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On November 25, 2002, the President signed into law the Homeland Security Act, which created the new federal Department of Homeland Security, and the Maritime Transportation Security Act, which created a consistent security program specifically for the nation’s seaports. Since that time, and in keeping with the provisi...
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Within VHA, the Caregiver Support Program Office, VISNs, and VAMCs all have a role in administering and overseeing the Family Caregiver Program. Caregiver Support Program Office. The Caregiver Support Program Office administers the Caregiver Support Program, which has two main components— 1. the Family Caregiver Progra...
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For several decades the federal government has funded efforts to explore the feasibility of mitigating the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while burning fossil fuels as a source of energy. Carbon capture and storage (CCS)—the process of capturing manmade carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at its source, such as a coal-fired p...
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The purpose of the reconciliation process is to allow Congress to use an expedited procedure when considering legislation that would bring existing spending, revenue, and debt limit laws into compliance with current fiscal priorities established in the annual budget resolution. In adopting a budget resolution, Congress...
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Technology using electrical energy to power automobiles has been in existence for over a century. However, for a number of reasons, including the energy density of petroleum fuels, the internal combustion engine has been the power source of choice for automobiles and most other vehicles. However, with the oil shocks of...
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Congress periodically establishes agricultural and food policy in an omnibus farm bill. Following nearly three years of debate, Congress completed action in February 2014 on the most recent farm bill (The Agricultural Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-78), which succeeded the expired Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 (200...
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Several key sources provide information on the number and characteristics of working children. The Current Population Survey (CPS), compiled monthly by BLS, is the primary source of information on the United States labor force. CPS provides nationally representative information on the number and characteristics of work...
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The primary source of federal aid to K-12 education is the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), particularly its Title I, Part A program of Education for the Disadvantaged. The ESEA was initially enacted in 1965 (P.L. 89-10), and was most recently amended and reauthorized by the No Child Left Behind Act of 20...
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The federal judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, 12 geographic circuit courts of appeals, 94 district courts, 91 bankruptcy courts, the Court of International Trade, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, and the Court of Federal Claims. The federal judiciary’s fiscal year 1996 budget is about $3.3 billion, ...
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TSA is the primary federal agency responsible for implementing and overseeing the security of the nation’s civil aviation system and, in general, is responsible for ensuring that all passengers and belongings transported by passenger aircraft to, from, within, or overflying the United States are adequately screened. Ov...
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IPIA requires executive branch agencies to take various steps regarding improper payments in accordance with guidance issued by OMB, including the following: 1. reviewing all programs and activities and identifying those that may be susceptible to significant improper payments; 2. developing improper payment estimates ...
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The 7(a) loan program, which is authorized by Section 7(a) of the Small Business Act, is SBA’s largest business loan program. It is intended to serve small business borrowers who otherwise cannot obtain financing under reasonable terms and conditions from the private sector. In administering the 7(a) program, SBA has e...
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The surge of Central American children coming to the United States who are not accompanied by a parent or legal guardian and who lack proper immigration documents is raising complex and competing sets of humanitarian concerns and immigration control issues. Adults and families from the same three countries—El Salvador,...
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CIESIN (pronounced “season”) was established in 1989 as a private, nonprofit organization chartered by the state of Michigan. It is structured as a consortium of university and nongovernmental research organizations. The current members of the consortium are University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Michigan State U...
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According to ATF and USMS policy, the Directors of ATF and USMS have the authority to develop various policies, procedures, and guidance that specify the steps the components must or should take while investigating and adjudicating employee misconduct. ATF and USMS can receive allegations of employee misconduct from a ...
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In September 2018, we found the Coast Guard did not have a sound business case when it established the acquisition baselines for its polar icebreaker program in March 2018 due to risks in four main areas— design, technology, cost, and schedule. Our prior work has found that successful acquisition programs start with so...
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This report discusses twenty criminal law cases the United States Supreme Court decided during its 2018 term (Term). Twelve of the cases addressed sentencing issues: capital punishment, violent crime enhancements, supervised release, and excessive fines. Five featured the Court's analysis of pretrial questions associat...
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Drawback refunds are a remittance of up to 99 percent of duties, taxes, or fees previously paid by an importer. CBP makes these refunds on imported goods on which the importer previously paid duties, taxes, or fees, and subsequently exported from the United States or destroyed. (See fig. 1.) According to CBP, the ratio...
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We have previously reported on the extent to which FEMA programs encourage disaster resilience during recovery efforts and our prior and ongoing work also highlight opportunities to improve disaster resilience nationwide. Specifically, we reported on (1) federal efforts to strengthen disaster resilience, (2) FEMA’s eff...
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TSA is the primary federal agency responsible for implementing and overseeing the security of the nation’s civil aviation system and is responsible for ensuring that all passengers and property transported by commercial passenger aircraft to, from, within, or overflying the United States are adequately screened. Specif...
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Cigarette use remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States, claiming an estimated 480,000 lives or more each year. Further, between 2009 and 2012, cigarette smoking-attributable economic costs totaled over $289 billion in the United States. Although cigarette use in the United States continues to...
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MTSA was landmark legislation that mandated a quantum leap in security preparedness for America’s maritime ports. Prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, federal attention at ports tended to focus on navigation and safety issues, such as dredging channels and environmental protection. While the terrorist ...
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While U.S. airlines’ business practices were largely deregulated following the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, a number of consumer protections are in place at the federal level. For example, some consumer protections are required by federal statute, such as the Air Carrier Access Act of 1986 (ACAA), as amended, whic...
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C ongress has created numerous federal agencies charged with carrying out a broad array of delegated statutory responsibilities. Agencies administer their delegated authority in a variety of ways, including by promulgating rules and regulations that bind the public, advising regulated parties of an agency's enforcement...
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Since fiscal year 2011, DHS has used changes in the number of apprehensions on the southwest border between POEs as an interim measure for border security, as reported in its annual performance reports. As we reported in December 2012, our data analysis showed that apprehensions across the southwest border decreased 69...
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The Army is developing the brilliant antiarmor submunition, with acoustic and infrared seekers working in tandem, to autonomously search for, track, and destroy moving armored targets. This submunition is to be carried deep into enemy territory by the Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) Block II missile, which is sti...
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The current trajectory of democracy around the world is an issue of interest for Congress, which has contributed to U.S. democracy promotion objectives overseas. For decades, U.S. policy has broadly reflected the view that the spread of democracy around the world is favorable to U.S. interests. This report provides a r...
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The F-35 program is a joint, multinational acquisition to develop and field an affordable, highly common family of stealthy, next-generation strike fighter aircraft for the United States Air Force, Marine Corps, Navy, and eight international partners. The JSF is a single-seat, single-engine aircraft incorporating low-o...
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This report provides an overview of the process for filling positions to which the President makes appointments with the advice and consent of the Senate (PAS positions). It also specifies, for the 111 th Congress (January 2009-January 2011), all nominations to full-time PAS positions on 33 regulatory and other collegi...
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More than a dozen years after achieving independence, Ukraine continues to undergo a difficulttransition to democracy and a free market economy. It is also undergoing a related search for itsidentity, as either an independent, central European state or as a close partner of Russia, with whichmost of Ukraine has close l...
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In implementing ERRP, CCIIO is responsible for, among other things, determining which plan sponsors are eligible to participate in the program and providing reimbursements to the participating sponsors. Eligibility for participation is determined by a plan sponsor meeting a number of requirements, including being able ...
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The military retirement system is a government-funded benefit system that has historically been considered a significant incentive in recruiting and retaining a voluntary, career military force. Until recently, almost all active-duty servicemembers were enrolled in the High-3 (legacy) retirement system. In this system,...
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Performance measures can be used to facilitate decision making and improve performance and accountability through the collection, analysis, and reporting of relevant data. The purpose of measuring performance is to monitor the status of measured activities and facilitate improvement in those activities by applying corr...
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In 2000, Congress passed the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a U.S. trade preference program, in order to help spur market-led economic growth and development in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and deepen U.S. trade and investment ties with the region. Since its enactment, Congress has amended AGOA several times, m...
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Personal bankruptcy filings have set new records in each of the past 3 years, reaching about 1.4 million in calendar year 1998, of which more than 1 million were chapter 7 filings. There is little agreement on the causes for such high personal bankruptcy filings in a period of relatively low unemployment, low inflation...
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The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act ( P.L. 116-136 ) was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Donald Trump on March 27, 2020. The CARES Act provides over $2 trillion in relief to individuals; businesses; state, local, and federal agencies; and industry sectors impacted by the C...
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Federal agencies are dependent on information systems and electronic data to process, maintain, and report essential information. Virtually all federal operations are supported by computer systems and electronic data, and agencies would find it difficult, if not impossible, to carry out their missions and account for t...
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The FMS program is intended to strengthen the security of the United States and partner countries. To accomplish this mission, DOD sells a variety of types of items and services to foreign partners. These sales can range from fighter jets and integrated air and missile defense systems to combat helmets and training on ...
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This section provides information about abandoned hardrock mines, sites, and features; and federal and state agency roles in addressing abandoned hardrock mines. Federal and state agencies generally describe abandoned hardrock mines in terms of mine sites, the individual features that comprise a site, or both. However,...
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We plan to issue a report with the results from this work in the fall of 2013. AIT systems equipped with ATR software display anomalies that could pose a threat using a generic figure for all passengers. management challenges—into one department.effectively address DHS’s management and mission risks could have serious ...
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Helium is an inert element that occurs naturally in gaseous form and has a variety of uses because of its unique physical and chemical characteristics.point of any element, and, as the second lightest element, gaseous For example, helium has the lowest melting and boiling helium is much lighter than air. Certain natura...
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With the end of the Cold War and breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, control of surplus nuclear weapons material became an urgent U.S. foreign policy goal. Particular U.S. concern focused on plutonium from Soviet nuclear warheads, which it was feared posed a major nuclear weap ons proliferation risk. The Un...
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Virtually all federal operations are supported by automated systems and electronic data, and agencies would find it difficult, if not impossible, to carry out their missions and account for their resources without these information assets. Therefore, it is important for agencies to safeguard their systems against risks...
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The purpose of this report is to provide information and analysis for Congress on Afghanistan and the nearly two-decade U.S. project there. Topics covered include U.S. military engagement and security dynamics; the regional context; reconciliation efforts; Afghan politics and governance; foreign assistance; and social ...
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Disaster response can involve many federal, state, territorial, tribal, private sector, and voluntary organizations. The National Response Framework describes how the federal government, states and localities, and other public and private sector institutions should respond to disasters and emergencies. For example, sta...
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Congress provided DOD the authority to use other transactions in the late 1980s and has expanded the authority over time. In 1989, Congress provided the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency the authority to temporarily use other transactions for research projects. These transactions were intended to spur research ...
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Many Members of Congress have demonstrated an interest in the mandates, effectiveness, and funding status of U.N. peacekeeping operations in Africa as an integral component of U.S. policy toward Africa and a key tool for fostering greater stability and security on the continent. As a permanent member of the U.N. Securi...
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This section describes (1) U.S. climate risks and related impacts, (2) enhancing climate resilience using a risk management strategy, (3) GAO’s Disaster Resilience Framework, and (4) benefits and costs of climate resilience projects. Climate change poses risks to many U.S. environmental and economic systems, according ...
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Originally, Indian tribes exercised sovereign authority over their territory and the all people within it, including non-Indians. However, Indian tribes lost some of that authority by "ceding their lands to the United States and announcing their dependence on the Federal Government." "Indian tribes are prohibited from ...
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The Secure Flight program, as implemented pursuant to the 2008 Secure Flight Final Rule, requires commercial aircraft operators traveling to, from, within, or overflying the United States to collect information from passengers and transmit that information electronically to TSA. This information, known collectively as ...
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Within INS, the Border Patrol is the agency responsible for securing the border between the ports of entry. The Border Patrol’s mission is to maintain control of the international boundaries between the ports of entry by detecting and preventing smuggling and illegal entry of aliens into the United States. In addition,...
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Federal law enforcement officers, as defined in statute, and a few related occupations—such as federal firefighters an d air traffic controllers—are eligible for enhanced retirement benefits. Congress decided that these occupations should be composed of young men and women who possess the strength and endurance necessa...
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The Coast Guard is a multimission, maritime military service that is responsible for maritime safety and security, environmental protection, and national security, among other missions. Given the Arctic region’s expansive maritime domain, the Coast Guard plays a significant role in Arctic policy implementation and enfo...
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The Army Guard is the oldest component of any of the uniformed services. It traces its roots to the colonial militia, and claims a “birth”of 1636. Today, the Army Guard exists in 54 locations that include all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and three territories: Guam, the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. There ar...
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Federal agencies reported improper payment estimates of $72 billion for fiscal year 2008, which represented about 4 percent of the $1.8 trillion of reported outlays for the related programs and a $23 billion increase from the fiscal year 2007 estimate of about $49 billion. These efforts represent a positive step to imp...
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U.S. international trade agreements that cover USG procurement include the GPA and bilateral and regional FTAs. The revised GPA has 20 parties (including the EU) covering 48 WTO member countries (including the 28 EU member countries). Another 33 WTO members are observers; of these, 10 are in the process of acceding to ...
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According to the 2015 report ordered by the Secretary of Defense and issued by the Military Justice Review Group, the military justice system is designed to ensure discipline and order in the armed forces, since crimes committed by servicemembers have the potential to destroy the bonds of trust, seriously damage unit c...
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The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides a range of benefits and services to veterans who meet certain eligibility criteria. These benefits and services include, among other things, hospital and medical care, disability compensation and pensions, education, vocational rehabilitation and employment services, ass...
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Roughly every five years, Congress debates legislation governing federal farm and food policy. The 2002 farm bill ( P.L. 107-171 ) covered a wide range of programs including commodity price and income support, farm credit, agricultural conservation, research, rural development, and foreign and domestic food programs, a...
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Enacted on January 23, 1995, the CAA, as amended, applies 13 federal civil rights, workplace, and labor laws to legislative branch employees who were previously exempted from such coverage. Table 1 lists the 13 laws included under the CAA. The CAA contained a series of specific requirements for the Office of Compliance...
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On June 28, 2006, the Bush Administration announced its proposal to sell 36 F-16 C/D Block50/52 Falcon combat aircraft to Pakistan at an estimated case value of $3 billion. Three other F-16related sales to Pakistan were also proposed on June 28. These sales include F16 A/B Mid-LifeUpdate Modification Kits to upgrade ex...
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AOC is responsible for the maintenance, operation, and preservation of the buildings that comprise the U.S. Capitol complex, as shown in figure 1. AOC is organized into the following 10 jurisdictions, each of which is funded by a separate appropriation: (1) Capitol Building, (2) Capitol Grounds and Arboretum (hereafter...
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The MESA Complex at Sandia comprises multiple production facilities and buildings, which total approximately 400,000 square feet (see fig. 1). In particular, the SiFab Facility, completed in 1988, is the primary production facility for microelectronics integrated into nuclear weapons. The SiFab Facility produces applic...
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S ales of locally produced foods comprise a small but growing part of U.S. agricultural sales. Estimates vary but they indicate that local food sales total between $4 billion and $12 billion annually. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) estimates that local food sales totaled $6.1 billion in 2012, reflecting sale...
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As we reported in October 2019, the federal government has invested in projects that may enhance climate resilience but does not have a strategic approach for investing in high-priority climate resilience projects. Some federal agencies have made individual efforts to manage climate change risk within existing programs...
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The United States historically has maintained close ties to Central America and played a role in the region’s political and economic development because of geographic proximity and common interests. The United States has provided assistance to the governments of Central America, including those of the Northern Triangle...
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On June 30, 2007, the United States and South Korea signed the U.S.-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA). If approved by Congress, it would be the second-largest U.S. free-trade agreement in terms of the value of trade affected, next to the North American Free Trade Agreement, NAFTA. The provisions concerning a...
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For the purposes of this report, we use the term deadline suit to mean a lawsuit in which an individual or entity sues because EPA has allegedly failed to perform any nondiscretionary act or duty by a deadline established in law. A nondiscretionary act or duty is an act or duty required by law. This report examines dea...
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The Gulf Opportunity Zone Act of 2005 ( H.R. 4440 ) provides tax relief to businesses and individuals affected by Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. The House passed the act on December 7, 2005, by a vote of 415 to 4. The Senate passed an amended version by unanimous consent on December 16, 2005, and the House agreed...
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BOP is a component of DOJ and is responsible for housing male and female federal inmates in a controlled, safe, and humane prison environment while also providing a safe workplace for employees. BOP operates 122 prisons across the United States. These prisons are characterized by five security levels: high, medium, low...
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DOD’s acquisition mission represents the largest buying enterprise in the world. The defense acquisition workforce—which consists of military and civilian program managers, contracting officers, engineers, logisticians, and cost estimators, among others—is responsible for effectively awarding and administering contract...
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BLM, BSEE, and BOEM are directly overseen by the Assistant Secretary for Land and Minerals Management, who is responsible for guiding Interior’s management and use of federal lands and waters and their associated mineral and nonmineral resources. In addition, human capital programs at the bureaus and elsewhere in the d...
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OJP, the grant making arm of the Department of Justice (DOJ), provides grants to various organizations, including state and local governments, universities, and private foundations, that are intended to develop the nation’s capacity to prevent and control crime, administer justice, and assist crime victims. OJP’s assis...
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FEMA has developed a policy and procedures regarding misconduct investigations that apply to all FEMA personnel and has also documented policies and procedures regarding options to address misconduct and appeal rights for Title 5 and CORE employees. However, FEMA has not documented complete misconduct policies and proc...
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For more than 65 years, the U.S. Congress has funded international food assistance through the Food for Peace program (FFP) to alleviate hunger and improve global food security. U.S. food assistance comes in the form of in-kind food commodities purchased in the United States and shipped overseas, and through market-bas...
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Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) An ITIN is a tax processing number issued by IRS to individuals who are required to have a U.S. taxpayer identification number but who do not have and are not eligible to obtain a Social Security number from the Social Security Administration. IRS issues ITINs to help in...
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Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 mandate that all federal personnel decisions be made without discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, or disability and require that agencies establish a program of equal employment opportunity...
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NMFS and the eight regional fishery management councils are responsible for managing approximately 460 fish stocks in federal waters, as shown in figure 1. NMFS has overall responsibility for collecting data on fish stocks and ocean conditions and for generating scientific information for the conservation, management, ...
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The Food Stamp Program provides low-income households with paper coupons or electronic benefits that can be redeemed for food in about 156,000 stores across the nation. In fiscal year 2001, the Congress appropriated $20.1 billion for the Food Stamp Program. FNS establishes regulations for implementing the Food Stamp Pr...
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The Energy Policy Act of 1992 and Executive Order 12902 require federal agencies to reduce their consumption of energy in federal buildings. The act set a goal for the agencies of lowering their consumption (measured in British thermal units per square foot) by 20 percent below fiscal year 1985 levels by fiscal year 20...
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DOD defines category I items as those that are highly explosive, extremely lethal, portable, and a potential threat if they were to be used by unauthorized individuals or groups. Category I missiles and rockets are nonnuclear and handheld. The missiles are the Stinger, Dragon, and Javelin; the rockets are the light ant...
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SSA administers two disability programs that provide monthly cash benefits to eligible individuals: DI, enacted in 1956, and SSI, enacted in 1972. DI provides monthly cash benefits to eligible workers unable to work because of a long-term disability and who have paid into the Social Security Trust Fund, whereas SSI pro...
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Civil aviation, including U.S.-bound flights, remains a target of coordinated terrorist activity. In the last 2 years, we issued reports on TSA’s foreign airport and air carrier inspection programs (December 2017), assessments of Cuban aviation security (July 2018), and TSA’s process for reviewing security directives a...
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C hina's rise from a poor developing country to a major economic power in about four decades has been spectacular. From 1979 (when economic reforms began) to 2017, China's real gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average annual rate of nearly 10%. According to the World Bank, China has "experienced the fastest sust...
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On March 12, 2013, Representative Paul Ryan, the chairman of the House Budget Committee, released the chairman's mark of the FY2014 House budget resolution. Additional detail on budgetary objectives and justifications was provided in Chairman Ryan's report entitled The Path to Prosperity: A Responsible Balanced Budget ...
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Generally, Congress provides budget authority to agencies through the passage of appropriations acts each fiscal year. Appropriations allow agencies to incur obligations and make payments for specified purposes. When an appropriation expires, and a new one is not enacted, a lapse in appropriations, also called a fundin...
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Congress and the Administration have advocated the use of covert or red team testing in all modes of transportation. Following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, on November 19, 2001, the President signed ATSA into law, with the primary goal of strengthening the security of the nation’s commercial aviation sy...
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Concerns about discrimination in the credit markets, particularly in the market for home mortgages, have existed for some time and have recently moved to the fore among civil rights issues. This resurgence of interest is due in large part to repeated reports in the media and elsewhere suggesting that the problem of len...
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Hamas, a U.S. State Department-designated Foreign Terrorist Organization, surprised most observers by winning a majority of seats in the Palestinian legislative election in January 2006. The election was judged by international observers to be competitive and "genuinely democratic." Hamas had boycotted previous Palesti...
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P.L. 112-29 , the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or "AIA," arguably made the most significant changes to the patent statute since the 19 th century. Among other provisions, the statute introduced into U.S. law a first-inventor-to-file priority rule, an infringement defense based upon prior commercial use, and assigne...
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Since the novel coronavirus—designated Coronavirus Disease 2019, or COVID-19—first appeared in the United States in mid-January, it has contributed to substantial economic upheaval across the U.S. economy, including the agricultural sector. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Congress has passed and the President...
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To ensure sound management and long-term stability in their operations, organizations track their financial activities (transactions), such as expenses they incur and income they generate. Organizations record their daily transactions, which increase or decrease account balances, in their accounting systems. For exampl...
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In 1962, DOD instituted the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System to establish near-term projections in defense spending. This system was intended to provide the necessary data to assist defense decision makers in making trade-offs among potential alternatives, thereby resulting in the best possible mix of forces...
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This report is intended to serve as a primer on U.S. foreign assistance to sub-Saharan Africa ("Africa") to help inform Congress' authorization, appropriation, and oversight of U.S. foreign aid for the region. It focuses primarily on assistance administered by the State Department and U.S. Agency for International Deve...
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Our fiscal year 2007 budget request will provide us the resources necessary to achieve our performance goals in support of the Congress and the American people. This request will allow GAO to improve productivity and maintain progress in technology and other transformation areas. We continue to streamline GAO, moderniz...
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DOD’s travel pay program is comprised of payments made by the department to active, reserve, and National Guard service members and civilian employees for temporary and permanent travel expenses. DOD travel is generally documented using authorizations and vouchers. Travel authorizations direct an individual or group of...
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T he Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) has served as the financial institution for carrying out federal farm commodity price support and production programs since 1933. It is a wholly government-owned entity that exists solely to finance authorized programs that support U.S. agriculture. It is subject to the supervisi...
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DOE is responsible for a diverse set of missions, including nuclear security, energy research, and environmental cleanup. These missions are managed by organizations within DOE and largely carried out by M&O contractors at various DOE sites. According to federal budget data, NNSA is one of the largest organizations in ...
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Employer-sponsored pension plans, in combination with Social Security and personal savings, provide millions of retirees and their families with retirement income. Employers can provide these benefits using two basic types of plans—defined benefit (DB) or defined contribution (DC) pension plans. For a DB plan, the empl...
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The nation’s 17,000 nursing homes play an essential role in our health care system, providing services to 1.6 million elderly and disabled persons who are temporarily or permanently unable to care for themselves but who do not require the level of care furnished in an acute care hospital. Depending on the identified ne...
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