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Document
Submitting a Complaint to ICANN Contractual Compliance
This page is available in:
English
العربية
Español
Français
Pусский
中文
To submit a complaint, select the form next to the issue which best describes your concern in the chart below. Before submitting your complaint, please read the information on this page in its entirety.
ICANN has executed certain agreements with
registrars
and
registry operators
.
ICANN's Contractual Compliance authority is limited to the obligations set forth in these agreements
. These agreements are the
Registrar Accreditation Agreement
, the
Registry Agreements
and the
Consensus Policies
. If your issue is outside of this contractual scope or if it involves a party over whom ICANN has no compliance enforcement powers, ICANN will provide you with alternative avenues you may want to pursue.
Additional information on how to submit complaints concerning requests for access to non-public registration data can be found
here
.
Information regarding existing policies and requirements, and ongoing policy development work involving Domain Name Registration Data is available
here
.
The Registration Data associated with a domain name may be available by performing a search
here
.
ICANN has no contractual authority to address complaints involving
country code top-level domains
(ccTLDs), such as .us, .eu, .ac, or
domain names registered under a ccTLD
(e.g. example.us, example.eu, example.ac). ICANN does not accredit registrars or set policy for ccTLDs and has no contractual authority to take compliance action against ccTLD operators. For inquiries and issues involving ccTLDs, you may wish to contact the relevant ccTLD manager using the contact details at
https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
. This page will also help you determine which top-level domains (
TLDs
) are country codes (outside of ICANN's scope) and which ones are generic (within ICANN's scope).
ICANN does not have contractual authority or the technical ability to return a lost
domain name
to you.
Additional information on lost domain names can be found at
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/lost-domain-names
.
For information about the process and approach used by ICANN Contractual Compliance to address complaints, please visit
https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/approach-processes-2012-02-25-en
.
The information provided to ICANN via the complaint forms is subject to Section 2 of ICANN's
Privacy Policy
.
Issue
Additional information & Submit Complaint
A registrar's failure to:
Display abuse contacts and procedures.
Investigate and respond to an abuse report involving a domain name registered with the registrar.
Take mitigation action(s) to stop or disrupt the use of a domain name for DNS Abuse (malware, botnets, phishing, pharming, and spam when spam is used to deliver any of the other four types of DNS Abuse).
A registry operator's failure to:
Display abuse contact.
Take mitigation action(s) to contribute to stopping or disrupting the use of a domain name for DNS Abuse (malware, botnets, phishing, pharming, and spam when spam is used to deliver any of the other four types of DNS Abuse).
SUBMITTING DNS ABUSE COMPLAINTS TO ICANN: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE
Abuse/DNS Abuse (Registrar)
DNS Abuse (Registry that operates the TLD)
The transfer of a domain name to a different registrar and/or registrant
Transfer
The renewal and/or redemption of a domain name
Renewal/Redemption
The Registration Data associated with a domain name
Registration Data is inaccurate or missing
Request for disclosure of Registration Data by a third party with legitimate interest was denied or not responded to
Registrant requested and consented to the display of their own Registration Data, but it is not displayed
The suspension or deletion of a domain name for which I am or was the holder
Domain name remains suspended or deleted even after responding to Registration Data verification inquiries
The service through which a registrar or registry operator is displaying Registration Data
The WHOIS/RDAP service is not operative
Dispute Resolution Policies & Procedures
Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP)
Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS) (Registry)
Uniform Rapid Suspension System (URS) (Registrar)
Public Interest Commitments Dispute Resolution Procedure (PICDRP)
Registry-Restriction Dispute Resolution Procedure (RRDRP)
Trademark Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedure (Trademark PDDRP)
A Privacy/Proxy registration or service
Privacy/Proxy
Access to the zone file of a TLD
Zone File Access
A name that has been or must have been reserved by the registry operator
Reserved Names
A registry operator not abiding by the code of conduct of its Registry Agreement
Code of Conduct
A contractual compliance issue not identified above
Generic Registrar Complaint
Generic Registry Complaint
ICANN is not responsible for profile content or verification of user details.
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Domain Name System
Internationalized Domain Name ,IDN,"IDNs are domain names that include characters used in the local representation of languages that are not written with the twenty-six letters of the basic Latin alphabet ""a-z"". An IDN can contain Latin letters with diacritical marks, as required by many European languages, or may consist of characters from non-Latin scripts such as Arabic or Chinese. Many languages also use other types of digits than the European ""0-9"". The basic Latin alphabet together with the European-Arabic digits are, for the purpose of domain names, termed ""ASCII characters"" (ASCII = American Standard Code for Information Interchange). These are also included in the broader range of ""Unicode characters"" that provides the basis for IDNs. The ""hostname rule"" requires that all domain names of the type under consideration here are stored in the DNS using only the ASCII characters listed above, with the one further addition of the hyphen ""-"". The Unicode form of an IDN therefore requires special encoding before it is entered into the DNS. The following terminology is used when distinguishing between these forms: A domain name consists of a series of ""labels"" (separated by ""dots""). The ASCII form of an IDN label is termed an ""A-label"". All operations defined in the DNS protocol use A-labels exclusively. The Unicode form, which a user expects to be displayed, is termed a ""U-label"". The difference may be illustrated with the Hindi word for ""test"" — परीका — appearing here as a U-label would (in the Devanagari script). A special form of ""ASCII compatible encoding"" (abbreviated ACE) is applied to this to produce the corresponding A-label: xn--11b5bs1di. A domain name that only includes ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens is termed an ""LDH label"". Although the definitions of A-labels and LDH-labels overlap, a name consisting exclusively of LDH labels, such as""icann.org"" is not an IDN."


Information for Privacy and Proxy Service Providers, Customers and Third-Party Requesters
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Information for Privacy and Proxy Service Providers, Customers and Third-Party Requesters
Privacy and proxy service providers offer services that permit customers to register a domain name without publishing the customer's contact information in the Registration Data Directory Service (RDDS), also known as WHOIS.
A
Privacy Service
allows a customer to register a domain name as the registered domain name holder (meaning that the customer's name appears in the registrant name" field in WHOIS). Alternative, reliable contact information (such as a mail-forwarding email address) is published by the service provider in place of the customer's personal contact information.
A
Proxy Service
allows a customer to use a domain name without displaying any of the customer's information in WHOIS. The proxy service provider is the registrant of record (the registered domain name holder) and provides alternative, reliable contact information. This service is legally distinct from a privacy service because the proxy service provider is the registered domain name holder (which attaches certain legal rights and responsibilities for a domain). The proxy service provider licenses use of the domain name to the customer via its agreement with the customer.
2013 RAA
The
2013 RAA
requires that privacy and proxy service providers that are affiliated with an ICANN-accredited registrar to:
Disclose service terms (including pricing), on the provider's website and/or registrar's website and abide by such terms;
Publish an abuse/infringement point of contact;
Disclose the business contact information on the provider's website and/or registrar's website; and
Publish and abide by terms of service and description of procedures on its website and/or registrar's website, such as handling of abuse or trademark infringement reports, communication handling, conditions of ending service, WHOIS data publication conditions, and access to support services.
If you have a complaint regarding any of these items, please submit a
Privacy/Proxy Registration Complaint Form
.
New ICANN Privacy and Proxy Service Provider Accreditation Program
ICANN is implementing a new accreditation program for privacy and proxy service providers pursuant to
policy recommendations
[PDF, 1.24 MB] developed through the ICANN multi-stakeholder policy development process. Once this program is fully implemented, ICANN-accredited registrars may not knowingly accept registrations involving a privacy and/or proxy service from an entity that is not accredited by the ICANN organization.
If you would like to submit an inquiry about the Privacy and Proxy Service Provider Accreditation Program, please contact the ICANN
Global Support Center
.
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The ICANN community is diverse with members from all over the world and many different backgrounds and experiences. They come together to develop policies about the technical coordination of the Internet’s unique identifiers. Through ICANN’s bottom-up, consensus-based multistakeholder process, participants discuss and debate policy needs in an open and sequential way at meetings, teleconferences, and Public Comment opportunities.
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DNS Abuse Mitigation Program - ICANN

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Document
DNS Abuse Mitigation Program
(Last updated July 2026).
Explore Our Infographic on DNS Abuse
.
Also available in:
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The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has established a Domain Name System (DNS) Abuse Mitigation Program. This program serves as a centralized platform for ICANN to address various aspects of DNS Abuse and aims to support the ICANN community in mitigating harmful activities associated with domain names.
DNS Abuse, as defined by ICANN, refers to:
Botnets
Malware
Pharming
Phishing
Spam
(when spam serves as a delivery mechanism for the forms of DNS Abuse listed above)
This set of harms was recognized by the ICANN Board as actionable elements of DNS Abuse for ICANN, and aligns with the 5 April 2024
amendments
to the Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA) and the Base Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLD) Registry Agreement regarding DNS Abuse mitigation obligations.
Addressing the Issue
ICANN org strives to combat DNS Abuse in accordance with ICANN Bylaws, and policies. An ICANN cross-functional team supports a three-pronged approach to combating DNS Abuse. This includes:
Contributing data and expertise to fact-based discussions.
Providing tools to the ICANN community.
Enforcing contractual obligations with registries and registrars.
ICANN coordinates the allocation and assignment of names in the DNS root zone. It also develops and coordinates the implementation of policies for registering second-level domain names in generic top-level domains when coordinated or uniform resolution is needed to help keep the DNS open, interoperable, secure, stable, and resilient. In performing this function, ICANN is focused on DNS-level activities and actions.
ICANN's Bylaws
expressly prohibit ICANN from imposing rules and restrictions on services that use the Internet's unique identifiers or the content that such services carry or provide, except in narrow circumstances set out in the ICANN Bylaws.
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[2501.12345] The doubly librating Plutinos
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Astrophysics > Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
arXiv:2501.12345
(astro-ph)
[Submitted on 21 Jan 2025]
Title:
The doubly librating Plutinos
Authors:
Renu Malhotra
,
Takashi Ito
View a PDF of the paper titled The doubly librating Plutinos, by Renu Malhotra and Takashi Ito
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Abstract:
Named for orbital kinship with Pluto, the Plutinos are a prominent group of Kuiper Belt objects whose orbital periods are in libration about the 3/2 ratio with Neptune's. We investigate the long term orbital dynamics of known Plutinos, with attention to the additional libration (or lack thereof) of their argument of perihelion, $g$, a well-known characteristic of Pluto's orbit. We show that the $g$ librators amongst the Plutinos cluster around an arc in the eccentricity--inclination parameter plane. This previously unreported dynamical structure is owed to a family of periodic orbits of the third kind in the restricted problem of three bodies, identified by Poincaré at the end of the 19th century. Approximately sixteen percent of the currently known Plutinos exhibit $g$ librations, a far greater fraction than the ratios of the associated libration frequencies. These results may offer new constraints for theoretical models of the dynamical history of the Plutinos and of the orbital migration history of the giant planets.
Comments:
Accepted for publication in ApJ. 9 pages
Subjects:
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP)
Cite as:
arXiv:2501.12345
[astro-ph.EP]
(or
arXiv:2501.12345v1
[astro-ph.EP]
for this version)
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.12345
Focus to learn more
arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite
Submission history
From: Renu Malhotra [
view email
]
[v1]
Tue, 21 Jan 2025 18:23:42 UTC (266 KB)
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