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Field-Scale Dataset: 3D SOS-smoothed velocity volumes, 2D slices,

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acoustic wavefields, and 8s shot-gather cubes across 5 frequency bands.

Paired velocity volumes / slices / wavefields / shot-gathers for ML
benchmarks in subsurface geophysics. See README.md for schema, splits,
and simulation parameters.

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  1. .gitattributes +60 -0
  2. README.md +353 -0
  3. data/all.parquet +3 -0
  4. data/test_in_dist.parquet +3 -0
  5. data/test_out_dist.parquet +3 -0
  6. data/train.parquet +3 -0
  7. models/f3_d619/f3_042_sos.h5 +3 -0
  8. models/f3_d619/f3_043_sos.h5 +3 -0
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  15. models/f3_d619/f3_050_sos.h5 +3 -0
  16. models/f3_d619/f3_051_sos.h5 +3 -0
  17. models/fault_d619/fault_000_sos.h5 +3 -0
  18. models/fault_d619/fault_001_sos.h5 +3 -0
  19. models/fault_d619/fault_002_sos.h5 +3 -0
  20. models/fault_d619/fault_003_sos.h5 +3 -0
  21. models/fault_d619/fault_004_sos.h5 +3 -0
  22. models/gom_d619/gom_142_sos.h5 +3 -0
  23. models/gom_d619/gom_143_sos.h5 +3 -0
  24. models/gom_d619/gom_144_sos.h5 +3 -0
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  28. models/gom_d619/gom_148_sos.h5 +3 -0
  29. models/gom_d619/gom_149_sos.h5 +3 -0
  30. models/gom_d619/gom_150_sos.h5 +3 -0
  31. models/gom_d619/gom_151_sos.h5 +3 -0
  32. models/penobscot_d619/penobscot_001_sos.h5 +3 -0
  33. models/salt_canopy_d619/salt_canopy_0_sos.h5 +3 -0
  34. models/salt_canopy_d619/salt_canopy_1_sos.h5 +3 -0
  35. models/salt_canopy_d619/salt_canopy_3_sos.h5 +3 -0
  36. models/salt_canopy_d619/salt_canopy_gulf_model_915x1535x1535_vp_sos.h5 +3 -0
  37. models/seam_d619/seam_00_sos.h5 +3 -0
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  49. shot_gathers/8s/3-12Hz/shot_gather_cube_f3_042_il_0123.h5 +3 -0
  50. shot_gathers/8s/3-12Hz/shot_gather_cube_f3_042_il_0130.h5 +3 -0
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+ *.7z filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.h5 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lfs.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.lz4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mlmodel filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.parquet filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pb filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.pickle filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.rar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.safetensors filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ saved_model/**/* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar.* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tar filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tflite filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tgz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.wasm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.xz filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - uncompressed
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+ *.pcm filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.sam filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.raw filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Audio files - compressed
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+ *.aac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.flac filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.mp3 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.ogg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.wav filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - uncompressed
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+ *.bmp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.gif filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.tiff filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Image files - compressed
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+ *.jpg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.jpeg filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ *.webp filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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+ # Video files - compressed
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+ *.mp4 filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md ADDED
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+ ---
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+ license: cc-by-4.0
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+ task_categories:
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+ - image-to-image
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+ tags:
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+ - benchmark
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+ - geoscience
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+ - seismology
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+ - geophysics
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+ - subsurface
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+ - velocity-model
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+ - acoustic-wavefield
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+ - wave-propagation
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+ - scientific-computing
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+ - physics-informed
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+ - HDF5
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+ pretty_name: Field-Scale Dataset
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+ size_categories:
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+ - 10K<n<100K
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+ configs:
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+ - config_name: default
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+ data_files:
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+ - split: all
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+ path: "data/all.parquet"
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+ - split: train
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+ path: "data/train.parquet"
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+ - split: test_in_dist
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+ path: "data/test_in_dist.parquet"
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+ - split: test_out_dist
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+ path: "data/test_out_dist.parquet"
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+ dataset_info:
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+ features:
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+ - name: slice_id
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: model_id
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: data_type
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: model_type
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: split
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: file_path
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: orientation
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: slice_index
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+ dtype: int32
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+ - name: slice_location_m
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: slice_axis
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+ dtype: int32
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+ - name: volume_shape
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: depth_samples
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+ dtype: int32
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+ - name: width_samples
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+ dtype: int32
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+ - name: propagation_time_s
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: frequency_band
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+ dtype: string
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+ - name: f_min_hz
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: f_max_hz
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: velocity_min_m_per_s
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: velocity_max_m_per_s
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: velocity_mean_m_per_s
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: velocity_std_m_per_s
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: source_x_km
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: source_z_km
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+ dtype: float32
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+ - name: source_x_idx
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+ dtype: int32
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+ - name: source_z_idx
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+ dtype: int32
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+ ---
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+
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+ # Field-Scale Dataset
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+
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+ A large-scale benchmark dataset of **field-scale 3D subsurface velocity
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+ volumes** (SOS-smoothed, depth-truncated to 619 samples) paired with 2D
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+ velocity slices, their corresponding acoustic wavefields, and multi-source
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+ shot-gather cubes. The dataset spans multiple geological settings and covers
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+ five frequency bands (3-6, 3-8.5, 3-12, 3-17.5, 3-25 Hz), supporting wavefield
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+ prediction, seismic inversion, source-aware training from the 64-source
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+ shot-gather cubes, and out-of-distribution evaluation across held-out
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+ geology and broader frequency bandwidths.
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+
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+ Maintained by the **SubsurfaceGen** project. Author affiliations withheld for double-blind review.
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+
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+ ## Dataset Summary
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+
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+ | Metric | Value |
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+ |--------|-------|
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+ | **Total index rows** | 47078 |
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+ | **Total HDF5 files** | 47078 |
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+ | **3D SOS velocity volumes** (619×1000×1000) | 42 |
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+ | **3D volume breakdown by model type** | f3: 10, fault: 5, gom: 10, penobscot: 1, salt_canopy: 4, seam: 12 |
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+ | **2D velocity slices** | 4276 |
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+ | **Wavefields** (5s) | 21380 |
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+ | **Shot-gather cubes** (8s, 64 sources each) | 21380 |
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+ | **Train samples** (slice rows) | 4096 |
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+ | **Test in-distribution** (slice rows) | 100 |
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+ | **Test out-of-distribution** (slice rows) | 80 |
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+ | **Model types** | `f3`, `fault`, `gom`, `penobscot`, `salt_canopy`, `seam` |
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+ | **Frequency bands** | `3-12Hz`, `3-17.5Hz`, `3-25Hz`, `3-6Hz`, `3-8.5Hz` |
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+
115
+ ## Dataset Structure
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+
117
+ ### Parquet Index
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+
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+ The `data/all.parquet` file is a **sidecar index** that catalogs every HDF5 file
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+ in the dataset. Each row represents one HDF5 file. The `slice_id` column links
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+ related files together --- a velocity slice, its wavefield(s), and its shot
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+ gather(s) all share the same `slice_id`.
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+
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+ **Browse the index using the Dataset Viewer above** to explore all 25 columns interactively.
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+
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+ ### Data Types
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+
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+ | `data_type` | Description | HDF5 Key | Shape | Count |
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+ |-------------|-------------|----------|-------|-------|
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+ | `model` | 3D SOS-smoothed velocity volume (depth-truncated to 619) | `velocity` | `(619, 1000, 1000)` | 42 |
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+ | `slice` | 2D velocity slice — training input **x** | `velocity` | `(nz, nx)` | 4276 |
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+ | `wavefield` | 2D acoustic wavefield — training target **y** (5s) | `wavefield` | `(nt, nz, nx)` | 21380 |
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+ | `gather` | Multi-source shot-gather cube (8s, 64 sources) | `shot_gather_cube` | `(n_sources, n_time, n_receivers)` | 21380 |
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+
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+ ### Splits
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+
137
+ | Split | Description |
138
+ |-------|-------------|
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+ | `train` | Training data (all model types) |
140
+ | `test_in_dist` | In-distribution test (same model types as train, different slices) |
141
+ | `test_out_dist` | Out-of-distribution test (held-out geology) |
142
+
143
+ Splits are assigned to 2D `slice` rows and inherited by their derived
144
+ `wavefield` and `gather` rows (same `slice_id` ⇒ same split). The 42 3D
145
+ `model` rows are not split-assigned and have `split = null` — use them
146
+ for diagnostics, conditioning, or downstream studies rather than as
147
+ train/test samples directly.
148
+
149
+ ### Propagation Time
150
+
151
+ - **Wavefields** exist at **5s propagation time only**.
152
+ - **Shot-gather cubes** exist at **8s propagation time only** (64 sources
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+ stacked per slice).
154
+
155
+ ### Schema (25 columns)
156
+
157
+ | # | Column | Type | Description |
158
+ |---|--------|------|-------------|
159
+ | 1 | `slice_id` | string | Links related files (e.g., `f3_042_il0123`). Null for 3D models |
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+ | 2 | `model_id` | string | Source 3D model (e.g., `f3_042`) |
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+ | 3 | `data_type` | string | `model` \| `slice` \| `wavefield` \| `gather` |
162
+ | 4 | `model_type` | string | Geological category (e.g., `f3`, `gom`, `fault`) |
163
+ | 5 | `split` | string | `train` \| `test_in_dist` \| `test_out_dist` |
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+ | 6 | `file_path` | string | Relative path to HDF5 file |
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+ | 7 | `orientation` | string | `inline` or `crossline` |
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+ | 8 | `slice_index` | int32 | Index in original 3D volume |
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+ | 9 | `slice_location_m` | float32 | Physical position in meters |
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+ | 10 | `slice_axis` | int32 | 1 (inline) or 2 (crossline) |
169
+ | 11 | `volume_shape` | string | Source volume dims (e.g., `960x1000x1000`) |
170
+ | 12 | `depth_samples` | int32 | nz of this array (varies by model type) |
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+ | 13 | `width_samples` | int32 | nx of this array |
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+ | 14 | `propagation_time_s` | float32 | Wavefields=5.0, shot-gather cubes=8.0 |
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+ | 15 | `frequency_band` | string | e.g., `3-25Hz` |
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+ | 16 | `f_min_hz` | float32 | Band minimum frequency |
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+ | 17 | `f_max_hz` | float32 | Band maximum frequency |
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+ | 18 | `velocity_min_m_per_s` | float32 | Min velocity (m/s) |
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+ | 19 | `velocity_max_m_per_s` | float32 | Max velocity (m/s) |
178
+ | 20 | `velocity_mean_m_per_s` | float32 | Mean velocity (m/s) |
179
+ | 21 | `velocity_std_m_per_s` | float32 | Std velocity (m/s) |
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+ | 22 | `source_x_km` | float32 | Source X position (km) |
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+ | 23 | `source_z_km` | float32 | Source Z depth (km) |
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+ | 24 | `source_x_idx` | int32 | Source X grid index |
183
+ | 25 | `source_z_idx` | int32 | Source Z grid index |
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+
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+ ## Directory Structure
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+
187
+ ```
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+ dataset_root/
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+ ├── data/
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+ │ ├── all.parquet # Sidecar index (25 columns, all rows)
191
+ │ ├── train.parquet # Same schema, split=train only
192
+ │ ├── test_in_dist.parquet
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+ │ └── test_out_dist.parquet
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+ ├── models/
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+ │ └── {model_type}_d619/ # 42 SOS-smoothed 3D volumes
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+ │ └── {model_id}_sos.h5 # shape (619, 1000, 1000)
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+ ├── slices/ # 4,276 individual 2D slices
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+ │ └── slice_{slice_id}.h5
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+ ├── wavefields/
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+ │ └── 5s/{freq_band}/ # 5 bands × 4,276 = 21,380 files
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+ │ └── wavefield_{slice_id}_*.h5
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+ └── shot_gathers/
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+ └── 8s/{freq_band}/ # 5 bands × 4,276 = 21,380 cubes
204
+ └── shot_gather_cube_{slice_id}.h5
205
+ ```
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+
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+ ## Usage
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+
209
+ ### Browse the Index
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+
211
+ ```python
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+ import pandas as pd
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+
214
+ # Load the full index
215
+ df = pd.read_parquet("data/all.parquet")
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+
217
+ # Filter by split and data type
218
+ train_slices = df[(df.split == "train") & (df.data_type == "slice")]
219
+ train_wavefields = df[
220
+ (df.split == "train") & (df.data_type == "wavefield")
221
+ & (df.frequency_band == "3-6Hz")
222
+ ]
223
+
224
+ # Pair velocity slices with wavefields for training
225
+ pairs = train_slices.merge(train_wavefields, on="slice_id", suffixes=("_vel", "_wf"))
226
+ print(f"Training pairs: {len(pairs)}")
227
+ ```
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+
229
+ ### Load Individual HDF5 Files
230
+
231
+ ```python
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+ import h5py
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+
234
+ # 3D SOS velocity volume (root-group attr "metadata" is a JSON string)
235
+ import json
236
+ with h5py.File("models/f3_d619/f3_042_sos.h5", "r") as f:
237
+ volume = f["velocity"][:] # (619, 1000, 1000) float32
238
+ meta = json.loads(f.attrs["metadata"])
239
+ print(meta["model_type"], meta["stats_smoothed"])
240
+
241
+ # 2D velocity slice
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+ with h5py.File("slices/slice_f3_042_il_0123.h5", "r") as f:
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+ velocity = f["velocity"][:] # (nz, nx) float32
244
+ model_type = f["velocity"].attrs["model_type"]
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+
246
+ # Wavefield (5s)
247
+ with h5py.File("wavefields/5s/3-6Hz/wavefield_f3_042_il_0123_srchorizontal5.000km.h5", "r") as f:
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+ wavefield = f["wavefield"][:] # (nt, nz, nx) float32
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+ freq_band = f["wavefield"].attrs["frequency_band"]
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+
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+ # Shot-gather cube (8s, 64 sources stacked)
252
+ with h5py.File("shot_gathers/8s/3-6Hz/shot_gather_cube_f3_042_il_0123.h5", "r") as f:
253
+ cube = f["shot_gather_cube"][:] # (n_sources, n_time, n_receivers) float32
254
+ n_src = f["shot_gather_cube"].attrs["n_sources"]
255
+ ```
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+
257
+ ## Dataset Creation
258
+
259
+ ### Source Data
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+
261
+ Field-scale 3D velocity models inspired by publicly available subsurface surveys:
262
+ - **F3** (Netherlands North Sea)
263
+ - **GOM** (Gulf of Mexico)
264
+ - **Fault** (synthetic fault models)
265
+ - **Salt Canopy** (synthetic salt body models)
266
+ - **SEAM** (SEG Advanced Modeling)
267
+ - **Penobscot** (offshore Canada, held out for OOD testing)
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+
269
+ Models are processed through **structure-oriented smoothing (SOS)**, following
270
+ Hale (2009, CWP-635), to produce smooth background velocity fields suitable
271
+ for acoustic wave propagation, and depth-truncated to **619 samples** so all
272
+ volumes share a common depth.
273
+
274
+ ### Wavefield Generation
275
+
276
+ 2D acoustic wavefields are generated by solving the constant-density acoustic
277
+ wave equation on each velocity slice using finite-difference time-domain
278
+ (FDTD) simulation, implemented with **Devito** — a Python DSL that compiles
279
+ optimized stencil kernels from symbolic PDEs (Louboutin et al., 2019). Each
280
+ slice is simulated for 5 seconds per frequency band.
281
+
282
+ **Numerical simulation parameters (all bands):**
283
+
284
+ | Parameter | Value |
285
+ |---|---|
286
+ | Solver / kernels | Devito `examples.seismic` AcquisitionGeometry + Model |
287
+ | Grid spacing | 10 m × 10 m |
288
+ | Time step | 1.0 ms |
289
+ | FD stencil space order | 8 |
290
+ | Absorbing boundary | 60-cell sponge (Devito `bcs="damp"`) |
291
+ | Top boundary | Free surface (`fs=True`) |
292
+ | Wavefield temporal subsample | factor 14 (stored every 14th step) |
293
+ | Receivers | 1,000 per slice, streamer at 10 m depth |
294
+ | Source depth | 10 m |
295
+
296
+ **Source wavelet — band-limited Ricker.** The injected source time function
297
+ is a Ricker wavelet (negative normalized second derivative of a Gaussian),
298
+ then band-passed with a 4th-order Butterworth filter (forward-backward,
299
+ zero-phase) and amplitude-normalized by `sqrt(bandwidth / 24 Hz)` so that
300
+ wider-band sources carry physically consistent energy. Peak frequency
301
+ `f0` is chosen per band for spectral centering:
302
+
303
+ | Band | f0 (Hz) | Bandpass |
304
+ |---|---:|---|
305
+ | 3-6 Hz | 4.5 | 3.0 – 6.0 |
306
+ | 3-8.5 Hz | 5.75 | 3.0 – 8.5 |
307
+ | 3-12 Hz | 7.5 | 3.0 – 12.0 |
308
+ | 3-17.5 Hz | 10.25 | 3.0 – 17.5 |
309
+ | 3-25 Hz | 14.0 | 3.0 – 25.0 |
310
+
311
+ For each wavefield file, the source x-position is sampled uniformly at random
312
+ along the slice (with a 0.5 km margin from each edge). Seeds are fixed
313
+ (`random_seed=42`) so source placements are reproducible from the metadata.
314
+
315
+ ### Shot-Gather Cubes
316
+
317
+ For seismic inversion and source-aware studies, each slice is additionally
318
+ simulated for **8 seconds** with **64 equally-spaced sources** (same 0.5 km
319
+ edge margins), producing a stacked shot-gather cube per slice per band.
320
+ Each cube has shape `(64, n_time, 1000)` (sources × decimated time samples ×
321
+ receivers), is stored under HDF5 key `shot_gather_cube`, and is time-
322
+ decimated by factor 14. Simulation parameters are otherwise identical to
323
+ the wavefield runs above.
324
+
325
+ ## References
326
+
327
+ - **Devito (finite-difference solver)** — Louboutin, M., Lange, M., Luporini,
328
+ F., Kukreja, N., Witte, P. A., Herrmann, F. J., Velesko, P., & Gorman, G. J.
329
+ (2019). *Devito (v3.1.0): an embedded domain-specific language for finite
330
+ differences and geophysical exploration.* Geoscientific Model Development,
331
+ 12(3), 1165-1187. <https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1165-2019>
332
+ - **Structure-oriented smoothing (3D velocity preprocessing)** — Hale, D.
333
+ (2009). *Structure-oriented smoothing and semblance.* CWP-635, Center for
334
+ Wave Phenomena, Colorado School of Mines.
335
+
336
+ ## Citation
337
+
338
+ ```bibtex
339
+ @dataset{subsurfacegen_field_scale_dataset,
340
+ title={Field-Scale Dataset: SOS-smoothed velocity volumes, 2D slices, wavefields, and 8s shot-gather cubes},
341
+ author={Anonymous},
342
+ year={2026},
343
+ url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/subsurfacegen/field-scale-dataset},
344
+ }
345
+ ```
346
+
347
+ ## License
348
+
349
+ This dataset is released under [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
350
+
351
+ ## Contact
352
+
353
+ Removed for anonymous review.
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