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input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Red Blood Cells Red blood cells, or erythrocytes (erythro- = “red”; -cyte = “cell”), are specialized cells that circulate through the body delivering oxygen to cells; they are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow. In mammals, red blood cells are small biconcave cells that at maturity do not contain a nucleus or mitochondria and are only 7–8 µm in size. In birds and nonavian reptiles, a nucleus is still maintained in red blood cells. The red coloring of blood comes from the iron-containing protein hemoglobin, illustrated in Figure 40.6a. The principal job of this protein is to carry oxygen, but it also transports carbon dioxide as well. Hemoglobin is packed into red blood cells at a rate of about 250 million molecules of hemoglobin per cell. Each hemoglobin molecule binds four oxygen molecules so that each red blood cell carries one billion molecules of oxygen. There are approximately 25 trillion red blood cells in the five liters of blood in the human body, which could carry up to 25 sextillion (25 × 1021) molecules of oxygen in the body at any time. In mammals, the lack of organelles in erythrocytes leaves more room for the hemoglobin molecules, and the lack of mitochondria also prevents use of the oxygen for metabolic respiration. Only mammals have anucleated red blood cells, and some mammals (camels, for instance) even have nucleated red blood cells. The advantage of nucleated red blood cells is that these cells can undergo mitosis. Anucleated red blood cells metabolize anaerobically (without oxygen), making use of a primitive metabolic pathway to produce ATP and increase the efficiency of oxygen transport. Not all organisms use hemoglobin as the method of oxygen transport. Invertebrates that utilize hemolymph rather than blood use different pigments to bind to the oxygen. These pigments use copper or iron to the oxygen. Invertebrates have a variety of other respiratory pigments. Hemocyanin, a blue-green, copper-containing protein, illustrated in Figure 40.6b is found in mollusks, crustaceans, and... Q: What is the common term for erythrocytesare, specialized cells that circulate delivering oxygen to cells and are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow? A:
A:
output: red blood cells
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: If the word fish makes you think of cute little goldfish in a tank, check out the anglerfish pictured in Figure below . It’s also called a black sea devil. Surprisingly, goldfish and angler fish aren’t all that different from each other as far as fish diversity goes. Both fish are placed in the same fish class. Clearly, fish are a diverse and interesting group of vertebrates. Q: Fish are a diverse and interesting group of organisms in what sub-phylum? A:
A:
output: vertebrates
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: When an earthquake occurs under the ocean, it sends waves through the water as well as the ground. When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called a tsunami. Q: When the energy of the earthquake reaches shore, it forms a huge wave called? A:
A:
output: | a tsunami | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The energy of motion is kinetic energy, KE. Whenever an object is in motion it has kinetic energy. The faster it is going, the more energy it has. Q: What is the term for the energy of motion, which is exhibited by the speed of an object? A:
****
A: kinetic energy
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cleaning groundwater in an aquifer requires bioremediation or chemical remediation. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to consume a pollutant. Chemical remediation destroys the contaminant. Q: What do you call a process that uses microorganisms to consume a pollutant? A:
****
A: bioremediation
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain alleles. Q: Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain what? A:
****
A: alleles
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: In alcoholic fermentation , pyruvic acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is shown in Figure below . NAD + also forms from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue making ATP. This type of fermentation is carried out by yeasts and some bacteria. It is used to make bread, wine, and biofuels. Q: In alcoholic fermentation , which acid changes to alcohol and carbon dioxide? A:
****
A: | pyruvic | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Protostomes and Deuterostomes Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates can be divided into two groups based on differences in their early embryonic development. Protostomes include phyla such as arthropods, mollusks, and annelids. Deuterostomes include. Q: What are the two groups that tripoblastic eucoelomates can be divided into based on early embryonic development differences? A:
A: protostomes and deuterostomes
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: As you can see in this NASA photo, Earth is tiny compared with the massive sun. The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their masses. Gravity between the sun and Earth pulls Earth toward the sun, but Earth never falls into the sun. Instead, it constantly revolves around the sun, making one complete revolution every 365 days. Q: The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their what? A:
A: masses
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. Instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as the environment, genetics, and lifestyle. Examples of inherited noninfectious conditions include cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome. If you're born with these conditions, you must learn how to manage the symptoms. Examples of conditions caused by environmental or lifestyle factors include heart disease and skin cancer. We can't change our genetic codes, but there are plenty of ways to prevent other noninfectious diseases. For example, cutting down on exposure to cigarette smoke and the sun's rays will prevent certain types of cancer. Q: Noninfectious diseases can't be passed from one person to another. instead, these types of diseases are caused by factors such as environment, genetics and what? A:
A: lifestyle
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There are two different types of specific immune responses. One type involves B cells. The other type involves T cells. Recall that B cells and T cells are types of white blood cells that are key in the immune response. Whereas the immune system's first and second line of defense are more generalized or non-specific, the immune response is specific. It can be described as a specific response to a specific pathogen, meaning it uses methods to target just one pathogen at a time. These methods involve B and T cells. Q: B cells and t cells are examples of what type of cells? A:
A: | white blood cells | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: energy is released when particles in the nucleus of the atom are rearranged. (e) Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of chemical bonds. Electrical energy, nuclear energy, and chemical energy are different forms ofpotential energy (PE), which is energy stored in an object because of the relative positions or orientations of its components. A brick lying on the windowsill of a 10th-floor office has a great deal of potential energy, but until its position changes by falling, the energy is contained. In contrast, kinetic energy (KE) is energy due to the motionof an object. When the brick falls, its potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy, which is then transferred to the object on the ground that it strikes. Q: Chemical energy results from the particular arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound; the heat and light produced in this reaction are due to energy released during the breaking and reforming of what? A:
A:
output: chemical bonds
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors of electricity. The strong bonds between ions lock them into place in the crystal. However, in the liquid state, ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity. Most ionic compounds dissolve easily in water. When they dissolve, they separate into individual ions. The ions can move freely, so they are good conductors of electricity. Dissolved ionic compounds are called electrolytes. Q: In what state do ionic compounds best conduct electricity? A:
A:
output: liquid
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The chemical formulas for covalent compounds are referred to as molecular formulas because these compounds exist as separate, discrete molecules. Typically, a molecular formula begins with the nonmetal that is closest to the lower left corner of the periodic table, except that hydrogen is almost never written first (H2O is the prominent exception). Then the other nonmetal symbols are listed. Numerical subscripts are used if there is more than one of a particular atom. For example, we have already seen CH4, the molecular formula for methane. Naming binary (two-element) covalent compounds is similar to naming simple ionic compounds. The first element in the formula is simply listed using the name of the element. The second element is named by taking the stem of the element name and adding the suffix -ide. A system of numerical prefixes is used to specify the number of atoms in a molecule. Table 4.1 "Numerical Prefixes for Naming Binary Covalent Compounds" lists these numerical prefixes. Normally, no prefix is added to the first element’s name if there is only one atom of the first element in a molecule. If the second element is oxygen, the trailing vowel is usually omitted from the end of a polysyllabic prefix but not a monosyllabic one (that is, we would say “monoxide” rather than “monooxide” and “trioxide” rather than “troxide”). Table 4.1 Numerical Prefixes for Naming Binary Covalent Compounds Number of Atoms in Compound. Q: What are the chemical formulas for covalent compounds referred to as? A:
A:
output: | molecular formulas | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fish have a nervous system with a brain. Fish brains are small compared with the brains of other vertebrates. However, they are large and complex compared with the brains of invertebrates. Fish also have highly developed sense organs. They include organs to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste. Q: What category of animals in the vertebrate group has a relatively small brain but highly developed sense organs? A:
Answer: fish
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the United States. Now most of them, like this tree, have been killed by Dutch elm disease. Dutch elm disease is caused by a fungus. This is just one example of how fungi can interact with other species. Q: Dutch elm trees used to be common, beautiful trees in the united states. now most of them have been killed by what? A:
Answer: dutch elm disease
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Puberty is the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature. Puberty begins when the pituitary gland tells the testes to secrete testosterone in boys, and in girls the pituitary gland signals the ovaries to secrete estrogen. Changes that occur during puberty are discussed in the Male Reproductive Development and Female Reproductive Development concepts. Q: What is the name of the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature? A:
Answer: | puberty | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the smallest unit of matter that still maintains it's properties of being an element? A:
Answer: an atom
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Early Accelerators An early accelerator is a relatively simple, large-scale version of the electron gun. The Van de Graaff (named after the Dutch physicist), which you have likely seen in physics demonstrations, is a small version of the ones used for nuclear research since their invention for that purpose in 1932. For more, see Figure 33.7. These machines are electrostatic, creating potentials as great as 50 MV, and are used to accelerate a variety of nuclei for a range of experiments. Energies produced by Van de Graaffs are insufficient to produce new particles, but they have been instrumental in exploring several aspects of the nucleus. Another, equally famous, early accelerator is the cyclotron, invented in 1930 by the American physicist, E. Lawrence (1901–1958). For a visual representation with more detail, see Figure 33.8. Cyclotrons use fixed-frequency alternating electric fields to accelerate particles. The particles spiral outward in a magnetic field, making increasingly larger radius orbits during acceleration. This clever arrangement allows the successive addition of electric potential energy and so greater particle energies are possible than in a Van de Graaff. Lawrence was involved in many early discoveries and in the promotion of physics programs in American. Q: Named after the dutch physicist, the van de graaff is a type of what device used for nuclear research? A:
Answer: accelerator
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay. Q: Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. a few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to what? A:
Answer: | their decay | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Static friction acts on objects when they are resting on a surface. For example, if you are hiking in the woods, there is static friction between your shoes and the trail each time you put down your foot (see Figure below ). Without this static friction, your feet would slip out from under you, making it difficult to walk. In fact, that’s exactly what happens if you try to walk on ice. That’s because ice is very slippery and offers very little friction. Q: Static friction acts on objects when they are resting on what? A:
Answer: a surface
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Forest and Kim Starr (Flickr:Starr Environmental). Secondary succession occurs when nature reclaims areas formerly occupied by life . CC BY 2.0. Q: What occurs when nature reclaims areas formerly occupied by life? A:
Answer: secondary succession
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What type of cells make up tumors? A:
Answer: | cancer cells | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The three theories below are essential in Earth science. Each accounts for an enormous amount of data. Each is supported by many lines of evidence. All can be used to make predications. As new evidence arises, any of these theories may need to be altered. But none of these three are likely ever to be disproved. They are accepted by nearly all of the credible scientists in their fields. Q: In science, what is supported by much evidence, widely accepted by credible scientists, and unlikely to be disproved? A:
theory
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Modern plants that live in water are called aquatic plants . Living in water has certain advantages for plants. One advantage is, well, the water. There's plenty of it and it's all around. Therefore, most aquatic plants do not need adaptations for absorbing, transporting, and conserving water. They can save energy and matter by not growing extensive root systems, vascular tissues, or thick cuticle on leaves. Support is also less of a problem because of the buoyancy of water. As a result, adaptations such as strong woody stems and deep anchoring roots are not necessary for most aquatic plants. Q: What type of plants do not typically require deep roots or woody stems? A:
aquatic plants
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Starfish reproduce by fragmentation and yeasts reproduce by budding. Both are types of asexual reproduction. Q: Which asexual reproduction method do starfish use to reproduce? A:
fragmentation
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The explosion of nitroglycerin releases large volumes of gases and is very exothermic. Q: The explosion of nitroglycerin, which releases large volumes of gases, is what type of reaction? A:
| exothermic
-- | 0 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The disintegration of unstable nuclei does not occur all at once. The rate of disintegration is a statistical process. The most convenient way to consider it is by a concept known as half-life . The time required for half of the atoms in any given quantity of a radioactive substance to decay is the half-life of that element. Each particular isotope has its own half-life. For example, the half-life of radium-226 is 1600 years. That is, beginning with 1.00 gram of radium-226, it would take 1600 years for half of it to decay and leave 0.50 gram remaining. After another 1600 years, only 0.25 gram would remain. In each half-life, exactly half of the beginning amount decays. Q: What is the time it takes for radioactive substance to decay? A:
****
A: half-life
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Correlation is a comparison of two factors within a population. Correlation does not imply causation. Q: What is the comparison of two factors within a population? A:
****
A: correlation
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diffraction occurs when waves spread out as they travel around obstacles or through openings in obstacles. Q: What is it called when waves spread out as they travel around obstacles or through openings in obstacles? A:
****
A: diffraction
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 24.4 | Fungal Parasites and Pathogens By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe fungal parasites and pathogens of plants • Describe the different types of fungal infections in humans • Explain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells Parasitism describes a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits at the expense of the other. Both parasites and pathogens harm the host; however, the pathogen causes a disease, whereas the parasite usually does not. Commensalism occurs when one member benefits without affecting the other. Q: What type of relationship occurs between organisms when one member benefits without affecting the other? A:
****
A: | commensalism | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes typically involves operons. An operon is a region of DNA that consists of one or more genes that encode the proteins needed for a specific function. The operon also includes a promoter and an operator. The operator is a region of the operon where regulatory proteins bind. It is located near the promoter and helps regulate transcription of the operon genes. Q: Which region of dna consists of one or more genes that encode the proteins needed for a specific function? A:
A:
output: operon
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The tRNA structure is a very important aspect in its role. Though the molecule folds into a 3-leaf clover structure, notice the anticodon arm in the lower segment of the molecule, with the amino acid attached at the opposite end of the molecule (acceptor stem). It is the anticodon that determines which codon in the mRNA the tRNA will bind to. Q: What determines which codon in the mrna the trna will bind to? A:
A:
output: anticodon
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: If you look at your hand, what do you see? Of course, you see skin, which consists of cells. But what are skin cells made of? Like all living cells, they are made of matter. In fact, all things are made of matter. Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter, in turn, is made up of chemical substances. In this lesson you will learn about the chemical substances that make up living things. Q: What term is used to describe anything that takes up space and has mass? A:
A:
output: | matter | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Like many other animals, sheep travel in herds. The tendency is for each individual sheep to stay with the herd. However, a sheep may sometimes wander off, depending on how strong the attraction is for a particular food or water supply. At other times, a sheep may become frightened and run off. Whether a sheep chooses to stay with the herd or go its own way depends on the balance between attraction to the herd and attraction to the outside influence. Q: What is the collective travel of sheep known as? A:
Answer: herd
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The average annual temperature on Earth has been rising for the past 100 years. Q: Has the average annual temperature on earth been rising or falling for the past 100 years? A:
Answer: rising
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: If you look at a star through a prism, you will see a spectrum . The spectrum is the range of colors seen in a rainbow. The spectrum has specific dark bands where elements in the star have absorbed light of certain energies. An astronomer can use these lines to determine which elements are in a distant star. In fact, the element helium was first discovered in our Sun, not on Earth. This was done by analyzing the absorption lines in the spectrum of the sun. Q: What will you see if you look at a star through a prism? A:
Answer: | spectrum | 3 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon compounds such as methane. VOCs are released in many human activities, such as raising livestock. Livestock wastes produce a lot of methane. Q: The waste of cows releases a lot of which type of gas? A:
A:
output: methane
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The axes of rotation of the planets are mostly nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane. Q: How do planets usually rotate to their orbital planes? A:
A:
output: nearly perpendicular
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The star constellation “Orion, The Hunter”. Orion is one of the most beautiful of all constellations, and one of the easiest to find. It looks like a large (slightly twisted) rectangle high in winter's south-southeastern sky. Two of the brightest stars in the evening sky lie at opposite corners of the rectangle: bright orange-red Betelgeuse at the northeastern corner (upper left in the photo) and even brighter Rigel at the southwest (lower right in the photo). Betelgeuse is at least 300 times the Sun's diameter, and perhaps much more. It puts out about 100,000 times more energy than the Sun does. When Betelgeuse dies, it will create a fireball that will briefly outshine billions of normal stars. Betelgeuse is a red giant and Rigel is a blue giant. Q: Which constellation looks like a rectangle high in winter's south-southeastern sky? A:
A:
output: | orion | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Nonvascular plants include liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. They lack roots, stems, and leaves. Q: Nonvascular plants such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses lack what three typical plant features? A:
Answer: roots, stems, leaves
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Weathering changes solid rock into pieces. These pieces are called sediments. Sediments are described in the chapter Earth's Materials and Crust . Sediments are different sizes of rock particles. Boulders are sediments; so is gravel. At the other end, silt and clay are also sediments. Weathering may also cause the minerals at the Earth’s surface to change form. The new minerals that form are stable at the Earth’s surface. There are two types of weathering, mechanical and chemical. These are discussed in the next two concepts. Q: Over time, what changes solid rock into pieces? A:
Answer: weathering
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Which part of a fish helps them breathe? A:
Answer: | gills | 3 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The hot core warms the base of the mantle, which creates convection currents in the mantle. Q: What warms the base of the mantle creating convection currents there? A:
A:
output: the hot core
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Elements and Compounds Any sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout the sample is called a substance. There are two types of substances. A substance that cannot be broken down into chemically simpler components is an element. Aluminum, which is used in soda cans, is an element. A substance that can be broken down into chemically simpler components (because it has more than one element) is acompound (Figure 1.2 "The General Steps of the Scientific Method"). Water is a compound composed of the elements hydrogen and oxygen. Today, there are about 118 elements in the known universe. In contrast, scientists have identified tens of millions of different compounds to date. Q: Any sample of matter that has the same physical and chemical properties throughout the sample is called what? A:
A:
output: substance
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Compared to free-floating bacteria, bacteria in biofilms often show increased resistance to antibiotics and detergents. Why do you think this might be the case?. Q: Compared to free-floating bacteria, bacteria in biofilms often show increased resistance to what? A:
A:
output: | antibiotics and detergents | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: At the ribosome, the amino acids are joined together to form a chain of amino acids. Q: Amino acids are joined together to form a chain at what molecular structure? A:
output: ribosomes
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: You can see how water for drinking is treated in Figure below . Treating drinking water requires at least four processes: 1. Chemicals are added to untreated water. They cause solids in the water to clump together. This is called coagulation. 2. The water is moved to tanks. The clumped solids sink to the bottom of the water. This is called sedimentation. 3. The water is passed through filters that remove smaller particles from the water. This is called filtration. 4. Chlorine is added to the water to kill bacteria and other microbes. This is called disinfection. Finally, the water is pure enough to drink. Q: When drinking water is treated, what is the term for when chemicals cause solids in the water to clump together? A:
output: coagulation
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Living things need energy to carry out all life processes. They get energy from food. Q: Where do living things obtain the energy to carry out all life processes? A:
output: food
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: saturation vapor density given in the table. Strategy To solve this problem, we need to break it down into a two steps. The partial pressure follows the ideal gas law,. Q: What is water vapor density known as? A:
output: | humidity | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: All chemical changes involve a transfer of energy. When zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid, the test tube becomes very warm as energy is released during the reaction. Some other reactions absorb energy. While energy changes are a potential sign of a chemical reaction, care must be taken to ensure that a chemical reaction is indeed taking place. Physical changes may also involve a transfer of energy. A solid absorbs energy when it melts, and the condensation of a gas releases energy. The only way to be certain that a chemical reaction has occurred is to test the composition of the substances after the change has taken place to see if they are different from the starting substances. Q: All chemical changes involve a transfer of what? A:
****
A: energy
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension Let us consider various types of two-object collisions. These collisions are the easiest to analyze, and they illustrate many of the physical principles involved in collisions. The conservation of momentum principle is very useful here, and it can be used whenever the net external force on a system is zero. We start with the elastic collision of two objects moving along the same line—a one-dimensional problem. An elastic collision is one that also conserves internal kinetic energy. Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system. Figure 8.6 illustrates an elastic collision in which internal kinetic energy and momentum are conserved. Truly elastic collisions can only be achieved with subatomic particles, such as electrons striking nuclei. Macroscopic collisions can be very nearly, but not quite, elastic—some kinetic energy is always converted into other forms of energy such as heat transfer due to friction and sound. One macroscopic collision that is nearly elastic is that of two steel blocks on ice. Another nearly elastic collision is that between two carts with spring bumpers on an air track. Icy surfaces and air tracks are nearly frictionless, more readily allowing nearly elastic collisions on them. Elastic Collision An elastic collision is one that conserves internal kinetic energy. Internal Kinetic Energy Internal kinetic energy is the sum of the kinetic energies of the objects in the system. Q: An elastic collision is one that conserves internal energy of what type? A:
****
A: kinetic
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming is called slash-and-burn agriculture. How does this affect the atmosphere?. Q: What is the cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming called? A:
****
A: slash-and-burn agriculture
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Many animals, especially mammals, use metabolic waste heat as a heat source. When muscles are contracted, most of the energy from the ATP used in muscle actions is wasted energy that translates into heat. Severe cold elicits a shivering reflex that generates heat for the body. Many species also have a type of adipose tissue called brown fat that specializes in generating heat. Q: Shivering and adipose tissue called brown fat are used by mammals in particular to produce what? A:
****
A: | heat | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be saturated, and its concentration is known from information contained inTable 9.2 "Solubilities of Various Solutes in Water at 25°C (Except as Noted)". If a solution contains less solute than the solubility limit, it is unsaturated. Under special circumstances, more solute can be dissolved even after the normal solubility limit is reached; such solutions are called supersaturated and are not stable. If the solute is solid, excess solute can easily recrystallize. If the solute is a gas, it can bubble out of solution uncontrollably, like what happens when you shake a soda can and then immediately open it. Q: If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be what? A:
Answer: saturated
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Frogs typically lay their eggs in puddles, ponds, or lakes. Their larvae, or tadpoles , have gills, a tail, but no legs, and need to live in water. If fact, they are quite similar to a fish. Tadpoles develop into adult frogs in water ( Figure below ). During this transformation, they develop lungs, lose their tails and form their four legs. Q: What to tadpoles develop into? A:
Answer: frogs
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Find the microwave in the Figure above . A microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a relatively long wavelength and low frequency. Microwaves are often classified as radio waves, but they have higher frequencies than other radio waves. With higher frequencies, they also have more energy. That’s why microwaves are useful for heating food in microwave ovens. Microwaves have other important uses as well, including cell phone transmissions and radar. These uses are described below. You can learn more about microwaves and their uses in the video at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=YgQQb1BVnu8 . Q: Why do microwaves have a higher energy than radio waves? A:
Answer: | higher frequency | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: As you can see in Figure above , the electric and magnetic fields that make up an electromagnetic wave occur are at right angles to each other. Both fields are also at right angles to the direction that the wave travels. Therefore, an electromagnetic wave is a transverse wave. Q: Because the fields that make up an electromagnetic wave are at right angles to each other and to the direction that the wave travels, an electromagnetic wave is considered what? A:
transverse wave
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The rare earth metals are a set of seventeen chemical elements (the lanthanide series plus scandium and yttrium) that have particular importance for a variety of industrial processes and are used frequently in modern technology. Despite their name, rare earth metals are actually relatively abundant in the earth’s crust. However, the extraction of many of these metals is quite difficult and has made their supply somewhat limited. They are highly sought after for this reason. Figure below shows the rare earth metals. Q: What do you call the set of seventeen chemical elements possessing particular importance for a variety of industrial processes, used frequently in modern technology? A:
rare earth metals
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Reptiles typically reproduce sexually and lay eggs. Q: How do reptiles typically reproduce? A:
sexually
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane. It consists mainly of cellulose and may also contain lignin , which makes it more rigid. The cell wall shapes, supports, and protects the cell. It prevents the cell from absorbing too much water and bursting. It also keeps large, damaging molecules out of the cell. Q: What shapes, supports, and protects the cell? A:
| the cell wall
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electromagnetic waves vary in their wavelengths, frequencies, and energy levels. The full range of electromagnetic waves makes up the electromagnetic spectrum. Q: What do we call the full range of electromagnetic waves? A:
Answer: electromagnetic spectrum
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian. Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped in the lava. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt. It is the rock that makes up the ocean floor. Shown below are three types of extrusive igneous rocks ( Figure below ). Q: What helps pumice float in water? A:
Answer: gas bubble holes
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Interspecific competition occurs between members of different species. It may lead to one species going extinct or both becoming more specialized. Q: Which competition leads to one species going extinct or both becoming more specialized? A:
Answer: | interspecific | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A large log placed in a fire will burn relatively slowly. If the same mass of wood were added to the fire in the form of small twigs, they would burn much more quickly. This is because the twigs provide a greater surface area than the log does. An increase in the surface area of a reactant increases the rate of a reaction. Surface area is larger when a given amount of a solid is present as smaller particles. A powdered reactant has a greater surface area than the same reactant as a solid chunk. In order to increase the surface area of a substance, it may be ground into smaller particles or dissolved into a liquid. In solution, the dissolved particles are separated from each other and will react more quickly with other reactants. Q: Why does a large log burn relatively slowly compared to the same mass of wood in the form of small twigs? A:
A: smaller surface area
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Like the stem, the leaf contains vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem (Figure 30.27). The xylem consists of tracheids and vessels, which transport water and minerals to the leaves. The phloem transports the photosynthetic products from the leaf to the other parts of the plant. A single vascular bundle, no matter how large or small, always contains both xylem and phloem tissues. Q: Like the stem, what basic plant structure contains vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem? A:
A: leaf
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Venus has more volcanoes than any other planet. There are between 100,000 and one million volcanoes on Venus! Most of the volcanoes are now inactive. There are also a large number of craters. This means that Venus doesn’t have tectonic plates. Plate tectonics on Earth erases features over time. Figure below is an image made using radar data. The volcano is Maat Mons. Lava beds are in the foreground. Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown. Q: What planet has the most volcanoes? A:
A: venus
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An electroscope is a device used to study charge. When a positively charged object (the rod) nears the upper post, electrons flow to the top of the jar leaving the two gold leaves postivley charged. The leaves repel each other since both hold postive, like charges. The VSEPR theory says that electron pairs, also a set of like charges, will repel each other such that the shape of the molecule will adjust so that the valence electron-pairs stay as far apart from each other as possible. Q: What device is used to study charge? A:
| A: electroscope | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: It is believed that large mutations form new genes. Mutations that duplicate large sections of DNA are a major source of genetic material for new genes. It is thought that tens to hundreds of genes are duplicated in animal genomes every million years. Most genes belong to larger families of genes of shared ancestry. These gene families have domains within the protein with a particular and independent function. These domains have corresponding conserved regions within their genes. It is through duplication mutations that such gene families formed. Genetic recombination after duplication of different domains forms new combinations of domains with new functions. For example, the human eye uses four genes to make structures that sense light: three for color vision and one for night vision; all four arose from a single ancestral gene. Q: What is essential for forming new genes? A:
Answer: large mutations
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Two identical diploid cells result from spermatogonia mitosis. One of these cells remains a spermatogonium, and the other becomes a primary spermatocyte, the next stage in the process of spermatogenesis. As in mitosis, DNA is replicated in a primary spermatocyte, and the cell undergoes cell division to produce two cells with identical chromosomes. Each of these is a secondary spermatocyte. Now a second round of cell division occurs in both of the secondary spermatocytes, separating the chromosome pairs. This second meiotic division results in a total of four cells with only half of the number of chromosomes. Each of these new cells is a spermatid. Although haploid, early spermatids look very similar to cells in the earlier stages of spermatogenesis, with a round shape, central nucleus, and large amount of cytoplasm. A process called spermiogenesis transforms these early spermatids, reducing the cytoplasm, and beginning the formation of the parts of a true sperm. The fifth stage of germ cell formation—spermatozoa, or formed sperm—is the end result of this process, which occurs in the portion of the tubule nearest the lumen. Eventually, the sperm are released into the lumen and are moved along a series of ducts in the testis toward a structure called the epididymis for the next step of sperm maturation. Q: During mitosis what is replicated in the primary spermatocyte? A:
Answer: dna
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ground tissue makes up most of the interior of a plant. It carries out basic metabolic functions and stores food and water. Q: What makes up most of the interior of a plant? A:
Answer: ground tissue
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 15.3 Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods Flatworms are acoelomate, triploblastic animals. They lack circulatory and respiratory systems, and have a rudimentary excretory system. The digestive system is incomplete in most species. There are four traditional classes of flatworms, the largely free-living turbellarians, the ectoparasitic monogeneans, and the endoparasitic trematodes and cestodes. Trematodes have complex life cycles involving a secondary mollusk host and a primary host in which sexual reproduction takes place. Cestodes, or tapeworms, infect the digestive systems of primary vertebrate hosts. Nematodes are pseudocoelomate members of the clade Ecdysozoa. They have a complete digestive system and a pseudocoelomic body cavity. This phylum includes free-living as well as parasitic organisms. They include dioecious and hermaphroditic species. Nematodes have a poorly developed excretory system. Embryonic development is external and proceeds through larval stages separated by molts. Arthropods represent the most successful phylum of animals on Earth, in terms of number of species as well as the number of individuals. They are characterized by a segmented body and jointed appendages. In the basic body plan, a pair of appendages is present per body segment. Within the phylum, classification is based on mouthparts, number of appendages, and modifications of appendages. Arthropods bear a chitinous exoskeleton. Gills, tracheae, and book lungs facilitate respiration. Embryonic development may include multiple larval stages. Q: What phylum has the highest number of species on earth? A:
Answer: | arthropods | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There is a great deal of evidence that the Universe started with a big bang. The Big Bang theory is the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the Universe formed. Think about the expanding Universe, then reverse it. If we start at the present and go back into the past, the Universe gets smaller. What is the end result of a contracting Universe? A point. Q: What do we call the most widely accepted cosmological explanation of how the universe formed? A:
A: big bang theory
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The alkaline Earth metals include all the elements in group 2 (see Figure below ). These metals have just two valence electrons, so they are very reactive, although not quite as reactive as the alkali metals. In nature, they are always found combined with other elements. Alkaline Earth metals are silvery grey in color. They are harder and denser than the alkali metals. All are solids at room temperature. Q: Alkaline earth metals are what color? A:
A: silvery grey
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 9.3 Intervertebral Disc An intervertebral disc unites the bodies of adjacent vertebrae within the vertebral column. Each disc allows for limited movement between the vertebrae and thus functionally forms an amphiarthrosis type of joint. Intervertebral discs are made of fibrocartilage and thereby structurally form a symphysis type of cartilaginous joint. Q: What are intervertebral discs made of? A:
A: fibrocartilage
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The image above is of a copper plate that was made in 1893. The utensil has a great deal of elaborate decoration and the item is very useful. What would have happened if we decided that copper (I) chloride was just as good a material (well, it does have copper in it). The CuCl would end up as a powder when we pounded on it to shape it. Metals behave in unique ways. The bonding that occurs in a metal is responsible for its distinctive properties: luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity. Q: Luster, malleability, ductility, and conductivity are all properties of which kind of material? A:
A: | metals | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Basic to Bohr’s model is the idea of energy levels. Energy levels are areas located at fixed distances from the nucleus of the atom. They are the only places where electrons can be found. Energy levels are a little like rungs on a ladder. You can stand on one rung or another but not between the rungs. The same goes for electrons. They can occupy one energy level or another but not the space between energy levels. Q: What are the areas located at fixed distances from the nucleus of the atom? A:
A: energy levels
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What basic plant structure can add support and anchorage? A:
A: roots
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The ideal gas law does not require that the properties of a gas change. Q: The ideal gas law does not require that the properties of what? A:
A: gas change
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER SUMMARY 31.1 Nutritional Requirements of Plants Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients and water through their root system, and carbon dioxide from the environment. The combination of organic compounds, along with water, carbon dioxide, and sunlight, produce the energy that allows plants to grow. Inorganic compounds form the majority of the soil solution. Plants access water though the soil. Water is absorbed by the plant root, transports nutrients throughout the plant, and maintains the structure of the plant. Essential elements are indispensable elements for plant growth. They are divided into macronutrients and micronutrients. The macronutrients plants require are carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Important micronutrients include iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc, chlorine, nickel, cobalt, silicon and sodium. Q: Plants can absorb inorganic nutrients and water through their root system, and what gas from the environment? A:
A: | carbon dioxide | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: A magnet is an object that attracts certain materials such as iron. You’re probably familiar with common bar magnets, like the one shown in the Figure below . Like all magnets, this bar magnet has north and south magnetic poles . The red end of the magnet is the north pole and the blue end is the south pole. The poles are regions where the magnet is strongest. The poles are called north and south because they always line up with Earth’s north-south axis if the magnet is allowed to move freely. (Earth’s axis is the imaginary line around which the planet rotates. ). Q: What are the earth's two poles called? A:
Answer: north and south
Answer the following question given this paragraph: In order to maximize their distance from one another, the four groups of bonding electrons do not lie in the same plane. Instead, each of the hydrogen atoms lies at the corners of a geometrical shape called a tetrahedron. The carbon atom is at the center of the tetrahedron. Each face of a tetrahedron is an equilateral triangle. Q: What shape is each face of a tetrahedron? A:
Answer: equilateral triangle
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain alleles. Q: Probability can be used to predict the chance of gametes and offspring having certain what? A:
Answer: | alleles | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fungi can grow fast because they are such good eaters. Fungi have lots of surface area, and this large surface area “eats” or absorbs. Surface area is how much exposed area an organism has, compared to their overall volume. Most of a mushroom's surface area is actually underground. If you see a mushroom in your yard, that is just a small part of a larger fungus growing underground. Q: Most of a mushroom's surface area is actually where? A:
****
A: underground
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: You consist of a great many cells, but like all other organisms, you started life as a single cell. How did you develop from a single cell into an organism with trillions of cells? The answer is cell division. After cells grow to their maximum size, they divide into two new cells. These new cells are small at first, but they grow quickly and eventually divide and produce more new cells. This process keeps repeating in a continuous cycle. Q: What process allows an individual to develop from a single cell into an organism with trillions of cells? A:
****
A: cell division
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The strong nuclear force works only over very short distances. As a result, it isn’t effective if the nucleus gets too big. As more protons are added to the nucleus, the electromagnetic force of repulsion between them gets stronger, while the strong nuclear force of attraction between them gets weaker. This puts an upper limit on the number of protons an atom can have and remain stable. If atoms have more than 83 protons, the electromagnetic repulsion between them is greater than the strong nuclear force of attraction between them. This makes the nucleus unstable, or radioactive, so it breaks down. The following video discusses the strong nuclear force and its role in the atom. The video also introduces the weak nuclear force, which is described next. Q: If the electromagnetic repulsion between protons is greater than the strong nuclear force of attraction between them, what do they become? A:
****
A: unstable, or radioactive
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Once you start eating, saliva wets the food, which makes it easier to break up and swallow. Digestive enzymes, including the enzyme amylase, start breaking down starches into sugars. Your tongue helps mix the food with the saliva and enzymes. Q: Digestive enzymes, including which enzyme, start breaking down starches into sugars? A:
****
A: | amylase | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Why must hadrons be white? The color scheme is intentionally devised to explain why baryons have three quarks and mesons have a quark and an antiquark. Quark color is thought to be similar to charge, but with more values. An ion, by analogy, exerts much stronger forces than a neutral molecule. When the color of a combination of quarks is white, it is like a neutral atom. The forces a white particle exerts are like the polarization forces in molecules, but in hadrons these leftovers are the strong nuclear force. When a combination of quarks has color other than white, it exerts extremely large forces—even larger than the strong force—and perhaps cannot be stable or permanently separated. This is part of the theory of quark confinement, which explains how quarks can exist and yet never be isolated or directly observed. Finally, an extra quantum number with three values (like those we assign to color) is necessary for quarks to obey the Pauli exclusion principle. Particles such as the Ω − , which is ++ composed of three strange quarks, sss , and the Δ , which is three up quarks, uuu, can exist because the quarks have different colors and do not have the same quantum numbers. Color is consistent with all observations and is now widely accepted. Quark theory including color is called quantum chromodynamics (QCD), also named by Gell-Mann. Q: Quantum chromodynamics combines what property with quark theory? A:
A: color
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The highest level, domain, is a relatively new addition to the system since the 1990s. Scientists now recognize three domains of life, the Eukarya, the Archaea, and the Bacteria. The domain Eukarya contains organisms that have cells with nuclei. It includes the kingdoms of fungi, plants, animals, and several kingdoms of protists. The Archaea, are single-celled organisms without nuclei and include many extremophiles that live in harsh environments like hot springs. The Bacteria are another quite different group of single-celled organisms without nuclei (Figure 1.10). Both the Archaea and the Bacteria are prokaryotes, an informal name for cells without nuclei. The recognition in the 1990s that certain “bacteria,” now known as the Archaea, were as different genetically and biochemically from other bacterial cells as they were from eukaryotes, motivated the recommendation to divide life into three domains. This dramatic change in our knowledge of the tree of life demonstrates that classifications are not permanent and will change when new information becomes available. Q: What relatively new addition to and highest level of the system of taxonomic classification includes just three divisions, the eukarya, the archaea, and the bacteria? A:
A: domain
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In the humid subtropical climate, summers are wet but winters are very cold. Q: In the humid subtropical climate, summers are ____ but winters are very cold. A:
A: wet
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 4.11 The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm. The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs. The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope. It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus. Q: Where does the nucleus store chromatin ? A:
| A: nucleoplasm | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Alkenes can react with halogens to form dihalides. Q: Alkenes react with what to form dihalides? A:
Answer: halogens
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fungus-like protists are molds. They are absorptive feeders, found on decaying organic matter. They resemble fungi and reproduce with spores as fungi do. Examples of fungus-like protists include slime molds and water molds. Q: How do fungus-like protists such as slime molds reproduce? A:
Answer: with spores
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Insects can be found in every environment on Earth. While a select few insects, such as the Arctic Wooly Bear Moth, live in the harsh Arctic climate, the majority of insects are found in the warm and moist tropics. Insects have adapted to a broad range of habitats, successfully finding their own niche, because they will eat almost any substance that has nutritional value. Q: What animal group can be found in every environment on earth, but primarily in the warm and moist tropics? A:
Answer: | insect | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Oil spills are another source of ocean pollution. To get at oil buried beneath the seafloor, oil rigs are built in the oceans. These rigs pump oil from beneath the ocean floor. Huge ocean tankers carry oil around the world. If something goes wrong with a rig on a tanker, millions of barrels of oil may end up in the water. The oil may coat and kill ocean animals. Some of the oil will wash ashore. This oil may destroy coastal wetlands and ruin beaches. Q: What source of ocean pollution kills animals by coating them? A:
oil spill
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: osmol = M × i If more than one solute is present in a solution, the individual osmolarities are additive to get the total osmolarity of the solution. Solutions that have the same osmolarity have the same osmotic pressure. If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from the lower-osmolarity solution to the higher-osmolarity solution. Counterpressure exerted on the highosmolarity solution will reduce or halt the solvent transfer. An even higher pressure can be exerted to force solvent from the high-osmolarity solution to the low-osmolarity solution, a process called reverse osmosis. Reverse osmosis is used to make potable water from saltwater where sources of fresh water are scarce. Q: If solutions of differing osmolarities are present on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane, solvent will transfer from what to what, in terms of osmolarity of the solution? A:
low to high
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The units of time, day and year are based on what? A:
motions of earth
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: For decades scientists have had equipment that can measure earthquake magnitude. The earthquake magnitude is the energy released during the quake. Q: What term is used describe energy released during an earthquake? A:
| magnitude
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input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The lymphatic system also plays an important role in the immune system. For example, the lymphatic system makes white blood cells that protect the body from diseases. Cells of the lymphatic system produce two types of white blood cells, T cells and B cells, that are involved in fighting specific pathogens. Lymph nodes, which are scattered throughout the lymphatic system, act as filters or traps for foreign particles and are important in the proper functioning of the immune system. The role of the lymphatic system in the immune response is discussed in additional concepts. Q: What system in the human body makes white blood cells that protect the body from diseases? A:
A:
output: lymphatic system
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Cytoskeleton Much like the bony skeleton structurally supports the human body, the cytoskeleton helps the cells to maintain their structural integrity. The cytoskeleton is a group of fibrous proteins that provide structural support for cells, but this is only one of the functions of the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeletal components are also critical for cell motility, cell reproduction, and transportation of substances within the cell. The cytoskeleton forms a complex thread-like network throughout the cell consisting of three different kinds of proteinbased filaments: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules (Figure 3.18). The thickest of the three is the microtubule, a structural filament composed of subunits of a protein called tubulin. Microtubules maintain cell shape and structure, help resist compression of the cell, and play a role in positioning the organelles within the cell. Microtubules also make up two types of cellular appendages important for motion: cilia and flagella. Cilia are found on many cells of the body, including the epithelial cells that line the airways of the respiratory system. Cilia move rhythmically; they beat constantly, moving waste materials such as dust, mucus, and bacteria upward through the airways, away from the lungs and toward the mouth. Beating cilia on cells in the female fallopian tubes move egg cells from the ovary towards the uterus. A flagellum (plural = flagella) is an appendage larger than a cilium and specialized for cell locomotion. The only flagellated cell in humans is the sperm cell that must propel itself towards female egg cells. Q: In humans, the sperm cell is the only cell with what structure that enables motility? A:
A:
output: flagella
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The rate at which a device changes electric current to another form of energy is called electric power . The SI unit for power—including electric power—is the watt. A watt equals 1 joule of energy per second. High wattages are often expressed in kilowatts, where 1 kilowatt equals 1000 watts. The power of an electric device, such as a hair dryer, can be calculated if you know the voltage of the circuit and how much current the device receives. The following equation is used:. Q: What unit of power is equal to 1 joule of energy per second? A:
A:
output: | watt | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Research is being done into alternative crops for biofuels. A very promising alternative is algae. Algae appears to be a better biofuel than corn. Algae is much easier to convert to a usable fuel. Growing algae requires much less land and energy than crops. Algae can be grown in locations that are not used for other things. For example, they can be grown in desert areas where food crops are not often grown. Corn must be grown where food crops are grown. This can reduce the land and water available for growing food. Algae can be fed agricultural and other waste, so valuable resources are not used. Much research is being done to bring these alternative fuels to market. Q: What is algae easier to covert into that corn is currently used for? A:
****
A: fuel
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: recycling: Takes used items and materials and turns it into something new. For example, 98% of car batteries are recycled today. In the processing plant, the plastic materials are separated from the lead, so the plastic can then be used for many applications. Q: What term means taking used items and materials and turning them into something new? A:
****
A: recycling
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What kind of a relationship do plants and soil have? A:
****
A: two-way relationship
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Paranasal Sinuses The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces located within certain bones of the skull (Figure 7.18). All of the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity (paranasal = “next to nasal cavity”) and are lined with nasal mucosa. They serve to reduce bone mass and thus lighten the skull, and they also add resonance to the voice. This second feature is most obvious when you have a cold or sinus congestion. These produce swelling of the mucosa and excess mucus production, which can obstruct the narrow passageways between the sinuses and the nasal cavity, causing your voice to sound different to yourself and others. This blockage can also allow the sinuses to fill with fluid, with the resulting pressure producing pain and discomfort. The paranasal sinuses are named for the skull bone that each occupies. The frontal sinus is located just above the eyebrows, within the frontal bone (see Figure 7.17). This irregular space may be divided at the midline into bilateral spaces, or these may be fused into a single sinus space. The frontal sinus is the most anterior of the paranasal sinuses. The largest sinus is the maxillary sinus. These are paired and located within the right and left maxillary bones, where they occupy the area just below the orbits. The maxillary sinuses are most commonly involved during sinus infections. Because their connection to the nasal cavity is located high on their medial wall, they are difficult to drain. The sphenoid sinus is a single, midline sinus. It is located within the body of the sphenoid bone, just anterior and inferior to the sella turcica, thus making it the most posterior of the paranasal sinuses. The lateral aspects of the ethmoid bone contain multiple small spaces separated by very thin bony walls. Each of these spaces is called an ethmoid air cell. These are located on both sides of the ethmoid bone, between the upper nasal cavity and medial orbit, just behind the superior nasal conchae. Q: The paranasal sinuses are hollow, air-filled spaces located within certain bones of the skull. all of the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity (paranasal = “next to nasal cavity”) and are lined with this? A:
****
A: | nasal mucosa | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Mammals have a number of kinds of thermoreceptors, each specific for a particular what? A:
temperature range
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ingestive protists ingest, or engulf, bacteria and other small particles. They extend their cell wall and cell membrane around the food item, forming a food vacuole. Then enzymes digest the food in the vacuole. Q: What substances digest the food in the vacuole of an ingestive protist? A:
enzymes
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: A human sperm is a tiny cell with a tail. A human egg is much larger. Both cells are mature haploid gametes that are capable of fertilization. What process is shown in this photograph? Notice the sperm with the head piece containing the genetic material, a flagella tail that propels the sperm, and a midpiece of mostly mitochondria, supplying ATP. Q: What part of the sperm contains the genetic material? A:
the "head"
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Raptors such as hawks and owls are carnivores. They hunt and eat mammals and other birds. Vultures are scavengers. They eat the remains of dead animals, such as roadkill. Aquatic birds generally eat fish or water plants. Perching birds may eat insects, fruit, honey, or nectar. Many fruit-eating birds play a key role in seed dispersal, and some nectar-feeding birds are important pollinators. Q: What term is used to describe birds that hunt, eat mammals, and other birds? A:
| raptors
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The anterior pituitary produces six hormones: growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Growth hormone stimulates cellular activities like protein synthesis that promote growth. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands. The other hormones produced by the anterior pituitary regulate the production of hormones by other endocrine tissues (Table 16.1). Q: Some hormones produced by the anterior pituitary regulate the production of hormones by other tissues belonging to what system? A:
endocrine
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The water cycle includes the ocean, atmosphere, ground, and living things. During the water cycle, water keeps changing state by processes such as evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation. Q: Precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and condensation are part of what cycle? A:
water cycle
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Despite its small size, an erythrocyte contains about 250 million molecules of what? A:
hemoglobin
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: An electrolytic cell is the apparatus used for carrying out an electrolysis reaction. In an electrolytic cell, electric current is applied to provide a source of electrons for driving the reaction in a nonspontaneous direction. In a voltaic cell, the reaction goes in a direction that releases electrons spontaneously. In an electrolytic cell, the input of electrons from an external source forces the reaction to go in the opposite direction. Q: What is the apparatus used for carrying out an electrolysis reaction? A:
| an electrolytic cell
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: A volcano is a vent through which molten rock and gas escape from a magma chamber. Volcanoes differ in many features, such as height, shape, and slope steepness. Some volcanoes are tall cones, and others are just cracks in the ground ( Figure below ). As you might expect, the shape of a volcano is related to the composition of its magma. The three types of volcanoes are composite, shield, and cinder cones. Q: What are the 3 types of volcanoes? A:
composite, shield, cinder cones
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: A given liquid will evaporate more quickly when it is heated. This is because the heating process results in a greater fraction of the liquid’s molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid. The Figure below shows the kinetic energy distribution of liquid molecules at two temperatures. The numbers of molecules that have the required kinetic energy to evaporate are shown in the shaded area under the curve at the right. The higher temperature liquid (T 2 ) has more molecules that are capable of escaping into the vapor phase than the lower temperature liquid (T 1 ). Q: Because heating results in a greater fraction of molecules having the necessary kinetic energy to escape the surface of the liquid, what occurs more quickly when liquid is heated? A:
evaporation
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Fungi may form mutualistic relationships with plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and what? A:
animals
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The movement of water molecules is not itself regulated by cells, so it is important that cells are exposed to an environment in which the concentration of solutes outside of the cells (in the extracellular fluid) is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cells (in the cytoplasm). Two solutions that have the same concentration of solutes are said to be isotonic (equal tension). When cells and their extracellular environments are isotonic, the concentration of water molecules is the same outside and inside the cells, and the cells maintain their normal shape (and function). Osmosis occurs when there is an imbalance of solutes outside of a cell versus inside the cell. A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be hypertonic, and water molecules tend to diffuse into a hypertonic solution (Figure 3.8). Cells in a hypertonic solution will shrivel as water leaves the cell via osmosis. In contrast, a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution is said to be hypotonic, and water molecules tend to diffuse out of a hypotonic solution. Cells in a hypotonic solution will take on too much water and swell, with the risk of eventually bursting. A critical aspect of homeostasis in living things is to create an internal environment in which all of the body’s cells are in an isotonic solution. Various organ systems, particularly the kidneys, work to maintain this homeostasis. Q: What happens to cells in a hypertonic solution as water leaves the cell via osmosis? A:
| shrinkage
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Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Where are sensors for thermoregulation concentrated in the brain? A:
A: the hypothalamus
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Recall that carbon dioxide travels through the blood and is transferred to the lungs where it is exhaled. In the large intestine, the remains of food are turned into solid waste for excretion. How is waste other than carbon dioxide removed from the blood? That is the role of the kidneys. Q: In what organ is food remains turned into solid waste for excretion? A:
A: large intestine
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Thermal energy is the total energy of moving particles of matter. The transfer of thermal energy is called heat. Therefore, a heating system is a system for the transfer of thermal energy. Regardless of the type of heating system in a home, the basic function is the same: to produce thermal energy and transfer it to air throughout the house. Q: What do you call the transfer of thermal energy? A:
A: heat
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The cornea is the transparent outer covering of the eye. It protects the eye and also acts as a convex lens, helping to focus light that enters the eye. Q: What is the transparent outer covering of the eye? A:
| A: cornea | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: automobile axle drives a wheel, which has a much larger diameter than the axle. The MA is less than 1. (c) An ordinary pulley is used to lift a heavy load. The pulley changes the direction of the force T exerted by the cord without changing its magnitude. Hence, this machine has an MA of 1. Q: A pulley changes the direction of the force t exerted by the cord without changing its what? A:
output: magnitude
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biological sources of air pollution include molds, pollen, and pet dander. Q: Molds, pollen, and pet dander are examples of air pollution with what type of source? A:
output: biological
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: One of the first uses of rockets in space was to launch satellites. A satellite is an object that orbits a larger object. An orbit is a circular or elliptical path around an object. Natural objects in orbit are called natural satellites. The Moon is a natural satellite. Human-made objects in orbit are called artificial satellites. Q: What did rockets help launch into space during their beginning? A:
output: satellites
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The development of modern lasers has opened many doors to both research and applications. A laser beam was used to measure the distance from the Earth to the moon. Lasers are important components of CD players. As the image above illustrates, lasers can provide precise focusing of beams to selectively destroy cancer cells in patients. The ability of a laser to focus precisely is due to high-quality crystals that help give rise to the laser beam. A variety of techniques are used to manufacture pure crystals for use in lasers. Q: What was used to measure the distance between the earth and the moon? A:
output: | laser beam | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: How do you cool down a glass of room-temperature cola? You probably add ice cubes to it, as in the Figure below . You might think that the ice cools down the cola, but in fact, it works the other way around. The warm cola heats up the ice. Thermal energy from the warm cola is transferred to the much colder ice, causing it to melt. The cola loses thermal energy in the process, so its temperature falls. Q: What type of energy from a warm cola results in melting when it is transferred to the much colder ice? A:
A: thermal energy
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The number of reactant molecules in an elementary step is referred to as its molecularity. The vast majority of elementary steps are unimolecular or bimolecular. Q: What property is associated with the number of reactant molecules involved in an elementary step? A:
A: molecularity
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: of pivot point, and so we choose the pivot point to simplify the solution of the problem. Second, the acceleration due to gravity canceled in this problem, and we were left with a ratio of masses. This will not always be the case. Always enter the correct forces—do not jump ahead to enter some ratio of masses. Third, the weight of each child is distributed over an area of the seesaw, yet we treated the weights as if each force were exerted at a single point. This is not an approximation—the distances r 1 and r 2 are the distances to points directly below the center of gravity of each child. As we shall see in the next section, the mass and weight of a system can act as if they are located at a single point. Finally, note that the concept of torque has an importance beyond static equilibrium. Torque plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion. We will examine this in the next chapter. Take-Home Experiment Take a piece of modeling clay and put it on a table, then mash a cylinder down into it so that a ruler can balance on the round side of the cylinder while everything remains still. Put a penny 8 cm away from the pivot. Where would you need to put two pennies to balance? Three pennies?. Q: What plays the same role in rotational motion that force plays in linear motion. A:
A: torque
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: This super fast train can obviously reach great speeds. And there's a lot of technology that helps this train go fast. Speaking of helping things go fast brings us to enzymes. Life could not exist without enzymes. Essentially, enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions. Q: What are biological catalysts that speeds up biochemical reactions? A:
| A: enzymes | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There are two main types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes makes up about 5-10% of all cases of diabetes in the United States. Type 2 diabetes accounts for most of the other cases. Both types of diabetes are more likely in people that have certain genes. Having a family member with diabetes increases the risk of developing the disease. Q: How many main types of diabetes are there? A:
output: two
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Eukaryotic cells also contain other organelles besides the nucleus. An organelle is a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell. Organelles called mitochondria, for example, provide energy to the cell, and organelles called vacuoles store substances in the cell. Organelles allow eukaryotic cells to carry out more functions than prokaryotic cells can. Q: What is the term for a structure within the cytoplasm that performs a specific job in the cell? A:
output: organelle
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Diabetes is another type of noninfectious disease. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or else the body’s cells are resistant to the effects of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps cells absorb glucose from the blood. Q: What occurs when the pancreas doesn’t make enough insulin or else the body’s cells are resistant to the effects of insulin? A:
output: diabetes
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Like mitochondria, plastids contain their own DNA. Therefore, according to endosymbiotic theory, plastids may also have evolved from ancient, free-living prokaryotes that invaded larger prokaryotic cells. If so, they allowed early eukaryotes to make food and produce oxygen. Q: Like mitochondria, plastids contain their own what? A:
output: | dna | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The speed of sound in air is approximately , where is the temperature of the air in Celsius. The speed of light is 300,000 km/sec, which means it travels from one place to another on Earth more or less instantaneously. Let’s say on a cool night (air temperature Celsius) you see lightning flash and then hear the thunder rumble five seconds later. How far away (in km) did the lightning strike?. Q: What travels at a rate of 300,000 kilometers per second, or nearly instantaneously? A:
Answer: light
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electron affinity is a measure of the energy released when an extra electron is added to an atom. Q: What is the measure of the energy released when an extra electron is added to an atom? A:
Answer: electron affinity
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The halogens are among the most reactive of all elements, although reactivity declines from the top to the bottom of the halogen group. Because all halogens have seven valence electrons, they are “eager” to gain one more electron. Doing so gives them a full outer energy level, which is the most stable arrangement of electrons. Halogens often combine with alkali metals in group 1 of the periodic table. Alkali metals have just one valence electron, which they are equally “eager” to donate. Reactions involving halogens, especially halogens near the top of the group, may be explosive. You can see some examples in the video at the URL below. ( Warning: Don’t try any of these reactions at home!). Q: In which order does the reactivity of halogen group decline? A:
Answer: | top to bottom | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Hardy-Weinberg theorem states that, if a population meets certain conditions, it will be in equilibrium. In an equilibrium population, allele and genotype frequencies do not change over time. The conditions that must be met are no mutation, no migration, very large population size, random mating, and no natural selection. Q: Which theorem states that, if a population meets certain conditions, it will be in equilibrium? A:
Answer: hardy-weinberg theorem
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 42.18 Vaccines are often delivered by injection into the arm. (credit: U. Navy Photographer's Mate Airman Apprentice Christopher D. Blachly). Q: What preventative measure is often delivered by injection into the arm? A:
Answer: vaccine
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The way in which a reaction is written influences the value of the enthalpy change for the reaction. Many reactions are reversible, meaning that the product(s) of the reaction are capable of combining and reforming the reactant(s). If a reaction is written in the reverse direction, the sign of the changes. For example, we can write an equation for the reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate. Q: The reaction of calcium oxide with carbon dioxide forms what? A:
Answer: | calcium carbonate | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earth has north and south magnetic poles like a bar magnet. Earth’s magnetic poles are not the same as the geographic poles. Q: Earth’s magnetic north and south poles are not the same as what? A:
Answer: geographic poles
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Reptiles also have several adaptations for living on land. They have a skin covered in scales to protect them from drying out. All reptiles have lungs to breathe air. Reptiles are also amniotes , which means their embryos are surrounded by a thin membrane. This membrane protects the embryo from the harsh conditions of living on land. Reptile eggs are also surrounded by a protective shell, which may be either flexible or inflexible. Q: What protects reptiles from drying out? A:
Answer: scales
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: People often complain when the weather forecast is wrong. Weather forecasts today, however, are much more accurate than they were just 20 years ago. Scientists who study and forecast the weather are called meteorologists. How do they predict the weather?. Q: What are scientists called who study the weather and give forecasts? A:
Answer: | meteorologists | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What organism is the most disruptive towards the diversity of other species? A:
A: humans
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Nearsightedness, or myopia, is the condition in which nearby objects are seen clearly, but distant objects are blurry. It occurs when the eyeball is longer than normal. This causes images to be focused in front of the retina. Myopia can be corrected with concave lenses. The lenses focus images farther back in the eye, so they are on the retina instead of in front of it. Q: What is another term for nearsightedness? A:
A: myopia
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Your immune system usually protects you from pathogens and keeps you well. However, like any other body system, the immune system itself can develop problems. Sometimes it responds to harmless foreign substances as though they were pathogens. Sometimes it attacks the body’s own cells. Certain diseases can also attack and damage the immune system and interfere with its ability to defend the body. Q: What protects you from pathogens and keeps you healthy? A:
A: immune system
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sodium and chloride ions have equal but opposite charges. Opposite electric charges attract each other, so sodium and chloride ions cling together in a strong ionic bond. You can see this in row 2 of the Figure above . (Brackets separate the ions in the diagram to show that the ions in the compound do not actually share electrons. ) When ionic bonds hold ions together, they form an ionic compound. The compound formed from sodium and chloride ions is named sodium chloride. It is commonly called table salt. You can see an animation of sodium chloride forming at this URL: http://www. visionlearning. com/library/module_viewer. php?mid=55. Q: Sodium and chloride ions have equal but what charges? A:
| A: opposite | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers. Q: What type of layers do animals' tissues develop from? A:
A: embryonic
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute in a given amount of solution. A dilute solution has a low concentration of solute. A concentrated solution has a high concentration of solute. Q: What term describes the amount of solute in a given amount of solution? A:
A: concentration
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Photographs of the heat emitted by an object are called what? A:
A: thermal images
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Covalent bonds are bonds in which atoms share rather than transfer electrons. Compounds with covalent bonds are called covalent compounds. Q: What do you call compounds that have covalent bonds? A:
| A: covalent compounds | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of still water. In this case, a delta forms. A delta is shaped like a triangle. It spreads out into the body of water. An example is pictured below ( Figure above ). Q: Deposition also occurs when a stream or river empties into a large body of what? A:
still water
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: After the egg is fertilized the mrna is translated into what? A:
protein
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mid-latitude cyclones form at the polar front. Two very different air masses blow past each other in opposite directions. The Coriolis effect causes winds to strike the polar front at an angle. Warm and cold fronts form next to each other. Q: Which effect causes winds to strike the polar front at an angle? A:
coriolis effect
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: The space shuttle—and any other rocket-based system—uses chemical reactions to propel itself into space and maneuver itself when it gets into orbit. The rockets that lift the orbiter are of two different types. The three main engines are powered by reacting liquid hydrogen with liquid oxygen to generate water. Then there are the two solid rocket boosters, which use a solid fuel mixture that contains mainly ammonium perchlorate and powdered aluminum. The chemical reaction between these substances produces aluminum oxide, water, nitrogen gas, and hydrogen chloride. Although the solid rocket boosters each have a significantly lower mass than the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen tanks, they provide over 80% of the lift needed to put the shuttle into orbit—all because of chemical reactions. Q: What do rocket-based systems use to propel itself into space? A:
| chemical reactions
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input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 26.8 illustrates the life cycle of a conifer. The sporophyte (2n) phase is the longest phase in the life of a gymnosperm. The gametophytes (1n)—microspores and megaspores—are reduced in size. It may take more than year between pollination and fertilization while the pollen tube grows towards the megasporocyte (2n), which undergoes meiosis into megaspores. The megaspores will mature into eggs (1n). Q: The sporophyte phase is the longest phase in the life of what? A:
output: gymnosperm
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of magma in its chamber. Some eruptions are explosive. Some eruptions are quiet. All eruptions are amazing!. Q: The type of eruption a volcano has depends on the type of what in its chamber? A:
output: magma
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Texture indicates how the magma cooled. Magma that cools rapidly has small or no visible crystals. Magma that cools slowly has large crystals; reference the Table above for the type of rock, the amount of silica it has, and examples. Q: When magma cools slowly, what texture does it have? A:
output: large crystals
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Molecules on the surface are pulled inward by cohesive forces, reducing the surface area. Molecules inside the liquid experience zero net force, since they have neighbors on all sides. Surface Tension Cohesive forces between molecules cause the surface of a liquid to contract to the smallest possible surface area. This general effect is called surface tension. Making Connections: Surface Tension Forces between atoms and molecules underlie the macroscopic effect called surface tension. These attractive forces pull the molecules closer together and tend to minimize the surface area. This is another example of a submicroscopic explanation for a macroscopic phenomenon. The model of a liquid surface acting like a stretched elastic sheet can effectively explain surface tension effects. For example, some insects can walk on water (as opposed to floating in it) as we would walk on a trampoline—they dent the surface as shown in Figure 11.28(a). Figure 11.28(b) shows another example, where a needle rests on a water surface. The iron needle cannot, and does not, float, because its density is greater than that of water. Rather, its weight is supported by forces in the stretched surface that try to make the surface smaller or flatter. If the needle were placed point down on the surface, its weight acting on a smaller area would break the surface, and it would sink. Q: Surface tension forces between moleculse cause the surface of liquid to contract to what? A:
output: | smallest surface area | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The second shell holds a maximum of how many electrons? A:
A: 8
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Curiosity, the rover, has found evidence of a flowing stream on Mars. Layers of smooth, water-polished pebbles have been photographed. This is exactly what you would see in a stream on Earth. There are many surface features that look like water-eroded canyons. Since there was liquid water on Mars, scientists think that life might have existed there in the past. One of Curiosity's tasks is to sample the soil to search for carbon and other evidence of life. Q: Evidence for the presence of what on mars makes scientists think that life might have existed there in the past? A:
A: water
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What causes blood vessels to grow toward the tumour in cancer cells? A:
A: signaling molecules
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Digestion consists of mechanical and chemical digestion. Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth and stomach. Chemical digestion occurs mainly in the small intestine. The pancreas and liver secrete fluids that aid in digestion. Q: Where does chemical digestion mainly occur? A:
A: | small intestine | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The small intestine is a narrow tube that starts at the stomach and ends at the large intestine. In adults, it’s about 7 meters (23 feet) long. Most chemical digestion and almost all nutrient absorption take place in the small intestine. Q: What is the name of the narrow tube that begins at the stomach and ends at the large intestine? A:
output: small intestine
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some extrusive igneous rocks cool so rapidly that crystals do not develop at all. These form a glass, such as obsidian. Others, such as pumice, contain holes where gas bubbles were trapped in the lava. The holes make pumice so light that it actually floats in water. The most common extrusive igneous rock is basalt. It is the rock that makes up the ocean floor. Shown below are three types of extrusive igneous rocks ( Figure below ). Q: What helps pumice float in water? A:
output: gas bubble holes
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The period of a wave and its frequency are reciprocals of each other. Q: The frequency of a wave is the reciprocal of what other attribute of the wave? A:
output: period
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: From the stirrup, the vibrations pass to the oval window . This is another membrane like the eardrum. Q: How many pi bonds are found in a triple bond? A:
output: | two | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature , a way to give a scientific name to every organism. In this system, each organism receives a two-part name in which the first word is the genus (a group of species), and the second word refers to one species in that genus. For example, a coyote's species name is Canis latrans . Latrans is the species and Canis is the genus, a larger group that includes dogs, wolves, and other dog-like animals. Here is another example: the red maple, Acer rubra , and the sugar maple, Acer saccharum , are both in the same genus and they look similar ( Figure below ). Notice that the genus is capitalized and the species is not, and that the whole scientific name is in italics. Tigers (Panthera tigris) and lions (Panthera leo) have the same genus name, but are obviously different species. The names may seem strange, but the names are written in a language called Latin. Q: Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, which means each organism is assigned what? A:
Answer: two-part name
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Power is the rate that energy is released. The units for power are watts (W), which equal joules per second . For example, a 60 W light bulb transforms 60 joules of electrical energy into light and heat energy every second. Q: The rate that energy is released is known as A:
Answer: power
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Scientists think of nature as a single system controlled by natural laws. Scientists strive to increase their understanding of the natural world by discovering natural laws. Laws of nature are expressed as scientific laws. A scientific law is a statement that describes what always happens under certain conditions in nature. Q: A statement that describes what always happens under certain conditions in nature is also known as what? A:
Answer: | scientific law | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The ear canal is a tube that carries sound waves into the ear. The sound waves travel through the air inside the ear canal to the eardrum. Q: What is the term for the tube that carries sound waves into the ear? A:
ear canal
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants. Each pea plant flower has both male and female parts. The anther is part of the stamen, the male structure that produces male gametes (pollen). The stigma is part of the pistil, the female structure that produces female gametes and guides the pollen grains to them. The stigma receives the pollen grains and passes them to the ovary, which contains female gametes. Q: What female flower structure, which is part of the pistil, receives the pollen grains and passes them to the ovary? A:
stigma
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biotechnology is the use of biological agents for technological advancement. Biotechnology was used for breeding livestock and crops long before the scientific basis of these techniques was understood. Since the discovery of the structure of DNA in 1953, the field of biotechnology has grown rapidly through both academic research and private companies. The primary applications of this technology are in medicine (production of vaccines and antibiotics) and agriculture (genetic modification of crops, such as to increase yields). Biotechnology also has many industrial applications, such as fermentation, the treatment of oil spills, and the production of biofuels (Figure 17.2). Q: Biotechnology is the use of biological agents for technological advancement. what two areas are the primary applications of this technology used? A:
medicine and agriculture
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ternary compounds are named by stating the cation first, followed by the anion. Q: In naming ternary compounds, which type of particle is stated first? A:
| cation
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input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most arthropods are insects. The phylum also includes spiders, centipedes, and crustaceans. Q: Most arthropods are insects. the phylum also includes spiders, centipedes, and what? A:
output: crustaceans
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Group 15 is called the nitrogen group. The metalloids in this group are arsenic and antimony. Group 15 also contains two nonmetals and one metal. Q: Which metalloids are found in the nitrogen group? A:
output: arsenic and antimony
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: If more NH 3 were added, the reverse reaction would be favored. This “favoring” of a reaction means temporarily speeding up the reaction in that direction until equilibrium is reestablished. Recall that once equilibrium is reestablished, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are again equal. The addition of NH 3 would result in increased formation of the reactants, N 2 and H 2 . Q: What's it called when the reaction is sped up until equilibrium is established? A:
output: favoring
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Psychoactive drugs affect the brain and influence how a person feels, thinks, or acts. They include medicines and other legal drugs as well as illegal drugs. They may stimulate or depress the central nervous system. Abuse of such drugs may lead to drug addiction, overdose, and death. Q: What substances affect the brain and influence how a person feels, thinks, or acts? A:
output: | psychoactive drugs or drugs | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is known as acidity . In pure water, the concentration of hydronium ions is very low; only about 1 in 10 million water molecules naturally breaks down to form a hydronium ion. As a result, pure water is essentially neutral. Acidity is measured on a scale called pH , as shown in Figure below . Pure water has a pH of 7, so the point of neutrality on the pH scale is 7. Q: The concentration of hydronium ions in a solution is known as what? A:
Answer: acidity
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Organisms depend on their environment to meet their needs, so they are greatly influenced by it. There are many factors in the environment that affect organisms. The factors can be classified as either biotic or abiotic. Q: What are the two classifications of factors in the environment that affect organisms? A:
Answer: biotic and abiotic
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The digestive system is the body system that digests food mechanically and chemically and absorbs nutrients. The digestive system also eliminates solid food waste. The major organs of the digestive system include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. These organs make up the long tube called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which goes from the mouth to the anus. Q: What is the body system that digests food mechanically and chemically and absorbs nutrients? A:
Answer: | digestive system | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Feathers help birds fly and also provide insulation and serve other purposes. Birds actually have two basic types of feathers: flight feathers and down feathers. Both are shown in Figure below . Flight feathers are long, stiff and waterproof. They provide lift and air resistance without adding weight. Down feathers are short and fluffy. They trap air next to a bird’s skin for insulation. Q: What two basic types of feather does a bird have? A:
output: flight and down
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: User:helix84/Wikimedia Commons. Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood . CC BY 2.5. Q: What gases move in and out of blood during gas exchange? A:
output: oxygen, carbon dioxide
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. They occur when a section of a chromosome breaks off and rejoins incorrectly or does not rejoin at all. Possible ways these mutations can occur are illustrated in Figure below . Go to this link for a video about chromosomal alterations: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=OrXRSqa_3lU (2:18). Q: Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change what? A:
output: chromosome structure
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Accuracy means making measurements that are close to the true value. Q: What is making measurements that are close to the true value known as? A:
output: | accuracy | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 32.4 Food Irradiation Ionizing radiation is widely used to sterilize medical supplies, such as bandages, and consumer products, such as tampons. Worldwide, it is also used to irradiate food, an application that promises to grow in the future. Food irradiation is the treatment of food with ionizing radiation. It is used to reduce pest infestation and to delay spoilage and prevent illness caused by microorganisms. Food irradiation is controversial. Proponents see it as superior to pasteurization, preservatives, and insecticides, supplanting dangerous chemicals with a more effective process. Opponents see its safety as unproven, perhaps leaving worse toxic residues as well as presenting an environmental hazard at treatment sites. In developing countries, food irradiation might increase crop production by 25.0% or more, and reduce food spoilage by a similar amount. It is used chiefly to treat spices and some fruits, and in some countries, red meat, poultry, and vegetables. Over 40 countries have approved food irradiation at some level. Food irradiation exposes food to large doses of. Q: Which radiations helps sterilize medical supplies? A:
Answer: ionizing radiation
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The enormous number of species is due to the tremendous variety of environments in which they can live. Q: The enormous number of species is due to the tremendous variety of what? A:
Answer: environments
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Proto-oncogenes normally help control cell division. Mutations in these genes turn them into oncogenes. Oncogenes promote the division of cells with damaged DNA. Q: Cells that are divided by oncogenes contain damaged what? A:
Answer: dna
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Opposite charges attract, and like charges repel. Q: What do opposite charges do to one another? A:
Answer: | attract | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: One of the two generations of a plant’s life cycle is typically dominant to the other generation. Whether it’s the sporophyte or gametophyte generation, individuals in the dominant generation live longer and grow larger. They are the green, photosynthetic structures that you would recognize as a fern, tree, or other plant (see Figure below ). Individuals in the nondominant generation, in contrast, may be very small and rarely seen. They may live in or on the dominant plant. Q: Which generation of a plant is generally larger and longer-lived? A:
A:
output: dominant generation
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Beginning in puberty, each month one of the follicles and its primary oocyte starts to mature (also see Figure below ). The primary oocyte resumes meiosis and divides to form a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell, called a polar body. Both the secondary oocyte and polar body are haploid cells. The secondary oocyte has most of the cytoplasm from the original cell and is much larger than the polar body. Q: What does the secondary oocyte have the most of from the original cell? A:
A:
output: cytoplasm
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Soaps and Detergents Pioneers made soap by boiling fats with a strongly basic solution made by leaching potassium carbonate, K2CO3, from wood ashes with hot water. Animal fats contain polyesters of fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids). When animal fats are treated with a base like potassium carbonate or sodium hydroxide, glycerol and salts of fatty acids such as palmitic, oleic, and stearic acid are formed. The salts of fatty acids are called soaps. The sodium salt of stearic acid, sodium stearate, has the formula C17H35CO2Na and contains an uncharged nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the C17H35— unit, and an ionic carboxylate group, the — CO 2 − unit (Figure 11.32). Q: What are the salts of fatty acids called? A:
A:
output: | soaps | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ore is extracted from rock by heap leaching, flotation, or smelting. Q: What is extracted from rock by heap leaching, flotation, or smelting? A:
A:
output: ore
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Many soil scientists work both in an office and in the field. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): “a soil scientist needs good observation skills to analyze and determine the characteristics of different types of soils. Soil types are complex and the geographical areas a soil scientist may survey are varied. Aerial photos or various satellite images are often used to research the areas. Computer skills and geographic information systems (GIS) help the scientist to analyze the multiple facets [1] of geomorphology, topography, vegetation, and climate to discover the patterns left on the landscape. ” Soil scientists play a key role in understanding the soil’s past, analyzing present conditions, and making recommendations for future soil-related practices. Q: What kind of scientist is concerned with facets of geomorphology, topography, vegetation, and climate? A:
A:
output: soil scientist
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Arachnids also have two additional pairs of appendages. Describe these two pairs. Q: How many additional pairs of appendages do arachnids have? A:
A:
output: | 2 | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cerebral Cortex Compared to other vertebrates, mammals have exceptionally large brains for their body size. An entire alligator’s brain, for example, would fill about one and a half teaspoons. This increase in brain to body size ratio is especially pronounced in apes, whales, and dolphins. While this increase in overall brain size doubtlessly played a role in the evolution of complex behaviors unique to mammals, it does not tell the whole story. Scientists have found a relationship between the relatively high surface area of the cortex and the intelligence and complex social behaviors exhibited by some mammals. This increased surface area is due, in part, to increased folding of the cortical sheet (more sulci and gyri). For example, a rat cortex is very smooth with very few sulci and gyri. Cat and sheep cortices have more sulci and gyri. Chimps, humans, and dolphins have even more. Q: What organ do mammals have that is exceptionally large for their body size? A:
A:
output: brain
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Cellular slime molds are used as model organisms in molecular biology and genetics. They may be the key to how multicellular organisms evolved. Can you explain why?. Q: What are used as model organisms in molecular biology and genetics? A:
A:
output: cellular slime molds
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. RNA polymerase reads the unwound DNA strand and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. There is a brief time during this process when the newly formed RNA is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine (A) in the DNA binds to an uracil (U) in the RNA. Q: What is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand? A:
A:
output: | elongation | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: This diagram represents the cell cycle in eukaryotes. The cell cycle depicts the life of an eukaryotic cell. The cell cycle has four phases: the first growth or gap (G 1 ) phase, the synthesis (S) phase, the second growth or gap (G 2 ) phase and the mitotic (M) phase. The M phase includes mitosis and cytokinesis. The cell spends the majority of the cycle in the first three phases (G 1 , S, G 2 ) of the cycle, collectively known as interphase. After cytokinesis, two genetically identical daughter cells are formed. Q: How many cycles do cells have? A:
Answer: four
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Epidemiologist Epidemiology is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population. It is, therefore, related to public health. An epidemiologist studies the frequency and distribution of diseases within human populations and environments. Epidemiologists collect data about a particular disease and track its spread to identify the original mode of transmission. They sometimes work in close collaboration with historians to try to understand the way a disease evolved geographically and over time, tracking the natural history of pathogens. They gather information from clinical records, patient interviews, and any other available means. That information is used to develop strategies and design public health policies to reduce the incidence of a disease or to prevent its spread. Epidemiologists also conduct rapid investigations in case of an outbreak to recommend immediate measures to control it. Epidemiologists typically have a graduate-level education. An epidemiologist often has a bachelor’s degree in some field and a master’s degree in public health (MPH). Many epidemiologists are also physicians (and have an MD) or they have a PhD in an associated field, such as biology or epidemiology. Q: What science is the study of the occurrence, distribution, and determinants of health and disease in a population? A:
Answer: epidemiology
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What type of flowers offer no reward, such as nectar, to a male wasp? A:
Answer: | ophrys | 3 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hotspot volcanoes are better able to penetrate oceanic crust than continental crust. We see many more hotspot volcanoes in the oceans. Q: Where are hotspot volcanoes commonly found? A:
A: the ocean
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Glucose, fructose, and other sugars that have six carbons are called what? A:
A: hexoses
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Attaching strips of neutral metals that are higher in the activity series can protect a structure from corrosion. Q: Attaching strips of neutral metals that are higher in the activity series can protect a structure from what? A:
A: corrosion
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some single-celled organisms such as bacteria can group together and form a colony. A colony refers to a group of individual organisms of the same species that live closely together. This is usually done to benefit the group, such as by providing a stronger defense or the ability to attack bigger prey. A colony can also form from organisms other than bacteria. A bacterial colony often defends from a single organism, producing a colony of genetically identical individuals. Q: What refers to a group of individual organisms of the same species that live closely together? A:
| A: a colony | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Runoff is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land. This water may travel to a river, lake, or ocean. Runoff may pick up fertilizer and other pollutants and deliver them to the water body where it ends up. In this way, runoff may pollute bodies of water. Q: What is precipitation that flows over the surface of the land? A:
Answer: runoff
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Which stage is specialized for dispersal & reproduction? A:
Answer: adult stage
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Pink snapdragons are an example of incomplete dominance. Q: Pink snapdragons are an example of what? A:
Answer: incomplete dominance
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The transition elements have many properties in common with other metals. They are almost all hard, high-melting solids that conduct heat and electricity well. They readily form alloys and lose electrons to form stable cations. In addition, transition metals form a wide variety of stable coordination compounds, in which the central metal atom or ion acts as a Lewis acid and accepts one or more pairs of electrons. Many different molecules and ions can donate lone pairs to the metal center, serving as Lewis bases. In this chapter, we shall focus primarily on the chemical behavior of the elements of the first transition series. Q: Typically hard, high-melting solids that conduct heat and electricity well, the transition elements have many properties in common with other what? A:
Answer: | metals | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 14.1 | Sensory Perception By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe different types of sensory receptors • Describe the structures responsible for the special senses of taste, smell, hearing, balance, and vision • Distinguish how different tastes are transduced • Describe the means of mechanoreception for hearing and balance • List the supporting structures around the eye and describe the structure of the eyeball • Describe the processes of phototransduction A major role of sensory receptors is to help us learn about the environment around us, or about the state of our internal environment. Stimuli from varying sources, and of different types, are received and changed into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system. This occurs when a stimulus changes the cell membrane potential of a sensory neuron. The stimulus causes the sensory cell to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory information—or sometimes higher cognitive functions—to become a conscious perception of that stimulus. The central integration may then lead to a motor response. Describing sensory function with the term sensation or perception is a deliberate distinction. Sensation is the activation of sensory receptor cells at the level of the stimulus. Perception is the central processing of sensory stimuli into a meaningful pattern. Perception is dependent on sensation, but not all sensations are perceived. Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. A receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. A transmembrane protein receptor is a protein in the cell membrane that mediates a physiological change in a neuron, most often through the opening of ion channels or changes in the cell signaling processes. Transmembrane receptors are activated by chemicals called ligands. For example, a molecule in food can serve as a ligand for taste receptors. Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are... Q: What are the cells or structures that detect sensations? A:
receptors
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Biochemical reactions are chemical reactions that take place inside the cells of organisms. Q: Where do biochemical reactions take place? A:
inside the organisms' cells
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Group 16 of the periodic table is also called the oxygen group. The first three elements—oxygen (O), sulfur (S), and selenium (Se)—are nonmetals. They are followed by tellurium (Te) ( Figure below ), a metalloid, and polonium (Po), a metal. All group 16 elements have six valence electrons and are very reactive. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature, and the other elements in the group are solids. Q: What is group 16 of the periodic table referred to? A:
oxygen group
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: Salamanders belong to a group of approximately 500 species of amphibians. The order Urodela, containing salamanders and newts, is divided into three suborders:. Q: What is the name of the order that salamanders belong to? A:
| urodela
-- | 0 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary, occurs at about the midpoint of the cycle. This would be around day 14 of a 28 day cycle. The egg is swept into the fallopian tube. If sperm is present, fertilization may occur. As sperm can only survive in the fallopian tube for up to a few days, fertilization can only occur within those few days post-ovulation. Q: Ovulation is the release of an egg from the what? A:
output: ovary
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gymnosperms are vascular plants that produce seeds in cones . Examples include conifers such as pine and spruce trees. The gymnosperm life cycle has a dominant sporophyte generation. Both gametophytes and the next generation’s new sporophytes develop on the sporophyte parent plant. Figure below is a diagram of a gymnosperm life cycle. Q: What type of vascular plants produce seeds in cones? A:
output: gymnosperms
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The atmosphere has layers. The layers correspond with how temperature changes with altitude. By understanding the way temperature changes with altitude, we can learn a lot about how the atmosphere works. Q: The layers of the atmosphere correspond with what changes with altitude? A:
output: temperature
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some substances in food cannot be broken down into nutrients. They remain behind in the digestive system after the nutrients are absorbed. Any substances in food that cannot be digested and absorbed pass out of the body as solid waste. The process of passing solid food waste out of the body is called elimination. Q: What is the name of the process in which solid food waste is passed out of the body? A:
output: | elimination | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours. Q: How long does it take for earth to rotate on it's axis one time? A:
A:
output: 24 hours
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The deprotonated form of an acid is referred to as its conjugate base. Similarly, the protonated form of a base is referred to as its conjugate acid. Q: As ph increases what happens to a solution? A:
A:
output: becomes more basic
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: You don’t have to suffer through an infection to gain immunity to some diseases. Immunity can also come about by vaccination. Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop immunity to them. In vaccination, the pathogens are usually injected under the skin. Only part of the pathogens are injected, or else weakened or dead pathogens are used. This causes an immune response without causing the disease. Diseases you are likely to have been vaccinated against include measles, mumps, and chicken pox. Q: Vaccination is the process of exposing a person to pathogens on purpose so the person will develop what? A:
A:
output: | immunity | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: What goes into the cell? Oxygen and glucose are both reactants of cellular respiration. Oxygen enters the body when an organism breathes. Glucose enters the body when an organism eats. Q: What element enters the body when an organism breathes? A:
Answer: oxygen
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: If a sperm fertilizes an egg of a seed plant, the zygote grows into what? A:
Answer: sporophyte embryo
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries mark the location of the subducting lithosphere. The motion of the lithosphere as it plunges through the mantle causes the quakes ( Figure below ). At greater depths, the plate heats up enough to deform plastically. Q: Earthquakes at convergent plate boundaries mark the location of the what? A:
Answer: | subducting lithosphere | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Leaves may vary in size, shape, and their arrangement on stems. Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls (“tiny leaves”), fronds, and needles. Figure below describes each type. Q: Nonflowering vascular plants have three basic types of leaves: microphylls, fronds, and what other type? A:
Answer: needles
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Bacteria that stain purple are called gram-positive bacteria. They have a thick cell wall without an outer membrane. Q: What are bacteria that stain purple are called? A:
Answer: gram-positive bacteria
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Infectious diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. They are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or fungi. What can you do to avoid infectious diseases? Eating right and getting plenty of sleep are a good start. These habits will help keep your immune system healthy. With a healthy immune system, you will be able to fight off many pathogens. The next best way is to avoid pathogens. Though this is difficult, there are steps you can take to limit your exposure to pathogens. Q: What system is responsible for defending your body against sickness? A:
Answer: | immune system | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What type of device do scientist use to determine wind speed? A:
Answer: anemometer
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The intertidal zone is the narrow strip along the coastline that is covered by water at high tide and exposed to air at low tide (see Figure below ). There are plenty of nutrients and sunlight in the intertidal zone. However, the water is constantly moving in and out, and the temperature keeps changing. These conditions require adaptations in the organisms that live there, such as the barnacles in Figure below . Q: What zone is the narrow strip along the coastline that is covered by water at high tide and exposed to air at low tide? A:
Answer: intertidal zone
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some predator species are known as keystone species. A keystone species is one that plays an especially important role in its community. Major changes in the numbers of a keystone species affect the populations of many other species in the community. For example, some sea star species are keystone species in coral reef communities. The sea stars prey on mussels and sea urchins, which have no other natural predators. If sea stars were removed from a coral reef community, mussel and sea urchin populations would have explosive growth. This, in turn, would drive out most other species. In the end, the coral reef community would be destroyed. Q: What is a species that plays an especially important role in it's community called? A:
Answer: keystone
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Three unit cells of the cubic crystal system. Each sphere represents an atom or an ion. In the simple cubic system, the atoms or ions are at the corners of the unit cell only. In the face-centered unit cell, there are also atoms or ions in the center of each of the six faces of the unit cell. In the body-centered unit cell, there is one atom or ion in the center of the unit cell in addition to the corner atoms or ions. Q: In the simple cubic system, the atoms or ions are located in which part of the cell? A:
Answer: | corners | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Water is involved in many other biochemical reactions. As a result, just about all life processes depend on water. Clearly, life as we know it could not exist without water. Q: Nearly all life processes depend on what substance, which is involved in biochemical reactions? A:
Answer: water
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fossils may form in other ways. With complete preservation, the organism doesn't change much. As seen below, tree sap may cover an organism and then turn into amber. The original organism is preserved so that scientists might be able to study its DNA. Organisms can also be completely preserved in tar or ice. Molds and casts are another way organisms can be fossilized. A mold is an imprint of an organism left in rock. The organism's remains break down completely. Rock that fills in the mold resembles the original remains. The fossil that forms in the mold is called a cast. Molds and casts usually form in sedimentary rock. With compression, an organism's remains are put under great pressure inside rock layers. This leaves behind a dark stain in the rock. Q: A mold is an imprint of an organism left in what? A:
Answer: rock
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Radioactive dating is the use of radioactive decay to estimate the ages of fossils and rocks. An example is carbon-14 dating. Q: What is the term for the use of radioactive decay to estimate the ages of fossils and rock? A:
Answer: radioactive dating
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 3.1 | Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Understand the synthesis of macromolecules • Explain dehydration (or condensation) and hydrolysis reactions As you’ve learned, biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids); each is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass). Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon. In addition, they may contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and additional minor elements. Q: The four major classes of biological macromolecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and what else? A:
Answer: | nucleic acids | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, but the opposite occurs with the freezing point. The freezing point of a solution is lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. Think of this by assuming that solute particles interfere with solvent particles coming together to make a solid, so it takes a lower temperature to get the solvent particles to solidify. This is called freezing point depression. The equation to calculate the change in the freezing point for a solution is similar to the equation for the boiling point elevation:. Q: The boiling point of a solution is higher than the boiling point of the pure solvent, but the opposite occurs with this? A:
A: freezing point
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light As with auditory stimuli, light travels in waves. The compression waves that compose sound must travel in a medium—a gas, a liquid, or a solid. In contrast, light is composed of electromagnetic waves and needs no medium; light can travel in a vacuum (Figure 36.16). The behavior of light can be discussed in terms of the behavior of waves and also in terms of the behavior of the fundamental unit of light—a packet of electromagnetic radiation called a photon. A glance at the electromagnetic spectrum shows that visible light for humans is just a small slice of the entire spectrum, which includes radiation that we cannot see as light because it is below the frequency of visible red light and above the frequency of visible violet light. Certain variables are important when discussing perception of light. Wavelength (which varies inversely with frequency) manifests itself as hue. Light at the red end of the visible spectrum has longer wavelengths (and is lower frequency), while light at the violet end has shorter wavelengths (and is higher frequency). The wavelength of light is expressed in nanometers (nm); one nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Humans perceive light that ranges between approximately 380 nm and 740 nm. Some other animals, though, can detect wavelengths outside of the human range. For example, bees see near-ultraviolet light in order to locate nectar guides on flowers, and some non-avian reptiles sense infrared light (heat that prey gives off). Q: What is the wavelength of light expressed in? A:
A: nanometers (nm)
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A peptide is composed of two or more amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of peptides. Q: What are the building blocks of peptides? A:
A: amino acids
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The only light that people can see is called visible light . This light consists of a very narrow range of wavelengths that falls between infrared light and ultraviolet light. Within the visible range, we see light of different wavelengths as different colors of light, from red light, which has the longest wavelength, to violet light, which has the shortest wavelength (see Figure below ). When all of the wavelengths of visible light are combined, as they are in sunlight, visible light appears white. You can learn more about visible light at this URL: http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=PMtC34pzKGc . Q: What do we call the only light that people can see? A:
A: | visible light | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Earth and the other planets in the solar system make elliptical orbits around the Sun. Q: What type of orbit do the planets make in the solar system? A:
output: elliptical
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum. They are called rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). Both types are shown in Figure below . Q: What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum? A:
output: rough & smooth
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mesophiles grow best in moderate temperature, typically between 25°C and 40°C (77°F and 104°F). Mesophiles are often found living in or on the bodies of humans or other animals. The optimal growth temperature of many pathogenic mesophiles is 37°C (98°F), the normal human body temperature. Mesophilic organisms have important uses in food preparation, including cheese, yogurt, beer and wine. Q: What type of organism is commonly used in preparation of foods such as cheese and yogurt? A:
output: mesophilic organisms
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The jointed appendages of arthropods may be used as legs for walking. Being jointed makes them more flexible. Try walking or climbing stairs without bending your knees, and you’ll see why joints are helpful. In most arthropods, the appendages on the head have been modified for other functions. Figure below shows some of the head appendages found in arthropods. Sensory organs such as eyes are also found on the head. Q: What may the jointed appendages of arthropods be used for? A:
output: | walking | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Enzymes are classified by the types of reactions that they catalyze. Q: What is the basis of enzyme classification? A:
Answer: reactions they catalyze
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is everywhere. The air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, and the ground we walk on are all comprised of matter. Matter can take on a variety of different forms which all have a variety of different properties. In this chapter, we will introduce the characteristics of matter and study how these characteristics vary in different types of matter. Q: Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered what? A:
Answer: matter
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: At 1600 °C, quartz melts to yield a viscous liquid. When the liquid cools, it does not crystallize readily but usually supercools and forms a glass, also called silica. The SiO4 tetrahedra in glassy silica have a random arrangement characteristic of supercooled liquids, and the glass has some very useful properties. Silica is highly transparent to both visible and ultraviolet light. For this reason, it is important in the manufacture of lamps that give radiation rich in ultraviolet light and in certain optical instruments that operate with ultraviolet light. The coefficient of expansion of silica glass is very low; therefore, rapid temperature changes do not cause it to fracture. CorningWare and other ceramic cookware contain amorphous silica. Silicates are salts containing anions composed of silicon and oxygen. In nearly all silicates, sp3-hybridized silicon atoms occur at the centers of tetrahedra with oxygen at the corners. There is a variation in the silicon-to-oxygen ratio that occurs because silicon-oxygen tetrahedra may exist as discrete, independent units or may share oxygen atoms at corners in a variety of ways. In addition, the presence of a variety of cations gives rise to the large number of silicate minerals. Many ceramics are composed of silicates. By including small amounts of other compounds, it is possible to modify the physical properties of the silicate materials to produce ceramics with useful characteristics. Q: Many ceramics are composed of what, which are salts containing anions composed of silicon and oxygen? A:
Answer: | silicates | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: An ovule is a female reproductive structure in seed plants that contains a tiny female gametophyte. The gametophyte produces an egg cell. After the egg is fertilized by sperm, the ovule develops into a seed. Q: In seed plants, after fertilization, what will the ovule eventually develop into? A:
Answer: seed
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Quantities in science may be very large or very small. This usually requires many zeroes to the left or right of the decimal point. Such numbers can be hard to read and write accurately. That’s where scientific notation comes in. Scientific notation is a way of writing very large or small numbers that uses exponents. Numbers are written in this format:. Q: What term is defined as a way of writing very large or small numbers that uses exponents? A:
Answer: scientific notation
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The major types of radioactivity include alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. Q: Alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma particles are major types of what? A:
Answer: radioactivity
Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER SUMMARY 40.1 Overview of the Circulatory System In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the body. Some primitive animals use diffusion for the exchange of water, nutrients, and gases. However, complex organisms use the circulatory system to carry gases, nutrients, and waste through the body. Circulatory systems may be open (mixed with the interstitial fluid) or closed (separated from the interstitial fluid). Closed circulatory systems are a characteristic of vertebrates; however, there are significant differences in the structure of the heart and the circulation of blood between the different vertebrate groups due to adaptions during evolution and associated differences in anatomy. Fish have a two-chambered heart with unidirectional circulation. Amphibians have a three-chambered heart, which has some mixing of the blood, and they have double circulation. Most non-avian reptiles have a three-chambered heart, but have little mixing of the blood; they have double circulation. Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart with no mixing of the blood and double circulation. Q: In most animals, the circulatory system is used to transport blood through the what? A:
Answer: | body | 7 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Sperm are released into the surrounding water through the osculum. If they enter a female sponge through a pore, they may be trapped by collar cells. Trapped sperm are delivered to eggs inside the female body, where fertilization takes place. The resulting zygote develops into a larva. Unlike the adult, the larva is motile. It is covered with cilia that propel it through the water. As the larva grows, it becomes more similar to an adult sponge and loses its ability to swim. Q: Unlike an adult sponge, what stage is motile due to cilia that propel it through water? A:
A: larva
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In sexual reproduction, two gametes unite to produce an offspring. Which two gametes is a matter of chance. The union of gametes occurs randomly. Q: In sexual reproduction, two of what unite to produce an offspring? A:
A: gametes
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Noninfectious diseases are not contagious because they are not caused by pathogens. Instead, they are caused by such factors as lifestyle choices, environmental toxins, or mutations. Q: Why are noninfectious diseases not contagious? A:
A: non-pathogen caused
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. So cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. Cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly stable. We will see in Chapter 16 "Carbohydrates" that some carbohydrates (sugars) form five- or six-membered rings in solution. Q: The properties of cyclic hydrocarbons are generally quite similar to those of the corresponding open-chain compounds. so cycloalkanes (with the exception of cyclopropane, which has a highly strained ring) act very much like noncyclic alkanes. cyclic structures containing five or six carbon atoms, such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane, are particularly what? A:
A: | stable | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: We can also consider the reverse reaction in the above equation. In that reaction, the ammonium ion donates a proton to the hydroxide ion. The ammonium ion is a Brønsted-Lowry acid, while the hydroxide ion is a Brønsted-Lowry base. Most Brønsted-Lowry acid-base reactions can be analyzed in this way. There is one acid and one base as reactants, and one acid and one base as products. Q: The ammonium ion is what type of acid? A:
****
A: brønsted-lowry
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Only a tiny fraction of Earth’s freshwater is in the liquid state. Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of rock. Of freshwater on the surface, the majority occurs in lakes and soil. What percentage of freshwater on the surface is found in living things?. Q: Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of what? A:
****
A: rock
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin Accessory structures of the skin include hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands. Hair is made of dead keratinized cells, and gets its color from melanin pigments. Nails, also made of dead keratinized cells, protect the extremities of our. Q: What does hair get its color from? A:
****
A: melanin pigments
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery, which branches into capillaries. When blood passes through capillaries of the glomerulus of a nephron, blood pressure forces some of the water and dissolved substances in the blood to cross the capillary walls into Bowman’s capsule. Q: Through which artery does blood enter the kidneys? A:
****
A: | renal artery | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Whisk ferns have yellow sporangia and no leaves. Q: Whisk ferns have yellow sporangia and no what? A:
A: leaves
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Homo sapiens is our species. We originated about 200,000 years ago in Africa. Evidence of a spiritual life appears about 32,000 years ago. The evidence includes stone figurines that probably have religious significance ( Figure below ). Q: What species do humans belong to? A:
A: homo sapiens
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Reproduction Reproduction in prokaryotes is asexual and usually takes place by binary fission. Recall that the DNA of a prokaryote exists as a single, circular chromosome. Prokaryotes do not undergo mitosis. Rather the chromosome is replicated and the two resulting copies separate from one another, due to the growth of the cell. The prokaryote, now enlarged, is pinched inward at its equator and the two resulting cells, which are clones, separate. Binary fission does not provide an opportunity for genetic recombination or genetic diversity, but prokaryotes can share genes by three other mechanisms. Q: Prokaryotes divide via binary fission and do not undergo what process of cell division? A:
A: mitosis
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport mechanisms in which large molecules enter and leave the cell inside vesicles. Q: What are the active transport mechanisms by which molecules enter and leave the cell inside vesicles? A:
| A: endocytosis and exocytosis | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly sold as a 3% by volume solution for use as a disinfectant. Q: Hydrogen peroxide is commonly sold as a 3% by volume solution for use as a what? A:
A: disinfectant
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The kidneys help the body maintain homeostasis in several ways. They filter all the blood in the body many times each day and produce urine. They control the amount of water and dissolved substances in the blood by excreting more or less of them in urine. Q: Which body organ filters the blood in the body and creates urine? A:
A: the kidneys
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: inner aspect of the atlas, where it is held in place by a ligament. Rotation at this joint allows you to turn your head from side to side. A second pivot joint is found at the proximal radioulnar joint. Here, the head of the radius is largely encircled by a ligament that holds it in place as it articulates with the radial notch of the ulna. Rotation of the radius allows for forearm movements. Q: Which common type of diabetes is also known as noninsulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes? A:
A: type 2
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Pakicetus and Rodhocetus are considered to be ancestors of modern whales. Scientists still argue about how aquatic Pakicetus was, but Rodhocetus is considered to be a largely aquatic animal. Where is the nostril located on Pakicetus ?. Q: Pakicetus and rodhocetus are considered to be ancestors of modern what? A:
| A: whales | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Rodents include rats, mice, and other small gnawing mammals. They have a single pair of continuously growing incisors (teeth) in each of the upper and lower jaws that must be kept short by gnawing. Q: What are small gnawing mammals such as rats and mice called? A:
A: rodents
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Seafloor spreading is the mechanism for the drifting continents. Q: What is the mechanism that accounts for the drifting of continents? A:
A: seafloor spreading
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Animals produce most of what chemicals, which are needed to synthesize the fatty acids they need? A:
A: enzymes
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: In this equation, the letters A and B represent the reactants that begin the reaction, and the letter C represents the product that is synthesized in the reaction. The arrow shows the direction in which the reaction occurs. Q: What term is used to describe the sequence of elementary steps that together comprise an entire chemical reaction? A:
| A: reaction mechanism | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A person is able to lift the entire rear end of the automobile using only one hand with the hydraulic jack shown in the image. Hydraulic systems are similar to simple machines in that they can produce very large mechanical advantages. Q: A hydraulic jack that makes it possible to lift a car easily is an example of what, meaning it produces mechanical advantages? A:
output: simple machine
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ribosomes are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis . Ribosomes are found throughout the cytosol of the cell and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum organelle. Ribosomes order amino acids using messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template in a process called translation. Ribosomes are made from complexes of ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) and proteins called ribonucleoproteins . Each ribosome is divided into two subunits. The smaller subunit binds to the mRNA pattern, while the larger subunit binds to the transfer RNA (tRNA) and the growing polypeptide chain. More about the ribosome will be discussed in the Cell Structures: Ribosomes (Advanced) concept. Q: What are the organelles on which proteins are made during protein synthesis called? A:
output: ribosomes
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The kidneys ( Figure below ) are important organs in maintaining homeostasis , the ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite a changing environment. Kidneys perform a number of homeostatic functions. Q: What paired human organs play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis? A:
output: kidneys
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Deposit feeders, which are organisms that feed on small pieces of organic matter, usually in the top layer of soil. Sea cucumbers are deposit feeders, living on the ocean floor. They eat the tiny scrap particles that are usually abundant in the environments that they inhabit. Q: What are are organisms that feed on small pieces of organic matter? A:
output: | deposit feeders | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Creep is the very slow movement of rock and soil down a hillside. Creep occurs so slowly you can’t see it happening. You can only see the effects of creep after years of movement. This is illustrated in Figure below . The slowly moving ground causes trees, fence posts, and other structures on the surface to tilt downhill. Q: What is the very slow movement of rock and soil down a hillside? A:
Answer: creep
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fluid friction is friction that acts on objects that are moving through a fluid. A fluid is a substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. Fluids include liquids and gases. If you’ve ever tried to push your open hand through the water in a tub or pool, then you’ve experienced fluid friction. You can feel the resistance of the water against your hand. Look at the skydiver in the Figure below . He’s falling toward Earth with a parachute. Resistance of the air against the parachute slows his descent. The faster or larger a moving object is, the greater is the fluid friction resisting its motion. That’s why there is greater air resistance against the parachute than the skydiver’s body. Q: What is friction that acts on objects that are moving through a fluid? A:
Answer: fluid friction
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Not really. Like all mammals, polar bears maintain a stable internal temperature. They do not need to stay warm by lying in the sun. This allows them to live in cold climates. Q: The ability to maintain a stable internal temperature, despite the climate, is exhibited by members of what animal group? A:
Answer: | mammals | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: When additional water is added to an aqueous solution, the concentration of that solution decreases. This is because the number of moles of the solute does not change, while the volume of the solution increases. We can set up an equality between the moles of the solute before the dilution (1) and the moles of the solute after the dilution (2). Q: When additional water is added to an aqueous solution, what happens to the concentration of that solution? A:
Answer: decreases
Answer the following question given this paragraph: These include anterior-posterior movements of the arm at the shoulder, the forearm at the elbow, the hand at the wrist, and the fingers at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. For the thumb, extension moves the thumb away from the palm of the hand, within the same plane as the palm, while flexion brings the thumb back against the index finger or into the palm. These motions take place at the first carpometacarpal joint. In the lower limb, bringing the thigh forward and upward is flexion at the hip joint, while any posterior-going motion of the thigh is extension. Note that extension of the thigh beyond the anatomical (standing) position is greatly limited by the ligaments that support the hip joint. Knee flexion is the bending of the knee to bring the foot toward the posterior thigh, and extension is the straightening of the knee. Flexion and extension movements are seen at the hinge, condyloid, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints of the limbs (see Figure 9.12a-d). Hyperextension is the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury. Similarly, hyperflexion is excessive flexion at a joint. Hyperextension injuries are common at hinge joints such as the knee or elbow. In cases of “whiplash” in which the head is suddenly moved backward and then forward, a patient may experience both hyperextension and hyperflexion of the cervical region. Q: What term means the abnormal or excessive extension of a joint - particularly a hinged joint - beyond its normal range of motion, thus resulting in injury? A:
Answer: hyperextension
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The placenta is a spongy structure. It consists of membranes and blood vessels from both mother and embryo (see Figure below ). The placenta passes oxygen, nutrients, and other useful substances from the mother to the fetus. It also passes carbon dioxide and other wastes from the fetus to the mother. The placenta lets blood from the fetus and mother exchange substances without actually mixing. Thus, it protects the fetus from being attacked by the mother’s immune system as a “foreign parasite. ”. Q: Designed to exchange materials, what spongy structure consists of membranes and blood vessels from both mother and embryo? A:
Answer: | placenta | 1 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Brain Stem The midbrain and hindbrain (composed of the pons and the medulla) are collectively referred to as the brain stem (Figure 13.12). The structure emerges from the ventral surface of the forebrain as a tapering cone that connects the brain to the spinal cord. Attached to the brain stem, but considered a separate region of the adult brain, is the cerebellum. The midbrain coordinates sensory representations of the visual, auditory, and somatosensory perceptual spaces. The pons is the main connection with the cerebellum. The pons and the medulla regulate several crucial functions, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and rates. Q: What part of the brain is attached to the brain stem but considered a separate region of the adult brain? A:
A: cerebellum
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Prophase I: Chromosomes form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell. Spindle fibers form between the centrioles. Here’s what’s special about meiosis : Homologous chromosomes pair up! You can see this in Figure below . Q: Spindle fibers form between the centrioles during prophase i of what process? A:
A: meiosis
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Avoid close contact with people who are sick. This includes kissing, hugging, shaking hands, and sharing cups or eating utensils. Q: What type of electrons are attracted to the positive nucleus? A:
A: negative electrons
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown. Q: What are clouds on earth made of? A:
A: | water vapor | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, and ligaments. The skeletal system has many important functions in your body. What bones protect the heart and lungs? What protects the brain?. Q: Bones, cartilage, and ligaments make up what anatomical system? A:
Answer: skeletal system
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Sodium-potassium pumps help nerve cells establish a voltage across their what? A:
Answer: plasma membranes
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Mountain streams may erode waterfalls. A waterfall forms where a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock ( Figure below ). The water erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock. This causes the stream bed to drop down, like a step. This creates a waterfall. As erosion continues, the waterfall gradually moves upstream. Q: What process is involved in the formation of a waterfall, when a stream flows from an area of harder to softer rock? A:
Answer: | erosion | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Most animals are in which clade? A:
Answer: bilateria
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Which layers of the stem are made of parenchyma cells? a. cortex and pith b. phloem c. sclerenchyma d. xylem Like the rest of the plant, the stem has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Each is distinguished by characteristic cell types that perform specific tasks necessary for the plant’s growth and survival. Dermal Tissue The dermal tissue of the stem consists primarily of epidermis, a single layer of cells covering and protecting the underlying tissue. Woody plants have a tough, waterproof outer layer of cork cells commonly known as bark, which further protects the plant from damage. Epidermal cells are the most numerous and least differentiated of the cells in the epidermis. The epidermis of a leaf also contains openings known as stomata, through which the exchange of gases takes place (Figure 30.8). Two cells, known as guard cells, surround each leaf stoma, controlling its opening and closing and thus regulating the uptake of carbon dioxide and the release of oxygen and water vapor. Trichomes are hair-like structures on the epidermal surface. They help to reduce transpiration (the loss of water by aboveground plant parts), increase solar reflectance, and store compounds that defend the leaves against predation by herbivores. Q: Which part of a leaf contains openings known as stomata, through which the exchange of gases takes place? A:
Answer: epidermis
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The metallic bonding model explains the physical properties of metals. Metals conduct electricity and heat very well because of their free-flowing electrons. As electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. When light is shone on to the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light. This process is responsible for the high luster of metals. Q: Why does metal conduct heat and electricity so well? A:
Answer: | free flowing electrons | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Autoimmunity can develop with time, and its causes may be rooted in molecular mimicry. Antibodies and TCRs may bind self antigens that are structurally similar to pathogen antigens, which the immune receptors first raised. As an example, infection with Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterium that causes strep throat) may generate antibodies or T cells that react with heart muscle, which has a similar structure to the surface of S. pyogenes. These antibodies can damage heart muscle with autoimmune attacks, leading to rheumatic fever. Insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes mellitus arises from a destructive inflammatory TH1 response against insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. Patients with this autoimmunity must be injected with insulin that originates from other sources. Q: Autoimmunity can develop with time, and its causes may be rooted in this? A:
****
A: molecular mimicry
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: A: It is always very hot deep underground where molten rock originates. The high temperatures give rock enough energy to melt and remain in a molten state. Underground rock in this state is called magma. Q: Underground rock in a molten state is called? A:
****
A: magma
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What is the name for a parasite that causes disease? A:
****
A: pathogen
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. This is also unique for each element. Q: The atomic number is the same as the number of what in an atom? A:
****
A: | protons | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The sun, stars, moon, planets and comets are all type of what objects? A:
A:
output: celestrial
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Caffeine is an example of a psychoactive drug. It is found in coffee and many other products (see Table below ). Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant . Like other stimulant drugs, it makes you feel more awake and alert. Other psychoactive drugs include alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana. Each has a different effect on the central nervous system. Alcohol, for example, is a depressant . It has the opposite effects of a stimulant like caffeine. Q: What term describes a drug that has an effect on the central nervous system? A:
A:
output: psychoactive drug
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: As living things evolve, they generally become better suited for their environment. This is because they evolve adaptations. An adaptation is a characteristic that helps a living thing survive and reproduce in a given environment. Look at the mole in Figure below . It has tentacles around its nose that it uses to sense things by touch. The mole lives underground in the soil where it is always dark. However, by using its touch organ, it can detect even tiny food items in the soil in total darkness. The touch organ is an adaptation because it helps the mole survive in its dark, underground environment. Q: Living things evolve what characteristics that make them better suited for their environment? A:
A:
output: | adaptations | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electromagnetic waves differ in their wavelengths and frequencies. The higher the frequency of an electromagnetic wave, the greater its energy. The speed of an electromagnetic wave is the product of its wavelength and frequency, so a wave with a shorter wavelength has a higher frequency, and vice versa. Q: The speed of an electromagnetic wave is the product of its wavelength and what else? A:
A:
output: frequency
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: CHAPTER REVIEW 19.1 Heart Anatomy The heart resides within the pericardial sac and is located in the mediastinal space within the thoracic cavity. The pericardial sac consists of two fused layers: an outer fibrous capsule and an inner parietal pericardium lined with a serous membrane. Between the pericardial sac and the heart is the pericardial cavity, which is filled with lubricating serous fluid. The walls of the heart are composed of an outer epicardium, a thick myocardium, and an inner lining layer of endocardium. The human heart consists of a pair of atria, which receive blood and pump it into a pair of ventricles, which pump blood into the vessels. The right atrium receives systemic blood relatively low in oxygen and pumps it into the right ventricle, which pumps it into the pulmonary circuit. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs in the lungs, and blood high in oxygen returns to the left atrium, which pumps blood into the left ventricle, which in turn pumps blood into the aorta and the remainder of the systemic circuit. The septa are the partitions that separate the chambers of the heart. They include the interatrial septum, the interventricular septum, and the atrioventricular septum. Two of these openings are guarded by the atrioventricular valves, the right tricuspid valve and the left mitral valve, which prevent the backflow of blood. Each is attached to chordae tendineae that extend to the papillary muscles, which are extensions of the myocardium, to prevent the valves from being blown back into the atria. The pulmonary valve is located at the base of the pulmonary trunk, and the left semilunar valve is located at the base of the aorta. The right and left coronary arteries are the first to branch off the aorta and arise from two of the three sinuses located near the base of the aorta and are generally located in the sulci. Cardiac veins parallel the small cardiac arteries and generally drain into the coronary sinus. Q: Cardiac veins parallel the small cardiac arteries and generally drain into what sinus? A:
A:
output: coronary
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Solar cells convert the energy in sunlight to electrical energy. They contain a material such as silicon that absorbs light energy and gives off electrons. The electrons flow and create electric current. Figure below and the animation at the URL below show how a solar cell uses light energy to produce electric current and power a light bulb. Many calculators and other devices are also powered by solar cells. Q: What do solar cells convert the energy in sunlight into? A:
A:
output: | electrical energy | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The arthropod exoskeleton consists of several layers of cuticle. The exoskeleton prevents water loss and gives support and protection. It also acts as a counterforce for the contraction of muscles. The exoskeleton doesn’t grow as the animal grows. Therefore, it must be shed and replaced with a new one periodically through life. This is called molting . Q: What part of an animal helps to prevent water loss and gives support and protection? A:
Answer: exoskeleton
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Fungi used to be classified as plants. Now, they are known to have unique traits that set them apart from plants. For example, their cell walls contain chitin, not cellulose, and fungi absorb food rather than make their own. Below the level of the kingdom, fungi classification is controversial. Q: Once classified as plants, fungi have chitin rather than cellulose in what cell structures? A:
Answer: cell walls
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: For most women, menstrual cycles continue until their mid- or late- forties. Then women go through menopause , a period during which their menstrual cycles slow down and eventually stop, generally by their early fifties. After menopause, women can no longer reproduce naturally because their ovaries no longer produce eggs. Q: What's the term for the period during which women's ovaries stop producing eggs? A:
Answer: | menopause | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hair and nails are made of keratin, a tough protein. Q: Hair and nails are made of what? A:
A: keratin
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The wide range of movement allowed by synovial joints produces different types of movements. Angular movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes. Flexion, or bending, occurs when the angle between the bones decreases. Moving the forearm upward at the elbow is an example of flexion. Extension is the opposite of flexion in that the angle between the bones of a joint increases. Rotational movement is the movement of a bone as it rotates around its own longitudinal axis. Movement of the head as in saying “no” is an example of rotation. Q: What type of movements are produced when the angle between the bones of a joint changes? A:
A: angular
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An enzyme is an organic catalyst produced by a living cell. Enzymes are such powerful catalysts that the reactions they promote occur rapidly at body temperature. Without the help of enzymes, these reactions would require high temperatures and long reaction times. The molecule or molecules on which an enzyme acts are called its substrates. An enzyme has an active site where its substrate or substrates bind to form an enzymesubstrate complex. The reaction occurs, and product is released:. Q: An enzyme is an organic catalyst produced by what? A:
A: living cell
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The parasympathetic division controls internal organs and glands during the rest of the time. It controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing when there is not an emergency. Q: Which division of the autonomic nervous system controls processes like digestion, heartbeat, and breathing? A:
| A: parasympathetic | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: So what happens to your body's wastes? Obviously, you must get rid of them. This is the job of the excretory system. You remove waste as a gas (carbon dioxide), as a liquid (urine and sweat), and as a solid. Excretion is the process of removing wastes and excess water from the body. Q: What body system gets rid of waste? A:
A: excretory system
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The nucleus is a small, dense region at the center of the atom. It consists of positive protons and neutral neutrons, so it has an overall positive charge. Q: What is the small, dense region at the center of the atom that consists of positive protons and neutral neutrons? A:
A: nucleus
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms,. Q: What is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms? A:
A: the cell
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gymnosperms have seeds, but they do not produce fruit. Instead, the seeds of gymnosperms are usually found in cones. Q: Where are the seeds in gymnosperms found? A:
| A: in cones | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is neutral. Q: When the number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, the object is what? A:
neutral
--
Answer the following question given this paragraph: When hydrogen gas is reacted with oxygen gas, water is formed as the product. Q: Water is formed from oxygen and what other element? A:
hydrogen
--
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Membranes Biological membranes surround cells and serve to keep the insides separated from the outsides. They are formed of phospholipid bilayer1 s, which by definition are a double layer of fatty acid2 molecules (mostly phospholipid3 s, lipids containing lots of phosphorus). Proteins4 serve very important functions in cellular membranes. They are active transports in and out of the cell, acting as gatekeepers. They relay signals in and out of the cell. Proteins are the site of many enzymatic reactions in the cell, and play a role in regulation of cellular processes. Q: What is it that surrounds cells and serve to keep the insides separated from the outsides? A:
biological membranes
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Answer the following question given this paragraph: From the kidneys, urine enters the ureters. These are two muscular tubes that carry urine to the urinary bladder. Contractions of the muscles of the ureters move the urine along by peristalsis. The urinary bladder is a sac-like organ that stores urine. When the bladder is about half full, a sphincter relaxes to let urine flow out of the bladder and into the urethra. The urethra is a muscular tube that carries urine out of the body through another sphincter. The process of urine leaving the body is called urination. The second sphincter and the process of urination are normally under conscious control. Q: What is a sac-like organ that stores urine? A:
| the urinary bladder
-- | 0 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: All elements have an oxidation number of zero in their pure form. Q: In their pure form, all elements have an oxidation number of what? A:
A: zero
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Figure 18.15 Both positive and negative objects attract a neutral object by polarizing its molecules. (a) A positive object brought near a neutral insulator polarizes its molecules. There is a slight shift in the distribution of the electrons orbiting the molecule, with unlike charges being brought nearer and like charges moved away. Since the electrostatic force decreases with distance, there is a net attraction. (b) A negative object produces the opposite polarization, but again attracts the neutral object. (c) The same effect occurs for a conductor; since the unlike charges are closer, there is a net attraction. Q: What type of polarization does a negative object create> A:
A: opposite polarization
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Hormone levels during the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase are compared. During the follicular phase, LH and FSH secreted from the pituitary stimulate several follicles to grow. The follicles produce low levels of estradiol that inhibit GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus, keeping LH and FSH levels low. Low levels of estradiol also cause the endometrial arteries to constrict, resulting in menstruation. During the time leading up to ovulation, LH and FSH stimulate maturation of one of the follicles. The growing follicle begins to produce high levels of estradiol, which stimulates GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus. As a result, LH and FSH levels rise, resulting in ovulation about a day later. Estradiol also causes the endometrium to thicken. After ovulation, the ovarian cycle enters the luteal phase. LH from the pituitary stimulates growth of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle. The corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone that block GnRH production by the hypothalamus and LH and FSH production by the pituitary. Estradiol and progesterone also cause the endometrium to further develop. Figure 43.15 The ovarian and menstrual cycles of female reproduction are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovaries. Q: What causes the endometrium to thicken during a menstrual cycle? A:
A: estradiol
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Restoring nitrogen to the soil is one reason for what agricultural practice? A:
A: | crop rotation | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Echinoderms generally reproduce by external fertilization; regeneration is fairly common among echinoderms. Q: What is the method of reproduction for echinoderms? A:
Answer: external fertilization
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Some parasites live on the surface of their host. Others live inside their host. They may enter the host through a break in the skin or in food or water. For example, roundworms are parasites of mammals, including humans, cats, and dogs (see Figure below ). The worms produce huge numbers of eggs, which are passed in the host’s feces to the environment. Other individuals may be infected by swallowing the eggs in contaminated food or water. Q: In what do a roundworm's eggs pass from host to the environment? A:
Answer: feces
Problem:
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Atoms cannot only gain extra electrons. They can also lose electrons. In either case, they become ions . Ions are atoms that have a positive or negative charge because they have unequal numbers of protons and electrons. If atoms lose electrons, they become positive ions, or cations. If atoms gain electrons, they become negative ions, or anions. Consider the example of fluorine (see Figure below ). A fluorine atom has nine protons and nine electrons, so it is electrically neutral. If a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a fluoride ion with an electric charge of -1. Q: What's the name for an atom that has gained or lost an electron? A:
Answer: | an ion | 8 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Optical telescopes are designed to collect visible light. The two types of optical telescopes are reflecting telescopes and refracting telescopes. Q: What are the two types of optical telescopes? A:
A: reflecting and refracting
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Ultrasound is sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect. It includes all sounds with wave frequencies higher than 20,000 waves per second, or 20,000 hertz (Hz). Q: What do you call sound that has a wave frequency higher than the human ear can detect? A:
A: ultrasound
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What holds homologs together as the spindle forms for the first meiotic division? A:
A: chiasmata
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Gases in the coma and tail of a comet reflect light from the Sun. Comets are very hard to see except when they have comas and tails. That is why they appear only when they are near the Sun. They disappear again as they move back to the outer solar system. Q: What parts of comets make them easy to see? A:
| A: comas and tails | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Chemistry in Everyday Life Measuring Blood Pressure Blood pressure is measured using a device called a sphygmomanometer (Greek sphygmos = “pulse”). It consists of an inflatable cuff to restrict blood flow, a manometer to measure the pressure, and a method of determining when blood flow begins and when it becomes impeded (Figure 9.6). Since its invention in 1881, it has been an essential medical device. There are many types of sphygmomanometers: manual ones that require a stethoscope and are used by medical professionals; mercury ones, used when the most accuracy is required; less accurate mechanical ones; and digital ones that can be used with little training but that have limitations. When using a sphygmomanometer, the cuff is placed around the upper arm and inflated until blood flow is completely blocked, then slowly released. As the heart beats, blood forced through the arteries causes a rise in pressure. This rise in pressure at which blood flow begins is the systolic pressure—the peak pressure in the cardiac cycle. When the cuff’s pressure equals the arterial systolic pressure, blood flows past the cuff, creating audible sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. This is followed by a decrease in pressure as the heart’s ventricles prepare for another beat. As cuff pressure continues to decrease, eventually sound is no longer heard; this is the diastolic pressure—the lowest pressure (resting phase) in the cardiac cycle. Blood pressure units from a sphygmomanometer are in terms of millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Q: What is used to measure blood pressure? A:
A: sphygmomanometer
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of chemical reactions. Q: Covalent bond energies can be used to estimate the enthalpy changes of what? A:
A: chemical reactions
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Lipids are made of long chains consisting almost solely of carbon and hydrogen. These long chains are called fatty acids. Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated. Figure below shows an example of each type of fatty acid. Q: What are made of long chains consisting almost solely of carbon and hydrogen? A:
A: lipids
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The Karakoram Range is part of the Himalaya Mountains. K2, pictured here, is the second highest mountain the world at over 28,000 feet. The number and height of mountains is impressive. Q: What is the second highest mountain in the world, at over 28,000 feet? A:
A: | k2 | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Long bones ossify and get longer as they grow and develop. These bones grow from their ends, known as the epiphysis, and the presence of a growth plate, or epiphyseal line, signifies that the bone is still growing. Q: What are the ends of long bones called? A:
epiphysis
--
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels is called blood pressure . Blood pressure is highest in arteries and lowest in veins. When you have your blood pressure checked, it is the blood pressure in arteries that is measured. High blood pressure, or hypertension , is a serious health risk but can often be controlled with lifestyle changes or medication. You can learn more about hypertension by watching the animation at this link: http://www. healthcentral. com/high-blood-pressure/introduction-47-115. html . Q: What is the term for the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels? A:
blood pressure
--
Answer the following question given this paragraph: We now know how variation in traits is inherited. Variation in traits is controlled by different alleles for genes. Alleles, in turn, are passed to gametes and then to offspring. Evolution occurs because of changes in alleles over time. How long a time? That depends on the time scale of evolution you consider. Q: Evolution occurs because of changes in what over time? A:
alleles
--
Answer the following question given this paragraph: The DNA of a chromosome is encoded with genetic instructions for making proteins. These instructions are organized into units called genes . Most genes contain the instructions for a single protein. There may be hundreds or even thousands of genes on a single chromosome. Q: What are the organized instructions within dna for making proteins called? A:
| genes
-- | 0 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The frequency , , is the number of cycles an object goes through in 1 second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 cycle per sec. Q: What is the base unit that frequency is typically measured in? A:
A:
output: hertz
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: David Remahl. Polygenic traits result in a distribution that resembles a bell-shaped curve . The creator of this work allows anyone to use it for any purpose including unrestricted redistribution, commercial use, and modification. Q: Polygenic traits result in a distribution that resembles a curve. what is the shape of the curve? A:
A:
output: bell-shaped
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What are large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus? A:
A:
output: | vacuoles | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What do the gonadotropins regulate? A:
A: gametogenesis
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The atomic number defines the identity of an element. Q: The atomic number defines the identity of what? A:
A: element
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: The pressure of a gas in a gas mixture is termed the partial pressure. Q: What is the pressure of gas in a gas mixture termed? A:
A: partial pressure
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Size is a general feature of cell structure that relates to? A:
| A: function | 2 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most tunicates live a sessile existence in shallow ocean waters and are suspension feeders. The primary foods of tunicates are plankton and detritus. Seawater enters the tunicate’s body through its incurrent siphon. Suspended material is filtered out of this water by a mucus net (pharyngeal slits) and is passed into the intestine through the action of cilia. The anus empties into the excurrent siphon, which expels wastes and water. Lancelets possess a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail in the adult stage (Figure 15.35). The notochord extends into the head, which gives the subphylum its name (Cephalochordata). Extinct fossils of this subphylum date to the middle of the Cambrian period (540–488 mya). The living forms, the lancelets, are named for their blade-like shape. Lancelets are only a few centimeters long and are usually found buried in sand at the bottom of warm temperate and tropical seas. Like tunicates, they are suspension feeders. Q: Most tunicates live a sessile existence in shallow ocean waters and are suspension feeders. the primary foods of tunicates are plankton and this? A:
A: detritus
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Monsoons are like land and sea breezes, but on a larger scale. They occur because of seasonal changes in the temperature of land and water. In the winter, they blow from land to water. In the summer, they blow from water to land. In regions that experience monsoons, the seawater offshore is extremely warm. The hot air absorbs a lot of the moisture and carries it over the land. Summer monsoons bring heavy rains on land. Monsoons occur in several places around the globe. The most important monsoon in the world is in southern Asia ( Figure below ). These monsoons are important because they carry water to the many people who live there. Q: Where does the most important monsoon in the world occur? A:
A: southern asia
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: A d. melanogaster population has an average heterozygosity of what? A:
A: 14%
Q: Answer the following question given this paragraph: water that flows over the land from precipitation or melting snow or ice. Q: What substance flows over the land from precipitation or melting snow or ice? A:
A: | water | 5 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Plants have a touch response known as what? A:
A:
output: thigmotropism
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Layers of fat are formed by what type of tissue? A:
A:
output: adipose tissue
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Founder effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population. By chance, allele frequencies of the founders may be different from allele frequencies of the population they left. An example is described in the Figure below . Q: What effect occurs when a few individuals start, or found, a new population? A:
A:
output: | founder | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: A storm is an episode of severe weather. It is caused by a major disturbance in the atmosphere. Types of storms include thunderstorms, tornadoes, and hurricanes. Q: A major disturbance in what results in an episode of severe weather called a storm? A:
A:
output: the atmosphere
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Most biochemical reactions take place within cells. Cells are the microscopic building blocks of organisms. Q: Where do most biochemical reactions take place? A:
A:
output: within cells
input: Now, answer this question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Light is one type of electromagnetic radiation . Light is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave. Figure below shows a diagram of an electromagnetic wave. An electromagnetic (EM) wave has two parts: an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields vibrate up and down, which makes the wave. Q: Light is energy that travels in the form of what type of wave? A:
A:
output: | electromagnetic | 6 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: The fossil record indicates that anthropoids began diverging from other primates about how many million years ago? A:
output: 50
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: Traits inherited in mendelian patterns are either? A:
output: dominant or recessive
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Q: What part of a chromosome exists in different states of condensation at different times? A:
output: the chromatin
input with options: Answer the following question given this paragraph: An increase in temperature of a gas in a rigid container increases the pressure. Q: What happens when an increase in temperature of a gas in a rigid container happens? A:
output: | pressure increases | 4 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Aerobic prokaryotes live in habitats with oxygen. Anaerobic prokaryotes live in habitats without oxygen. Prokaryotes may also be adapted to habitats that are hot, moderate, or cold in temperature. Q: Anaerobic prokaryotes can live without what compound in their environment (it's a compound that people do need to live)? A:
Answer: oxygen
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Electrons are organized into shells and subshells about the nucleus of an atom. Q: Electrons are organized into shells and subshells about the nucleus of this? A:
Answer: atom
Question: Answer the following question given this paragraph: Today most people realize that microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, are the cause of disease. This concept is known as the germ theory of disease, one of the few scientific theories in the field of the life sciences. Although it seems obvious now, people did not always understand the cause of disease. How does a theory such as this become established?. Q: What are the two most common causes of diseases? A:
Answer: | bacteria and viruses | 3 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Starches are complex carbohydrates that are polymers of glucose. Starches are used by plants to store energy. Consumers get starches by eating plants. They break down the starches to sugar for energy. Q: What complex carbohydrates are the polymers of glucose? A:
****
A: starches
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: levels. If a solid has a filled valence band with a relatively low-lying empty band above it (a conduction band), then electrons can be excited by thermal energy from the filled band into the vacant band where they can then migrate through the crystal, resulting in electrical conductivity. Electrical insulators are poor conductors because their valence bands are full. Semiconductors have electrical conductivities intermediate between those of insulators and metals. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the electrical conductivity of metals decreases slowly with increasing temperature. The properties of semiconductors can be modified by doping, or introducing impurities. Adding an element with more valence electrons than the atoms of the host populates the conduction band, resulting in an n-type semiconductor with increased electrical conductivity. Adding an element with fewer valence electrons than the atoms of the host generates holes in the valence band, resulting in a p-type semiconductor that also exhibits increased electrical conductivity. Q: What happens to the electrical conductivity of metals when placed in a pot of boiling water? A:
****
A: decreases slowly
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: 3.2 | Carbohydrates By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Discuss the role of carbohydrates in cells and in the extracellular materials of animals and plants • Explain the classifications of carbohydrates • List common monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides Most people are familiar with carbohydrates, one type of macromolecule, especially when it comes to what we eat. To lose weight, some individuals adhere to “low-carb” diets. Athletes, in contrast, often “carb-load” before important competitions to ensure that they have enough energy to compete at a high level. Carbohydrates are, in fact, an essential part of our diet; grains, fruits, and vegetables are all natural sources of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. Carbohydrates also have other important functions in humans, animals, and plants. Q: Name the simple sugar that is a component of starch. A:
****
A: glucose
Problem:
Answer the following question given this paragraph: Jupiter has lots of moons. As of 2011, we have discovered over 60 natural satellites of Jupiter. Four are big enough and bright enough to be seen from Earth using a pair of binoculars. These four moons were first discovered by Galileo in 1610. They are called the Galilean moons . Figure below shows the four Galilean moons and their sizes relative to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot. These moons are named Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The Galilean moons are larger than even the biggest dwarf planets, Pluto and Eris. Ganymede is the biggest moon in the solar system. It is even larger than the planet Mercury!. Q: Who first discovered the moons of jupiter in 1610? A:
****
A: | galileo | 9 | P3 | sciq_Direct_Question | fs_noopt |
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