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Aquiherbosa An aquiherbosa is a plant community of herbaceous plants that exists in abundantly wet areas. This can refer to plant communities in wetlands, ponds, or other bodies of water. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37575487 |
Nuummite is a rare metamorphic rock that consists of the amphibole minerals gedrite and anthophyllite. It is named after the area of Nuuk in Greenland, where it was found. is usually black in colour and opaque. It consists of two amphiboles, gedrite and anthophyllite, which form exsolution lamellae that give the rock i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37579789 |
Fuel factor The fuel factor, f, is the ratio of created CO to depleted oxygen in a combustion reaction, used to check the accuracy of an emission measurement system. It can be calculated using the equation Where %O is the percent O by volume, dry basis, %CO is the percent CO by volume, dry basis, and 20.9 is the percen... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37591765 |
Cardiovirus B is a species in the genus "Cardiovirus" and is represented by two isolates, Saffold virus (SAFV) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37596367 |
Colloidal probe technique The colloidal probe technique is commonly used to measure interaction forces acting between colloidal particles and/or planar surfaces in air or in solution. This technique relies on the use of an atomic force microscope (AFM). However, instead of a cantilever with a sharp AFM tip, one uses th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique Forces are equally most informative to investigate the mechanical properties of interfaces, bubbles, capsules, membranes, or cell walls. Such measurements permit to make conclusions about the elastic or plastic deformation or eventual rupture in such systems. The colloidal probe technique prov... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique It is also possible to study forces between colloidal particles by attaching another particle to the substrate and perform the measurement in the "sphere-sphere geometry", see figure above. The force mode used in the colloidal probe technique is illustrated in the figure on the left. The scann... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique This response is referred to as the "constant compliance" or contact region. The lever signal "S" as a function of the scanner displacement "D" is shown in the figure below. This graph consists of two straight lines resembling a hockey-stick. When the surfaces are not in contact, the lever sig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique Typical spring constants of AFM cantilevers are in the range of 0.1−10 N/m. Since the deflection is monitored with a precision better 0.1 nm, one typically obtains a force resolution of 1−100 pN. The separation distance can be obtained from the displacement of the scanner and the cantilever de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique The colloidal probes are normally fabricated by gluing a colloidal particle to a tip-less cantilever with a micromanipulator in air. The subsequent rewetting of the probe may lead to the formation of nanosized bubbles on the probe surface. This problem can be avoided by attaching the colloidal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique The "frictional force method" relies on measurement of the approach and retract curves of the cantilever through a viscous fluid. Since the hydrodynamic drag of a sphere close to a planar substrate is known theoretically, the spring constant of the cantilever can be deduced. The "geometrical m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Colloidal probe technique However, this technique uses a regular AFM tip to which a single polymer molecule is attached. From the retraction part of the force curve, one can obtain information about stretching of the polymer or its peeling from the surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37605500 |
Anton Eleutherius Sauter (18 April 1800 in Grossarl – 1881 in Salzburg) was an Austrian physician and botanist. From 1820 to 1826 he studied medicine at the University of Vienna, where one of his instructors was Joseph Franz von Jacquin. After graduation, he worked as a physician at several locations in Austria. In 184... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37611255 |
Ping Tao Li (; born 1936) is a Chinese botanist who co-authored articles in the "Flora of China". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37618233 |
Jiangshanian The is the middle stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Paibian stage and is succeeded by the still unnamed Stage 10 of the Cambrian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite "Agnostotes orientalis" which is estimated to be million years ago. The lasted until approximately milli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37618721 |
Guzhangian The is an uppermost stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It follows the Drumian Stage and precedes the Paibian Stage of the Furongian Series. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite "Lejopyge laevigata" around million years ago. The Guzhangian-Paibian boundary is marked by th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37620670 |
Drumian The is a stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It succeeds the Wuliuan and precedes the Guzhangian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite "Ptychagnostus atavus" around million years ago. The top is defined as the first appearance of another trilobite "Lejopyge laevigata" around... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37620824 |
Quantasome Quantasomes are particles found in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in which photosynthesis takes place. They are embedded in a paracrystalline array on the surface of thylakoid discs in chloroplasts. They are composed of lipids and proteins that include various photosynthetic pigments and redox carrie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37630226 |
Edison Volta Prize The is awarded biennially by the European Physical Society (EPS) to individuals or groups of up to three people in recognition of outstanding achievements in physics. The award consists of a diploma, a medal, and 10,000 euros in prize money. The award has been established in 2012 by the Centro di Cul... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37641022 |
Edison Volta Prize " The 2015 EPS has been awarded to the three principal scientific leaders of the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Planck Mission: "for directing the development of the Planck payload and the analysis of its data, resulting in the refinement of our knowledge of the temperature fluctuations in the Cosmic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37641022 |
Misty Montes The are a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located in the northern hemisphere of Titan, between 56-7° north and 61-3° west. The are named after the Misty Mountains, a range of mountains in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle Earth which appears most ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642169 |
Irensaga Montes The is a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located near Titan's equator, between 5-6° south and 210-214° east. It is located within the Adiri region, just west of the landing site of the Huygens probe. The is named after Irensaga, one of the White Mountains... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642238 |
Mindolluin Montes The are a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located near Titan's equator, between 1-4° south and 205-213° east. It is located within the Adiri region, just west of the landing site of the Huygens probe. The are named after Mindolluin, one of the White Mou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642273 |
Mithrim Montes The are a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located near Titan's equator, between 1-3° south and 126-8° west and consists of three parallel ridges that are oriented east-west, spaced about 25 km apart. They are located within the region Xanadu. The highest p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642334 |
Taniquetil Montes The are a range of mountains on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. The range is located near Titan's equator, between 2-4° south and 211-214° west. It is located within the Adiri region, just west of the landing site of the Huygens probe. The are named after Taniquetil, a mountain in the Un... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642368 |
Erebor Mons is a mountain on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. It is located near Titan's equator, between 4-5° south and 35-36° west, centered on , in the western part of Quivira region. It is 40 km across, more than 1 km high and has lobate flow features to its north and east. It is probably a cryovolcano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642436 |
Arrakis Planitia is a planitia (plain) on Titan, the largest moon of the planet Saturn. It is located in Titan's southern hemisphere, between 74-80° south and 113-134° east, within the Mezzoramia region. is named after Arrakis, a fictional desert planet that is featured prominently in Frank Herbert's "Dune" novels. The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642502 |
Substellar companion is a generic term for an astronomical body orbiting a star. It can describe a celestial bodies too small to be a star, but too big to be called a planet. Alternatively, it is a substellar object such as exoplanet or brown dwarf that is orbiting a star. Objects as low as 8-23 Jupiter masses have bee... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37643310 |
Cooperative luminescence and cooperative absorption Cooperative luminescence is the radiative process in which two excited ions simultaneously make downward transition to emit one photon with the sum of their excitation energies. The inverse process is cooperative absorption, in which a photon can be absorbed by a coup... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37648306 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals is a 500-page textbook about camouflage, warning coloration and mimicry by the Cambridge zoologist Hugh Cott, first published during the Second World War in 1940; the book sold widely and made him famous. The book's general method is to present a wide range of examples from across the ani... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Part 3, disguise, covers methods of mimicry that provide camouflage, as when animals resemble leaves or twigs, and markings and displays that help to deflect attack or to deceive predators with deimatic displays. Both Batesian mimicry and Müllerian mimicry are treated as adaptive resembla... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Cott's method is to provide a large number of examples, illustrated with his own drawings or photographs, showing animals from different groups including fish, reptiles, birds and insects, especially butterflies. The examples are chosen to illustrate specific adaptations. For example, the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals as a means of approaching, ambushing or alluring game, and the sniping suits, concealed machine-gun posts, and booby traps" with the camouflage of animal predators; and similarly he compares "protective disguises" with the "photographer's hide and the gunner's observation post." In the sa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Cott goes on to explain that the right-hand drawing shows the effect "of broken surroundings in further blending and confusing the picture", observing that this is the closest to what is seen in nature. His readers are invited to look first at the right-hand images to gain an idea of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Deflective marks. Chapter 5. Directive marks. Chapter 6. Alluring coloration. Chapter 7. Mimicry: the attributes of mimics. Chapter 8. Breeding parasitism and mimicry in cuckoos. The final chapter confirms that "The force of the facts and arguments used in this work is cumulative in effec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals seem destined to be dropped, or at least relegated to very minor places in the Evolution discussion.", and more sharply that "aggressive and alluring resemblance" (Huxley's words) "must probably be set down as products of fancy belonging to uncritical times." Huxley's reply is simply With... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton, a Darwinian, had written a 360-page book, "The Colours of Animals", fifty years earlier in 1890, and he was able, at age 84, to review Cott's work in "Nature" on its appearance in 1940, beginning with the words The ichthyologist Carl Leavitt H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Hubbs's review ends "This book is the work of an artist, and it is a work of art. Every biologist with an interest in any phase of natural history or evolution should keep it at hand." "W.L.S.", reviewing Cott in The Geographical Journal in 1940, begins with "In this large and well-illust... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals Sören Nylin and colleagues observe in a 2001 paper that As a natural history narrative on what has become an intensely researched experimental subject, "Adaptive Coloration" could be thought obsolete, but instead, Peter Forbes observes "But Cott's book is still valuable today for its enor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
Adaptive Coloration in Animals " He continues "What makes these drawings (and the book itself) even more interesting is that Cott (1900-1987) was not just a zoologist—he was a highly skilled scientific illustrator (these are his own pen-and-ink drawings), a wildlife photographer, and a prominent British camoufleur in W... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37658639 |
SXDF-NB1006-2 is a distant galaxy located in the Cetus constellation, with a spectroscopic redshift of "z" = 7.213 or 12.91 billion light-years away. It was discovered by the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey Field. The galaxy was claimed to be the most distant galaxy at announcement in June 2012, as the more distant claim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37661603 |
MACS J0647.7+7015 is a galaxy cluster with a redshift "z" = 0.592, located at J2000.0 right ascension declination . It lies between the Big Dipper and Little Dipper in the constellation Camelopardalis. It is part of a sample of 12 extreme galaxy clusters at "z" > 0.5 discovered by the MAssive Cluster Survey (MACS). Dur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37678417 |
MAssive Cluster Survey The (MACS) compiled and characterized a sample of very X-ray luminous (and thus, by inference, massive), distant clusters of galaxies. The sample comprises 124 spectroscopically confirmed clusters at 0.3 < z < 0.7. Candidates were selected from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey data. One of the galaxy clu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37679288 |
MAssive Cluster Survey org/content/458/2/1803.abstract | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37679288 |
The Colours of Animals is a zoology book written in 1890 by Sir Edward Bagnall Poulton (1856–1943). It was the first substantial textbook to argue the case for Darwinian selection applying to all aspects of animal coloration. The book also pioneered the concept of frequency-dependent selection and introduced the term "... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals "The Colours of Animals" was well received on its publication, although the book's support for sexual selection was criticised by Alfred Russel Wallace, and its Darwinism and critique of Lamarckism were attacked by Edward Drinker Cope. Wallace liked Poulton's experimental work but was critical of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Poulton explains in his Preface that Poulton strongly supports Darwin both on the general theme of natural selection, and on the power of sexual selection in species which are sexually dimorphic (where, usually, the male is showier than the female): Poulton knew his view was controversial, but be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Chapter 12 Protective Mimicry. Chapter 13 Protective and Aggressive Mimicry. Chapter 14 The Combination of Many Methods of Defence. Chapter 15 Colours Produced by Courtship. Chapter 16 Other Theories of Sexual Colouring. Chapter 17 Summary And Classification. The co-discoverer of natural selectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Even the presence of numerous dark twigs has been shown to cause a corresponding change of colour in the larva of the peppered moth ("Amphidasis betularia")." Wallace's main criticism, occupying half his lengthy review, was of Poulton's acceptance of sexual selection. He begins by stating "Mr. Po... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Wallace gives a detailed counter-example to refute Poulton's argument, arguing that "really beautiful combinations of colour and marking" are found on the sea shells of molluscs "where sexual selection has certainly not come into play". To make the point, Wallace lists "the cones, cowries, olives... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals An anonymous reviewer in the "New York Times" wrote that "Mr Poulton wishes first of all to put himself right with regard to his attitude to Darwinism", mentioning that in 1888 he had been cited in the "Edinburgh Review" as attacking Darwinism. The reviewer hastens to agree that Poulton is in fac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Cope is attracted by "a detail of great interest" in a caterpillar's camouflage "by the semblance of a small hole to indicate piercing by insect larvae" (ichneumon flies, since they avoid caterpillars that are already parasitised), and is impressed by Poulton's observations of "perhaps the most p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals " The reviewer remarks, also, on the "decided antithesis between warning and protective colors", animals being either "as conspicuous as possible", or as cryptic as possible, while the conspicuous ones "are usually accompanied by a nauseating taste, strongly smelling or irritant fluids, etc." The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals The review begins by noting that the pre-Darwinian view of colour "to-day appears almost ridiculous", adding that "we now know" that colour is of benefit to the animal, and is subject to natural selection. The reviewer writes that it is among Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) that "protective r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals Poulton was a staunch supporter of Darwin, through a period when there was no adequate theory of heredity and both natural selection and sexual selection had become unpopular among scientists, and was attacked for his support both in "The Colours of Animals" and outside it. And he is recognised a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
The Colours of Animals She suggests that while people have therefore taken Poulton for a staunch Darwinist and supporter of sexual selection, he "lost his initial enthusiasm for the theory" and "came to relegate it to a very minor position" in evolution. She writes that Poulton's position was highly influential, statin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37696632 |
Cluster Lensing and Supernova survey with Hubble The Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) was a program on the Hubble Space Telescope to observe 25 massive galaxy clusters. CLASH was one of three programs selected (along with CANDELS and PHAT) in the first class of Hubble multi-cycle treasury progra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37699639 |
Charles George Johnson (188614 October 1950) was a chemist, businessman and political figure in Adelaide, South Australia. Johnson was born in Essex, England in 1886 and led an adventurous life, including a spell of boxing professionally, before arriving in Adelaide in 1925. He first came to public notice as a Labor Pa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37700226 |
Abell 2261 is one of 25 galaxy clusters being studied as part of the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH) program, a major project to build a library of scientific data on lensing clusters. It also has the galaxy A2261-BCG (short for Brightest Cluster Galaxy) which has the largest galaxy core ever o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37701294 |
RX J1347.5−1145 RX J1347.5–1145 is one of the most massive galaxy clusters known. As a result, it is also one of the most X-ray-luminous because of its hot gas content. The object resides roughly 5 billion light-years away from the Solar System in the constellation of Virgo. Redshift was noted as z=0.451 with an X-ray ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37701371 |
Global surface temperature In earth science, global surface temperature (GST) is calculated by averaging the temperature at the surface of the sea and air temperature over land. In technical writing, scientists call long-term changes in GST "global cooling" or "global warming". Periods of both have happened regularly t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37719142 |
Global surface temperature Measurement of the GST is one of the many lines of evidence supporting the scientific consensus on climate change, which is that humans are causing warming of Earth's climate system. With the Earth's temperature increasing, the ocean have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37719142 |
Pieter Cornelius Tobias Snellen (30 August 1832 – 29 March 1911) was a Dutch entomologist. Pieter Snellen was a merchant in Rotterdam. He is not to be confused with Samuel Constantinus Snellen van Vollenhoven, another entomologist from Rotterdam. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37721865 |
Murinus Cornelius Piepers Marinus Cornelius Piepers (1836 –1919, Den Haag) was a Dutch entomologist. He specialised in Lepidoptera and Coleoptera especially of the Dutch East Indies. His collection is conserved in Naturalis in Leiden. online at Biodiversity Heritage Library Four volumes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37722198 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom "Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer’s Discoveries" is a book published ostensibly by Gerald H. Thayer in 1909, and revised in 1918, but in fact a collaboration with ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The book was more evenly criticised by zoologist and camouflage researcher Hugh Cott, who valued Thayer's work on countershading but regretted his overenthusiastic attempts to explain all animal coloration as camouflage. Thayer was mocked to a greater or lesser extent by othe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Poulton had noticed countershading in certain caterpillars, but he had not realized that the phenomenon was widespread, and he championed Thayer's theory in a 1902 article in "Nature". However, Thayer was not a scientist, and he lacked a scientist's inclination to attempt to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The book's list of contents reveals Thayer's heavy reliance on bird examples, filling 16 of the 27 chapters. Other vertebrates occupy 5 chapters. Insects receive 3 chapters, of which two are dedicated to lepidoptera - one to caterpillars, one to adult butterflies and moths; t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom He acknowledges the prior work of Edward Bagnall Poulton ("The Colours of Animals", 1890) in identifying countershading in caterpillars, quoting some passages where Poulton describes how larvae and pupae can appear flat. Countershading is named as "the law which underlies pro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Chapters 4 and 5 illustrate more "picture-patterns" in well camouflaged birds including Wilson's snipe and whip-poor-will (nighthawks and goatsuckers, Caprimulgidae). Thayer describes these as showing "obliteration, or "merging with the background"" but that their patterning ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Chapter 10 describes the "background-picturing" of bitterns, birds which live in reedbeds, where Chapter 11 argues (in a way that was heavily criticised when the book appeared, see below) that water birds, some of them highly conspicuous like the jacana and notoriously the ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The ringed plover is described as having "eye-masking and 'obliterative' shadow-and-hole-picturing pattern". Chapter 15 describes the leg feather patterns of hawks, asserting that these "pantaloons" mask these "dangerous talons" to facilitate attack, just as their beaks, like... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Chapter 19 concludes the description of bird plumage, claiming that birds from the tropical forests to the "snowy north", including woodpeckers and the blue jay are all "colored for inconspicuousness". Chapters 20, 21, and 22 discuss the "disguising-coloration" of mammals, in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks attempt to prove the point. The chapter goes on to claim that roseate spoonbills, flamingoes, and prongbuck are all ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom When this is folded back, a painting by Rockwell Kent and Abbott Thayer "(Also G.H. Thayer and E.B. Thayer)" is revealed, showing the snake's outline powerfully disrupted by its zigzag pattern among the light and shade of the leaf litter. Chapter 24 mentions that some terrest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Eye-spots are mentioned, but instead of noting that these might be distractive, they are asserted to be "dazzling", appearing as holes, and thus functioning as disruptive camouflage. The text ends with a paragraph that asks if it is "any wonder that artists should feel keen d... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom '" He then observes that the Thayers' claims, both in "pictures" and in writing, are not so much arguments as plain "misstatements of facts, or wild guesses put forward as facts." He puts these down to enthusiasm rather than dishonesty, and as an example critiques the picture... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom Roosevelt does not refrain from harshness: he describes the camouflaged flamingo theory as "probably the wildest" of "all the wild absurdities to which Mr. Thayer has committed himself". Thayer was also roundly criticised in 1911 by herpetologist Thomas Barbour and conservati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The English ornithologists Douglas Dewar and Frank Finn write in their 1909 book "The Making of Species" that Thayer "seems to be of opinion that "all" animals are cryptically or, as he calls it, concealingly or obliteratively coloured". They note that Edward Bagnall Poulton ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom are obliterative", and continues more specifically with a detailed rebuttal of both the text and Thayer's contrived paintings: Cott then gives the examples of the peacock in the woods with the blue sky behind the neck; the "flock of red Flamingoes matching a red sunset sky", ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 'up-side-down')" and "unnatural" positions; in his Figure 5 drawing of the disruptive effect of the stripes and bold markings of woodcock chicks (like Thayer's Figure 81); in his Plate 7, with (just like Thayer's Figure 7) a photograph of a white cock against a white backgrou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The art and science writer Peter Forbes notes that Thayer became obsessed by the "flattening effect" of countershading, and that far from being a scientist, he was "an artist whose idealist fervour, edged by deep insecurity, led him to regard his findings less as discovery th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom The philosopher and jazz musician David Rothenberg, in his 2012 book "Survival of the Beautiful" on the relationship between aesthetics and evolution, argues that while the Thayers' book set out the principles of camouflage: "From observation of nature ... art contributed to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37724748 |
Double layer forces An electrical double layer develops near charged surfaces (or another charged objects) in aqueous solutions. Within this double layer, the first layer corresponds to the charged surface. These charges may originate from tightly adsorbed ions, dissociated surface groups, or substituted ions within th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces The corresponding Poisson's equation reads in SI units where "ρ" is the charge density per unit volume, "ε" the dielectric permittivity of the vacuum, and "ε" the dielectric constant of the liquid. For a symmetric electrolyte consisting of cations and anions having a charge ±"q", the charge density ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces The starting point is the Gibbs–Duhem relation for a two component system at constant temperature Introducing the concentrations "c" and using the expressions of the chemical potentials "μ" given above one finds The concentration difference can be eliminated with the Poisson equation and the resulti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces In practice, the DH approximation remains rather accurate up to surface potentials that are comparable to the limiting values given above. The disjoining pressure can be obtained from the PB equation given above, which can also be simplified to the DH case by expanding into Taylor series. The result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces This approximation turns out to be exact provided the plate-plate separation is large compared to the Debye length and the surface potentials are low. This result can be simply generalized to highly charged surfaces, but only at larger separations. Even if the potential is large close to the surface... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces The boundary conditions play an important role, and the surface potential and surface charge density formula_19 and formula_20 become functions of the surface separation "h" and they may differ from the corresponding quantities "ψ" and "σ" for the isolated surface. When the surface charge remains co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces By solving the DH equation one can show that diffuse layer potential varies upon approach as while the surface charged density obey a similar relation The swelling pressure can be found by inserting the exact solution of the DH equation into the expressions above and one finds Repulsion is strongest... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces Interactions between various objects were studied within the DH and PB models by many researchers. Some of the relevant results are summarized in the following. Non-planar geometries: Objects of other than planar geometries can be treated within the Derjaguin approximation, provided their size is su... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces Such surfaces are referred to have a mosaic or patch-charge distribution. One important conclusion from these studies is that there is an additional attractive electrostatic contribution, which also decays exponentially. When the non-uniformities are arranged in a quadratic lattice with spacing "b",... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces This model was studied in much detail in the theoretical community. Explicit expressions for the forces are mostly not available, but they are accessible with computer simulations, integral equations, or density functional theories. The important finding from these studies is that the PB description... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Double layer forces The experimental findings were mostly based on video-microscopy, but the underlying data analysis was questioned concerning the role of impurities, appropriateness of image processing techniques, and the role of hydrodynamic interactions. The majority of the scientific community remains skeptical co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37732235 |
Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has plans to create a domestic nuclear industry in anticipation of high growth in domestic energy consumption. One set of plans proposes building two nuclear reactors by 2020, and have sixteen built by 2030. The government's intent is to use the electrical power thus produced... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37735424 |
Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia In 2010, a deal was signed with Toshiba and Shaw to build reactors in Saudi Arabia, and with Exelon to manage the nuclear facilities. The group will either be using the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor or Westinghouse's AP1000. In February 2011, Saudi Arabia signed its first nuclear accord ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37735424 |
Harold Friedman Harold Leo Friedman (born 24 March 1923 in Manhattan, New York City; died 16 September 2005 in Stony Brook, Long Island, New York) was an American physical chemist who contributed to the study of thermodynamic properties of fluids with applications in oceanography and physiology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37774062 |
Prokofiev (crater) Prokofiev is a crater on the north pole of the planet Mercury, named after the Russian composer Sergei Prokofiev. Data from the "MESSENGER" spacecraft indicates that it contains water ice and organic compounds. Although other craters in Mercury's north polar region are also believed to contain ice, P... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37785586 |
RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) RV "Neil Armstrong" (AGOR-27) is the designation for a new oceanographic research ship, first of the s, to be owned by the United States Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 24, 2012 that the research vessel was to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37789560 |
RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) Both "Neil Armstrong"-class ships have state of the art oceanographic equipment allowing deep ocean mapping and information technology for ship monitoring and worldwide land-based communication. "Neil Armstrong" has more than 130 square meters of adjustable lab space, supplied by a flash eva... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37789560 |
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