Another Die . No Dr. in Bond as starring Connery Sean with 1962 in began series The . anniversary 40th 's franchise Bond James the marked , Tamahori Lee by directed and , Broccoli Barbara and Wilson G. Michael by produced , Day Another Die "," Die Another Day , produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli , and directed by Lee Tamahori , marked the James Bond franchise 's 40th anniversary . The series began in 1962 with Sean Connery starring as Bond in Dr. No . Die Another Day includes references to each of the preceding films . " " . account into taken not is inflation if time that to up film Bond James grossing @-@ highest the was Day Another Die , Nevertheless . plot 's film the from distraction a and unconvincing found they which , imagery generated @-@ computer of use heavy 's film the criticised others while , Tamahori Lee of work the praised critics Some . reviews mixed received film The "," The film received mixed reviews . Some critics praised the work of Lee Tamahori , while others criticised the film 's heavy use of computer @-@ generated imagery , which they found unconvincing and a distraction from the film 's plot . Nevertheless , Die Another Day was the highest @-@ grossing James Bond film up to that time if inflation is not taken into account . " " . Moon General , father 's Colonel the by imprisoned and soldiers Korean North by captured is but , survives Bond . death apparent 's Moon with ends which , ensues chase hovercraft a and Bond kill to attempts colonel the , agent British a is Bond that discovers Zao assistant 's Moon After . diamonds blood African for weapons trading illegally is Moon Sun @-@ Tan Colonel where , base military Korean North a infiltrates — 007 agent — Bond James officer MI6 "," MI6 officer James Bond — agent 007 — infiltrates a North Korean military base , where Colonel Tan @-@ Sun Moon is illegally trading weapons for African blood diamonds . After Moon 's assistant Zao discovers that Bond is a British agent , the colonel attempts to kill Bond and a hovercraft chase ensues , which ends with Moon 's apparent death . Bond survives , but is captured by North Korean soldiers and imprisoned by the Colonel 's father , General Moon . " " . Cuba in is Zao that agent Chinese a from learns he where , Kong Hong in is he that discovers he , MI6 of custody the from escaping After . betrayal his avenge to decides and government British the in agent double a by up set been has he that convinced is Bond . duress under information leaked having of suspicion under suspended is Agent 00 a as status his that him informs who , M meet to taken and sedated is He . exchange prisoner a in Zao for traded is Bond , torture and captivity of months 14 After "," After 14 months of captivity and torture , Bond is traded for Zao in a prisoner exchange . He is sedated and taken to meet M , who informs him that his status as a 00 Agent is suspended under suspicion of having leaked information under duress . Bond is convinced that he has been set up by a double agent in the British government and decides to avenge his betrayal . After escaping from the custody of MI6 , he discovers that he is in Hong Kong , where he learns from a Chinese agent that Zao is in Cuba . " " . Graves Gustav billionaire British by owned company the of crest the bearing but , diamonds conflict as identified , diamonds of cache a to Bond leads which pendant a behind leaves He . escapes Zao but , him kill to attempts and clinic the inside Zao locates Bond . restructuring DNA through altered appearances their have can patients where , clinic therapy gene a to her follows and Johnson ' Jinx ' agent NSA meets Bond Havana In "," In Havana Bond meets NSA agent ' Jinx ' Johnson and follows her to a gene therapy clinic , where patients can have their appearances altered through DNA restructuring . Bond locates Zao inside the clinic and attempts to kill him , but Zao escapes . He leaves behind a pendant which leads Bond to a cache of diamonds , identified as conflict diamonds , but bearing the crest of the company owned by British billionaire Gustav Graves . " " . investigation the in assistance offers and status 0 @-@ Double 's Bond restores M , afterwards Shortly . demonstration scientific a for Iceland to Graves by invited is Bond , ) fight @-@ sword literal a and ( exercise fencing a After . agent MI6 undercover an also is who , Frost Miranda assistant his with along , Graves meets Bond London in Club Blades At "," At Blades Club in London Bond meets Graves , along with his assistant Miranda Frost , who is also an undercover MI6 agent . After a fencing exercise ( and a literal sword @-@ fight ) , Bond is invited by Graves to Iceland for a scientific demonstration . Shortly afterwards , M restores Bond 's Double @-@ 0 status and offers assistance in the investigation . " " . Graves Gustav of identity the assuming , appearance his change to technology therapy gene the used has Moon . alive still is Moon Colonel that discovers later and her rescues Bond . Zao and Graves by captured is but , centre command ' Graves infiltrates Jinx , night the During . development crop for sunshine round @-@ year provide and area small a on energy solar focus to able is which , "" Icarus "" , satellite mirror orbital new a unveils Graves Iceland in palace ice his At "," At his ice palace in Iceland Graves unveils a new orbital mirror satellite , "" Icarus "" , which is able to focus solar energy on a small area and provide year @-@ round sunshine for crop development . During the night , Jinx infiltrates Graves ' command centre , but is captured by Graves and Zao . Bond rescues her and later discovers that Colonel Moon is still alive . Moon has used the gene therapy technology to change his appearance , assuming the identity of Gustav Graves . " " . drowned has she after Jinx revives then and , him onto chandelier ice an shooting by Zao kills Bond . palace ice melting rapidly the inside driving cars both , vehicle own his in him pursues Zao . again once captured been has who , Jinx rescue to Vanquish Martin Aston his in returns then Bond . facility ' Graves from escape to 007 forcing , Korea North in Bond betrayed who traitor the as herself reveal to arrives Frost but , Graves confronts Bond "," Bond confronts Graves , but Frost arrives to reveal herself as the traitor who betrayed Bond in North Korea , forcing 007 to escape from Graves ' facility . Bond then returns in his Aston Martin Vanquish to rescue Jinx , who has been captured once again . Zao pursues him in his own vehicle , both cars driving inside the rapidly melting ice palace . Bond kills Zao by shooting an ice chandelier onto him , and then revives Jinx after she has drowned . " " . son own his by murdered is he but , plan the stop to tries Moon General , Horrified . force by peninsula the reunite and Korea South invade to troops Korean North allowing , sunlight concentrated with Zone Demilitarized Korean the through path a cut to : satellite Icarus the of purpose the and , father his to identity true his reveals Graves . plane cargo ' Graves on away stow and peninsula Korean the to Frost and Graves pursue Jinx and Bond "," Bond and Jinx pursue Graves and Frost to the Korean peninsula and stow away on Graves ' cargo plane . Graves reveals his true identity to his father , and the purpose of the Icarus satellite : to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone with concentrated sunlight , allowing North Korean troops to invade South Korea and reunite the peninsula by force . Horrified , General Moon tries to stop the plan , but he is murdered by his own son . " " . process the in diamonds of stash ' Graves away carrying , hold cargo the from helicopter a in plane disintegrating the from escape then Jinx and Bond . beam Icarus the disabling and him killing , engines its of one into and plane the of out pulled be to Graves causing , parachute the opens Bond but , parachute by escape to attempts Graves . Frost kills Jinx , damaged further is and beam Icarus the through passes plane the After . duel sword a in herself defend to her forcing , Jinx attacks Frost . plane the of control regain to attempts Jinx and , fight fist a in Graves engages Bond . rapidly descend to plane the causing , fuselage the pierces gunshot a , struggle their In . board on soldiers the of one by prevented is he but Graves shoot to attempts Bond "," Bond attempts to shoot Graves but he is prevented by one of the soldiers on board . In their struggle , a gunshot pierces the fuselage , causing the plane to descend rapidly . Bond engages Graves in a fist fight , and Jinx attempts to regain control of the plane . Frost attacks Jinx , forcing her to defend herself in a sword duel . After the plane passes through the Icarus beam and is further damaged , Jinx kills Frost . Graves attempts to escape by parachute , but Bond opens the parachute , causing Graves to be pulled out of the plane and into one of its engines , killing him and disabling the Icarus beam . Bond and Jinx then escape from the disintegrating plane in a helicopter from the cargo hold , carrying away Graves ' stash of diamonds in the process . " " . agent MI6 an , 007 Bond James as Brosnan Pierce "," Pierce Brosnan as James Bond 007 , an MI6 agent . " " . agent NSA an , Johnson ' Jinx ' as Berry Halle "," Halle Berry as ' Jinx ' Johnson , an NSA agent . " " . Moon Colonel of ego alter , entrepreneur British a , Graves Gustav as Stephens Toby "," Toby Stephens as Gustav Graves , a British entrepreneur , alter ego of Colonel Moon . " " . agent double and agent MI6 undercover , Frost Miranda as Pike Rosamund "," Rosamund Pike as Miranda Frost , undercover MI6 agent and double agent . " " . Moon for working terrorist Korean North a , Zao as Yune Rick "," Rick Yune as Zao , a North Korean terrorist working for Moon . " " . MI6 of head the , M as Dench Judi "," Judi Dench as M , the head of MI6 . " " . ego alter his uses later , colonel army Korean North rogue a , Moon Colonel as Lee Yun Will "," Will Yun Lee as Colonel Moon , a rogue North Korean army colonel , later uses his alter ego . " " . father 's Moon Colonel , Moon General as Tsang Kenneth "," Kenneth Tsang as General Moon , Colonel Moon 's father . " " . armourer and quartermaster 's MI6 , Q as Cleese John "," John Cleese as Q , MI6 's quartermaster and armourer . " " . Staff of Chief Deputy 's M , Robinson Charles as Salmon Colin "," Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson , M 's Deputy Chief of Staff . " " . her replace to created was Chang and through fell idea the but , Kong Hong in Bond aided who ) Yeoh Michelle ( Lin Wai was it , script the of drafts early In . Chang Mr. agent special Chinese and manager Hotel the as Yi Ho "," Ho Yi as the Hotel manager and Chinese special agent Mr. Chang . In early drafts of the script , it was Wai Lin ( Michelle Yeoh ) who aided Bond in Hong Kong , but the idea fell through and Chang was created to replace her . " " . masseuse a as undercover , Chang Mr. for working agent Chinese a , Desire of Fountains Peaceful as Grant Rachel "," Rachel Grant as Peaceful Fountains of Desire , a Chinese agent working for Mr. Chang , undercover as a masseuse . " " . sleeper British a and , factory cigar Havana a of manager the , Raoul as Echevarría Emilio "," Emilio Echevarría as Raoul , the manager of a Havana cigar factory , and a British sleeper . " " . secretary 's M , Moneypenny Miss as Bond Samantha "," Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny , M 's secretary . " " scientist personal ' Graves Gustav , Popov Vladimir as Michael "," Michael as Vladimir Popov , Gustav Graves ' personal scientist " " . henchmen ' Graves Gustav of one , Kil Mr. as Lawrence "," Lawrence as Mr. Kil , one of Gustav Graves ' henchmen . " " . NSA the in superior 's Jinx , Falco Damian as Madsen Michael "," Michael Madsen as Damian Falco , Jinx 's superior in the NSA . " " Li General as Wong Vincent "," Vincent Wong as General Li " " worker factory cigar elderly an as Martinez Joaquin "," Joaquin Martinez as an elderly cigar factory worker " " ) Moore Roger Bond former of daughter the is Moore ( hostess airline an as Moore Deborah "," Deborah Moore as an airline hostess ( Moore is the daughter of former Bond Roger Moore ) " " ) cameo ( instructor fencing a , Verity as Madonna "," Madonna as Verity , a fencing instructor ( cameo ) " " . Spain , Caleta La at filmed were Los de Isla fictional the and Havana of locations Cuban the involving scenes The . Project Eden the at , Cornwall in filmed also were mine diamond ' Graves inside Scenes . Cornwall , Newquay and Cádiz near taken were shots shore the while , Maui , in Jaws as known break surf the at scene surfing title @-@ pre the performed Darrick and , Kalama Dave , Hamilton Laird . 2001 December in , Hawaii , Maui and Stage 007 ' Studios Pinewood included locations Other . Spain , Cádiz and , Iceland , Kingdom United the in primarily shot was film The . studios Pinewood at 2002 January 11 on began Day Another Die of photography Principal "," Principal photography of Die Another Day began on 11 January 2002 at Pinewood studios . The film was shot primarily in the United Kingdom , Iceland , and Cádiz , Spain . Other locations included Pinewood Studios ' 007 Stage and Maui , Hawaii , in December 2001 . Laird Hamilton , Dave Kalama , and Darrick performed the pre @-@ title surfing scene at the surf break known as Jaws in , Maui , while the shore shots were taken near Cádiz and Newquay , Cornwall . Scenes inside Graves ' diamond mine were also filmed in Cornwall , at the Eden Project . The scenes involving the Cuban locations of Havana and the fictional Isla de Los were filmed at La Caleta , Spain . " " . operation minute @-@ 30 a in removed was debris The . eye her into flew grenade smoke a from debris when filming during injured was Berry . chill a catching avoid to takes between towels thick in wrapped Berry of released been has footage and , windy and cold reportedly was location The . Cádiz in shot were bikini a in Berry featuring scenes The "," The scenes featuring Berry in a bikini were shot in Cádiz . The location was reportedly cold and windy , and footage has been released of Berry wrapped in thick towels between takes to avoid catching a chill . Berry was injured during filming when debris from a smoke grenade flew into her eye . The debris was removed in a 30 @-@ minute operation . " " . generated @-@ computer are scene the in glaciers the all with along , waves The . screen blue the on shot was Bond kill to attempting was Graves when Icarus by created wave the surfs Bond which in scene The . scenes plane cargo Antonov the involving scenes the for used was Kent in Airport Manston ; Gloucestershire , Rissington Little RAF and Norway , Park National at filmed scenes additional with ice the on chase car the for used were Iceland , and Norway , Svalbard . Westminster and , Park Green , Palace Buckingham , Headquarters MI6 , Club Blades the at gallery and lobby the including , film the in places several shoot to used was Club Reform the , London In . film Bond produced @-@ Eon 20th the being Day Another Die to reference a , "" believe I , 20th your "" is Bond issues he watch the that mentions Q . Love with Russia From in shoe tipped @-@ poison 's Klebb Rosa and Thunderball in jetpack the include Examples . Underground London the in warehouse 's Q in appear archives ' Productions Eon in stored and film Bond previous every from props other and Gadgets "," Gadgets and other props from every previous Bond film and stored in Eon Productions ' archives appear in Q 's warehouse in the London Underground . Examples include the jetpack in Thunderball and Rosa Klebb 's poison @-@ tipped shoe in From Russia with Love . Q mentions that the watch he issues Bond is "" your 20th , I believe "" , a reference to Die Another Day being the 20th Eon @-@ produced Bond film . In London , the Reform Club was used to shoot several places in the film , including the lobby and gallery at the Blades Club , MI6 Headquarters , Buckingham Palace , Green Park , and Westminster . Svalbard , Norway and , Iceland were used for the car chase on the ice with additional scenes filmed at National Park , Norway and RAF Little Rissington , Gloucestershire ; Manston Airport in Kent was used for the scenes involving the Antonov cargo plane scenes . The scene in which Bond surfs the wave created by Icarus when Graves was attempting to kill Bond was shot on the blue screen . The waves , along with all the glaciers in the scene are computer @-@ generated . " " "" . the for promotion wonderful a 's It . signature radar minimal and , performance glide good , cruise fast a to thanks , unobserved in get guys good The . realistic but , brief 's It "" , commented and scene the conducting of way 's Tamahori Lee director by impressed was Jack , designer lead s ' . Inc Aerospace Kinetic . ) Transport Soldier Single Altitude High Programmable ( "" "" called model workable a on based was The . Korea North enter stealthily to Jinx and Bond by flown are ) shape in jets fighter resembling gliders person @-@ one ( , film the In . life real in British are scene the in personnel and aircraft the all , base US a as film the in portrayed is base the Although . techniques screen blue using production @-@ post in added being background sky the with ground the on entirely filmed actually were , air the in portrayed though , scenes latter These . sequence the during shots interior helicopter the were as , UK , Hampshire in Odiham RAF at filmed was , helicopters Chinook with crowded shown , "" Korea South in Base Air US "" the of interior hangar The "," The hangar interior of the "" US Air Base in South Korea "" , shown crowded with Chinook helicopters , was filmed at RAF Odiham in Hampshire , UK , as were the helicopter interior shots during the sequence . These latter scenes , though portrayed in the air , were actually filmed entirely on the ground with the sky background being added in post @-@ production using blue screen techniques . Although the base is portrayed in the film as a US base , all the aircraft and personnel in the scene are British in real life . In the film , ( one @-@ person gliders resembling fighter jets in shape ) are flown by Bond and Jinx to stealthily enter North Korea . The was based on a workable model called "" "" ( Programmable High Altitude Single Soldier Transport ) . Kinetic Aerospace Inc . ' s lead designer , Jack was impressed by director Lee Tamahori 's way of conducting the scene and commented , "" It 's brief , but realistic . The good guys get in unobserved , thanks to a fast cruise , good glide performance , and minimal radar signature . It 's a wonderful promotion for the . "" " " . track "" Together Down Going "" the in reused is , Enough Not Is World The of track "" Turkey in Christmas "" the in used , theme new second The . piano for written is and , recording the on cue "" Antonov "" mammoth the during heard is , theme 's Renard as used originally , first The . Enough Not Is World The for created themes new the of two included and , score his in elements rhythm electronic of use made again He . Records Bros. Warner on released and Arnold David by composed was soundtrack The "," The soundtrack was composed by David Arnold and released on Warner Bros. Records . He again made use of electronic rhythm elements in his score , and included two of the new themes created for The World Is Not Enough . The first , originally used as Renard 's theme , is heard during the mammoth "" Antonov "" cue on the recording , and is written for piano . The second new theme , used in the "" Christmas in Turkey "" track of The World Is Not Enough , is reused in the "" Going Down Together "" track . " " . 24 of age the under those among favourite "" one number overwhelming "" an as in came also and , 22 of out 9th voted was song the , "" Hits Greatest 's Bond James "" programme 4 Channel the for poll MORI a In . ) cameo her for Actress Supporting Worst for Award Raspberry Golden the won herself Madonna while ( 2002 of Song Original Worst for Award Raspberry Golden a for also but , Recording Dance Best for Award Grammy 2004 the and Song Original Best for Globe Golden a for nominated was it — divided sharply were song the of opinions ' Critics . Koreans North the of hands the at torture of months 14 survive to trying Bond represent to is sequence title the of concept The . pieces set alone @-@ stand are titles Bond previous other the all ; No Dr. since plot 's film the reflect directly to sequence title Bond first the is This . instructor fencing a , Verity as film the in cameo a had also who , Madonna by performed and Ahmadzai Mirwais by produced @-@ co and written @-@ co was Day Another Die for song title The "," The title song for Die Another Day was co @-@ written and co @-@ produced by Mirwais Ahmadzai and performed by Madonna , who also had a cameo in the film as Verity , a fencing instructor . This is the first Bond title sequence to directly reflect the film 's plot since Dr. No ; all the other previous Bond titles are stand @-@ alone set pieces . The concept of the title sequence is to represent Bond trying to survive 14 months of torture at the hands of the North Koreans . Critics ' opinions of the song were sharply divided — it was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Original Song and the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording , but also for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song of 2002 ( while Madonna herself won the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Supporting Actress for her cameo ) . In a MORI poll for the Channel 4 programme "" James Bond 's Greatest Hits "" , the song was voted 9th out of 22 , and also came in as an "" overwhelming number one "" favourite among those under the age of 24 . " " . Brioni house fashion Italian the by designed tuxedo a in Bond as posing Ken boyfriend 's Barbie with , set gift a in sold was doll The . leg 's Barbie to strapped telephone a reveal to thigh the to slashed is which , dress the created Hemming Lindy . shawl red and dress evening in clad , "" best stylish "" her at be will Bond the that announced Mattel . franchise the around based dolls Barbie of line a sell to license the Mattel granted Productions Eon and MGM "," MGM and Eon Productions granted Mattel the license to sell a line of Barbie dolls based around the franchise . Mattel announced that the Bond will be at her "" stylish best "" , clad in evening dress and red shawl . Lindy Hemming created the dress , which is slashed to the thigh to reveal a telephone strapped to Barbie 's leg . The doll was sold in a gift set , with Barbie 's boyfriend Ken posing as Bond in a tuxedo designed by the Italian fashion house Brioni . " " . "" frosted and cool "" to "" warm "" the from ranging textures and shades with , innuendo and puns with loaded were names product The . release 's film the with coincide to 2002 November 7 on launched was Collection Colour 007 edition limited The . Jinx character the around based line cosmetics a create to Day Another Die of makers the with collaborated also Revlon "," Revlon also collaborated with the makers of Die Another Day to create a cosmetics line based around the character Jinx . The limited edition 007 Colour Collection was launched on 7 November 2002 to coincide with the film 's release . The product names were loaded with puns and innuendo , with shades and textures ranging from the "" warm "" to "" cool and frosted "" . " " . 2002 of film grossing highest sixth the becoming , worldwide million 432 $ earned It . Royale Casino of release the until film Bond James grossing highest the was Day Another Die . million 2 @.@ 1 £ reached sales ticket , day first the On . patron is Queen the which of Fund Benevolent Television and Cinema the to donated were , 000 @,@ 500 £ about , première the from Proceeds . palace ice an into transformed been had and screening the for over @-@ make a had Hall Albert Royal The . 1967 in Twice Live Only You being one first the , Queen the by attended be to premiere film Bond second the it making , honour of guests were Philip Prince and II Elizabeth Queen . London in Hall Albert Royal the at 2002 November 18 on premiere world its had Day Another Die "," Die Another Day had its world premiere on 18 November 2002 at the Royal Albert Hall in London . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip were guests of honour , making it the second Bond film premiere to be attended by the Queen , the first one being You Only Live Twice in 1967 . The Royal Albert Hall had a make @-@ over for the screening and had been transformed into an ice palace . Proceeds from the première , about £ 500 @,@ 000 , were donated to the Cinema and Television Benevolent Fund of which the Queen is patron . On the first day , ticket sales reached £ 1 @.@ 2 million . Die Another Day was the highest grossing James Bond film until the release of Casino Royale . It earned $ 432 million worldwide , becoming the sixth highest grossing film of 2002 . " " "" . time wrong the at film wrong the "" was Day Another Die that said Tourism and Culture of Ministry Korean South the of official An . States United the towards nation the in resentment growing reported Post Washington The . "" ethics and values our reflect not does and religion our to disrespectful "" was film the that statement a issued Order Buddhist The . Buddha the of statue a near scene lovemaking a by and , homeland their of defence the in army Korean South the to orders issues officer American an which in scene the by offended were they as , 2002 December 31 on released was it where theatres 145 boycotted Koreans South The . hungry @-@ war and brutal as state their of portrayal the disliked government Korean North The . Asia eastern in subject controversial a became Day Another Die "," Die Another Day became a controversial subject in eastern Asia . The North Korean government disliked the portrayal of their state as brutal and war @-@ hungry . The South Koreans boycotted 145 theatres where it was released on 31 December 2002 , as they were offended by the scene in which an American officer issues orders to the South Korean army in the defence of their homeland , and by a lovemaking scene near a statue of the Buddha . The Buddhist Order issued a statement that the film was "" disrespectful to our religion and does not reflect our values and ethics "" . The Washington Post reported growing resentment in the nation towards the United States . An official of the South Korean Ministry of Culture and Tourism said that Die Another Day was "" the wrong film at the wrong time . "" " " . 2006 in Royale Casino film Bond next the for eight to dropped was placement product in involved companies of number the , choice By . million 100 $ as high as be to number that reported Today USA although , time the at record a , film the in featured products their had , million 70 $ paying , companies 20 Reportedly . "" Day Another Buy "" pun the used all who Reuters and Time , BBC the as such outlets news various from specifically , criticism of point a was film the in placement product of amount The "," The amount of product placement in the film was a point of criticism , specifically from various news outlets such as the BBC , Time and Reuters who all used the pun "" Buy Another Day "" . Reportedly 20 companies , paying $ 70 million , had their products featured in the film , a record at the time , although USA Today reported that number to be as high as $ 100 million . By choice , the number of companies involved in product placement was dropped to eight for the next Bond film Casino Royale in 2006 . " " "" . introduced gets palace ice the when downhill go to start Things "" that but , "" Bond classic is Day Another Die of half first "" the that review his in stated 365 Freaks Movie of Bell Kyle . Me Loved Who Spy The since series Bond James the of best the film the called Times York New The of Stevens Dana . sensuality pop ' series the established @-@ re has , "" filmmaker true a "" , Tamahori that saying , reaction positive a gave also magazine Weekly Entertainment "" . all it to zest new a injects also but , it preceded that films classic the to reference makes , legend Bond the to true keeps it that so film the balanced magnificently "" having for Tamahori Lee praised of Carroll Larry "" . memory recent in franchise the of installment satisfying most the "" and Brosnan Pierce star to series the of best the as film the praised Threat Film of Dequina Michael "" . reviews average or mixed "" representing , rating 100 of out 56 a film the gave Metacritic . rating % 58 a with Day Another Die listed Tomatoes Rotten "," Rotten Tomatoes listed Die Another Day with a 58 % rating . Metacritic gave the film a 56 out of 100 rating , representing "" mixed or average reviews . "" Michael Dequina of Film Threat praised the film as the best of the series to star Pierce Brosnan and "" the most satisfying installment of the franchise in recent memory . "" Larry Carroll of praised Lee Tamahori for having "" magnificently balanced the film so that it keeps true to the Bond legend , makes reference to the classic films that preceded it , but also injects a new zest to it all . "" Entertainment Weekly magazine also gave a positive reaction , saying that Tamahori , "" a true filmmaker "" , has re @-@ established the series ' pop sensuality . Dana Stevens of The New York Times called the film the best of the James Bond series since The Spy Who Loved Me . Kyle Bell of Movie Freaks 365 stated in his review that the "" first half of Die Another Day is classic Bond "" , but that "" Things start to go downhill when the ice palace gets introduced . "" " " "" ! Please ? footage CGI dodgy and cars Invisible ! space in Bond first the , me from s ’ that and – far too went just it thought I "" , remarked Moore Roger "" . string second to relegated almost is character Bond the while stage centre take to appear that explosions loud and sequences action stop @-@ non seemingly the "" as film the of point weak the described also Newspapers Community Houston the of Brown Gary . cheap the on done was it like looks Day Another Die , design production lousy with Coupled . picture motion major a in seen have I anything than worse magnitude of order an is movie this in work CGI The . effects special bad excruciatingly and explosions loud in exercise an is Day Another Die "" , said he , sequences action the Of "" . bangs loud and flashes bright of favor in toilet the down history cinematic of years 40 throw and mold mindless the into Bond James feed @-@ force to filmmakers the by attempt stupefying a – film action an of wreck train a is This "" , said of Berardinelli James . neglected being plot the with , effects special and gadgets on heavily too relied film the that felt who reviewers some by criticised strongly was Day Another Die , However "," However , Die Another Day was strongly criticised by some reviewers who felt that the film relied too heavily on gadgets and special effects , with the plot being neglected . James Berardinelli of said , "" This is a train wreck of an action film – a stupefying attempt by the filmmakers to force @-@ feed James Bond into the mindless mold and throw 40 years of cinematic history down the toilet in favor of bright flashes and loud bangs . "" Of the action sequences , he said , "" Die Another Day is an exercise in loud explosions and excruciatingly bad special effects . The CGI work in this movie is an order of magnitude worse than anything I have seen in a major motion picture . Coupled with lousy production design , Die Another Day looks like it was done on the cheap . Gary Brown of the Houston Community Newspapers also described the weak point of the film as "" the seemingly non @-@ stop action sequences and loud explosions that appear to take centre stage while the Bond character is almost relegated to second string . "" Roger Moore remarked , "" I thought it just went too far – and that ’ s from me , the first Bond in space ! Invisible cars and dodgy CGI footage ? Please ! "" " " . birth 's Fleming of anniversary 100th the mark to 2008 in Faulks Sebastian by Care May Devil of publication the until Fleming Ian by conceived originally as Bond featuring work literary final the was it , Tattoo Red the with Man The , novel 007 original final 's Benson after published was novelisation the As . 2005 in launched was , Higson Charlie by , teenager a as adventures 's agent secret the featuring series new a and novelist Bond James official the as retired Benson publication its After . average above was it to reaction Fan . Wade Robert and Purvis Neal by screenplay the on based , Benson Raymond , writer Bond James official current @-@ then the by novel a into written was Day Another Die "," Die Another Day was written into a novel by the then @-@ current official James Bond writer , Raymond Benson , based on the screenplay by Neal Purvis and Robert Wade . Fan reaction to it was above average . After its publication Benson retired as the official James Bond novelist and a new series featuring the secret agent 's adventures as a teenager , by Charlie Higson , was launched in 2005 . As the novelisation was published after Benson 's final original 007 novel , The Man with the Red Tattoo , it was the final literary work featuring Bond as originally conceived by Ian Fleming until the publication of Devil May Care by Sebastian Faulks in 2008 to mark the 100th anniversary of Fleming 's birth . " " . Royale Casino , film next the with on move instead to keen were MGM . decision the about "" furious clearly "" be to reported were who , Entertainment Eon of Wilson G. Michael and Broccoli Barbara of dismay the to , project this on plug the pulled completely had MGM that reported Variety , 2003 October 26 on , movie imminent an of speculation much despite , However . Dies Never Tomorrow 's 1997 in , Lin Wai , character 's Yeoh Michelle on based film off @-@ spin a developing considered originally had MGM , 1990s late the In . ' Bond James ' to alternative "" winter "" a be would that series film a up set to keen was MGM that reported originally was It . release 2004 December / November a for scheduled was which , Jinx on concentrating film off @-@ spin a of 2003 in arose Speculation "," Speculation arose in 2003 of a spin @-@ off film concentrating on Jinx , which was scheduled for a November / December 2004 release . It was originally reported that MGM was keen to set up a film series that would be a "" winter "" alternative to ' James Bond ' . In the late 1990s , MGM had originally considered developing a spin @-@ off film based on Michelle Yeoh 's character , Wai Lin , in 1997 's Tomorrow Never Dies . However , despite much speculation of an imminent movie , on 26 October 2003 , Variety reported that MGM had completely pulled the plug on this project , to the dismay of Barbara Broccoli and Michael G. Wilson of Eon Entertainment , who were reported to be "" clearly furious "" about the decision . MGM were keen to instead move on with the next film , Casino Royale . " " . Family Famous Almost My comedy musical CBBC the in starred 2009 in and , 2008 to 2006 from , series eleventh to eighth its from City Holby in appeared She . Who Doctor and Souls of Sea , EastEnders , Soldier Soldier including shows television British and , Sahara and Inside i The films Hollywood , performances theatrical Shakespearean of number a in appearing , television and film , theatre in worked has Ayola . Aviation in Moments Great screenplay Winterson Jeanette 1993 the of role lead the in prominence to rose first She . City Holby drama medical BBC the in Tyson Kyla as role her for known best , actress Welsh a is ) 1968 May born ( Ayola Rakie "," Rakie Ayola ( born May 1968 ) is a Welsh actress , best known for her role as Kyla Tyson in the BBC medical drama Holby City . She first rose to prominence in the lead role of the 1993 Jeanette Winterson screenplay Great Moments in Aviation . Ayola has worked in theatre , film and television , appearing in a number of Shakespearean theatrical performances , Hollywood films The i Inside and Sahara , and British television shows including Soldier Soldier , EastEnders , Sea of Souls and Doctor Who . She appeared in Holby City from its eighth to eleventh series , from 2006 to 2008 , and in 2009 starred in the CBBC musical comedy My Almost Famous Family . " " . daughters two has she whom with , Smethurst Adam actor fellow to married is She . 2008 in nomination shortlisted further a and , 2007 in category same the in Mention Honourable receiving , Awards Nation Screen the in award ' TV in Performance Female ' the for shortlisted was Ayola , 2006 In . campaign her further to order in festival film Cannes the for Playground 's Persephone film short the producing , company production own her founded 2001 in and , industry entertainment the in representation ethnic increased of advocate an is Ayola "," Ayola is an advocate of increased ethnic representation in the entertainment industry , and in 2001 founded her own production company , producing the short film Persephone 's Playground for the Cannes film festival in order to further her campaign . In 2006 , Ayola was shortlisted for the ' Female Performance in TV ' award in the Screen Nation Awards , receiving Honourable Mention in the same category in 2007 , and a further shortlisted nomination in 2008 . She is married to fellow actor Adam Smethurst , with whom she has two daughters . " " . card union her obtain to her enabled which company theatre ' Wales in Made ' the with job a offered was , graduation to prior weeks six , and , school drama attending whilst chambermaid a as worked She . Cardiff in Market Road Bessemer on jeans selling was job first 's Ayola . professionally act to her encouraging with mother adoptive her credits though , child a as act to her inspired that ! Dolly , Hello in performance 's Streisand Barbra was it that stated has Ayola . Arthur King of court the at waiting @-@ in @-@ lady a playing , school primary at still when Eisteddfod Welsh the for was role acting first Her . diploma acting year @-@ three a for studying , Drama and Music of College Welsh Royal the attend to on went then She "" . company theatre amateur an in be d ’ I , 't couldn I if even but , acting living my make to wanted I 16 at decided I . act to wanted always 've I "" : explains She . actress an becoming of ambition her pursue to order in Levels A her sitting before school high left She . Wales of Theatre Youth National the and Choir Youth Glamorgan South , Theatre Youth Glamorgan South , Theatre Youth Orbit the of member a was and , School High Ely Glan and Primary Clive Windsor at studied Ayola . language the speak not does she although , descent by Yoruba is she means heritage 's Ayola . Cardiff , Ely in wife his and cousin 's mother her by raised was She . father Nigerian a and mother Leonean Sierra a to , 1968 May in Wales , Cardiff in born was Ayola "," Ayola was born in Cardiff , Wales in May 1968 , to a Sierra Leonean mother and a Nigerian father . She was raised by her mother 's cousin and his wife in Ely , Cardiff . Ayola 's heritage means she is Yoruba by descent , although she does not speak the language . Ayola studied at Windsor Clive Primary and Glan Ely High School , and was a member of the Orbit Youth Theatre , South Glamorgan Youth Theatre , South Glamorgan Youth Choir and the National Youth Theatre of Wales . She left high school before sitting her A Levels in order to pursue her ambition of becoming an actress . She explains : "" I 've always wanted to act . I decided at 16 I wanted to make my living acting , but even if I couldn 't , I ’ d be in an amateur theatre company . "" She then went on to attend the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama , studying for a three @-@ year acting diploma . Her first acting role was for the Welsh Eisteddfod when still at primary school , playing a lady @-@ in @-@ waiting at the court of King Arthur . Ayola has stated that it was Barbra Streisand 's performance in Hello , Dolly ! that inspired her to act as a child , though credits her adoptive mother with encouraging her to act professionally . Ayola 's first job was selling jeans on Bessemer Road Market in Cardiff . She worked as a chambermaid whilst attending drama school , and , six weeks prior to graduation , was offered a job with the ' Made in Wales ' theatre company which enabled her to obtain her union card . " " . it playing of capable herself prove to like would and part the on out lost once she as , Measure for Measure in Isabella of that be to role dream her deemed has She . "" part a of dream a "" as described she which , 2003 in London in Theatre Globe the at Carthage of Queen , Dido of role title the assuming , performances modern in appeared also has She "" . sense more makes Olivia but reason some for me with well that sit 't didn Viola of role The "" : explains She . Viola and Olivia both of roles lead the in Night Twelfth in performed has Ayola . "" be ever 'll I than articulate more much are who people play to get I that fact the love I . way my coming keeps Shakespeare "" : this of states She . Macbeth and Venice of Merchant The , Tempest The , Dream 's Night Midsummer A , Night Twelfth including plays Shakespearean of number a in performing , theatre the in career her began Ayola "," Ayola began her career in the theatre , performing in a number of Shakespearean plays including Twelfth Night , A Midsummer Night 's Dream , The Tempest , The Merchant of Venice and Macbeth . She states of this : "" Shakespeare keeps coming my way . I love the fact that I get to play people who are much more articulate than I 'll ever be "" . Ayola has performed in Twelfth Night in the lead roles of both Olivia and Viola . She explains : "" The role of Viola didn 't sit that well with me for some reason but Olivia makes more sense . "" She has also appeared in modern performances , assuming the title role of Dido , Queen of Carthage at the Globe Theatre in London in 2003 , which she described as "" a dream of a part "" . She has deemed her dream role to be that of Isabella in Measure for Measure , as she once lost out on the part and would like to prove herself capable of playing it . " " "" . television and film between difference the know really to though films big enough done not 've I ] but [ film doing like really I "" : career film her of says Ayola . Cruz Penélope starring , child first her with pregnant was Ayola whilst Morocco in filmed , Sahara and , Phillippe Ryan starring and , Cardiff , Hospital Sully in filmed , Inside i The thriller , Firth Colin starring and Nigeria in set , Women of Laughter Secret The comedy romantic are credits film subsequent Her . "" experience wonderful "" a been have to it deemed has but , names established many so alongside working of prospect the at daunted been having recalls Ayola "" . Earth to down back momentarily fireworks fanciful the pulling in succeeds often she , appealing and . watch to pleasure constant a is Ayola , turn naturalistic most 's film the In "" : performance her of said Rooney David 's magazine Variety . Hurt John and Pryce Jonathan alongside starred she which in , Winterson Jeanette by written , Aviation in Moments Great film 1993 the in was appearance film first 's Ayola "," Ayola 's first film appearance was in the 1993 film Great Moments in Aviation , written by Jeanette Winterson , in which she starred alongside Jonathan Pryce and John Hurt . Variety magazine 's David Rooney said of her performance : "" In the film 's most naturalistic turn , Ayola is a constant pleasure to watch . and appealing , she often succeeds in pulling the fanciful fireworks momentarily back down to Earth . "" Ayola recalls having been daunted at the prospect of working alongside so many established names , but has deemed it to have been a "" wonderful experience "" . Her subsequent film credits are romantic comedy The Secret Laughter of Women , set in Nigeria and starring Colin Firth , thriller The i Inside , filmed in Sully Hospital , Cardiff , and starring Ryan Phillippe , and Sahara , filmed in Morocco whilst Ayola was pregnant with her first child , starring Penélope Cruz . Ayola says of her film career : "" I really like doing film [ but ] I 've not done enough big films though to really know the difference between film and television . "" " " : stating , cancellation 's show the against outspoken was time the at but , "" TV watching into really 't aren Yellow Double like shows with in bring to like would they audience of kind the "" that concluded since has She . series second its through midway cancelled was show the when BBC the of critical highly was and , launch 's show the promote to gloves rubber yellow of pair a for but nude posed She . Rees Mark artist performance and Owen poet alongside , Yellow Double programme arts Wales BBC the of presenter a became she , 2001 In . Peace and War 's Tolstoy Leo of adaptation 's Helen in Theatre National the at appeared Ayola , 1996 In . "" shot a like "" again alongside work would she one and , actress "" fantastic "" a be to Quirke deeming , April Being and Raine Maisie both in Quirke Pauline alongside acted She . series second a commission to declining and schedules the around it moving , soap the treated BBC the way the of critically spoken has She . Bay Tiger opera soap Welsh in star and , Scarlett sequel Wind the With Gone in appear to on went She . audition her her winning for , Roberts Luke husband screen @-@ on her played who , star @-@ co with chemistry her credits Ayola . Roberts Bernie wife 's soldier as 1993 in series third its throughout starred she which in , Soldier Soldier drama ITV the in was role television prolific first 's Ayola "," Ayola 's first prolific television role was in the ITV drama Soldier Soldier , in which she starred throughout its third series in 1993 as soldier 's wife Bernie Roberts . Ayola credits her chemistry with co @-@ star , who played her on @-@ screen husband Luke Roberts , for winning her her audition . She went on to appear in Gone With the Wind sequel Scarlett , and star in Welsh soap opera Tiger Bay . She has spoken critically of the way the BBC treated the soap , moving it around the schedules and declining to commission a second series . She acted alongside Pauline Quirke in both Maisie Raine and Being April , deeming Quirke to be a "" fantastic "" actress , and one she would work alongside again "" like a shot "" . In 1996 , Ayola appeared at the National Theatre in Helen 's adaptation of Leo Tolstoy 's War and Peace . In 2001 , she became a presenter of the BBC Wales arts programme Double Yellow , alongside poet Owen and performance artist Mark Rees . She posed nude but for a pair of yellow rubber gloves to promote the show 's launch , and was highly critical of the BBC when the show was cancelled midway through its second series . She has since concluded that "" the kind of audience they would like to bring in with shows like Double Yellow aren 't really into watching TV "" , but at the time was outspoken against the show 's cancellation , stating : " " . Dredd film the in cast been also has She "" . presenting 're we what to approach off @-@ hands reverential of sort some 't wasn It . that liked I ' . anything or disability 's Martha around tiptoe to going not 're We . that of any by restrained be to going not 're we but – deaf and raced @-@ mixed 's who character one , girls and boys of mix a have We . British @-@ half , American @-@ half , white @-@ half , black @-@ half 's that family this have we , Okay ' , said 've they , altar this to bowing of instead , So "" . that by restrained been 't haven producer and writers the but , ticked being boxes correct @-@ politically of lot a were there that fact the like also I ] ... [ . it read I when loud out laugh me made script The "" : stated She . Family Famous Almost My comedy musical CBBC the in starred Ayola , 2009 In . Doctor Tenth 's Tennant David alongside Hostess intergalactic an playing , "" Midnight "" episode Who Doctor the in starred she , 2008 In . ) 2004 ( Souls of Sea and ) 2003 ( Tales Canterbury The , ) 2003 ( Mind in Murder , ) 2002 ( Offenders , ) 2001 ( Burning 's London , ) 2001 ( Dead the Waking , ) 2001 ( EastEnders opera soap , ) 2001 ( Monster Eyed @-@ Green thriller psychological BBC the include appearances television notable other 's Ayola "," Ayola 's other notable television appearances include the BBC psychological thriller Green @-@ Eyed Monster ( 2001 ) , soap opera EastEnders ( 2001 ) , Waking the Dead ( 2001 ) , London 's Burning ( 2001 ) , Offenders ( 2002 ) , Murder in Mind ( 2003 ) , The Canterbury Tales ( 2003 ) and Sea of Souls ( 2004 ) . In 2008 , she starred in the Doctor Who episode "" Midnight "" , playing an intergalactic Hostess alongside David Tennant 's Tenth Doctor . In 2009 , Ayola starred in the CBBC musical comedy My Almost Famous Family . She stated : "" The script made me laugh out loud when I read it . [ ... ] I also like the fact that there were a lot of politically @-@ correct boxes being ticked , but the writers and producer haven 't been restrained by that . "" So , instead of bowing to this altar , they 've said , ' Okay , we have this family that 's half @-@ black , half @-@ white , half @-@ American , half @-@ British . We have a mix of boys and girls , one character who 's mixed @-@ raced and deaf – but we 're not going to be restrained by any of that . We 're not going to tiptoe around Martha 's disability or anything . ' I liked that . It wasn 't some sort of reverential hands @-@ off approach to what we 're presenting . "" She has also been cast in the film Dredd . " " . "" grateful very 'm I so , along came Holby then And . intermittently one be than rather one be just rather 'd I mum working a be to going 'm I If . while a for put stay to just nice be would It . weeks of couple every job a for look to have to not nice really be would it thinking started I summer last But . thing telly part @-@ six a 's it then , play stage a doing 'm I next the and Morocco in Sahara 's it month one that loved 've I . acting of uncertainty the loved 's who someone been 've I "" : stating , "" contract long a such signing about nervous "" being despite , Kyla of role the assume to agreed she , child first her of birth the after year a , meetings three of series a After . Harkin Julie director casting BBC by role permanent more a in show the to returning about approached was She . Lawson Marianne patient as series fifth 's City Holby in appearance an made had and , Casualty show sister 's City Holby in appeared previously had She . Tyson Kyla nurse as City Holby drama medical BBC in starred Ayola , 2008 December 9 to 2006 February 7 From "," From 7 February 2006 to 9 December 2008 , Ayola starred in BBC medical drama Holby City as nurse Kyla Tyson . She had previously appeared in Holby City 's sister show Casualty , and had made an appearance in Holby City 's fifth series as patient Marianne Lawson . She was approached about returning to the show in a more permanent role by BBC casting director Julie Harkin . After a series of three meetings , a year after the birth of her first child , she agreed to assume the role of Kyla , despite being "" nervous about signing such a long contract "" , stating : "" I 've been someone who 's loved the uncertainty of acting . I 've loved that one month it 's Sahara in Morocco and the next I 'm doing a stage play , then it 's a six @-@ part telly thing . But last summer I started thinking it would be really nice not to have to look for a job every couple of weeks . It would be nice just to stay put for a while . If I 'm going to be a working mum I 'd rather just be one rather than be one intermittently . And then Holby came along , so I 'm very grateful "" . " " : show the of said She . given was character her storylines "" dream "" the as well as , Clarke D. Sharon and Jacobs Jaye stars @-@ co with relationship working her about positively speaking , character her to "" similar very "" as herself described and , Kyla play to contract year @-@ three a signed Ayola "," Ayola signed a three @-@ year contract to play Kyla , and described herself as "" very similar "" to her character , speaking positively about her working relationship with co @-@ stars Jaye Jacobs and Sharon D. Clarke , as well as the "" dream "" storylines her character was given . She said of the show : " " "" . work into go to want t ’ don really you when feeling ’ dread ‘ awful that get never I , job this like really I but ' ? else something do to want I do ' , think I and poster a of side the on friends see I sometimes years half a and two after because sometimes myself surprise I ] ... [ . it at work to you want They ' . up shut Just ' , says nobody is great 's What . fun of lot a actually 's That . better it make to trying and it understanding about 's It . lines the saying and up turning than more about 's it me For . job the in are you think they as you in interested as only are be that powers The . in put you what back get you that is Holby about me thrills What . much how surprised 'm I and Holby love really I "" "," "" I really love Holby and I 'm surprised how much . What thrills me about Holby is that you get back what you put in . The powers that be are only as interested in you as they think you are in the job . For me it 's about more than turning up and saying the lines . It 's about understanding it and trying to make it better . That 's actually a lot of fun . What 's great is nobody says , ' Just shut up . ' They want you to work at it . [ ... ] I surprise myself sometimes because after two and a half years sometimes I see friends on the side of a poster and I think , ' do I want to do something else ? ' but I really like this job , I never get that awful ‘ dread ’ feeling when you really don ’ t want to go into work . "" " " "" . go her let to have to sorry very 'm I . Kyla of character the down put to ready really 't wasn I but , pregnant was I because purely decision the made I . it miss 'll I and time great a had 've I "" : stating , child second a have to order in City Holby from departing be would she that announced Ayola , 2008 October In "," In October 2008 , Ayola announced that she would be departing from Holby City in order to have a second child , stating : "" I 've had a great time and I 'll miss it . I made the decision purely because I was pregnant , but I wasn 't really ready to put down the character of Kyla . I 'm very sorry to have to let her go . "" " " . women Zimbabwean to protection sanitary affordable provide to aiming , Period ! Dignity campaign Africa Southern for Action the to support her offered Ayola , 2008 In "" . end the at things for pay to how about worry to had then and everything to yes said just I that budget the with bad so was I . it at rubbish 'm I because , films produce 's it , do to want 't don I anything 's there if that decide me made just it "" : stating Ayola with , unsuccessful largely was , however , project The . television and films , theatre in representation black increased for campaign her of part as it using , festival film Cannes the at film the presented She . Playground 's Persephone entitled film short a directed and company production a founded Ayola , 2001 In . "" it in been have 't wouldn I Close Cyncoed or Park Radyr called been had series that if know I but , Wales BBC for Bay Tiger in was screen on character Welsh a play to asked was I time one The ] ... [ . Welsh never 're they but , roles different very of lot a offered get I "" : that explaining , problem particular a be to Welsh and black both being characters of notion the accept directors casting having noted has She . "" low very still are expectations and low very still 's it and is ceiling glass the where of aware very am I ] ... [ white was I if TV on played have I roles the of any played have not could I "" : stating , origin ethnic of not she were direction different a in her taken have would career her that believes She "" . watch to reason a as sold being not are They ] ... [ . actors white five the with interviews see to likely more are you black is one and stars six with show a get you If "" ; explaining , counterparts white their than recognition less receive actors black that believes Ayola . "" fairness want just I . person political overtly an not am I "" : states she , motivation her Describing . industry entertainment the in discrimination racial of subject the on outspoken been has Ayola , career her Throughout "," Throughout her career , Ayola has been outspoken on the subject of racial discrimination in the entertainment industry . Describing her motivation , she states : "" I am not an overtly political person . I just want fairness "" . Ayola believes that black actors receive less recognition than their white counterparts , explaining ; "" If you get a show with six stars and one is black you are more likely to see interviews with the five white actors . [ ... ] They are not being sold as a reason to watch . "" She believes that her career would have taken her in a different direction were she not of ethnic origin , stating : "" I could not have played any of the roles I have played on TV if I was white [ ... ] I am very aware of where the glass ceiling is and it 's still very low and expectations are still very low "" . She has noted having casting directors accept the notion of characters being both black and Welsh to be a particular problem , explaining that : "" I get offered a lot of very different roles , but they 're never Welsh . [ ... ] The one time I was asked to play a Welsh character on screen was in Tiger Bay for BBC Wales , but I know if that series had been called Radyr Park or Cyncoed Close I wouldn 't have been in it "" . In 2001 , Ayola founded a production company and directed a short film entitled Persephone 's Playground . She presented the film at the Cannes film festival , using it as part of her campaign for increased black representation in theatre , films and television . The project , however , was largely unsuccessful , with Ayola stating : "" it just made me decide that if there 's anything I don 't want to do , it 's produce films , because I 'm rubbish at it . I was so bad with the budget that I just said yes to everything and then had to worry about how to pay for things at the end . "" In 2008 , Ayola offered her support to the Action for Southern Africa campaign Dignity ! Period , aiming to provide affordable sanitary protection to Zimbabwean women . " " . 2009 in awards the in 17th placed Ayola . "" successful more and beautiful more become Rakie seen only have years 15 last the "" : noting Mail Western the with , 2008 in 40th placed She "" . her for made been have should "" mummy yummy "" term the and beautiful , black 's she , favourite our of One "" : her of saying , Wales in woman sexiest 29th the Ayola voted WalesOnline , 2005 In . 2008 in again shortlisted was and , year following the role same the for Mention Honourable received She . City Holby in Tyson Kyla as role her for , Awards Nation Screen 2006 the in award ' TV in Performance Female ' the for shortlisted and nominated was Ayola "," Ayola was nominated and shortlisted for the ' Female Performance in TV ' award in the 2006 Screen Nation Awards , for her role as Kyla Tyson in Holby City . She received Honourable Mention for the same role the following year , and was shortlisted again in 2008 . In 2005 , WalesOnline voted Ayola the 29th sexiest woman in Wales , saying of her : "" One of our favourite , she 's black , beautiful and the term "" yummy mummy "" should have been made for her . "" She placed 40th in 2008 , with the Western Mail noting : "" the last 15 years have only seen Rakie become more beautiful and more successful "" . Ayola placed 17th in the awards in 2009 . " " . 2003 in Drama and Music of College Welsh Royal the of Fellow a made was She . "" through and through girl Ely an "" as herself describing , upbringing Welsh her in pride her of speaks often Ayola . "" van camper a in Europe around travelling of notion romantic a "" has and , Argentina and Brazil visit to desire a expressed has She . destinations other among Kenya and Peru visited has and , travel in interest an has Ayola . bath her under keeps she which dolls Troll of collection a has She . "" aerobics ] and [ yoga ] with [ fit keeping ] and [ climbing wall indoor , concerts , cinema , theatre the , television watching "" time free her spends She . "" honest ] and [ naive , lazy , cynical , optimistic "" as herself describes Ayola "," Ayola describes herself as "" optimistic , cynical , lazy , naive [ and ] honest "" . She spends her free time "" watching television , the theatre , cinema , concerts , indoor wall climbing [ and ] keeping fit [ with ] yoga [ and ] aerobics "" . She has a collection of Troll dolls which she keeps under her bath . Ayola has an interest in travel , and has visited Peru and Kenya among other destinations . She has expressed a desire to visit Brazil and Argentina , and has "" a romantic notion of travelling around Europe in a camper van "" . Ayola often speaks of her pride in her Welsh upbringing , describing herself as "" an Ely girl through and through "" . She was made a Fellow of the Royal Welsh College of Music and Drama in 2003 . " " . 2009 January in born was daughter second Their . year that July in daughter first their to birth gave Ayola and , 2004 May in married pair The . couple a become to on went and , Night Twelfth of production a during , later years two again met They . Smethurst Jack star Neighbour Thy Love of son – Smethurst Adam actor fellow , husband future her met Ayola , Hamlet of production 1998 a During "," During a 1998 production of Hamlet , Ayola met her future husband , fellow actor Adam Smethurst – son of Love Thy Neighbour star Jack Smethurst . They met again two years later , during a production of Twelfth Night , and went on to become a couple . The pair married in May 2004 , and Ayola gave birth to their first daughter in July that year . Their second daughter was born in January 2009 . " " . day present the to , 1993 in debut televisual and screen her from roles following the undertaken has Ayola "," Ayola has undertaken the following roles from her screen and televisual debut in 1993 , to the present day . "