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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Roads_in_Latvia', 'title': 'List of National Roads in Latvia', 'header': ['Number', 'E-road', 'Route', 'Length ( km )'], 'data': [{'value': 'A1 A1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A1_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A1 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Ainaži . The road is part of the European route E67 and the Latvian TEN-T road network . Ainaži is Latvian community on the border with Estonia and north of Ainaži the road then becomes Estonian National Road 4 . The A1 was almost completely reconstructed between 2003 and 2007 . The Saulkrasti bypass was also built ( prior to 2007 all A1 traffic ran through the 17 kilometre long coastal town . ) The road was completely reconstructed from Riga to Salacgrīva , the 80 kilometre long stretch was also widened , with wider verges . The official speed limit of A1 is 100 km/h in summer and 90 km/h in winter . The A1 is part of the Via Baltica , which runs from Estonia to Poland . The average AADT on the A1 in 2016 was 10655 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A1_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A1 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Ainaži . The road is part of the European route E67 and the Latvian TEN-T road network . Ainaži is Latvian community on the border with Estonia and north of Ainaži the road then becomes Estonian National Road 4 . The A1 was almost completely reconstructed between 2003 and 2007 . The Saulkrasti bypass was also built ( prior to 2007 all A1 traffic ran through the 17 kilometre long coastal town . ) The road was completely reconstructed from Riga to Salacgrīva , the 80 kilometre long stretch was also widened , with wider verges . The official speed limit of A1 is 100 km/h in summer and 90 km/h in winter . The A1 is part of the Via Baltica , which runs from Estonia to Poland . The average AADT on the A1 in 2016 was 10655 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': 'E67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E67', 'summary': 'European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia . It goes via Prague , Wrocław , Warsaw , Kaunas , Panevėžys , Riga , Tallinn and Helsinki . It is known as the Via Baltica between Warsaw and Tallinn , a distance of 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) . It is a significant road connection between the Baltic states . The final stretch between Tallinn and Helsinki is by ferry ( with about 10 car ferry departures each direction per day ) . The route is mostly ordinary road , but there are plans to convert it into a motorway or expressway , in Poland called S8 ( 326 of 379 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) and S61 ( 19 of 235 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Ainaži ( EE border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ainaži', 'summary': 'Ainaži ( pronounced [ aiːnaʒi ] ; Estonian : Heinaste , German : Haynasch ) is a harbour town in the Vidzeme region of Latvia . The town is located near the Estonian border on the site of an ancient Liv fishing village . Before 1917 , it was known by its German name Haynasch ( in Estonian Heinaste , in Russian , Гайнаш Gainash ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A2 A2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A2_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A2 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Estonian border ( Veclaicene ) , also known as Vidzeme highway in Latvia . The road is part of European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . After the border , the road turns in to Estonian National Highway 7 , and then in Russia to A212 leading until Pskov . The length of A2 in Latvian territory is 196 kilometers . Currently A2 has 2x2 lanes from Riga until Sēnīte , and after that it turns to 1x1 lanes . A2 is one of the first 2x2 roads in Latvia , and also one of the busiest roads in Latvia , especially between Riga and Sigulda . It was planned that in 2011 reconstruction of A2 between Riga and Senīte would start , thus converting it in to a motorway . The plans were canceled due to economic crisis . The current speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT on A2 in 2016 was 12 550 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A2_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A2 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Estonian border ( Veclaicene ) , also known as Vidzeme highway in Latvia . The road is part of European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . After the border , the road turns in to Estonian National Highway 7 , and then in Russia to A212 leading until Pskov . The length of A2 in Latvian territory is 196 kilometers . Currently A2 has 2x2 lanes from Riga until Sēnīte , and after that it turns to 1x1 lanes . A2 is one of the first 2x2 roads in Latvia , and also one of the busiest roads in Latvia , especially between Riga and Sigulda . It was planned that in 2011 reconstruction of A2 between Riga and Senīte would start , thus converting it in to a motorway . The plans were canceled due to economic crisis . The current speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT on A2 in 2016 was 12 550 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': 'E77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E77', 'summary': 'European route E 77 is a part of the inter-European road system . This Class A intermediate north-south route is 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) long and it connects the Baltic Sea with the central part of the continent .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Sigulda - Veclaicene ( EE border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sigulda', 'summary': 'Sigulda ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; German : Segewold , Polish : Zygwold , Russian : Сигулда ) is a town in the Vidzeme Region of Latvia , 53 kilometres ( 33 miles ) from the capital city Riga .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veclaicene', 'summary': 'Veclaicene Parish ( Latvian : Veclaicenes pagasts ) is an administrative unit of Alūksne Municipality , Latvia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '196', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A3 A3', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A3_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A3 is a national road in Latvia connecting Inčukalns to Estonian border in Valka . The road is part of European route E264 , and part of TEN-T road network of Latvia . After the border , the road turns into Estonian National Highway 3 , which leads to Jõhvi in northeastern Estonia . The length of A3 in Latvian territory is 122 kilometers . The road leads through the scenic Gauja National Park . Currently A3 has 1x2 lanes in full length . A3 bypasses Valmiera , which is one of the biggest cities in Latvia . There arent any plans to widen it in near future . Almost half of A3 was reconstructed in 2012 . Speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT on A3 in 2015 was 5317 cars per day . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/A3_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A3 is a national road in Latvia connecting Inčukalns to Estonian border in Valka . The road is part of European route E264 , and part of TEN-T road network of Latvia . After the border , the road turns into Estonian National Highway 3 , which leads to Jõhvi in northeastern Estonia . The length of A3 in Latvian territory is 122 kilometers . The road leads through the scenic Gauja National Park . Currently A3 has 1x2 lanes in full length . A3 bypasses Valmiera , which is one of the biggest cities in Latvia . There arent any plans to widen it in near future . Almost half of A3 was reconstructed in 2012 . Speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT on A3 in 2015 was 5317 cars per day . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'E264', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E264', 'summary': 'European route E 264 is a Class B road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Jõhvi , Estonia and ends in Inčukalns , Latvia . E264 consists of Estonian main road no . 3 and Latvian main road A3 . The entire route is part of Via Hanseatica corridor . The road follows : Jõhvi - Tartu - Valga - Valka - Valmiera - Inčukalns .'}]}, {'value': 'Inčukalns - Valmiera - Valka ( EE border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inčukalns', 'summary': 'Inčukalns is a village in Inčukalns Municipality , Latvia . Inčukalns had some 2,028 residents in 2006 [ citation needed ] .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valmiera', 'summary': 'Valmiera ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; German : Wolmar ; Polish : Wolmar see other names ) is the largest city of the historical Vidzeme region , Latvia , with a total area of 18.1 square kilometres ( 7 square miles ) . As of 2002 , Valmiera had a population of 27,323 , and in 2017 - 24,818 . Valmiera lies at the crossroads of several important roads , 100 kilometres ( 62 miles ) to the north-east from Riga , the capital of Latvia , and 50 km ( 31 mi ) south of the border with Estonia . Valmiera lies on both banks of the Gauja River .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Valka', 'summary': 'Valka ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; German : Walk ) is a town and municipality in northern Latvia , on the border with Estonia along both banks of the river Pedele . Valka and the Estonian town Valga are twins , separated by the Estonian/Latvian border but using the slogan One Town , Two Countries . The border dividing the Livonian town of Walk was marked out in 1920 by an international jury headed by British Colonel Stephen George Tallents . With the expansion of the Schengen Agreement and abolition of the Estonian/Latvian border in 2007 , it was announced that common public bus transport would be established between Valka and Valga . Also , all border crossing-points were removed and roads and fences opened . In 2016 it was announced that due to better welfare and higher salaries in Estonia , many Valka inhabitants have registered themselves as inhabitants of Valga .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Estonia', 'summary': "Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti [ ˈeːsʲti ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian : Eesti Vabariik ) , is a country on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe . It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland with Finland on the other side , to the west by the Baltic Sea with Sweden on the other side , to the south by Latvia ( 343 km ) , and to the east by Lake Peipus and Russia ( 338.6 km ) . The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland and of 2,222 islands in the Baltic Sea , covering a total area of 45,227 km2 ( 17,462 sq mi ) , water 2,839 km2 ( 1,096 sq mi ) , land area 42,388 km2 ( 16,366 sq mi ) , and is influenced by a humid continental climate . The official language of the country , Estonian , is the second-most-spoken Finnic language . The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 BC . Ancient Estonians became some of the last European pagans to adopt Christianity - following the Livonian Crusade in the 13th century . After centuries of successive rule by Germans , Danes , Swedes , Poles and Russians , a distinct Estonian national identity began to emerge in the 19th and early 20th centuries . This culminated in independence from Russia in 1920 after a brief War of Independence at the end of World War I . Initially democratic prior to the Great Depression , Estonia experienced authoritarian rule from 1934 during the Era of Silence . During World War II ( 1939-1945 ) , Estonia was repeatedly contested and occupied by the Soviet Union and Germany , ultimately being incorporated into the former . After the loss of its de facto independence , Estonia 's de jure state continuity was preserved by diplomatic representatives and the government-in-exile . In 1987 the peaceful Singing Revolution began against Soviet rule , resulting in the restoration of de facto independence on 20 August 1991 ."}]}, {'value': '101', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A4 A4', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A4_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A4 is a national road in Latvia which is part of the ring road around Riga , connecting Baltezers to Saulkalne . The road is also known as the Riga bypass . The road is part of European route E67 , European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . The length of the A4 is 21 kilometers . Construction on A4 was started in 1964 and finished in 1980 . Currently the A4 has 1+1 lanes in all its length . In 2011/2012 part of the A4 was reconstructed , and its planned that around year 2020 widening of the road to 2x2 lanes will start . Because of this , it would receive an expressway or motorway status , and the current 90 km/h speed limit would be raised . The average AADT of A4 in 2016 was 11 954 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A4_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A4 is a national road in Latvia which is part of the ring road around Riga , connecting Baltezers to Saulkalne . The road is also known as the Riga bypass . The road is part of European route E67 , European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . The length of the A4 is 21 kilometers . Construction on A4 was started in 1964 and finished in 1980 . Currently the A4 has 1+1 lanes in all its length . In 2011/2012 part of the A4 was reconstructed , and its planned that around year 2020 widening of the road to 2x2 lanes will start . Because of this , it would receive an expressway or motorway status , and the current 90 km/h speed limit would be raised . The average AADT of A4 in 2016 was 11 954 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': 'E67 E77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E67', 'summary': 'European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia . It goes via Prague , Wrocław , Warsaw , Kaunas , Panevėžys , Riga , Tallinn and Helsinki . It is known as the Via Baltica between Warsaw and Tallinn , a distance of 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) . It is a significant road connection between the Baltic states . The final stretch between Tallinn and Helsinki is by ferry ( with about 10 car ferry departures each direction per day ) . The route is mostly ordinary road , but there are plans to convert it into a motorway or expressway , in Poland called S8 ( 326 of 379 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) and S61 ( 19 of 235 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/European_route_E77', 'summary': 'European route E 77 is a part of the inter-European road system . This Class A intermediate north-south route is 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) long and it connects the Baltic Sea with the central part of the continent .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga ring road ( Baltezers - Saulkalne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baltezers,_Ādaži_Municipality', 'summary': 'Baltezers is a village in Ādaži Municipality in the historical region of Vidzeme , and the Riga Planning Region in Latvia .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A5 A5', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A5_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A5 is a national road in Latvia which is part beltway around Riga , connecting Salaspils to Babīte . The road is also known as Riga bypass . The road is part of European route E67 , European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . The length of A5 is 41 kilometer . Currently A5 has 1x1 lanes until interchange with A9 then it turns to 2x2 all the way until Babīte . Most of the traffic on A5 is made up by trucks . A5 crosses river Daugava on Riga HES , and the A5 part on the HES has been reconstructed in 2010/2011 . Another part of A5 between A8 and A9 was reconstructed in 2011 . There are plans to build a new bridge over Daugava opposite to the end of A4 ( part of Riga bypass on other side of Daugava ) , in further future . Current speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT of A5 in 2016 was 12 482 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A5_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A5 is a national road in Latvia which is part beltway around Riga , connecting Salaspils to Babīte . The road is also known as Riga bypass . The road is part of European route E67 , European route E77 and Latvian TEN-T road network . The length of A5 is 41 kilometer . Currently A5 has 1x1 lanes until interchange with A9 then it turns to 2x2 all the way until Babīte . Most of the traffic on A5 is made up by trucks . A5 crosses river Daugava on Riga HES , and the A5 part on the HES has been reconstructed in 2010/2011 . Another part of A5 between A8 and A9 was reconstructed in 2011 . There are plans to build a new bridge over Daugava opposite to the end of A4 ( part of Riga bypass on other side of Daugava ) , in further future . Current speed limit is 90 km/h . The average AADT of A5 in 2016 was 12 482 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': 'E67 E77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E67', 'summary': 'European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia . It goes via Prague , Wrocław , Warsaw , Kaunas , Panevėžys , Riga , Tallinn and Helsinki . It is known as the Via Baltica between Warsaw and Tallinn , a distance of 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) . It is a significant road connection between the Baltic states . The final stretch between Tallinn and Helsinki is by ferry ( with about 10 car ferry departures each direction per day ) . The route is mostly ordinary road , but there are plans to convert it into a motorway or expressway , in Poland called S8 ( 326 of 379 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) and S61 ( 19 of 235 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/European_route_E77', 'summary': 'European route E 77 is a part of the inter-European road system . This Class A intermediate north-south route is 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) long and it connects the Baltic Sea with the central part of the continent .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga ring road ( Salaspils - Babīte )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Salaspils', 'summary': 'Salaspils ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; German : Kirchholm , Swedish : Kirkholm , Latin : Kerkolm ) is a town in Latvia , the administrative centre of Salaspils Municipality . The town is situated on the northern bank of the Daugava river , 18 kilometers to the south-east of the city of Riga .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Babīte', 'summary': 'Babīte Municipality ( Latvian : Babītes novads ) is a municipality in Latvia . The municipality was formed in 2009 when Babīte parish and Sala parish merged with the administrative centre becoming Piņķi .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A6 A6', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A6_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A6 is a national road in Latvia , connecting Riga to the Belarusian border at Pāternieki . It bypasses Daugavpils in its north and passes through Krāslava and is also known as the Daugavpils Highway in Latvia . The road is part of European route E22 , European route E262 and the Latvian TEN-T road network . Once inside Belarus , the road becomes the Belarusian P20 . The length of the A6 in Latvian territory is 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) . Currently the A6 has two lanes in each direction between Riga and Ogre and between Nīcgale and Daugavpils , with other parts having just a single carriageway . The current speed limit in winter is 90 kilometres per hour ( 56 mph ) , but in summer the dual carriageway parts are raised to 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) . Since 2013 a shorter route has replaced the Salaspils-Koknese section of A6 ( numbered as P80 ) , mainly built for transit traffic . The construction of it was first started in the 1980s , but the plan was abandoned later . The first stage of the construction starts in Tīnuži and ends in Koknese . It was planned to be complete by 2012 , but due to economical reasons the works were delayed and were finished in 2013 . Between 2020 and 2027 the authorities plan to bring the new road into Riga .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A6_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A6 is a national road in Latvia , connecting Riga to the Belarusian border at Pāternieki . It bypasses Daugavpils in its north and passes through Krāslava and is also known as the Daugavpils Highway in Latvia . The road is part of European route E22 , European route E262 and the Latvian TEN-T road network . Once inside Belarus , the road becomes the Belarusian P20 . The length of the A6 in Latvian territory is 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) . Currently the A6 has two lanes in each direction between Riga and Ogre and between Nīcgale and Daugavpils , with other parts having just a single carriageway . The current speed limit in winter is 90 kilometres per hour ( 56 mph ) , but in summer the dual carriageway parts are raised to 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) . Since 2013 a shorter route has replaced the Salaspils-Koknese section of A6 ( numbered as P80 ) , mainly built for transit traffic . The construction of it was first started in the 1980s , but the plan was abandoned later . The first stage of the construction starts in Tīnuži and ends in Koknese . It was planned to be complete by 2012 , but due to economical reasons the works were delayed and were finished in 2013 . Between 2020 and 2027 the authorities plan to bring the new road into Riga .'}]}, {'value': 'E22 E262', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E22', 'summary': 'European route E22 is one of the longest European routes . It has a length of about 5,320 km ( 3,310 mi ) . Many of the E-roads have been extended into Asia since the year 2000 ; the E22 was extended on 24 June 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/European_route_E262', 'summary': 'European route E 262 is a road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Kaunas , Lithuania and ends in Ostrov , Pskov Oblast , Russia . The section in Lithuania from Kaunas to the Latvia border , near Zarasai is named after A6 highway . The road follows : Kaunas - Ukmergė - Daugavpils - Rēzekne - Ostrov .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Daugavpils - Krāslava - Pāternieki ( BY border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daugavpils', 'summary': 'Daugavpils ( Latvian pronunciation : [ ˈdaʊɡaʊpils ] ( listen ) ; Latgalian : Daugpiļs [ ˈdaʊkʲpʲilʲsʲ ] ; Russian : Даугавпилс [ ˈdaʊɡəfpʲɪls ] ; Polish : Dyneburg ; see other names ) is a city in south-eastern Latvia , located on the banks of the Daugava River , from which the city gets its name . It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga , which is located some 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) to its north-west . Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania ( distances of 33 km ( 21 mi ) and 25 km ( 16 mi ) respectively ) , and some 120 km ( 75 mi ) from the Latvian border with Russia . Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre and lies approximately midway between Riga and Minsk , and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg . Daugavpils , then Dyneburg , was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Poland . Following the first partition of Poland in 1772 , the city became part of the Russian Empire . Since the Second World War , it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population , with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities . Historically , German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Krāslava', 'summary': 'Krāslava ( Latvian pronunciation ( help·info ) ; Latgalian : Kruoslova , German : Kreslau , Belarusian : Краслаўка , Polish : Krasław , Russian : Краслава ) is a town and the administrative centre of Krāslava Municipality , in the Latgale region of Latvia . The town lies on the Daugava , upstream and to the east of the city of Daugavpils .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': '307', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A7 A7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A7_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A7 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to the Lithuanian border ( Grenctāle ) , through Bauska . The road is also known in Latvia as the Bauska Highway . The A7 is part of European route E67 ( also known as the Via Baltica ) and the European TEN-T road network . The road becomes the Lithuanian A10 at the border . The length of the A7 in Latvian territory is 86 kilometers . Currently the A7 has 2x2 lanes only within the territory of Riga , other parts have 1x2 lanes . The current speed limit is 90 km/h except within municipalities . In period of 2005 - 2006 , the A7 was reconstructed from the 25th until the 43rd kilometer and from the 67th until the 85th kilometer . A 2 kilometer stretch of the road was reconstructed in Iecava , and reconstruction of another 15 kilometer long stretch was finished in 2012 . [ citation needed ] Construction of the Ķekava bypass is planned to begin in 2017 . The bypass will be built to expressway or motorway standards . The average traffic ( AADT ) on the A7 during 2016 was 14,599 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A7_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A7 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to the Lithuanian border ( Grenctāle ) , through Bauska . The road is also known in Latvia as the Bauska Highway . The A7 is part of European route E67 ( also known as the Via Baltica ) and the European TEN-T road network . The road becomes the Lithuanian A10 at the border . The length of the A7 in Latvian territory is 86 kilometers . Currently the A7 has 2x2 lanes only within the territory of Riga , other parts have 1x2 lanes . The current speed limit is 90 km/h except within municipalities . In period of 2005 - 2006 , the A7 was reconstructed from the 25th until the 43rd kilometer and from the 67th until the 85th kilometer . A 2 kilometer stretch of the road was reconstructed in Iecava , and reconstruction of another 15 kilometer long stretch was finished in 2012 . [ citation needed ] Construction of the Ķekava bypass is planned to begin in 2017 . The bypass will be built to expressway or motorway standards . The average traffic ( AADT ) on the A7 during 2016 was 14,599 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': 'E67', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E67', 'summary': 'European route E 67 is an E-road running from Prague in the Czech Republic to Helsinki in Finland by way of Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia . It goes via Prague , Wrocław , Warsaw , Kaunas , Panevėžys , Riga , Tallinn and Helsinki . It is known as the Via Baltica between Warsaw and Tallinn , a distance of 970 kilometres ( 600 mi ) . It is a significant road connection between the Baltic states . The final stretch between Tallinn and Helsinki is by ferry ( with about 10 car ferry departures each direction per day ) . The route is mostly ordinary road , but there are plans to convert it into a motorway or expressway , in Poland called S8 ( 326 of 379 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) and S61 ( 19 of 235 km completed as of 2015 [ update ] ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Bauska - Grenctāle ( LT border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bauska', 'summary': 'Bauska ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a town in Bauska Municipality , in the Zemgale region of southern Latvia . Bauska is located 66 km ( 41 mi ) from the Latvian capital Riga , 62 km ( 38.5 mi ) from Jelgava and 20 km ( 12 mi ) from the Lithuanian border on the busy European route E67 . The town is situated at the confluence of the shallow rivers Mūsa and Mēmele where they form the Lielupe River . Average temperatures in January are −5 °C ( 23 °F ) , and 17.5 °C ( 63.5 °F ) in July . Rainfall averages 500-650 mm ( 20-26 in ) annually . The 80.4% of Bauska Municipality territory is agricultural land and 13% of forests . In previous centuries city was known in German as Bauske , in Yiddish as Boisk and in Lithuanian as Bauskė . in 2019 population of the town Bauska was 24 370 people with an approximate density of 30 people per km2 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A8 A8', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A8_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': '( Latvia )'}, {'url': '/wiki/A8_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': '( Latvia )'}]}, {'value': 'E77', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E77', 'summary': 'European route E 77 is a part of the inter-European road system . This Class A intermediate north-south route is 1,690 km ( 1,050 mi ) long and it connects the Baltic Sea with the central part of the continent .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Jelgava - Meitene ( LT border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jelgava', 'summary': 'Jelgava ( pronounced [ jælɡava ] ( listen ) ; German : Mitau ; see also other names ) is a city in central Latvia about 41 kilometres ( 25 miles ) southwest of Riga with 55,972 inhabitants ( 2019 ) . It is the largest town in the region of Zemgale ( Semigalia ) . Jelgava was the capital of the united Duchy of Courland and Semigallia ( 1578-1795 ) and the administrative center of the Courland Governorate ( 1795-1918 ) . Jelgava is situated on a fertile plain rising only 3.5 metres ( 11.5 feet ) above mean sea level on the right bank of the river Lielupe . At high water the plain and sometimes the town as well can be flooded . It is a railway center and is also host to Jelgava Air Base . Its importance as a railway centre can be seen by the fact that it lies at the junction of over 6 railway lines connecting Riga to Lithuania , eastern and western Latvia , and Lithuania to the Baltic sea .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '76', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A9 A9', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A9_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A9 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to third largest city of Latvia , Liepāja through Skulte , also known as Liepāja highway in Latvia . The road is part of Latvian TEN-T road network . After Liepāja , the road turns in to Latvian A11 . The length of A9 in Latvian territory is 200 kilometers . Currently A9 has 1x1 lanes in all its length . The current speed limit is 90 km/h . It is planned that around year 2020 all at-grade intersections with A9 , in the segment from Riga to Jaunbērze , would be removed , and two-level ones would be built instead , with an option to widen the A9 to 2x2 lanes in further future . from Riga until Jaunbērze , The average AADT of A9 in 2015 was 5,379 cars per day .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A9_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A9 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to third largest city of Latvia , Liepāja through Skulte , also known as Liepāja highway in Latvia . The road is part of Latvian TEN-T road network . After Liepāja , the road turns in to Latvian A11 . The length of A9 in Latvian territory is 200 kilometers . Currently A9 has 1x1 lanes in all its length . The current speed limit is 90 km/h . It is planned that around year 2020 all at-grade intersections with A9 , in the segment from Riga to Jaunbērze , would be removed , and two-level ones would be built instead , with an option to widen the A9 to 2x2 lanes in further future . from Riga until Jaunbērze , The average AADT of A9 in 2015 was 5,379 cars per day .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rīga - Skulte - Liepāja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liepāja', 'summary': 'Liepāja ( pronounced [ liepaːja ] ( listen ) ) ( see other names ) is a city in western Latvia , located on the Baltic Sea . It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region and the third largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils . It is an important ice-free port . In 2017 population of Liepāja is 69,443 people . In the 19th and early 20th century it was a favourite place for sea-bathers with the town boasting a fine park and many pretty gardens , and a theatre . Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as City where the wind is born , likely because of the constant sea breeze . A song of the same name ( Latvian : Pilsētā , kurā piedzimst vējš ) was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city . Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation ( 33 Enercon wind turbines ) nearby . The coat of arms of Liepāja was adopted four days after the jurisdiction gained city rights on 18 March 1625 . These are described as : on a silver background , the lion of Courland with a divided tail , who leans upon a linden ( Latvian : Liepa ) tree with its forelegs . The flag of Liepāja has the coat of arms in the center , with red in the top half and green in the bottom . One of the very few surviving films documenting the mass murder of Jews shot into pits at the first stages of the Holocaust is a short film by a German soldier who witnessed the massacre of Liepāja Jews in July 1941 near the lighthouse .'}]}, {'value': '199', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A10 A10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A10_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A10 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Ventspils . The road is part of the European route E22 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A10_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A10 is a national road in Latvia connecting Riga to Ventspils . The road is part of the European route E22 .'}]}, {'value': 'E22', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E22', 'summary': 'European route E22 is one of the longest European routes . It has a length of about 5,320 km ( 3,310 mi ) . Many of the E-roads have been extended into Asia since the year 2000 ; the E22 was extended on 24 June 2002 .'}]}, {'value': 'Rīga - Ventspils', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rīga', 'summary': "Riga ( /ˈriːɡə/ ; Latvian : Rīga [ ˈriːɡa ] ( listen ) ; Livonian : Rīgõ ) is the capital of Latvia and is home to 632,614 inhabitants ( 2019 ) , which is a third of Latvia 's population . Being significantly larger than other cities of Latvia , Riga is the country 's primate city . It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states ' combined population . The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea . Riga 's territory covers 307.17 km2 ( 118.60 sq mi ) and lies 1-10 m ( 3 ft 3 in-32 ft 10 in ) above sea level , on a flat and sandy plain . Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member . Riga 's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture . Riga was the European Capital of Culture in 2014 , along with Umeå in Sweden . Riga hosted the 2006 NATO Summit , the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 , the 2006 IIHF Men 's World Ice Hockey Championships and the 2013 World Women 's Curling Championship . It is home to the European Union 's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications ( BEREC ) . In 2016 , Riga received over 1.4 million visitors . The city is served by Riga International Airport , the largest and busiest airport in the Baltic states ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ventspils', 'summary': "Ventspils ( Latvian : [ ˈvæntspils ] ( listen ) ; see other names ) is a city in northwestern Latvia in the historical Courland region of Latvia , and is the sixth largest city in the country . At the beginning of 2017 , Ventspils had a population of 39,286 . It is situated on the Venta River and the Baltic Sea , and has an ice-free port . The city 's name literally means castle on the Venta , referring to the Livonian Order 's castle built alongside the Venta River . Ventspils holds the national record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Latvia with 37.8 °C ( 100.0 °F ) on 4 August 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '190', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A11 A11', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A11_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A11 is a road in Latvia connecting Liepāja to the border with Lithuania near the village of Rucava .'}, {'url': '/wiki/A11_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'The A11 is a road in Latvia connecting Liepāja to the border with Lithuania near the village of Rucava .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liepāja - Rucava ( LT border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liepāja', 'summary': 'Liepāja ( pronounced [ liepaːja ] ( listen ) ) ( see other names ) is a city in western Latvia , located on the Baltic Sea . It is the largest city in the Kurzeme Region and the third largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils . It is an important ice-free port . In 2017 population of Liepāja is 69,443 people . In the 19th and early 20th century it was a favourite place for sea-bathers with the town boasting a fine park and many pretty gardens , and a theatre . Liepāja is however known throughout Latvia as City where the wind is born , likely because of the constant sea breeze . A song of the same name ( Latvian : Pilsētā , kurā piedzimst vējš ) was composed by Imants Kalniņš and has become the anthem of the city . Its reputation as the windiest city in Latvia was strengthened with the construction of the largest wind farm in the nation ( 33 Enercon wind turbines ) nearby . The coat of arms of Liepāja was adopted four days after the jurisdiction gained city rights on 18 March 1625 . These are described as : on a silver background , the lion of Courland with a divided tail , who leans upon a linden ( Latvian : Liepa ) tree with its forelegs . The flag of Liepāja has the coat of arms in the center , with red in the top half and green in the bottom . One of the very few surviving films documenting the mass murder of Jews shot into pits at the first stages of the Holocaust is a short film by a German soldier who witnessed the massacre of Liepāja Jews in July 1941 near the lighthouse .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rucava', 'summary': 'Rucava ( Lithuanian : Rukiava , German : Rutzau ) is a village in Rucava Municipality , Latvia . Rucava had 550 residents as of 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '57', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A12 A12', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A12_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}, {'url': '/wiki/A12_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}]}, {'value': 'E22 E262', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E22', 'summary': 'European route E22 is one of the longest European routes . It has a length of about 5,320 km ( 3,310 mi ) . Many of the E-roads have been extended into Asia since the year 2000 ; the E22 was extended on 24 June 2002 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/European_route_E262', 'summary': 'European route E 262 is a road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Kaunas , Lithuania and ends in Ostrov , Pskov Oblast , Russia . The section in Lithuania from Kaunas to the Latvia border , near Zarasai is named after A6 highway . The road follows : Kaunas - Ukmergė - Daugavpils - Rēzekne - Ostrov .'}]}, {'value': 'Jēkabpils - Rēzekne - Ludza - Terehova ( RU border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jēkabpils', 'summary': 'Jēkabpils ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; German : Jakobstadt ; Polish : Jakubów ) is a city in southeastern Latvia roughly halfway between Riga and Daugavpils and spanning the Daugava River . Historic Jēkabpils lies on the left bank , in Selonia while historic Krustpils ( German : Kreutzburg ) lies on the right bank , in Latgale . The two cities were united during Soviet rule in 1962 under the Jēkabpils name , but retain their distinct regional character . Jēkabpils was also formerly home to former Soviet Jēkabpils Air Base .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rēzekne', 'summary': 'Rēzekne ( Latgalian Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrʲæːzʲækʲnʲæ ] or Rēzne pronounced [ rʲæːzʲnʲæ ] , Latvian : Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrɛːzekne ] ( listen ) ; see other names ) is a city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia . It is called The Heart of Latgale ( Latvian Latgales sirds , Latgalian Latgolys sirds ) . Built on seven hills , Rēzekne is situated 242 kilometres ( 150 miles ) east of Riga , and 63 kilometres ( 39 miles ) west of the Latvian-Russian border , at the intersection of the Moscow - Ventspils and Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railways . It has a population of 31,216 ( 2016 ) making it the 7th largest city in Latvia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ludza', 'summary': 'Ludza ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; Polish : Lucyn , German : Ludsen , Russian : Лудза , Ludza ) is a town in the Latgale region of eastern Latvia . It is located on the main Riga - Moscow road , part of European route E22 , and only 30 km from the Latvian-Russian border . The population as of 2011 was 8,931 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': '166', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A13 A13', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A13_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}, {'url': '/wiki/A13_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}]}, {'value': 'E262', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E262', 'summary': 'European route E 262 is a road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Kaunas , Lithuania and ends in Ostrov , Pskov Oblast , Russia . The section in Lithuania from Kaunas to the Latvia border , near Zarasai is named after A6 highway . The road follows : Kaunas - Ukmergė - Daugavpils - Rēzekne - Ostrov .'}]}, {'value': 'Grebņeva ( RU border ) - Rēzekne - Daugavpils - Medumi ( LT border )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rēzekne', 'summary': 'Rēzekne ( Latgalian Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrʲæːzʲækʲnʲæ ] or Rēzne pronounced [ rʲæːzʲnʲæ ] , Latvian : Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrɛːzekne ] ( listen ) ; see other names ) is a city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia . It is called The Heart of Latgale ( Latvian Latgales sirds , Latgalian Latgolys sirds ) . Built on seven hills , Rēzekne is situated 242 kilometres ( 150 miles ) east of Riga , and 63 kilometres ( 39 miles ) west of the Latvian-Russian border , at the intersection of the Moscow - Ventspils and Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railways . It has a population of 31,216 ( 2016 ) making it the 7th largest city in Latvia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daugavpils', 'summary': 'Daugavpils ( Latvian pronunciation : [ ˈdaʊɡaʊpils ] ( listen ) ; Latgalian : Daugpiļs [ ˈdaʊkʲpʲilʲsʲ ] ; Russian : Даугавпилс [ ˈdaʊɡəfpʲɪls ] ; Polish : Dyneburg ; see other names ) is a city in south-eastern Latvia , located on the banks of the Daugava River , from which the city gets its name . It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga , which is located some 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) to its north-west . Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania ( distances of 33 km ( 21 mi ) and 25 km ( 16 mi ) respectively ) , and some 120 km ( 75 mi ) from the Latvian border with Russia . Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre and lies approximately midway between Riga and Minsk , and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg . Daugavpils , then Dyneburg , was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Poland . Following the first partition of Poland in 1772 , the city became part of the Russian Empire . Since the Second World War , it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population , with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities . Historically , German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Medumi', 'summary': 'Medumi is a settlement in Medumi parish in southeastern Latvia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '163', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A14 A14', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A14_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}, {'url': '/wiki/A14_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}]}, {'value': 'E262', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E262', 'summary': 'European route E 262 is a road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Kaunas , Lithuania and ends in Ostrov , Pskov Oblast , Russia . The section in Lithuania from Kaunas to the Latvia border , near Zarasai is named after A6 highway . The road follows : Kaunas - Ukmergė - Daugavpils - Rēzekne - Ostrov .'}]}, {'value': 'Daugavpils ring road ( Tilti - Kalkūne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daugavpils', 'summary': 'Daugavpils ( Latvian pronunciation : [ ˈdaʊɡaʊpils ] ( listen ) ; Latgalian : Daugpiļs [ ˈdaʊkʲpʲilʲsʲ ] ; Russian : Даугавпилс [ ˈdaʊɡəfpʲɪls ] ; Polish : Dyneburg ; see other names ) is a city in south-eastern Latvia , located on the banks of the Daugava River , from which the city gets its name . It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga , which is located some 230 kilometres ( 143 miles ) to its north-west . Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania ( distances of 33 km ( 21 mi ) and 25 km ( 16 mi ) respectively ) , and some 120 km ( 75 mi ) from the Latvian border with Russia . Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre and lies approximately midway between Riga and Minsk , and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg . Daugavpils , then Dyneburg , was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Poland . Following the first partition of Poland in 1772 , the city became part of the Russian Empire . Since the Second World War , it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population , with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities . Historically , German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kalkūne', 'summary': 'Kalkūni is the biggest village and the administrative centre of Kalkūne Parish , Daugavpils Municipality .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A15 A15', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A15_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}, {'url': '/wiki/A15_road_(Latvia)', 'summary': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia :'}]}, {'value': 'E262', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/European_route_E262', 'summary': 'European route E 262 is a road part of the International E-road network . It begins in Kaunas , Lithuania and ends in Ostrov , Pskov Oblast , Russia . The section in Lithuania from Kaunas to the Latvia border , near Zarasai is named after A6 highway . The road follows : Kaunas - Ukmergė - Daugavpils - Rēzekne - Ostrov .'}]}, {'value': 'Rēzekne ring road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rēzekne', 'summary': 'Rēzekne ( Latgalian Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrʲæːzʲækʲnʲæ ] or Rēzne pronounced [ rʲæːzʲnʲæ ] , Latvian : Rēzekne pronounced [ ˈrɛːzekne ] ( listen ) ; see other names ) is a city in the Rēzekne River valley in Latgale region of eastern Latvia . It is called The Heart of Latgale ( Latvian Latgales sirds , Latgalian Latgolys sirds ) . Built on seven hills , Rēzekne is situated 242 kilometres ( 150 miles ) east of Riga , and 63 kilometres ( 39 miles ) west of the Latvian-Russian border , at the intersection of the Moscow - Ventspils and Warsaw - Saint Petersburg Railways . It has a population of 31,216 ( 2016 ) making it the 7th largest city in Latvia .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'State Main Roads', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Roads_in_Latvia_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of National Roads in Latvia:'}
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The shortest national road traverses and area constructed on seven what ?
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hills
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0344211360085b6f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics', 'title': 'List of doping cases in athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Country', 'Event', 'Date of violation', 'Banned substance ( s ) / Anti-doping rule violation', 'Sanction'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gina Coello Tache', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gina_Coello', 'summary': "Gina Coello ( born 2 October 1962 ) is a Honduran long-distance runner . She competed in the women 's marathon at the 2000 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Honduras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honduras', 'summary': "Honduras ( /hɒnˈdjʊərəs , -ˈdʊər-/ ( listen ) , /-æs/ ; Spanish : [ onˈduɾas ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Honduras ( Spanish : República de Honduras ) , is a country in Central America . The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala , to the southwest by El Salvador , to the southeast by Nicaragua , to the south by the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Fonseca , and to the north by the Gulf of Honduras , a large inlet of the Caribbean Sea . Honduras was home to several important Mesoamerican cultures , most notably the Maya , before the Spanish Colonization in the sixteenth century . The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism and the now predominant Spanish language , along with numerous customs that have blended with the indigenous culture . Honduras became independent in 1821 and has since been a republic , although it has consistently endured much social strife and political instability , and remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere . In 1960 , the northern part of what was the Mosquito Coast was transferred from Nicaragua to Honduras by the International Court of Justice . The nation 's economy is primarily agricultural , making it especially vulnerable to natural disasters such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998 . The lower class is primarily agriculturally based while wealth is concentrated in the country 's urban centers . Honduras has a Human Development Index of 0.625 , classifying it as a nation with medium development . When the Index is adjusted for income inequality , its Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is 0.443 . Honduran society is predominantly Mestizo ; however , American Indian , black and white individuals also live in Honduras ( 2017 ) . The nation had a relatively high political stability until its 2009 coup and again with the 2017 presidential election ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandrolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregg Tafralis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Tafralis', 'summary': "Gregg Tafralis ( Gregory Louis Tafralis ; born April 9 , 1958 in San Francisco , California ) is a former track and field athlete from the United States , who set the best world year performance in the men 's shot put event in 1992 . He competed for his native country at the 1988 Summer Olympics , finishing in ninth place . He won two silver medals at the Pan American Games , first in 1987 and then in 1995 . The second medal , however , was taken away from him because of a positive test for steroids at an earlier meet . After his suspension ran out in 1999 , Tafralis tested positive for a banned substance methandienone and was banned for life . His personal best throw was 21.98 metres , achieved in May 1988 in Los Gatos . His son Adam , was a college football quarterback for San Jose State University who currently plays for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995 1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methandienone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methandienone', 'summary': 'Metandienone , also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is mostly no longer used . It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes . It is often taken by mouth . Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire , estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement , and liver damage . The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects . It also has moderate estrogenic effects . Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States . As the CIBA product Dianabol , metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes , and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use . It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders . Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico , and is also manufactured in some Asian countries .'}]}, {'value': '2 years ( Reduced from 4 years ) Life ban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teddy Tamgho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teddy_Tamgho', 'summary': "Teddy Tamgho ( born 15 June 1989 ) is a French triple jumper and long jumper . He specialises in the triple jump . He is the current triple jump world indoor record holder at 17.92 m , achieved in winning the final and gold medal at the 2011 European Indoor Championships . He is the world 's sixth best ever triple jumper outdoors , with his best mark of 18.04 metres achieved in winning the final and gold medal at the 2013 World Championships . Tamgho 's first triple jump gold medal came at the 2008 World Junior Championships and he reached the triple jump final ( where he finished in 11th position ) of the World Championships the following year . He came to prominence by setting his first triple jump world indoor record of 17.90 m in winning the triple jump final and gold medal at the 2010 World Indoor Championships . He was the triple jump overall winner of the 2010 IAAF Diamond League and the triple jump bronze medallist at the 2010 European Championships . Tamgho missed the 2012 London Olympics because of an operation on his right ankle . Tamgho also mentors fellow French triple jumper Rouguy Diallo , who won the gold medal at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics in Eugene , Oregon ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 whereabouts failures', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Tanui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Tanui', 'summary': 'William Kiptarus Tanui ( born 22 February 1964 ) is a Kenyan former athlete , winner of 800 m at the 1992 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Kenya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenya', 'summary': "Kenya ( /ˈkɛnjə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Kenya ( Swahili : Jamhuri ya Kenya ) , is a country in Africa with 47 semiautonomous counties governed by elected governors . At 580,367 square kilometres ( 224,081 sq mi ) , Kenya is the world 's 48th largest country by total area . With a population of more than 47.6 million people , Kenya is the 29th most populous country . Kenya 's capital and largest city is Nairobi , while its oldest city and first capital is the coastal city of Mombasa . Kisumu City is the third largest city and also an inland port on Lake Victoria . Other important urban centres include Nakuru and Eldoret . Kenya is bordered by South Sudan to the northwest , Ethiopia to the north , Somalia to the east , Uganda to the west , Tanzania to the south , and the Indian Ocean to the southeast . According to archaeological dating of associated artifacts and skeletal material , the Cushites first settled in the lowlands of Kenya between 3,200 and 1,300 BC , a phase referred to as the Lowland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic . Nilotic-speaking pastoralists ( ancestral to Kenya 's Nilotic speakers ) started migrating from present-day southern Sudan into Kenya around 500 BC . European colonisation of Kenya began in the 19th century during the European exploration of the interior . Modern-day Kenya emerged from a protectorate established by the British Empire in 1895 and the subsequent Kenya Colony , which began in 1920 . Numerous disputes between the UK and the colony led to the Mau Mau revolution , which began in 1952 , and the subsequent declaration of independence in 1963 ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ephedrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ephedrine', 'summary': 'Ephedrine is a medication and stimulant . It is often used to prevent low blood pressure during spinal anesthesia . It has also been used for asthma , narcolepsy , and obesity but is not the preferred treatment . It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion . It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle , vein , or just under the skin . Onset with intravenous use is fast , while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes , and by mouth can take an hour for effect . When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours . Common side effects include trouble sleeping , anxiety , headache , hallucinations , high blood pressure , fast heart rate , loss of appetite , and inability to urinate . Serious side effects include stroke , heart attack , and abuse . While likely safe in pregnancy , its use in this population is poorly studied . Use during breastfeeding is not recommended . Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yoel Tapia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yoel_Tapia', 'summary': "Yoel Armando Tapia Gómez ( born September 11 , 1984 in Monte Cristi ) is a Dominican sprinter , who specialized in the 400 metres . He won two medals for the national relay team at the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , and also , at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara , Mexico . Tapia competed for the men 's 4 × 400 m relay at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , along with his teammates Pedro Mejía , Arismendy Peguero , and Carlos Yohelin Santa . He ran on the anchor leg of the second heat , with an individual-split time of 45.79 seconds . Tapia and his team finished the relay in last place for a seasonal best time of 3:04.31 , failing to advance into the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Dominican Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominican_Republic', 'summary': 'The Dominican Republic ( /dəˈmɪnɪkən/ də-MIN-ik-ən ; Spanish : República Dominicana , pronounced [ reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana ] ( listen ) ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region . It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island , which it shares with the Republic of Haiti , making Hispaniola one of only two Caribbean islands , along with Saint Martin , that are shared by two sovereign states . The Dominican Republic is the second-largest nation in the Antilles by area ( after Cuba ) at 48,671 square kilometers ( 18,792 sq mi ) , and third by population with approximately 10.5 million people ( 2020 est . ) , of whom approximately 3.3 million live in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo , the capital city . The native Taíno people had inhabited Hispaniola before the arrival of the Europeans , dividing it into five chiefdoms . The Taíno people had eventually moved north over many years , and lived around the Caribbean islands . The Taíno natives had done quite well for themselves and were on their way to being an organized civilization . Christopher Columbus explored and claimed the island , landing here on his first voyage in 1492 . The colony of Santo Domingo became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas , the oldest continuously inhabited city , and the first seat of the Spanish colonial rule in the New World . Meanwhile , France occupied the western third of Hispaniola , naming their colony Saint-Domingue , which became the independent state of Haiti in 1804 . After more than three hundred years of Spanish rule the Dominican people declared independence in November 1821 . The leader of the independence movement José Núñez de Cáceres , intended the Dominican nation to unite with the country of Gran Colombia , but the newly independent Dominicans were forcefully annexed by Haiti in February 1822 .'}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Methylhexaneamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methylhexaneamine', 'summary': 'Methylhexanamine ( also known as methylhexamine , 1,3-dimethylamylamine , 1,3-DMAA , dimethylamylamine , and DMAA ; trade names Forthane and Geranamine ) is an indirect sympathomimetic drug invented and developed by Eli Lilly and Company and marketed as an inhaled nasal decongestant from 1948 until it was voluntarily withdrawn from the market in the 1970s . Since 2006 methylhexanamine has been sold extensively under many names as a stimulant or energy-boosting dietary supplement under the claim that it is similar to certain compounds found in geraniums , but its safety has been questioned as a number of adverse events and at least five deaths have been associated with methylhexanamine-containing supplements . It is banned by many sports authorities and governmental agencies . Despite multiple warning letters from the FDA , as of 2019 , the stimulant remains available in sports and weight loss supplements .'}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kory Tarpenning', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kory_Tarpenning', 'summary': 'Kory Merrill Tarpenning ( born February 27 , 1962 in Portland , Oregon ) is a retired American pole vaulter best known for finishing fourth at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , having previously competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anabolic steroids', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anabolic_steroids', 'summary': 'Anabolic steroids , also known more properly as anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS ) , are steroidal androgens that include natural androgens like testosterone as well as synthetic androgens that are structurally related and have similar effects to testosterone . They are anabolic and increase protein within cells , especially in skeletal muscles , and also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects , including induction of the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of facial and body hair . The word anabolic , referring to anabolism , comes from the Greek ἀναβολή anabole , that which is thrown up , mound . Androgens or AAS are one of three types of sex hormone agonists , the others being estrogens like estradiol and progestogens like progesterone . AAS were synthesized in the 1930s , and are now used therapeutically in medicine to stimulate muscle growth and appetite , induce male puberty and treat chronic wasting conditions , such as cancer and AIDS . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS , in the presence of adequate diet , can contribute to increases in body weight , often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high-intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals . Health risks can be produced by long-term use or excessive doses of AAS . These effects include harmful changes in cholesterol levels ( increased low-density lipoprotein and decreased high-density lipoprotein ) , acne , high blood pressure , liver damage ( mainly with most oral AAS ) , and dangerous changes in the structure of the left ventricle of the heart . These risks are further increased when , as they often do , athletes take steroids alongside other drugs , causing significantly more damage to their bodies . The effect of anabolic steroids on the heart can cause myocardial infarction and strokes . Conditions pertaining to hormonal imbalances such as gynecomastia and testicular size reduction may also be caused by AAS . In women and children , AAS can cause irreversible masculinization .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angella Taylor-Issajenko', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angella_Taylor-Issajenko', 'summary': 'Angella Taylor-Issajenko , CM ( née Taylor ; born September 28 , 1958 ) is a Canadian coach and former sprinter . She won an Olympic silver medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay in Los Angeles 1984 . At the Commonwealth Games she won seven medals , including the 100 metres title in Brisbane 1982 and the 200 metres in Edinburgh 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979-1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Self admittance of steroid use ( Dubin inquiry ) : metandienone , oxandrolone , metenolone enanthate , nandrolone , human growth hormone , L-dopa , testosterone , Inosine , Furazabol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metandienone', 'summary': 'Metandienone , also known as methandienone or methandrostenolone and sold under the brand name Dianabol among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is mostly no longer used . It is also used non-medically for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes . It is often taken by mouth . Side effects of metandienone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire , estrogenic effects like fluid retention and breast enlargement , and liver damage . The drug is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and has strong anabolic effects and moderate androgenic effects . It also has moderate estrogenic effects . Metandienone was originally developed in 1955 by CIBA and marketed in Germany and the United States . As the CIBA product Dianabol , metandienone quickly became the first widely used AAS among professional and amateur athletes , and remains the most common orally active AAS for non-medical use . It is currently a controlled substance in the United States and United Kingdom and remains popular among bodybuilders . Metandienone is readily available without a prescription in certain countries such as Mexico , and is also manufactured in some Asian countries .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oxandrolone', 'summary': 'Oxandrolone , sold under the brand names Oxandrin and Anavar , among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used to help promote weight gain in various situations , to help offset protein catabolism caused by long-term corticosteroid therapy , to support recovery from severe burns , to treat bone pain associated with osteoporosis , to aid in the development of girls with Turner syndrome , and for other indications . It is taken by mouth . Side effects of oxandrolone include symptoms of masculinization such as acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid , hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone . It has strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women . Oxandrolone was first described in 1962 and was introduced for medical use in 1964 . It is used mostly in the United States . In addition to its medical use , oxandrolone is used to improve physique and performance . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries , so nonmedical use is generally illicit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate', 'summary': 'Metenolone enanthate , or methenolone enanthate , sold under the brand names Primobolan Depot and Nibal Injection , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure . It is given by injection into muscle . Although it was widely used in the past , the drug has mostly been discontinued and hence is now mostly no longer available . A related drug , metenolone acetate , is taken by mouth . Side effects of metenolone enanthate include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage . Metenolone enanthate is a metenolone ester and a long-lasting prodrug of metenolone in the body . Metenolone enanthate was introduced for medical use in 1962 . In addition to its medical use , metenolone enanthate is used to improve physique and performance . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit . It remains marketed for medical use only in a few countries , such as Spain and Turkey .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Human_growth_hormone', 'summary': "Growth hormone ( GH ) or somatotropin , also known as human growth hormone ( hGH or HGH ) in its human form , is a peptide hormone that stimulates growth , cell reproduction , and cell regeneration in humans and other animals . It is thus important in human development . GH also stimulates production of IGF-1 and increases the concentration of glucose and free fatty acids . It is a type of mitogen which is specific only to the receptors on certain types of cells . GH is a 191-amino acid , single-chain polypeptide that is synthesized , stored and secreted by somatotropic cells within the lateral wings of the anterior pituitary gland . A recombinant form of hGH called somatreopleopin ( INN ) is used as a prescription drug to treat children 's growth disorders and adult growth hormone deficiency . In the United States , it is only available legally from pharmacies by prescription from a licensed health care provider . In recent years in the United States , some health care providers are prescribing growth hormone in the elderly to increase vitality . While legal , the efficacy and safety of this use for HGH has not been tested in a clinical trial . Many of the functions of hGH remain unknown . In its role as an anabolic agent , HGH has been used by competitors in sports since at least 1982 , and has been banned by the IOC and NCAA . Traditional urine analysis does not detect doping with HGH , so the ban was not enforced until the early 2000s , when blood tests that could distinguish between natural and artificial HGH were starting to be developed ."}, {'url': '/wiki/L-dopa', 'summary': "l-DOPA , also known as levodopa and l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine , is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of humans , as well as some animals and plants . Humans , as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize l-DOPA in their biology , make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid l-tyrosine . l-DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine , norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) , and epinephrine ( adrenaline ) , which are collectively known as catecholamines . Furthermore , l-DOPA itself mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS . l-DOPA can be manufactured and in its pure form is sold as a psychoactive drug with the INN levodopa ; trade names include Sinemet , Pharmacopa , Atamet , Stalevo , Madopar , and Prolopa . As a drug , it is used in the clinical treatment of Parkinson 's disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia . l-DOPA has a counterpart with opposite chirality , d-DOPA . As is true for many molecules , the human body produces only one of these isomers ( the l-DOPA form ) . The enantiomeric purity of l-DOPA may be analyzed by determination of the optical rotation or by chiral thin-layer chromatography ( chiral TLC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Inosine', 'summary': 'Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring ( also known as a ribofuranose ) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond . Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base pairs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Furazabol', 'summary': 'Furazabol ( INN , JAN ) ( brand names Frazalon , Miotalon , Qu Zhi Shu ) , also known as androfurazanol , is a synthetic , orally active anabolic-androgenic steroid which has been marketed in Japan since 1969 . It is a 17α-alkylated derivative of dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) and is closely related structurally to stanozolol , differing from it only by having a furazan ring system instead of pyrazole . Furazabol has a relatively high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity . As with other 17α-alkylated AAS , it may have a risk of hepatotoxicity . The drug has been described as an antihyperlipidemic and is claimed to be useful in the treatment of atherosclerosis and hypercholesterolemia , but according to William Llewellyn , such properties of furazabol are a myth .'}]}, {'value': 'Loss of national and world records', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gladys Tejeda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Tejeda', 'summary': 'Gladys Lucy Tejeda Pucuhuaranga ( born 30 September 1985 in Jauja , Junín ) is a Peruvian long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'Peru', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peru', 'summary': 'Peru ( /pəˈruː/ ( listen ) ; Spanish : Perú [ peˈɾu ] ; Quechua : Piruw Republika [ pʰɪɾʊw ] ; Aymara : Piruw Suyu [ pɪɾʊw ] ) , officially the Republic of Peru ( Spanish : República del Perú ( help·info ) ) , is a country in western South America . It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia , in the east by Brazil , in the southeast by Bolivia , in the south by Chile , and in the west by the Pacific Ocean . Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains vertically extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon Basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon river . At 1.28 million km2 ( 0.5 million mi2 ) , Peru is the 19th largest country in the world , and the third largest in South America . Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures . Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization starting in 3500 BC , the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization , to the Inca Empire , the largest state in pre-Columbian America , the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE . The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American colonies , with its capital in Lima . Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821 , and following the military campaigns of José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar , and the decisive battle of Ayacucho , Peru completed its independence in 1824 . In the ensuing years , the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability , which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific with Chile . Throughout the 20th century , Peru endured armed territorial disputes , coups , social unrest , and internal conflicts , as well as periods of stability and economic upswing . Alberto Fujimori was elected to the presidency in 1990 ; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path insurgency , though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent . Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned until his pardon by President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Furosemide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furosemide', 'summary': "Furosemide , sold under the brand name Lasix among others , is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure , liver scarring , or kidney disease . It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth . When taken by mouth , it typically begins working within an hour , while intravenously , it typically begins working within five minutes . Common side effects include feeling lightheaded with standing , ringing in the ears , and sensitivity to light . Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities , low blood pressure , and hearing loss . Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment . Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys . Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 0.004 and US $ 0.02 per day . In the United States , it is available as a generic medication and costs about US $ 0.15 per day ."}]}, {'value': '6 months', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lucimar Teodoro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucimar_Teodoro', 'summary': "Lucimar Teodoro ( born 1 May 1981 ) is a Brazilian track and field athlete who specialises in the 400 metres sprint and the 400 metres hurdles . Teodoro was born in Guararapes , São Paulo and began competing in senior athletics in 2001 . She attended her first Olympics at the 2004 Athens Games as part of the 4×400 metres relay team . However , the team did not reach the final of the event . Teodoro won both the sprint and hurdling 400 m titles at the 2005 national championships and reached the semi-finals of sprint event at the 2005 World Championships in Athletics . She competed at the following World Championships in Osaka , this time in the 400 m hurdles , but did not progress to the finals . At the 2008 Beijing Olympics Teodoro represented Brazil in the 400 m hurdles , and the 4×400 metres relay . She set a new South American record in the 400 m hurdles with a time of 55.84 seconds in Belém at the Grande Prêmio Brasil Caixa meet in May 2009 . Following this , she finished second at the Troféu Brasil Caixa de Atletismo to Luciana França , who challenged Teodoro 's record by running a new personal best of 55.90 seconds . In July , she won the gold at the 2009 Lusophony Games . However , she tested positive for banned substances ( Fenproporex ) soon after and was provisionally banned from competition and was not selected for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . After admitting her use of a banned substance , she was suspended from competition for the minimum of two years by the Brazilian Athletics Confederation ."}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brazil', 'summary': "Brazil ( Portuguese : Brasil ; Portuguese pronunciation : [ bɾaˈziw ] ) , [ nt 1 ] officially the Federative Republic of Brazil ( Portuguese : República Federativa do Brasil , listen ( help·info ) ) , is the largest country in both South America and Latin America . At 8.5 million square kilometers ( 3.2 million square miles ) and with over 211 million people , Brazil is the world 's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous . Its capital is Brasília , and its most populous city is São Paulo . The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states , the Federal District , and the 5,570 municipalities . It is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language and the only one in the Americas ; it is also one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations , due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world . Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east , Brazil has a coastline of 7,491 kilometers ( 4,655 mi ) . It borders all other countries in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers 47.3% of the continent 's land area . Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest , home to diverse wildlife , a variety of ecological systems , and extensive natural resources spanning numerous protected habitats . This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries , and is the subject of significant global interest and debate regarding deforestation and environmental protection . Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral , who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire . Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808 , when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro . In 1815 , the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fenproporex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fenproporex', 'summary': 'Fenproporex ( Perphoxene ) is a stimulant drug of the phenethylamine and amphetamine chemical classes that was developed in the 1960s . It is used as an appetite suppressant for the treatment of obesity . Fenproporex produces amphetamine as a metabolite and was withdrawn in many countries following problems with abuse , but it is still prescribed in some countries . It is sometimes combined with benzodiazepines , antidepressants , and other compounds to create a version of the rainbow diet pill . Fenproporex has never been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for sale in the US due to lack of efficacy and safety data . However , in March 2009 , the FDA warned consumers that it has been detected as an unlabeled component of diet pills available over the Internet . Fenproporex is designated a Schedule IV controlled substance in the US pursuant to the Controlled Substances Act . Fenproporex is on the list of substances banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency , and any sportsperson testing positive for the substance faces a ban from competition .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olga Tereshkova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olga_Tereshkova', 'summary': "Olga Tereshkova ( née Tsykunova ; born 26 October 1984 ) is a Kazakh former sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres . At the age of 16 , she just missed out on a medal in the 400 m at the 2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics . Following this she made a number of appearances with the 4 x 400 metres relay team , taking silver at the 2002 Asian Games . She made her first appearance on the senior world stage when she took part in the 4 x 400 relay race at the 2003 World Championships in Athletics . She won further silver relay medals at the 2005 Asian Athletics Championships and the 2006 Asian Games . She also made her first impact in the individual senior events at the Asian Games , beating Manjit Kaur to the gold in the 400 m. She set her personal best time of 51.62 seconds at the 2007 Universiade in Bangkok . She was knocked out in the heats at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics , but she had regional success soon after , taking bronze at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games . She also won gold with the women 's Kazakhstan relay team , setting an Asian Indoor Games record in the process . She represented her country in the 400 metres race at the 2008 Beijing Olympics , but she was again knocked out at the heats stage . Tereshkova competed at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games and reached the 400 m final but did not manage to win a medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Kazakhstan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kazakhstan', 'summary': "Kazakhstan , [ b ] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan , [ c ] is a transcontinental country largely located in Central Asia with the most western parts of it being located in Eastern Europe . It is the world 's largest landlocked country , and the ninth largest country in the world , with an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres ( 1,052,100 sq mi ) . Kazakhstan is the most dominant nation of Central Asia economically , generating 60% of the region 's GDP , primarily through its oil and gas industry . It also has vast mineral resources . Kazakhstan is officially a democratic , secular , unitary , constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage . Kazakhstan shares borders with Russia , China , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , and Turkmenistan , and also adjoins a large part of the Caspian Sea . The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands , steppe , taiga , rock canyons , hills , deltas , snow-capped mountains , and deserts . Kazakhstan has an estimated 18.3 million people as of 2018 [ update ] . Its population density is among the lowest , at less than 6 people per square kilometre ( 15 people per sq mi ) . Since 1997 and independence , the capital is Nur-Sultan , formerly known as Astana . It was moved from Almaty , the country 's largest city . The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires ."}]}, {'value': '400 metres', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone Methyltestosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Methyltestosterone', 'summary': 'Methyltestosterone , sold under the brand names Android , Metandren , and Testred among others , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) medication which is used in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , delayed puberty in boys , at low doses as a component of menopausal hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms like hot flashes , osteoporosis , and low sexual desire in women , and to treat breast cancer in women . It is taken by mouth or held in the cheek or under the tongue . Side effects of methyltestosterone include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . It can also cause estrogenic effects like fluid retention , breast tenderness , and breast enlargement in men and liver damage . The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . It has moderate androgenic effects and moderate anabolic effects , which make it useful for producing masculinization . Methyltestosterone was discovered in 1935 and was introduced for medical use in 1936 . It was made shortly after the discovery of testosterone and was one of the first synthetic AAS to be developed . In addition to its medical use , methyltestosterone is used to improve physique and performance , although it is not as commonly used as other AAS for such purposes due to its androgenic effects , estrogenic effects , and risk of liver damage . The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years Life ban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ana Mirela Ţermure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ana_Mirela_Ţermure', 'summary': "Ana Mirela Țermure ( born 13 January 1975 in Căianu Mic , Bistrița-Năsăud County ) is a retired javelin thrower from Romania . Termure 's personal best was 65.08 metres in Bucharest on June 10 , 2001 . She tested positive for norandrosterone at the 2001 IAAF World Championships and received a two-year doping ban ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norandrosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norandrosterone', 'summary': '19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ekaterini Thanou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ekaterini_Thanou', 'summary': 'Ekaterini Thanou ( Greek : Αικατερίνη Θάνου , [ ekateˈrini ˈθanu ] ; born 1 February 1975 ) , also known as Katerina Thanou , is a Greek former sprinter . She won numerous medals in the 100 metres , including an Olympic silver medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia , while she was the 2002 European champion in Munich , Germany . She had also been crowned world and European champion in the 60 metres at the indoor championships . In 2007 , Marion Jones , who won in the 100 metres at the 2000 Olympics leaving Thanou in the second place , admitted that she had used steroids and her gold medal was withdrawn by the International Olympic Committee , but was not reallocated to Thanou due to the fact that she was also involved in doping . [ a ]'}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missed tests', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Kibocha Theuri', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Long distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whereabouts failures', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1 year', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheryl Thibedeau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987 1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Self admittance of steroid use ( Dubin inquiry )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years Life ban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsholofelo Thipe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsholofelo_Thipe', 'summary': 'Tsholofelo Thipe ( née Selemela ) ( born 9 December 1986 ) is a South African sprinter , who specialized in the 400 metres . She set a personal best time of 51.15 seconds by winning the 400 metres event at the 2009 South African Championships in Stellenbosch . She was born in Rustenburg , North West Province .'}]}, {'value': 'South Africa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Africa', 'summary': "South Africa , officially the Republic of South Africa ( RSA ) , is the southernmost country in Africa . It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres ( 1,739 mi ) of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans ; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia , Botswana , and Zimbabwe ; and to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini ( Swaziland ) ; and it surrounds the enclaved country of Lesotho . South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and , with over 58 million people , is also the world 's 24th-most populous nation . It is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Old World or the Eastern Hemisphere . About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry , divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages , nine of which have official status . The remaining population consists of Africa 's largest communities of European , Asian ( Indian ) , and multiracial ( Coloured ) ancestry . South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures , languages , and religions . Its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution 's recognition of 11 official languages , which is the fourth-highest number in the world . Two of these languages are of European origin : Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans ; English reflects the legacy of British colonialism , and is commonly used in public and commercial life , though it is fourth-ranked as a spoken first language . The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état , and regular elections have been held for almost a century . However , the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994 . During the 20th century , the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority , with this struggle playing a large role in the country 's recent history and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Sprinting', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norandrosterone , testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norandrosterone', 'summary': '19-Norandrosterone , also known as 5α-estran-3α-ol-17-one , is a metabolite of nandrolone ( 19-nortestosterone ) and bolandione ( 19-norandrostenedione ) that is formed by 5α-reductase . It is on the list of substances prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency since it is a detectable metabolite of nandrolone , an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . Consumption of androstendione products contaminated with traces of bolandione may also result in testing positive for nandrolone . Traces of 19-norandrosterone may be naturally present in human urine . An experiment conducted on athletes showed that after a prolonged intense effort , the 19-norandrosterone concentration can be increased by a factor varying between 2 and 4 , but another study failed to replicate the result . Concentration also increases in the urine of female athletes during menstruation . The consumption of edible parts of a non-castrated pig , containing 19-nortestosterone , has been shown to result in the excretion of 19-norandrosterone in the following hours , so athletes should prudently avoid meals composed of pig offal in the hours preceding doping tests . Consumption of boar meat , liver , kidneys and heart also increased 19-norandrosterone output .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Thomas_(athlete)', 'summary': "Eric Ashley Thomas ( born December 1 , 1973 in Carthage , Texas ) is a male hurdler from the United States , who represented his native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , Australia . He set his personal best ( 47.94 ) in the men 's 400 m hurdles event on June 13 , 2000 in Rome , Italy ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Hurdling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modafinil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modafinil', 'summary': 'Modafinil , sold under the brand name Provigil among others , is a medication to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy , shift work sleep disorder , or obstructive sleep apnea . While it has seen off-label use as a purported cognitive enhancer , the research on its effectiveness for this use is not conclusive . It is taken by mouth . Common side effects include headache , anxiety , trouble sleeping , and nausea . Serious side effects may include allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis , Stevens-Johnson syndrome , misuse , and hallucinations . It is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe . The amount of medication used may need to be adjusted in those with kidney or liver problems . It is not recommended in those with an arrhythmia , significant hypertension , or left ventricular hypertrophy . How it works is not entirely clear . One possibility is that it may affect the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle . Modafinil was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998 . In the United States it is classified as a schedule IV controlled substance .'}]}, {'value': 'Disqualification and public warning', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Susen Tiedtke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Susen_Tiedtke', 'summary': 'Susen Tiedtke ( born 23 January 1969 in East Berlin , East Germany ) is a German former long jumper , who took part in two editions of the Summer Olympics and won a silver and a bronze medal at the IAAF World Indoor Championships in Athletics in 1993 and 1995 respectively . Tiedtke represented Germany in the long jump at the 1992 Olympic Games , where she finished 8th , and the 2000 Olympic Games , where she finished 5th . At the 1992 games , Tiedtke had originally finished ninth , but was promoted to eighth after the drugs disqualification of Nijole Medvedeva . This would also happen in 2000 when she was promoted from sixth to fifth after the drugs disqualification of Marion Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turinabol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turinabol', 'summary': 'Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone ( CDMT ; brand name Oral Turinabol ) , also known as 4-chloro-17β-hydroxy17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one , is an anabolic-androgenic steroid ( AAS ) . It is the 4-chloro-substituted derivative of metandienone ( dehydromethyltestosterone ) .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Khalid Tighazouine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khalid_Tighazouine', 'summary': 'Khalid Tighazouine ( born 18 June 1977 ) is a Moroccan middle distance runner who specializes in the 800 metres . His personal best time over the distance is 1:45.27 minutes , achieved in September 2001 in Beijing . In July 2004 Tighazouine tested positive for the drug nandrolone , and received a suspension from the IAAF which lasted until July 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'Morocco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morocco', 'summary': "Morocco ( /məˈrɒkoʊ/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : المغرب , romanized : al-maġhrib , lit . 'place the sun sets ; the west ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : lmeɣrib ; French : Maroc ) , officially the Kingdom of Morocco ( Arabic : المملكة المغربية , romanized : al-mamlakah al-maghribiyah , lit . 'The Western Kingdom ' ; Standard Moroccan Tamazight : ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ , romanized : tageldit n lmaɣrib ; French : Royaume du Maroc ) , is a country located in the Maghreb region of North Africa . It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west , with land border with Algeria to the east and Western Sahara to the south ( status disputed ) . Morocco also claims the exclaves of Ceuta , Melilla and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera , all of them under Spanish jurisdiction , as well as several small Spanish-controlled islands of its coast . The capital is Rabat and the largest city is Casablanca . Morocco spans an area of 710,850 km2 ( 274,460 sq mi ) and has a population of over 36 million . Since the foundation of the first Moroccan state by Idris I in 788 AD , the country has been ruled by a series of independent dynasties , reaching its zenith under Almoravid and Almohad rule , when it spanned parts of Iberia and northwestern Africa . The Marinid and Saadi dynasties resisted foreign domination into the 17th century , allowing Morocco to remain the only northwest African country to avoid Ottoman occupation . The Alaouite dynasty , which rules to this day , seized power in 1631 . The country 's strategic location near the mouth of the Mediterranean attracted the interest of Europe , and in 1912 , Morocco was divided into French and Spanish protectorates , with an international zone in Tangier . It regained its independence in 1956 , and has since remained comparatively stable and prosperous by regional standards , with the fifth largest economy in Africa ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle distance', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nandrolone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nandrolone', 'summary': 'Nandrolone , also known as 19-nortestosterone , is an androgen and anabolic steroid ( AAS ) which is used in the form of esters such as nandrolone decanoate ( brand name Deca-Durabolin ) and nandrolone phenylpropionate ( brand name Durabolin ) . Nandrolone esters are used in the treatment of anemias , cachexia ( wasting syndrome ) , osteoporosis , breast cancer , and for other indications . They are not used by mouth and instead are given by injection into muscle or fat . Side effects of nandrolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne , increased hair growth , voice changes , and increased sexual desire . They are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor ( AR ) , the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) . Nandrolone esters have strong anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects , which give them a mild side effect profile and make them especially suitable for use in women and children . They are long-lasting prodrugs of nandrolone in the body . Nandrolone esters were first described and introduced for medical use in the late 1950s . They are among the most widely used AAS worldwide . In addition to their medical use , nandrolone esters are used to improve physique and performance , and are said to be the most widely used AAS for such purposes . The drugs are controlled substances in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ville Tiisanoja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ville_Tiisanoja', 'summary': "Ville Johannes Tiisanoja ( born December 24 , 1975 in Vantaa , Finland ) is a 192-cm ( 6 ' 4 ) tall Finnish shot putter who weighs 119 kg ( 260 lbs ) and competes for Kenttäurheilijat-58 in Vantaa . His personal best in the men 's shot put currently stands at 21.09 m , which he put on July 28 , 2002 in the Elite Games in Kuortane , Finland . He is coached by his father Kalle Tiisanoja . Tiisanoja is a construction foreman by trade . Although Tiisanoja does not hold any Finnish records for men 's shot put , he does hold the record for 17-year-olds from 1992 ( 19.79 m ) and the indoor shot put record for 14-year-olds from 1989 ( 13.30 m ) . In addition , Tiisanoja holds several records for discus , javelin throw and hammer throw . Tiisanoja competed in the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens , where he did not make it to the final round and ended up placing 19th thanks to his put of 19.50 in the qualifiers . Even though Tiisanoja regularly puts over 20 m , his best placing in the European Championships was a 4th place in the 2005 Indoor Championships in Madrid and 8th place in 3 World Athletics Championships . He has , however , won 3 Finnish Championships , one ( 2006 ) which he has been stripped of . Tiisanoja was the 15th member to be inducted into the 20 meter club after he successfully putted the shot 20.06 m in a competition on July 31 , 1999 in Espoo , Finland ."}]}, {'value': 'Finland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finland', 'summary': "Finland ( Finnish : Suomi [ ˈsuo̯mi ] ( listen ) ; Swedish : Finland [ ˈfɪ̌nland ] ( listen ) , Finland Swedish : [ ˈfinlɑnd ] ) , officially the Republic of Finland ( Finnish : Suomen tasavalta , Swedish : Republiken Finland ( listen to all ) ) , [ note 1 ] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic Sea , Gulf of Bothnia , and Gulf of Finland , between Sweden to the west , Russia to the east , Estonia to the south , and north-eastern Norway to the north . The capital and largest city is Helsinki . Other major cities are Espoo , Tampere , Vantaa , Oulu , Turku , Jyväskylä , Lahti and Kuopio . Finland 's population is 5.52 million as of July 2019 , the majority of whom live in the central and south of the country and speak Finnish , a Finnic language from the Uralic language family , unrelated to the Scandinavian languages . Finland is the eighth-largest country in Europe and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union . It is a parliamentary republic of 310 municipalities , and includes an autonomous region , the Åland Islands . Over 1.4 million people live in the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area , which produces one third of the country 's GDP . Swedish is the second official language of Finland , which is mainly spoken in certain coastal areas and on Åland . A large majority of Finns are members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church . Finland was inhabited when the last ice age ended , approximately 9000 BC . Comb Ceramic culture introduced pottery 5200 BC and Corded Ware culture coincided with the start of agriculture between 3000 and 2500 BC . The Bronze Age and Iron Age were characterised by extensive contacts with other cultures in the Fennoscandian and Baltic regions ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Testosterone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Testosterone', 'summary': 'Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and anabolic steroid . In male humans , testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate , as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass , and the growth of body hair . In addition , testosterone is involved in health and well-being , and the prevention of osteoporosis . Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss . Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively . It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites . It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor . In humans and most other vertebrates , testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and , to a lesser extent , the ovaries of females . On average , in adult males , levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females . As the metabolism of testosterone in males is more pronounced , the daily production is about 20 times greater in men . Females are also more sensitive to the hormone . In addition to its role as a natural hormone , testosterone is used as a medication in the treatment of low testosterone levels in men , transgender hormone therapy for transgender men , and breast cancer in women .'}]}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irina Timofeyeva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irina_Timofeyeva', 'summary': 'Irina Nikolayevna Timofeyeva ( Russian : Ирина Николаевна Тимофеева ; born 5 April 1970 ) is a Russian long-distance runner who specializes in running the marathon . She won the Singapore Marathon in 2005 and the Paris Marathon in 2006 . She ran for Russia at the 2008 Summer Olympics , placing seventh in the marathon race . She won the Nagano Olympic Commemorative Marathon in 2009 . She was banned from the sport for two years , starting 6 September 2016 , due to abnormalities in her biological passport .'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bilogical passport', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 years', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'T', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_doping_cases_in_athletics_19', 'intro': "The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. Many high-profile sportspeople to receive doping bans have come from the sport of athletics, with significant past cases concerning Ben Johnson, Lance Armstrong, Alberto Contador, Shane Warne, Diego Maradona, Shoaib Akhtar, Marion Jones and Tim Montgomery. Furthermore, a number of athletes who underwent state-sponsored doping programmes in East Germany between the 1960s and 1980s were competitors in athletics, but the quality of the international anti-doping work was so poor that only one East German athlete ever tested positive. Following allegations of state-sponsored doping in Russia, the IAAF suspended the country's athletes from competition, including the 2016 Summer Olympics."}
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Which sport did the athlete on the list win in , who comes from the country that is the word 's 48th largest by area ?
|
800 m
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034470ab80f26a2e
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_La_Libertad', 'title': 'Department of La Libertad', 'header': ['Nº', 'Province', 'Population Cens . 2007', 'Capital', 'Mayor'], 'data': [{'value': '1°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo_Province,_Peru', 'summary': 'Trujillo Province is one of twelve provinces in La Libertad Region in Peru .'}]}, {'value': '811,979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Trujillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trujillo,_Peru', 'summary': "Trujillo ( /truːˈhiːjoʊ/ troo-HEE-yoh , Spanish : [ tɾuˈxiʝo ] ; Quechua : Truhillu ) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad . It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru . It is located on the banks of the Moche River , near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean , in the Moche Valley . This was a site of the great prehistoric Moche and Chimu cultures before the Inca conquest and subsequent expansion . The Independence of Trujillo from Spain was proclaimed in the Historic Centre of Trujillo on December 29 , 1820 , and the city was honored in 1822 by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the title Meritorious City and Faithful to the Fatherland , for its role in the fight for Peruvian independence . Trujillo is the birthplace of Peru 's judiciary , and it was twice designated as the capital of the country . It was the scene of the Revolution of Trujillo in 1932 . Trujillo is considered the cradle of liberty and cradle of the judiciary in Peru . Trujillo is also known as the City of Everlasting Spring , is considered the Capital of the Marinera , a traditional dance in Peru , Cradle of the Peruvian Paso horse , as well as the Capital of Culture of Peru . It has sponsored numerous national and international cultural events , and has a lively arts community . Current festivals include the National Marinera Festival , the Trujillo Spring Festival and the International Book Festival , which is one of the most important cultural events in the country . Trujillo is close to two major archeological sites of pre-Columbian monuments : Chan Chan , the largest adobe city in the ancient world , designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1986 ; and the temples of the Sun and Moon ( the largest adobe pyramid in Peru ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Marcelo Jacinto', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chepén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepén_Province', 'summary': 'Chepén Province is one of the twelve provinces that make up the La Libertad Region of Peru . It is bordered on the north by the Lambayeque Region , on the east by the Cajamarca Region , on the south by Pacasmayo Province , and on the west by the Pacific Ocean . The capital of the Chepén province is the city of Chepén .'}]}, {'value': '75,980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chepén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chepén', 'summary': 'Chepén is a city of La Libertad Region and capital of the Chepén Province , in Peru . The city is a rice production center with the valleys of Chepén and Jequetepeque , and has an active trading with neighboring Guadalupe , Pacasmayo and San Pedro de Lloc and other towns . It has factories in industrial dyes , food and primary production .'}]}, {'value': 'José David Lías Ventura', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacasmayo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pacasmayo_Province', 'summary': 'The Pacasmayo Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru ; also Pacasmayo is the name of one of its districts . The capital of this province is the city of San Pedro de Lloc .'}]}, {'value': '94,377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Pedro de Lloc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Pedro_de_Lloc', 'summary': 'San Pedro de Lloc is a town in the La Libertad Region of northern Peru . It is the capital of the coastal Pacasmayo Province . It is located about 99 km north of the city of Trujillo . San Pedro de Lloc is also known to be the last place of residence of the Italian-born scientist Antonio Raimondi . His home is located within a block of the main plaza and is open to the public as a museum .'}]}, {'value': 'Victor Raúl Cruzado Rivera', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ascope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascope_Province', 'summary': 'Ascope is a province in the La Libertad Region , Peru . It is bordered by the Trujillo Province on the south ; the Pacasmayo Province on the north ; the Cajamarcan province of Contumazá and the Otuzco and Gran Chimú provinces on the east ; and the Pacific Ocean on the west . Its capital is Ascope .'}]}, {'value': '116,229', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ascope', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ascope', 'summary': 'Ascope is a town in Northern Peru , capital of the province Ascope in the region La Libertad .'}]}, {'value': 'John Román Vargas Campos', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolívar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolívar_Province,_Peru', 'summary': 'The Bolívar Province is a Peruvian province located in the La Libertad Region . It is one of the twelve provinces that make up that region .'}]}, {'value': '16,650', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bolívar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bolívar,_Peru', 'summary': 'Bolívar is a town in the northern Pacific coastal region of Peru , capital of the Bolívar District and Bolívar Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Odar Sánchez Peche', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago de Chuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Chuco_Province', 'summary': 'The Santiago de Chuco Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Santiago de Chuco .'}]}, {'value': '58,320', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago de Chuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_de_Chuco', 'summary': 'Santiago de Chuco is a city in Peru , capital of Santiago de Chuco Province , La Libertad Region .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Gabriel Alipioz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virú_Province', 'summary': 'The Virú Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of the province is Virú .'}]}, {'value': '76,710', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virú', 'summary': 'Virú is a town in Northern Peru , capital of the province Virú in the region La Libertad . This town is located 48 km south Trujillo city and is primarily an agricultural center in the Viru Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Andrés Ostino Chávez Gonzáles', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otuzco_Province', 'summary': 'The Otuzco Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Otuzco .'}]}, {'value': '88,817', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Otuzco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Otuzco', 'summary': 'The Otuzco is a city located in the highlands of La Libertad , Peru . It is the capital of the Otuzco Province , and it is well known because there is the sanctuary of the Virgen de la Puerta . It is located at around 7°54′00″S 78°35′0″W / 7.90000°S 78.58333°W / -7.90000 ; -78.58333 .'}]}, {'value': 'Heli A. Verde Rodríguez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sánchez Carrión', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sánchez_Carrión_Province', 'summary': 'The Sánchez Carrión Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . It is named in honour of José Faustino Sánchez Carrión . The capital of this province is the city of Huamachuco . About 30 miles away is Marcahuamachuco , a prehistoric political and religious centre of a culture that throve AD 350-1100 .'}]}, {'value': '136,221', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huamachuco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huamachuco', 'summary': 'Huamachuco is a town in northern Peru and capital of the province Sánchez Carrión in La Libertad Region . The city is the seat of the Territorial Prelature of Huamachuco . Lake Sausacocha lies to the northeast . About 30 miles away , within the Huamachuco district , is the significant archeological site of Marcahuamachuco . It is a complex of monuments , a prehistoric political and religious center of a culture that thrived 350 CE-1100 CE .'}]}, {'value': 'Benito Robert Contreras Morales', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gran Chimú', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gran_Chimú_Province', 'summary': 'The Gran Chímu Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Cascas .'}]}, {'value': '30,399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cascas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cascas', 'summary': 'Cascas is a town in Northern Peru , capital of Gran Chimú Province in La Libertad Region . Cascas is an idyllic little city of 5000 people located in the mountains of the state of La Libertad , Peru . Located only 2 hours drive from The capital city of Trujillo , it is an easy bus trip with a variety of companies offering safe journeys on a 7-day-a-week basis . The primary industry and source of revenue of Cascas is the growing of grapes and the subsequent production of wine .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Julio Iglesias Gutierrez', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julcán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julcán_Province', 'summary': 'The Julcán Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Julcán .'}]}, {'value': '32,985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Julcán', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Julcán', 'summary': 'Julcán ( possibly from Quechua qullqa , deposit , storehouse , -n a suffix ) is a 4,900-metre-high ( 16,076 ft ) mountain in the Huayhuash mountain range in the Andes of Peru . It is located in the Lima Region , Cajatambo Province , Cajatambo District . Julcán lies on a sub-range west of the main range , southwest of Mitopunta and southeast of Huacshash . It is situated north of the Pumarinri valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Antonio Rodríguez Espejo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12°', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pataz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pataz_Province', 'summary': 'The Pataz Province is one of twelve provinces of the La Libertad Region in Peru . The capital of this province is the city of Tayabamba .'}]}, {'value': '78,383', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tayabamba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tayabamba', 'summary': 'Tayabamba is a city in Northern Peru , capital of the province Pataz in the region La Libertad . It is located to an altitude 3245 m .'}]}, {'value': 'Omar Armando Iparraguirre Espinoza', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Political division', 'section_text': 'Map of the La Libertad region showing its provinces The Region is separated into 12 provinces ( provincias ) , political divisions that generally correspond to counties in the United States of America . A Peruvian Region has as its head political executive a governor ( governador ) , an elected official . The head political executive of each province is a lieutenant governor ( teniente governador ) , an official appointed by the governor . These 12 provinces comprise a total of 80 districts ( distritos ) . The provinces , with their capitals are :', 'uid': 'La_Libertad_Region_1', 'intro': "La Libertad (Spanish pronunciation: [la liβeɾˈtað]) is a region in northwestern Peru. Formerly it was known as the Department of La Libertad (Departamento de La Libertad). It is bordered by the Lambayeque, Cajamarca and Amazonas regions on the north, the San Martín Region on the east, the Ancash and Huánuco regions on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Its capital is Trujillo, which is the nation's third biggest city. The region's main port is Salaverry, one of Peru's largest ports. The name of the region is Spanish for freedom or liberty; it was named in honor of the Intendencia of Trujillo's proclaiming independence from Spain in 1820 and fighting for that."}
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The production of what drink is the primary industry of the town that is a 2 hours drive from Trujillo and is the capital of the 10th province in the department of La Libertad ?
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Wine
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0345229ed51c128e
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_British_and_Irish_Lions_tour_to_Australia', 'title': '2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia', 'header': ['Player', 'Position', 'Date of birth ( age )', 'National team', 'Club/province'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rory Best', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rory_Best', 'summary': 'Rory David Best OBE ( born 15 August 1982 ) is a former rugby union player from Northern Ireland and was the captain of the Ireland national team from 2016 to 2019 . He played hooker for Ulster and was registered for Banbridge RFC , having previously represented the Newcastle agrics . Best earned 124 caps for Ireland , making his debut in 2005 and retiring at the end of the 2019 Rugby World Cup , his fourth World Cup . Best is one of the most capped rugby players of all time , as well as the most-capped forward to ever represent Ireland . Best also toured with the British and Irish Lions side in 2013 and 2017 , although he never played a test match for the Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1982-08-15 ) 15 August 1982 ( aged 30 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) ( Irish : Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann ) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland ( both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ground at Aviva Stadium , where adult men 's Irish rugby union international matches are played . In addition , the Union also owns the Ravenhill Stadium in Belfast , Thomond Park in Limerick and a number of grounds in provincial areas that have been rented to clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Ulster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulster_Rugby', 'summary': 'Ulster Rugby is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team represents the IRFU Ulster Branch , which is one of the four primary branches of the IRFU and is responsible for rugby union throughout the geographical Irish province of Ulster , comprising Northern Ireland ( Antrim , Armagh , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone ) and three counties in the Republic of Ireland which are Donegal , Monaghan and Cavan .'}]}, {'value': 'Dylan Hartley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dylan_Hartley', 'summary': 'Dylan Hartley ( born 24 March 1986 ) is a New Zealand-born former rugby union player who played as hooker for Northampton Saints . Hartley was the captain of England from January 2016 until the end of his international career in 2018 . He is Englands most capped hooker of all time , earning his first cap in 2008 . Hartley captained England to the Grand Slam in 2016 , the first time that England had done this since 2003 , and to a 3-0 series win in the 2016 Cook Cup against Australia . He announced his retirement on 7 November 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1986-03-24 ) 24 March 1986 ( aged 27 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Northampton Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northampton_Saints', 'summary': "Northampton Saints ( officially Northampton Rugby Football Club ) is a professional rugby union club from Northampton , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . They were formed in 1880 as Northampton St. James , which gave them the nickname Saints from the 1880s . The team play their home games at Franklin 's Gardens , in the west of the town , which has a capacity of 15,250 and play in black , green , and gold colours . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Saints finished 4th and lost in the semi-finals , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Champions Cup . The current Director of Rugby is Chris Boyd who was appointed in 2018 . Northampton has won six major titles . They were European Champions in 2000 and English Champions in 2014 , they have also won the secondary European Rugby Challenge Cup twice , in 2009 and 2014 , the Anglo Welsh Cup in 2010 and most recently the inaugural Premiership Rugby Cup in 2019 . They have also won the second division three times ; in 1990 , 1996 and 2008 . Their biggest rivals are Leicester Tigers . The East Midlands Derby is one of the fiercest rivalries in English rugby union ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Hibbard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Hibbard', 'summary': 'Richard Hibbard ( born 13 December 1983 ) is a Wales international rugby player currently playing for the Dragons . Hibbard was born in Neath , Wales . A hooker , he started playing rugby at age grade levels at clubs in the town of Port Talbot , including Aberavon Quins RFC and Taibach RFC . A former pupil of Glan Afan Comprehensive School , he went on to play at senior level for Taibach , Aberavon RFC and Swansea before making his name at the Ospreys . He used to play rugby league for Aberavon Fighting Irish and made one appearance for Wales A in their 28-18 win over England A in Aberavon in 2003 . Hibbard attained his first Wales cap against Argentina in June 2006 . Hibbard missed the 2011 Rugby World Cup through injury . He was named as part of the Lions squad for the 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia . Winning caps in all three test matches and starting the third and decisive match . On 16 December 2013 , it was announced that Hibbard would join Gloucester Rugby in the English Aviva Premiership on a three-year contract from the 2014-15 season . On 18 December 2017 it was confirmed Hibbard would return to Wales to sign for regional side Dragons on a three-year contract in the Pro14 from the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1983-12-13 ) 13 December 1983 ( aged 29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ospreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Ospreys ( Welsh : Y Gweilch ) , formerly the Neath-Swansea Ospreys is one of the four professional rugby union teams from Wales . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team formed as a result of Neath RFC and Swansea RFC combining to create a new merged entity , as part of the new regional structure of Welsh rugby , that began in 2003 . They are also affiliated with a number of local semi-professional and amateur clubs , including Welsh Premier Division sides Aberavon RFC , Bridgend Ravens , and original founding clubs Neath and Swansea . The regional area represented by the team has widely become known for rugby purposes as 'Ospreylia ' . Their main home ground is the Liberty Stadium , Swansea , although some smaller profile games have been played at the Brewery Field , Bridgend . Ospreys currently play in a black home strip , while the away strip is white and orange . The Ospreys logo consists of an image of an Osprey mask . The Ospreys are the most successful Welsh team in the history of the Celtic League or Pro12 tournament , having won the competition four times . They also became the first and only Welsh regional team to beat a major touring side , defeating Australia 24-16 in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Youngs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Youngs', 'summary': 'Thomas Nicholas Youngs ( born 28 January 1987 , in Norwich , England ) is a rugby union player who plays as a hooker for Leicester Tigers in Premiership Rugby , between 2012-2015 he won 28 caps for England , including selection for the 2015 Rugby World Cup and was selected for the 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia where he played in all three test matches .'}]}, {'value': 'Hooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hooker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1987-01-28 ) 28 January 1987 ( aged 26 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Leicester Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Cole', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Cole_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Dan Cole ( born 9 May 1987 ) is an English rugby union player who plays at prop for Leicester Tigers in the Premiership , for England internationally , and has been capped 3 times for the British and Irish Lions . Cole is known for his scrummaging ability . His former coach at Leicester , Richard Cockerill , described him as one of the finest tighthead props in world rugby .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1987-05-09 ) 9 May 1987 ( aged 26 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Leicester Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Alex Corbisiero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alex_Corbisiero', 'summary': 'Alexander R. Corbisiero ( born 30 August 1988 ) is an American-born English retired rugby union loosehead prop who last played for Premiership side Northampton Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1988-08-30 ) 30 August 1988 ( aged 24 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'London Irish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Irish', 'summary': "London Irish RFC is a professional English rugby union club , with an Irish Identity . It was originally based in Sunbury , Surrey , where the senior squad train , youth teams and senior academy play home games , and the club maintain their administrative offices , at Hazelwood Drive . It competed in the Premiership , the top division of English rugby union , every season since its inception in 1996-97 , apart from the 2016-17 and 2018-19 seasons , in which they competed in the RFU Championship , winning the league in 2017 and 2019 . The club also competed in the Anglo-Welsh Cup , until its demise in 2018 , and has participated in both the European Champions Cup and European Challenge Cup . While playing in the Championship , in 2016-17 and 2018-19 , Irish also played in the British and Irish Cup and its successor the RFU Championship Cup respectively . The club currently plays its home games at the Madejski Stadium in Reading , Berkshire . However , at the end of the 2019-20 season they will move to Brentford Community Stadium in Brentford , West London . London Irish won its first major trophy in 2002 , claiming the Powergen Cup ( the competition that is now the Premiership Rugby Cup ) . Irish also reached the final of the 2009 English Premiership , narrowly losing 10-9 to Leicester Tigers at Twickenham Stadium . In the 2007-08 season the team came close to a place in the Heineken Cup Final , losing out to Stade Toulousain 15-21 in a tense semi-final encounter at Twickenham Stadium . The club 's mascot is an Irish Wolfhound character called Digger ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Court', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Court', 'summary': 'Tom Court ( born 6 November 1980 ) is an Australian-born former rugby union footballer . He most recently played for London Irish as a loosehead prop . He primarily played at tighthead in his early career at Ulster but switched to loosehead in the 2007/2008 season when B. J. Botha arrived at Ulster .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1980-11-06 ) 6 November 1980 ( aged 32 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) ( Irish : Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann ) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland ( both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ground at Aviva Stadium , where adult men 's Irish rugby union international matches are played . In addition , the Union also owns the Ravenhill Stadium in Belfast , Thomond Park in Limerick and a number of grounds in provincial areas that have been rented to clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Ulster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulster_Rugby', 'summary': 'Ulster Rugby is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team represents the IRFU Ulster Branch , which is one of the four primary branches of the IRFU and is responsible for rugby union throughout the geographical Irish province of Ulster , comprising Northern Ireland ( Antrim , Armagh , Down , Fermanagh , Londonderry and Tyrone ) and three counties in the Republic of Ireland which are Donegal , Monaghan and Cavan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ryan Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Grant_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Ryan Grant ( born 8 October 1985 in Kirkcaldy , Fife , Scotland ) is a Scotland international rugby union player . Educated at the Alice Smith School in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . He is an ex-soldier ; he served in the Royal Corps of Signals , British Army as an Area System Operator from 2002 to 2005 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1985-10-08 ) 8 October 1985 ( aged 27 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union', 'summary': 'The Scottish Rugby Union ( SRU ; Scottish Gaelic : Aonadh Rugbaidh na h-Alba ) is the governing body of rugby union in Scotland . It is the second oldest Rugby Union , having been founded in 1873 , as the Scottish Football Union . The SRU oversees the national league system , known as the Scottish League Championship , and the Scottish National teams . The SRU is headed by the President ( Dee Bradbury ) and Chairman ( Colin Grassie ) , with Mark Dodson acting as the Chief Executive Officer . Bradbury became the first female president of a Tier 1 rugby nation upon her appointment on 4 August 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Glasgow Warriors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors', 'summary': "Glasgow Warriors are one of the two professional rugby union sides from Scotland . The team plays in the Pro14 league and in the European Professional Club Rugby tournaments . In the 2014-15 season they won the Pro12 title and became the first Scottish team to win a major trophy in rugby union 's professional era ."}]}, {'value': 'Cian Healy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cian_Healy', 'summary': 'Cian Healy ( born 7 October 1987 ) is an Irish rugby union rugby player . He plays for Leinster and for the Ireland national team . He is registered to Clontarf who play in All-Ireland League . He is also a DJ , calling himself DJ Church , performing at both Oxegen 2010 and Oxegen 2011 in the Electric Ballroom with his band partner DJ Gordo . He was educated in Belvedere College , Dublin and won a Leinster Schools Senior Cup medal in 2005 . He was named as part of the Lions squad for the 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia , but withdrew due to injury playing only twice . He is known for his physical strength , and according to Leinster Rugby , Ireland and British and Irish Lions teammates Jamie Heaslip and Mike Ross , he is the strongest player they have seen in the gym , holding most of the strength records . He ( Healy ) can squat over 300 kg ( 661 lb ) for reps .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1987-10-07 ) 7 October 1987 ( aged 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) ( Irish : Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann ) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland ( both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ground at Aviva Stadium , where adult men 's Irish rugby union international matches are played . In addition , the Union also owns the Ravenhill Stadium in Belfast , Thomond Park in Limerick and a number of grounds in provincial areas that have been rented to clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Leinster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leinster_Rugby', 'summary': "Leinster Rugby ( Irish : Rugbaí Laighean ) is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland and the most successful Irish team both domestically and in European competition . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup ( where their 4th title , achieved in 2018 , ties the record for that competition alongside Toulouse ) . The team represents the Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) Leinster Branch , which is one of four primary branches of the IRFU and is responsible for rugby union throughout the geographical Irish province of Leinster . Leinster play their home games primarily at the RDS Arena , although larger games are played in the Aviva Stadium when the capacity of the RDS is insufficient . Before moving to the RDS in 2005 , Leinster 's traditional home ground was Donnybrook Stadium , in Dublin 4 . The province plays primarily in blue and the team crest features a harp within a rugby ball , the harp being taken from the flag of Leinster . Leinster turned professional along with its fellow Irish provinces in 1995 and has competed in the Pro14 ( formerly known as the Celtic League and the Pro12 ) since it was founded in 2001 , having previously competed in the annual Irish interprovincial championship . Leinster A competed in the British and Irish Cup , winning the competition twice . Following the suspension of that cup , Leinster ' A ' entered the Celtic Cup in 2018 , winning the inaugural title , and retaining it in 2019 . Leinster have six times been Pro14 champions , four times the champions of Europe and once European Challenge Cup winners ."}]}, {'value': 'Gethin Jenkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gethin_Jenkins', 'summary': 'Gethin Jenkins ( born 17 November 1980 ) is a Welsh former rugby union player . He won 129 international caps for Wales and 5 for the British and Irish Lions . Jenkins was the record cap holder for Wales until he was overtaken by Alun Wyn Jones on 29 September 2019 . He is the sixth most-capped player in rugby union history and the most capped front row forward . He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams including Gerald Davies , Gareth Edwards , JPR Williams , Ryan Jones , Adam Jones and Alun Wyn Jones . On 31 October 2018 he announced his intention to retire after a final game for the Cardiff Blues against Zebre on Sunday 4 November 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1980-11-17 ) 17 November 1980 ( aged 32 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Toulon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RC_Toulonnais', 'summary': "Rugby Club Toulonnais ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ʁyɡbi klœb tulɔnɛ ] ) , also known as RCT but usually Toulon ; Occitan : Rugbi Club Tolonenc ) is a French professional rugby union club based in Toulon in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . A current participant in the first-tier Top 14 competition , they have won the national competition on four occasions . Established in 1908 , Toulon currently play their home games at the Stade Mayol , although they have begun to take high-profile matches to the 60,000-seat Stade Vélodrome in Marseille , playing one match there in 2008-09 and two in both 2009-10 and 2010-11 . The club colours are red and black . Toulon were Pro D2 champions in 2005 , but after finishing 14th in the 2005-06 Top 14 season , they were relegated back down . After signing a number of high-profile players , the club made a strong run at promotion in the 2006-07 season , and succeeded in their promotion quest in 2007-08 , winning that season 's Pro D2 crown with two rounds to spare . They struggled to avoid relegation for much of the 2008-09 Top 14 season , but a late-season surge brought them to ninth place and safety . Their 2009-10 Top 14 season was more successful , with a second-place regular-season finish and a semi-final place domestically and a runner-up finish in the 2009-10 European Challenge Cup . In 2012 , they again advanced to the Challenge Cup final , losing to Biarritz , and advanced to the Top 14 final , losing to Toulouse . In May 2013 Toulon won the 2013 Heineken Cup Final by 16-15 against Clermont Auvergne , and lost the Top 14 Final against Castres in June . They retained the Heineken Cup with a 23-6 win over Saracens in May 2014 . They added a historic 3rd win in a row with a 24-18 win over Clermont in the 2015 final ."}]}, {'value': 'Adam Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Rhys_Jones', 'summary': 'Adam Rhys Jones ( born 8 March 1981 ) is a Welsh former professional international rugby union player for Wales and the British & Irish Lions . He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams , including Gerald Davies , Gareth Edwards , JPR Williams , Ryan Jones , Gethin Jenkins and Alun Wyn Jones .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1981-03-08 ) 8 March 1981 ( aged 32 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ospreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Ospreys ( Welsh : Y Gweilch ) , formerly the Neath-Swansea Ospreys is one of the four professional rugby union teams from Wales . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team formed as a result of Neath RFC and Swansea RFC combining to create a new merged entity , as part of the new regional structure of Welsh rugby , that began in 2003 . They are also affiliated with a number of local semi-professional and amateur clubs , including Welsh Premier Division sides Aberavon RFC , Bridgend Ravens , and original founding clubs Neath and Swansea . The regional area represented by the team has widely become known for rugby purposes as 'Ospreylia ' . Their main home ground is the Liberty Stadium , Swansea , although some smaller profile games have been played at the Brewery Field , Bridgend . Ospreys currently play in a black home strip , while the away strip is white and orange . The Ospreys logo consists of an image of an Osprey mask . The Ospreys are the most successful Welsh team in the history of the Celtic League or Pro12 tournament , having won the competition four times . They also became the first and only Welsh regional team to beat a major touring side , defeating Australia 24-16 in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Matt Stevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Stevens_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "Matthew John Hamilton Stevens ( born 1 October 1982 ) is a rugby union player who plays for Toulon in France 's Top 14 and won 39 caps for England between 2004 and 2012 . Born in Durban , South Africa , to English parents , he can play in both prop positions , and most of his England appearances were at tighthead . In 2009 he was banned from the game for two years for using cocaine , following a positive drugs test ."}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1982-10-01 ) 1 October 1982 ( aged 30 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saracens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saracens_F.C.', 'summary': "Saracens Football Club ( /ˈsærəsənz/ ) are an English professional rugby union football club based in London , England . Established in 1876 , they play in Premiership Rugby , the top level of domestic rugby union in England . They are the current title holders of the European Rugby Champions Cup , a tournament which they have won more times than any other English team , with three titles , won in 2016 , 2017 and 2019 . Since 2012 , Saracens have played their home games at Allianz Park in Hendon , in the London Borough of Barnet ; previous grounds have included Vicarage Road in Watford , and Bramley Road . The club 's home playing colours are black and red . In November 2019 , they were handed a 35-point deduction and fined £5.3m after they were found to have breached Premiership Rugby salary cap regulations over the previous three seasons . On 18 January 2020 Premiership Rugby announced they would be relegated to the RFU Championship at the end of the season , following the 'conclusion of dialogue ' between Premiership Rugby and the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Mako Vunipola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mako_Vunipola', 'summary': 'Mako Vunipola ( born 14 January 1991 ) is a professional rugby union player who plays at loosehead prop for Saracens in the Gallagher Premiership and the England national team . Born in New Zealand to Tongan parents , he qualified for England through residency . Vunipola made his England debut in 2012 and has since won 52 caps . He toured with the British and Irish Lions in 2013 and 2017 , winning 6 caps . He won the award for England Player of the Year in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Prop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prop_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1991-01-13 ) 13 January 1991 ( aged 22 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Saracens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saracens_F.C.', 'summary': "Saracens Football Club ( /ˈsærəsənz/ ) are an English professional rugby union football club based in London , England . Established in 1876 , they play in Premiership Rugby , the top level of domestic rugby union in England . They are the current title holders of the European Rugby Champions Cup , a tournament which they have won more times than any other English team , with three titles , won in 2016 , 2017 and 2019 . Since 2012 , Saracens have played their home games at Allianz Park in Hendon , in the London Borough of Barnet ; previous grounds have included Vicarage Road in Watford , and Bramley Road . The club 's home playing colours are black and red . In November 2019 , they were handed a 35-point deduction and fined £5.3m after they were found to have breached Premiership Rugby salary cap regulations over the previous three seasons . On 18 January 2020 Premiership Rugby announced they would be relegated to the RFU Championship at the end of the season , following the 'conclusion of dialogue ' between Premiership Rugby and the team ."}]}, {'value': 'Ian Evans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Evans_(rugby_player)', 'summary': "Ian Evans ( born 4 October 1984 ) is a former Wales international rugby union player . Since 2017 , Evans has been on the coaching staff of the Newport Gwent Dragons . Evans was born in Johannesburg , South Africa . He was brought up in Aberdare , and began playing his rugby at Abercwmboi RFC and then moved to Pontypridd RFC once he was eligible for senior rugby . He quickly made his mark upon Wales ' Age-Grade selectors with a succession of athletic and promising performances for the Valleys ' team . Joining up with Swansea RFC in 2004 , he progressed through the internal system to play for the Ospreys in the Celtic League and Heineken Cup , and has played for the national team . His usual position is at lock . He was the tallest member of the national team at 2.03 meters , but has since been demoted to 2nd tallest with the inclusion of Luke Charteris . He represented Wales at both under-19 and under-21 levels . Evans made his Celtic League debut against Munster as a replacement in September 2005 . He also made his Heineken Cup debut against Leicester . He made his debut for Wales in June 2006 , playing in two Tests against Argentina , scoring a try in the first game ."}]}, {'value': 'Lock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1984-10-04 ) 4 October 1984 ( aged 28 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ospreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Ospreys ( Welsh : Y Gweilch ) , formerly the Neath-Swansea Ospreys is one of the four professional rugby union teams from Wales . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team formed as a result of Neath RFC and Swansea RFC combining to create a new merged entity , as part of the new regional structure of Welsh rugby , that began in 2003 . They are also affiliated with a number of local semi-professional and amateur clubs , including Welsh Premier Division sides Aberavon RFC , Bridgend Ravens , and original founding clubs Neath and Swansea . The regional area represented by the team has widely become known for rugby purposes as 'Ospreylia ' . Their main home ground is the Liberty Stadium , Swansea , although some smaller profile games have been played at the Brewery Field , Bridgend . Ospreys currently play in a black home strip , while the away strip is white and orange . The Ospreys logo consists of an image of an Osprey mask . The Ospreys are the most successful Welsh team in the history of the Celtic League or Pro12 tournament , having won the competition four times . They also became the first and only Welsh regional team to beat a major touring side , defeating Australia 24-16 in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Richie Gray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richie_Gray_(rugby_union,_born_1989)', 'summary': 'Richie Gray ( born 24 August 1989 ) is a Scottish international rugby union player , who is signed to Toulouse . He is easily recognised on the pitch due to his height , standing at 6 ft 10 in , and his long , peroxide blond hairstyle .'}]}, {'value': 'Lock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1989-08-24 ) 24 August 1989 ( aged 23 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union', 'summary': 'The Scottish Rugby Union ( SRU ; Scottish Gaelic : Aonadh Rugbaidh na h-Alba ) is the governing body of rugby union in Scotland . It is the second oldest Rugby Union , having been founded in 1873 , as the Scottish Football Union . The SRU oversees the national league system , known as the Scottish League Championship , and the Scottish National teams . The SRU is headed by the President ( Dee Bradbury ) and Chairman ( Colin Grassie ) , with Mark Dodson acting as the Chief Executive Officer . Bradbury became the first female president of a Tier 1 rugby nation upon her appointment on 4 August 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Unattached', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Free_agent', 'summary': "In professional sports , a free agent is a player who is eligible to sign freely with any club or franchise ; i.e. , not under contract to any specific team . The term is also used in reference to a player who is under contract at present but who is allowed to solicit offers from other teams . In some circumstances , the free agent 's options are limited by league rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Alun Wyn Jones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alun_Wyn_Jones', 'summary': "Alun Wyn Jones ( born 19 September 1985 ) is a Welsh rugby union player . He is the current captain of the Wales national team , and the former captain of the Ospreys . He is the world 's most-capped lock forward and Wales ' most capped international player . He is one of a small group of Welsh players to have won three Grand Slams including Gerald Davies , Gareth Edwards , JPR Williams , Ryan Jones , Adam Jones and Gethin Jenkins . He was named as the best player of the 2019 Six Nations Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Lock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1985-09-19 ) 19 September 1985 ( aged 27 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Ospreys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ospreys_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "The Ospreys ( Welsh : Y Gweilch ) , formerly the Neath-Swansea Ospreys is one of the four professional rugby union teams from Wales . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team formed as a result of Neath RFC and Swansea RFC combining to create a new merged entity , as part of the new regional structure of Welsh rugby , that began in 2003 . They are also affiliated with a number of local semi-professional and amateur clubs , including Welsh Premier Division sides Aberavon RFC , Bridgend Ravens , and original founding clubs Neath and Swansea . The regional area represented by the team has widely become known for rugby purposes as 'Ospreylia ' . Their main home ground is the Liberty Stadium , Swansea , although some smaller profile games have been played at the Brewery Field , Bridgend . Ospreys currently play in a black home strip , while the away strip is white and orange . The Ospreys logo consists of an image of an Osprey mask . The Ospreys are the most successful Welsh team in the history of the Celtic League or Pro12 tournament , having won the competition four times . They also became the first and only Welsh regional team to beat a major touring side , defeating Australia 24-16 in 2006 ."}]}, {'value': "Paul O'Connell", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Paul_O'Connell", 'summary': "Paul Jeremiah O'Connell ( born 20 October 1979 ) is a retired Irish rugby union player . When he stopped playing , he was Ireland 's third most-capped player ( 108 ) and the eighteenth most-capped international player in rugby union history . During his career , O'Connell captained Munster , Ireland and the British and Irish Lions . He is now a rugby pundit and commentator for BBC Sport ."}]}, {'value': 'Lock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1979-10-20 ) 20 October 1979 ( aged 33 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irish_Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Irish Rugby Football Union ( IRFU ) ( Irish : Cumann Rugbaí na hÉireann ) is the body managing rugby union in the island of Ireland ( both Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland ) . The IRFU has its head office at 10/12 Lansdowne Road and home ground at Aviva Stadium , where adult men 's Irish rugby union international matches are played . In addition , the Union also owns the Ravenhill Stadium in Belfast , Thomond Park in Limerick and a number of grounds in provincial areas that have been rented to clubs ."}]}, {'value': 'Munster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Munster_Rugby', 'summary': 'Munster Rugby ( Irish : Rugbaí Mumhan ) is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland . They compete in the Pro14 and the European Rugby Champions Cup . The team represents the IRFU Munster Branch , which is one of four primary branches of the IRFU , and is responsible for rugby union throughout the geographical Irish province of Munster . The team motto is To the brave and faithful , nothing is impossible . This is derived from the motto of the MacCarthy clan - Forti et Fideli nihil difficile . Their main home ground is Thomond Park , Limerick , though some games are played at Irish Independent Park , Cork .'}]}, {'value': 'Geoff Parling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Geoff_Parling', 'summary': 'Geoff Parling ( born 28 October 1983 is an English rugby union player . He plays for Melbourne Rebels as a lock . He has won 29 caps for England and three for the British and Irish Lions .'}]}, {'value': 'Lock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lock_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'In the game of rugby union , there are 15 players on each team , comprising eight forwards ( wearing jerseys numbered 1-8 ) and seven backs ( numbered 9-15 ) . In addition , there may be up to eight replacement players on the bench , numbered 16-23 . Players are not restricted to a single position , although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types . Players that play multiple positions are called utility players . Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs . Props push in the scrums , while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by hooking it back with their heel . The hooker is also the one who is responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs , where it is mostly competed for by the locks , who are generally the tallest players on the team . The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team . The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster . Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking . Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers , and have the ability to catch a kicked ball . The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries .'}]}, {'value': '( 1983-10-28 ) 28 October 1983 ( aged 29 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Leicester Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Croft', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Croft', 'summary': 'Tom Croft ( born 7 November 1985 ) is a retired rugby union player . He played 173 games for Leicester Tigers between 2005-17 winning four Premiership Rugby titles , played 40 times for England between 2008-2015 , was part of the squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup , and was a tourist with the British and Irish Lions in 2009 to South Africa and 2013 to Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Flanker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "Flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union . Each team of 15 players includes two flankers , who play in the forwards , and are generally classified as either blindside or openside flankers , numbers 6 and 7 respectively . The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they 'flank ' each set of forwards . They compete for the ball - most commonly in rucks and mauls . Flankers also assist in pushing in a scrum , but are expected to detach from the scrum as soon as the ball is out to get to the play before the opposition 's forwards . Flankers also participate in line-outs , either being lifted to contest or win possession , or to lift other players . Flankers are usually the key participants in the tackling process . The flankers , especially the openside , are often the fastest forwards on the team but still relied upon for tackling ."}]}, {'value': '( 1985-11-07 ) 7 November 1985 ( aged 27 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union', 'summary': "The Rugby Football Union ( RFU ) is the governing body for rugby union in England . It was founded in 1871 , and was the sport 's international governing body prior to the formation of what is now known as World Rugby ( WR ) in 1886 . It promotes and runs the sport , organises international matches for the England national team , and educates and trains players and officials . The RFU is an industrial and provident society owned by over 2,000 member clubs , representing over 2.5 million registered players , and forms the largest rugby union society in the world , and one of the largest sports organisations in England . It is based at Twickenham Stadium , London . In September 2010 the equivalent women 's rugby body , the Rugby Football Union for Women ( RFUW ) , was able to nominate a member to the RFU Council to represent women and girls rugby . The RFUW was integrated into the RFU in July 2012 ."}]}, {'value': 'Leicester Tigers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leicester_Tigers', 'summary': "Leicester Tigers ( officially Leicester Football Club ) is an English professional rugby union club based in Leicester , England . They play in Premiership Rugby , England 's top division of rugby . The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Welford Road Stadium in the south of the city . The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885 . In the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 11th , this entitled them to compete in the 2019-20 European Rugby Challenge Cup . The current head coach is Geordan Murphy who was appointed in September 2018 . Leicester have won 20 major titles . They were European Champions twice , back-to-back in 2001 and 2002 ; have won a record 10 English Championships ; and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups , most recently in 2017 . Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2013 and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals , from 2005 to 2013 . Leicester are one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division . Leicester have appeared in five European finals , the joint-second most overall , as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times , in 1997 , 2007 and 2009 . Three Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning England side including captain Martin Johnson ."}]}, {'value': 'Dan Lydiate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Lydiate', 'summary': 'Dan Lydiate ( born 18 December 1987 ) is a Wales international rugby union player . A flanker , Lydiate was raised in Llandrindod Wells and is a product of the Newport Gwent Dragons academy .'}]}, {'value': 'Flanker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flanker_(rugby_union)', 'summary': "Flanker is a position in the sport of rugby union . Each team of 15 players includes two flankers , who play in the forwards , and are generally classified as either blindside or openside flankers , numbers 6 and 7 respectively . The name comes from their position in a scrum in which they 'flank ' each set of forwards . They compete for the ball - most commonly in rucks and mauls . Flankers also assist in pushing in a scrum , but are expected to detach from the scrum as soon as the ball is out to get to the play before the opposition 's forwards . Flankers also participate in line-outs , either being lifted to contest or win possession , or to lift other players . Flankers are usually the key participants in the tackling process . The flankers , especially the openside , are often the fastest forwards on the team but still relied upon for tackling ."}]}, {'value': '( 1987-12-18 ) 18 December 1987 ( aged 25 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Rugby_Union', 'summary': "The Welsh Rugby Union ( WRU ) ( Welsh : Undeb Rygbi Cymru ) is the governing body of rugby union in the country of Wales , recognised by the sport 's international governing body , World Rugby . The WRU is responsible for the running of rugby in Wales , overseeing 320 member clubs , the Welsh national team and National Leagues and Cups . The WRU is headed by the President ( Gerald Davies ) and chairman ( Gareth Davies ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Newport Gwent Dragons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dragons_(rugby_union)', 'summary': 'Dragons ( Welsh : Dreigiau ) are one of the four professional rugby union regional teams in Wales . They are owned by the Welsh Rugby Union and play their home games at Rodney Parade , Newport and at other grounds around the region . They play in the Pro14 league and the European Rugby Champions Cup/European Rugby Challenge Cup . The region they represent covers an area of southeast Wales including Blaenau Gwent , Caerphilly , Monmouthshire , Newport and Torfaen with a total population approaching 600,000 and they are affiliated with a number of semi-professional and amateur clubs throughout the area , including Welsh Premier Division sides Bedwas RFC , Cross Keys RFC , Ebbw Vale RFC and Newport RFC . Formed in 2003 as a result of the introduction of regional rugby union teams in Wales , the team started life with a third-place finish in the 2003-04 Celtic League , and finished fourth the next season ; however , the team finished in the bottom three in each of the next four seasons . In 2007 , they reached the semi-finals of the European Challenge Cup , losing to French side ASM Clermont Auvergne 46-29 . In 2011 , they reached the semi-finals of the Anglo-Welsh Cup , losing to Gloucester . They are yet to make the knock-out stage of the European Rugby Champions Cup .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Squads -- Lions', 'section_text': "Tour manager Andy Irvine announced an initial squad of 37 on 30 April 2013 , [ 10 ] made up of 15 players from Wales , 10 from England , nine from Ireland and three from Scotland . [ 11 ] Wales ' Sam Warburton was named captain ; at the age of 24 , he was the youngest man to lead the Lions . Warburton was captain of Wales during their Six Nations Grand Slam in 2012 , and during the 2011 World Cup , where they finished fourth . Previous Lions captains Paul O'Connell ( from 2009 ) and Brian O'Driscoll ( 2005 ) were also chosen . Dylan Hartley was initially selected but was removed from the squad before the squad departed , after being suspended for 11 weeks for abusing a referee . [ 12 ] Rory Best replaced Hartley later that day , [ 13 ] meaning that the squad that set off to Hong Kong on 27 May consisted of 15 Welsh , 10 Irish , nine English and three Scottish players . Alex Corbisiero was called up to the squad to replace Cian Healy , who suffered ankle ligament damage in the match against the Western Force , [ 14 ] while Ryan Grant was called up to replace the injured Gethin Jenkins . [ 15 ] Tommy Bowe broke his hand against the Queensland Reds , [ 16 ] and Simon Zebo was brought into the squad . [ 17 ] England 's Brad Barritt , Christian Wade and Billy Twelvetrees were called in to provide further cover for the backs . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] Gatland made a surprise selection on 16 June , calling up former Wales wing Shane Williams for the game against the Brumbies . Williams , playing club rugby in Japan , was already due to travel to Australia as a radio commentator , and was brought into the squad for only three days . [ 21 ] Ireland prop Tom Court was called up on 23 June before the final mid-week fixture against Melbourne Rebels , allowing Mako Vunipola to miss that match . Alex Corbisiero had injured his calf in the first test , so the Lions faced a shortage of props . Court was already in Australia visiting his home town of Brisbane . [ 22 ] O'Connell and Warburton were injured in the first and second tests respectively , ruling them out of playing in any more games in the tour .", 'uid': '2013_British_and_Irish_Lions_tour_to_Australia_0', 'intro': "The 2013 British and Irish Lions tour to Australia was a rugby union tour during June and July 2013. The Lions played ten matches - a three-test series against Australia, and matches against the five Australian Super Rugby sides, a Combined New South Wales-Queensland Country team, and a match en route to Australia against the Barbarians. The Lions won the test series 2-1. The first test was won by the Lions 23-21, the second by Australia 16-15, and the final test by the Lions 41-16. The victory was the Lions' first test series win since defeating South Africa in 1997. Aside from the second test, the Lions' only loss was 14-12 to the Brumbies in Canberra. Wales head coach Warren Gatland was the Lions' head coach, and their tour captain was Sam Warburton."}
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What is the difference in age between the oldest and youngest Prop ?
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10 years
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Cannonball Adderley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cannonball_Adderley', 'summary': "Julian Edwin Cannonball Adderley ( September 15 , 1928 - August 8 , 1975 ) was an American jazz alto saxophonist of the hard bop era of the 1950s and 1960s . Adderley is remembered for his 1966 soul jazz single Mercy , Mercy , Mercy , a crossover hit on the pop charts ( it was also covered by the Buckinghams ) . He worked with trumpeter Miles Davis , on his own 1958 Somethin ' Else album , and on the seminal Davis records Milestones ( 1958 ) and Kind of Blue ( 1959 ) . He was the older brother of jazz trumpeter Nat Adderley , a longtime member of his band ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}]}, {'value': 'Gerald Albright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gerald_Albright', 'summary': 'Gerald Albright ( born August 30 , 1957 ) is an American jazz saxophonist .'}]}, {'value': 'Iota Chi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Redlands', 'summary': "The University of Redlands is a private university headquartered in Redlands , California . The university 's main , residential campus is situated on 160 acres ( 65 ha ) near downtown Redlands . An additional eight regional locations throughout California largely provide programs for working adults ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jerry Butler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Butler_(singer)', 'summary': "Jerry Butler Jr. ( born December 8 , 1939 ) is an American soul singer-songwriter , producer , musician , and retired politician . He is also noted as being the original lead singer of the R & B vocal group the Impressions , as well as a 1991 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee . Since leaving The Impressions , Jerry has had over 55 Billboard Pop and R & B Chart Hits as a solo artist , including some 15 Top 40 Pop Hits in the Hot 100 , and 15 R & B Top 10 's . He served as a Commissioner for Cook County , Illinois , from 1985 to 2018 . As a member of this 17-member county board , he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee , and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Xi Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois', 'summary': "Chicago ( /ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , locally also /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/ ) , officially the City of Chicago , is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois , and the third-most-populous city in the United States . With an estimated population of 2,705,994 ( 2018 ) , it is also the most populous city in the Midwestern United States . Chicago is the county seat of Cook County , the second-most-populous county in the US , with a small portion of the northwest side of the city extending into DuPage County near O'Hare Airport . Chicago is the principal city of the Chicago metropolitan area , often referred to as Chicagoland . At nearly 10 million people , the metropolitan area is the third most populous in the United States . Located on the shores of freshwater Lake Michigan , Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed and grew rapidly in the mid-19th century . After the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , which destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless , the city made a concerted effort to rebuild . The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades , and by 1900 , less than 30 years after the great fire , Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world . Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards , including new construction styles ( including the Chicago School of architecture ) , the development of the City Beautiful Movement , and the steel-framed skyscraper . Chicago is an international hub for finance , culture , commerce , industry , education , technology , telecommunications , and transportation . It is the site of the creation of the first standardized futures contracts , issued by the Chicago Board of Trade , which today is the largest and most diverse derivatives market in the world , generating 20% of all volume in commodities and financial futures alone . Depending on the particular year , the city 's O'Hare International Airport is routinely ranked as the world 's fifth or sixth busiest airport according to tracked data by the Airports Council International ."}]}, {'value': 'Songwriter , composer ; former lead singer of The Impressions ; 1991 inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; 1993 NAACP Image Award Hall of Fame inductee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Impressions', 'summary': "The Impressions were an American music group originally formed in 1958 . Their repertoire includes doo-wop , gospel , soul , and R & B . The group was founded as The Roosters by Chattanooga , Tennessee natives Sam Gooden , Richard Brooks and Arthur Brooks , who moved to Chicago and added Jerry Butler and Curtis Mayfield to their line-up to become Jerry Butler & the Impressions . By 1962 Butler and the Brookses had departed , and after switching to ABC-Paramount Records , Mayfield , Gooden , and new Impression Fred Cash collectively became a top-selling soul act . Mayfield left the group for a solo career in 1970 ; Leroy Hutson , Ralph Johnson , Reggie Torian ( born Reginald Torian ) , and Nate Evans ( Twinight Records ) were among the replacements who joined Gooden and Cash . Inductees into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame , the Impressions are best known for their 1960s string of hits , many of which were heavily influenced by gospel music and served as inspirational anthems for the Civil Rights Movement . They are also 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame inductees for their hit People Get Ready and winners of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation 's Pioneer Award ( in 2000 ) . The group 's long career spanned over 60 years at the time of their retirement in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Duke Ellington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_Ellington', 'summary': "Edward Kennedy Duke Ellington ( April 29 , 1899 - May 24 , 1974 ) was an American composer , pianist , and leader of a jazz orchestra , which he led from 1923 until his death over a career spanning more than six decades . Born in Washington , D.C. , Ellington was based in New York City from the mid-1920s onward and gained a national profile through his orchestra 's appearances at the Cotton Club in Harlem . In the 1930s , his orchestra toured in Europe . Although widely considered to have been a pivotal figure in the history of jazz , Ellington embraced the phrase beyond category as a liberating principle and referred to his music as part of the more general category of American Music rather than to a musical genre such as jazz . Some of the jazz musicians who were members of Ellington 's orchestra , such as saxophonist Johnny Hodges , are considered to be among the best players in the idiom . Ellington melded them into the best-known orchestral unit in the history of jazz . Some members stayed with the orchestra for several decades . A master at writing miniatures for the three-minute 78 rpm recording format , Ellington wrote more than one thousand compositions ; his extensive body of work is the largest recorded personal jazz legacy , with many of his pieces having become standards . Ellington also recorded songs written by his bandsmen , for example Juan Tizol 's Caravan , and Perdido , which brought a Spanish tinge to big band jazz . In the early 1940s , Ellington began a nearly thirty-year collaboration with composer-arranger-pianist Billy Strayhorn , whom he called his writing and arranging companion . With Strayhorn , he composed many extended compositions , or suites , as well as additional short pieces . Following an appearance at the Newport Jazz Festival , in July 1956 , Ellington and his orchestra enjoyed a major revival and embarked on world tours ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Zeta Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluefield,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Bluefield is a city in Mercer County , West Virginia , United States . The population was 10,447 at the 2010 census . It is the core city of the Bluefield WV-VA micropolitan area , which has a population of 107,342 .'}]}, {'value': 'Composer , bandleader , actor ; Grammy Award winner ; 1959 Spingarn Medal and 1969 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipient ; Pulitzer Prize in recognition of his musical genius', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spingarn_Medal', 'summary': 'The Spingarn Medal is awarded annually by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP ) for outstanding achievement by an African American . The award was created in 1914 by Joel Elias Spingarn , chairman of the Board of Directors of the NAACP . It was first awarded to biologist Ernest E. Just in 1915 , and has been given most years thereafter . At its annual convention , the NAACP presents the award after deciding from open nominations . Should the organization end , it would be managed by Howard or Fisk Universities . The gold medal is valued at $ 100 , and Spingarn left $ 20,000 in his will for the NAACP to continue giving it indefinitely .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom', 'summary': 'The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award bestowed by the president of the United States . The Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal are the highest civilian awards of the United States . The presidential medal seeks to recognize those people who have made an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States , world peace , cultural or other significant public or private endeavors . The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and , while it is a civilian award , it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform . It was established in 1963 by President John F. Kennedy , superseding the Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S. Truman in 1945 to honor civilian service during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize', 'summary': 'The Pulitzer Prize ( /ˈpʊlɪtsər/ ) is an award for achievements in newspaper , magazine and online journalism , literature , and musical composition in the United States . It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of American ( Hungarian-born ) Joseph Pulitzer who had made his fortune as a newspaper publisher , and is administered by Columbia University in New York City . Prizes are awarded yearly in twenty-one categories . In twenty of the categories , each winner receives a certificate and a US $ 15,000 cash award ( raised from $ 10,000 in 2017 ) . The winner in the public service category of the journalism competition is awarded a gold medal .'}]}, {'value': 'Marc Gay', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Howard_University', 'summary': 'Howard University ( Howard or simply HU ) is a private , federally chartered historically black university ( HBCU ) in Washington , D.C . It is categorized among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity and accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . From its outset Howard has been nonsectarian and open to people of all sexes and races . It offers more than 120 areas leading to undergraduate , graduate , and professional degrees . U.S. News & World Report ranked Howard tied for 104th among national universities , and second among historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) for 2020 . Howard is the only HBCU ranked in the top 40 on the Bloomberg Businessweek business school rankings . The Princeton Review ranked the school of business first in opportunities for minority students and in the top five for most competitive students . The National Law Journal ranked the law school among the top 25 in the nation for placing graduates at the most successful law firms .'}]}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues', 'summary': "Rhythm and blues , commonly abbreviated as R & B , is a genre of popular music that originated in African American communities in the 1940s . The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to urban African Americans , at a time when urbane , rocking , jazz based music with a heavy , insistent beat was becoming more popular . In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s , the bands usually consisted of piano , one or two guitars , bass , drums , one or more saxophones , and sometimes background vocalists . R & B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy , as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships , economics , and aspirations . The term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning . In the early 1950s , it was frequently applied to blues records . Starting in the mid-1950s , after this style of music contributed to the development of rock and roll , the term R & B became used to refer to music styles that developed from and incorporated electric blues , as well as gospel and soul music . In the 1960s , several British rock bands such as the Rolling Stones , the Who and the Animals were referred to and promoted as being R & B bands ; posters for the Who 's residency at the Marquee Club in 1964 contained the slogan , Maximum R & B . Their mix of rock and roll and R & B is now known as British rhythm and blues . By the 1970s , the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk . In the 1980s , a newer style of R & B developed , becoming known as contemporary R & B . It combines rhythm and blues with elements of pop , soul , funk , hip hop , and electronic music ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shai', 'summary': "Shai ( also spelt Sai , occasionally Shay , and in Greek , Psais ) was the deification of the concept of fate in Egyptian mythology . As a concept , with no particular reason for associating one gender over another , Shai was sometimes considered female , rather than the more usual understanding of being male , in which circumstance Shai was referred to as Shait ( simply the feminine form of the name ) . His name reflects his function , as it means ( that which is ) ordained . As the god of fate , it was said that he determined the span of each man 's life , and was present at the judgement of the soul of the deceased in duat . In consequence , he was sometimes identified as the husband of Mesenet , goddess of birth , or , in later years , of Renenutet , who assigned the Ren , and had become considered goddess of fortune . Because of the power associated in the concept , Akhenaten , in introducing monotheism , said that Shai was an attribute of Aten , whereas Ramses II claimed to be lord of Shai ( i.e . lord of fate ) . During Ptolemaic Egypt , Shai , as god of fate , was identified with the Greek god Agathodaemon , who was the god of fortune telling . Thus , since Agathodaemon was considered to be a serpent , and the word Shai was also the Egyptian word for pig , in the Hellenic period , Shai was sometimes depicted as a serpent-headed pig , known to Egyptologists as the Shai animal ."}]}, {'value': 'Lionel Hampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Hampton', 'summary': 'Lionel Leo Hampton ( April 20 , 1908 - August 31 , 2002 ) was an American jazz vibraphonist , pianist , percussionist , and bandleader . Hampton worked with jazz musicians from Teddy Wilson , Benny Goodman , and Buddy Rich to Charlie Parker , Charles Mingus , and Quincy Jones . In 1992 , he was inducted into the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame , and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_University', 'summary': "Ohio University ( Ohio or OU ) is a public research university in Athens , Ohio . The first university chartered by an Act of Congress and the first to be chartered in Ohio , it was chartered in 1787 by the Congress of the Confederation and subsequently approved for the territory in 1802 and state in 1804 , opening for students in 1809 . Ohio University is the oldest university in Ohio , the eighth oldest public university in the United States and the 30th oldest among public and private universities . As of fall 2018 , the university 's total enrollment at Athens was 20,000 , while the all-campus enrollment was just under 35,000 . Ohio University maintains a selective admission rate with further admission requirements for its Journalism and other select schools . The Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine maintains separate select admissions criteria . Ohio University offers more than 250 areas of undergraduate study . On the graduate level , the university grants master 's degrees in many of its major academic divisions , and doctoral degrees in selected departments . Ohio University is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . The university is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . Ohio 's athletic teams are called the Bobcats and compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) at the Division I level as charter members of the Mid-American Conference . Ohio football has participated in 13 bowl games through the 2019 season , while the men 's basketball team has made 13 appearances in the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz percussionist and bandleader ; National Medal of Arts recipient ; Goodwill Ambassador for the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts', 'summary': 'The National Medal of Arts is an award and title created by the United States Congress in 1984 , for the purpose of honoring artists and patrons of the arts . A prestigious American honor , it is the highest honor given to artists and arts patrons by the United States government . Nominations are submitted to the National Council on the Arts , the advisory committee of the National Endowment for the Arts , who then submits its recommendations to the White House for the President of the United States to award . The medal was designed for the NEA by sculptor Robert Graham .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Hart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Hart', 'summary': "Antonio Hart ( born September 30 , 1968 ) is a jazz alto saxophonist . He attended the Baltimore School for the Arts , studied with Andy McGhee at Berklee College of Music , and has a master 's degree from Queens College , City University of New York . His initial training was classical , but he switched to jazz in college . He gained recognition for his work with Roy Hargrove . Hart is currently serving as a full-time professor of jazz studies in Aaron Copland School of Music at Queens College City University of New York . Hart is a member of the Sigma chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity"}]}, {'value': 'Sigma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Boston ( UK : /ˈbɒstən/ , US : /ˈbɔːstən/ ) is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States , and the 21st most populous city in the United States . The city proper covers 49 square miles ( 127 km2 ) with an estimated population of 694,583 in 2018 , also making it the most populous city in New England . Boston is the seat of Suffolk County as well , although the county government was disbanded on July 1 , 1999 . The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston , a metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest such area in the country . As a combined statistical area ( CSA ) , this wider commuting region is home to some 8.2 million people , making it the sixth most populous in the United States . Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States , founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name . It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution , such as the Boston Massacre , the Boston Tea Party , the Battle of Bunker Hill , and the Siege of Boston . Upon gaining U.S. independence from Great Britain , it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture . The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation . Its rich history attracts many tourists , with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year . Boston 's many firsts include the United States ' first public park ( Boston Common , 1634 ) , first public or state school ( Boston Latin School , 1635 ) and first subway system ( Tremont Street Subway , 1897 ) . Today , Boston is a thriving center of scientific research as well as port of entry for commerce and international immigration ."}]}, {'value': 'Jazz saxophonist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donny Hathaway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donny_Hathaway', 'summary': "Donny Edward Hathaway ( October 1 , 1945 - January 13 , 1979 ) was an American soul singer , keyboardist , songwriter , and arranger . Hathaway has been described as a soul legend by Rolling Stone . His enduring songs include The Ghetto , This Christmas , Someday We 'll All Be Free , and Little Ghetto Boy . Hathaway is also renowned for his signature versions of A Song for You , For All We Know , and I Love You More Than You 'll Ever Know , along with Where Is the Love and The Closer I Get to You , two of many collaborations with Roberta Flack . He 's been inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame and won one Grammy from four nominations . Hathaway was also posthumously bestowed with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Dutch director David Kleijwegt made a documentary : Mister Soul - A story about Donny Hathaway which was premiered at the International Film Festival Rotterdam on January 28th 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Songwriter and arranger for The Staple Singers , Jerry Butler , and Aretha Franklin ; singer who recorded duets with Roberta Flack ; recorded the theme song to the TV series Maude', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Staple_Singers', 'summary': "The Staple Singers were an American gospel , soul and R & B singing group . Roebuck Pops Staples ( December 28 , 1914 - December 19 , 2000 ) , the patriarch of the family , formed the group with his children Cleotha ( April 11 , 1934 - February 21 , 2013 ) , Pervis ( b . 1935 ) , and Mavis ( b . 1939 ) . Yvonne ( October 23 , 1937 - April 10 , 2018 ) replaced her brother when he was drafted into the U.S. Army , and again in 1970 . They are best known for their 1970s hits Respect Yourself , I 'll Take You There , If You 're Ready ( Come Go with Me ) , and Let 's Do It Again . While the family name is Staples , the group used Staple commercially ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aretha_Franklin', 'summary': "Aretha Louise Franklin ( March 25 , 1942 - August 16 , 2018 ) was an American singer , songwriter , pianist , and civil rights activist . Franklin began her career as a child singing gospel at New Bethel Baptist Church in Detroit , Michigan , where her father C. L. Franklin was minister . At the age of 18 , she embarked on a secular-music career as a recording artist for Columbia Records . While Franklin 's career did not immediately flourish , she found acclaim and commercial success after signing with Atlantic Records in 1966 . Hit songs such as Respect , Chain of Fools , Think , ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman , I Never Loved a Man ( The Way I Love You ) , and I Say a Little Prayer , propelled her past her musical peers . By the end of the 1960s , Aretha Franklin had come to be known as The Queen of Soul . Franklin continued to record acclaimed albums such as I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You ( 1967 ) , Lady Soul ( 1968 ) , Spirit in the Dark ( 1970 ) , Young , Gifted and Black ( 1972 ) , Amazing Grace ( 1972 ) , and Sparkle ( 1976 ) before experiencing problems with her record company . Franklin left Atlantic in 1979 and signed with Arista Records . She appeared in the 1980 film The Blues Brothers before releasing the successful albums Jump to It ( 1982 ) , Who 's Zoomin ' Who ? ( 1985 ) , and Aretha ( 1986 ) on the Arista label . In 1998 , Franklin returned to the Top 40 with the Lauryn Hill-produced song A Rose Is Still a Rose ; later , she released an album of the same name which was certified gold . That same year , Franklin earned international acclaim for her performance of Nessun dorma at the Grammy Awards ; she filled in at the last minute for Luciano Pavarotti , who canceled his appearance after the show had already begun ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roberta_Flack', 'summary': "Roberta Cleopatra Flack ( born February 10 , 1937 ) is an American singer . She is known for her No . 1 singles The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face , Killing Me Softly with His Song , Feel Like Makin ' Love ; and Where Is the Love and The Closer I Get to You , two of her many duets with Donny Hathaway . Flack is the only solo artist to win the Grammy Award for Record of the Year on two consecutive years : The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face won at the 1973 Grammys and Killing Me Softly with His Song won at the 1974 Grammys ."}, {'url': "/wiki/And_Then_There's_Maude", 'summary': "Maude is an American sitcom television series that was originally broadcast on the CBS network from September 12 , 1972 , until April 22 , 1978 . Maude stars Beatrice Arthur as Maude Findlay , an outspoken , middle-aged , politically liberal woman living in suburban Tuckahoe , Westchester County , New York , with her fourth husband , household appliance store owner Walter Findlay ( Bill Macy ) . Maude embraces the tenets of women 's liberation , always votes for Democratic Party candidates , and advocates for civil rights and racial and gender equality . However , her overbearing and sometimes domineering personality often gets her into trouble when speaking about these issues . The show was billed as the first spin-off of All in the Family , on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude , Edith Bunker 's cousin . Like All in the Family , Maude was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . Unusual for a U.S. sitcom , several episodes ( such as Maude 's Night Out and The Convention ) featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter , in what amounted to half-hour two-hander teleplays . The show 's theme song , And Then There 's Maude , was written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman and Dave Grusin , and performed by Donny Hathaway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maude_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Maude is an American sitcom television series that was originally broadcast on the CBS network from September 12 , 1972 , until April 22 , 1978 . Maude stars Beatrice Arthur as Maude Findlay , an outspoken , middle-aged , politically liberal woman living in suburban Tuckahoe , Westchester County , New York , with her fourth husband , household appliance store owner Walter Findlay ( Bill Macy ) . Maude embraces the tenets of women 's liberation , always votes for Democratic Party candidates , and advocates for civil rights and racial and gender equality . However , her overbearing and sometimes domineering personality often gets her into trouble when speaking about these issues . The show was billed as the first spin-off of All in the Family , on which Beatrice Arthur had made two appearances in the character of Maude , Edith Bunker 's cousin . Like All in the Family , Maude was a sitcom with topical storylines created by producers Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin . Unusual for a U.S. sitcom , several episodes ( such as Maude 's Night Out and The Convention ) featured only the characters of Maude and her husband Walter , in what amounted to half-hour two-hander teleplays . The show 's theme song , And Then There 's Maude , was written by Marilyn and Alan Bergman and Dave Grusin , and performed by Donny Hathaway ."}]}, {'value': 'Fletcher Henderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fletcher_Henderson', 'summary': "James Fletcher Hamilton Henderson ( December 18 , 1897 - December 29 , 1952 ) was an American pianist , bandleader , arranger and composer , important in the development of big band jazz and swing music . He was one of the most prolific black musical arrangers and , along with Duke Ellington , is considered one of the most influential arrangers and bandleaders in jazz history . Henderson 's influence was vast . He helped bridge the gap between the Dixieland and the swing eras . He was often known as Smack Henderson ( because of smacking sounds he made with his lips ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Phi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clark_Atlanta_University', 'summary': 'Clark Atlanta University is a private historically black university in Atlanta , Georgia . It was formed in 1988 with the consolidation of Clark College ( founded in 1869 ) and Atlanta University ( founded in 1865 ) . Clark Atlanta University is a member of the United Negro College Fund ( UNCF ) and is the largest collegiate institution in the Atlanta University Center Consortium .'}]}, {'value': 'Pianist , bandleader , arranger and composer , important in the development of big band jazz and swing music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Composer', 'summary': 'A composer ( Latin compōnō ; literally one who puts together ) is a musician who is an author of music in any form , including vocal music ( for a singer or choir ) , instrumental music , electronic music , and music which combines multiple forms . A composer may create music in any music genre , including , for example , classical music , musical theatre , blues , folk music , jazz , and popular music . Composers often express their works in a written musical score using musical notation . Many composers are , or were , also skilled performers of music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Big_band', 'summary': 'A big band is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections : saxophones , trumpets , trombones , and a rhythm section . Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular . The term big band is also used to describe a genre of music , although this was not the only style of music played by big bands . Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing . In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation , big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements . They gave a greater role to bandleaders , arrangers , and sections of instruments rather than soloists .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Swing_(genre)', 'summary': "Swing music , or simply swing , is a form of popular jazz music developed in the United States that dominated in the 1930s and 1940s . The name swing came from the 'swing feel ' where the emphasis is on the off-beat or weaker pulse in the music . Swing bands usually featured soloists who would improvise on the melody over the arrangement . The danceable swing style of big bands and bandleaders such as Benny Goodman was the dominant form of American popular music from 1935 to 1946 , a period known as the swing era . The verb to swing is also used as a term of praise for playing that has a strong groove or drive . Notable musicians of the swing era include Louis Armstrong , Count Basie , Cab Calloway , Jimmy Dorsey , Tommy Dorsey , Duke Ellington , Benny Goodman , Woody Herman , Harry James , Louis Jordan , Glenn Miller , Louis Prima , and Artie Shaw . Swing has roots in the 1920s as larger dance music ensembles began using new styles of written arrangements incorporating rhythmic innovations pioneered by Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines . A typical song played in swing style would feature a strong , anchoring rhythm section in support of more loosely tied wind and brass . The most common style consisted of theme choruses and choruses with improvised solos within the framework of his bandmates playing support . Swing music began to decline in popularity during World War II because of several factors . Swing influenced the later styles of traditional pop music , jump blues , and bebop jazz . Swing music saw a revival in the late 1950s and 1960s with the resurgent Count Basie and Duke Ellington orchestras , and with pop vocalists such as Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole ."}]}, {'value': 'Carl Martin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lionel Richie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lionel_Richie', 'summary': "Lionel Brockman Richie Jr. ( born June 20 , 1949 ) is an American singer , songwriter , composer , multi-instrumentalist , record producer and actor . His recordings with the Commodores and in his solo career made him one of the most successful balladeers of the 1980s . Beginning in 1968 , Richie was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores . The Commodores became established as a popular soul group ; their first several albums had a danceable , funky sound , as in such tracks as Machine Gun and Brick House . Over time , Richie wrote and sang more romantic , easy-listening ballads such as Easy , Three Times a Lady , Still , and the breakup ballad Sail On . Richie launched a solo career in 1982 and his 1982 debut solo album , Lionel Richie , contained three hit singles : the U.S. number-one song Truly , and the top five hits You Are and My Love . The album hit No . 3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies . His 1983 follow-up album , Ca n't Slow Down , sold over twice as many copies , propelling him into the first rank of international superstars . He also co-wrote the 1985 charity single We Are the World with Michael Jackson , which sold over 20 million copies . Over the course of his career , Richie has sold over 90 million records worldwide , making him one of the world 's best-selling artists of all time . He won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for Ca n't Slow Down , and his other Grammy Awards include Producer of the Year ( Non-Classical ) in 1985 and Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for Truly in 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Nu Lambda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer and member of the Commodores ; Grammy Award and Academy Award winner ; 2003 Hollywood Walk of Fame honoree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Commodores', 'summary': "Commodores is an American funk/soul band , which was at its peak in the late 1970s through the mid 1980s . The members of the group met as mostly freshmen at Tuskegee Institute ( now Tuskegee University ) in 1968 , and signed with Motown in November 1972 , having first caught the public eye opening for the Jackson 5 while on tour . The group 's most successful period was in the late 1970s and early 1980s when Lionel Richie was the co-lead singer . The band 's biggest hit singles are ballads such as Easy , Three Times a Lady , and Nightshift ; and funky dance hits which include Brick House , Fancy Dancer , Lady ( You Bring Me Up ) , and Too Hot ta Trot . In 1986 , the Commodores won their first Grammy for the song Nightshift ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grammy_Award', 'summary': 'A Grammy Award ( stylized as GRAMMY , originally called Gramophone Award ) , or Grammy , is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievements in the music industry . The trophy depicts a gilded gramophone . The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists , and the presentation of those awards that have a more popular interest . The Grammys are the second of the Big Three major music awards held annually ( between the American Music Awards in the Fall , and the Billboard Music Awards in the Summer ) , was held May 1 in 2019 . It is considered one of the four major annual American entertainment awards along with the Academy Awards ( film ) , the Emmy Awards ( television ) , and the Tony Awards ( theater and Broadway ) The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4 , 1959 , to honor and respect the musical accomplishments by performers for the year 1958 . Following the 2011 ceremony , the Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012 . The 62nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on January 26 , 2020 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Academy_Award', 'summary': "The Academy Awards , more popularly known as the Oscars , are awards for artistic and technical merit in the film industry . Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) , the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements as assessed by the Academy 's voting membership . The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette , officially called the Academy Award of Merit , although more commonly referred to by its nickname , the Oscar . The statuette depicts a knight rendered in the Art Deco style . The award was originally sculpted by George Stanley from a design sketch by Cedric Gibbons . AMPAS first presented it in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in what would become known as the 1st Academy Awards . The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953 . It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide . It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards ; its other three equivalents - the Emmy Awards for television , the Tony Awards for theater , and the Grammy Awards for music - are modeled after the Academy Awards . The 91st Academy Awards ceremony , honoring the best films of 2018 , was held on February 24 , 2019 , at the Dolby Theatre , in Los Angeles , California . The ceremony was broadcast on ABC . A total of 3,096 Oscar statuettes have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 91st ceremony ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame', 'summary': 'The Hollywood Walk of Fame comprises more than 2,600 five-pointed terrazzo and brass stars embedded in the sidewalks along 15 blocks of Hollywood Boulevard and three blocks of Vine Street in Hollywood , California . The stars are permanent public monuments to achievement in the entertainment industry , bearing the names of a mix of musicians , actors , directors , producers , musical and theatrical groups , fictional characters , and others . The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust . It is a popular tourist destination , with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003 . The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce holds trademark rights to the Hollywood Walk of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Noble Sissle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noble_Sissle', 'summary': "Noble Lee Sissle ( July 10 , 1889 - December 17 , 1975 ) was an American jazz composer , lyricist , bandleader , singer , and playwright , best known for the Broadway musical Shuffle Along ( 1921 ) , and its hit song I 'm Just Wild About Harry ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz composer , lyricist , bandleader , and singer of the Harlem Renaissance ; lyricist of Shuffle Along , which became the first hit musical on Broadway written by and about African-Americans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance', 'summary': 'The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual , social , and artistic explosion centered in Harlem , Manhattan , New York City , spanning the 1920s . At the time , it was known as the New Negro Movement , named after The New Negro , a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke . The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration , of which Harlem was the largest . Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood , many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the movement , which spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s . Many of its ideas lived on much longer . The zenith of this flowering of Negro literature , as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance , took place between 1924 - when Opportunity : A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance - and 1929 , the year of the stock-market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression . The Harlem Renaissance is considered to have been a rebirth of the African-American arts .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shuffle_Along', 'summary': 'Shuffle Along is a musical with music and lyrics by Noble Sissle and Eubie Blake , and a thin revue-style connecting plot about a mayoral race , written by Flournoy Miller and Aubrey Lyles . The piece premiered on Broadway in 1921 , running for 504 performances - an unusually long run during that decade . It launched the careers of Josephine Baker , Adelaide Hall , Florence Mills , Fredi Washington and Paul Robeson , and became such a hit that it caused curtain time traffic jams on West 63rd Street . It had brief revivals in 1933 and 1952 . Shuffle Along , or , the Making of the Musical Sensation of 1921 and All That Followed is a musical adaptation based on the original book of the 1921 musical , focusing on the challenges of mounting the original production of Shuffle Along and its effect on Broadway and race relations .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Broadway_theatre', 'summary': "Broadway theatre , [ nb 1 ] also known simply as Broadway , refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres , each with 500 or more seats , located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway , in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Broadway and London 's West End together represent the highest commercial level of live theater in the English-speaking world . The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City . According to The Broadway League , for the 2018-2019 season ( which ended May 26 , 2019 ) total attendance was 14,768,254 and Broadway shows had US $ 1,829,312,140 in grosses , with attendance up 9.5% , grosses up 10.3% , and playing weeks up 9.3% . The majority of Broadway shows are musicals . Historian Martin Shefter argues that 'Broadway musicals ' , culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein , became enormously influential forms of American popular culture and contributed to making New York City the cultural capital of the Western Hemisphere ."}]}, {'value': 'Lanzel Smith Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Delta Zeta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syracuse_University', 'summary': "Syracuse University ( Syracuse , 'Cuse , or SU ) is a private research university in Syracuse , New York . The institution 's roots can be traced to the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary , founded in 1831 by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Lima , New York . After several years of debate over relocating the college to Syracuse , the university was established in 1870 , independent of the college . Since 1920 , the university has identified itself as nonsectarian , although it maintains a relationship with The United Methodist Church . The campus is in the University Hill neighborhood of Syracuse , east and southeast of downtown , on one of the larger hills . Its large campus features an eclectic mix of buildings , ranging from nineteenth-century Romanesque Revival structures to contemporary buildings . SU is organized into 13 schools and colleges , with nationally recognized programs in information studies and library science , architecture , communications , business administration , inclusive education and wellness , sport management , public administration , engineering and the College of Arts and Sciences . Syracuse University athletic teams , known as the Orange , participate in 20 intercollegiate sports . SU is a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference , or ACC for all NCAA Division I athletics , except for the men 's rowing and women 's ice hockey teams . SU is also a member of the Eastern College Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'International Disc Jockey and multi-faceted producer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disc_Jockey', 'summary': 'A disc jockey , more commonly abbreviated as DJ , is a person who hosts recorded music for an audience . Most common types of DJs include radio DJs , club DJs , who perform at a nightclub or music festival and turntablists who use record players , usually turntables , to manipulate sounds on phonograph records . Originally , the disc in disc jockey referred to vinyl records , but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who mix music from other recording media such as cassettes , CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ or a laptop . The title DJ is often used by DJs in front of their real names , adopted pseudonyms , or stage names . DJs use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simultaneously and mix them together to create seamless transitions between recordings and develop unique mixes of songs . Often , this involves aligning the beats of the music sources so their rhythms and tempos do not clash when played together and to enable a smooth transition from one song to another . DJs often use specialized DJ mixers , small audio mixers with crossfader and cue functions to blend or transition from one song to another . Mixers are also used to pre-listen to sources of recorded music in headphones and adjust upcoming tracks to mix with currently playing music . DJ software can be used with a DJ controller device to mix audio files on a computer instead of a console mixer . DJs may also use a microphone to speak to the audience ; effects units such as reverb to create sound effects and electronic musical instruments such as drum machines and synthesizers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Record_producer', 'summary': "A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performer 's music , which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album . A producer has many , varying roles during the recording process . They may gather musical ideas for the project , collaborate with the artists to select cover tunes or original songs by the artist/group , work with artists and help them to improve their songs , lyrics or arrangements . A producer may also :"}]}, {'value': 'Darnell Van Rensalier', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Singer in the R & B group Shai', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonathan White', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gamma Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jazz composer , saxophonist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jazz', 'summary': "Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans , United States . It originated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , and developed from roots in blues and ragtime . Jazz is seen by many as America 's classical music . Since the 1920s Jazz Age , jazz has become recognized as a major form of musical expression . It then emerged in the form of independent traditional and popular musical styles , all linked by the common bonds of African-American and European-American musical parentage with a performance orientation . Jazz is characterized by swing and blue notes , call and response vocals , polyrhythms and improvisation . Jazz has roots in West African cultural and musical expression , and in African-American music traditions including blues and ragtime , as well as European military band music . Intellectuals around the world have hailed jazz as one of America 's original art forms . As jazz spread around the world , it drew on national , regional , and local musical cultures , which gave rise to different styles . New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s , combining earlier brass-band marches , French quadrilles , biguine , ragtime and blues with collective polyphonic improvisation . In the 1930s , heavily arranged dance-oriented swing big bands , Kansas City jazz , a hard-swinging , bluesy , improvisational style and Gypsy jazz ( a style that emphasized musette waltzes ) were the prominent styles . Bebop emerged in the 1940s , shifting jazz from danceable popular music toward a more challenging musician 's music which was played at faster tempos and used more chord-based improvisation ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_5', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."}
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At what school is the Alpha Phi Alpha chapter of which the musician born December 18 , 1897 was a brother ?
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Clark Atlanta University
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1963 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Don Hagen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Occidental', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Occidental_Tigers', 'summary': "Located in Los Angeles , Occidental College competes in the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( SCIAC ) at the NCAA 's Division III level . Approximately 25 percent of all students play a varsity sport , and nearly half of all students participate in all athletics activities combined ( including a host of club sports and intramural leagues ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Eddie Jones', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies', 'summary': "The UConn Huskies ( or Connecticut Huskies ) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Connecticut . The school is a member of the NCAA 's Division I and the American Athletic Conference . The university 's football team plays at Rentschler Field , and the men 's and women 's basketball teams play on-campus at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and off-campus at the XL Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Jeff Torborg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Torborg', 'summary': "Jeffrey Allen Torborg ( born November 26 , 1941 ) is a former catcher and manager in Major League Baseball . Torborg was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1963 . On September 9 , 1965 , Torborg caught Sandy Koufax 's perfect game . On July 20 , 1970 , he was the catcher receiving Bill Singer 's no-hitter , and on May 15 , 1973 , Torborg also caught the first of Nolan Ryan 's seven no-hitters ."}]}, {'value': 'Rutgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights', 'summary': "The Rutgers Scarlet Knights are the athletic teams that represent Rutgers University 's New Brunswick campus . In sports , Rutgers is chiefly known for being the Birthplace of College Football , hosting the first ever intercollegiate football game on November 6 , 1869 in which Rutgers defeated a team from the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) with a score of 6 runs to 4 . ( Roughly 36-24 currently ) Among the first American schools to participate in intercollegiate athletics , Rutgers currently fields 27 teams in the Big Ten Conference which participates in Division I competition , as sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) in the following sports : baseball , basketball , crew , cross country , field hockey , football , golf , gymnastics , lacrosse , soccer , softball , tennis , track and field , swimming and diving , wrestling , and volleyball . The athletic programs compete under the name Scarlet Knights , after the Rutgers University mascot which was chosen in 1955 by the student body . The Rutgers campuses in Newark and Camden also participate in intercollegiate competition - under the names Scarlet Raiders and Scarlet Raptors , respectively - in NCAA Division III ."}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Butch Thompson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Jon Andersen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minnesota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_baseball', 'summary': "The Minnesota Golden Gophers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis , Minnesota , United States . The team competes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association 's Division I and are members of the Big Ten Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Moore ( 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida Gators baseball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of baseball . Florida competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games in Alfred A. McKethan Stadium on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Kevin O'Sullivan . In the 105-season history of the Florida baseball program , the team has won 15 SEC championships and has appeared in 12 College World Series tournaments . The Gators won their first national championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Bethea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Bethea', 'summary': 'William Lamar Bethea ( born January 1 , 1942 ) , nicknamed Spot , is a retired American professional baseball player who appeared in ten games in the Major Leagues as an infielder for the 1964 Minnesota Twins . The native of Houston threw and batted right-handed , stood 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall and weighed 175 pounds ( 79 kg ) . He attended the University of Texas at Austin . Originally signed by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1963 , Bethea batted .371 in the Pioneer League ( then Class A ) that season and was selected by the Twins in the first-year player draft then in effect . He spent most of 1964 with the Double-A Charlotte Hornets before his recall to Minnesota after the September 1 roster expansion . In his first MLB at bat ( in his fourth game played ) , on September 20 , 1964 , at Fenway Park , Bethea doubled off Ed Connolly of the Boston Red Sox , driving home Bob Allison from first base for his first run batted in in the Majors . It sparked the Twins to a 12-4 victory . In his brief big-league trial , however , Bethea collected only five total hits and two RBI in ten games played and 30 at bats . He returned to the minor leagues in 1965 and played through the 1969 season . He then served as an assistant coach for the Texas Longhorns baseball program for 21 years , working as an aide to Cliff Gustafson , before becoming head baseball coach of Arkansas State University from 1991-2002 , compiling a 311-310 record .'}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns baseball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate men 's baseball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in baseball in 1894 . Texas is the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in terms of win percentage , with an all-time win-loss record of 3585-1354-32 ( .724 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns rank second in all-time wins as of June 11 , 2018 , behind the Fordham Rams . As of the end of the 2018 conference season , Texas has won 78 regular season conference championships and 16 conference tournament championships in baseball . The Longhorns have won six NCAA baseball national championships ( 1949 , 1950 , 1975 , 1983 , 2002 , 2005 ) - tied with LSU and second to Southern California 's total of 12 - and have been the runner-up in the College World Series ( CWS ) Championship Games on six other occasions ( 1953 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 ) . Texas holds the records for most appearances in the College World Series ( 36 ) , most individual CWS games won ( 85 ) , most overall NCAA Tournament games won ( 240 ) , and most NCAA Tournament appearances ( 59 ) ; the second-place programs in these categories have 25 CWS appearances ( Miami ) , wins in 74 CWS games ( Southern California ) , 192 overall NCAA Tournament wins ( Florida State and Miami ) , and 56 NCAA Tournament appearances ( Florida State ) , as of June 11 , 2018 . Former Longhorns who have gone on to success in Major League Baseball include Roger Clemens , Calvin Schiraldi , Burt Hooton , Keith Moreland , Spike Owen , Mark Petkovsek , Greg Swindell , Brandon Belt , and Huston Street . From 1997 to 2016 , the Longhorns were led by head coach Augie Garrido , who holds the record for most wins in NCAA baseball history . The team is currently led by third-year head coach David Pierce . Texas plays its home games at UFCU-Disch-Falk Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Mike Augustine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Scripture', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Scripture', 'summary': "Earl Wayne Billy Scripture ( November 20 , 1941 - November 11 , 2018 ) was an American outfielder , third baseman , manager and instructor in professional baseball . Born in Pensacola , Florida , he was an All-America baseball standout at Wake Forest University , Scripture threw and batted right-handed , stood 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.8 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) in his playing days . Scripture signed with the Baltimore Orioles after his matriculation from Wake Forest , but never reached the Major League Baseball level . He batted .252 in 891 games over nine seasons ( 1964-1972 ) in the Baltimore and New York Mets farm systems , with 58 home runs . His last five seasons as an active player were spent at the Triple-A level with the Rochester Red Wings and Tidewater Tides . Scripture then became a minor league manager and instructor in the Kansas City Royals and Pittsburgh Pirates systems , peaking at the Double-A level and having only one winning season in five years as a skipper . However , Scripture earned a reputation throughout professional baseball for his intensity , dedication to teaching , and his toughness . The most quoted stories about Scripture described his habit of biting the covers off baseballs when frustrated . Only lost one molar so far , Scripture said in 1975 , and that 's a whole lot less expensive than an ulcer operation . He was tough , maybe the toughest I 've ever seen , then-Royals athletic trainer Mickey Cobb told Sports Illustrated for a 1987 profile on Scripture . I remember a time when he had 19 blisters on one hand from hitting . He just came in and poured alcohol on it ."}]}, {'value': 'Wake Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_baseball', 'summary': 'The Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball team represents Wake Forest University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . They won the 1955 College World Series . They are coached by Tom Walter .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobby Stewart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Spiders', 'summary': 'The Richmond Spiders represent the University of Richmond in Richmond , Virginia . The Spiders compete in the Division I FCS of the National Collegiate Athletic Association as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference for most sports .'}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1963_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'}
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On September 9 , 1965 , whose perfect game was caught by the 1963 College Baseball All-America Team player whose position was catcher and who attended the `` Birthplace of College Football '' ?
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Sandy Koufax
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0348a213ec4304a2
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_Utopian_communities', 'title': 'List of American Utopian communities', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Founder', 'Founding date', 'Ending date', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Old Economy Village', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Economy_Village', 'summary': 'Old Economy Village is a historic settlement in Ambridge , Beaver County , Pennsylvania , United States . Administered by the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission , it lies on the banks of the Ohio River and is surrounded by downtown Ambridge . The Village is the last of three settlements established by the Harmony Society in the United States ( another in Pennsylvania and one in Indiana ) . Established in 1824 , it was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 1966 under the name of Old Economy .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Rapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Rapp', 'summary': "John George Rapp ( German : Johann Georg Rapp ; November 1 , 1757 in Iptingen , Duchy of Württemberg - August 7 , 1847 in Economy , Pennsylvania ) was the founder of the religious sect called Harmonists , Harmonites , Rappites , or the Harmony Society . Born in Iptingen , Duchy of Württemberg , Germany , Rapp became inspired by the philosophies of Jakob Böhme , Philipp Jakob Spener , and Emanuel Swedenborg , among others . In the 1780s , George Rapp began preaching and soon started to gather a group of his own followers . His group officially split with the Lutheran Church in 1785 and was promptly banned from meeting . The persecution that Rapp and his followers experienced caused them to leave Germany and come to the United States in 1803 . Rapp was a Pietist , and a number of his beliefs were shared by the Anabaptists , as well as groups such as the Shakers . Rapp 's religious beliefs and philosophy were the cement that held his community together both in Germany and in America - a Christian community and commune , which in America organized as the Harmony Society . The Harmony Society built three American towns , became rich , famous , and survived for 100 years - roughly from 1805 until 1905 ."}]}, {'value': '1824', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Harmonites Village . The Harmony Society is a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen , Germany , in 1785', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harmony_Society', 'summary': 'The Harmony Society was a Christian theosophy and pietist society founded in Iptingen , Germany , in 1785 . Due to religious persecution by the Lutheran Church and the government in Württemberg , the group moved to the United States , where representatives initially purchased land in Butler County , Pennsylvania . On February 15 , 1805 , the group of approximately 400 followers formally organized the Harmony Society , placing all their goods in common . Under its founder and spiritual leader , Johann Georg Rapp ( 1757-1847 ) ; Frederick ( Reichert ) Rapp ( 1775-1834 ) , his adopted son who managed its business affairs ; and their associates , the Society existed for one hundred years , roughly from 1805 until 1905 . Members were known as Harmonists , Harmonites , or Rappites . The Society is best known for its worldly successes , most notably the establishment of three model communities , the first at Harmony , Pennsylvania ; the second , also called Harmony , in the Indiana Territory , now New Harmony , Indiana ; and the third and final town at Economy , now Ambridge , Pennsylvania .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_theosophy', 'summary': 'Christian theosophy , also known as Boehmian theosophy and theosophy , refers to a range of positions within Christianity which focus on the attainment of direct , unmediated knowledge of the nature of divinity and the origin and purpose of the universe . They have been characterized as mystical philosophies . Theosophy is considered part of Western esotericism , which believes that hidden knowledge or wisdom from the ancient past offers a path to enlightenment and salvation . Christian theosophy belongs essentially to the Judeo-Christian tradition . The foundation of Christian theosophy is usually attributed to the German philosopher Jakob Böhme . Jewish Kabbalah was also formative for Christian theosophy from Boehme on . In 1875 , the term theosophy was adopted and revived by the Theosophical Society , an esoteric organisation which spawned a spiritual movement also called Theosophy . In the twentieth century , theosophy became the object of study for various scholars of Western esotericism .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pietism', 'summary': "Pietism ( /ˈpaɪɪtɪzəm/ ) is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with the Reformed emphasis on individual piety and living a vigorous Christian life . Although the movement initially was active exclusively within Lutheranism , it had a tremendous impact on Protestantism worldwide , particularly in North America and Europe . Pietism originated in modern Germany in the late 17th century with the work of Philipp Spener , a Lutheran theologian whose emphasis on personal transformation through spiritual rebirth and renewal , individual devotion , and piety laid the foundations for the movement . Although Spener did not directly advocate the quietistic , legalistic , and semi-separatist practices of Pietism , they were more or less involved in the positions he assumed or the practices which he encouraged . Pietism spread from Germany to Switzerland and the rest of German-speaking Europe , to Scandinavia and the Baltics ( where it was heavily influential , leaving a permanent mark on the region 's dominant Lutheranism , with figures like Hans Nielsen Hauge in Norway , Peter Spaak and Carl Olof Rosenius in Sweden , Katarina Asplund in Finland , and Barbara von Krüdener in the Baltics ) , and to the rest of Europe . It was further taken to North America , primarily by German and Scandinavian immigrants . There , it influenced Protestants of other ethnic backgrounds , contributing to the 18th-century foundation of evangelicalism , a movement within Protestantism that today has some 300 million followers . In the middle of the 19th century , Lars Levi Laestadius spearheaded a Pietist revival in Scandinavia that upheld what came to be known as Laestadian Lutheran theology , which is adhered to today by the Laestadian Lutheran Church as well as by several congregations within other mainstream Lutheran Churches , such as the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland . The Eielsen Synod and Association of Free Lutheran Congregations are Pietist Lutheran bodies that emerged in the Pietist Lutheran movement in Norway , which was spearheaded by Hans Nielsen Hauge . In 1900 , the Church of the Lutheran Brethren was founded and it adheres to Pietist Lutheran theology , emphasizing a personal conversion experience . Whereas Pietistic Lutherans stayed within the Lutheran tradition , adherents of a related movement known as Radical Pietism believed in separating from the established Lutheran Churches . Some of the theological tenets of Pietism also influenced other traditions of Protestantism , inspiring the Anglican priest John Wesley to begin the Methodist movement and Alexander Mack to begin the Anabaptist Brethren movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Iptingen', 'summary': 'Iptingen is a small village in southwestern Germany , some 25 km to the northwest of Stuttgart . Today , Iptingen is a part of the community of Wiernsheim , together with Pinache and Serres . Iptingen was the birthplace of Johann Georg Rapp , the founder of the Harmony Society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashoba_Community', 'summary': 'The Nashoba Community was an experimental project of Frances Fanny Wright , initiated in 1825 to educate and emancipate slaves . It was located in a 2,000-acre ( 8 km² ) woodland on the side of present-day Germantown , Tennessee , a Memphis suburb , along the Wolf River . It was a small-scale test of her full-compensation emancipation plan in which no slaveholders would lose money for emancipating slaves . Instead , Wright proposed that , through a system of unified labor , the slaves would buy their freedom and then be transported to the independent settlements of Liberia and Haiti .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frances Wright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frances_Wright', 'summary': "Frances Wright ( September 6 , 1795 - December 13 , 1852 ) , widely known as Fanny Wright , was a Scottish-born lecturer , writer , freethinker , feminist , abolitionist , and social reformer , who became a US citizen in 1825 . The same year , she founded the Nashoba Commune in Tennessee , as a utopian community to demonstrate how to prepare slaves for eventual emancipation , but the project lasted only five years . In the late 1820s Wright was the first woman lecturer to speak publicly before gatherings of men and women in the United States about political and social-reform issues . She advocated for universal education , the emancipation of slaves , birth control , equal rights , sexual freedom , legal rights for married women , and liberal divorce laws . Wright was also vocal in her opposition to organized religion and capital punishment . The clergy and the press harshly criticized Wright 's radical views . Her public lectures in the United States led to the establishment of Fanny Wright societies and her association with the Working Men 's Party , organized in New York City in 1829 , became so strong that its opponents called the partys slate of candidates the Fanny Wright ticket . Wright also wrote about political and social reforms , which included Views of Society and Manners in America ( 1821 ) , a memoir of her travels that provides her observations of early democratic political and social institutions in the United States . She also outlined her position on emancipation in A Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery in the United States Without Danger of Loss to the Citizens of the South ( 1825 ) . In addition , Wright co-edited The New Harmony and Nashoba Gazette or Free Inquirer with Robert Dale Owen in New Harmony , Indiana , as well as the Free Enquirer in New York City in 1829 , and , later , The Sentinel ( renamed New York Sentinel and Working Man 's Advocate ) . Among Wright 's other published works is Course of Popular Lectures ( 1829 ) , a collection of her speeches , and her final book , England , the Civilizer ( 1848 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1825 ( BBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1828 ( BBC )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'An abolitionist , free-love community . ( LEP )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Harmony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana', 'summary': "New Harmony is a historic town on the Wabash River in Harmony Township , Posey County , Indiana . It lies 15 miles ( 24 km ) north of Mount Vernon , the county seat , and is part of the Evansville metropolitan area . The town 's population was 789 at the 2010 census . Established by the Harmony Society in 1814 under the leadership of George Rapp , the town was originally known as Harmony ( also called Harmonie , or New Harmony ) . In its early years the 20,000-acre ( 8,100 ha ) settlement was the home of Lutherans who had separated from the official church in the Duchy of Württemberg and immigrated to the United States . The Harmonists built a new town in the wilderness , but in 1824 they decided to sell their property and return to Pennsylvania . Robert Owen , a Welsh industrialist and social reformer , purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony . While the Owenite social experiment failed two years after it began , the community made some important contributions to American society . New Harmony became known as a center for advances in education and scientific research . Town residents established the first free library , a civic drama club , and a public school system open to men and women . Its prominent citizens included Owen 's sons : Robert Dale Owen , an Indiana congressman and social reformer who sponsored legislation to create the Smithsonian Institution ; David Dale Owen , a noted state and federal geologist ; William Owen , a New Harmony businessman ; and Richard Owen , Indiana state geologist , Indiana University professor , and first president of Purdue University . The town also served as the second headquarters of the U.S. Geological Survey ."}]}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Owen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Owen', 'summary': "Robert Owen ( /ˈoʊɪn/ ; 14 May 1771 - 17 November 1858 ) , a Welsh textile manufacturer , philanthropist and social reformer , was one founder of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement . He is known for efforts to improve factory working conditions for his workers and promote experimental socialistic communities . In the early 1800s , he became wealthy as an investor and eventual manager of a large textile mill at New Lanark , Scotland . He had initially trained as a draper in Stamford , Lincolnshire and worked in London before relocating aged 18 to Manchester and becoming a textile manufacturer . In 1824 , Owen travelled to America and invested most of his fortune in an experimental socialistic community at New Harmony , Indiana , a preliminary model for Owen 's utopian society . It lasted about two years ; other Owenite utopian communities met similar fates . In 1828 , Owen returned to settle in London , where he continued to champion the working class , led the development of cooperatives and the trade union movement , and supported the passage of child labour laws and free co-educational schools ."}]}, {'value': '1825', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1829', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harmonites Village', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Philadelphia Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Müller', 'summary': 'Bernhard Müller , known as Count de Leon ( born March 21 , 1788 , Kostheim , Germany - died August 29 , 1834 , Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana ) , was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins .'}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bernhard Müller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernhard_Müller', 'summary': 'Bernhard Müller , known as Count de Leon ( born March 21 , 1788 , Kostheim , Germany - died August 29 , 1834 , Natchitoches Parish , Louisiana ) , was a German Christian mystic and alchemist of uncertain origins .'}]}, {'value': '1832', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A libertarian socialist community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Libertarian_socialist', 'summary': "Libertarian socialism , also referred to as anarcho-socialism , anarchist socialism , free socialism , stateless socialism , socialist anarchism and socialist libertarianism , is a set of anti-authoritarian , anti-statist and libertarian political philosophies within the socialist movement which rejects the conception of socialism as a form where the state retains centralized control of the economy . Overlapping with anarchism and libertarianism , it criticizes wage labour relationships within the workplace , emphasizing workers ' self-management of the workplace and decentralized structures of political organization . Libertarian socialism often rejects the state itself and asserts that a society based on freedom and justice can be achieved through abolishing authoritarian institutions that control certain means of production and subordinate the majority to an owning class or political and economic elite . Libertarian socialists advocate for decentralized structures based on direct democracy and federal or confederal associations such as citizens'/popular assemblies , cooperatives , libertarian municipalism , trade unions and workers ' councils . All of this is generally done within a general call for libertarian and voluntary human relationships through the identification , criticism and practical dismantling of illegitimate authority in all aspects of human life . As such , it seeks to distinguish itself from both authoritarian and vanguardist Bolshevism/Leninism and reformist Fabianism/social democracy . A form and socialist wing of left-libertarianism , past and present political philosophies and movements commonly described as libertarian socialist include anarchism ( especially anarchist schools of thought such as anarcho-communism , anarcho-syndicalism collectivist anarchism , green anarchism , individualist anarchism , mutualism and social anarchism ) as well as Communalism , guild socialism , libertarian Marxism ( especially autonomism , council communism , left communism and Luxemburgism ) , participism , revolutionary syndicalism and some versions of utopian socialism ."}]}, {'value': 'Oberlin Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oberlin_Colony', 'summary': 'Oberlin is a city in Lorain County , Ohio , United States , southwest of Cleveland . Oberlin is the home of Oberlin College , a liberal arts college and music conservatory with approximately 3,000 students . The town is the birthplace of the Anti-Saloon League and the Hall-Héroult process , the process of reducing aluminum from its fluoride salts by electrolysis , which made industrial production of aluminum possible . The population was 8,286 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John J. Shipherd and 8 immigrant families', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Shipherd', 'summary': "John Jay Shipherd ( March 28 , 1802 - September 16 , 1844 ) was an American clergyman who co-founded Oberlin College in Oberlin , Ohio in 1833 with Philo Penfield Stewart . In 1844 , Shipherd also founded Olivet College in Olivet , Michigan . Both Oberlin College and Olivet College were envisioned by Shipherd to be idealistic , Christian communities based on a simple lifestyle , manual labor , and working for the betterment of the community and mankind . Under Shipherd 's leadership , Oberlin College set important precedents of admitting both men and women without regard for race . Oberlin was the first co-educational college in the United States ."}]}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Community based on Communal ownership of property', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brook Farm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brook_Farm', 'summary': 'Brook Farm , also called the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education or the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education , was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s . It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ( 9 miles outside of downtown Boston ) in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism , a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England . Founded as a joint stock company , it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work . Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload , ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits . Life on Brook Farm was based on balancing labor and leisure while working together for the benefit of the greater community . Each member could choose to do whatever work they found most appealing and all were paid equally , including women . Revenue for the community came from farming and from selling handmade products like clothing as well as through fees paid by the many visitors to Brook Farm . The main source of income was the school , which was overseen by Mrs. Ripley . A pre-school , primary school , and a college preparatory school attracted children internationally and each child was charged for his or her education . Adult education was also offered . The community was never financially stable and had difficulty profiting from its agricultural pursuits . By 1844 , the Brook Farmers adopted a societal model based on the socialist concepts of Charles Fourier and began publishing The Harbinger as an unofficial journal promoting Fourierism .'}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Ripley Sophia Ripley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)', 'summary': "George Ripley ( October 3 , 1802 - July 4 , 1880 ) was an American social reformer , Unitarian minister , and journalist associated with Transcendentalism . He was the founder of the short-lived Utopian community Brook Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts . Born in Greenfield , Massachusetts , George Ripley was pushed to attend Harvard College by his father and completed his studies in 1823 . He went on graduate from the Harvard Divinity School and the next year married Sophia Dana . Shortly after , he became ordained as the minister of the Purchase Street Church in Boston , Massachusetts , where he began to question traditional Unitarian beliefs . He became one of the founding members of the Transcendental Club and hosted its first official meeting in his home . Shortly after , he resigned from the church to put Transcendental beliefs in practice by founding an experimental commune called Brook Farm . The community later converted to a model based on the work of Charles Fourier , although the community was never financially stable in either format . After Brook Farm 's failure , Ripley was hired by Horace Greeley at the New York Tribune . He also published the New American Cyclopaedia , which made him financially successful . He built a national reputation as an arbiter of taste and literature before his death in 1880 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sophia_Ripley', 'summary': 'Sophia Willard Dana Ripley ( 1803-1861 ) , wife of George Ripley , was a 19th-century feminist associated with Transcendentalism and the Brook Farm community .'}]}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Transcendent community . Transcendentalism is a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transcendentalism', 'summary': 'Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States . It arose as a reaction , to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time . The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was closely related . Transcendentalism emerged from English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher , the skepticism of David Hume , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism . Miller and Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg as a pervasive influence on transcendentalism . It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on philosophy of the mind and spirituality , especially the Upanishads . A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature . Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual , and they have faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent . Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism . Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past masters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_England', 'summary': "New England is a region composed of six states in the northeastern United States : Maine , Vermont , New Hampshire , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . It is bordered by the state of New York to the west and by the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick to the northeast and Quebec to the north . The Atlantic Ocean is to the east and southeast , and Long Island Sound is to the southwest . Boston is New England 's largest city , as well as the capital of Massachusetts . Greater Boston is the largest metropolitan area , with nearly a third of New England 's population ; this area includes Worcester , Massachusetts ( the second-largest city in New England ) , Manchester , New Hampshire ( the largest city in New Hampshire ) , and Providence , Rhode Island ( the capital and largest city of Rhode Island ) . In 1620 , Puritan Separatist Pilgrims from England established Plymouth Colony , the second successful English settlement in America , following the Jamestown Settlement in Virginia founded in 1607 . Ten years later , more Puritans established Massachusetts Bay Colony north of Plymouth Colony . Over the next 126 years , people in the region fought in four French and Indian Wars , until the English colonists and their Iroquois allies defeated the French and their Algonquian allies in America . In 1692 , the town of Salem , Massachusetts and surrounding areas experienced the Salem witch trials , one of the most infamous cases of mass hysteria in history . In the late 18th century , political leaders from the New England colonies initiated resistance to Britain 's taxes without the consent of the colonists . Residents of Rhode Island captured and burned a British ship which was enforcing unpopular trade restrictions , and residents of Boston threw British tea into the harbor . Britain responded with a series of punitive laws stripping Massachusetts of self-government which the colonists called the Intolerable Acts ."}]}, {'value': 'North American Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_American_Phalanx', 'summary': "The North American Phalanx was a secular utopian socialist commune located in Colts Neck Township , Monmouth County , New Jersey . The community was the longest-lived of about 30 Fourierist Associations in the United States which emerged during a brief burst of popularity during the decade of the 1840s . The North American Phalanx was established in September 1843 and included the active participation of writer Albert Brisbane and newspaper publisher Horace Greeley , two of the leading figures of the Fourierist movement . The Association was disbanded in January 1856 , following a catastrophic fire which destroyed a number of the community 's productive enterprises . At the time of its termination it was the last of about 30 Fourierist Associations established during the 1840s still in existence and thus was the longest-lived . The main residential dwelling of the phalanx , a three-story wooden structure , stood vacant until it was itself destroyed by fire in November 1972 ."}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Sears', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1856', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community . The Fourier Society is based on the ideas of Charles Fourier , a French philosopher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Fourier', 'summary': "François Marie Charles Fourier ( /ˈfʊrieɪ , -iər/ ; French : [ ʃaʁl fuʁje ] ; 7 April 1772 - 10 October 1837 ) was a French philosopher , influential early socialist thinker and one of the founders of utopian socialism . Some of Fourier 's social and moral views , held to be radical in his lifetime , have become mainstream thinking in modern society . For instance , Fourier is credited with having originated the word feminism in 1837 . Fourier 's social views and proposals inspired a whole movement of intentional communities . Among them in the United States were the community of Utopia , Ohio ; La Reunion near present-day Dallas , Texas ; Lake Zurich , Illinois ; the North American Phalanx in Red Bank , New Jersey ; Brook Farm in West Roxbury , Massachusetts ; the Community Place and Sodus Bay Phalanx in New York State ; Silkville , Kansas and several others . Fourier later inspired a diverse array of revolutionary thinkers and writers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philosopher', 'summary': "A philosopher is someone who practices philosophy . The term philosopher comes from the Ancient Greek , φιλόσοφος ( philosophos ) , meaning lover of wisdom . The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras ( 6th century BC ) . In the classical sense , a philosopher was someone who lived according to a certain way of life , focusing on resolving existential questions about the human condition , and not someone who discourses upon theories or comments upon authors . Typically , these particular brands of philosophy are Hellenistic ones and those who most arduously commit themselves to this lifestyle may be considered philosophers . A philosopher is one who challenges what is thought to be common sense , does n't know when to stop asking questions , and reexamines the old ways of thought . In a modern sense , a philosopher is an intellectual who has contributed in one or more branches of philosophy , such as aesthetics , ethics , epistemology , logic , metaphysics , social theory , and political philosophy . A philosopher may also be one who worked in the humanities or other sciences which have since split from philosophy proper over the centuries , such as the arts , history , economics , sociology , psychology , linguistics , anthropology , theology , and politics ."}]}, {'value': 'Hopedale Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopedale_Community', 'summary': "The Hopedale Community was founded in Milford , Massachusetts , in 1842 by Adin Ballou . He and his followers purchased 600 acres ( 2.4 km2 ) of land on which they built homes for the community members , chapels and the factories for which the company was initially formed . The area was later split from Milford and became the town of Hopedale , Massachusetts . Ballou believed that he could create a utopian community blending the features of a factory town with those of a religion-based commune . He called this Practical Christianity but unlike several similar communities , it was important to Ballou that Hopedale would not be isolated from the rest of society . The community stood for temperance , abolitionism , women 's rights , spiritualism and education . Fourteen years after the land was purchased , Hopedale went bankrupt . The intentional community was converted into a textile factory town . The factories were purchased by George and Ebenezer Draper , later of the Draper Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adin Ballou', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adin_Ballou', 'summary': "Adin Ballou ( April 23 , 1803 - August 5 , 1890 ) was an American prominent proponent of pacifism , socialism and abolitionism , and the founder of the Hopedale Community . Through his long career as a Universalist , and then Unitarian minister , he tirelessly sought social reform through his radical Christian and socialist views . His writings drew the admiration of Leo Tolstoy , who sponsored Russian translations of some of Ballou 's works ."}]}, {'value': '1842', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A community based on Practical Christianity , which included ideas such as temperance , abolitionism , Women 's rights , spiritualism and education", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Practical_Christianity', 'summary': "Practical charismatic theology is a subset of Christian theology that teaches how to practically apply charismatic Christian theology in the everyday life of a believer . Theology is the study of the nature of God and religious beliefs . Practical charismatic theology takes this a step further through the incorporation of these beliefs into an individual believer 's lifestyle . Practical charismatic theology specifically focuses on incorporating charismatic Christian beliefs into an individual lifestyle with the goal of achieving what Jesus instructed his followers to pray for ; on earth as it is in heaven . Applying theology in this way has been reported as bringing about transformative changes in people 's lives , faith healing as a result of prayer , and dramatic changes in entire communities ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Temperance_movement', 'summary': "The temperance movement is a social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages . Participants in the movement typically criticize alcohol intoxication or promote complete abstinence from alcohol ( teetotalism ) , and its leaders emphasize alcohol 's negative effects on people 's health , personalities and family lives . Typically the movement promotes alcohol education and it also demands the passage of new laws against the sale of alcohol , either regulations on the availability of alcohol , or the complete prohibition of it . During the 19th and early 20th centuries , the temperance movement became prominent in many countries , particularly in English-speaking and Scandinavian ones , and it eventually led to national prohibitions in Canada ( 1918 to 1920 ) , in Norway ( spirits only from 1919 to 1926 ) and in the United States ( 1920 to 1933 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States', 'summary': "Abolitionism ( or the Anti-Slavery Movement ) in the United States of America was the movement which sought to end slavery in the United States immediately , active both before and during the American Civil War . In the Americas and western Europe , abolitionism was a movement which sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and set slaves free . In the 17th century , enlightenment thinkers condemned slavery on humanistic grounds and English Quakers and some Evangelical denominations condemned slavery as un-Christian . At that time , most slaves were Africans , but thousands of Native Americans were also enslaved . In the 18th century , as many as six million Africans were transported to the Americas as slaves , at least a third of them on British ships to North America . The colony of Georgia originally prohibited slavery within its territory , and thereafter , abolition was part of the message of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1740s in the Thirteen Colonies . During the Age of Enlightenment rationalist thinkers criticized slavery for violating people 's natural rights . A member of the British Parliament , James Edward Oglethorpe , was among the first to articulate the Enlightenment case against slavery . The founder of the Province of Georgia , Oglethorpe banned slavery on humanistic grounds . He argued against it in Parliament and eventually encouraged his friends Granville Sharp and Hannah More to vigorously pursue the cause . Soon after his death in 1785 , Sharp and More joined with William Wilberforce and others in forming the Clapham Sect . Although anti-slavery sentiments were widespread by the late 18th century , many colonies , churches , and emerging nations ( notably in the southern United States ) continued to use and defend the traditions of slavery ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Women's_rights", 'summary': "Women 's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide , and which formed the basis for the women 's rights movement in the 19th century and feminist movement during the 20th century . In some countries , these rights are institutionalized or supported by law , local custom , and behavior , whereas in others they are ignored and suppressed . They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls , in favor of men and boys . Issues commonly associated with notions of women 's rights include the right to bodily integrity and autonomy ; to be free from sexual violence ; to vote ; to hold public office ; to enter into legal contracts ; to have equal rights in family law ; to work ; to fair wages or equal pay ; to have reproductive rights ; to own property ; to education ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Spiritualism', 'summary': "Spiritualism is a religious movement based on the belief that the spirits of the dead exist and have both the ability and the inclination to communicate with the living . The afterlife , or the spirit world , is seen by spiritualists , not as a static place , but as one in which spirits continue to evolve . These two beliefs - that contact with spirits is possible , and that spirits are more advanced than humans - lead spiritualists to a third belief : that spirits are capable of providing useful knowledge about moral and ethical issues , as well as about the nature of God . Some spiritualists will speak of a concept which they refer to as spirit guides - specific spirits , often contacted , who are relied upon for spiritual guidance . Spiritism , a branch of spiritualism developed by Allan Kardec and today practiced mostly in Continental Europe and Latin America , especially in Brazil , emphasizes reincarnation . Spiritualism developed and reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s , especially in English-speaking countries . By 1897 , spiritualism was said to have more than eight million followers in the United States and Europe , mostly drawn from the middle and upper classes . Spiritualism flourished for a half century without canonical texts or formal organization , attaining cohesion through periodicals , tours by trance lecturers , camp meetings , and the missionary activities of accomplished mediums . Many prominent spiritualists were women , and like most spiritualists , supported causes such as the abolition of slavery and women 's suffrage . By the late 1880s the credibility of the informal movement had weakened due to accusations of fraud perpetrated by mediums , and formal spiritualist organizations began to appear . Spiritualism is currently practiced primarily through various denominational spiritualist churches in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Education', 'summary': 'Education is the process of facilitating learning , or the acquisition of knowledge , skills , values , beliefs , and habits . Educational methods include teaching , training , storytelling , discussion and directed research . Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators , however learners can also educate themselves . Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks , feels , or acts may be considered educational . The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy . Formal education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten , primary school , secondary school and then college , university , or apprenticeship . A right to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations . In most regions , education is compulsory up to a certain age . There is a movement for education reform , and in particular for evidence-based education .'}]}, {'value': 'Fruitlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fruitlands_(transcendental_center)', 'summary': "Fruitlands was a Utopian agrarian commune established in Harvard , Massachusetts , by Amos Bronson Alcott and Charles Lane in the 1840s , based on Transcendentalist principles . An account of its less-than-successful activities can be found in Transcendental Wild Oats by Alcott 's daughter Louisa May Alcott . Lane purchased what was known as the Wyman farm and its 90 acres ( 36 ha ) , which also included a dilapidated house and barn . Residents of Fruitlands ate no animal substances , drank only water , bathed in unheated water and no artificial light would prolong dark hours or cost them the brightness of morning . Additionally , property was held communally , and no animal labor was used . The community was short-lived and lasted only seven months . It was dependent on farming , which turned out to be too difficult . The original farmhouse , along with other historic buildings from the area , is now a part of Fruitlands Museum ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amos Alcott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amos_Bronson_Alcott', 'summary': "Amos Bronson Alcott ( /ˈɔːlkət , -kɪt/ ; November 29 , 1799 - March 4 , 1888 ) was an American teacher , writer , philosopher , and reformer . As an educator , Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with young students , focusing on a conversational style , and avoided traditional punishment . He hoped to perfect the human spirit and , to that end , advocated a vegan diet before the term was coined . He was also an abolitionist and an advocate for women 's rights . Born in Wolcott , Connecticut in 1799 , Alcott had only minimal formal schooling before attempting a career as a traveling salesman . Worried about how the itinerant life might have a negative impact on his soul , he turned to teaching . His innovative methods , however , were controversial , and he rarely stayed in one place very long . His most well-known teaching position was at the Temple School in Boston . His experience there was turned into two books : Records of a School and Conversations with Children on the Gospels . Alcott became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and became a major figure in transcendentalism . His writings on behalf of that movement , however , are heavily criticized for being incoherent . Based on his ideas for human perfection , Alcott founded Fruitlands , a transcendentalist experiment in community living ."}]}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Transcendent community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Transcendentalism', 'summary': 'Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the eastern United States . It arose as a reaction , to protest against the general state of intellectualism and spirituality at the time . The doctrine of the Unitarian church as taught at Harvard Divinity School was closely related . Transcendentalism emerged from English and German Romanticism , the Biblical criticism of Johann Gottfried Herder and Friedrich Schleiermacher , the skepticism of David Hume , and the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant and German Idealism . Miller and Versluis regard Emanuel Swedenborg as a pervasive influence on transcendentalism . It was also strongly influenced by Hindu texts on philosophy of the mind and spirituality , especially the Upanishads . A core belief of transcendentalism is in the inherent goodness of people and nature . Adherents believe that society and its institutions have corrupted the purity of the individual , and they have faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent . Transcendentalism emphasizes subjective intuition over objective empiricism . Adherents believe that individuals are capable of generating completely original insights with little attention and deference to past masters .'}]}, {'value': 'Skaneateles Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skaneateles_Community', 'summary': "Skaneateles Community was a utopian social experiment established in 1843 by the Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform in a 350-acre ( 1.4 km2 ) farm near Mottville , in Skaneateles in Upstate New York . It was one of several communities established by the Society prior to the Civil War . The community survived for three years . John A. Collins ( 1810-1900 ) , a noted abolitionist , became the community leader . During its life , the community had about a hundred members who shared living quarters as well as work on the farm , and in the sawmill and print shop . Although economically viable , internal differences and Collins ' waning leadership resulted in the dissolution of the community . By 1846 , Collins had reverted to theism and the Whig party , and had become the editor of a daily Whig journal published in Dayton , Ohio . He wrote an autobiographical essay that included a short description of his motives in establishing the community , attributing its failure to human nature :"}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Society for Universal Inquiry', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sodus Bay Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alasa_Farms', 'summary': "Alasa Farms , also known as the Sodus Bay Shaker Tract and Sodus Bay Phalanx , is a historic farm complex located near Alton in Wayne County , New York . The farm complex was originally built and occupied by the Sodus Bay Shakers , an official branch of the United Society of Believers in Christ 's Second Appearing , from 1826 to 1838 . It was then briefly occupied by a local lawyer Alexander Duncan and his family . Between 1844 and 1846 , the property was home to the Sodus Bay Phalanx of the Fourier Society ; a group devoted to establishing utopian communities based on communal living . After 1846 , the property lay vacant until 1868 . It became a large scale , model farm in the early-20th century , being named Alasa Farms in 1924 , by its owner Alvah Griffin Strong , grandson of Henry A . Strong . The property includes the contributing resources : the Main House and Deacon 's House , large frame houses both built by the Shakers in 1833-1834 ; three gambrel roofed frame barns ; board and batten barn ( c. 1840s ) ; pony barn ; granary ( 1932 ) ; house for bachelor farmhands ( 1926 ) ; office ( c. 1930 ) ; in ground pool and pool house ( c. 1926 ) ; two tenant house ( c. 1909 ) ; two small sheds ; and a well with pump . In early 2011 , Cracker Box Palace achieved ownership of Alasa Farms and is used for farm animals of every kind to come to recover from illness , neglect or abuse . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sodus Bay Fourierists', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ripon,_Wisconsin', 'summary': 'Ripon /ˈrɪpən/ is a city in Fond du Lac County , Wisconsin , United States . The population was 7,733 at the 2010 census . The city is surrounded by the Town of Ripon .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Albert Brisbane', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clermont Phalanx', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Utopia is an unincorporated community in far southern Franklin Township , Clermont County , Ohio , United States , along the banks of the Ohio River . Utopia has been referred to as a ghost town although there are still people who live there .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopia,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Utopia is an unincorporated community in far southern Franklin Township , Clermont County , Ohio , United States , along the banks of the Ohio River . Utopia has been referred to as a ghost town although there are still people who live there .'}]}, {'value': 'Followers of Charles Fourier', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prairie Home Community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John O. Wattles Valentine Nicholson', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1844', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fruit Hills', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orson S. Murray', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1852', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A community based on Owenism and anarchism . Maintained close contact with the Kristeen and Grand Prairie Communities', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Owenism', 'summary': "Owenism is the utopian socialist philosophy of 19th-century social reformer Robert Owen and his followers and successors , who are known as Owenites . Owenism aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement . The Owenite movement undertook several experiments in establishment of utopian communities organized according to communitarian and cooperative principles . One of the best known of these efforts , which were largely unsuccessful , was the project at New Harmony , Indiana , which started in 1825 and was abandoned by 1829 . Owenism is also closely associated with the development of the British trade union movement , and with the spread of the Mechanics ' Institute movement ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anarchism', 'summary': "Anarchism is a radical political movement that is highly skeptical towards authority and rejects all forms of unjust hierarchy . It calls for the abolition of the state which it holds to be undesirable , unnecessary , and harmful . Anarchism advocates for the replacement of the state with stateless societies or other forms of free associations . Anarchism 's timeline stretches back to prehistory when people lived in anarchistic societies long before the establishment of formal states , kingdoms or empires . With the rise of organised hierarchical bodies , skepticism towards authority also rose , but it was not until the 19th century a self-conscious political movement was formed . During the latest half of 19th and the first decades of 20th century , the anarchist movement flourished to most parts of the world , and had a significant role in worker 's struggles for emancipation . Various branches of anarchism were espoused during those times . Anarchists took part in several revolutions , most notably in the Spanish Civil War , where they were crushed by the fascists forces in 1939 , marking the end of the classical era of anarchism . In the latest decades of the 20th century , the anarchist movement nonetheless became relevant and vivid once more . Anarchism employ various tactics in order to meet their ideal ends ; these can be broadly separated in revolutionary and evolutionary tactics . There is significant overlap between the two legs which are merely descriptive . Revolutionary tactics aim to bring down authority and state , and have taken a violent turn in the past ."}]}, {'value': 'Kristeen Community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Indiana', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charles Mowland', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1847', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Founded by Charles Mowland and others who had previously been associated with the Prairie Home Community . A Society for Universal Inquiry and Reform community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bishop Hill Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bishop_Hill_Colony', 'summary': 'Bishop Hill Colony is a historic district in Bishop Hill , Illinois . Bishop Hill was the site of a utopian religious community which operated as a commune . It was founded in 1846 by Swedish pietist Eric Janson and his followers . The community was named Bishop Hill after the parish of Biskopskulla in Uppland , Sweden .'}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eric Jansson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eric_Jansson', 'summary': 'Eric or Erik Jansson or Janson ( 19 December 1808 - 13 May 1850 ) was the leader of a Swedish pietist sect that emigrated to the United States in 1846 .'}]}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Swedish Pietist religious commune', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spring Farm Colony', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6 Fourierite Families', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1846', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Fourier Society community', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oneida Community', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oneida_Community', 'summary': "The Oneida Community was a perfectionist religious communal society founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida , New York . The community believed that Jesus had already returned in AD 70 , making it possible for them to bring about Jesus 's millennial kingdom themselves , and be free of sin and perfect in this world , not just in Heaven ( a belief called perfectionism ) . The Oneida Community practiced communalism ( in the sense of communal property and possessions ) , complex marriage , male sexual continence , and mutual criticism . There were smaller Noyesian communities in Wallingford , Connecticut ; Newark , New Jersey ; Putney and Cambridge , Vermont . The community 's original 87 members grew to 172 by February 1850 , 208 by 1852 , and 306 by 1878 . The branches were closed in 1854 except for the Wallingford branch , which operated until devastated by a tornado in 1878 . The Oneida Community dissolved in 1881 , and eventually became the silverware company Oneida Limited ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John H. Noyes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes', 'summary': 'John Humphrey Noyes ( September 3 , 1811 - April 13 , 1886 ) was an American preacher , radical religious philosopher , and utopian socialist . He founded the Putney , Oneida and Wallingford Communities , and is credited with coining the term complex marriage .'}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1880', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Utopian socialism community . Oneida Community practices included Communalism , Complex Marriage , Male Continence , Mutual Criticism and Ascending Fellowship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Utopian_socialism', 'summary': 'Utopian socialism is the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought as exemplified by the work of Henri de Saint-Simon , Charles Fourier , Étienne Cabet , Robert Owen and Henry George . Utopian socialism is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies , with positive ideals being the main reason for moving society in such a direction . Later socialists and critics of utopian socialism viewed utopian socialism as not being grounded in actual material conditions of existing society and in some cases as reactionary . These visions of ideal societies competed with Marxist-inspired revolutionary social democratic movements . As a term or label , it is most often applied to , or used to define , those socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century who were ascribed the label utopian by later socialists as a pejorative in order to imply naiveté and to dismiss their ideas as fanciful and unrealistic . A similar school of thought that emerged in the early 20th century which makes the case for socialism on moral grounds is ethical socialism . One key difference between utopian socialists and other socialists ( including most anarchists ) is that utopian socialists generally do not believe any form of class struggle or social revolution is necessary for socialism to emerge . Utopian socialists believe that people of all classes can voluntarily adopt their plan for society if it is presented convincingly . They feel their form of cooperative socialism can be established among like-minded people within the existing society and that their small communities can demonstrate the feasibility of their plan for society .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Communalism', 'summary': "Communalism usually refers to a system that integrates communal ownership and federations of highly localized independent communities . A prominent libertarian socialist , Murray Bookchin , defines the communalist political philosophy that he developed as a theory of government or a system of government in which independent communes participate in a federation , as well as the principles and practice of communal ownership . The term 'government ' in this case does not imply acceptance of a state or top-down hierarchy . This usage of communalism appears to have emerged during the late 20th century to distinguish commune-based systems from other political movements or governments espousing ( if not actually practicing ) similar ideas . In particular , earlier communities and movements advocating such practices were often described as anarchist , socialist or communist . Many historical communities practicing utopian socialism or anarcho-communism did implement internal rules of communalist property ownership in the context of federated communalism . It is at least theoretically possible for a federation of communes to include communes which do not practice communalist rules of property , which is to say , that the overall national government may be a federation of communes , but that private property rather than communalist property is the order within each such commune . Karl Marx , often viewed as the founder of modern communism , criticized older forms , including primitive communism or utopian socialism , as poorly conceived or prone to disintegration in practice . Communalism in the form described above is distinct from the predominant usage in South Asian forms of English : allegiance to a particular ethnic or religious group rather than to a broader society . As such , this usage is synonymous with sectarianism and associated with communal violence ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Complex_Marriage', 'summary': 'Group marriage is a non-monogamous marriage-like arrangement where three or more adults live together , all considering themselves partners , sharing finances , children , and household responsibilities . Group marriage is considered a form of polyamory . [ citation needed ] The term does not refer to bigamy as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made . The concept reentered popular consciousness in 1974 with the publication of Group Marriage : a study of contemporary multilateral marriage by Larry Constantine and Joan Constantine .'}]}, {'value': 'Icarians', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Icarians', 'summary': 'The Icarians /ɪˈkɛriənz/ were a French-based utopian socialist movement , established by the followers of politician , journalist , and author Étienne Cabet . In an attempt to put his economic and social theories into practice , Cabet led his followers to the United States of America in 1848 , where the Icarians established a series of egalitarian communes in the states of Texas , Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , and California . The movement split several times due to factional disagreements . The last community of Icarians , located a few miles outside Corning , Iowa , disbanded voluntarily in 1898 . The 46 years of tenure at this location made the Corning Icarian Colony one of the longest-lived non-religious communal living experiments in US history .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana , Texas , Nauvoo , Illinois , Iowa , Missouri , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Nauvoo ( /ˈnɔːvuː/ ; etymology : Hebrew : נָאווּ , Modern : Navu , Tiberian : Nâwû , they are beautiful ) is a small city in Hancock County , Illinois , United States , on the Mississippi River near Fort Madison , Iowa . The population of Nauvoo was 1,149 at the 2010 census . Nauvoo attracts visitors for its historic importance and its religious significance to members of several groups : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) ; the Community of Christ , formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints ( RLDS ) ; other groups stemming from the Latter Day Saint movement ; and the Icarians . The city and its immediate surrounding area are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Nauvoo Historic District .'}]}, {'value': 'Étienne Cabet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Étienne_Cabet', 'summary': "Étienne Cabet ( French : [ kabɛ ] ; January 1 , 1788 - November 9 , 1856 ) was a French philosopher and utopian socialist who founded the Icarian movement . Cabet became the most popular socialist advocate of his day , with a special appeal to artisans who were being undercut by factories , and his communitarian ideals ( based on the Golden Rule ) later influenced Karl Marx and others . Cabet published Voyage en Icarie in French in 1839 ( and in English in 1840 as Travels in Icaria ) , in which he proposed replacing capitalist production with workers ' cooperatives . Recurrent problems with French officials ( a treason conviction in 1834 resulted in five years ' exile in England ) , led him to emigrate to the United States in 1848 . Cabet founded utopian communities in Texas and Illinois , but was again undercut , this time by recurring feuds with his followers ."}]}, {'value': '1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A group of egalitarian communes based on the French utopian movement , founded by Étienne Cabet , after led his followers to the United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Egalitarian', 'summary': "Egalitarianism ( from French égal , meaning 'equal ' ) , or equalitarianism , is a school of thought within political philosophy that prioritizes equality for all people . Egalitarian doctrines are generally characterized by the idea that all humans are equal in fundamental worth or moral status . According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary , the term has two distinct definitions in modern English , namely either as a political doctrine that all people should be treated as equals and have the same political , economic , social and civil rights , or as a social philosophy advocating the removal of economic inequalities among people , economic egalitarianism , or the decentralization of power . Some sources define egalitarianism as the point of view that equality reflects the natural state of humanity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Commune_(intentional_community)', 'summary': 'A commune ( the French word appearing in the 12th century from Medieval Latin communia , meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life ; from Latin communis , things held in common ) is an intentional community of people living together , sharing common interests , often having common values and beliefs , as well as shared property , possessions , resources , and , in some communes , work , income or assets . In addition to the communal economy , consensus decision-making , non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes . There are many contemporary intentional communities all over the world , a list of which can be found at the Fellowship for Intentional Community ( FIC ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utopia', 'summary': 'A utopia ( /juːˈtoʊpiə/ yoo-TOH-pee-ə ) is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens . The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia . Utopia focuses on equality in economics , government and justice , though by no means exclusively , with the method and structure of proposed implementation varying based on ideology . According to Lyman Tower Sargent ,'}]}], 'section_title': '1800s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_American_Utopian_communities_0', 'intro': 'A list of American Utopian communities.'}
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What educational institution was open to both sexes in the communmity established by Robert Owen in 1825 ?
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public school
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0348afe0b5f59634
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers', 'title': 'List of Phi Sigma Kappa brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Jack Albright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Albright', 'summary': 'Harold John Jack Albright ( June 30 , 1921 - June 22 , 1991 ) was a Major League Baseball player . Albright played for the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1947 season . He batted and threw right-handed . In 41 games , Albright had 23 hits in 99 at-bats , he also had two home runs and eight errors at shortstop .'}]}, {'value': 'Omega ( California ) , 1943', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley', 'summary': 'The University of California , Berkeley ( UC Berkeley , Berkeley , Cal , or California ) is a public research university in Berkeley , California . Founded in 1868 , it is the flagship campus and the oldest of the ten campuses of the University of California . Berkeley has been ranked by numerous major education publications as among the top ten universities in the world . Berkeley is one of the 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and had $ 789 million in R & D expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . Today , Berkeley maintains close relationships with three United States Department of Energy National Laboratories - Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Los Alamos National Laboratory - and is home to many institutes , including the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and the Space Sciences Laboratory . Through its partner institution University of California , San Francisco ( UCSF ) , Berkeley also offers a joint medical program at the UCSF Medical Center . As of October 2019 [ update ] , Berkeley alumni , faculty members and researchers include 107 Nobel laureates , the third most of any university worldwide , as well as 25 Turing Award winners , and 14 Fields Medalists . They have also won 19 Wolf Prizes , 45 MacArthur Fellowships , 20 Academy Awards , 19 Pulitzer Prizes , and 207 Olympic medals . In 1930 , Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at Berkeley , based on which UC Berkeley researchers along with Berkeley Lab have discovered or co-discovered 16 chemical elements - more than any other university . During the 1940s , Berkeley physicist J. R. Oppenheimer , the Father of the Atomic Bomb , led the Manhattan project to create the first atomic bomb . In the 1960s , Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the anti-Vietnam War movement led by its students . In the 21st century , Berkeley has become one of the leading universities in producing entrepreneurs and its alumni have founded or co-founded many companies worldwide , including five classified as Fortune 500 Companies as of 2017 .'}]}, {'value': 'Major League baseball Shortstop with the Philadelphia Phillies , playing in 1947 , having joined the team after his service in the US Navy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Anderson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Anderson_(basketball)', 'summary': "Jim Anderson ( born April 20 , 1937 ) is an American retired college basketball coach . He served as head men 's basketball coach at Oregon State University from 1989 to 1995 , compiling a record of 79-90 . Anderson attended Oregon State as an undergrad , playing on teams that won three Far West Classic titles and a Pacific Coast Conference championship in 1958 . In his senior season he was named to the Classic 's all-tournament team . While at OSU he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . He graduated in 1959 . Anderson 's debut as coach came in 1960 , when he was named freshmen coach . He began his stint as assistant varsity coach in 1964 , and when named Head Coach he was only the fourth to hold that title since 1929 . During his long career , Anderson coached Beaver legends Brent Barry and Gary Payton . In his first season at Oregon State , he was named the Pac-10 Coach of the Year and led the Beavers to the 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , the school 's last NCAA Tournament appearance until 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta Deuteron ( Oregon State ) , 1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oregon_State_University', 'summary': "Oregon State University ( OSU ) is a public flagship research university in Corvallis , Oregon . The university offers more than 200 undergraduate degree programs along with a variety of graduate and doctoral degrees . With a student enrollment approaching 32,000 , it is Oregon 's largest university . More than 230,000 students have graduated from OSU since its founding . The Carnegie Foundation designates Oregon State University as a Community Engagement university and classifies it as a doctoral university with a status of Highest research activity . OSU is one of 73 land-grant universities in the United States . The school is also a sea-grant , space-grant , and sun-grant institution , making it one of only four U.S. institutions to obtain all four designations . ( University of Hawaii at Manoa , Cornell University and Pennsylvania State University are the only others with similar designation . ) OSU received $ 441 million in research funding for the 2017 fiscal year ."}]}, {'value': "Head Coach , Men 's Basketball at Oregon State University . Named the Pac-10 Coach of the Year and led the Beavers to the 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament , the school 's last NCAA Tournament appearance until 2015", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Pac-12_Conference_Men's_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year", 'summary': "The John R. Wooden Coach of the Year , commonly known as the Pac-12 Coach of the Year , is an annual college basketball award presented to the top men 's basketball coach in the Pac-12 Conference . The winner is selected by conference coaches , who are not allowed to vote for themselves . Former Arizona coach Lute Olson won the award a record seven times . It was first awarded in 1976 , when the conference consisted of eight teams and was known as the Pacific-8 , before becoming the Pacific-10 after expanding in 1978 . Two more teams were added in 2011 , when the conference became the Pac-12 . The award was known as the Pac-10 Coach of the Year Award when it was renamed in John Wooden 's honor following his death in June 2010 . Wooden coached the UCLA Bruins for 27 years while winning a record 10 national championships , including seven straight . He retired in 1975 , the year before the award began . Dick DiBiaso of Stanford and George Raveling of Washington State were co-winners in the award 's inaugural year . Both schools finished in the lower half of the conference that year . DiBiaso is the only coach to have received the award with a losing record . He was a first-year coach for the Cardinal ( then nicknamed Cardinals ) with only one returning starter , and the team lost a number of significant players to injury ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Oregon_State_Beavers_men's_basketball", 'summary': "The Oregon State Beavers men 's basketball program , established in 1901 , is the intercollegiate men 's basketball program of Oregon State University in Corvallis , Oregon . Members of the Pac-12 Conference in NCAA Division I , the team plays home games on campus at Gill Coliseum , and the current head coach is Wayne Tinkle . Oregon State has seventeen appearances in the NCAA Tournament ( though three ( 1980-82 ) were later vacated by the NCAA ) . The Beavers advanced to the Final Four twice ( 1949 , 1963 ) , and their most recent appearance was in 2016 , a first round loss to Virginia Commonwealth ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1990_NCAA_Division_I_Men's_Basketball_Tournament", 'summary': "The 1990 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament involved 64 schools playing in single-elimination play to determine the national champion of NCAA Division I men 's college basketball . It began on March 15 , 1990 , and ended with the championship game on April 2 in Denver , Colorado . A total of 63 games were played . UNLV , coached by Jerry Tarkanian , won the national title with a 103-73 victory in the final game over Duke , coached by Mike Krzyzewski . In doing so , UNLV set the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament record for largest margin of victory in a championship game . UNLV 's win marks the last time a school from a non-power conference has won the championship game . Anderson Hunt of UNLV was named the tournament 's Most Outstanding Player . This tournament is also remembered for an emotional run by Loyola Marymount in the West Regional . In the semifinals of the West Coast Conference tournament , Lions star forward Hank Gathers collapsed and died due to a heart condition . The WCC tournament was immediately suspended , with the regular-season champion Lions given the conference 's automatic bid . The team defeated New Mexico State , then laid a 34-point thrashing on defending national champion Michigan , and defeated Alabama in the Sweet Sixteen ( the only game in which Loyola Marymount did not score 100 or more points in the tournament ) before running into eventual champion UNLV in the regional final . Gathers ' childhood friend Bo Kimble , the team 's undisputed floor leader in the wake of the tragedy , paid tribute to his friend by attempting his first free throw in each game left-handed despite being right-handed ."}]}, {'value': 'Elden le Roy Auker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elden_Auker', 'summary': 'Elden LeRoy Submarine Auker ( September 21 , 1910 - August 4 , 2006 ) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher with the Detroit Tigers , Boston Red Sox and St. Louis Browns between 1933 and 1942 . Auker batted and threw right-handed . Auker was noted for his submarine pitching style .'}]}, {'value': 'Iota Deuteron ( Kansas State ) , 1932', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_State_University', 'summary': "Kansas State University ( KSU ) , commonly shortened to Kansas State or K-State , is a public research university with its main campus in Manhattan , Kansas . It was opened as the state 's land-grant college in 1863 and was the first public institution of higher learning in the state of Kansas . It had a record high enrollment of 24,766 students for the Fall 2014 semester . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Kansas State 's academic offerings are administered through nine colleges , including the College of Veterinary Medicine and the College of Technology and Aviation in Salina . Graduate degrees offered include 65 master 's degree programs and 45 doctoral degrees . Branch campuses are in Salina and Olathe . The Kansas State University Polytechnic Campus in Salina is home to the College of Technology and Aviation . The Olathe Innovation Campus has a focus on graduate work in research bioenergy , animal health , plant science and food safety and security ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League baseball right-handed pitcher , noted for his submarine pitching style . Played for the Detroit Tigers and St. Louis Browns . College All American in Football , Basketball and Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns', 'summary': "The St. Louis Browns were a Major League Baseball team that originated in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , as the Milwaukee Brewers . Charter member of the American League ( AL ) , the Brewers moved to St. Louis , Missouri , after the 1901 season , where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns . This article covers the franchise 's time in St. Louis . After the 1953 season , the team relocated to Baltimore , Maryland , where it became the Baltimore Orioles . As of August 2019 , there are only 9 living former St. Louis Browns players . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Bert Baston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bert_Baston', 'summary': 'Albert Preston Baston ( December 3 , 1894 - November 16 , 1979 ) was an American football player for the University of Minnesota , where he was an All-American and one of the first great catchers of the forward pass . He was awarded the Navy Cross for extraordinary heroism in World War I . In 1954 , he was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Deuteron ( Minnesota ) , 1917', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'All-American football player at the University of Minnesota , elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1954 . Awarded Navy Cross in WWI for extraordinary heroism in action as a U.S. Marine near Château-Thierry , France , later returning to service as a Colonel in WWII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-American', 'summary': 'An All-America team is a hypothetical American sports team composed of outstanding amateur players . These players are broadly considered by media and other relevant commentators as the best players in a particular sport , of a specific season , for each team position . Such athletes at the high school and college level are given the honorific title and typically referred to as All-American athletes or simply All-Americans .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "Original plans in 1967 called for the Hall of Fame to be located at Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the location of the first contest under rules now considered to be those of modern football , between teams from Rutgers and the College of New Jersey , now Princeton University ; Rutgers won 6-4 . Rutgers donated land near its football stadium , office space , and administrative support . After years of collecting donations for the construction of the building with ground not having been broken and no plans to do so , the New Jersey Attorney General began an investigation of the finances of the Hall of Fame 's foundation , the National Football Foundation . In response , the Foundation moved its operations to New York City , where it continued to collect donations for several years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Navy_Cross', 'summary': "The Navy Cross is the United States military 's second-highest decoration awarded for valor in combat . The Navy Cross is awarded primarily to a member of the United States Navy , Marine Corps , and the Coast Guard ( when operating under the Department of the Navy ) for extraordinary heroism . The medal is equivalent to the Army Distinguished Service Cross , the Air Force Cross , and the Coast Guard Cross . The Navy Cross is bestowed by the Secretary of the Navy and may also be awarded to members of the other armed services , and to foreign military personnel while serving with the U.S. naval services . The Navy Cross was established by Act of Congress ( Public Law 65-253 ) and approved on February 4 , 1919 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood', 'summary': 'The Battle of Belleau Wood ( 1-26 June 1918 ) occurred during the German Spring Offensive in World War I , near the Marne River in France . The battle was fought between the U.S. 2nd ( under the command of Major General Omar Bundy ) and 3rd Divisions along with French and British forces against an assortment of German units including elements from the 237th , 10th , 197th , 87th , and 28th Divisions . The battle has become a key component of the lore of the United States Marine Corps .'}]}, {'value': 'Ray Buddy Blemker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ray_Blemker', 'summary': "Raymond Blemker ( August 9 , 1937 - February 15 , 1994 ) was an American professional baseball player . The left-handed pitcher appeared in a single Major League game as a member of the Kansas City Athletics during the 1960 season . Born in Huntingburg , Indiana , Blemker attended Georgia Tech , where he was a two-sport star . He was a second team All-America as a pitcher and first baseman for the Ramblin ' Wreck , as well as a two-time All-Southeastern Conference basketball player . As of 2013 , he ranked # 25 in career scoring in Yellow Jackets ' history . While at Tech he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . Blemker was listed as 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.80 m ) tall and 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) during his pro baseball career . He signed with the Athletics in 1959 and spent his entire four-season career in the Kansas City organization . He won a combined 13 games ( losing nine ) during a 1960 minor league season split between the Double-A and Triple-A levels . In midyear , he was recalled by the Athletics for his lone MLB appearance . On Sunday , July 3 , against the Boston Red Sox at Fenway Park , he came into the game in the seventh inning in relief of Don Larsen with a runner on base and Boston leading 7-2 , Blemker allowed the inherited runner to score , then proceeded to allow four additional runs on a grand slam home run by Willie Tasby . He also pitched the eighth inning and allowed a final tally , as the Red Sox won , 13-2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kappa Deuteron ( Georgia Tech ) , 1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology', 'summary': "The Georgia Institute of Technology , commonly referred to as Georgia Tech or , in the state of Georgia , as Tech , is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta , Georgia . It is part of the University System of Georgia and has satellite campuses in Savannah , Georgia ; Metz , France ; Athlone , Ireland ; Shenzhen , China ; and Singapore . The school was founded in 1885 as the Georgia School of Technology as part of Reconstruction plans to build an industrial economy in the post-Civil War Southern United States . Initially , it offered only a degree in mechanical engineering . By 1901 , its curriculum had expanded to include electrical , civil , and chemical engineering . In 1948 , the school changed its name to reflect its evolution from a trade school to a larger and more capable technical institute and research university . Today , Georgia Tech is organized into six colleges and contains about 31 departments/units , with emphasis on science and technology . It is well recognized for its degree programs in engineering , computing , business administration , the sciences and design . Georgia Tech is ranked tied for 5th among all public national universities in the United States , tied for 4th in the Best Undergraduate Engineering Schools ranking , tied for 29th among all collegiate institutions in the National Universities category by U.S. News & World Report as of the 2020 rankings , and 34th among global universities in the world by Times Higher Education as of the 2019 rankings . Student athletics , both organized and intramural , are a part of student and alumni life . The school 's intercollegiate competitive sports teams , the four-time football national champion Yellow Jackets , and the nationally recognized fight song Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech , have helped keep Georgia Tech in the national spotlight . Georgia Tech fields eight men 's and seven women 's teams that compete in the NCAA Division I athletics and the Football Bowl Subdivision ."}]}, {'value': "Major League baseball pitcher with the Kansas City Athletics , playing in 1960 , with a combined 4-year career in the Athletics ' organization", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics', 'summary': 'The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day , having begun as a charter member franchise in the new American League in Philadelphia before moving to Kansas City in 1955 for 13 seasons and then to its current home on the San Francisco Bay in Oakland , California , in 1968 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lou Boudreau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lou_Boudreau', 'summary': 'Louis Boudreau ( nicknamed Old Shufflefoot , Handsome Lou or The Good Kid ; July 17 , 1917 - August 10 , 2001 ) was an American professional baseball player and manager . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for 15 seasons , primarily as a shortstop on the Cleveland Indians , and managed four teams for 15 seasons including 10 seasons as a player-manager . He was also a radio announcer for the Chicago Cubs and in college was a dual sport athlete in both baseball and earning All-American honors in basketball for the University of Illinois . Boudreau was an All-Star for seven seasons . [ a ] In 1948 , Boudreau won the American League Most Valuable Player Award and managed the Cleveland Indians to the World Series title . He won the 1944 American League ( AL ) batting title ( .327 ) , and led the league in doubles in 1941 , 1944 , and 1947 . He led AL shortstops in fielding eight times . Boudreau still holds the MLB record for hitting the most consecutive doubles in a game ( four ) , set on July 14 , 1946 . In 1970 , Boudreau was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Deuteron ( Illinois ) , 1939', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': 'Major League baseball shortstop with the Cleveland Indians , 1948 American League MVP , World Series champion in 1948 , 8-time All Star ; team manager , later career stops with the Boston Red Sox , Kansas City Athletics and Chicago Cubs . Sports Announcer ; Member of Baseball Hall of Fame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland_Indians', 'summary': "The Cleveland Indians are an American professional baseball team based in Cleveland , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . Since 1994 , they have played at Progressive Field . The team 's spring training facility is at Goodyear Ballpark in Goodyear , Arizona . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the team has won 10 Central Division titles , six American League pennants , and two World Series championships , ( in 1920 and 1948 ) . The team 's current 71-year World Series championship drought is the longest active among all 30 current Major League teams . The name Indians originated from a request by club owner Charles Somers to baseball writers to choose a new name to replace Cleveland Naps following the departure of Nap Lajoie after the 1914 season . It was a revival of the nickname that fans gave to the Cleveland Spiders while Louis Sockalexis , a Native American , was playing for the team . Common nicknames for the Indians include the Tribe and the Wahoos , the latter referencing their former logo , Chief Wahoo . The team 's mascot is named Slider . The franchise originated in 1894 as the Grand Rapids Rustlers , a minor league team in the Western League . The team relocated to Cleveland in 1900 and was renamed the Cleveland Lake Shores ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_League', 'summary': "The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs , or simply the American League ( AL ) , is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the United States and Canada . It developed from the Western League , a minor league based in the Great Lakes states , which eventually aspired to major league status . It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season , 25 years after the formation of the National League ( the Senior Circuit ) . At the end of every season , the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion ; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series ( 1904 , when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart , and 1994 , when a players ' strike prevented the Series ) . Through 2019 , American League teams have won 66 of the 116 World Series played since 1903 , with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone . The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles , the most in the league 's history , followed by the Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics ( 15 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 14 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox', 'summary': "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston , Massachusetts . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) East division . The team have won nine World Series championships , tied for the third-most of any MLB team , and they have played in 13 . Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in 2018 . In addition , they won the 1904 American League pennant , but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused to participate in the 1904 World Series . Founded in 1901 as one of the American League 's eight charter franchises , the Red Sox ' home ballpark has been Fenway Park since 1912 . The Red Sox name was chosen by the team owner , John I. Taylor , circa 1908 , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the Boston Red Stockings , including the forerunner of the Atlanta Braves . The Red Sox were a dominant team in the new league , defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918 . However , they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history , dubbed the Curse of the Bambino after its alleged inception due to the Red Sox ' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918 , an 86-year wait before the team 's sixth World Championship in 2004 . The team 's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history , including Enos Slaughter 's mad dash in 1946 , the Impossible Dream of 1967 , Carlton Fisk 's home run in 1975 , and Bill Buckner 's error in 1986 . Following their victory in the 2018 World Series , they became the first team to win four World Series trophies in the 21st century , with championships in 2004 , 2007 , 2013 and 2018 . The team 's history has also been marked by the team 's intense rivalry with the New York Yankees , arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City_Athletics', 'summary': 'The history of the Athletics Major League Baseball franchise spans the period from 1901 to the present day , having begun as a charter member franchise in the new American League in Philadelphia before moving to Kansas City in 1955 for 13 seasons and then to its current home on the San Francisco Bay in Oakland , California , in 1968 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is an American history museum and hall of fame , located in Cooperstown , New York , and operated by private interests . It serves as the central point for the study of the history of baseball in the United States and beyond , displays baseball-related artifacts and exhibits , honoring those who have excelled in playing , managing , and serving the sport . The Hall 's motto is Preserving History , Honoring Excellence , Connecting Generations . The word Cooperstown is often used as shorthand ( or a metonym ) for the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum , similar to Canton for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio . The Hall of Fame was established in 1939 by Stephen Carlton Clark , an heir to the Singer Sewing Machine fortune . Clark sought to bring tourists to a city hurt by the Great Depression , which reduced the local tourist trade , and Prohibition , which devastated the local hops industry . Clark constructed the Hall of Fame 's building , and it was dedicated on June 12 , 1939 . ( His granddaughter , Jane Forbes Clark , is the current chairman of the Board of Directors . ) The erroneous claim that Civil War hero Abner Doubleday invented baseball in Cooperstown was instrumental in the early marketing of the Hall . An expanded library and research facility opened in 1994 . Dale Petroskey became the organization 's president in 1999 . In 2002 , the Hall launched Baseball As America , a traveling exhibit that toured ten American museums over six years ."}]}, {'value': 'Harold Bradley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harold_Bradley_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Harold Bradley ( November 20 , 1911 - November 6 , 1985 ) was an American college basketball coach . He served as the head basketball coach at Hartwick College ( 1947-1950 ) , Duke University ( 1950-1959 ) , and the University of Texas at Austin ( 1959-1967 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nu Triton ( Hartwick ) , 1934', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hartwick_College', 'summary': "Hartwick College is a private college in Oneonta , New York . The institution 's origin is rooted in the founding of Hartwick Seminary in 1797 through the will of John Christopher Hartwick . In 1927 , Hartwick Seminary moved to expand into a four-year college and was offered land by the city of Oneonta to move to Hartwick College 's current location . The school has 1,200 undergraduate students from 30 states and 22 countries , 187 faculty members and the student-faculty ratio is 11-1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Head basketball coach at Duke , 1950-59 . Head basketball coach at Texas , 1959-67 . Lifetime .658 winning percentage . Earned ACC Coach of the Year honor in 1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_University', 'summary': "Duke University is a private research university in Durham , North Carolina . Founded by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity in 1838 , the school moved to Durham in 1892 . In 1924 , tobacco and electric power industrialist James Buchanan Duke established The Duke Endowment and the institution changed its name to honor his deceased father , Washington Duke . Duke is often ranked as one of the world 's top 20-25 universities . The Wall Street Journal has also named Duke as the best university for graduate outcomes for several years in a row ( tied with Harvard University and Yale University ) . Several faculty members , affiliates and alumni have been awarded the Nobel Prize in recent years . Notable examples since 2012 include Robert Lefkowitz , Brian Kobilka , Gregg L. Semenza , Paul Modrich , William Kaelin , and George Smith . In 2019 , Clarivate Analytics named 54 members of Duke 's faculty to its list of Highly Cited Researchers . That number places Duke 8th among the world 's universities behind Harvard , Stanford , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Max Planck Society , Broad Institute , UC Berkeley and WUSTL . Duke 's campus spans over 8,600 acres ( 3,500 hectares ) on three contiguous sub-campuses in Durham as well as a marine lab in Beaufort . The West Campus - designed largely by architect Julian Abele - incorporates Gothic architecture with the 210-foot ( 64-meter ) Duke Chapel at the campus ' center and highest point of elevation , is adjacent to the Medical Center . East Campus , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometers ) away , home to all first-years , contains Georgian-style architecture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin', 'summary': "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Alfred L. Buser', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alfred_L._Buser', 'summary': 'Alfred Leo Buser ( September 21 , 1888 - December 3 , 1956 ) , nicknamed Al Buser , was an American football player and coach . Buser played college football for the University of Wisconsin , and was recognized as an All-American . He later became the fourth head coach of the Florida Gators football team that represents the University of Florida .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Deuteron ( Wisconsin ) , 1912', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin', 'summary': "The University of Wisconsin-Madison ( also known as University of Wisconsin , Wisconsin , UW , regionally as UW-Madison , or simply Madison ) is a public research university in Madison , Wisconsin . Founded when Wisconsin achieved statehood in 1848 , UW-Madison is the official state university of Wisconsin , and the flagship campus of the University of Wisconsin System . It was the first public university established in Wisconsin and remains the oldest and largest public university in the state . It became a land-grant institution in 1866 . The 933-acre ( 378 ha ) main campus , located on the shores of Lake Mendota , includes four National Historic Landmarks . The University also owns and operates a historic 1,200-acre ( 486 ha ) arboretum established in 1932 , located 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south of the main campus . UW-Madison is organized into 20 schools and colleges , which enrolled 30,361 undergraduate and 14,052 graduate students in 2018 . Its comprehensive academic program offers 136 undergraduate majors , along with 148 master 's degree programs and 120 doctoral programs . A major contributor to Wisconsin 's economy , the university is the largest employer in the state , with over 21,600 faculty and staff . The UW is one of America 's Public Ivy universities , which refers to top public universities in the United States capable of providing a collegiate experience comparable with the Ivy League . UW-Madison is also categorized as a Doctoral University with the Highest Research Activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education . In 2012 , it had research expenditures of more than $ 1.1 billion , the third highest among universities in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'All-American football player , head coach of the University of Florida football Gators', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All-American', 'summary': 'An All-America team is a hypothetical American sports team composed of outstanding amateur players . These players are broadly considered by media and other relevant commentators as the best players in a particular sport , of a specific season , for each team position . Such athletes at the high school and college level are given the honorific title and typically referred to as All-American athletes or simply All-Americans .'}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Florida', 'summary': "The University of Florida ( Florida or UF ) is a public land-grant , sea-grant , and space-grant research university in Gainesville , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida and traces its origins to 1853 and has operated continuously on its Gainesville campus since September 1906 . The University of Florida is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Florida . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . After the Florida state legislature 's creation of performance standards in 2013 , the Florida Board of Governors designated the University of Florida as one of the three preeminent universities among the twelve universities of the State University System of Florida . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida as the seventh ( tied ) best public university in the United States . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . It is the third largest Florida university by student population , and is the eighth largest single-campus university in the United States with 54,906 students enrolled for the fall 2018 semester . The University of Florida is home to 16 academic colleges and more than 150 research centers and institutes . It offers multiple graduate professional programs - including business administration , engineering , law , dentistry , medicine , pharmacy and veterinary medicine - on one contiguous campus , and administers 123 master 's degree programs and 76 doctoral degree programs in eighty-seven schools and departments . The university 's seal is also the seal of the state of Florida , which is on the state flag . The University of Florida 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known as the Florida Gators , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_football', 'summary': "The Florida Gators football program represents the University of Florida in American college football . Florida competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games in Steve Spurrier-Florida Field at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium ( nicknamed The Swamp ) on the university 's Gainesville campus . The team 's current head coach is Dan Mullen . The Gators have won three national championships and eight SEC titles in the 112-season history of Florida football ."}]}, {'value': 'John L. Hurri Caine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Cain', 'summary': "John Lewis Hurri Sugar Cain ( November 17 , 1908 - August 18 , 1977 ) was an American football player , coach of football , baseball , and tennis , and college athletics administrator . He played college football at the University of Alabama , where he was a three-time All-American and a member of the 1930 national championship team that won the Rose Bowl . Cain served as the head football coach at Southwestern Louisiana Institute , now the University of Louisiana at Lafayette , from 1937 to 1941 and in 1946 , compiling a record of 33-19-5 . He was also the head baseball coach at Southwestern Louisiana from 1942 to 1944 . In 1947 , Cain moved to the University of Mississippi to serve as backfield coach for the football team under Johnny Vaught . He was also the head tennis coach at Ole Miss from 1957 to 1973 . Cain was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1973 . He stood 5'10 and weighed 183 pounds ."}]}, {'value': 'Omicron Deuteron ( Alabama ) , 1933', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}]}, {'value': 'Played college football at the University of Alabama , three-time All-American and member of the 1930 national championship team that won the Rose Bowl . Head football coach at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette from 1937 to 1941 and in 1946', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Alabama', 'summary': "The University of Alabama ( Alabama or UA ) is a public research university in Tuscaloosa , Alabama . Established in 1820 , the University of Alabama is the oldest and largest of the public universities in Alabama as well as the flagship of the University of Alabama System . The university offers programs of study in 13 academic divisions leading to bachelor 's , master 's , education specialist , and doctoral degrees . The only publicly supported law school in the state is at UA . Other academic programs unavailable elsewhere in Alabama include doctoral programs in anthropology , communication and information sciences , metallurgical engineering , music , Romance languages , and social work . As one of the first public universities established in the early 19th century southwestern frontier of the United States , the University of Alabama has left a cultural imprint on the state , region and nation over the past two centuries . The school was a center of activity during the American Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement . The University of Alabama varsity football program ( nicknamed the Crimson Tide ) , which was inaugurated in 1892 , ranks as one of the ten most winningest programs in US history . In a 1913 speech then-president George H. Denny extolled the university as the capstone of the public school system in the state [ of Alabama ] , lending the university its current nickname , The Capstone . In addition , The University of Alabama has produced a total of 56 Goldwater Scholars , 15 Rhodes Scholars , 16 Truman Scholars , 33 Hollings Scholars and 11 Boren Scholars ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Louisiana_at_Lafayette', 'summary': "The University of Louisiana at Lafayette ( UL Lafayette , University of Louisiana , or UL ) is a public research university in Lafayette , Louisiana . It has the largest enrollment within the nine-campus University of Louisiana System and has the second largest enrollment in Louisiana . Founded in 1898 as an industrial school , the institution developed into a four-year university during the twentieth century and became known by its present name in 1999 . It offers Louisiana 's only Ph.D. in francophone studies , Louisiana 's only master 's of informatics , and Louisiana 's only industrial design degree . The university has achieved several milestones in computer science , engineering and architecture . It is also home to a distinct College of the Arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Craddock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Craddock', 'summary': 'Richard Bruce Craddock ( February 19 , 1944 - February 22 , 1990 ) was an American football coach . He was the head football coach at Western Illinois University in Macomb , Illinois and he held that position for seven seasons , from 1983 until 1989 . His record at Western Illinois was 41-35-1 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Epsilon ( Truman State ) , 1966', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Truman_State_University', 'summary': 'Truman State University ( TSU or Truman ) is a public university in Kirksville , Missouri . It had 6,379 enrolled students in the fall of 2015 , with 6,039 undergraduate and 340 postgraduate students , pursuing degrees in 50 undergraduate , and eight graduate programs . The university is named for U.S. President Harry Truman , who was born in Missouri . From 1972 until 1996 , the school was known as Northeast Missouri State University .'}]}, {'value': "Head Coach , Men 's Football at Western Illinois University , 1983-89 . Marine Captain , serving in Vietnam from 1967-70 . Assistant Coach at Northwest Missouri State ( now Truman ) from 1970-72 . Assistant coach at the University of Vermont from 1972-74 , returning to a similar role at Northeast Missouri from 1975-78 before briefly assuming head coaching duties there . Guest coach for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League from 1979-82 . He returned to the U.S. when he was named as Head Coach for the Western Illinois University Leathernecks in 1982 . Earned several citations as Coach of the Year by the Gateway Conference , Kodak Midwest I-AA and Missouri Intercollegiate Athletic Association", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Illinois_University', 'summary': 'Western Illinois University ( WIU ) is a public university located in Macomb , Illinois , United States . It was founded in 1899 as Western Illinois State Normal School . Like many similar institutions of the time , Western Illinois State Normal School focused on teacher training for its relatively small body of students . As the normal school grew , it became Western Illinois State Teachers College .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps', 'summary': "The United States Marine Corps ( USMC ) , also referred to as the United States Marines , is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations with the United States Navy as well as the Army and Air Force . The U.S. Marine Corps is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States . The Marine Corps has been a component of the U.S. Department of the Navy since 30 June 1834 , working closely with naval forces . The USMC operates installations on land and aboard sea-going amphibious warfare ships around the world . Additionally , several of the Marines ' tactical aviation squadrons , primarily Marine Fighter Attack squadrons , are also embedded in Navy carrier air wings and operate from the aircraft carriers . The history of the Marine Corps began when two battalions of Continental Marines were formed on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as a service branch of infantry troops capable of fighting both at sea and on shore . In the Pacific theater of World War II the Corps took the lead in a massive campaign of amphibious warfare , advancing from island to island . As of 2017 , the USMC has around 186,000 active duty members and some 38,500 personnel in reserve ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vietnam_War', 'summary': "The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ) , also known as the Second Indochina War , and in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 [ A 1 ] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975 . It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam . North Vietnam was supported by the Soviet Union , China , and other communist allies ; South Vietnam was supported by the United States , South Korea , the Philippines , Australia , Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war , considered a Cold War-era proxy war by some , lasted 19 years , with direct U.S. involvement ending in 1973 , and included the Laotian Civil War and the Cambodian Civil War , which ended with all three countries becoming communist in 1975 . The conflict emerged from the First Indochina War against the communist-led Viet Minh . [ A 4 ] Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. After the French quit Indochina in 1954 , the US assumed financial and military support for the South Vietnamese state . The Việt Cộng , also known as Front national de libération du Sud-Viêt Nam or NLF ( the National Liberation Front ) , a South Vietnamese common front under the direction of North Vietnam , initiated a guerrilla war in the south . North Vietnam had also invaded Laos in the mid-1950s in support of insurgents , establishing the Ho Chi Minh Trail to supply and reinforce the Việt Cộng . :16 U.S. involvement escalated under President John F. Kennedy through the MAAG program from just under a thousand military advisors in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963.:131 By 1963 , the North Vietnamese had sent 40,000 soldiers to fight in South Vietnam . :16 North Vietnam was heavily backed by the USSR and the People 's Republic of China . China also sent hundreds of PLA servicemen to North Vietnam to serve in air-defense and support roles . :371-4 By 1964 , there were 23,000 US advisors in South Vietnam ."}, {'url': '/wiki/University_of_Vermont', 'summary': "The University of Vermont ( UVM ) , [ a ] officially The University of Vermont and State Agricultural College , is a public research university in Burlington , Vermont . It was founded in 1791 and is the state 's land-grant university . UVM is among the oldest universities in the United States and is the fifth institution of higher education established in the New England region of the U.S. northeast . It is also listed as one of the original eight Public Ivy institutions in the United States . The university 's Dudley H. Davis Center was the first student center in the United States to receive a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) Gold certification . The largest hospital complex in Vermont , the University of Vermont Medical Center , has its primary facility on the UVM campus and is affiliated with the Robert Larner College of Medicine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Saskatchewan_Roughriders', 'summary': "The Saskatchewan Roughriders are a professional Canadian football team based in Regina , Saskatchewan . The Roughriders play in the West Division of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The Roughriders were founded in 1910 as the Regina Rugby Club . Although they were not the first team to play football in Western Canada , the club has maintained an unbroken organizational continuity since their founding . The Roughriders are the third-oldest professional gridiron football team in existence today ( only the Arizona Cardinals and Toronto Argonauts are older ) , and one of the oldest professional sports teams still in existence in North America . Of these teams , the Roughriders are both the oldest still in existence that continuously has been based in Western Canada ( as well as the oldest-surviving team in the CFL 's present-day West Division ) as well as the oldest in North America to continuously have been based west of St. Louis , Missouri . They are also the continent 's oldest community-owned professional sports franchise , older than every American professional sports team outside baseball other than the aforementioned Cardinals ( who , unlike the Roughriders , no longer play in their original city , and have moved twice in their history ) and older than every Canadian sports team outside football except the Montreal Canadiens , who were founded about nine months prior to the Roughriders . The team changed their name to the Regina Roughriders from the Regina Rugby Club in 1924 and finally to the current moniker in 1946 . The Roughriders played their home games at historic Taylor Field from 1936 to 2016 ; in 2017 , the team moved to the newly-constructed Mosaic Stadium at Evraz Place . The team draws fans from across Saskatchewan and Canada who are affectionately known as the Rider Nation . The Roughriders play in the smallest market in the CFL , and the second-smallest major-league market in North America ( only Green Bay , Wisconsin , is smaller ) . They have finished first in the Western Division 8 times and have won the Western championship a record 28 times ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Football_League', 'summary': "The Canadian Football League ( CFL ; French : Ligue canadienne de football , LCF ) is a professional sports league in Canada . The CFL is the highest level of competition in Canadian football . The league consists of nine teams , each located in a city in Canada . They are divided into two divisions : four teams in the East Division and five teams in the West Division . As of 2019 , it features a 21-week regular season where each team plays 18 games with three bye weeks . This season traditionally runs from mid-June to early November . Following the regular season , six teams compete in the league 's three-week divisional playoffs which culminate in the Grey Cup championship game in late November . The Grey Cup is one of Canada 's largest annual sports and television events . The CFL was officially founded on January 19 , 1958 . The league was formed through a merger between the Interprovincial Rugby Football Union ( founded in 1907 ) and the Western Interprovincial Football Union ( founded in 1936 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Illinois_University', 'summary': 'Western Illinois University ( WIU ) is a public university located in Macomb , Illinois , United States . It was founded in 1899 as Western Illinois State Normal School . Like many similar institutions of the time , Western Illinois State Normal School focused on teacher training for its relatively small body of students . As the normal school grew , it became Western Illinois State Teachers College .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Western_Illinois_Leathernecks_football', 'summary': "The Western Illinois Leathernecks football program is the intercollegiate American football team for Western Illinois University located in Macomb , Illinois . The team competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) and are members of the Missouri Valley Football Conference . The school 's first football team was fielded in 1903 . The team plays its home games at the 16,368 seat Hanson Field ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Eaves', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Phi Deuteron ( Kentucky ) , 1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Kentucky', 'summary': "The University of Kentucky ( UK ) is a public university in Lexington , Kentucky . Founded in 1865 by John Bryan Bowman as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Kentucky , the university is one of the state 's two land-grant universities ( the other being Kentucky State University ) and the institution with the highest enrollment in the state , with 30,720 students as of Fall 2015 . The institution comprises 16 colleges , a graduate school , 93 undergraduate programs , 99 master programs , 66 doctoral programs , and four professional programs . [ needs update ] The University of Kentucky has fifteen libraries on campus . The largest is the William T. Young Library , a federal depository , hosting subjects related to social sciences , humanities , and life sciences collections . In recent years , the university has focused expenditures increasingly on research , following a compact formed by the Kentucky General Assembly in 1997 . The directive mandated that the university become a Top 20 public research institution , in terms of an overall ranking , to be determined by the university itself , by the year 2020 ."}]}, {'value': 'NBA broadcaster . Sports Reporter for Fox Sports , former Clippers Courtside and California Sports Report anchor , Sports anchor for Al Jazeera America', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fox_Sports_West_and_Prime_Ticket', 'summary': 'Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are American regional sports networks owned by Diamond Sports Group , a joint venture between Sinclair Broadcast Group and Entertainment Studios , and operate as Fox Sports Networks affiliates . The channels broadcast regional coverage of professional and collegiate sports events in California , focusing primarily on professional sports teams based in the Greater Los Angeles area . Both Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are available on cable providers throughout Southern California , the Las Vegas Valley and Hawaii ; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV , Dish Network , and via IPTV providers Sling TV and PlayStation Vue .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Al_Jazeera_America', 'summary': "Al Jazeera America ( AJAM ) was an American pay television news channel owned by the Al Jazeera Media Network . The channel was launched on August 20 , 2013 to compete with CNN , HLN , MSNBC , Fox News , and in certain markets , RT America . It was Al Jazeera 's second entry into the U.S. television market , after the launch of beIN Sports in 2012 . The channel , which had persistently low ratings , announced in January 2016 that it would close on April 12 , 2016 , citing the economic landscape . Al Jazeera America was headquartered and run from studios on the first floor of the Manhattan Center in New York City . It also had a total of 12 bureaus located in places such as Washington , D.C. , at the channel 's D.C. studios at the Newseum and Al Jazeera 's D.C. hub , Chicago , Detroit , Nashville , Los Angeles , Seattle , New Orleans , Dallas , Denver , Miami , and San Francisco ( former headquarters of Current TV and current headquarters of online channel AJ+ ) . The channel was the sister channel of Al Jazeera 's international English language news channel Al Jazeera English . Although operated and managed completely separately with America 's management based in the United States , the two shared United States studios and bureaus such as the D.C. hub and Al Jazeera America ran some of Al Jazeera English 's programming and many of its live newscasts alongside its own ."}]}, {'value': 'Harry Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Elliott_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Harry Lewis Elliott ( December 30 , 1923 - August 9 , 2013 ) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 92 games in Major League Baseball for the 1953 and 1955 St. Louis Cardinals . A 5 ft 9 in ( 1.75 m ) , 175 lb ( 79 kg ) outfielder , Elliott threw and batted right-handed .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Deuteron ( Minnesota ) , 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Minnesota', 'summary': "The University of Minnesota , Twin Cities , ( the U of M , UMN , Minnesota , or simply the U ) is a public research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul , Minnesota . The Twin Cities campus comprises locations in Minneapolis and St. Paul approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) apart , and the St. Paul location is in neighboring Falcon Heights . The Twin Cities campus is the oldest and largest in the University of Minnesota system and has the sixth-largest main campus student body in the United States , with 51,327 students in 2019-20 . It is the flagship institution of the University of Minnesota System , and is organized into 19 colleges , schools , and other major academic units . The University of Minnesota is included in a 1985 book describing America 's Public Ivy universities . The Minnesota Territorial Legislature drafted a charter for a territorial university in 1851 , the university took significant time to fully organize and the first college classes were n't held until 1867 . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Minnesota is a member of the Association of American Universities and is ranked 14th in research activity , with $ 881 million in research and development expenditures in the fiscal year ending June 30 , 2015 . University of Minnesota faculty , alumni , and researchers have won 26 Nobel Prizes and three Pulitzer Prizes . Notable University of Minnesota alumni include two vice presidents of the United States , Hubert Humphrey and Walter Mondale , and Bob Dylan , who received the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League baseball outfielder who appeared in 92 games during the 1953 and 1955 seasons with the St. Louis Cardinals . Held Big Ten batting championship . Taught high school physical education for many years at El Cajon , California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}, {'url': '/wiki/El_Cajon,_California', 'summary': 'El Cajon ( /ɛlkəˈhoʊn/ ) is a city in San Diego County , California , United States , 17 mi ( 27 km ) east of Downtown San Diego . The city , located in a valley surrounded by mountains , has acquired the nickname of The Box . Its name originated similarly , from the Spanish phrase el cajón , which means the box or the drawer .'}]}, {'value': 'Dick Enberg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Enberg', 'summary': "Richard Alan Enberg ( January 9 , 1935 - December 21 , 2017 ) was an American sportscaster . Over the course of an approximately 60-year career , he provided play-by-play of various sports for several radio and television networks , including NBC ( 1975-1999 ) , CBS ( 2000-2014 ) , and ESPN ( 2004-2011 ) , as well as for individual teams , such as UCLA Bruins basketball , Los Angeles Rams football , and California Angels and San Diego Padres baseball . Enberg was well known for his signature on-air catchphrases Touch 'em all ( for home runs ) and Oh , my ! ( for particularly exciting and outstanding athletic plays ) . He also announced or hosted the Tournament of Roses Parade for many years , sometimes with the help of family members . Enberg retired from broadcasting in 2016 , after seven seasons as the Padres ' primary television announcer ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Xi ( Central Michigan ) , 1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Michigan_University', 'summary': "Central Michigan University ( CMU ) is a public research university in Mount Pleasant , Michigan . Established in 1892 , Central Michigan University has more than 20,000 students on its Mount Pleasant campus and 7,000 students enrolled online at more than 60 locations worldwide . CMU offers 200 academic programs at the undergraduate , master 's , specialist , and doctoral levels , including programs in entrepreneurship , journalism , music , audiology , teacher education , psychology , and physician assistant . The School of Engineering and Technology has ABET accredited programs in Mechanical , Electrical , and Computer Engineering . CMU has also established a College of Medicine , which opened in fall 2013 . CMU competes in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference in six men 's and ten women 's sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Nationally known NBC Sportscaster', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dwain Farmer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omicron Tetarton ( Tennessee Wesleyan ) , 1958', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Wesleyan_University', 'summary': 'Tennessee Wesleyan University ( TWU ) is a private Methodist university in Athens , Tennessee . It was founded in 1857 and is affiliated with the Holston Conference of the United Methodist Church . It maintains a branch campus in Knoxville , where it offers evening programs in business administration . It also conducts its nursing classes in Knoxville . Tennessee Wesleyan offers ten varsity sports . The Bulldogs and Lady Bulldogs compete in the Appalachian Athletic Conference of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics .'}]}, {'value': "Athletic Director and Head Coach , Men 's Basketball , Tennessee Wesleyan Bulldogs . Dwain Farmer Court on the TWU campus is named for him , as is a charitable golf tourney held annually by the school . Farmer was inducted into the TWU Hall of Fame in November , 1985 . He was honored by election into the NAIA Hall of Fame for his coaching success in March of 1986 , winning his 500th coaching career basketball victory in February of that year", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_Wesleyan_Bulldogs', 'summary': 'The Tennessee Wesleyan Bulldogs are the athletic teams for Tennessee Wesleyan University . The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , primarily competing in Appalachian Athletic Conference .'}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics', 'summary': 'The National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) is a college athletics association for small colleges and universities in North America . For the 2018-2019 season , it has 251 member institutions , of which two are in British Columbia , one in the U.S. Virgin Islands , and the rest in the conterminous United States . The NAIA , whose headquarters is in Kansas City , Missouri , sponsors 26 national championships . The CBS Sports Network , formerly called CSTV , serves as the national media outlet for the NAIA . In 2014 , ESPNU began carrying the NAIA Football National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'James Franklin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Franklin_(American_football_coach)', 'summary': 'James Geoffrey Franklin ( born February 2 , 1972 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is the head football coach at Penn State University , a position he has held since the 2014 season . Franklin served as the head football coach at Vanderbilt University from 2011 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Pentaton ( East Stroudsburg ) , 1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Stroudsburg_University_of_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania ( ESU ) is a public university in East Stroudsburg , Pennsylvania . It is one of the 14 state universities that compose the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education ( PASSHE ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Head Football Coach , Penn State University . Former head coach , Vanderbilt University . Selected as the Dave McClain Coach of the Year ( Big Ten Coach of the Year ) in Nov. 2016 by the media . Collegiate standout , setting seven school records as quarterback and noted as a Division II Player of the Year finalist for 1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_University', 'summary': "Vanderbilt University ( informally Vandy or VU ) is a private research university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1873 , it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt , who provided the school its initial $ 1-million endowment despite having never been to the South . Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War . Ranked at number 15 among United States research universities by U.S. News & World Report , Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 13,100 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools . The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system . Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university , including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities , the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center , and Dyer Observatory . Vanderbilt University Medical Center , formerly part of the university , became a separate institution in 2016 . With the exception of the off-campus observatory , all of the university 's facilities are situated on its 330-acre ( 1.3 km2 ) campus in the heart of Nashville , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from downtown . Despite its urban surroundings , the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs . The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others . The Jean and Alexander Heard Library , the campus library system , contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation 's top research libraries . Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world , with over 40,000 hours of content ."}]}, {'value': 'George Freese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Freese', 'summary': 'George Walter Freese ( September 12 , 1926 - July 27 , 2014 ) was a third baseman in Major League Baseball . He played for the Detroit Tigers in 1953 , Pittsburgh Pirates in 1955 and Chicago Cubs in 1961 . Freese attended West Virginia University , where he played college baseball for the Mountaineers in 1947 . While at West Virginia he was a member of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity . He was later a member of the Cubs coaching staff from 1964-1965 and a minor league manager for the Bakersfield Dodgers in 1973-1974 . The older brother of MLB third baseman Gene Freese , George Freese lived in Portland , Oregon , where he played three years of minor league baseball for the Portland Beavers . He was inducted into the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta ( West Virginia ) , 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_University', 'summary': "West Virginia University ( WVU ) is a public , land-grant , research university with its main campus in Morgantown , West Virginia . Its other campuses are those of the West Virginia University Institute of Technology in Beckley , Potomac State College of West Virginia University in Keyser , and a second clinical campus for the university 's medical and dental schools at Charleston Area Medical Center in Charleston . WVU Extension Service provides outreach with offices in all of West Virginia 's 55 counties . Enrollment for the Fall 2018 semester was 26,864 for the main campus , while enrollment across all three non-clinical campuses was 29,959 . The Morgantown campus offers 350+ bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and professional degree programs throughout 14 colleges and schools . Twenty-five Rhodes Scholars are WVU alumni , including former WVU president David C. Hardesty , Jr . The university has also produced 45 Goldwater Scholars , 24 Truman Scholars , and five members ( & 11 academic team honorees ) of USA Today 's All - USA College Academic First Team . Additionally , WVU has had three George C. Marshall ( British ) Scholars , five Morris K. Udall Scholars , 26 Boren Scholars , 63 Gilman Scholars , 64 Fulbright Scholars , three Department of Homeland Security Scholars , 32 Critical Language Scholars , one Jack Kent Cooke Foundation Graduate Scholar , five National Institute of Standards and Technology Fellowships , and 25 National Science Foundation Graduate Research Graduate Fellowships ."}]}, {'value': 'Major League baseball Third Baseman with the Detroit Tigers , Pittsburgh Pirates and Chicago Cubs , playing from 1953 to 1961', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Tigers', 'summary': "The Detroit Tigers are an American professional baseball team based in Detroit , Michigan . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . One of the AL 's eight charter franchises , the club was founded in Detroit as a member of the minor league Western League in 1894 and is the only Western League team still in its original city . They are also the oldest continuous one name , one city franchise in the AL . Since their establishment as a major league franchise in 1901 , the Tigers have won four World Series championships ( 1935 , 1945 , 1968 , and 1984 ) , 11 AL pennants ( 1907 , 1908 , 1909 , 1934 , 1935 , 1940 , 1945 , 1968 , 1984 , 2006 , 2012 ) , and four AL Central division championships ( 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , and 2014 ) . They also won division titles in 1972 , 1984 , and 1987 as a member of the AL East . The team currently plays its home games at Comerica Park in Downtown Detroit . The Tigers constructed Bennett Park at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Trumbull Avenue in Corktown ( just west of Downtown Detroit ) and began playing there in 1896 . In 1912 , the team moved into Navin Field , which was built on the same location . It was expanded in 1938 and renamed Briggs Stadium . It was renamed Tiger Stadium in 1961 and the Tigers played there until moving to Comerica Park in 2000 . From 1901 to 2019 , the Tigers ' overall win-loss record is 9,346-9,191 ( a winning percentage of .504 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates', 'summary': 'The Pittsburgh Pirates are an American professional baseball team based in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Founded in 1881 under the name Pittsburgh Allegheny , the franchise has won five World Series championships . The Pirates are also often referred to as the Bucs or the Buccos ( derived from buccaneer , a synonym for pirate ) . The team plays its home games at PNC Park , its home since 2001 . The Pirates previously played at Forbes Field from 1909-1970 and at Three Rivers Stadium , so named because of its location near the confluence of the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio rivers , from 1970-2000 . The franchise joined the NL in its eighth season in 1887 and was competitive from its early years , winning three NL titles from 1901 to 1903 , playing in the inaugural World Series in 1903 and winning their first World Series in 1909 behind Honus Wagner . The Pirates have had many ups and downs during their long history , most famously winning the 1960 World Series against the New York Yankees on a series-winning walk-off home run by Bill Mazeroski , the only time that Game 7 of the World Series has ever ended with a home run . They also won the 1971 World Series , led by the talent of Roberto Clemente , and the 1979 World Series under the slogan We Are Family , led by Pops Willie Stargell . After a run of regular-season success in the early 1990s ( winning three straight NL East Division titles ) , the Pirates struggled mightily over the following 20 years , with 20 consecutive losing seasons from 1993 to 2012 - the longest such streak in American professional sports history - before posting a winning record in 2013 of 94-68 , qualifying them for the NL Wild Card . They advanced to the NL Division Series round , where they lost in 5 games to the St. Louis Cardinals . The Pirates made the playoffs in both 2014 and 2015 , losing in the Wild Card Game both times .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Cubs', 'summary': "The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago , Illinois . The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team plays its home games at Wrigley Field , located on the city 's North Side . The Cubs are one of two major league teams in Chicago ; the other , the Chicago White Sox , is a member of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The Cubs , first known as the White Stockings , were a founding member of the NL in 1876 , becoming the Chicago Cubs in 1903 . The Cubs have appeared in a total of eleven World Series . The 1906 Cubs won 116 games , finishing 116-36 and posting a modern-era record winning percentage of .763 , before losing the World Series to the Chicago White Sox ( The Hitless Wonders ) by four games to two . The Cubs won back-to-back World Series championships in 1907 and 1908 , becoming the first major league team to play in three consecutive World Series , and the first to win it twice . Most recently , the Cubs won the 2016 National League Championship Series and 2016 World Series , which ended a 71-year National League pennant drought and a 108-year World Series championship drought , both of which are record droughts in Major League Baseball . The 108-year drought was also the longest such occurrence in all major North American sports . Since the start of divisional play in 1969 , the Cubs have appeared in the postseason ten times through the 2019 season . The Cubs are known as the North Siders , a reference to the location of Wrigley Field within the city of Chicago , and in contrast to the White Sox , whose home field ( Guaranteed Rate Field ) is located on the South Side ."}]}, {'value': 'Frank Gifford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Gifford', 'summary': "Francis Newton Gifford ( August 16 , 1930 - August 9 , 2015 ) was an American football player , actor , and television sports commentator . After a 12-year playing career as a halfback and flanker for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) , he was a play-by-play announcer and commentator for 27 years on ABC 's Monday Night Football . Gifford won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award from United Press International in 1956 , the same season his team won the NFL Championship . During his career , he participated in five league championship games and was named to eight Pro Bowls . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1977 . After retiring as a player , Gifford was an Emmy Award-winning sportscaster , known for his work on ABC 's Monday Night Football , Wide World of Sports and the Olympics . He was married to television host Kathie Lee Gifford from 1986 until his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Omega Deuteron ( USC ) , 1952', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': "NFL New York Giants football star , playing halfback and flanker . As a collegiate athlete , named a football All-American . All-NFL first team six times over his 12 year playing career , appearing in three NFL championship games including the 1956 Super Bowl . That same year he was named the league 's most valuable player . He retired from active play to become a renowned sportscaster known as the voice of Monday Night Football in a broadcast career lasting 27 years . He was voted into the NFL Hall of Fame in 1977 , winning a broadcasting Emmy Award that same year", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Giants', 'summary': "The New York Giants are a professional American football team based in the New York metropolitan area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team plays its home games at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey , which it shares with the New York Jets . The Giants hold their summer training camp at the Quest Diagnostics Training Center at the Meadowlands Sports Complex . The Giants were one of five teams that joined the NFL in 1925 , and are the only one of that group still existing , as well as the league 's longest-established team in the Northeastern United States . The team ranks third among all NFL franchises with eight NFL championship titles : four in the pre-Super Bowl era ( 1927 , 1934 , 1938 , 1956 ) and four since the advent of the Super Bowl ( XXI ( 1986 ) , XXV ( 1990 ) , XLII ( 2007 ) , and XLVI ( 2011 ) ) , along with more championship appearances than any other team , with 19 overall appearances . Their championship tally is surpassed only by the Green Bay Packers ( 13 ) and the Chicago Bears ( 9 ) . Throughout their history , the Giants have featured 29 Hall of Fame players , including NFL Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award winners Mel Hein , Frank Gifford , Y . A. Tittle , and Lawrence Taylor . To distinguish themselves from the professional baseball team of the same name , the football team was incorporated as the New York National League Football Company , Inc. in 1929 and changed to New York Football Giants , Inc. in 1937 . While the baseball team moved to San Francisco after the 1957 season , the football team continues to use New York Football Giants , Inc. as its legal corporate name , and is often referred to by fans and sportscasters as the New York Football Giants . The team has also acquired several nicknames , including Big Blue , the G-Men , and the Jints , an intentionally mangled contraction seen frequently in the New York Post and New York Daily News , originating from the baseball team when they were based in New York ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Emmy_Award', 'summary': 'An Emmy Award , or simply Emmy , is an American award that recognizes excellence in the television industry . It is presented at numerous annual events held throughout the calendar year , each honoring one of the various sectors of the television industry . The two ceremonies that receive the most media coverage are the Primetime Emmy Awards and the Daytime Emmy Awards , which recognize outstanding work in American primetime and daytime entertainment programming , respectively . Other notable Emmy events include those honoring national sports programming , national news and documentary shows , and technological and engineering achievements in television , including the Primetime Engineering Emmy Awards . Regional Emmy Awards are also presented throughout the country at various times through the year , recognizing excellence in local and statewide television . In addition , the International Emmy Awards honor excellence in TV programming produced and initially aired outside the United States . The Emmy is named after immy , an informal term for the image orthicon tube that was common in early television cameras . The statuette depicts a winged woman holding an atom . The Emmy is considered one of the four major American entertainment awards , the others being the Grammy ( for music ) , the Oscar ( for film ) , and the Tony ( for theater ) . Three related , but separate , organizations present the Emmy Award : the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( ATAS ) , the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ( NATAS ) , and the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ( IATAS ) . The ATAS first awarded the Emmy in 1949 to honor shows produced in the Los Angeles area before it became a national event in the 1950s to honor programs aired nationwide . Over the next two decades , the ATAS , the NATAS , and the IATAS expanded the award to honor other areas of the TV industry , with each organization responsible for administering a particular set of Emmy competitions .'}]}, {'value': 'Bryan and Joel Glazer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryan_Glazer', 'summary': 'Bryan Glazer ( born October 27 , 1964 ) is part of the Glazer family , who control First Allied Corporation , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL , and who have purchased a controlling interest in the English football club Manchester United . The family is based in Florida .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joel_Glazer', 'summary': "Joel Glazer is part of the Glazer family , who control First Allied Corporation and the Zapata Corporation , the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL , and England 's Manchester United Football Club . The family is based in Florida ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Triton ( American ) 1986 and 1989 , respectively', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_University', 'summary': "The American University ( AU or American ) is a private research university in Washington , D.C. Its main campus spans 90 acres ( 36 ha ) at the former site of Fort Gaines on Ward Circle , in the Spring Valley neighborhood in the northwest of the District . AU was chartered by an Act of Congress in 1893 at the urging of Methodist bishop John Fletcher Hurst , who sought to create an institution that would promote public service , internationalism , and pragmatic idealism . AU broke ground in 1902 , opened in 1914 , and admitted its first undergraduates in 1925 . Although affiliated with the United Methodist Church , religious affiliation is not a criterion for admission . American University has eight schools and colleges : the School of International Service , College of Arts and Sciences , Kogod School of Business , School of Communication , School of Professional and Extended Studies , School of Public Affairs , School of Education , and the Washington College of Law ( WCL ) . It has over 160 programs , including 71 bachelor 's degrees , 87 master 's degrees , and 10 doctoral degrees , as well as JD , LLM , and SJD programs . AU 's student body numbers over 13,000 and represents all 50 U.S. states and 141 countries ; around a fifth of students are international . Its prominent alumni include numerous journalists , media personalities , ambassadors , and Congress members . American University is one of the top five feeder schools to the U.S. Foreign Service , Congressional staff , and other governmental agencies . In 2018 , The Princeton Review ranked American University 1st for Top Colleges with the Most Politically Active Students ."}]}, {'value': 'Owners , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , joint-Chairmen , Manchester United Football Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers', 'summary': "The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are a professional American football team based in Tampa , Florida . The Buccaneers currently compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) South division . The club joined the NFL in 1976 as an expansion team , along with the Seattle Seahawks . Tampa Bay played its first season in the American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division as part of the 1976 expansion plan , whereby each new franchise would play every other franchise over the first two years . After the season , the team switched conferences with the Seahawks and became a member of the NFC Central division . During the 2002 league realignment , the Buccaneers joined three former NFC West teams to form the NFC South . The club is owned by the Glazer family , and plays its home games at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa . The Buccaneers are the first post-merger expansion team to win a division championship , a playoff game , and to host and play in a conference championship game ; all three accomplishments occurred during the 1979 season . They are also the first team since the merger to complete a winning season when starting 10 or more rookies , which happened in the 2010 season . In 1976 and 1977 , the Buccaneers lost their first 26 games . They would not win their first game in franchise history until Week 13 , of 14 , in 1977 . After a brief winning era in the late 1970s and early 1980s , the team suffered through 14 consecutive losing seasons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}]}, {'value': 'Dick Gunn', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alpha Deuteron ( Illinois ) , 1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': 'Collegiate baseball Shortstop , All Big 10 nominee . Big 10 record for most fielding assists in one game', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dick Harlow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Harlow', 'summary': 'Richard Cresson Harlow ( October 19 , 1889 - February 19 , 1962 ) was an American football player and coach . He served as the head football coach at Pennsylvania State University ( 1915-1917 ) , Colgate University ( 1922-1925 ) , Western Maryland College , now McDaniel College ( 1926-1934 ) , and Harvard University ( 1935-1942 , 1945-1947 ) , compiling a career college football record of 149-69-17 . Harlow pioneered modern defensive schemes . Often fielding undersized teams , he pioneered coordinated stunts to get around or between blockers rather than trying to overpower them . His offenses were based on deception and timing rather than power , utilizing shifts , reverses , and lateral passes . Harlow was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kappa ( Penn State ) , 1912', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penn_State_University', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}]}, {'value': 'Head football coach at Pennsylvania State University ( 1915-1917 ) , Colgate University ( 1922-1925 ) , McDaniel College ( 1926-1934 ) , and Harvard University ( 1935-1942 , 1945-1947 ) , compiling a career college football record of 149-69-17 . Pioneered modern defensive schemes , utilizing shifts , reverses , and lateral passes . Inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1954', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University', 'summary': "The Pennsylvania State University ( Penn State or PSU ) is a state-related , land-grant , doctoral university with campuses and facilities throughout Pennsylvania . Founded in 1855 as the Farmers ' High School of Pennsylvania , Penn State conducts teaching , research , and public service . Its instructional mission includes undergraduate , graduate , professional and continuing education offered through resident instruction and online delivery . Its University Park campus , the flagship campus , lies within the Borough of State College and College Township . It has two law schools : Penn State Law , on the school 's University Park campus , and Dickinson Law , located in Carlisle , 90 miles south of State College . The College of Medicine is located in Hershey . Penn State has another 19 commonwealth campuses and 5 special mission campuses located across the state . Penn State has been labeled one of the Public Ivies , a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League . Annual enrollment at the University Park campus totals more than 46,800 graduate and undergraduate students , making it one of the largest universities in the United States . It has the world 's largest dues-paying alumni association . The university 's total enrollment in 2015-16 was approximately 97,500 across its 24 campuses and online through its World Campus . The university offers more than 160 majors among all its campuses ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Colgate_University', 'summary': 'Colgate University is a private liberal arts college in Hamilton , New York . Founded in 1819 , Colgate enrolls nearly 3,000 students in 56 undergraduate majors that culminate in a Bachelor of Arts degree ; it also enrolls a dozen students in a Master of Arts in Teaching program .'}, {'url': '/wiki/McDaniel_College', 'summary': 'McDaniel College is a private liberal arts college in Westminster , Maryland . Established in 1867 , it was known as Western Maryland College until 2002 when it was renamed McDaniel College in honor of an alumnus who gave a lifetime of service to the college . The college also has a satellite campus , McDaniel College Budapest , in Budapest , Hungary . McDaniel College is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education . The college owns and manages a shopping center and residential properties through its for-profit arm .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Harvard_University', 'summary': "Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge , Massachusetts , with about 6,800 undergraduate students and about 14,000 postgraduate students . Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor , clergyman John Harvard , Harvard is the United States ' oldest institution of higher learning . Its history , influence , wealth , and academic reputation have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world . The Harvard Corporation , chartered in 1650 , is the governing body of Harvard . In its early years , Harvard College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy , although it has never been formally affiliated with any denomination . Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century , and by the 19th century , Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites . Following the American Civil War , President Charles W. Eliot 's long tenure ( 1869-1909 ) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university ; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900 . A. Lawrence Lowell , who succeeded Eliot , further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard 's land holdings and physical campus . James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II ; he began to liberalize admissions after the war . The university is organized into eleven principal academic units - ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study - with campuses throughout Greater Boston : its 209-acre ( 85 ha ) original undergraduate campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge , approximately 3 miles ( 5 km ) northwest of Boston ; the business school and many athletics facilities , including Harvard Stadium , are across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston ; and the medical , dental , and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area . Harvard 's endowment is worth $ 40.9 billion , making it the largest of any academic institution . Harvard is a large , highly residential research university ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Phi_Sigma_Kappa_brothers_8', 'intro': "This is a list of notable brothers of Phi Sigma Kappa men's collegiate fraternity, including those who were members of Phi Sigma Epsilon prior to the 1985 merger. See Talk page to review guidelines for inclusion."}
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What is the moniker of the university that John L. Hurri Caine attended ?
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The Capstone
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0348c7ddbd2a703e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2010_(August)', 'title': 'List of Italian football transfers summer 2010 (August)', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'Nationality', 'Moving from', 'Moving to', 'Fee'], 'data': [{'value': '2010-08-01', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilario Lamberti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ilario_Lamberti', 'summary': 'Ilario Davide Lamberti ( born 7 February 1988 ) is an Italian footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Bari', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C. The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S. Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations .'}]}, {'value': 'Valenzana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valenzana_Calcio', 'summary': 'Valenzana Mado is an Italian football club , based in Valenza , Piedmont . Currently it plays in Eccellenza Piedmont and Aosta Valley .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2 August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sergio Contessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Contessa', 'summary': 'Sergio Donato Contessa ( born 14 March 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a left back for Catanzaro .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nardò', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S.D._Nardò_Calcio', 'summary': 'A.C.D . Nardò ( usually referred to as simply Nardò ) is an Italian association football club , based in Nardò , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie D .'}]}, {'value': 'Novara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Novara_Calcio', 'summary': 'Novara Calcio , commonly referred to as Novara , is an Italian football club based in Novara , Piedmont .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Petrassi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Padova_Calcio', 'summary': "Calcio Padova , commonly referred to as Padova , is an Italian football club based in Padua , Veneto . Founded in 1910 , Padova currently play in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1996 . The team 's official colours are white and red . The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014-15 Serie D season as a phoenix club . The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014-15 Lega Pro . The original Padova was renamed to Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club , Calcio Padova in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Gela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gela_Calcio', 'summary': 'S.S.D . Città di Gela , commonly known as just Gela , is an Italian association football club , based in Gela , Sicily .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Piccinni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Piccinni', 'summary': 'Marco Piccinni ( born 19 April 1987 ) is an Italian footballer who plays for Monopoli .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Bari', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C. The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S. Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations .'}]}, {'value': 'Lucchese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Lucchese_Libertas_1905', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Dilettantistica Lucchese 1905 , or simply Lucchese , is an Italian football club , based in Lucca , Tuscany that plays in Serie D , the fourth tier of Italian football . The club was first founded in 1905 , having last been in Serie A in 1952 .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michele Sansotta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chievo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Chievo Verona , commonly referred to as Chievo Verona or simply Chievo [ ˈkjɛːvo ] , is an Italian football club named after and based in Chievo , a suburb of 4,500 inhabitants in Verona , Veneto , and owned by Paluani , a bakery product company and the inspiration for their original name , Paluani Chievo . The club shares the 38,402 seater Marc'Antonio Bentegodi stadium with its cross-town rivals Hellas Verona ."}]}, {'value': 'Sangiovannese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Sangiovannese_1927', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Sangiovannese 1927 ( formerly Associazione Calcio Sangiovannese 1927 ) is an Italian association football club based in San Giovanni Valdarno , Tuscany . They currently play in Serie D .'}]}, {'value': 'Co-ownership , €500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loris Pagnotta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prato', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Prato', 'summary': 'Associazione Calcio Prato is an Italian association football club , based in Prato , Tuscany . Prato currently plays in Serie D/E , having last been in Serie B in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'AlbinoLeffe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.C._AlbinoLeffe', 'summary': 'Unione Calcio AlbinoLeffe is an Italian association football club representing Albino and Leffe , two small towns located in Val Seriana . The club played in Serie B for nine consecutive years and narrowly missed promotion in Serie A at the end of the 2007-08 season . It currently plays in Serie C and has been in the Italian third tier since its relegation in 2011-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Pisano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Pisano', 'summary': 'Marco Giovanni Pisano ( born 13 August 1981 ) is an Italian retired professional footballer who played as a left-sided defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Torino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Torino_F.C.', 'summary': "Torino Football Club ( Italian pronunciation : [ toˈriːno ] ) , commonly referred to as Torino or simply Toro , is an Italian professional football club based in Turin , Piedmont . It currently plays in Serie A . Founded as Foot-Ball Club Torino in 1906 , Torino are among the most successful clubs in Italy with seven league titles , including five consecutive league titles during the 1940s . The Grande Torino , as the team was known , was widely recognised as one of the strongest footballing sides of the period , until the entire team was killed in the 1949 Superga air disaster . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , the last of which was in the 1992-93 season . Internationally , Torino won the Mitropa Cup in 1991 and were finalists in the UEFA Cup in 1991-92 . Torino plays all of its home games at the Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino ( also known as the Stadio Comunale Vittorio Pozzo until 2006 ) . The club 's colour is maroon , and its symbol is a rampant bull , the traditional symbol of the city of Turin , from which the club 's nickname is derived , Il Toro ( The Bull ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma_F.C.', 'summary': "Parma Calcio 1913 , commonly referred to as Parma , is an Italian football club based in Parma , Emilia-Romagna . It currently plays in Serie A . Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913 , the club plays its home matches in the 26,969-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini , often referred to as simply Il Tardini , from 1923 . Financed by Calisto Tanzi , the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002 , a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish , as runners-up in the 1996-97 season . The club has won three Coppa Italia , one Supercoppa Italiana , two UEFA Cups , one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007 . The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohamed Traoré ( footballer , born 1991 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohamed_Traoré_(footballer,_born_1991)', 'summary': 'Mohamed Lamine Traoré ( born 13 October 1991 ) is a Guinean footballer who plays as a defender for Cesena .'}]}, {'value': 'Guinea', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parma_F.C.', 'summary': "Parma Calcio 1913 , commonly referred to as Parma , is an Italian football club based in Parma , Emilia-Romagna . It currently plays in Serie A . Founded as Parma Football Club in December 1913 , the club plays its home matches in the 26,969-seat Stadio Ennio Tardini , often referred to as simply Il Tardini , from 1923 . Financed by Calisto Tanzi , the club won eight trophies between 1992 and 2002 , a period in which it achieved its best ever league finish , as runners-up in the 1996-97 season . The club has won three Coppa Italia , one Supercoppa Italiana , two UEFA Cups , one European Super Cup and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Financial troubles were brought about in late 2003 by the Parmalat scandal which caused the parent company to collapse and resulted in the club operating in controlled administration until January 2007 . The club was declared bankrupt in 2015 and re-founded in Serie D but secured a record three straight promotions to return to Serie A in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'South Tyrol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F.C._Südtirol', 'summary': 'F.C . Südtirol , known as Südtirol in Italy , less popularly as Alto Adige inside Italy and South Tyrol outside Italy , is an Italian association football club , based in the city of Bolzano , in the autonomous province South Tyrol . The club was formerly known as its bilingual name F.C . Südtirol - Alto Adige . The club currently plays in Serie C .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jaime Romero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Romero', 'summary': 'Jaime Romero Gómez ( born 31 July 1990 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left winger for Azerbaijani club Qarabağ FK .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udinese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udinese_Calcio', 'summary': 'Udinese Calcio , commonly referred to as Udinese , is an Italian football club based in Udine , Friuli-Venezia Giulia , that currently plays in Serie A . It was founded on 30 November 1896 as a sports club , and on 5 July 1911 as a football club . The traditional team home kit is black and white striped shirt , black shorts , and white socks . The club broadcasts on channel 110 ( Udinese Channel ) on digital terrestrial television in north-east of Italy . It has many fans in Friuli and the surrounding areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Bari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Bari', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Calcio Bari , commonly referred to as Bari , is an Italian football club founded in 1908 and based in Bari , Apulia . It currently plays in Serie C. The club spent many seasons bouncing between the top two divisions in Italian football , Serie A and Serie B . The club was formerly known as A.S. Bari or F.C . Bari 1908 as well as other names , due to re-foundations .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samuel Di Carmine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Di_Carmine', 'summary': 'Samuel Di Carmine ( born 29 September 1988 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a striker for Italian Serie A club Hellas Verona .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fiorentina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina , commonly referred to as Fiorentina [ fjorenˈtiːna ] , is an Italian professional football club based in Florence , Tuscany . Founded by a merger in August 1926 , and refounded in August 2002 following bankruptcy , Fiorentina have played at the top level of Italian football for the majority of their existence ; only four clubs have played in more Serie A seasons . Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1955-56 and again in 1968-69 , as well as six Coppa Italia trophies and one Supercoppa Italiana . On the European stage , Fiorentina won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1960-61 and lost the final one year later . They finished runners-up in the 1956-57 European Cup , losing against Real Madrid , and also came close to winning the 1989-90 UEFA Cup , finishing as runners-up against Juventus after losing the first leg in Turin and drawing in the second one in Avellino . Fiorentina is one of the fifteen European teams that played the finals in all three major continental competitions : the Champions League ( 1956-1957 , the first Italian team to reach the final in the top continental competition ) , the UEFA Cup Winners ( 1960-1961 and 1961-1962 ) and the UEFA Cup ( 1989-1990 ) . Since 1931 , the club have played at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which currently has a capacity of 43,147 . The stadium has used several names over the years and has undergone several renovations . Fiorentina are known widely by the nickname Viola , a reference to their distinctive purple colours ."}]}, {'value': 'Frosinone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frosinone_Calcio', 'summary': 'Frosinone Calcio ( Italian pronunciation : [ froziˈnoːne ] ( listen ) ) is an Italian football club based in Frosinone , Lazio . The club was founded in 1912 under the name Unione Sportiva Frusinate , but it was officially born on 19 September 1928 . Following cancellation by the Italian Football Federation , it was refounded in 1990 . In the 2014-15 season the club played in Serie B for the sixth time in its history . The club earned its first promotion to the top flight Serie A in the 2015-16 season , but were relegated back down to Serie B after just one season . In the 2018-19 season it was promoted to Serie A for a second time . After a long tradition of playing in Serie C , in recent years , following the historic promotion which took place in the 2005-06 season , the club participated in five consecutive seasons in Serie B , becoming , after the two teams in Rome , the third most notable team of the region of Lazio . In its history Frosinone have won at a national level , two championships of Serie C2 ( 1986-87 and 2003-04 ) and two of Serie D ( 1965-66 and 1970-71 ) . On 16 May 2015 , the Ciociari , with a 3-1 win over Crotone , secured their first , historic promotion to Serie A .'}]}, {'value': 'Co-ownership , €500', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adaílton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adaílton_Martins_Bolzan', 'summary': 'Adaílton Martins Bolzan ( born 24 January 1977 in Santiago , Brazil ) , best known as Adaílton , is a Brazilian football coach and a former player who played as a striker . Adaílton holds Italian nationality , thus he was not restricted by labour law for non-European Union citizen .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bologna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909', 'summary': "Bologna Football Club 1909 , commonly referred to as Bologna ( Italian pronunciation : [ boˈloɲɲa ] ) , is an Italian football club based in Bologna , Emilia-Romagna . The club are nicknamed the Rossoblù due to the red-and-blue striped shirts which they wear , which are also the official colours of the city . Bologna were founding members of Serie A in 1929 . During its history , the club has won the Italian league championship seven times , making them the sixth most successful team in the history of the league . They have participated in 72 Serie A championships out of 87 , currently ninth in the ranking of the highest number of appearances of the formations in the highest Italian category . Bologna currently plays in Serie A , the highest level of the Italian football pyramid , for the fifth consecutive year . Since 1927 the team has been competing in its internal competitions in the Stadio Renato Dall'Ara , born as Stadio del Littoriale and called , from the postwar period until 1983 , Stadio Comunale . The stadium can host more than 38,000 spectators ."}]}, {'value': 'Vaslui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Vaslui', 'summary': 'Fotbal Club Vaslui ( Romanian pronunciation : [ vasˈluj ] ) , commonly known as FC Vaslui or simply Vaslui , is a Romanian football club based in the city of Vaslui , Vaslui County , currently playing in the Liga IV . The team was formed in 2002 as Fotbal Club Vaslui , and became one of the most prominent in the country after its promotion to the top division three years later . Vasluienii earned a European spot in five consecutive seasons , lost a Cupa României final in 2010 and narrowly missed the league title in 2012 , before being relegated in 2014 because of financial issues . In July 2014 , the team was re-established by the association of supporters . The official club colours are yellow and green , hence the nickname the Yellow-Greens .'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordan Pedrocchi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}]}, {'value': 'Chievo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Chievo Verona , commonly referred to as Chievo Verona or simply Chievo [ ˈkjɛːvo ] , is an Italian football club named after and based in Chievo , a suburb of 4,500 inhabitants in Verona , Veneto , and owned by Paluani , a bakery product company and the inspiration for their original name , Paluani Chievo . The club shares the 38,402 seater Marc'Antonio Bentegodi stadium with its cross-town rivals Hellas Verona ."}]}, {'value': 'Co-ownership , peppercorn fee', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paolo Cotroneo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Padova', 'summary': "Calcio Padova , commonly referred to as Padova , is an Italian football club based in Padua , Veneto . Founded in 1910 , Padova currently play in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1996 . The team 's official colours are white and red . The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014-15 Serie D season as a phoenix club . The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014-15 Lega Pro . The original Padova was renamed to Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club , Calcio Padova in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Taranto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.S._Taranto_Calcio', 'summary': 'Taranto Football Club 1927 , commonly referred to as Taranto FC or Taranto , is a semiprofessional Italian football club , based in Taranto , Apulia . Founded in 1927 by the union of two pioneering clubs , Taranto currently plays in Serie D , the 4th level of Italian Football . Taranto is 19th in the Serie B perpetual ranking having played in the serie cadetta 32 times . Last time Taranto played in Serie B was in 1993 . Last time Taranto played in Serie C was in 2017'}]}, {'value': 'Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Simões', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Simões', 'summary': 'Diego de Souza Simões ( born 18 January 1991 ) is a Brazilian footballer . He also holds a Portuguese passport .'}]}, {'value': 'Brazil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Padova', 'summary': "Calcio Padova , commonly referred to as Padova , is an Italian football club based in Padua , Veneto . Founded in 1910 , Padova currently play in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1996 . The team 's official colours are white and red . The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014-15 Serie D season as a phoenix club . The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014-15 Lega Pro . The original Padova was renamed to Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club , Calcio Padova in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Carpi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpi_F.C._1909', 'summary': "Carpi Football Club 1909 is an Italian professional football club based in Carpi in the province of Modena . The club was founded in 1909 and re-founded in 2000 . Carpi 's colours are white and red , hence the nickname Biancorossi . At the end of the 2012-13 season , Carpi won their first promotion to Serie B . On 28 April 2015 , the Biancorossi won their first promotion to Serie A , but were relegated back to Serie B after only one season . The Golden Era ended in 2019 , with the relegation back in Serie C after five seasons in Serie B and one season in Serie A . In its history , the Biancorossi have won a handful of league titles , including : the old Lega Pro Seconda Divisione ; Serie B once ; Serie C once ; and Serie D four times . At the regional level , Carpi has won Promozione , Prima Divisione , and two Prima Categoria titles ."}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Raimondi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Raimondi', 'summary': 'Andrea Raimondi ( born 26 June 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays for Italian club A.C. Delta Calcio Rovigo .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Padova', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Padova', 'summary': "Calcio Padova , commonly referred to as Padova , is an Italian football club based in Padua , Veneto . Founded in 1910 , Padova currently play in Serie C , having last been in Serie A in 1996 . The team 's official colours are white and red . The team was refounded in 2014 after the sports title was awarded to Biancoscudati Padova for the 2014-15 Serie D season as a phoenix club . The old holder of the title was in the process of liquidation after it was expelled from 2014-15 Lega Pro . The original Padova was renamed to Football Padova in order to allow the new iteration of Padova to use the original name of the club , Calcio Padova in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'Juve Stabia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Juve_Stabia', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Juve Stabia is an Italian football club based in Castellammare di Stabia , Campania . Juve Stabia currently plays in Serie B , the second tier of Italian football system .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Salvatore D'Elia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Salvatore_D'Elia", 'summary': "Salvatore D'Elia ( born 10 February 1989 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a left-back for Frosinone in the Italian Serie B ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': 'Portogruaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Portogruaro_Summaga', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Portogruaro ( usually referred to as Portogruaro ) is an Italian association football club , based in Portogruaro , Veneto . Currently it plays in Eccellenza Veneto .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan , Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 August 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrea Pisani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Pisani_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Andrea Pisani ( born 15 March 1987 ) is an Italian professional footballer .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': 'Portogruaro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calcio_Portogruaro_Summaga', 'summary': 'Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Portogruaro ( usually referred to as Portogruaro ) is an Italian association football club , based in Portogruaro , Veneto . Currently it plays in Eccellenza Veneto .'}]}, {'value': 'Loan , Free', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrico Cotza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Enrico_Cotza', 'summary': 'Enrico Cotza ( born 3 July 1988 in Cagliari ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cagliari', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cagliari_Calcio', 'summary': "Cagliari Calcio , commonly referred to as Cagliari ( Italian : [ ˈkaʎʎari ] ( listen ) ) , is an Italian football club based in Cagliari , Sardinia . The club currently plays in Serie A . They won their only Scudetto in 1969-70 , when they were led by the Italian national team 's all-time leading scorer , Gigi Riva . The triumph was also the first by a club from south of Rome . Cagliari 's colours are blue and red . As of 2019-20 , the team is temporarily playing their home games at the 16,000 Sardegna Arena , adjacent to the future new stadium site . The club 's best European performance was in the 1993-94 UEFA Cup , losing in the semi-finals to Internazionale ."}]}, {'value': 'Villacidrese', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.S._Villacidrese_Calcio', 'summary': 'Società Sportiva Villacidrese Calcio was an Italian association football club located in Villacidro , Sardinia . Its colors were white and blue .'}]}, {'value': 'Co-ownership , Undisclosed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Veloso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Veloso', 'summary': 'Miguel Luís Pinto Veloso ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ miˈɣɛɫ ˈlwiʃ ˈpĩtu vɨˈlozu ] ; born 11 May 1986 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Italian club Hellas Verona . Mainly a defensive midfielder , he can also operate as an attacking left back . He started his career with Sporting , for which he appeared in 165 games all competitions comprised , and also spent two years with Genoa before joining Dynamo Kyiv in 2012 . After winning four domestic honours in Ukraine , he returned to Genoa in 2016 . A full international since 2007 , Veloso earned over 50 caps for Portugal , appearing at two World Cups and as many European Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sporting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal', 'summary': "Sporting Clube de Portugal ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾtĩɡ ( ɨ ) ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðɨ puɾtuˈɣaɫ ] ) ( Euronext : SCP ) , otherwise known as Sporting , Sporting CP , and referred to colloquially as Sporting Lisbon , is a football club based in Lisbon , Portugal . Founded on 1 July 1906 , Sporting is one of the Três Grandes ( Big Three ) clubs in Portugal , along with rivals S.L . Benfica and FC Porto , that have never been relegated from the top flight of Portuguese football , Primeira Liga , since 1934 . Sporting are nicknamed Leões ( Lions ) and Verde e Brancos ( Green and Whites ) . The club 's anthem , A Marcha do Sporting ( Sporting 's March ) , was written in 1955 . In March 2019 , Sporting reported having more than 80,500 paying members , with the rest of them , 98,400 , without their fees paid in full . Sporting are the third most decorated Portuguese football team , with a total of 50 trophies , including one international title , the 1963-64 European Cup Winners ' Cup . Domestically , they have won 18 Primeira Liga titles , 17 Portuguese Cups ( Taça de Portugal ) , 4 Championship of Portugal ( a record tied with Porto ) , 2 Taça da Liga and 8 Portuguese Super Cup trophies . Internationally , Sporting are currently ranked 31st in UEFA club rankings ."}]}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.', 'summary': "Genoa Cricket and Football Club , commonly referred to as Genoa ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒɛːnoa ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . Established on 7 September 1893 , it is Italy 's fourth oldest football team ( after Torino F.C.C. , Nobili Torino and Internazionale Torino ) , and the oldest active Italian football team , with over 125 years of activity . During their long history , Genoa have won the Italian Championship nine times . Genoa 's first title came at the inaugural championship in 1898 and their most recent was in 1923-24 . They have also won the Coppa Italia once . Historically , Genoa are the fourth most successful Italian club in terms of championships won . This slew of early successes may lie at the origin of the love professed for the team by the godfather of Italian sports journalists Gianni Brera ( 1919-92 ) , who , despite having been born nowhere near Genoa , always declared himself a supporter of the team . Brera went as far as creating the nickname Vecchio Balordo ( Old Fool or Cranky Old One ) for Genoa . The club has played its home games at the 36,536 capacity Stadio Luigi Ferraris since 1911 . Since 1946 , the ground has been shared with local rivals Sampdoria . Genoa has spent most of its post-war history going up and down between Serie A and Serie B , with two brief spells in Serie C ."}]}, {'value': '€9M + Bonus', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-08-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alberto Zapater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberto_Zapater', 'summary': 'Alberto Zapater Arjol ( born 13 June 1985 ) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays for Real Zaragoza mainly as a defensive midfielder . He spent most of his career with Zaragoza , appearing in 319 official games and scoring 11 goals .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.', 'summary': "Genoa Cricket and Football Club , commonly referred to as Genoa ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈdʒɛːnoa ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . Established on 7 September 1893 , it is Italy 's fourth oldest football team ( after Torino F.C.C. , Nobili Torino and Internazionale Torino ) , and the oldest active Italian football team , with over 125 years of activity . During their long history , Genoa have won the Italian Championship nine times . Genoa 's first title came at the inaugural championship in 1898 and their most recent was in 1923-24 . They have also won the Coppa Italia once . Historically , Genoa are the fourth most successful Italian club in terms of championships won . This slew of early successes may lie at the origin of the love professed for the team by the godfather of Italian sports journalists Gianni Brera ( 1919-92 ) , who , despite having been born nowhere near Genoa , always declared himself a supporter of the team . Brera went as far as creating the nickname Vecchio Balordo ( Old Fool or Cranky Old One ) for Genoa . The club has played its home games at the 36,536 capacity Stadio Luigi Ferraris since 1911 . Since 1946 , the ground has been shared with local rivals Sampdoria . Genoa has spent most of its post-war history going up and down between Serie A and Serie B , with two brief spells in Serie C ."}]}, {'value': 'Sporting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal', 'summary': "Sporting Clube de Portugal ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ˈspɔɾtĩɡ ( ɨ ) ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðɨ puɾtuˈɣaɫ ] ) ( Euronext : SCP ) , otherwise known as Sporting , Sporting CP , and referred to colloquially as Sporting Lisbon , is a football club based in Lisbon , Portugal . Founded on 1 July 1906 , Sporting is one of the Três Grandes ( Big Three ) clubs in Portugal , along with rivals S.L . Benfica and FC Porto , that have never been relegated from the top flight of Portuguese football , Primeira Liga , since 1934 . Sporting are nicknamed Leões ( Lions ) and Verde e Brancos ( Green and Whites ) . The club 's anthem , A Marcha do Sporting ( Sporting 's March ) , was written in 1955 . In March 2019 , Sporting reported having more than 80,500 paying members , with the rest of them , 98,400 , without their fees paid in full . Sporting are the third most decorated Portuguese football team , with a total of 50 trophies , including one international title , the 1963-64 European Cup Winners ' Cup . Domestically , they have won 18 Primeira Liga titles , 17 Portuguese Cups ( Taça de Portugal ) , 4 Championship of Portugal ( a record tied with Porto ) , 2 Taça da Liga and 8 Portuguese Super Cup trophies . Internationally , Sporting are currently ranked 31st in UEFA club rankings ."}]}, {'value': '€2M', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Summer transfer window ( August )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Italian_football_transfers_summer_2010_(August)_0', 'intro': 'This is the part 2 of list of Italian football transfers for the 2010-11 season.'}
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What is the position of the footballer who transferred to Novara ?
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left back
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0349065ed5b04028
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance', 'title': 'United Nationalist Alliance', 'header': ['Candidate', 'Party', 'Last position in government', 'Relatives in government'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nancy Binay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Binay', 'summary': 'Maria Lourdes Nancy Sombillo Binay-Angeles ( born May 12 , 1973 ) is a Filipino politician and legislator who is currently serving as a Senator of the Philippines . She is the daughter of former Vice President Jejomar Binay . Without any prior experience , Binay placed a bid for a seat in the Senate in the 2013 general elections and won placing fifth overall . After being elected , Binay chaired both the Cultural Communities and the Tourism Committees of the Senate in the 17th Congress . Binay was re-elected in the 2019 general election for a second consecutive term .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'No relevant political background', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vice President Jejomar Binay ( father ) , Makati mayor Elenita Binay ( mother ) , Makati mayor Jun-Jun Binay ( brother ) , congresswoman from Makati Abigail Binay ( sister )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jejomar_Binay', 'summary': 'Jejomar Binay ( born November 11 , 1942 ) ^ [ b ] served as the 13th Vice President of the Philippines under President Benigno Aquino III . He was a presidential candidate in the 2016 Philippine presidential election . He was appointed by former President Corazon Aquino as officer-in-charge of Makati from 1986 to 1987 . After his assignment , he was elected mayor Makati in 1988 and served until 1998 . Concurrently , he acted as the Chairman of the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority ( MMDA ) from 1990 to 1991 . In 2001 , he was reelected as mayor and served until 2010 . He resigned as Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council and as Presidential Adviser on Overseas Filipino Workers on June 22 , 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elenita_Binay', 'summary': 'Elenita Ellen Sombillo Binay , M.D . ( born Elenita Gabriel Sombillo on November 9 , 1944 ) is a Filipino politician and medical doctor who served as mayor of Makati from 1998 to 2001 . She is the former Second Lady of the Philippines for being the wife of former Vice President Jejomar Binay . They have several children , some of whom are casting their lots into the political ring . She is the mother of former Makati Mayor Jejomar Junjun Binay , Jr. , 2nd District of Makati Representative and now Mayor Abigail Binay and Senator Nancy Binay .'}]}, {'value': 'Tingting Cojuangco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tingting_Cojuangco', 'summary': 'Margarita Tingting de los Reyes Cojuangco ( born Margarita Manzano de los Reyes on April 29 , 1944 ) is a Filipino politician , philanthropist and socialite . She was the former Chairman of the Kabalikat ng Malayang Pilipino ( Kampi ) party and a member of the Council of Philippine Affairs ( COPA ) . She is a columnist in The Philippine Star , and was a candidate for a seat in the Senate in the 2013 Philippine Senate Election . Cojuangco lost in the election . She is the aunt of Philippine President Benigno Aquino III .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former governor of Tarlac ( 1992-1998 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarlac', 'summary': "Tarlac ( Kapampangan : Lalauígan ning Tarlac ; Pangasinan : Luyag na Tarlac ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Tarlac ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Tarlac ) is a landlocked province located in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines . It is bounded on the north by the province of Pangasinan , Nueva Ecija on the east , Zambales on the west and Pampanga in the south . The province comprises three congressional districts and is subdivided into 17 municipalities and one city , Tarlac City , which is the provincial capital . The province is situated in the heartland of Luzon , in what is known as the Central Plain also spanning the neighbouring provinces of Pampanga , Pangasinan , Nueva Ecija and Bulacan . Tarlac covers a total land area of 3,053.45 km2 ( 305,345 ha ) . Early in history , what came to be known as Valenzuela Ranch today was once a thickly-forested area , peopled by roving tribes of nomadic Aetas who are said to be the aboriginal settlers of the Philippines , and for a lengthy period , it was the remaining hinterland of Luzon 's Central Plains . Today , Tarlac is the most multi-cultural of the provinces in the region for having a mixture of four distinct ethnic groups : the Kapampangans , the Pangasinans , the Ilocanos and the Tagalogs . It is also known for its fine food and vast sugar and rice plantations in Central Luzon ."}]}, {'value': 'Congressman from Tarlac Jose Cojuangco Jr. ( husband ) , congressman from Tarlac Eduardo Cojuangco Jr. ( cousin ) , President Benigno Aquino III ( nephew ) , National Youth Commission chairman Bam Aquino ( nephew ) , former Senator Robert Jaworski ( brother-in-law ) , former Pasig Rep. Robert Jaworski Jr. ( son-in-law )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Cojuangco_Jr.', 'summary': 'José Sumulong Cojuangco Jr. ( born José Cojuangco y Sumulong [ note 1 ] on September 19 , 1934 ) , more popularly known as Peping Cojuangco , is a former Philippine Congressman and the 9th President of the Philippine Olympic Committee from 2004 to 2018 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eduardo_Cojuangco_Jr.', 'summary': "Eduardo Danding Murphy Cojuangco Jr. ( born June 10 , 1935 ) is a Filipino businessman and politician . He is the chairman and CEO of San Miguel Corporation , the largest food and beverage corporation in the Philippines and Southeast Asia . He is a former Philippine ambassador and former governor of Tarlac . In 2016 , his personal wealth was estimated at US $ 1.1 billion . It was estimated that , at one time , his business empire accounted for 25% of the gross national product of the Philippines . As of July 2017 , his personal wealth was estimated at US $ 1.16 billion . He has been called one of the country 's leading businessmen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III', 'summary': 'Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III ( born February 8 , 1960 ) is a Filipino politician who served as the 15th President of the Philippines from 2010 until 2016 . Aquino is a fourth-generation politician and the chairman of the Liberal Party from 2010 to 2016 . On September 9 , 2009 , shortly after the death of his mother , Aquino officially announced that he would be a candidate in the 2010 presidential election . He was elected and on June 30 , 2010 was sworn into office as the fifteenth President of the Philippines at the Quirino Grandstand in Rizal Park , Manila , succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo . He ended his term on June 30 , 2016 , succeeded by Rodrigo Duterte . In 2013 , Time named him one of the 100 Most Influential People in the World .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bam_Aquino', 'summary': 'Paolo Benigno Aguirre Aquino IV ( born May 7 , 1977 ) , who is more widely known as Bam Aquino , is a Filipino politician and social entrepreneur . He served as a Senator of the Philippines from 2013 to 2019 . During his stint as senator , he has advocated for the passage of bills focusing on entrepreneurship , culture and arts , and education and science and technology .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Jaworski', 'summary': "Robert Vincent Salazar Jaworski ( Tagalog pronunciation : [ dʒaˈwɔɾski ] ; born March 8 , 1946 ) is a Filipino former professional basketball player , head coach and politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines from 1998 to 2004 . He played 23 seasons in the Philippine Basketball Association . He is widely regarded as one of the best and most popular PBA players of all-time . He was named part of the PBA 's 40 Greatest Players and was inducted into the PBA Hall of Fame in 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Jaworski_Jr.', 'summary': 'Robert B. Jaworski Jr. is a Filipino politician and former basketball player .'}]}, {'value': 'JV Ejercito', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/JV_Ejercito', 'summary': 'Joseph Victor Gomez Ejercito ( born December 26 , 1969 ) , commonly known as JV Ejercito or JV Ejercito Estrada , is a Filipino politician and legislator who served as a Senator of the Phlippines , he is the son of former Philippine president Joseph Estrada . Ejercito first served as Mayor of San Juan from 2001 to 2010 before running and winning a seat in the congress for one term in 2010 serving up to 2013 . After finishing his only term as a Congressman , he ran immediately and won a bid in the Senate in 2013 . Ejercito credits himself as the author of the Universal Health Care Act of the Philippines .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Incumbent congressman from San Juan 's lone district ( since 2010 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Metro_Manila', 'summary': "San Juan , officially the City of San Juan ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng San Juan ) or simply known as San Juan City , is a 1st class highly urbanized city in Metro Manila , Philippines . According to the 2015 census , it has a population of 122,180 people . It is geographically located at its approximate center and is also the country 's smallest city in terms of land area . The city is known historically for the site of the first battle of the Katipunan , the organization which led the 1896 Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire . Notable landmarks today such as Pinaglabanan Shrine and heritage homes are located in the city . Other locations include Greenhills Shopping Center and Santolan Town Plaza , making the city a major shopping hub with a range of upscale , boutique and bargain retail ."}]}, {'value': 'President Joseph Estrada ( father ) , San Juan mayor Guia Gomez ( mother ) , Senator Jinggoy Estrada ( half-brother ) , Laguna Governor ER Ejercito ( cousin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Estrada', 'summary': "Joseph Ejercito Estrada ( born Jose Marcelo Ejercito ; April 19 , 1937 ) is a Filipino politician and former actor who served as the 13th President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001 , ninth Vice President of the Philippines from 1992 to 1998 , and the 26th Mayor of the City of Manila , the country 's capital , from 2013 to 2019 . In 2001 , he became the first president in Asia to be impeached from an executive role and resigned from power . Estrada gained popularity as a film actor , playing the lead role in over a hundred films in an acting career spanning some three decades , and model , who was started as a fashion and ramp model at the age of 13 . He used his popularity as an actor to make gains in politics , serving as Mayor of San Juan from 1969 to 1986 , as Senator from 1987 to 1992 , then as Vice President under President Fidel Ramos from 1992 to 1998 . Estrada was elected President in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him from the other challengers , and was sworn into the presidency on June 30 , 1998 . In 2000 he declared an all-out-war against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps . However , allegations of corruption spawned an impeachment trial in the Senate , and in 2001 Estrada was ousted by People Power 2 after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the senator-judges voted no in the opening of the second envelope . In 2007 , Estrada was sentenced by a special division of the Sandiganbayan to reclusión perpetua for the plunder of $ 80 million from the government , but was later granted pardon by President and his former deputy Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . He ran for president again in the 2010 presidential election , but was defeated by Senator Benigno Aquino III by a wide margin . He later served as Mayor of Manila for two terms , from 2013 to 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Guia_Gomez', 'summary': 'Guia Guanzon Gomez ( born April 20 , 1942 ) is a Filipino actress , businesswoman and politician . She is the former mayor of San Juan City , having won 75% of total votes during the 2010 elections . She is known for her relationship with former president Joseph Estrada , with whom she has a son , Former Senator JV Ejercito .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jinggoy_Estrada', 'summary': "Jose Pimentel Ejercito Jr. ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , better known as Jinggoy Estrada ( Tagalog : [ dʒɪŋˈɡoɪ ] ) , is a Filipino politician , actor & film producer . He is the son of former Philippine President Joseph Estrada . Before serving two terms as a Senator of the Philippines from 2004 to 2016 , he served as Vice Mayor of San Juan in 1988 . After one term , he was immediately elected as the town 's mayor in 1992 and served until 2001 . He became acting Senate President of the Philippines in 2013 . In 2014 , he was indicted and charged for allegedly stealing ₱183 million from his discretionary funds in a scandal known as the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam . He was jailed until 2016 and was acquitted after posting bail while trial is still ongoing for the multiple charges against him , he still sought reelection to the Senate in the 2019 general election , but he lost placing 15th overall . Beyond politics , Estrada also participated in acting ; he notably won the Best Actor Award in the 2007 Metro Manila Film Festival for the film Katas Ng Saudi ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laguna_(province)', 'summary': "Laguna , officially the Province of Laguna ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Laguna ; Spanish : Provincia de Laguna ) , is a province in the Philippines , located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon . Its capital is Santa Cruz and the province is situated southeast of Metro Manila , south of the province of Rizal , west of Quezon , north of Batangas and east of Cavite . Laguna hugs the southern shores of Laguna de Bay , the largest lake in the country . As of the 2015 census , the province 's total population is 3,035,081 . It is also currently the seventh richest province in the country . Laguna is notable as the birthplace of Jose Rizal , the country 's national hero . It is also famous for attractions like Pagsanjan Falls , the University of the Philippines Los Baños and the University of the Philippines Open University in Los Baños , the hot spring resorts of Calamba on the slopes of Mount Makiling , Pila historic town plaza , Taytay Falls in Majayjay , the wood carvings and papier-mâché created by the people of Paeté , the annual Sampaguita Festival in San Pedro , the turumba of Pakil , the tsinelas footwears from Liliw , the Pandan Festival of Luisiana , the Seven Lakes of San Pablo , and the Nagcarlan Underground Cemetery in Nagcarlan ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ER_Ejercito', 'summary': 'Emilio Ramon Pelayo Ejercito III ( born October 5 , 1963 ) , commonly known as E.R . Ejercito and also popularly known by his official on-screen names Jorge Estregan ( sometimes spelled Jeorge Estregan ) , George Estregan Jr. ( sometimes spelled Jorge Estregan Jr. or Jeorge Estregan Jr. ) and Jeorge E.R . Ejercito Estregan ( or simply Jeorge E.R . Estregan ) , is a Filipino actor and former governor of Laguna . Prior to his election as governor , he served as mayor of Pagsanjan , Laguna . He is the son of actor George Estregan and the nephew of former President and former Manila Mayor Joseph Estrada . On May 27 , 2014 , the Commission on Elections unseated Ejercito after alleged overspending during the campaign for the 2013 midterm elections . 3 days later his uncle , Mayor Estrada , convinced him to step down . On April 5 , 2019 , he was convicted and sentenced to 6 to 8 years in prison for graft over an anomalous insurance deal when he was mayor of Pagsanjan in 2008 . The Sandiganbayan anti-graft court on August 7 , 2019 , upheld its earlier ruling that also barred Ejercito from holding public office .'}]}, {'value': 'Jack Enrile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jack_Enrile', 'summary': 'Juan Castañer Ponce Enrile Jr. ( born July 16 , 1958 ) , also known as Jack Enrile , is a Filipino politician . He was a Representative of the 1st District of Cagayan in the 11th , 12th , 13th and 15th Congresses . He is the only son and namesake of former Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile of Cagayan and the former Ambassador to the Holy See , Cristina Castañer of Manila . He is married to former Cagayan Province Congresswoman Salvacion Sally Santiago . Sally traces her roots to the Santiagos of Angat and Guiguinto , Bulacan .'}]}, {'value': 'NPC', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Nationalist_People's_Coalition", 'summary': "The Nationalist People 's Coalition or NPC is a conservative political party in the Philippines , founded in 1992 by then-presidential candidate Eduardo Cojuangco Jr ."}]}, {'value': "Incumbent congressman from Cagayan 's 1st district ( since 2010 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cagayan', 'summary': 'Cagayán ( /kɑːɡəˈjɑːn/ kah-gə-YAHN ) ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Cagayan ; Ibanag : Provinsiya na Cagayan ; Itawit : Provinsiya ya Cagayan ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Cagayan ) is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in the northeast of Luzon Island , and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north . The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west , and Kalinga and Isabela to the south . Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao . Cagayán was one of the early provincias that existed during the Spanish Colonial Period . Called La Provincia de Cagayan , its borders essentially covered the entire Cagayan Valley , which included the present provinces of Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , Batanes and portions of Kalinga and Apayao . The former capital was Nueva Segovia , which also served as the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia . Today , only 9,295.75 square kilometres ( 3,589.11 sq mi ) remain of the former vastness of the province . The entire region , however , is still referred to as Cagayan Valley . In 2013 , Cagayán was host to the 27th ( Survivor : Blood vs. Water ) and 28th ( Survivor : Cagayan ) seasons of the American reality game show , Survivor .'}]}, {'value': 'Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile ( father ) , congresswoman from Cagayan Sally Ponce Enrile ( wife )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Ponce_Enrile', 'summary': 'Juan Furagganan Ponce Enrile Sr. ( Tagalog : [ hwɐ̞n ˈpɔ̝nsɛ̝ ɛnˈrilɛ ] ; born February 14 , 1924 ) , abbreviated JPE , is a Filipino politician and lawyer . He was a protégé of President Ferdinand Marcos , and served as Justice Secretary and then Defense Minister under the Marcos regime . He later became one of the leaders ( along with General Fidel Ramos ) of the 1986 People Power Revolution that drove Marcos from power and into exile . Enrile has continued to be a prominent politician since then ; he was Senate President from November 2008 until his resignation on June 5 , 2013 . Former Senate President Enrile became the Longest lived Senate President of the Philippines on 31 January 2020 when he surpassed the longevity of José Avelino .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cagayan', 'summary': 'Cagayán ( /kɑːɡəˈjɑːn/ kah-gə-YAHN ) ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Cagayan ; Ibanag : Provinsiya na Cagayan ; Itawit : Provinsiya ya Cagayan ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Cagayan ) is a province of the Philippines in the Cagayan Valley region in the northeast of Luzon Island , and includes the Babuyan Islands to the north . The province borders Ilocos Norte and Apayao to the west , and Kalinga and Isabela to the south . Its capital is the city of Tuguegarao . Cagayán was one of the early provincias that existed during the Spanish Colonial Period . Called La Provincia de Cagayan , its borders essentially covered the entire Cagayan Valley , which included the present provinces of Isabela , Quirino , Nueva Vizcaya , Batanes and portions of Kalinga and Apayao . The former capital was Nueva Segovia , which also served as the seat of the Diocese of Nueva Segovia . Today , only 9,295.75 square kilometres ( 3,589.11 sq mi ) remain of the former vastness of the province . The entire region , however , is still referred to as Cagayan Valley . In 2013 , Cagayán was host to the 27th ( Survivor : Blood vs. Water ) and 28th ( Survivor : Cagayan ) seasons of the American reality game show , Survivor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sally_Ponce_Enrile', 'summary': 'Salvacion Sally Ponce Enrile ( née Santiago ) is a Filipino politician and wife of former Congressman Jack Enrile of the 1st District of Cagayan . She held the same position in the 14th and 16th Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'Richard J. Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_J._Gordon', 'summary': 'Richard Juico Gordon ( born August 5 , 1945 ) , known as Dick Gordon , is a Filipino politician and broadcaster who currently serves as a Senator of the Philippines and the chairman of the Philippine Red Cross . As a politician , Gordon gained national prominence as the chairman of the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority during the administration of President Fidel Ramos , and as Secretary of Tourism under the administration of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo . In 2004 , he was elected as Senator under the senatorial ticket of President Arroyo . He ran for President in the 2010 Philippine elections as the standard-bearer of Bagumbayan - Volunteers for a New Philippines , but was unsuccessful in his bid . In 2013 , Gordon declared his intention to run in the 2013 election for a position in either the Senate or in the local government . He ran for the Senate under the United Nationalist Alliance coalition in that election , but failed to earn a seat having placed thirteenth . Gordon ran again in the 2016 election , this time as an independent , where he placed fifth , garnering a seat . Apart from his current position in the Red Cross , he works as a broadcaster for News5 . He presently hosts the radio show Aksyon Solusyon with Amelyn Veloso on Radyo5 92.3 News FM and the television show Duelo : Barilan ng Opinyon on AksyonTV .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former senator ( 2004-2010 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olongapo mayor Katherine K. Gordon ( wife ) , Olongapo councilor John Carlos de los Reyes ( nephew )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Carlos_de_los_Reyes', 'summary': 'John Carlos JC Gordon de los Reyes ( born February 14 , 1970 ) is the President of Ang Kapatiran Party and a senatorial candidate for the 2013 Philippine midterm election . de los Reyes was councilor in Olongapo City and the presidential candidate of the Ang Kapatiran Party for the 2010 Philippine presidential election .'}]}, {'value': 'Gregorio Honasan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregorio_Honasan', 'summary': "Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II ( born March 14 , 1948 ) , better known as Gringo Honasan , is a retired Philippine Army officer who led unsuccessful coups d'état against President Corazon Aquino . He played a key role in the 1986 EDSA Revolution that toppled President Ferdinand Marcos . After 1986 , he led a series of unsuccessful but violent coup attempts against the administration of Corazon Aquino . President Fidel Ramos granted him amnesty in 1992 . He entered politics and became a senator from 1995 to 2004 , and again from 2007 to 2018 . He ran for vice president of the Philippines , being Jejomar Binay 's running-mate in 2016 , but were defeated by Leni Robredo and Rodrigo Duterte respectively . On November 22 , 2018 , President Duterte appointed Honasan as secretary of Department of Information and Communications Technology which will take effect after his term in the Senate . Eliseo Rio served as acting secretary while Honasan was still serving his term in the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incumbent senator ( since 2007 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'None', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernesto Maceda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernesto_Maceda', 'summary': 'Ernesto Ernie Madarang Maceda ( March 26 , 1935 - June 20 , 2016 ) was a Filipino politician , lawyer , and columnist who served as a Senator of the Philippines from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1987 to 1998 . He served as Senate President from 1996 to 1998 .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former senator ( 1971-1972 ; 1987-1998 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Manila 4th district councilor Edward VP Maceda ( son )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manila', 'summary': "Manila ( /məˈnɪlə/ ; Tagalog : Maynilà , pronounced [ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , officially the City of Manila ( Tagalog : Lungsod ng Maynilà [ luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ ] ) , is the capital of the Philippines and a highly urbanized city . It is the most densely populated city proper in the world as of 2018 . It was the first chartered city by virtue of the Philippine Commission Act 183 on July 31 , 1901 and gained autonomy with the passage of Republic Act No . 409 or the Revised Charter of the City of Manila on June 18 , 1949 . Manila , alongside Mexico City and Madrid are considered the world 's original set of Global Cities due to Manila 's commercial networks being the first to traverse the Pacific Ocean , thus connecting Asia with the Spanish Americas , marking the first time in world history when an uninterrupted chain of trade routes circled the planet . Manila is also the second most natural disaster-afflicted capital city in the world next to Tokyo , yet it is simultaneously among the most populous and fastest growing cities in Southeast Asia . The Spanish city of Manila was founded on June 24 , 1571 , by Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi . The date is regarded as the city 's official founding date ; however , a settlement has already existed dating back as far as 1258 . Manila was also the seat of power for most of the country 's colonial rulers . It is home to many historic sites , some of which were built during the 16th century . Manila has many of the Philippines ' firsts , including the first university ( 1590 ) , light station ( 1642 ) , lighthouse tower ( 1846 ) , water system ( 1878 ) , hotel ( 1889 ) , electricity ( 1895 ) , oceanarium ( 1913 ) , stock exchange ( 1927 ) , flyover ( 1930s ) , zoo ( 1959 ) , pedestrian underpass ( 1960 ) , science high school ( 1963 ) , city-run university ( 1965 ) , city-run hospital ( 1969 ) , and rapid transit system ( 1984 ; also considered as the first rapid transit system in Southeast Asia ) . The term Manila is commonly used to refer to the whole metropolitan area , the greater metropolitan area or the city proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Mitos Magsaysay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mitos_Magsaysay', 'summary': 'Ma . Milagros Mitos Habana-Magsaysay ( born January 4 , 1964 ) , is a Filipino politician who served as Congresswoman of the 1st district of Zambales from 2004 to 2013 , and was a senatorial candidate of the United Nationalist Alliance in the 2013 elections .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Incumbent congresswoman from Zambales ' 1st district ( since 2004 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zambales', 'summary': 'Zambales ( Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Zambales ; Ilocano : Probinsia ti Zambales ; Sambal : Probinsya nin Zambales ; Kapampangan : Lalawigan ning Zambales ; Pangasinan : Luyag na Zambales ) is a province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon region in the island of Luzon . Its capital is the Municipality of Iba which is strategically located in the middle of the province . Zambales borders Pangasinan to the north and northeast , Tarlac to the east , Pampanga to the southeast , Bataan to the south and the West Philippine Sea to the west . With a total land area of 3,830.83 square kilometres ( 1,479.09 sq mi ) ( including the independent city of Olongapo ) , Zambales is the second largest among the seven provinces of Central Luzon after Nueva Ecija . The province is noted for its mangoes , which are abundant from January to April . Zambales does not have a functional airport - the closest functional airport is the Clark International Airport in the neighbouring province of Pampanga . Subic Bay International Airport , which is located in Cubi Point ( geographically located inside Morong , Bataan ) in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone is no longer functional for domestic and international flights . The Freeport Zone ( SBFZ ) is host to many tourist attractions which include casinos , parks , malls , beach-side huts , cottages and resorts , as well as historical sites .'}]}, {'value': 'Senator Ramon Magsaysay Jr. ( uncle-in-law ) , Zambales governor Vic Magsaysay ( father-in-law )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay_Jr.', 'summary': 'Ramon Jun Banzon Magsaysay Jr. ( born June 5 , 1938 ) is a Filipino politician and businessman . He is the son of former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicente_Magsaysay', 'summary': 'Vicente Magsaysay ( born January 20 , 1940 ) is a Filipino who has been the chairman of the board of the Philippine Postal Savings Bank since January 22 , 2009 . He was governor of the province of Zambales 1968 -1986 and then again 1998 - 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Juan Miguel Zubiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juan_Miguel_Zubiri', 'summary': 'Juan Miguel Migz Fernández Zubiri ( born April 13 , 1969 ) is a Filipino businessman and politician who served three consecutive terms in the Philippine House of Representatives for the third district of Bukidnon and as a senator . In the 14th Congress of the Philippine Senate , he became Senate Majority Leader , replacing Senator Francis Pangilinan on November 17 , 2008 . During his Majority Leadership , the Senate passed a record 650 bills . [ citation needed ] In the 17th Congress , he was once again elected as Senate Majority Leader on May 21 , 2018 , filling the vacancy left by elected Senate President Vicente Sotto III . He is also the current chairman of the Philippine Eskrima Kali Arnis Foundation and the vice chairman of the Philippine Red Cross . During his first term as senator , Zubiri announced his resignation from the Senate on August 3 , 2011 , following allegations of poll fraud during the Senate elections of 2007 . He continued to deny the allegations . His resignation marked a first in Senate history , as other senators who left the Senate did so in order to take up another post in public office .'}]}, {'value': 'UNA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'former senator ( 2007-2011 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bukidnon vice-governor Jose Ma . R. Zubiri Jr. ( father ) , congressman from Bukidnon Jose Zubiri III ( brother )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jose_Zubiri_III', 'summary': 'José María Fernández Zubiri III ( born April 30 , 1963 ) , commonly known as Jose F. Zubiri III or simply Jose Zubiri III , is a Filipino politician . He has been a political independent since 2011 . He served as a Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines , representing the Third District of Bukidnon from 2007 to 2016 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Senatorial candidates -- 2013 election', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'United_Nationalist_Alliance_0', 'intro': 'The United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) is a political party in the Philippines. It was created as a multi-party electoral alliance replacing the former United Opposition (UNO) coalition for the 2013 midterm elections, before it was launched as a single political party on July 1, 2015 by Jejomar Binay for his candidacy in the 2016 presidential election. The acronym UNA spells out the Filipino word for first.'}
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In what year was the candidate of the NPC party born ?
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1958
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03499af0f49ba9ef
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll', 'title': 'List of disasters in Australia by death toll', 'header': ['Disaster', 'Location', 'Deaths', 'Date', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Heat wave', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern regions Australia', 'urls': []}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 Dec - 1973 Feb', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland', 'summary': "Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain ."}]}, {'value': '99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1934 Mar 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A tropical cyclone crossed the North Queensland coast around Cape Tribulation , which generated a 9.1 storm surge . A pearling fleet off the coast was damaged , with 75 people reported lost ( one source says 99 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cape_Tribulation,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Cape Tribulation is a headland and coastal locality in the Shire of Douglas in northern Queensland , Australia . In the 2016 census , Cape Tribulation had a population of 118 people .'}]}, {'value': 'Explosion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Explosion', 'summary': 'An explosion is a rapid increase in volume and release of energy in an extreme manner , usually with the generation of high temperatures and the release of gases . Supersonic explosions created by high explosives are known as detonations and travel via supersonic shock waves . Subsonic explosions are created by low explosives through a slower burning process known as deflagration .'}]}, {'value': 'Mount Kembla , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kembla', 'summary': 'Mount Kembla /ˈkɛmblə/ is a suburb and a mountain in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The suburb , a semi-rural township of Wollongong , gets its name from the mountain , located on the Illawarra escarpment , is derived from an Aboriginal word , kembla , meaning plenty of game . [ citation needed ] The satellite localities of Kembla Heights , Windy Gully , Cordeaux Valley and Kembla Village are comprised within the suburb of Mount Kembla that at the 2016 census had a population of 1,068 . The summit of Mount Kembla has an elevation of 534 metres ( 1,752 ft ) above sea level . The area surrounding Mount Kembla is a coal mining area , notable for the Mount Kembla Mine disaster of 1902 in which 96 people lost their lives .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales', 'summary': "New South Wales ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and South Australia to the west . Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . New South Wales ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia 's most populous city . In March 2019 [ update ] , the population of New South Wales was over 8 million , making it Australia 's most populous state . Just under two-thirds of the state 's population , 5.1 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen . The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 . It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 . The colony then also included the island territories of New Zealand , Van Diemen 's Land , Lord Howe Island , and Norfolk Island . During the 19th century , most of the colony 's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand and the various states and territories of Australia ."}]}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1902 Jul 31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Kembla Mine disaster . Coal mine gas explosion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Kembla', 'summary': 'Mount Kembla /ˈkɛmblə/ is a suburb and a mountain in the Illawarra region of New South Wales , Australia . The suburb , a semi-rural township of Wollongong , gets its name from the mountain , located on the Illawarra escarpment , is derived from an Aboriginal word , kembla , meaning plenty of game . [ citation needed ] The satellite localities of Kembla Heights , Windy Gully , Cordeaux Valley and Kembla Village are comprised within the suburb of Mount Kembla that at the 2016 census had a population of 1,068 . The summit of Mount Kembla has an elevation of 534 metres ( 1,752 ft ) above sea level . The area surrounding Mount Kembla is a coal mining area , notable for the Mount Kembla Mine disaster of 1902 in which 96 people lost their lives .'}]}, {'value': 'Shipwreck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monte Bello Islands , Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monte_Bello_Islands,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'The Montebello Islands , also known as the Monte Bello Islands , are an archipelago of around 174 small islands ( about 92 of which are named ) lying 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) north of Barrow Island and 130 kilometres ( 81 mi ) off the Pilbara coast of north-western Australia . Montebello is Italian for beautiful mountain . The islands form a conservation park administered by the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation , and it is likely that the shallow waters around them will become a marine conservation reserve . The islands were the site of three nuclear weapons tests by the British military in the 1950s .'}]}, {'value': '93', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1622 May 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tryall . Earliest recorded Australian shipwreck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tryall', 'summary': "Tryall ( or Trial ) was a British East India Company-owned East Indiaman launched in 1621 . She was under the command of John Brooke when she was wrecked on the Tryal Rocks off the north-west coast of Western Australia in 1622 . Her crew were the first Englishmen to sight or land on Australia . The wreck is Australia 's oldest known shipwreck ."}]}, {'value': 'Flood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flood', 'summary': 'A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry . In the sense of flowing water , the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide . Floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture , civil engineering and public health . Flooding may occur as an overflow of water from water bodies , such as a river , lake , or ocean , in which the water overtops or breaks levees , resulting in some of that water escaping its usual boundaries , or it may occur due to an accumulation of rainwater on saturated ground in an areal flood . While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt , these changes in size are unlikely to be considered significant unless they flood property or drown domestic animals . Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel , particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway . Floods often cause damage to homes and businesses if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers . While riverine flood damage can be eliminated by moving away from rivers and other bodies of water , people have traditionally lived and worked by rivers because the land is usually flat and fertile and because rivers provide easy travel and access to commerce and industry . Some floods develop slowly , while others can develop in just a few minutes and without visible signs of rain . Additionally , floods can be local , impacting a neighborhood or community , or very large , affecting entire river basins .'}]}, {'value': 'Gundagai , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gundagai', 'summary': 'Gundagai /ˈɡʌndəɡaɪ/ is a town in New South Wales , Australia . Although a small town , Gundagai is a popular topic for writers and has become a representative icon of a typical Australian country town . Located along the Murrumbidgee River and Muniong , Honeysuckle , Kimo , Mooney Mooney , Murrumbidgee and Tumut mountain ranges , Gundagai is 390 kilometres ( 240 mi ) south-west of Sydney . Until 2016 , Gundagai was the administrative centre of Gundagai Shire local government area . In the 2016 census the population of Gundagai was 1,925 .'}]}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1852 Jun 24-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A severe flash flood destroyed the town of Gundagai , which resulted in 89 deaths', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shipwreck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'near Carpenter Rocks , in South East South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carpenter_Rocks', 'summary': 'Carpenter Rocks is a town and locality located 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) south-west of Mount Gambier in the south-east of South Australia . The area faces the Southern Ocean and is renowned for its rugged coastline which provides exceptional fishing and diving locations . In the 2016 census , Carpenter Rocks had population of 82 people . Carpenter Rocks is in the District Council of Grant local government area , the South Australian House of Assembly electoral district of Mount Gambier and the Australian House of Representatives Division of Barker .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Australia', 'summary': "South Australia ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres ( 379,725 sq mi ) , it is the fourth-largest of Australia 's states and territories by area , and fifth largest by population . It has a total of 1.7 million people , and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia , after Western Australia , with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small ; Mount Gambier , the second largest centre , has a population of 28,684 . South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states , and with the Northern Territory ; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to the north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories . The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide . Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state 's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled , planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement . Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836 , when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree . [ citation needed ] As with the rest of the continent , the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages ."}]}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1859 Aug 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "SS Admella . South Australia 's worst loss of life", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Admella', 'summary': 'SS Admella was an Australian passenger steamship that was shipwrecked on a submerged reef off the coast of Carpenter Rocks , south west of Mount Gambier South Australia , in the early hours of Saturday 6 August 1859 . Survivors clung to the wreck for over a week and many people took days to die as they glimpsed the land from the sea and watched as one rescue attempt after another failed . With the loss of 89 lives , mostly due to cold and exposure , it is one of the worst maritime disasters in Australian history . Admella disaster remains the greatest loss of life in the history of European settlement in South Australia . Of the 113 on board 24 survived , including only one woman , Bridget Ledwith . Of the 89 dead , 14 were children . The 150th anniversary of the disaster was marked in August 2009 by events across the south east of South Australia and at Portland , Victoria .'}]}, {'value': 'Air raid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Broome , Western Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Broome,_Western_Australia', 'summary': 'Broome , traditionally known as Rubibi by the Jaburu people , is a coastal , pearling and tourist town in the Kimberley region of Western Australia , 1,681 km ( 1,045 mi ) north of Perth . The urban population was 14,445 in June 2018 growing to over 45,000 per month during the peak tourist season ( June to August ) .'}]}, {'value': '88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1942 Mar 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Air raid on Broome . Japanese fighter planes strafed the town . Official toll ; may not include some refugees from the Dutch East Indies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Attack_on_Broome', 'summary': 'The town of Broome , Western Australia was attacked by Japanese fighter planes on 3 March 1942 , during World War II . At least 88 people were killed . Although Broome was a small pearling port at the time , it was also a refuelling point for aircraft , on the route between the Netherlands East Indies and major Australian cities . As a result , Broome was on a line of flight for Dutch and other refugees , following the Japanese invasion of Java , and had become a significant Allied military base . During a two-week period in February-March 1942 , more than a thousand refugees from the Dutch East Indies - many of them in flying boats , which often served as airliners at the time - passed through Broome . The number of refugees has previously been given as 8,000 , but new research by Dr Tom Lewis contends that this figure is massively overstated . The figure was first quoted in the relevant Australian Official War History and has been reproduced in many publications since . The actual number of aerial evacuees passing through Broome at this time is estimated to have been only 1,350 . Most of these were military personnel . There were approximately 250 Dutch civilian refugees , most of whom were family members of Dutch aircrews .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies', 'summary': "The Dutch East Indies ( or Netherlands East-Indies ; Dutch : Nederlands ( ch ) -Indië ; Indonesian : Hindia Belanda ) was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia . It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company , which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800 . During the 19th century , the Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded , reaching their greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century . This colony was one of the most valuable colonies under the Dutch Empire 's rule , and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early 20th century . The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a Dutch elite living separate from but linked to their native subjects . The term Indonesia came into use for the geographical location after 1880 . In the early 20th century , local intellectuals began developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state , and set the stage for an independence movement . Japan 's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy . Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945 , Indonesian nationalists declared independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National Revolution . The Netherlands formally recognized sovereignty of the United States of Indonesia at the 1949 Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea ( Western New Guinea ) , whose administration was transferred under authority of Resolution 1752 ( XVII ) to the United Nations 13 years later in 1962 ( also see New York Agreement ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Rail accident', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sydney , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales', 'summary': "New South Wales ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and South Australia to the west . Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . New South Wales ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia 's most populous city . In March 2019 [ update ] , the population of New South Wales was over 8 million , making it Australia 's most populous state . Just under two-thirds of the state 's population , 5.1 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen . The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 . It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 . The colony then also included the island territories of New Zealand , Van Diemen 's Land , Lord Howe Island , and Norfolk Island . During the 19th century , most of the colony 's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand and the various states and territories of Australia ."}]}, {'value': '83', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977 Jan 18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Granville railway disaster . Derailment followed by bridge collapse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Granville_railway_disaster', 'summary': "The Granville rail/train disaster occurred on Tuesday 18 January 1977 at Granville , New South Wales , a western suburb of Sydney , when a crowded commuter train derailed , running into the supports of a road bridge that collapsed onto two of the train 's passenger carriages . It remains the worst rail disaster in Australian history and the greatest loss of life in a confined area post-war : 84 people died , more than 213 were injured , and 1,300 were affected ."}]}, {'value': 'Sinking', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'twenty miles south-east of Jervis Bay , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jervis_Bay', 'summary': 'Jervis Bay ( /ˈdʒɜːrvɪs/ , /ˈdʒɑːr-/ ) is a 102-square-kilometre ( 39 sq mi ) oceanic bay and village on the south coast of New South Wales , Australia , said to possess the whitest sand in the world . It is surrounded by Jervis Bay and Wreck Bay . A 70-square-kilometre ( 27 sq mi ) area of land around the southern headland of the bay is a territory of the Commonwealth of Australia known as the Jervis Bay Territory . The Australian Navy base , HMAS Creswell , is in the Jervis Bay Territory between Jervis Bay Village and Greenpatch Point .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales', 'summary': "New South Wales ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and South Australia to the west . Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . New South Wales ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia 's most populous city . In March 2019 [ update ] , the population of New South Wales was over 8 million , making it Australia 's most populous state . Just under two-thirds of the state 's population , 5.1 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen . The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 . It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 . The colony then also included the island territories of New Zealand , Van Diemen 's Land , Lord Howe Island , and Norfolk Island . During the 19th century , most of the colony 's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand and the various states and territories of Australia ."}]}, {'value': '82', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964 Feb 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Melbourne-Voyager collision - HMAS Voyager sank after collision with HMAS Melbourne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Melbourne–Voyager_collision', 'summary': "The Melbourne-Voyager collision , also referred to as the Melbourne-Voyager incident or simply the Voyager incident , was a collision between two warships of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) ; the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne and the destroyer HMAS Voyager . On the evening of 10 February 1964 , the two ships were performing manoeuvres off Jervis Bay . Melbourne 's aircraft were performing flying exercises , and Voyager was tasked as plane guard , positioned behind and to port ( left ) of the carrier in order to rescue the crew of any ditching or crashing aircraft . After a series of turns effected to reverse the courses of the two ships , Voyager ended up ahead and to starboard ( right ) of the carrier . The destroyer was ordered to resume plane guard position , which would involve turning to starboard , away from the carrier , then looping around behind . Instead , Voyager began a starboard turn , but then came around to port . The bridge crew on Melbourne assumed that Voyager was zig-zagging to let the carrier overtake her , and would then assume her correct position . Senior personnel on Voyager were not paying attention to the manoeuvre . At 20:55 , officers on both ships began desperate avoiding manoeuvres , but by then a collision was inevitable . Melbourne struck Voyager at 20:56 , with the carrier 's bow striking just behind the bridge and cutting the destroyer in two . Of the 314 aboard Voyager , 82 were killed , most of whom died immediately or were trapped in the heavy bow section , which sank after 10 minutes . The rest of the ship sank after midnight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Voyager_(D04)', 'summary': 'HMAS Voyager was a Daring-class destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) , that was lost in a collision in 1964 . Constructed between 1949 and 1957 , Voyager was the first ship of her class to enter Australian service , and the first all-welded ship to be built in Australia . During her career , Voyager was deployed to the Far East Strategic Reserve on six occasions , but never fired a shot in anger . During the night of 10 February 1964 , Voyager and the aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne collided off Jervis Bay , when the destroyer passed in front of the carrier during post-refit sea trials . Voyager was cut in two by the collision , sinking with the loss of 82 of the 314 people aboard . This was the largest loss of Australian military personnel in peacetime , and the subsequent investigations resulted in the holding of two Royal Commissions - the only time in Australian history this has occurred .'}, {'url': '/wiki/HMAS_Melbourne_(R21)', 'summary': "HMAS Melbourne ( R21 ) was a Majestic-class light aircraft carrier operated by the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) from 1955 until 1982 , and was the third and final conventional aircraft carrier [ note 1 ] to serve in the RAN . Melbourne was the only Commonwealth naval vessel to sink two friendly warships in peacetime collisions . Melbourne was laid down for the Royal Navy as the lead ship of the Majestic class in April 1943 , and was launched as HMS Majestic ( R77 ) in February 1945 . At the end of the Second World War , work on the ship was suspended until she was purchased by the RAN in 1947 . At the time of purchase , it was decided to incorporate new aircraft carrier technologies into the design , making Melbourne the third ship to be constructed with an angled flight deck . Delays in construction and integrating the enhancements meant that the carrier was not commissioned until 1955 . Melbourne never fired a shot in anger during her service career , having only peripheral , non-combat roles in relation to the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation and the Vietnam War . She was , however , involved in two major collisions with allied vessels ; though Melbourne was found not to be the primary cause of either incident . The first collision occurred on the evening of 10 February 1964 , in which Melbourne rammed and sank the RAN destroyer HMAS Voyager , when the latter altered course across her bow . 82 of Voyager 's personnel were killed , and two Royal Commissions were held to investigate the incident . The second collision occurred in the early morning of 3 June 1969 , when Melbourne also rammed the United States Navy ( USN ) destroyer USS Frank E. Evans in similar circumstances . 74 American personnel died , and a joint USN-RAN Board of Inquiry was held ."}]}, {'value': 'Explosion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulli , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulli,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Bulli ( /ˈbʊlaɪ/ BULL-eye ) is a northern suburb of Wollongong situated on the south coast of New South Wales , Australia . Bulli is possibly derived from an Aboriginal word signifying double or two mountains , but other derivations have been suggested . Originally inhabited by Wodi Wodi Aboriginal people , European wood cutters worked in the area from about 1815 . The area was once abundant in Red Cedars , these are now still seen but thinly . The first permanent European settler was Cornelius O'Brien , who established a farm in 1823 and whose name was given in the pass at O'Briens Road south at Figtree . Bulli soil is also the primary source of soil and foundation of Sydney Cricket Ground , which makes the SCG being seen traditionally as one of the most spin-friendly international cricket grounds in Australia ."}]}, {'value': '81', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1887 Mar 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulli Colliery coal mine gas explosion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shipwreck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King Island , Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_Island,_Tasmania', 'summary': "King Island is an island in the Bass Strait , belonging to the Australian state of Tasmania . It is the largest of three islands known as the New Year Group , and the second-largest island in Bass Strait ( after Flinders Island ) . The island 's population at the 2016 census was 1,585 people , up from 1,566 in 2011 . The local government area of the island is the King Island Council . The island forms part of the official land divide between the Great Australian Bight and Bass Strait , off the north-western tip of Tasmania and about halfway to the mainland state of Victoria . It is subject to the infamous Roaring Forties winds . The southernmost point is Stokes Point and the northernmost point is Cape Wickham . There are three small islands immediately offshore : New Year Island and Christmas Island situated to the northwest , and a smaller island Councillor Island to the east , opposite Sea Elephant Beach . King Island was first visited by Europeans in the late 18th century . It was named after Philip Gidley King , Colonial Governor of New South Wales , whose territory at the time included what is now Tasmania . Sealers established temporary settlements on the island in the early 19th century , but it was not until the 1880s that permanent settlements were established . The largest of these is Currie , situated on the island 's west coast ."}]}, {'value': '79', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1874 May 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Admiral', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Queensland coast , particularly Innisfail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queensland', 'summary': "Queensland ( locally /ˈkwiːnzlænd/ KWEENZ-land , [ note 1 ] abbreviated as Qld ) is the second-largest and third-most populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia . Situated in the north-east of the country , it is bordered by the Northern Territory , South Australia and New South Wales to the west , south-west and south respectively . To the east , Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean . To its north is the Torres Strait , with Papua New Guinea located less than 200 km across it from the mainland . The state is the world 's sixth-largest sub-national entity , with an area of 1,852,642 square kilometres ( 715,309 sq mi ) . As of 15 May 2018 , Queensland had a population of 5,000,000 , concentrated along the coast and particularly in the state 's South East . The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane , Australia 's third-largest city . Often referred to as the Sunshine State , Queensland is home to 10 of Australia 's 30 largest cities and is the nation 's third-largest economy . Tourism in the state , fuelled largely by its warm climate , is a major industry . Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders . The first European to land in Queensland ( and Australia ) was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606 , who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa . In 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Innisfail,_Queensland', 'summary': "Innisfail ( from Irish : Inis Fáil ) is a town and locality in the Cassowary Coast Region in Far North Queensland , Australia . The town was originally called Geraldton until 1910 . It is the major township of the Cassowary Coast Region and is well renowned for its sugar and banana industries , as well as for being one of Australia 's wettest towns . In March 2006 , Innisfail gained worldwide attention when severe Tropical Cyclone Larry passed over causing extensive damage . In the 2016 census , the town of Innisfail had a population of 7,236 people ."}]}, {'value': '77+', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918 Mar 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclone and storm surge with death toll estimated between 77 and 100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Storms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm', 'summary': 'A storm is any disturbed state of a body especially affecting its surface , and strongly implying a wind force . It may be marked by significant disruptions and lightning ( a thunderstorm ) , heavy precipitation ( snowstorm , rainstorm ) , heavy freezing rain ( ice storm ) , strong winds ( tropical cyclone , windstorm ) , or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm , blizzard , sandstorm , etc . Storms have the potential to harm lives and property via storm surge , heavy rain or snow causing flooding or road impassibility , lightning , wildfires , and vertical wind shear . Systems with significant rainfall and duration help alleviate drought in places they move through . Heavy snowfall can allow special recreational activities to take place which would not be possible otherwise , such as skiing and snowmobiling .'}]}, {'value': 'New South Wales between Port Stephens and Sydney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales', 'summary': "New South Wales ( abbreviated as NSW ) is a state on the east coast of Australia . It borders Queensland to the north , Victoria to the south , and South Australia to the west . Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east . The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state . New South Wales ' state capital is Sydney , which is also Australia 's most populous city . In March 2019 [ update ] , the population of New South Wales was over 8 million , making it Australia 's most populous state . Just under two-thirds of the state 's population , 5.1 million , live in the Greater Sydney area . Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen . The Colony of New South Wales was founded as a British penal colony in 1788 . It originally comprised more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825 . The colony then also included the island territories of New Zealand , Van Diemen 's Land , Lord Howe Island , and Norfolk Island . During the 19th century , most of the colony 's area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand and the various states and territories of Australia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Port_Stephens_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'Port Stephens , an open youthful tide-dominated drowned-valley estuary , is a large natural harbour of approximately 134 square kilometres ( 52 sq mi ) located in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . Port Stephens lies within the Port Stephens-Great Lakes Marine Park and is situated about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) north-east of Sydney . The harbour lies wholly within the local government area of Port Stephens ; although its northern shoreline forms the boundary between the Port Stephens and Mid-Coast local government areas . According to the 2006 Census , more than 26,000 people lived within 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) of its 113 km ( 70 mi ) long shoreline and more than 32,000 lived within 10 km ( 6 mi ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sydney', 'summary': "Sydney ( /ˈsɪdni/ ( listen ) SID-nee ) is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania . Located on Australia 's east coast , the metropolis surrounds Port Jackson and extends about 70 km ( 43.5 mi ) on its periphery towards the Blue Mountains to the west , Hawkesbury to the north , the Royal National Park to the south and Macarthur to the south-west . Sydney is made up of 658 suburbs , 40 local government areas and 15 contiguous regions . Residents of the city are known as Sydneysiders . As of June 2017 , Sydney 's estimated metropolitan population was 5,230,330 and is home to approximately 65% of the state 's population . Indigenous Australians have inhabited the Sydney area for at least 30,000 years , and thousands of engravings remain throughout the region , making it one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites . During his first Pacific voyage in 1770 , Lieutenant James Cook and his crew became the first Europeans to chart the eastern coast of Australia , making landfall at Botany Bay and inspiring British interest in the area . In 1788 , the First Fleet of convicts , led by Arthur Phillip , founded Sydney as a British penal colony , the first European settlement in Australia . Phillip named the city Sydney in recognition of Thomas Townshend , 1st Viscount Sydney . Penal transportation to New South Wales ended soon after Sydney was incorporated as a city in 1842 . A gold rush occurred in the colony in 1851 , and over the next century , Sydney transformed from a colonial outpost into a major global cultural and economic centre . After World War II , it experienced mass migration and became one of the most multicultural cities in the world ."}]}, {'value': '77', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1866 Jul 12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '60 lives lost on SS Cawarra alone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SS_Cawarra', 'summary': 'The SS Cawarra was a paddle-steamer that sank on 12 July 1866 in Newcastle harbour , New South Wales , Australia sending sixty people to their deaths . The sinking was one of the worst maritime disasters in Australian history . Owned by the Australasian Steam Navigation Company , the Brisbane-bound passenger vessel had become caught in rough seas off the east coast of Australia during storms that sank 14 other ships and resulted in 77 deaths between Port Stephens in the north and Sydney in the south . As the ship entered Newcastle harbour to take shelter it was overwhelmed by huge waves and sank , bow first , before thousands of onlookers who had gathered along the harbour shoreline to watch the stricken passenger ship . Its wreckage was recovered and , after removal of items of value , it was dumped on the Oyster Bank . While only one passenger survived the sinking , 60 people were already dead .'}]}, {'value': 'Explosion', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Mulligan , Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Mulligan,_Queensland', 'summary': "Mount Mulligan is a former mining town and rural locality in Shire of Mareeba , Queensland , Australia . It is the site of the Mount Mulligan mine disaster , Queensland 's worst mining disaster ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1921 Sep 19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Mulligan coal dust explosion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Mulligan_mine_disaster', 'summary': 'The Mount Mulligan mine disaster occurred on 19 September 1921 in Mount Mulligan , Far North Queensland , Australia . A series of explosions in the local coal mine , audible as much as 30 km away , rocked the close-knit township . Seventy-five workers were killed by the disaster , making it the third-worst coal mining accident in Australia in terms of human lives lost . Four of the dead had been at the mouth of the pit at the time of the explosion . Seventy four bodies were recovered by the time the Royal Commission ended , the last body was recovered five months after the disaster after the mine had reopened . The disaster affected people in cities and towns all over the country . The mine , which was new at the time of the accident , was widely considered safe and had no previous indications of gas leaks . The miners hence worked using open flame lights instead of safety lamps .'}]}, {'value': 'Bushfire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria and South Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)', 'summary': "Victoria ( abbreviated as Vic ) is a state in south-eastern Australia . Victoria is Australia 's smallest mainland state and its second-most populous state ( after New South Wales ) , making it the most densely populated state . Most of its population lives concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city , Melbourne , Australia 's second-largest city . Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] New South Wales to the north , the Tasman Sea ( a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean ) to the east , and South Australia to the west . The area that is now known as Victoria is the home of many Aboriginal people groups , including the Boon wurrung , the Bratauolung , the Djadjawurrung , the Gunai/Kurnai , the Gunditjmara , the Taungurong , the Wathaurong , the Wurundjeri , and the Yorta Yorta . There were more than 30 Aboriginal languages spoken in the area prior to the European settlement of Australia . The Kulin nation is an alliance of five Aboriginal nations which makes up much of the central part of the state . With Great Britain having claimed the half of the Australian continent that is east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , Victoria formed part of the wider colony of New South Wales . The first European settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay , and much of what is now Victoria was included in 1836 in the Port Phillip District , an administrative division of New South Wales . Named in honour of Queen Victoria , who signed the division 's separation from New South Wales , the colony was officially established in 1851 and achieved self government in 1855 . The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the time of the Federation of Australia in 1901 , Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia . Melbourne served as federal capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927 , with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne 's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne ."}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Australia', 'summary': "South Australia ( abbreviated as SA ) is a state in the southern central part of Australia . It covers some of the most arid parts of the country . With a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres ( 379,725 sq mi ) , it is the fourth-largest of Australia 's states and territories by area , and fifth largest by population . It has a total of 1.7 million people , and its population is the second most highly centralised in Australia , after Western Australia , with more than 77 percent of South Australians living in the capital , Adelaide , or its environs . Other population centres in the state are relatively small ; Mount Gambier , the second largest centre , has a population of 28,684 . South Australia shares borders with all of the other mainland states , and with the Northern Territory ; it is bordered to the west by Western Australia , to the north by the Northern Territory , to the north-east by Queensland , to the east by New South Wales , to the south-east by Victoria , and to the south by the Great Australian Bight . The state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories . The majority of its people reside in greater Metropolitan Adelaide . Most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray . The state 's colonial origins are unique in Australia as a freely settled , planned British province , rather than as a convict settlement . Colonial government commenced on 28 December 1836 , when the members of the council were sworn in near the Old Gum Tree . [ citation needed ] As with the rest of the continent , the region has a long history of human occupation by numerous tribes and languages ."}]}, {'value': '75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983 Feb 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ash Wednesday bushfires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_bushfires', 'summary': "The Ash Wednesday bushfires , known in South Australia as Ash Wednesday II , were a series of bushfires that occurred in south-eastern Australia on 16 February 1983 , which was Ash Wednesday . Within twelve hours , more than 180 fires fanned by winds of up to 110 km/h ( 68 mph ) caused widespread destruction across the states of Victoria and South Australia . Years of severe drought and extreme weather combined to create one of Australia 's worst fire days in a century . The fires became the deadliest bushfire in Australian history until the Black Saturday bushfires in 2009 . In Victoria , 47 people died . There were 28 deaths in South Australia . This included 14 CFA and 3 CFS volunteer fire-fighters who died across both states that day . Many fatalities were as a result of firestorm conditions caused by a sudden and violent wind change in the evening which rapidly changed the direction and size of the fire front . The speed and ferocity of the flames , aided by abundant fuels and a landscape immersed in smoke , made fire suppression and containment impossible . In many cases , residents fended for themselves as fires broke communications , cut off escape routes and severed electricity and water supplies . Up to 8,000 people were evacuated in Victoria at the height of the crisis and a state of disaster was declared for the first time in South Australia 's history . More than 35 townhouses were burned in a small town in Victoria ."}]}, {'value': 'Shipwreck', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Green Cape , New South Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Green_Cape,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Green Cape is a locality situated on the eponymous headland or cape on the far south coast of New South Wales . It is located at 37° 15 ' S 150° 03 ' E , within Ben Boyd National Park , south of Eden , New South Wales . The headland forms the northern boundary of Disaster Bay . The Green Cape Lighthouse , the southernmost lighthouse in New South Wales , was mostly constructed by Albert Aspinall , who constructed a 7 kilometres ( 4.3 mi ) wooden tramway from the nearest landfall at Bittangabee Bay for the purpose . On May 31 1886 The SS Ly-Ee-Moon en route to Sydney from Melbourne , struck a reef close to the cape at night . 71 souls were lost with the lighthouse keepers only being able to save 15 people under the conditions ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1886 May 30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The steamship Ly-Ee-Moon was wrecked during a violent gale on 30 May 1886 near Green Cape , resulting in around 71 deaths', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bushfire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)', 'summary': "Victoria ( abbreviated as Vic ) is a state in south-eastern Australia . Victoria is Australia 's smallest mainland state and its second-most populous state ( after New South Wales ) , making it the most densely populated state . Most of its population lives concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay , which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city , Melbourne , Australia 's second-largest city . Victoria is bordered by Bass Strait and Tasmania to the south , [ note 1 ] New South Wales to the north , the Tasman Sea ( a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean ) to the east , and South Australia to the west . The area that is now known as Victoria is the home of many Aboriginal people groups , including the Boon wurrung , the Bratauolung , the Djadjawurrung , the Gunai/Kurnai , the Gunditjmara , the Taungurong , the Wathaurong , the Wurundjeri , and the Yorta Yorta . There were more than 30 Aboriginal languages spoken in the area prior to the European settlement of Australia . The Kulin nation is an alliance of five Aboriginal nations which makes up much of the central part of the state . With Great Britain having claimed the half of the Australian continent that is east of the 135th meridian east in 1788 , Victoria formed part of the wider colony of New South Wales . The first European settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay , and much of what is now Victoria was included in 1836 in the Port Phillip District , an administrative division of New South Wales . Named in honour of Queen Victoria , who signed the division 's separation from New South Wales , the colony was officially established in 1851 and achieved self government in 1855 . The Victorian gold rush in the 1850s and 1860s significantly increased both the population and wealth of the colony , and by the time of the Federation of Australia in 1901 , Melbourne had become the largest city and leading financial centre in Australasia . Melbourne served as federal capital of Australia until the construction of Canberra in 1927 , with the Federal Parliament meeting in Melbourne 's Parliament House and all principal offices of the federal government being based in Melbourne ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1939 Jan 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Friday bushfires', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Friday_(1939)', 'summary': 'The Black Friday bushfires of 13 January 1939 , in Victoria , Australia , were part of the devastating 1938-1939 bushfire season in Australia , which saw bushfires burning for the whole summer , and ash fall as far away as New Zealand . It was calculated that three-quarters of the State of Victoria was directly or indirectly affected by the disaster , while other Australian states and the Australian Capital Territory were also badly hit by fires and extreme heat . As of 3 November 2011 [ update ] , the event was one of the worst [ clarification needed ] recorded bushfires in Australia , and the third most deadly . Fires burned almost 2,000,000 hectares ( 4,900,000 acres ) of land in Victoria , where 71 people were killed , and several towns were entirely obliterated . Over 1,300 homes and 69 sawmills were burned , and 3,700 buildings were destroyed or damaged . In response , the Victorian state government convened a Royal Commission that resulted in major changes in forest management . The Royal Commission noted that it appeared the whole State was alight on Friday , 13 January 1939 . New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory also faced severe fires during the 1939 season . Destructive fires burned from the NSW South Coast , across the ranges and inland to Bathurst , while Sydney was ringed by fires which entered the outer suburbs , and fires raged towards the new capital at Canberra . South Australia was also struck by the Adelaide Hills bushfires .'}]}, {'value': 'Cyclone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory', 'summary': "Darwin ( /ˈdɑːrwɪn/ ( listen ) DAR-win ) is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia , situated on the Timor Sea . It is the largest city in the sparsely populated Northern Territory , with a population of 148,564 . It is the smallest , wettest and most northerly of the Australian capital cities , and acts as the Top End 's regional centre . Darwin 's proximity to South East Asia makes it a link between Australia and countries such as Indonesia and East Timor . The Stuart Highway begins in Darwin , extends southerly across central Australia through Tennant Creek and Alice Springs , concluding in Port Augusta , South Australia . The city is built upon a low bluff overlooking the harbour . Its suburbs begin at Lee Point in the north and stretch to Berrimah in the east . Past Berrimah , the Stuart Highway goes on to Darwin 's satellite city Palmerston and its suburbs . The Darwin region , like much of the Top End , experiences a tropical climate with a wet and dry season . A period known locally as the build up leading up to Darwin 's wet season sees temperature and humidity increase . Darwin 's wet season typically arrives in late November to early December and brings with it heavy monsoonal downpours , spectacular lightning displays , and increased cyclone activity . During the dry season , the city has clear skies and mild sea breezes from the harbour ."}]}, {'value': '71', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974 Dec 25', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Cyclone Tracy destroys the city of Darwin on Christmas Day 1974 . Top wind gust recorded was 217 kilometres per hour ( 135 mph ) . On 17 March 2005 , a Northern Territory Coroner 's Inquest outcome increased the official death toll from 65 to 71", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclone_Tracy', 'summary': "Cyclone Tracy was a tropical cyclone that devastated the city of Darwin , Northern Territory , Australia from 24 to 26 December 1974 . The storm was the second-smallest tropical cyclone on record ( in terms of gale-force wind diameter ) , behind only Tropical Storm Marco in 2008 . The small , developing easterly storm had been observed passing clear of the city initially , but then turned towards it early on 24 December . After 10:00 p.m. ACST , damage became severe , and wind gusts reached 217 kilometres per hour ( 134.84 mph ) before instruments failed . Residents of Darwin were celebrating Christmas , and did not immediately acknowledge the emergency , partly because they had been alerted to an earlier cyclone ( Selma ) that passed west of the city . Additionally , news outlets had only a skeleton crew on duty over the holiday . Tracy killed 71 people , caused A $ 837 million in damage ( 1974 dollars ) , or approximately A $ 6.85 billion ( 2018 dollars ) , or $ 4.79 billion 2018 USD . It destroyed more than 70 percent of Darwin 's buildings , including 80 percent of houses . It left more than 25,000 out of the 47,000 inhabitants of the city homeless prior to landfall and required the evacuation of over 30,000 people , of whom many never returned . After the storm passed , the city was rebuilt using more stringent standards to cyclone code ."}]}, {'value': 'Flood', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clermont , Queensland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clermont,_Queensland', 'summary': 'Clermont is a town and a locality in the Isaac Region , Queensland , Australia . Clermont is a major hub for the large coal mines in the region as well as serving agricultural holdings . In the 2016 census , Clermont had a population of 3,031 people , but its boundaries have subsequently changed .'}]}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916 Dec 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bushfire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tasmania', 'summary': "Tasmania ( /tæzˈmeɪniə/ ; abbreviated as TAS , nicknamed Tassie ) is an island state of Australia . It is located 240 km ( 150 mi ) to the south of the Australian mainland , separated by Bass Strait . The state encompasses the main island of Tasmania , the 26th-largest island in the world , and the surrounding 334 islands . The state has a population of around 533,308 as of March 2019 [ update ] . Just over forty percent of the population resides in the Greater Hobart precinct , which forms the metropolitan area of the state capital and largest city , Hobart . Tasmania 's area is 68,401 km2 ( 26,410 sq mi ) , of which the main island covers 64,519 km2 ( 24,911 sq mi ) . It is promoted as a natural state , and protected areas of Tasmania cover about 42% of its land area , which includes national parks and World Heritage Sites . Tasmania was the founding place of the first environmental political party in the world . The island is believed to have been occupied by indigenous peoples for 30,000 years before British colonisation . It is thought Aboriginal Tasmanians were separated from the mainland Aboriginal groups about 10,000 years ago when the sea rose to form Bass Strait . The Aboriginal population is estimated to have been between 3,000 and 7,000 at the time of colonisation , but was almost wiped out within 30 years by a combination of violent guerrilla conflict with settlers known as the Black War , intertribal conflict , and from the late 1820s , the spread of infectious diseases to which they had no immunity . The conflict , which peaked between 1825 and 1831 , and led to more than three years of martial law , cost the lives of almost 1,100 Aboriginals and settlers ."}]}, {'value': '62', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1967 Feb 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Now known as Black Tuesday , 62 people lost their lives , and 7,000 left homeless as over a hundred fires burned in southern Tasmania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1967_Tasmanian_fires', 'summary': 'The 1967 Tasmanian fires were an Australian natural disaster which occurred on 7 February 1967 , an event which came to be known as the Black Tuesday bushfires . They were the most deadly bushfires that Tasmania has ever experienced , leaving 62 people dead , 900 injured and over seven thousand homeless .'}]}], 'section_title': '50 to 99 deaths', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_disasters_in_Australia_by_death_toll_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of disasters and tragic events in modern Australia sorted by death toll.'}
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What is the altitude of the Australian mountain where 96 were killed by an explosion ?
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534 metres
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034ab75780f36fb2
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Orange_County', 'title': 'California Historical Landmarks in Orange County', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '219', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Landing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim_Landing', 'summary': "Seal Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,168 , up from 24,157 at the 2000 census . Seal Beach is located in the westernmost corner of Orange County . To the northwest , just across the border with Los Angeles County , lies the city of Long Beach and the adjacent San Pedro Bay . To the southeast are Huntington Harbour , a neighborhood of Huntington Beach , and Sunset Beach , also part of Huntington Beach . To the east lie the city of Westminster and the neighborhood of West Garden Grove , part of the city of Garden Grove . To the north lie the unincorporated community of Rossmoor and the city of Los Alamitos . A majority of the city 's acreage is devoted to the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach military base ."}]}, {'value': 'Seal Beach Blvd . and Electric Ave. 33°44′16″N 118°05′52″W / 33.737733°N 118.097667°W / 33.737733 ; -118.097667 ( Anaheim Landing )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seal Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_Beach,_California', 'summary': "Seal Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California . As of the 2010 census , the population was 24,168 , up from 24,157 at the 2000 census . Seal Beach is located in the westernmost corner of Orange County . To the northwest , just across the border with Los Angeles County , lies the city of Long Beach and the adjacent San Pedro Bay . To the southeast are Huntington Harbour , a neighborhood of Huntington Beach , and Sunset Beach , also part of Huntington Beach . To the east lie the city of Westminster and the neighborhood of West Garden Grove , part of the city of Garden Grove . To the north lie the unincorporated community of Rossmoor and the city of Los Alamitos . A majority of the city 's acreage is devoted to the Naval Weapons Station Seal Beach military base ."}]}, {'value': '959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Balboa Pavilion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balboa_Pavilion', 'summary': "The Balboa Pavilion in Newport Beach , Orange County , California , is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Place . Established on July 1 , 1906 , the Balboa Pavilion played a prominent role in the development of Newport Beach by attracting real estate buyers to an area formerly designated as swamp and overflow land . The Balboa Pavilion is one of California 's last surviving waterfront recreational pavilions from the turn of the century . The Pavilion continues to serve the public today as a marine recreational facility and is Newport Beach 's most famous landmark , as well as its oldest standing building ."}]}, {'value': '400 Main St. 33°36′10″N 117°53′56″W / 33.602778°N 117.898889°W / 33.602778 ; -117.898889 ( Balboa Pavilion )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Balboa,_California', 'summary': 'The Balboa Peninsula ( also referred to as Balboa or the Peninsula ) is a neighborhood of the city of Newport Beach , Orange County , California . It is named after the Spanish explorer , Vasco Núñez de Balboa . Balboa is primarily residential but has some commercial areas as well .'}]}, {'value': '218', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barton Mound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barton_Mound', 'summary': 'Flores Peak is a mountain peak , overlooking the confluence Harding Canyon and Modjeska Canyon , within the Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary in Orange County , California . It rises to an elevation of 1834 feet / 559 meters . It is named for Juan Flores of the Flores Daniel Gang .'}]}, {'value': 'SE corner of I-405 and State Hwy 133 33°38′53″N 117°45′23″W / 33.648156°N 117.756509°W / 33.648156 ; -117.756509 ( Barton Mound )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'East Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Irvine,_California', 'summary': "Irvine ( /ˈɜːrvaɪn/ ) is a master-planned city in Orange County , California , United States in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28 , 1971 . The 66-square-mile ( 170 km2 ) city had a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census ; in 2018 the California Department of Finance estimated the city 's population at 276,176 . A number of corporations , particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors , have their national or international headquarters in Irvine . Irvine is also home to several higher education institutions including the University of California , Irvine ( UCI ) , Concordia University , Irvine Valley College , the Orange County Center of the University of Southern California ( USC ) , and campuses of California State University Fullerton ( CSUF ) , University of La Verne , and Pepperdine University ."}]}, {'value': '217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Star Canyon Indian Village Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Star_Canyon', 'summary': 'Black Star Canyon is a remote mountain canyon in the Santa Ana Mountains , located in eastern Orange County , California . It is a watershed of the Santa Ana River . Black Star Canyon is a popular destination for mountain bikers as well as hikers due to its wild scenery .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Sampson Overview 33°45′58″N 117°40′45″W / 33.766091°N 117.679152°W / 33.766091 ; -117.679152 ( Black Star Canyon Indian Village Site )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silverado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverado,_California', 'summary': 'Founded in 1878 , Silverado , a California Historical Landmark , is an unincorporated community in Silverado Canyon , which is located in the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County , California . Portions of the town sit on a former Mexican land grant Rancho Lomas de Santiago . Silverado is located at the boundaries of Cleveland National Forest . The area was mined for silver during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Remnants of mining operations such as the Blue Light Mine are still scattered in the area . Timber was harvested for use by the railroad . Coal was mined at the time in Carbondale . Ancient sea life fossils can be found within the sandstone cliffs in the area . During Spanish rule , the canyon was visited by Spanish explorers and was known by the name Cañada de la Madera ( Timber Canyon ) . The town in Spain by that name bears a remarkable resemblance to Silverado . ( The name Silverado is a type of Spanglish indicating a place where silver is found ; a parallel formation to El Dorado . ) The area enjoyed a renaissance in popularity in the 1940s as a hot springs vacation retreat , during which time hotels and restaurants prospered .'}]}, {'value': '228', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carbondale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbondale,_California', 'summary': "Carbondale ( formerly , Buckeye ) is a former settlement in Amador County , California . It was located 6 miles ( 10 km ) northwest of Ione on the Southern Pacific Railroad , at an elevation of 223 feet ( 68 m ) . The place 's early economy was related to coal mining and shipment . A post office operated at Carbondale from 1922 to 1955 . Nothing remains of Carbondale today ."}]}, {'value': 'Silverado Community Church entrance , Silverado Canyon Rd . 38°24′32″N 121°00′25″W / 38.408889°N 121.006944°W / 38.408889 ; -121.006944 ( Carbondale )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silverado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silverado,_California', 'summary': 'Founded in 1878 , Silverado , a California Historical Landmark , is an unincorporated community in Silverado Canyon , which is located in the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County , California . Portions of the town sit on a former Mexican land grant Rancho Lomas de Santiago . Silverado is located at the boundaries of Cleveland National Forest . The area was mined for silver during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Remnants of mining operations such as the Blue Light Mine are still scattered in the area . Timber was harvested for use by the railroad . Coal was mined at the time in Carbondale . Ancient sea life fossils can be found within the sandstone cliffs in the area . During Spanish rule , the canyon was visited by Spanish explorers and was known by the name Cañada de la Madera ( Timber Canyon ) . The town in Spain by that name bears a remarkable resemblance to Silverado . ( The name Silverado is a type of Spanglish indicating a place where silver is found ; a parallel formation to El Dorado . ) The area enjoyed a renaissance in popularity in the 1940s as a hot springs vacation retreat , during which time hotels and restaurants prospered .'}]}, {'value': '189', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dana Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Point,_California', 'summary': 'Dana Point ( /ˌdeɪnə-/ ) is a city located in southern Orange County , California . The population was 33,351 at the 2010 census . It has one of the few harbors along the Orange County coast , and with ready access via State Route 1 , it is a popular local destination for surfing . The city was named after the headland of Dana Point , which was in turn named after Richard Henry Dana , Jr. , author of Two Years Before the Mast , which included a description of the area . Dana described the locale , including neighboring San Juan Capistrano , as the only romantic spot on the coast . Although Dana described the anchorage as poor , it is now a developed harbor and contains a replica of his ship , the Pilgrim . The Pilgrim is used as a classroom by the Ocean Institute , which is located at the harbor . This area is designated California Historical Landmark # 189 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ken Sampson Overview 33°27′50″N 117°42′24″W / 33.463753°N 117.7066°W / 33.463753 ; -117.7066 ( Dana Point )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dana Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dana_Point,_California', 'summary': 'Dana Point ( /ˌdeɪnə-/ ) is a city located in southern Orange County , California . The population was 33,351 at the 2010 census . It has one of the few harbors along the Orange County coast , and with ready access via State Route 1 , it is a popular local destination for surfing . The city was named after the headland of Dana Point , which was in turn named after Richard Henry Dana , Jr. , author of Two Years Before the Mast , which included a description of the area . Dana described the locale , including neighboring San Juan Capistrano , as the only romantic spot on the coast . Although Dana described the anchorage as poor , it is now a developed harbor and contains a replica of his ship , the Pilgrim . The Pilgrim is used as a classroom by the Ocean Institute , which is located at the harbor . This area is designated California Historical Landmark # 189 .'}]}, {'value': '227', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Sepúlveda Adobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Sepúlveda_Adobe', 'summary': 'The Diego Sepúlveda Adobe ( sometimes known as the Costa Mesa Estancia or the Santa Ana Estancia ) is an adobe structure in Costa Mesa , Orange County , California .'}]}, {'value': 'Estancia Park 33°40′23″N 117°56′13″W / 33.673056°N 117.936944°W / 33.673056 ; -117.936944 ( Diego Sepúlveda Adobe )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Costa Mesa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California', 'summary': "Costa Mesa ( /ˌkoʊstə ˈmeɪsə/ ) is a city in Orange County , California . Since its incorporation in 1953 , the city has grown from a semi-rural farming community of 16,840 to a suburban area including part of the South Coast Plaza-John Wayne Airport edge city , one of the region 's largest commercial clusters , with an economy based on retail , commerce , and light manufacturing . The population was 109,960 at the 2010 United States Census ."}]}, {'value': '226', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Don Bernardo Yorba Hacienda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorba_Hacienda', 'summary': 'The Yorba Hacienda was a domestic dwelling constructed by Bernardo Yorba on the Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana Mexican land grant , and located in the present city of Yorba Linda , California . It was notable as the seat of the wealthiest member of the Yorba family and as the largest adobe hacienda in Alta California .'}]}, {'value': 'Esperanza Rd . and Echo Hill Ln . 33°51′51″N 117°46′51″W / 33.864167°N 117.780833°W / 33.864167 ; -117.780833 ( Don Bernardo Yorba Hacienda )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yorba Linda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_California', 'summary': "Yorba Linda is a suburban city in Orange County , California , approximately 37 miles ( 60 km ) southeast of Downtown Los Angeles . The suburb 's most famous resident was Richard Nixon . His birthplace is a National Historic Landmark , at his presidential library and museum located there . Yorba Linda is part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area according to the US Census . As of the 2010 census , its population was 64,234 ."}]}, {'value': '775', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First water-to-water flight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_water-to-water_flight', 'summary': "The place of First water-to-water flight was designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.775 ) on September 25 , 1962 . On May 10 , 1912 , 26 year old Glenn L. Martin ( January 17 , 1886 - December 5 , 1955 ) flew a self-built seaplane from Balboa Bay at Newport Bay , California to Avalon Harbor on Catalina Island , then back across the channel . His amphibian biplane , the Avalon Zipper , broke the earlier English Channel record for over-water flight . Martin 's total distance was 68 miles ( 109 km ) , with the Newport-Avalon leg taking 37 minutes . Avalon Zipper had a 15-horsepower Model V Ford gasoline engine donated by Henry Ford . He picked up a bag of mail on the island on the way , and was presented with $ 100 ( $ 2300 in 2011 ) prize for his achievement . The trip made headline news around the world . Soon regular seaplane passenger and freight services started between Catalina and the ports of Balboa , Long Beach , Wilmington and San Diego , like : Catalina Air Lines . Jim Watson , an aviation historian made a television documentary Wings Across the Channel , the Golden Age of Seaplanes on Catalina. , starting with Glenn L. Martin trip ."}]}, {'value': 'S end of Main St at Ocean Front 33°35′52″N 117°53′56″W / 33.597778°N 117.898889°W / 33.597778 ; -117.898889 ( First water-to-water flight )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Newport Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California , United States . Newport Beach is known for good surfing and sandy beaches . Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries but today it is used mostly for recreation . Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants . Its population was 85,287 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '225', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flores Peak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flores_Peak', 'summary': 'Flores Peak is a mountain peak , overlooking the confluence Harding Canyon and Modjeska Canyon , within the Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary in Orange County , California . It rises to an elevation of 1834 feet / 559 meters . It is named for Juan Flores of the Flores Daniel Gang .'}]}, {'value': 'Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary 33°42′40″N 117°37′08″W / 33.71106388888°N 117.61898888°W / 33.71106388888 ; -117.61898888 ( Flores Peak )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tucker_Wildlife_Sanctuary', 'summary': "Tucker Wildlife Sanctuary is a non-profit nature reserve on the Santa Ana Mountains in Orange County , California in the United States . It is located near the end of Modjeska Canyon , at the foot of Modjeska Peak , and adjacent to the Cleveland National Forest . The Sanctuary is owned and operated by California State University , Fullerton ( CSUF ) College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics . The nearest community is the city of Lake Forest . The Sanctuary serves as a research center for CSUF students , faculty and others . Tucker is open to the public to enjoy and learn about the local wildlife and natural habitat in the Southern California canyon area . Tucker 's facilities include a small natural history museum and interpretive center , two ponds , a bird observation porch and feeders , relaxing patio and picnic areas , a small amphitheatre , a caretaker 's house , hiking trails , a gift shop , restrooms and a visitor parking lot ."}]}, {'value': 'Modjeska Canyon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modjeska_Canyon,_California', 'summary': 'Modjeska Canyon is an unincorporated community on the western slope of the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County , California . It is a suburban community of several hundred residents , with a small park and a volunteer fire station .'}]}, {'value': '112', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North gate of city of Anaheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gates_of_Anaheim', 'summary': "The Gates of Anaheim are a series of gates in California that mark the historic entrance to Anaheim , California . Four city gates were built : North , East , South , and West . They were designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.122 ) on March 29 , 1933 . An historic marker sits at the intersection of South Anaheim Boulevard and West South Street , at 777 South Anaheim Boulevard . The marker is to memorialize Anaheim 's founding in 1857 and the city gate that was there . The early Anaheim Colony put up a barrier around the town to block out wild cattle grazing in nearby fields . The City of Los Angeles lay beyond the North gate , making it the most frequented ."}]}, {'value': '775 Anaheim Blvd . at North St. 33°50′38″N 117°55′01″W / 33.843983°N 117.91685°W / 33.843983 ; -117.91685 ( North gate of city of Anaheim )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim,_California', 'summary': "Anaheim ( /ˈænəhaɪm/ ) is a city in Orange County , California , part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 336,265 , making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California . Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area , and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort , the Anaheim Convention Center , and two major sports teams : the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Los Angeles Angels baseball team . Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857 and incorporated as the second city in Los Angeles County on March 18 , 1876 ; Orange County was split off from Los Angeles County in 1889 . Anaheim remained largely an agricultural community until Disneyland opened in 1955 . This led to the construction of several hotels and motels around the area , and residential districts in Anaheim soon followed . The city also developed into an industrial center , producing electronics , aircraft parts and canned fruit . Anaheim is a charter city . Anaheim 's city limits extend almost the full width of Orange County , from Cypress in the west , twenty miles east to the Riverside County line in the east , encompass a diverse range of neighborhoods . In the west , mid-20th-century tract houses predominate . Downtown Anaheim has three mixed-use historic districts , the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony . South of downtown , a center of commercial activity of regional importance begins , the Anaheim-Santa Ana edge city , which stretches east and south into the cities of Orange , Santa Ana and Garden Grove ."}]}, {'value': '794', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'McFadden Wharf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/McFadden_Wharf', 'summary': 'The place of McFadden Wharf was designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.794 ) on July 3 , 1964 . McFadden Wharf was built in what is today Newport Beach , California , Orange County in 1888 . The McFadden Wharf was located at the site of the current Newport Pier . Under Mexican rule the port in Newport was called San Joaquin Bay . Brothers from Delhi , New York James McFadden and Robert McFadden came to California and purchased land . On April 19 , 1875 the bought 20-acre of land that was the part of the form Mexican land grant of José Antonio Yorba . The land was on the coast of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana . In 1854 , the Yorba family sold Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana to José Antonio Andrés Sepúlveda . Sepúlveda later lost the land due to bankruptcy caused by fighting to uphold his land claims in court . In 1869 , William Spurgeon and Ward Bradford purchased 74.27 acres ( 0.3006 km2 ) of the ranch to form the city of Santa Ana . In 1866 much of the ranch was sold to James Irvine . James Irvine starting ranching on his land and James McFadden used his land for port shipping .'}]}, {'value': 'Newport Pier 33°36′28″N 117°55′42″W / 33.607817°N 117.928467°W / 33.607817 ; -117.928467 ( McFadden Wharf )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_Pier', 'summary': 'The Newport Pier is one of two municipal piers located within the city of Newport Beach , California , at the center of the Balboa Peninsula . It is 1,032 feet ( 314.6 m ) long . The pier replaced the McFadden Wharf ( 1888-1939 ) and the site is registered as California Historical Landmark number 794 .'}]}, {'value': 'Newport Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Newport Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California , United States . Newport Beach is known for good surfing and sandy beaches . Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries but today it is used mostly for recreation . Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants . Its population was 85,287 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '200', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mission San Juan Capistrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_San_Juan_Capistrano', 'summary': 'Mission San Juan Capistrano is a former Spanish mission founded in 1776 in colonial Las Californias by Spanish Catholic missionaries of the Franciscan Order . Named for Saint John of Capistrano , the Spanish Colonial Baroque style church was located in the Alta California province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . Today , it is located at 26801 Ortega Highway in San Juan Capistrano , Orange County , California . The Mission was secularized by the Mexican government in 1833 , and returned to the Roman Catholic Church by the American government in 1865 . The mission was damaged over the years by a number of natural disasters , but restoration and renovation efforts date from around 1910 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ortega Hwy and Camino Capistrano 33°30′10″N 117°39′46″W / 33.502778°N 117.662778°W / 33.502778 ; -117.662778 ( Mission San Juan Capistrano )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Juan Capistrano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan_Capistrano,_California', 'summary': 'San Juan Capistrano ( /sæn ˌwɑːn kæpɪˈstrɑːnoʊ/ ; Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwaŋ kapisˈtɾano ] ; Spanish for Saint John of Capestrano ) is a city in Orange County , California , United States . The current OMB metropolitan designation for San Juan Capistrano and the Orange County area is Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine , CA . The population was 34,593 at the 2010 census , up from 33,826 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': '205', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modjeska House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modjeska_House', 'summary': 'Modjeska House , also known as Arden , is a house designed by Stanford White in Modjeska Canyon , California . It is significant for being the only surviving home of Helena Modjeska , a Shakespearean actress and Polish patriot .'}]}, {'value': '29042 Modjeska Canyon 33°42′32″N 117°37′30″W / 33.709°N 117.625°W / 33.709 ; -117.625 ( Modjeska House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Modjeska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modjeska,_California', 'summary': 'Modjeska Canyon is an unincorporated community on the western slope of the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County , California . It is a suburban community of several hundred residents , with a small park and a volunteer fire station .'}]}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Landing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Landing_(Newport_Beach,_California)', 'summary': 'The place of McFadden Wharf was designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.794 ) on July 3 , 1964 . McFadden Wharf was built in what is today Newport Beach , California , Orange County in 1888 . The McFadden Wharf was located at the site of the current Newport Pier . Under Mexican rule the port in Newport was called San Joaquin Bay . Brothers from Delhi , New York James McFadden and Robert McFadden came to California and purchased land . On April 19 , 1875 the bought 20-acre of land that was the part of the form Mexican land grant of José Antonio Yorba . The land was on the coast of the Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana . In 1854 , the Yorba family sold Rancho Santiago de Santa Ana to José Antonio Andrés Sepúlveda . Sepúlveda later lost the land due to bankruptcy caused by fighting to uphold his land claims in court . In 1869 , William Spurgeon and Ward Bradford purchased 74.27 acres ( 0.3006 km2 ) of the ranch to form the city of Santa Ana . In 1866 much of the ranch was sold to James Irvine . James Irvine starting ranching on his land and James McFadden used his land for port shipping .'}]}, {'value': 'Dover Dr. north of State Hwy 1 33°37′03″N 117°54′26″W / 33.617567°N 117.907183°W / 33.617567 ; -117.907183 ( Old Landing )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport_Beach,_California', 'summary': 'Newport Beach is a coastal city in Orange County , California , United States . Newport Beach is known for good surfing and sandy beaches . Newport Harbor once supported maritime industries but today it is used mostly for recreation . Balboa Island draws visitors with a waterfront path easy access from the ferry to the shops and restaurants . Its population was 85,287 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Town Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Town_Irvine', 'summary': 'Old Town Irvine was designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.1004 ) on November 11 , 1991 . Old Town Irvine is in the city of Irvine , California in Orange County A Historic marker is at 14980 Sand Canyon Avenue , Irvine . The marker is to remember the founding the City of Town Irvine in 1887 . The town of Irvine started as a train stop for the Santa Fe Railroad in 1889 , where barley warehouse was built . At the time of founding the town was called Myford , California . Myford was the youngest son of James H. Irvine , who the town would be renamed after . James Irvine called the new town Myford , as at the time there was an City of Irvine in Calaveras County in Northern California . Myford was renamed Irvine in 1914 , as the Northern California town changed its name to Carson Hill . The 125,000-acre Irvine Ranch was the largest employer in the town for years , a very busy place during harvest time . The town had a school , general store , blacksmith shop , diner , and a hotel for seasonal workers , all around Central Avenue and the train station . The Ranch lost its place as the center of town in the 1960s , with the housing boom and a new town center was built up . The old parts of Irvine became run down and renamed East Irvine .'}]}, {'value': 'Sand Canyon Ave. and Burt Rd . 33°40′31″N 117°45′28″W / 33.675383°N 117.7578°W / 33.675383 ; -117.7578 ( Old Town Irvine )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irvine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irvine,_California', 'summary': "Irvine ( /ˈɜːrvaɪn/ ) is a master-planned city in Orange County , California , United States in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The Irvine Company started developing the area in the 1960s and the city was formally incorporated on December 28 , 1971 . The 66-square-mile ( 170 km2 ) city had a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census ; in 2018 the California Department of Finance estimated the city 's population at 276,176 . A number of corporations , particularly in the technology and semiconductor sectors , have their national or international headquarters in Irvine . Irvine is also home to several higher education institutions including the University of California , Irvine ( UCI ) , Concordia University , Irvine Valley College , the Orange County Center of the University of Southern California ( USC ) , and campuses of California State University Fullerton ( CSUF ) , University of La Verne , and Pepperdine University ."}]}, {'value': '918', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olinda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olinda,_Orange_County,_California', 'summary': 'Olinda is a neighborhood in Brea , California , located on Carbon Canyon Road east of the rest of the city . The original village was founded in the 1890s and grew when petroleum was discovered at the adjacent Brea-Olinda Oil Field . In February 1917 , Olinda Village and the nearby town of Randolph were incorporated as the city of Brea . The site is now registered as California Historical Landmark # 918 registered on January 1 . 1978 . Olinda Landfill , located in Carbon Canyon , was opened in 1960 and is scheduled to be closed in December 2021 . The name was revived for a quiet neighborhood built in the hills near the site of the original village , beginning in 1964 . The neighborhood has six streets , and holds about 120 homes ( many horse properties ) , and a condominium complex . It is near Carbon Canyon Regional Park and Chino Hills State Park , and surrounded by hills covered with chaparral and home to coyotes , owls , hawks and rattlesnakes . A Southern California Edison electrical substation in the area is also named Olinda . Olinda gives its name to an elementary school as well as Brea-Olinda High School , which serves Brea and Olinda .'}]}, {'value': 'Carbon Canyon Regional Park 33°55′17″N 117°49′49″W / 33.921267°N 117.8302°W / 33.921267 ; -117.8302 ( Olinda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carbon_Canyon_Regional_Park', 'summary': 'Carbon Canyon Regional Park ( or simply Carbon Canyon Park ) is a regional park in Brea , California that was created after the Carbon Canyon Creek was dammed . It links up with Chino Hills State Park on the east side . The park also is home to a small forest of Redwood trees , which have been struggling to survive since the start of the 2010 California drought .'}]}, {'value': 'Brea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brea,_California', 'summary': "Brea ( /ˈbreɪə/ ; meaning oil or tar in Spanish ) is a city in northern Orange County , California . The population as of the 2010 census was 39,282 . It is located 33 miles ( 53 km ) southeast of Los Angeles . The city began as a center of crude oil production , was later propelled by citrus production , and is now an important retail center because of the large Brea Mall and the recently redeveloped Brea Downtown . Brea is also known for its extensive public art program which began in 1975 and continues today with over 140 artworks in the collection placed and located throughout the city . Brea 's public art program has been used as a model and inspiration for many public art programs across the United States . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneer House of the Mother Colony', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mother_Colony', 'summary': "The Gates of Anaheim are a series of gates in California that mark the historic entrance to Anaheim , California . Four city gates were built : North , East , South , and West . They were designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.122 ) on March 29 , 1933 . An historic marker sits at the intersection of South Anaheim Boulevard and West South Street , at 777 South Anaheim Boulevard . The marker is to memorialize Anaheim 's founding in 1857 and the city gate that was there . The early Anaheim Colony put up a barrier around the town to block out wild cattle grazing in nearby fields . The City of Los Angeles lay beyond the North gate , making it the most frequented ."}]}, {'value': '414 N. West St. 33°50′11″N 117°55′41″W / 33.83625°N 117.9281°W / 33.83625 ; -117.9281 ( Pioneer House of the Mother Colony )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anaheim,_California', 'summary': "Anaheim ( /ˈænəhaɪm/ ) is a city in Orange County , California , part of the Los Angeles metropolitan area . As of the 2010 United States Census , the city had a population of 336,265 , making it the most populous city in Orange County and the 10th-most populous city in California . Anaheim is the second-largest city in Orange County in terms of land area , and is known for being the home of the Disneyland Resort , the Anaheim Convention Center , and two major sports teams : the Anaheim Ducks ice hockey club and the Los Angeles Angels baseball team . Anaheim was founded by fifty German families in 1857 and incorporated as the second city in Los Angeles County on March 18 , 1876 ; Orange County was split off from Los Angeles County in 1889 . Anaheim remained largely an agricultural community until Disneyland opened in 1955 . This led to the construction of several hotels and motels around the area , and residential districts in Anaheim soon followed . The city also developed into an industrial center , producing electronics , aircraft parts and canned fruit . Anaheim is a charter city . Anaheim 's city limits extend almost the full width of Orange County , from Cypress in the west , twenty miles east to the Riverside County line in the east , encompass a diverse range of neighborhoods . In the west , mid-20th-century tract houses predominate . Downtown Anaheim has three mixed-use historic districts , the largest of which is the Anaheim Colony . South of downtown , a center of commercial activity of regional importance begins , the Anaheim-Santa Ana edge city , which stretches east and south into the cities of Orange , Santa Ana and Garden Grove ."}]}, {'value': '837', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Orange County Courthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Orange_County_Courthouse_(California)', 'summary': "The Old Orange County Courthouse , at one point also known as the Santa Ana County Courthouse , is a Romanesque Revival building that was opened in September 1901 and is located in Santa Ana 's Historic Downtown District on Civic Center and Broadway streets . The Old Orange County Courthouse is officially recognized as California Historical Landmark No . 837 and is also on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '211 W Santa Ana Blvd . 33°45′01″N 117°52′09″W / 33.750278°N 117.869167°W / 33.750278 ; -117.869167 ( Old Orange County Courthouse )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Ana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California', 'summary': "Santa Ana /ˌsæntə ˈænə/ ( Spanish for Saint Anne ) is a city in and the county seat of Orange County , California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The city is the second most populous in the county . The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2018 population at 332,725 , making Santa Ana the 57th most-populous city in the United States . [ citation needed ] Santa Ana is in Southern California , adjacent to the Santa Ana River , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the coast . Founded in 1869 , the city is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area , the second largest metropolitan area in the United States , with almost 18 million residents in 2010 . Santa Ana is a very densely populated city , ranking fourth nationally in that regard among cities of over 300,000 residents ( trailing only New York City , San Francisco , and Boston ) . [ citation needed ] In 2011 , Forbes ranked Santa Ana the fourth-safest city of over 250,000 residents in the United States . Santa Ana 's northwestern and southern edges are part of the two largest commercial clusters in Orange County : the Anaheim-Santa Ana edge city and the South Coast Plaza-John Wayne Airport edge city . Santa Ana lends its name to the Santa Ana Freeway ( I-5 ) , which runs through the city . It also shares its name with the nearby Santa Ana Mountains , and the Santa Ana winds , which have historically fueled seasonal wildfires throughout Southern California . The current Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) metropolitan designation for the Orange County Area is Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine , California . Approximately four-fifths Latino , the New York Times characterizes Santa Ana as the face of a new California , a state where Latinos have more influence in everyday life - electorally , culturally and demographically - than almost anywhere else in the country ."}]}, {'value': '729', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old Maizeland School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_Maizeland_School', 'summary': "The Old Maizeland School also called the Rivera School was designated a California Historic Landmark ( No.729 ) on April 8 , 1960 . The Old Maizeland School was built in 1868 in what is today Pico Rivera , California by James C. Shugg . James C. Shugg had five children : Alydia Caroline Shugg Gooch ( 1854-1938 ) , Joannah Shugg Story ( 1857-1938 ) , Thomas Shugg ( 1859-1902 ) , Martha Jane Shugg Allison ( 1862-1946 ) and William E. Shugg ( 1863-1929 ) . James C. Shugg and his wife , Esther Caroline Graham Shugg ( 1835-1908 ) ( married in 1852 ) , wanted each child to have a good education and built the school on his land . For 27 years it served as the School house in what was called the Rivera District , at 8910 East Shugg Lane , now called Slauson Avenue . The pioneers used the Rivera School District school house to teach their children . In 1896 , being to small for teaching now , it was sold , moved to a nearby farm of Ablbert McDonald and use as storage shed . In 1950 the School house was seen as Historical building and move to the Rivera School District Grounds and restored to be a School museum . The museum idea did not work and a year later the school was put up for sale . In 1925 , Walter Knott and wife Cordelia started a roadside stand selling berries and berry preserves alongside State Route 39 in what is now the City of Buena Park . His wife , Cordelia Knott , add fried chicken dinners to the stand and started Mrs. Knott 's Chicken Dinner Restaurant in 1934 . The stand grew and grew with attractions , also fairs ."}]}, {'value': "Knott 's Berry Farm 33°50′36″N 118°00′03″W / 33.8433916666667°N 118.000769444°W / 33.8433916666667 ; -118.000769444 ( Old Maizeland School )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Knott's_Berry_Farm", 'summary': "Knott 's Berry Farm is a 160-acre ( 65 ha ) theme park located in Buena Park , California , owned and operated by Cedar Fair . In 2018 , it was the twelfth-most-visited theme park in North America and averages approximately 4 million visitors per year . The park features 40 rides including roller coasters , family rides , dark rides and water rides . The theme park began in the 1920s as a road-side berry stand run by Walter Knott along State Route 39 in California . By the 1940s , a restaurant , several shops , and other attractions had been constructed on the property to entertain a growing number of visitors , including a replica ghost town . The site continued its transformation into a modern amusement park over the next two decades , and an admission charge was added in 1968 . In 1997 the park was sold to Cedar Fair for $ 300 million , just two years after the Knott 's food business was acquired by Conagra , Inc. in 1995 ."}]}, {'value': 'Buena Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buena_Park,_California', 'summary': "Buena Park ( /ˈbweɪnə/ ) is a city in northwestern Orange County , about 12 miles ( 20 km ) northwest of downtown Santa Ana , the county seat . As of Census 2010 its population was 80,530 . It is the location of several tourist attractions , including Knott 's Berry Farm . It is located about 24 miles southeast of Downtown Los Angeles and is within the Los Angeles metropolitan area ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'California_Historical_Landmarks_in_Orange_County,_California_0', 'intro': 'List table of the properties and districts - listed on the California Historical Landmarks - within Orange County, California.'}
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Who was the most famous resident in the town with the largest adobe hacienda in Alta California ?
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Richard Nixon
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Queensland', 'title': 'List of power stations in Queensland', 'header': ['Power station', 'Max . capacity ( MW )', 'Turbines', 'Fuel Type', 'Conveyance'], 'data': [{'value': 'Babinda Sugar Mill , Decommissioned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bingera Sugar Mill , Bundaberg Sugar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar', 'summary': 'Bundaberg Sugar is a company involved in all aspects of sugar manufacture , including growing and milling the sugarcane and refining and marketing the sugar . It operates principally in the Bundaberg Region , Queensland , Australia . As at 2014 , the company had over 9,000 hectares ( 22,000 acres ) of sugarcane plantations .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farleigh Mill , Mackay Sugar Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gympie Coffee Manufacturing , Nestlé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nestlé', 'summary': "Nestlé S.A. ( /ˈnɛsleɪ , -li , -əl/ ; [ citation needed ] French : [ nɛsle ] ) is a Swiss multinational food and drink processing conglomerate corporation headquartered in Vevey , Vaud , Switzerland . It is the largest food company in the world , measured by revenues and other metrics , since 2014 . It ranked No . 64 on the Fortune Global 500 in 2017 and No . 33 on the 2016 edition of the Forbes Global 2000 list of largest public companies . Nestlé 's products include baby food , medical food , bottled water , breakfast cereals , coffee and tea , confectionery , dairy products , ice cream , frozen food , pet foods , and snacks . Twenty-nine of Nestlé 's brands have annual sales of over CHF1 billion ( about US $ 1.1 billion ) , including Nespresso , Nescafé , Kit Kat , Smarties , Nesquik , Stouffer 's , Vittel , and Maggi . Nestlé has 447 factories , operates in 189 countries , and employs around 339,000 people . It is one of the main shareholders of L'Oreal , the world 's largest cosmetics company . Nestlé was formed in 1905 by the merger of the Anglo-Swiss Milk Company , established in 1866 by brothers George and Charles Page , and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé , founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé . The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War , expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products . The company has made a number of corporate acquisitions , including Crosse & Blackwell in 1950 , Findus in 1963 , Libby 's in 1971 , Rowntree Mackintosh in 1988 , Klim in 1998 , and Gerber in 2007 ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'coffee grounds and sawdust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coffee_grounds', 'summary': 'Coffee preparation is the process of turning coffee beans into a beverage . While the particular steps vary with the type of coffee and with the raw materials , the process includes four basic steps : raw coffee beans must be roasted , the roasted coffee beans must then be ground , the ground coffee must then be mixed with hot water for a certain time ( brewed ) , and finally the liquid coffee must be separated from the used grounds . Coffee is usually brewed immediately before drinking . In most areas , coffee may be purchased unprocessed , or already roasted , or already roasted and ground . Coffee is often vacuum packed to prevent oxidation and lengthen its shelf life .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sawdust', 'summary': 'Sawdust ( or wood shavings ) is a by-product or waste product of woodworking operations such as sawing , milling , planing , routing , drilling and sanding . It is composed of fine particles of wood . These operations can be performed by woodworking machinery , portable power tools or by use of hand tools . Wood dust is also the byproduct of certain animals , birds and insects which live in wood , such as the woodpecker and carpenter ant . In some manufacturing industries it can be a significant fire hazard and source of occupational dust exposure . Sawdust is the main component of particleboard . Wood dust is a form of particulate matter , or particulates . Research on wood dust health hazards comes within the field of occupational health science , and study of wood dust control comes within the field of indoor air quality engineering .'}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inkerman Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Invicta Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '38.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isis Central Sugar Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isis_Central_Sugar_Mill', 'summary': 'Isis Central Sugar Mill is a sugar cane mill at Kevin Livingstone Drive , Isis Central , Bundaberg Region of Queensland , Australia . Isis Central Sugar Mill produces raw sugar , molasses and electricity .'}]}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalamia Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macknade Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marian Mill , Mackay Sugar Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marian_Mill', 'summary': 'Marian is a town and locality in the Mackay Region , Queensland , Australia . It had a population of 3900 in 2016 census .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maryborough Sugar Factory , MSF Sugar Ltd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.75', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millaquin Sugar Mill , Bundaberg Sugar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bundaberg_Sugar', 'summary': 'Bundaberg Sugar is a company involved in all aspects of sugar manufacture , including growing and milling the sugarcane and refining and marketing the sugar . It operates principally in the Bundaberg Region , Queensland , Australia . As at 2014 , the company had over 9,000 hectares ( 22,000 acres ) of sugarcane plantations .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mossman Central Mill , Mackay Sugar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mossman_Central_Mill', 'summary': 'Mossman is a town and a locality in Far North Queensland , Australia , on the Mossman River . It is within the local government area of Shire of Douglas ( between 2008 and 2013 , it was within the Cairns Region ) . In the 2016 census , Mossman had a population of 1,937 people .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mackay_Sugar', 'summary': 'Mackay Sugar is the largest sugar producer in Queensland and second largest sugar producer in Australia . In 2013 , Mackay Sugar was inducted into the Queensland Business Leaders Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '11.85', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mourilyan Sugar Mill , Decommissioned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mulgrave Sugar Mill , MSF Sugar Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mulgrave_Sugar_Mill', 'summary': 'The Mulgrave Sugar Mill is a sugar mill in Gordonvale , Cairns Region , Queensland , Australia . It commenced operations in 1896 . It is operated by MSF Sugar , a subsidiary of the Mitr Phol Group . It is also known as Mulgrave Central Mill .'}]}, {'value': '10.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pioneer Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '68', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pleystowe Mill , Decommissioned', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proserpine Sugar Mill , Wilmar International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilmar_International', 'summary': "Wilmar International Limited founded in 1991 , is Asias leading agribusiness group . It ranks amongst the largest listed companies by market capitalisation on the Singapore Exchange , being the second largest as of September 2010 . It is a Singaporean investment holding company that provides management services to its 400+ subsidiary companies . It was also ranked 248th in the Fortune Global 500 list in 2018 . It was ranked 3rd in the World 's Most Admired Company ( Food Production ) by Fortune Magazine in 2019 . Wilmar International business activities include oil palm cultivation , edible oils refining , oilseeds crushing , consumer pack edible oils processing and merchandising , specialty fats , oleochemicals , and biodiesel manufacturing , grains processing and merchandising , and sugar milling and refining . It has over 500 manufacturing plants and an extensive distribution network covering China , India , Indonesia and some 50 other countries . The Group is backed by a multinational workforce of over 90,000 people [ citation needed ] Wilmar 's merchandising and processing segment encompasses merchandising of palm oil and laurics-related products , operations of palm oil processing and refinery plants and crushing , further processing and refining of a range of edible oils , oilseeds , grains and soybean . Its consumer products include edible oils , rice , flour and noodles in the People 's Republic of China , Vietnam , India and Indonesia . Its plantation and palm oil mills segment engages in oil palm cultivation and milling . Other segments include manufacturing and distribution of fertiliser and ship-chartering services . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Racecourse Mill , Mackay Sugar Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racecourse_Mill', 'summary': 'The Racecourse Mill is a sugar mill located in Racecourse , Mackay , Queensland and is one of the largest sugar refineries in Australia . Other sugar cane mills located in the Mackay Region include ; Marian Sugar Mill , Pleystowe Sugar Mill , Farleigh Mill and Plane Creek Mill at Sarina . Pleystowe Mill was the oldest surviving mill in the district but closed in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '13.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}]}, {'value': 'on-site', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocky Point', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'bagasse , wood waste', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bagasse', 'summary': "Bagasse ( /bəˈɡæs/ bə-GAS-se ' ) is the dry pulpy fibrous residue that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice . It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat , energy , and electricity , and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials . Agave bagasse is a similar material that consists of the tissue of the blue agave after extraction of the sap ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Biofuels', 'summary': 'A biofuel is a fuel that is produced through contemporary processes from biomass , rather than a fuel produced by the very slow geological processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels , such as oil . Since biomass technically can be used as a fuel directly ( e.g . wood logs ) , some people use the terms biomass and biofuel interchangeably . More often than not however , the word biomass simply denotes the biological raw material the fuel is made of , or some form of thermally/chemically altered solid end product , like torrefied pellets or briquettes . The word biofuel is usually reserved for liquid or gaseous fuels , used for transportation . The EIA ( U.S. Energy Information Administration ) follow this naming practice . If the biomass used in the production of biofuel can regrow quickly , the fuel is generally considered to be a form of renewable energy .'}]}, {'value': 'on-site , road', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Biomass combustion', 'section_text': 'These power stations burn biomass ( biofuel ) to generate some or all of the electricity they produce .', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Queensland_6', 'intro': 'This is a list of active power stations in Queensland, Australia. Candidates for this list must already be commissioned and capable of generating 1 MW or more of electricity.'}
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A power station with 4 turbines began operations in what year ?
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1896
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034cad599badd485
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Army_airfields', 'title': 'List of United States Army airfields', 'header': ['Airfield', 'Army post/facility served', 'State', 'ICAO'], 'data': [{'value': 'A.P . Hill Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.P._Hill_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'A.P . Hill Army Airfield ( IATA : APH , ICAO : KAPH , FAA LID : APH ) is a military airport located at Fort A.P . Hill . It is two nautical miles ( 4 km ) northwest of the central business district of Bowling Green , a town in Caroline County , Virginia , United States . The airfield has one active runway designated 5/23 with a 2,201 x 100 ft. ( 671 x 30 m ) turf surface .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort A.P . Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_A.P._Hill', 'summary': 'Fort A.P . Hill is a training and maneuver center belonging to the United States Army located near the town of Bowling Green , Virginia . The center focuses on arms training and is used by all branches of the US Armed Forces . It is named for Virginia native and Confederate Lieutenant General A. P. Hill .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'KAPH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allen Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Allen_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Allen Army Airfield ( IATA : BIG , ICAO : PABI , FAA LID : BIG ) is a public and military use airport serving Fort Greely and located three miles ( 5 km ) south of the central business district of Delta Junction , a city in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska . It is owned by the United States Army , which has an agreement with the City of Delta Junction for joint use of the airfield by both military and civilian aircraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Greely', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Greely', 'summary': 'Fort Greely is a United States Army launch site for anti-ballistic missiles located about 100 miles ( 160 km ) southeast of Fairbanks , Alaska . It is also the home of the Cold Regions Test Center ( CRTC ) , as Fort Greely is one of the coldest areas in Alaska , and can accommodate cold , extreme-cold , and temperate-weather tests depending on the season . It is named in honor of Major General Adolphus Greely . There was an earlier Fort Greely on Kodiak Island .'}]}, {'value': 'Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Delta_Junction,_Alaska', 'summary': 'Delta Junction is a city in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area , Alaska , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 958 , up from 840 in 2000 . The 2016 estimate was down to 934 . The city is located a short distance south of the confluence of the Delta River with the Tanana River , which is at Big Delta . It is about 160 km ( 99 mi ) south of Fairbanks . Native inhabitants are Tanana Athabaskans .'}]}, {'value': 'PABI', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amedee Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amedee_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Amedee Army Airfield ( IATA : AHC , ICAO : KAHC , FAA LID : AHC ) is a military use airport located nine nautical miles ( 17 km ) north of the central business district of Herlong , in Lassen County , California , United States . It is owned by the United States Army and located at the Sierra Army Depot in the Honey Lake Valley , east of the Sierra Nevada mountain range .'}]}, {'value': 'Sierra Army Depot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sierra_Army_Depot', 'summary': 'Sierra Army Depot ( SIAD ) is a United States Army post and military equipment storage facility located near the unincorporated community of Herlong , California . It was built in 1942 as one of several ammunition storage facilities located far enough inland to be safe from Japanese attack . [ citation needed ] The site also met the requirement that the depot be in a dry and isolated area .'}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herlong,_California', 'summary': 'Herlong is a census-designated place in Lassen County , California . Herlong is located at the extreme eastern edge of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range in the southeastern region of Honey Lake Valley , 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Doyle , at an elevation of 4,114 feet ( 1,254 m ) . Herlong is located in southern Lassen County near the southeast edge of Honey Lake , about 70 miles ( 110 km ) north of Reno , Nevada , and about 45 miles ( 72 km ) south of Susanville , the county seat . The community is accessible to U.S. Route 395 via Lassen County Route A25 or Lassen County Route A26 .'}]}, {'value': 'KAHC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bicycle Lake Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bicycle_Lake_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Bicycle Lake Army Airfield ( IATA : BYS , ICAO : KBYS , FAA LID : BYS ) is a military airport located on the Bicycle dry lake bed , three miles ( 5 km ) northeast of the Fort Irwin cantonment area , in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County , California , United States . It is owned by the United States Army .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Irwin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Irwin', 'summary': "Fort Irwin National Training Center is a major training area for the United States military and is a census-designated place located in the Mojave Desert in northern San Bernardino County , California . Fort Irwin is at an average elevation of 2,454 feet ( 748 m ) . It is located 37 miles ( 60 km ) northeast of Barstow , in the Calico Mountains . The National Training Center is part of the US Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) . The opposing force at the National Training Center ( NTC ) is the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment , the Blackhorse Cavalry , who are stationed at the base to provide an opposing force to units on a training rotation at Fort Irwin . In September 2017 , a state-of-the-art hospital was opened that provides healthcare services to the Fort Irwin beneficiaries . Fort Irwin works within the R-2508 Special Use Airspace Complex . The 2010 United States census reported Fort Irwin 's population was 8,845 ."}]}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barstow,_California', 'summary': "Barstow is a city in San Bernardino County , California , United States . The population was 22,639 at the 2010 census . Barstow is located 67 miles ( 108 km ) north of San Bernardino . Barstow is a major transportation hub for the Inland Empire . Several major highways including Interstate 15 , Interstate 40 , and California State Route 58 converge in the city . It is the site of a large rail classification yard , belonging to the BNSF Railway . The Union Pacific Railroad also runs through town using trackage rights on BNSF 's main line to Daggett 10 miles ( 16 km ) east , from where it heads to Salt Lake City and the BNSF heads to Chicago . Barstow is about 15 miles ( 24 km ) from Yermo , 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Victorville , 62 miles ( 100 km ) from Baker , California and 114 miles ( 183 km ) from Primm , Nevada . Barstow serves as a midway point for drivers traveling between Los Angeles , California ( 120 miles ( 190 km ) southwest ) and Las Vegas , Nevada ( 150 miles ( 240 km ) northeast ) . Barstow is home to Marine Corps Logistics Base Barstow and is the closest city to the Fort Irwin National Training Center ."}]}, {'value': 'KBYS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biggs Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biggs_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Biggs Army Airfield ( IATA : BIF , ICAO : KBIF , FAA LID : BIF ) ( formerly Biggs Air Force Base ) is a United States Army military airport located on the Fort Bliss military base in El Paso , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Bliss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Bliss', 'summary': "Fort Bliss is a United States Army post in New Mexico and Texas , with its headquarters in El Paso , Texas . Named in honor of LTC William Bliss ( 1815-1853 ) , a mathematical genius who was the son-in-law of President Zachary Taylor , Ft. Bliss has an area of about 1,700 square miles ( 4,400 km2 ) ; it is the largest installation in FORSCOM ( United States Army Forces Command ) and second-largest in the Army overall ( the largest being the adjacent White Sands Missile Range ) . The portion of the post located in El Paso County , Texas , is a census-designated place with a population of 8,591 as of the time of the 2010 census . Fort Bliss provides the largest contiguous tract ( 1,500 sq mi or 3,900 km2 ) of restricted airspace in the Continental United States , used for missile and artillery training and testing , and at 992,000 acres boasts the largest maneuver area ( ahead of the National Training Center , which has 642,000 acres ) . The garrison 's land area is accounted at 1.12 million acres , ranging to the boundaries of the Lincoln National Forest and White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico . Fort Bliss is home to the 1st Armored Division , which returned to US soil in 2011 after 40 years in Germany . The division is supported by the 1st Armored Division Sustainment Brigade . The installation is also home to the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command , the 11th Air Defense Artillery Brigade , the 212th Fires Brigade ( now reflagged as the 1st Armored Division Artillery ) , and the 402nd Field Artillery Brigade . The headquarters for the El Paso Intelligence Center ( EPIC ) , a federal tactical operational intelligence center , is hosted at Fort Bliss . Its DoD ( United States Department of Defense ) counterpart , Joint Task Force North , is at Biggs Army Airfield . Biggs Field , a military airport located at Fort Bliss , is designated a military power projection platform . Fort Bliss National Cemetery is located on the post ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas', 'summary': "El Paso ( /ɛl ˈpæsoʊ/ ; from Spanish , the pass ) is a city and the county seat of El Paso County , Texas , United States , in the far western part of the state . The 2018 population estimate for the city from the U.S. Census was 682,669 , making it the 22nd largest city in the United States . Its metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) covers all of El Paso and Hudspeth counties in Texas , and has a population of 840,758 . El Paso stands on the Rio Grande across the Mexico-United States border from Ciudad Juárez , the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua with 1.4 million people . Las Cruces , in the neighboring U.S. state of New Mexico , has a population of 215,579 . On the U.S. side , the El Paso metropolitan area forms part of the larger El Paso-Las Cruces CSA , with a population of 1,060,397 . Bi-nationally , these three cities form a combined international metropolitan area sometimes referred to as the Paso del Norte or the Borderplex . The region of 2.5 million people constitutes the largest bilingual and binational work force in the Western Hemisphere . The city is home to three publicly traded companies , and former Western Refining , now Andeavor . as well as home to the Medical Center of the Americas , the only medical research and care provider complex in West Texas and Southern New Mexico , and the University of Texas at El Paso , the city 's primary university . The city hosts the annual Sun Bowl college football post-season game , the second oldest bowl game in the country . El Paso has a strong federal and military presence ."}]}, {'value': 'KBIF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackstone Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackstone_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Blackstone Army Airfield ( IATA : BKT , ICAO : KBKT , FAA LID : BKT ) , also known as Allen C. Perkinson Airport , is located two miles ( 3 km ) east of the central business district of Blackstone , a town in Nottoway County , Virginia , United States . It is owned by the United States Army and the Town of Blackstone . It is named for Allen C. Perkinson , a CAP Virginia Wing Commander in the 1940s .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Pickett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Pickett', 'summary': 'Fort Pickett is a Virginia Army National Guard installation , located near the town of Blackstone , Virginia . Home of the Army National Guard Maneuver Training Center , Fort Pickett is named for the United States Army officer and Confederate General George Pickett .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackstone,_Virginia', 'summary': 'Blackstone , formerly named Blacks and White , and Bellefonte , is a town in Nottoway County , Virginia , United States . The population was 3,621 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'KBKT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bradshaw Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bradshaw_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Pōhakuloa Training Area ( PTA ) is located on the island of Hawaiʻi in the high plateau between Mauna Loa , Mauna Kea and the Hualālai volcanic mountains . It includes a small military airstrip known as Bradshaw Army Airfield .'}]}, {'value': 'Pohakuloa Training Area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pohakuloa_Training_Area', 'summary': 'Pōhakuloa Training Area ( PTA ) is located on the island of Hawaiʻi in the high plateau between Mauna Loa , Mauna Kea and the Hualālai volcanic mountains . It includes a small military airstrip known as Bradshaw Army Airfield .'}]}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hawaii', 'summary': "Hawaiʻi ( /həˈwaɪi/ ( listen ) hə-WY-ee ; Hawaiian : Hawaiʻi [ həˈvɐjʔi ] ) is a state of the United States of America . It is the only state located in the Pacific Ocean and the only state composed entirely of islands . The state encompasses nearly the entire Hawaiian archipelago , 137 islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . The volcanic archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are , in order from northwest to southeast : Niʻihau , Kauaʻi , Oʻahu , Molokaʻi , Lānaʻi , Kahoʻolawe , Maui , and Hawaiʻi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . Hawaiʻi is the 8th-smallest geographically and the 11th-least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 states . It is the only state with an Asian American plurality . Hawaii has more than 1.4 million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . The state capital and largest city is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu . The state 's ocean coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. , after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California . Hawaii is the most recent state to join the union , on August 21 , 1959 ."}]}, {'value': 'PHSF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryant Army Heliport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Army_Heliport', 'summary': 'Bryant Army Airport ( IATA : FRN , ICAO : PAFR , FAA LID : FRN ) , also known historically as Bryant Army Airfield , is a U.S. Army Airfield located at Fort Richardson , near the city of Anchorage in the U.S. state of Alaska . It has one runway designated 17/35 with a 4,086 x 100 ft ( 1,273 x 30 m ) asphalt surface .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Richardson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Richardson_(Alaska)', 'summary': 'Fort Richardson is a United States Army installation in the U.S. State of Alaska , adjacent to the city of Anchorage . In 2010 , it was merged with nearby Elmendorf Air Force Base to form Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson .'}]}, {'value': 'Alaska', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alaska', 'summary': "Alaska ( /əˈlæskə/ ( listen ) ; Aleut : Alax̂sxax̂ ; Inupiaq : Alaasikaq ; Alutiiq : Alas'kaaq ; Tlingit : Anáaski ; Russian : Аляска , romanized : Alyaska ) is a state located in the northwest extremity of the North American West Coast , just across the Bering Strait from Asia . An exclave of the U.S. , it borders the Canadian province of British Columbia and territory of Yukon to the east and southeast has a maritime border with Russia 's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug to the west . To the north are the Chukchi and Beaufort seas of the Arctic Ocean , while the Pacific Ocean lies to the south and southwest . Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area and the seventh largest subnational division in the world . It is the third least populous and the most sparsely populated state , but by far the continent 's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel , with an estimated population of 738,432 as 2015 - more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland . Approximately half of Alaska 's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area . The state capital of Juneau is the second largest city in the United States by area , comprising more territory than the states of Rhode Island and Delaware . Alaska was occupied by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans . The state is considered the entry point for the settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge . The Russians were the first non-native people to settle the area beginning in the 18th century , eventually establishing the colony of Alaska that spanned most of the current state . The expense and difficulty of maintaining this distant possession prompted its sale to the U.S. in 1867 for $ 7.2 million , or approximately two cents per acre ( $ 4.74/km2 ) . The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11 , 1912 ."}]}, {'value': 'PAFR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bucholz Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bucholz_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Bucholz Army Airfield ( IATA : KWA , ICAO : PKWA , FAA LID : KWA ) is a United States Army airfield located on Kwajalein Island , Kwajalein Atoll , Marshall Islands . Its position is ideal for refueling during trans-Pacific flights , and the airport is available to civilians through Air Marshall Islands and United Airlines . Since the entire Kwajalein Island is a military base , non-military passengers on commercial flights are transported to and from the neighboring island of Ebeye , the civilian population center of Kwajalein Atoll .'}]}, {'value': 'Kwajalein Atoll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll', 'summary': 'Kwajalein Atoll ( /ˈkwɑːdʒəlɪn/ ; Marshallese : Kuwajleen [ kʷuwɑzʲ ( ɛ ) lʲɛːnʲ ] ) is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( RMI ) . The southernmost and largest island in the atoll is named Kwajalein Island , which its majority English-speaking residents ( about 1,000 mostly U.S. civilian personnel ) often called by the shortened name , Kwaj /kwɑːdʒ/ . The total land area of the atoll amounts to just over 6 square miles ( 16 km2 ) . It lies in the Ralik Chain , 2,100 nautical miles ( 3900 km ) southwest of Honolulu , Hawaii . The US Navy has hosted a naval base on Kwajalein Island , the southernmost part of the atoll , since World War II . It was the final resting place of the German cruiser Prinz Eugen after it survived the Operation Crossroads nuclear test in 1946 . In the late 1950s , the US Army took over the base as part of their Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile efforts , and since then the atoll has been widely used for missile tests of all sorts . Today it is part of the Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site , with various radars , tracking cameras , missile launchers and many support systems spread across many islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Islands', 'summary': "The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , [ note 1 ] is an island country and a United States associated state near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 58,413 people ( at the 2018 World Bank Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The capital and largest city is Majuro . The islands share maritime boundaries with the Wake Island to the north , [ note 2 ] Kiribati to the southeast , Nauru to the south , and Federated States of Micronesia to the west . About 52.3% of Marshall Islanders ( 27,797 at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro . Data from the United Nations indicates an estimated population in 2018 of 58,413 . In 2016 , 73.3% of the population were defined as being urban . The UN also indicates a population density of 295 per km2 ( 765 people per mi2 ) and its projected 2020 population is 59,190 . Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC , with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . They eventually settled here . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , starting with Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain , Juan Sebastián Elcano and Miguel de Saavedra ."}]}, {'value': 'PKWA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Butts Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Butts_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Fort Carson is a United States Army installation located in unincorporated El Paso County , Colorado , near the city of Colorado Springs . The 137,000-acre ( 214 sq mi ; 555 sq km ; 55,000 ha ) installation extends southward into Pueblo and Fremont counties . That part of the installation located within El Paso County forms a census-designated place ( CDP ) which had a population of 13,815 in the 2010 census . Fort Carson is the home of the 4th Infantry Division , the 10th Special Forces Group , the 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade ( SFAB ) , the 440th Civil Affairs Battalion ( USAR ) , the 71st Ordnance Group ( EOD ) , the 4th Engineer Battalion , the 759th Military Police Battalion , the 10th Combat Support Hospital , the 43rd Sustainment Brigade , the Army Field Support Battalion-Fort Carson , the 423rd Transportation Company ( USAR ) and the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron of the United States Air Force . The post also hosts units of the Army Reserve , Navy Reserve and the Colorado Army National Guard . Ft. Carson was also home to the 5th Infantry Div . Known as the Red Devils .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Carson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Carson', 'summary': 'Fort Carson is a United States Army installation located in unincorporated El Paso County , Colorado , near the city of Colorado Springs . The 137,000-acre ( 214 sq mi ; 555 sq km ; 55,000 ha ) installation extends southward into Pueblo and Fremont counties . That part of the installation located within El Paso County forms a census-designated place ( CDP ) which had a population of 13,815 in the 2010 census . Fort Carson is the home of the 4th Infantry Division , the 10th Special Forces Group , the 4th Security Force Assistance Brigade ( SFAB ) , the 440th Civil Affairs Battalion ( USAR ) , the 71st Ordnance Group ( EOD ) , the 4th Engineer Battalion , the 759th Military Police Battalion , the 10th Combat Support Hospital , the 43rd Sustainment Brigade , the Army Field Support Battalion-Fort Carson , the 423rd Transportation Company ( USAR ) and the 13th Air Support Operations Squadron of the United States Air Force . The post also hosts units of the Army Reserve , Navy Reserve and the Colorado Army National Guard . Ft. Carson was also home to the 5th Infantry Div . Known as the Red Devils .'}]}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado', 'summary': 'Colorado ( /ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ , -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen ) , other variants ) is a state of the Western United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains . It is the 8th most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state . The estimated population of Colorado is 5,770,545 as of 2019 , an increase of 14.7% since the 2010 United States Census . The state was named for the Colorado River , which early Spanish explorers named the Río Colorado ( Red River ) for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains . The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28 , 1861 , and on August 1 , 1876 , U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state . Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state one century after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence . Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north , Nebraska to the northeast , Kansas to the east , Oklahoma to the southeast , New Mexico to the south , Utah to the west , and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners . Colorado is noted for its vivid landscape of mountains , forests , high plains , mesas , canyons , plateaus , rivers and desert lands . Colorado is part of the western and southwestern United States and is one of the Mountain States . Denver is the capital and most populous city of Colorado . Residents of the state are known as Coloradans , although the antiquated term Coloradoan is occasionally used .'}]}, {'value': 'KFCS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cairns Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cairns_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Cairns Army Airfield ( IATA : OZR , ICAO : KOZR , FAA LID : OZR ) is a military airport forming a part of Fort Rucker , in Dale County , Alabama , USA and is owned by the United States Army . The airfield is south of the town of Daleville , which sits between it and the main post .'}]}, {'value': 'Fort Rucker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Rucker', 'summary': 'Fort Rucker is a U.S. Army post located primarily in Dale County , Alabama , United States . It was named for a Civil War officer , Confederate General Edmund Rucker . The post is the primary flight training installation for U.S. Army Aviators and is home to the United States Army Aviation Center of Excellence ( USAACE ) and the United States Army Aviation Museum . Small sections of the post also lie in Coffee , Geneva , and Houston counties . Part of the Dale County section of the base is a census-designated place ; its population was 4,636 at the 2010 census . The main post has entrances from three bordering cities , Daleville , Ozark and Enterprise . In the years before the September 11 , 2001 attacks , the main post ( except airfields and other restricted areas ) was an open post with unmanned gates allowing civilians to drive through . Following the attacks , this policy was changed , and the post is now closed to unauthorized traffic and visitors .'}]}, {'value': 'Alabama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ozark,_Alabama', 'summary': 'Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Dale County , Alabama , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population of the city was 14,907 . Ozark is the principal city of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area known as the Wiregrass , as well as a part of the Dothan-Enterprise-Ozark Combined Statistical Area . Fort Rucker , the primary flight training base for Army Aviation , abuts Ozark .'}]}, {'value': 'KOZR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Blanding Army Airfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camp Blanding', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Blanding', 'summary': "Camp Blanding Joint Training Center is the primary military reservation and training base for the Florida National Guard , both the Florida Army National Guard and certain non-flying activities of the Florida Air National Guard . The installation is located in Clay County , Florida near the city of Starke . The site measures approximately 73,000 acres ( 300 km2 ) and includes Kingsley Lake . It also hosts other Reserve , Army National Guard , Air National Guard , and some Active Component training for the U.S. Armed Forces . Additionally , Camp Blanding serves as a training center for many ROTC units , both Army and Naval , as well as serving for the Florida Wing Summer Encampment for the Civil Air Patrol/US Air Force Auxiliary 's Cadet Program each year . Jacksonville University and University of South Florida NROTC Battalions continue to conduct their week-long orientation at Camp Blanding each August before the college semester starts . Camp Blanding also hosts the Audie Murphy Field Training Exercise where Army ROTC units from more than a dozen Florida , Georgia , and Puerto Rican universities gather to conduct a five-day field problem focusing on small-unit tactics , land navigation , and leadership development every April . Camp Blanding is the primary training site for most of the Florida National Guard 's military units and the main combat arms brigade , the 53rd Infantry Brigade of the Florida Army National Guard . It is also home to the headquarters and support companies of the 3-20th Special Forces Group , the 211th Infantry Regiment , and the 2-111th Airfield Operations Battalion ( AOB ) of the 111th Aviation Regiment . Camp Blanding also houses several non-flying units of the Florida Air National Guard , including the 202nd RED HORSE Squadron , 159th Weather Flight , 131st Training Flight , and the joint Army/Air Force 44th Civil Support Team . The base is also a training location for several counter-drug units and law enforcement agencies in Florida and functions as the alternate Emergency Operations Center ( EOC ) for the state of Florida . Weapons ranges at Camp Blanding include : - 50 live fire ranges capable of handling all weapons systems organic to a Light Infantry Brigade including Mortars and Artillery ; - 5 Automated Ranges for small arms and handgun qualification ; - a Crew Combat Range ; - 4 Platoon/Squad Movement to Contact ranges ( 400 by 800 meters ) Training Areas include three Major Maneuver Areas with a total of 55,000 acres ( 220 km2 ) plus of varied topography - planted pine plantations , swamps , oak hammocks , desert like terrain - with minimal environmental restrictions , with the ability to support a Light Infantry Brigade plus one Battalion of aggressors ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida', 'summary': "Florida ( /ˈflɒrɪdə/ ( listen ) , Spanish pronunciation : [ floˈɾiða ] ) is the southernmost contiguous state in the United States . The state is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico , to the northwest by Alabama , to the north by Georgia , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , and to the south by the Straits of Florida . Florida is the 22nd-most extensive ( 65,755 sq mi or 170,300 km2 ) , the 3rd-most populous ( 21,477,737 inhabitants ) , and the 8th-most densely populated ( 384.3/sq mi or 148.4/km2 ) of the U.S. states . Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and the largest city by area in the contiguous United States . The Miami metropolitan area is Florida 's most populous urban area , with its capital being Tallahassee . Florida 's $ 1.0 trillion economy is the fourth largest in the United States . If it were a country , Florida would be the 16th largest economy in the world , and the 58th most populous as of 2018 [ update ] . In 2017 , Florida 's per capita personal income was $ 47,684 , ranking 26th in the nation . The unemployment rate in September 2018 was 3.5% and ranked as the 18th in the United States . Florida exports nearly $ 55 billion in goods made in the state , the 8th highest among all states . The Miami Metropolitan Area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States with a GDP of $ 345 billion as of 2017 [ update ] . This is more than twice the number of the next metro area , the Tampa Bay Area , which has a GDP of $ 145 billion ."}]}, {'value': '2CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campbell Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campbell_Army_Airfield', 'summary': "Campbell Army Airfield ( IATA : HOP , ICAO : KHOP , FAA LID : HOP ) is a military airport at Fort Campbell , which is located near Hopkinsville , a city in Christian County , Kentucky , United States . Previously Campbell Air Force Base , a U.S. Air Force installation from 1947 to 1959 , this U.S. Army airfield has two asphalt paved runways : 5/23 is 11,826 by 200 feet ( 3,605 × 61 m ) and 18/36 is 4,500 by 150 feet ( 1,372 × 46 m ) . The airfield currently houses UH-60 , CH-47 , AH-64 , and OH-58 helicopters of the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade and MH-60 , MH-47 , and MH-6 helicopters of the 160th SOAR . It is also home to elements of the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade . Before 2004 , all the 101st Airborne Division 's Chinooks were in 7th Battalion , 101st Aviation Regiment , and the specialized hangar for those aircraft was built on CAAF . With the division of those aircraft between the two brigades , a Chinook hangar does not yet exist on the 159th 's new home on Saber Army Heliport at the opposite end of post ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Campbell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Campbell', 'summary': 'Fort Campbell ( located in Kentucky ) is a United States Army installation located astride the Kentucky-Tennessee border between Hopkinsville , Kentucky and Clarksville , Tennessee . Fort Campbell is home to the 101st Airborne Division and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . The fort is named in honor of Union Army Brigadier General William Bowen Campbell , the last Whig Governor of Tennessee .'}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hopkinsville,_Kentucky', 'summary': 'Hopkinsville is a home rule-class city in and the county seat of Christian County , Kentucky , United States . The population at the 2010 census was 31,577 .'}]}, {'value': 'KHOP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Condron Army Airfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White Sands Missile Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range', 'summary': 'White Sands Missile Range ( WSMR ) is a military testing area operated by the United States Army . The range was originally established as the White Sands Proving Ground on July 9 , 1945 .'}]}, {'value': 'New Mexico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_Sands,_New_Mexico', 'summary': 'White Sands is a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Doña Ana County , New Mexico , United States . It consists of the main residential area on the White Sands Missile Range . As of the 2010 census the population of the CDP was 1,651 . It is part of the Las Cruces Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'KWSD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davison Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davison_Army_Airfield', 'summary': "Davison Army Airfield or Davison AAF ( IATA : DAA , ICAO : KDAA , FAA LID : DAA ) is a military use airport serving Fort Belvoir , in Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . The airfield is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) southwest of Washington , D.C . It was named for noted World War II aviation engineer Brig . Gen. Donald Angus Davison . The airfield provided support for Army One from 1957 to 1976 for presidents Dwight Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson , Richard Nixon , and Gerald Ford . Its role of support for the presidential helicopter ended in 1976 when responsibility for the helicopter was transferred entirely to the United States Marine Corps . The 12th Aviation Battalion ( part of The Army Aviation Brigade , TAAB ) now operates Davison AAF and the Pentagon helicopter pad . The battalions 18 UH-60 Blackhwaks including 4 VH-60 models ( Gold Tops ) is responsible for priority regional transport for US Army and Pentagon senior leadership . The Civil Air Patrol National Capitol Wing uses a small tower for use during exercises and flights , and bases their 4 Cessna 172 and 182 's there ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Belvoir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Belvoir', 'summary': 'Fort Belvoir /ˈbɛlvwɑːr/ is a United States Army installation and a census-designated place ( CDP ) in Fairfax County , Virginia , United States . It was developed on the site of the former Belvoir plantation , seat of the prominent Fairfax family for whom Fairfax County was named . Fort Belvoir is home to a number of significant United States military organizations . With nearly twice as many workers as The Pentagon , Fort Belvoir is the largest employer in Fairfax County . Fort Belvoir comprises three geographically distinct areas : main base , Davison Army Airfield , and Fort Belvoir North .'}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'KDAA', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dawson Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dawson_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Camp Dawson is a West Virginia Army National Guard facility in Preston County , West Virginia , USA . It is home to Company C of 2nd Battalion , 19th Special Forces Group . Camp Dawson was established on May 7 , 1909 , when the West Virginia Legislature authorized the purchase of 196.5 acres ( 0.795 km2 ) of land on Dunkard Bottom along the Cheat River . The camp was named in honor of William M. O. Dawson , a native of Preston County , who had served as governor of the state from 1905-1908 . Troops first trained at Camp Dawson during that summer and continued until the entry of the U.S. into World War I in 1917 . The camp was not used again until 1928 when it was reestablished as a training site for the West Virginia State Militia . Units trained regularly at the camp until the outbreak of World War II at which time the state government leased the camp for use as a prisoner of war facility . Since the original land purchase , six additional tracts have been acquired by the installation bringing the total acreage to 4,177.5 acres ( 16.906 km2 ) . Training opportunities that are unique to the site and its environs , such as the very rugged local terrain , have attracted U.S Army units and sister military services ( both Active and Reserve ) for many years .'}]}, {'value': 'Camp Dawson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camp_Dawson_(West_Virginia)', 'summary': 'Camp Dawson is a West Virginia Army National Guard facility in Preston County , West Virginia , USA . It is home to Company C of 2nd Battalion , 19th Special Forces Group . Camp Dawson was established on May 7 , 1909 , when the West Virginia Legislature authorized the purchase of 196.5 acres ( 0.795 km2 ) of land on Dunkard Bottom along the Cheat River . The camp was named in honor of William M. O. Dawson , a native of Preston County , who had served as governor of the state from 1905-1908 . Troops first trained at Camp Dawson during that summer and continued until the entry of the U.S. into World War I in 1917 . The camp was not used again until 1928 when it was reestablished as a training site for the West Virginia State Militia . Units trained regularly at the camp until the outbreak of World War II at which time the state government leased the camp for use as a prisoner of war facility . Since the original land purchase , six additional tracts have been acquired by the installation bringing the total acreage to 4,177.5 acres ( 16.906 km2 ) . Training opportunities that are unique to the site and its environs , such as the very rugged local terrain , have attracted U.S Army units and sister military services ( both Active and Reserve ) for many years .'}]}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kingwood,_West_Virginia', 'summary': 'Kingwood is a city in and the county seat of Preston County , West Virginia , United States , Founded in 1815 , Kingwood is part of the Morgantown , WV Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 2,939 at the 2010 census . Kingwood is home to the West Virginia Zoo .'}]}, {'value': '3G5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dillingham Army Airfield', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dillingham Military Reservation', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hawaii', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokuleia,_Hawaii', 'summary': 'Mokulēʻia is a North Shore community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the Waialua District on the island of Oʻahu , City & County of Honolulu , Hawaiʻi , United States . Mokulēʻia means isle ( of ) abundance in Hawaiian . As of the 2010 Census , the CDP had a population of 1,811 . Features of interest here include Mokulēʻia Beach , Mokulēʻia Polo Field , and Dillingham Airfield located west of the town .'}]}, {'value': 'PHDH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dyess Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dyess_Army_Airfield', 'summary': 'Freeflight International Airport , also known as Dyess Army Airfield , is a military airbase at Roi-Namur on Kwajalein Atoll , Marshall Islands . It is owned by the United States Army . This airport is assigned the location identifier ROI by the FAA , but has received no designation by the IATA .'}]}, {'value': 'Reagan Test Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site', 'summary': 'The Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site , commonly referred to as the Reagan Test Site ( formerly Kwajalein Missile Range ) , is a missile test range in Marshall Islands ( Pacific Ocean ) . It covers about 750,000 square miles ( 1,900,000 km2 ) and includes rocket launch sites at the Kwajalein Atoll ( on multiple islands ) , Wake Island , and Aur Atoll . It primarily functions as a test facility for U.S. missile defense and space research programs . The Reagan Test Site is under the command of the US Army Kwajalein Atoll , or USAKA ( pronounced /uːˈsɑːkə/ ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Marshall Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marshall_Islands', 'summary': "The Marshall Islands , officially the Republic of the Marshall Islands ( Marshallese : Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ ) , [ note 1 ] is an island country and a United States associated state near the equator in the Pacific Ocean , slightly west of the International Date Line . Geographically , the country is part of the larger island group of Micronesia . The country 's population of 58,413 people ( at the 2018 World Bank Census ) is spread out over 29 coral atolls , comprising 1,156 individual islands and islets . The capital and largest city is Majuro . The islands share maritime boundaries with the Wake Island to the north , [ note 2 ] Kiribati to the southeast , Nauru to the south , and Federated States of Micronesia to the west . About 52.3% of Marshall Islanders ( 27,797 at the 2011 Census ) live on Majuro . Data from the United Nations indicates an estimated population in 2018 of 58,413 . In 2016 , 73.3% of the population were defined as being urban . The UN also indicates a population density of 295 per km2 ( 765 people per mi2 ) and its projected 2020 population is 59,190 . Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC , with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts . They eventually settled here . Islands in the archipelago were first explored by Europeans in the 1520s , starting with Ferdinand Magellan , a Portuguese explorer in the service of Spain , Juan Sebastián Elcano and Miguel de Saavedra ."}]}, {'value': 'PKRO', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felker Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felker_Army_Airfield', 'summary': "Joint Base Langley-Eustis ( IATA : LFI , ICAO : KLFI , FAA LID : LFI ) is a United States military facility located adjacent to Hampton and Newport News , Virginia . The base is an amalgamation of the United States Air Force 's Langley Air Force Base and the United States Army 's Fort Eustis which were merged on 1 October 2010 . The base was established in accordance with congressional legislation implementing the recommendations of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission . The legislation ordered the consolidation of the two facilities which were nearby , but separate military installations , into a single Joint Base , one of 12 formed in the United States as a result of the law . Unlike other joint bases that share common perimeters , the two components are geographically separated by 17 miles . In January 2010 , the Air Force reactivated the 633d Air Base Wing to assume host unit and installation support functions at each location . The installation assumed its full operational capability ( FOC ) in October 2010 . The 633rd ABW commander is Col. Sean K. Tyler , with Chief Master Sgt . Kennon D. Arnold as its command chief master sergeant . The 633rd ABW is responsible to Air Combat Command ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Eustis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Eustis', 'summary': "Fort Eustis is a United States Army installation in Newport News , Virginia . In 2010 , it was combined with nearby Langley Air Force Base to form Joint Base Langley-Eustis . The post is the home to the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command , and also home to the U.S. Army Aviation Logistics School . Fort Eustis is the home of the Army Aviation Logistics School and 7th Transportation Brigade . Other significant tenants include the Army Training Support Center ( ATSC ) and the Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate ( AATD ) . At Fort Eustis and Fort Story , officers and enlisted soldiers receive education and on-the-job training in all modes of transportation , aviation maintenance , logistics and deployment doctrine and research . The headquarters of the Army Transportation Corps was at Fort Eustis until 2010 when it moved to Fort Lee . In accordance with the 2005 BRAC legislation , The administration of Fort Eustis was passed to the 633d Air Base Wing ( USAF . ) The 733d Mission Support Group manages the installation 's garrison operations ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': 'KFAF', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forney Army Airfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forney_Army_Airfield', 'summary': "Waynesville-St. Robert Regional Airport ( IATA : TBN , ICAO : KTBN , FAA LID : TBN ) , also known as Forney Field , is a public and military use airport located at Fort Leonard Wood in Pulaski County , Missouri , United States . The airport 's passenger terminal is operated under the control of the U.S. Army and general aviation is under the direction of a board named by the cities of Waynesville and St. Robert . Formerly known as Waynesville Regional Airport at Forney Field , it is served by one commercial airline with scheduled service subsidized by the Essential Air Service program . It is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017-2021 , which categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport ( between 2,500 and 10,000 enplanements per year ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Fort Leonard Wood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Leonard_Wood_(military_base)', 'summary': "Fort Leonard Wood is a U.S. Army training installation located in the Missouri Ozarks . The main gate is located on the southern boundary of St. Robert . The post was created in December 1940 and named in honor of General Leonard Wood ( former Chief of Staff ) in January 1941 . Originally intended to train infantry troops , in 1941 it became an engineer training post with the creation of the Engineer Replacement Training Center . During World War II Italian and German POWs were interned at the fort . In 1984 , as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process , most of the U.S. Army Engineer School 's operations were consolidated at Fort Leonard Wood . Before that , officer training was conducted at Fort Belvoir , Virginia . In 1999 , again as part of the Base Realignment and Closure process , Fort McClellan , Alabama was closed , and the U.S. Army Chemical Corps and Military Police Corps schools were transferred to Fort Leonard Wood , which was concurrently redesignated the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center . In 2009 , the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center was redesignated the U.S. Army Maneuver Support Center of Excellence ( MSCoE ) ; the center of excellence designation was placed on almost all U.S. Army training institutions . The current commanding general is Major General Donna Martin and the command sergeant major is Command Sergeant Major James Breckinridge ."}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri', 'summary': "Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States . With over six million residents , it is the 18th-most populous state of the Union . The largest urban areas are St. Louis , Kansas City , Springfield and Columbia ; the capital is Jefferson City . The state is the 21st-most extensive in area . Missouri is bordered by eight states ( tied for the most with Tennessee ) : Iowa to the north , Illinois , Kentucky and Tennessee ( via the Mississippi River ) to the east , Arkansas to the south and Oklahoma , Kansas and Nebraska to the west . In the south are the Ozarks , a forested highland , providing timber , minerals and recreation . The Missouri River , after which the state is named , flows through the center of the state into the Mississippi River , which makes up Missouri 's eastern border . Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years . The Mississippian culture built cities and mounds , before declining in the 14th century . When European explorers arrived in the 17th century , they encountered the Osage and Missouria nations . The French established Louisiana , a part of New France , founding Ste . Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764 ."}]}, {'value': 'KTBN', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Active -- United States and Territories', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Army_airfields_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of United States Army airfields.'}
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What is the ICAO of the airfield that provided support for Army One from 1957 to 1976 for presidents Dwight Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , Lyndon Johnson , Richard Nixon , and Gerald Ford ?
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KDAA
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034cbc8bdaba165f
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'title': 'List of members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame', 'header': ['Year', 'Inductee', 'Achievements'], 'data': [{'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matthew P. Pat Kennedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_P._Kennedy', 'summary': 'Matthew P. Pat Kennedy ( January 28 , 1908 - June 16 , 1957 ) was an American basketball referee . A native of Hoboken , New Jersey , Kennedy officiated over 4,000 games from the 1928 to 1957 . He worked for the NBA , NCAA , and Harlem Globetrotters and became well known for his intense , theatrical style of calling plays . He also coached the Harlem Globetrotters . Kennedy was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959 , becoming the first referee to earn such honors .'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated high school , college , and professional games ( 1924-56 ) ; officiated in NCAA and NIT tournaments ; BAA/NBA supervisor of referees ( 1946-50 ) ; officiated for the Harlem Globetrotters ( 1950-56 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters', 'summary': "The Harlem Globetrotters are an American exhibition basketball team . They combine athleticism , theater , and comedy in their style of play . Over the years , they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 124 countries and territories . The team 's signature song is Brother Bones ' whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown . Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie . The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year . The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment . The executive offices for the team are located in the Atlanta suburb of Peachtree Corners ."}]}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George T. Hepbron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Hepbron', 'summary': "George T. Hepbron ( August 27 , 1863 in Still Pond , Maryland , US - April 30 , 1946 in Newark , New Jersey ) was a basketball referee . He is credited with writing the game 's first book , How to Play Basketball , in 1904 . Hepbron was a close friend of Dr. James Naismith , and subsequently played a major role in the early development of the game , especially in the area of rules . Hepbron held leadership roles with the Amateur Athletic Union Basketball Committee ( 1896 ) and the National Basketball Rules Committee ( 1915-1933 ) . Hepbron was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1960 as a referee ."}]}, {'value': 'Conducted first national rules seminar ; editor of AAU Basketball Guide ( 1901-14 ) ; secretary of the Olympic Basketball Committee ( 1903 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George H. Hoyt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Hoyt', 'summary': "George Hoyt ( August 9 , 1883 - November 11 , 1962 ) was a basketball referee . He had the moniker of Mr. Basketball . A tireless worker , Hoyt 's talents were not merely requested , but demanded . He would often officiate two games a day at both the high school and college level . A champion in developing a uniform set of rules and procedures , Hoyt penned The Theory and Practice of Basketball Officiating , a classic textbook that discussed many officiating distinctions , including the difference between Eastern and Western referees ."}]}, {'value': 'Founded Eastern Massachusetts Board of Approved Basketball Officials ; founded New England Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ; chief of officials for the Eastern Massachusetts High School Tournament ; refereed high school and college games', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernest C. Quigley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernest_C._Quigley', 'summary': "Ernest Cosmos Quigley ( March 22 , 1880 - December 10 , 1960 ) was a Canadian-born American sports official who became notable both as a basketball referee and as an umpire in Major League Baseball . He also worked as an American football coach and official . Born in Canada and raised in Concordia , Kansas , Quigley attended college and law school at the University of Kansas . There he played college basketball under the game 's inventor , James Naismith . He became the head football coach at Kansas Wesleyan University and then the athletic director at the University of Kansas . Quigley refereed college basketball for 40 years and umpired more than 3,000 Major League Baseball games . As a college football official , he worked in several bowl games and served on the Rules Committee of the NCAA for several years . Quigley died in Kansas in 1960 ."}]}, {'value': 'Supervisor of NCAA tournament officials ( 1940-42 ) ; member of NCAA Football Rules Committee ( 1946-54 ) ; officiated more than 1,500 games in 40-year career ; was Major League Baseball umpire for 25 years', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball', 'summary': "Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization . It is the oldest of the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in Major League Baseball : 15 teams in the National League ( NL ) and 15 in the American League ( AL ) . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 , respectively . Beginning in 1903 , the two leagues cooperated but remained legally separate entities . In 2000 the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball . MLB also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises 256 teams affiliated with the major league clubs . MLB and the World Baseball Softball Confederation jointly manage the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all-professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings founded in 1869 . Before that , some teams had secretly paid some players . The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 is known as the dead-ball era , during which players would rarely hit home runs ."}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Dave Tobey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Tobey', 'summary': 'David or Dave Tobey may refer to :'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in the Eastern Intercollegiate Conference , the Eastern Conference , the Ivy League , and in the National Invitation Tournament ; Executive Committee of the New York City High School Coaches Association ; honorary member of the International Association of Approved Basketball Officials ( IAABO )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David H. Walsh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Walsh_(referee)', 'summary': 'David H. Walsh ( October 5 , 1889 - June 2 , 1975 ) was an American basketball referee . He was born in Hoboken , New Jersey . As an adult , he weighed 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) and was 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.80 m ) tall . He graduated from Hoboken High School in 1907 , Montclair Teachers College ( now Montclair State University ) in 1911 , and the Sargent School of Physical Education in 1914 . He began officiating in 1911 , starting at high schools and working his way up until he was ranked one of the top six referees in the Eastern seaboard . He also co-authored the first ever Manual of Basketball Officiating . He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1961 as a referee .'}]}, {'value': 'New Jersey State championship at Hoboken High School ( 1924 ) ; Associate Director of Collegiate Basketball Officials Bureau ( 1941-56 ) ; co-author of first Manual of Basketball Officiating ; officiated in the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball Conference and the Eastern Conference', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John P. Nucatola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Nucatola', 'summary': 'John Nucatola ( November 17 , 1907 - May 9 , 2000 ) was a professional basketball player , coach and referee . He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on 1 May 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in 18 NCAA tournaments , in 18 National Invitation Tournaments ; original referee in the BAA and NBA ( 1946-54 ) ; officiated in the Olympics ( Helsinki , 1952 , Melbourne , 1956 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the third appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . 23 nations entered the competition . The top six teams at the 1948 Summer Olympics qualified automatically , as did the winners of the 1950 FIBA World Championship ( Argentina ) , the top two teams at the 1951 EuroBasket ( USSR and Czechoslovakia ) , and the host country ( Finland ) . Thirteen other nations competed in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen-team Olympic tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1956 Summer Olympics was the fourth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . Fifteen nations , an unusually low number for the basketball tournament , competed in the event , with 174 participants . A total number of 56 games of basketball were played . The teams were divided into four pools , with four teams in three of the pools and only three in the fourth . Every team played against each other team in its pool once . The top two teams from each pool advanced to the quarterfinals , where again they were split into pools of four . Teams again played every other team in their pool , with the top two in each advancing to the semifinal and the bottom two entering a pool for 5th through 8th places . Eliminated teams also played in consolation matches with the same structure as the quarterfinals and finals , but for 9th through 15th places . The games were held at the Royal Exhibition Building .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James E. Jim Enright', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Enright', 'summary': "James Enright ( April 3 , 1910 - December 20 , 1981 ) was a college and professional basketball referee and sportswriter . He was born in Sodus , Michigan and began officiating at 20 years old . After retiring in 1964 from a refereeing career that saw him officiate the 1954 NCAA tournament Final Four and the 1948 and 1952 Olympic basketball qualifying tournaments , Enright resumed a career he had abandoned for refereeing in 1930 and covered basketball and baseball for such publications as The Sporting News and the Chicago Evening American . In 1968 , Enright became president of the United States Basketball Writers ' Association and , in 1978 , in view of his contributions to the game of basketball as a referee , Enright was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . He is also a member of the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in Olympic playoffs ( London , 1948 , Helsinki , 1952 ) , in NCAA Final Four ( 1954 ) , in NCAA regional tournaments ( 1952 , 1953 ) ; officiated two Major League Baseball All-Star Games ( 1950 , 1962 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1948_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1948 Summer Olympics was the second appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . A total number of 23 nations entered the competition . Olympic basketball returned to indoor competition in Harringay Arena , after the disastrous weather conditions of the final game in the 1936 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1952_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1952 Summer Olympics was the third appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . 23 nations entered the competition . The top six teams at the 1948 Summer Olympics qualified automatically , as did the winners of the 1950 FIBA World Championship ( Argentina ) , the top two teams at the 1951 EuroBasket ( USSR and Czechoslovakia ) , and the host country ( Finland ) . Thirteen other nations competed in a preliminary round to determine the last six places in the sixteen-team Olympic tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The Major League Baseball All-Star Game , also known as the Midsummer Classic , is an annual professional baseball game sanctioned by Major League Baseball ( MLB ) contested between the All-Stars from the American League ( AL ) and National League ( NL ) , currently selected by fans for starting fielders , by managers for pitchers , and by managers and players for reserves . The game usually occurs on either the second or third Tuesday in July , and is meant to mark a symbolic halfway-point in the MLB season ( though not the mathematical halfway-point which , for most seasons , is usually found within the previous calendar week ) . Both of the major leagues share an All-Star break , with no regular-season games scheduled on the day before or two days after the All-Star Game itself . Some additional events and festivities associated with the game take place each year close to and during this break in the regular season . No official MLB All-Star Game was held in 1945 including the official selection of players due to World War II travel restrictions . Two All-Star Games were held each season from 1959 to 1962 . The most recent All-Star Game was held on July 9 , 2019 , at Progressive Field , home of the American League 's Cleveland Indians . The 2020 and 2021 All-Star Games are scheduled to be held in Los Angeles and Atlanta , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Dallas Shirley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Shirley', 'summary': "Dallas Shirley ( June 7 , 1913 in Washington , D.C. , US - March 1 , 1994 ) was a basketball referee . He officiated more than 2000 basketball games in his 33-year career , which ended in 1966 . He was the International Association of Approved Basketball Officials president from 1952 to 1953 . He took part in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome , officiating basketball . He was a member of the first NBA officiating crew . He was enshrined in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1980 . In 1994 , Shirley donated a collection of documents and memorabilia to The George Washington University . The collection includes pennants , patches , trophies , media guides , scrapbooks , and photographs . It is currently under the care of GW 's Special Collections Research Center , located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library ."}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in the Olympics ( Rome , 1960 ) ; chief official of Pan American Games ( 1959 ) ; Chairman of U.S. Olympic Basketball Officials Committee ( 1976 ) ; conducted clinics in the U.S. and 13 foreign countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics was the fifth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . 16 nations were admitted into the Olympic tournament , with many others being eliminated in a pre-Olympic tournament held earlier in the year from 13 to 20 August 1960 at the Land Rover Arena at Bologna . 64 games of basketball were played in the Olympic tournament that was held at the Palazzetto dello Sport and PalaLottomatica , both in Rome . The 16 teams were split up into four groups for the preliminary round . Each team played every other team in its group once . The top two teams in each group advanced to the semifinals in two pools of four , while the lower two teams were sent to a consolation semifinal for 9th through 16th place . In the semifinal , each team again played every other team in its pool , none of which it had played against previously . The top two teams in each of the two semifinals moved on to the final , with the lower two teams in each playing in a classification for 5th through 8th place . The consolation semifinal worked the same way , with the top two teams moving into a classification for 9th through 12th place and the lower two playing in classification for 13th through 16th places . For the final , each of the four teams had already played against one of the other three in the semifinal . The results of those games carried over into the final and each team played the remaining two finalists once ( even though the teams may have played each other in the preliminary round , those results were not carried over ) . The results of that pool determined final ranking .'}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lloyd R. Leith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Leith', 'summary': "Lloyd R. Leith ( December 7 , 1902 - September 30 , 1979 ) was an American basketball referee and high school coach . The San Francisco , California native officiated 16 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships between 1939 and 1955 . He also served as head coach at Balboa High School ( 1931-36 ) , George Washington High School ( 1936-42 ) and Mission High School ( 1945-72 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Officiated NCAA championship game between Kentucky and Kansas State ( 1951 ) ; officiated in the NCAA tournament for 16 years ; became the tenth referee enshrined into the Hall ; supervisor of officials of the Pacific Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( 1955-62 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zigmund J . Red Mihalik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Mihalik', 'summary': "Zigmund John Red Mihalik ( September 22 , 1916 - September 25 , 1996 ) was an American basketball player and referee of Polish descent . He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1986 . He was born 30 miles north of Pittsburgh in Ford City , Pennsylvania , and took up refereeing when officials for a high school game failed to show up . During the 1940s , the 6 ' 1 Mihalik played professionally for the Pittsburgh Ironmen of the Basketball Association of America and the Youngstown Bears of the National Basketball League . He then embarked upon a long officiating career , working games for the NBA , NCAA , Summer Olympics . Mihalik was deemed the best official of the game on all levels in the 1950s by Dell Publications . He was widely considered just that until an on-court knee injury forced him into retirement in 1972 . Mihalik was inducted into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': 'Officiated 6 NCAA championship finals ; refereed 3 NAIA Finals and 3 NIT Finals ; officiated in the Olympics ( Tokyo , 1964 , Mexico City , 1968 ) ; best referee by Dell Publications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball contests at the 1964 Summer Olympics was the sixth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at the Yoyogi National Gymnasium in Tokyo , Japan from October 11 to October 23 . The United States defeated the Soviet Union to win their sixth straight gold medal at this event , while Brazil earned the bronze against Puerto Rico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1968_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball contests at the 1968 Summer Olympics was the seventh appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It took place at the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City , Mexico from October 13 to October 25 , 1968 . The United States defeated Yugoslavia to win their seventh straight gold medal in this sport , while the Soviet Union earned the bronze against Brazil .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Earl Strom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_Strom', 'summary': 'Earl Yogi Strom ( December 15 , 1927 - July 10 , 1994 ) was an American professional basketball referee for 29 years in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and for three years in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) . Strom is credited as one of the greatest referees in the history of the NBA and was known for his flamboyant style and ability to control the game . Nicknamed The Pied Piper , the assertive Strom made foul calls with his whistle by using a tweet-pause-tweet-tweet tune and pointing at the offending player . In addition to calling fouls with flair , he was known for ejecting players from games with style and he sometimes supported his rulings with physical force . Over the course of his career , he officiated 2,400 professional basketball regular season games , 295 playoff games , 7 All-Star games , and 29 NBA and ABA Finals . For his extensive contributions to the game , Strom was posthumously elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in 7 NBA All-Star Games , in 29 NBA and ABA Finals ; officiated in 2,400 regular season and 295 playoff games ; NBA crew chief ( 1967-68 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marvin Mendy Rudolph', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mendy_Rudolph', 'summary': "Marvin Mendy Rudolph ( March 8 , 1926 - July 4 , 1979 ) was an American professional basketball referee in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for 22 years , from 1953 to 1975 . Regarded as one of the greatest officials in NBA history , [ citation needed ] Rudolph officiated 2,112 NBA games ( a record held at retirement ) and was the first league referee to work 2,000 games . He was also selected to referee eight NBA All-Star Games and made 22 consecutive NBA Finals appearances . Following his career as a referee , he was a color commentator for CBS Sports 's coverage of the NBA on CBS for two seasons from 1975 to 1977 and he appeared in a television advertisement for Miller Lite . He was a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'Officiated 2,112 NBA games , a record at the time of his retirement ; first referee to officiate more than 2,000 NBA games ; referee of 8 NBA All-Star Games and at least 1 game of the NBA Finals for 22 consecutive seasons ; NBA Head of Officials', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association All-Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and showcases 24 of the league 's star players . It is the featured event of NBA All-Star Weekend , a three-day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All-Star Game was first played at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 . The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while head coaches choose the reserves , seven players from their respective conferences , so each side has a 12-man roster . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player can not participate because of injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . Starting in 2018 , the leading vote-getters for each conference are designated as team captains and can choose from the pool of All-Star reserves to form their teams regardless of conference . LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first players to choose teams through the new format , selecting players for the 2018 NBA All-Star Game in a non-televised draft on January 25 . Likely due to fan interest in the draft process , captains for the 2019 All-Star Game , James and Giannis Antetokounmpo , drafted their teams live on TNT . The teams also play for a charity of their choice to help the games remain competitive . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All-Star Game , with a prohibition against consecutive appearances . Known as the Riley Rule , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The NBA Finals is the annual championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Eastern and Western conference champions play a best-of-seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A . Brown Trophy in 1983 . The series was initially known as the BAA Finals prior to the 1949-50 season when the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) to form the NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1985 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . Since 2018 , it has been officially known as the NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV for sponsorship reasons . The NBA Finals was initially structured in a 2-2-1-1-1 format . In 1985 , to ease the amount of cross-country travel , it was changed to a 2-3-2 format , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home-court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . In 2014 , the 2-2-1-1-1 format was restored . The first two games are played the higher-seeded team 's home , the following two at the home of the lower-seeded team , and the remaining three are played at each team 's home arena alternately . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals , with the Toronto Raptors winning in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hank Nichols', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hank_Nichols', 'summary': "Henry O. Hammerin ' Hank Nichols ( born July 20 , 1936 ) was an American college basketball referee and later supervisor of officials . In 2012 , he was inducted as a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Nichols is also a member of the Philadelphia Big 5 Hall of Fame , Villanova Athletic Hall of Fame , the Philadelphia Athletic Hall of Fame , the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame , and the Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame . He officiated 10 National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Final Fours , a record 6 NCAA Men 's Basketball National Championships , 3 NIT Finals , 2 Olympic Games and 1 European Championships . He was also the first official to work both the NIT and NCAA Championship Basketball Finals in a single year , and the first National Coordinator of Officials . Since 2004 , he has worked as an Umpire Observer for Major League Baseball ."}]}, {'value': "Officiated six NCAA men 's Division I championship games , including 1975 ( the final game of John Wooden ) and 1979 ( the start of the rivalry between Larry Bird and Magic Johnson ) , and 10 Final Fours ; only official to work the NCAA and NIT championship games in the same year ; first NCAA Coordinator of Men 's Basketball Officials ( 1986 ) ; often called the John Wooden of officials", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Wooden', 'summary': "John Robert Wooden ( October 14 , 1910 - June 4 , 2010 ) was an American basketball player and head coach at the University of California , Los Angeles . Nicknamed the Wizard of Westwood , he won ten NCAA national championships in a 12-year period as head coach at UCLA , including a record seven in a row . No other team has won more than four in a row in Division 1 college men 's or women 's basketball . Within this period , his teams won an NCAA men 's basketball record 88 consecutive games . Wooden won the prestigious Henry Iba Award as national coach of the year a record seven times and won the AP award five times . He also won a Helms national championship ( which was decided by a poll ) at Purdue as a player 1931-1932 . As a 5'10 guard , Wooden was the first player to be named basketball All-American three times , and the 1932 Purdue team on which he played as a senior was retroactively recognized as the pre-NCAA Tournament national champion by the Helms Athletic Foundation and the Premo-Porretta Power Poll . Wooden was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a player ( 1960 ) and as a coach ( 1973 ) , the first person ever enshrined in both categories . ( Lenny Wilkens , Bill Sharman and Tommy Heinsohn are the only other basketball players who have since achieved the same honors . ) One of the most revered coaches in the history of sports , Wooden was beloved by his former players , among them Lew Alcindor ( later Kareem Abdul-Jabbar ) and Bill Walton . Wooden was renowned for his short , simple inspirational messages to his players , including his Pyramid of Success . These often were directed at how to be a success in life as well as in basketball ."}, {'url': "/wiki/1979_NCAA_Men's_Division_I_Basketball_Championship_Game", 'summary': "The 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Championship Game was the final of the 1979 NCAA Division I Basketball Tournament and determined the national champion for the 1978-79 season . [ a ] The game was held on March 26 , at the Special Events Center ( now the Jon M. Huntsman Center ) at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City , Utah . In the game , the Indiana State Sycamores of the Missouri Valley Conference faced the Michigan State Spartans of the Big Ten Conference . The Sycamores entered the contest undefeated for the season , while the Spartans had six losses . Spartans guard Magic Johnson and Sycamores forward Larry Bird competed against each other for the first time ; the pair developed a rivalry in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) in the 1980s . Michigan State won 75-64 to claim the school 's first national championship in men 's basketball . The 1979 NCAA tournament final had the highest Nielsen ratings of any game in the history of American basketball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Larry_Bird', 'summary': "Larry Joe Bird ( born December 7 , 1956 ) is an American former professional basketball player , former coach , and former executive who most recently served as President of Basketball Operations for the Indiana Pacers in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Nicknamed The Hick from French Lick , Bird is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time . Drafted into the NBA by the Boston Celtics with the sixth overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft , Bird started at small forward and power forward for the Celtics for 13 seasons . Bird was a 12-time NBA All-Star and received the NBA Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times ( 1984-1986 ) . He played his entire professional career for Boston , winning three NBA championships and two NBA Finals MVP awards . Bird was also a member of the gold-medal-winning 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team known as The Dream Team . He was voted to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996 , was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1998 , and was inducted into the Hall of Fame again in 2010 as a member of The Dream Team . After retiring as a player , Bird served as head coach of the Indiana Pacers from 1997 to 2000 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year for the 1997-1998 season and later led the Pacers to a berth in the 2000 NBA Finals . In 2003 , Bird was named President of Basketball Operations for the Pacers , holding the position until retiring in 2012 . He was named NBA Executive of the Year for the 2012 season . Bird returned to the Pacers as President of Basketball Operations in 2013 and remained in that role until 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Magic_Johnson', 'summary': "Earvin Magic Johnson Jr. ( born August 14 , 1959 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and former president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played point guard for the Lakers for 13 seasons . After winning championships in high school and college , Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA draft by the Lakers . He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season , and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s . Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV , but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game , winning the All-Star MVP Award . After protests from his fellow players , he retired again for four years , but returned in 1996 , at age 36 , to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time . Johnson 's career achievements include three NBA MVP Awards , nine NBA Finals appearances , twelve All-Star games , and ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations . He led the league in regular-season assists four times , and is the NBA 's all-time leader in average assists per game , at 11.2 . Johnson was a member of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( The Dream Team ) , which won the Olympic gold medal in 1992 . After leaving the NBA in 1992 , Johnson formed the Magic Johnson All-Stars , a barnstorming team that traveled around the world playing exhibition games . Johnson was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . Johnson became a two-time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame - being enshrined in 2002 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as a member of the Dream Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament', 'summary': "The National Invitation Tournament ( NIT ) is a men 's college basketball tournament operated by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Played at regional sites and at Madison Square Garden ( Final Four ) in New York City each March and April , it was founded in 1938 and was originally the most prestigious post-season showcase for college basketball . Over time it became eclipsed by the NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament - now known informally as March Madness . The NIT has since been regarded more as a consolation tournament for teams that did not receive a berth in the NCAA tournament . A second , much more recent NIT tournament is played in November and known as the NIT Season Tip-Off . Formerly the Preseason NIT , it was founded in 1985 . Like the postseason NIT , its final rounds are played at Madison Square Garden . Both tournaments were operated by the Metropolitan Intercollegiate Basketball Association ( MIBA ) until 2005 , when they were purchased by the NCAA , and the MIBA disbanded . Unless otherwise qualified , the terms NIT or National Invitation Tournament refer to the post-season tournament in both common and official use ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Richard Dick Bavetta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Bavetta', 'summary': 'Richard W. Bavetta ( born December 10 , 1939 ) is an American retired professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Since starting in 1975 , he had never missed an assigned game and holds the league record for most officiated games with 2,635 . His game on April 12 , 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official .'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in the NBA for 39 years , never missing a game in his entire career ( 2,635 games ) , including 27 NBA Finals games , over 250 playoff games , and three All-Star Games ; first NBA official to call an Olympic game ( 1992 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBA_Finals', 'summary': "The NBA Finals is the annual championship series of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The Eastern and Western conference champions play a best-of-seven game series to determine the league champion . The winners of the Finals are awarded the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy , which replaced the Walter A . Brown Trophy in 1983 . The series was initially known as the BAA Finals prior to the 1949-50 season when the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) to form the NBA . The competition oversaw further name changes to NBA World Championship Series from 1950 to 1985 , as well as a brief stint as the Showdown , before settling on NBA Finals in 1986 . Since 2018 , it has been officially known as the NBA Finals presented by YouTube TV for sponsorship reasons . The NBA Finals was initially structured in a 2-2-1-1-1 format . In 1985 , to ease the amount of cross-country travel , it was changed to a 2-3-2 format , where the first two and last two games of the series were played at the arena of the team who earned home-court advantage by having the better record during the regular season . In 2014 , the 2-2-1-1-1 format was restored . The first two games are played the higher-seeded team 's home , the following two at the home of the lower-seeded team , and the remaining three are played at each team 's home arena alternately . A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals , with the Toronto Raptors winning in 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association All-Star Game is a basketball exhibition game hosted every February by the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and showcases 24 of the league 's star players . It is the featured event of NBA All-Star Weekend , a three-day event which goes from Friday to Sunday . The All-Star Game was first played at the Boston Garden on March 2 , 1951 . The starting lineup for each squad is selected by a combination of fan , player , and media voting , while head coaches choose the reserves , seven players from their respective conferences , so each side has a 12-man roster . Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players . If a selected player can not participate because of injury , the NBA commissioner selects a replacement . Starting in 2018 , the leading vote-getters for each conference are designated as team captains and can choose from the pool of All-Star reserves to form their teams regardless of conference . LeBron James and Stephen Curry became the first players to choose teams through the new format , selecting players for the 2018 NBA All-Star Game in a non-televised draft on January 25 . Likely due to fan interest in the draft process , captains for the 2019 All-Star Game , James and Giannis Antetokounmpo , drafted their teams live on TNT . The teams also play for a charity of their choice to help the games remain competitive . The head coach of the team with the best record in each conference is chosen to lead their respective conference in the All-Star Game , with a prohibition against consecutive appearances . Known as the Riley Rule , it was created after perennially successful Los Angeles Lakers head coach Pat Riley earned the right to coach the Western Conference team eight times in nine seasons between 1982 and 1990 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics was the thirteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It included the sport of basketball 's men 's and women 's competitions of the 1992 Summer Olympics . The games were played at the Pavelló Olímpic de Badalona . 12 men 's teams and 8 women 's teams participated in the tournament . This was the first time that NBA players were eligible to play in Summer Olympics basketball , following a decision of FIBA in April 1989 . Until 1992 , only amateurs and players from professional leagues other than the NBA were allowed to play . The United States men 's team , which was nicknamed The Dream Team , won the gold medal by beating Croatia in the men 's final , with Lithuania winning the bronze medal . The Unified Team , representing the Commonwealth of Independent States , of the recently defunct Soviet Union , won the women 's tournament , with China as runner-up . The United States women 's team won the bronze medal after losing to the CIS in the semifinal , suffering their third and last defeat to date in the Olympic basketball history ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darell Garretson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darell_Garretson', 'summary': 'Darell Lee Garretson ( March 18 , 1932 - April 21 , 2008 ) was an American professional basketball referee in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for 27 years from 1967 to 1994 , and he later served as NBA Supervisor of Officials for 17 years from 1981 to 1998 . During his career , Garretson officiated over 2,000 games , including 1,798 regular-season NBA games , 269 playoff games , 41 Finals games and five All-Star games . On April 4 , 2016 , Garretson was elected into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as an official .'}]}, {'value': 'Officiated in the NBA for 27 years from 1967 to 1994 , and later served as NBA Supervisor of Officials for 17 years from 1981 to 1998 . Credited for creating and heading the first union for NBA referees , known as the National Association of Basketball Referees , a predecessor to the present day NBRA', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Members -- Referees', 'section_text': 'The Referee category has existed since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first referee was inducted in 1959 . Since then , 16 referees have been inducted , [ 3 ] with Darell Garretson being the most recent entrant in 2016 . [ 5 ] Ernest C. Quigley , born in Canada , is the only inductee in this category born outside of the United States .', 'uid': 'List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame_1', 'intro': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball, all-time great coaches, referees, and other major contributors to the sport. It is named after Dr. James Naismith, who conceived the sport in 1891; he was inducted into the Hall as a contributor in 1959. To be considered for induction, nominees must meet certain prerequisites. Players must have been retired for at least three years before becoming eligible. Referees must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have officiated for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher. Coaches must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have coached for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher and from 2020 on must have coached for at least 25 years and reached the age of sixty years. Those being considered for induction as contributors may be inducted at any time; the Hall of Fame and its committees evaluate whether contributions are significant enough for the nominee to be inducted as a contributor. Teams are also inducted at the committees' discretion."}
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What city and state was the 1979 inductee born in ?
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Sodus , Michigan
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034d4d66cda9f8ba
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Rouyanian', 'title': 'Mohammad Rouyanian', 'header': ['Rank', 'Player', 'From', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saeid Ghadami', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saeid_Ghadami', 'summary': 'Saeed Ghadami ( born April 3 , 1992 ) is an Iranian footballer midfielder who currently plays for Damash and is a member of the Iran national under-23 football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Foolad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Foolad_F.C.', 'summary': "Foolad Khuzestan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال فولاد خوزستان ) is an Iranian football club , based in Ahwaz , Khuzestan that plays in Persian Gulf Pro League . Foolad F.C . was founded in 1971 and is owned by Foolad Khuzestan Company . It was named Foolad partially because it is funded by the industry in Khuzestan . The club have won Iran Pro League twice , including a championship in the lower division , Azadegan League . In the 2004-05 season , Foolad became the champion of the fourth newly founded Iran Pro League ( IPL ) , gaining a total of 64 points over 30 league matches that is the highest point for a leader since 2001 . After several successful seasons and what at one point seemed to be the emergence of a new pole in Iranian football , Foolad lost many of its key players through transfers and internal problems and also displayed a poor performance in the 2006 AFC Champions League . The club was subsequently relegated to the Azadegan League , second highest division in Iran at the end of the 2006-07 . However , Foolad was able to return to the IPL starting from the next season , 2008-09 Iran Pro League and has been turning out relatively well in the current standings . Foolad won its second championship in 2013-14 season . Foolad 's home kit is red and yellow shirts , with the same color for shorts , accompanied by red socks . The colors used in clothing , is derived from the symbol of the club ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2011 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Éamon Zayed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Éamon_Zayed', 'summary': 'Éamon Zayed ( Arabic : أیمن زايد ; born 4 October 1983 ) is an Irish-Libyan footballer . He currently plays for Chattanooga Red Wolves in the USL League One . Zayed gained international fame on 2 February 2012 after scoring a hat-trick in the final ten minutes of the Tehran derby against Esteghlal in a match where Persepolis were one man down and losing 2-0 until the 82nd minute , and which was later referred to as 10 minutes with 10 men or 10-10-3 .'}]}, {'value': 'Derry City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derry_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Derry City Football Club ( Irish : Cumann Peile Chathair Dhoire ) is a professional football club based in Derry , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland . It plays in the League of Ireland Premier Division , the top tier of league football in the Republic of Ireland , and is the League of Ireland 's only participant from Northern Ireland . The club 's home ground is the Brandywell Stadium and the players wear red and white striped shirts from which its nickname , the Candystripes , derives . The club is also known as the Red and White Army , Derry or City . The club , founded in 1928 , initially played in the Irish League , the domestic league in Northern Ireland , and won a title in 1964-65 . In 1971 , security concerns related to the Troubles meant matches could not be played at the Brandywell . The team played home fixtures 30 miles ( 48 km ) away in Coleraine . The security forces withdrew their objections to the use of the Brandywell the following year , but in the face of insistence from the Irish League that the unsustainable arrangement continue , the club withdrew from the league . After 13 years in junior football , it joined the League of Ireland 's new First Division for 1985-86 . Derry won the First Division title and achieved promotion to the Premier Division in 1987 , and remained there until an administrative relegation in 2009 . The club won a domestic treble in 1988-89 , the only League of Ireland club so far to do so . After spending the majority of its time in the League of Ireland in the Premier Division , the club was expelled in November 2009 when it was discovered there were secondary , unofficial contracts with players ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2011_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2011 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehdi Mahdavikia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehdi_Mahdavikia', 'summary': 'Mehdi Mahdavikia ( Persian : مهدی مهدوی\u200cکیا ( help·info ) , born 24 July 1977 ) is an Iranian professional football coach and former player usually played as a right winger or full-back . He is currently under contract by Hamburger SV as a youth coach , and also manages his own youth academy , FC KIA . Mahdavikia currently represents Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) in the Football Advisory Panel of International Football Association Board ( IFAB ) , joining the body in 2019 . On 15 May 2013 , Mahdavikia was appointed as AFC Grassroots Ambassador . During his playing career , Mahdavikia internationally represented Iranian national team , which he captained from 2006 to 2009 , and currently is the fourth most capped player of all-time . He played for Iranian clubs Bank Melli , Persepolis , Steel Azin and Damash Gilan , as well as German clubs VfL Bochum , Hamburger SV and Eintracht Frankfurt , spending 12 consecutive seasons in Bundesliga . He won the Asian Young Footballer of the Year award in 1997 as well as the Asian Footballer of the Year award in 2003 . He was known for his crossing , speed and dribbling .'}]}, {'value': 'Damash Gilan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.C._Damash', 'summary': 'Damash Gilan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال داماش گیلان ) is an Iranian football club based in Rasht , Gilan . They compete in the Azadegan League . Damash used to have a Volleyball team Damash Gilan VC .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Hooshyar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Hooshyar', 'summary': 'Hossein Hooshyar ( Persian : حسین هوشیار , born 8 February 1984 in Mashhad , Iran ) is an Iranian football goalkeeper , who currently plays for Aboomoslem in Azadegan League .'}]}, {'value': 'Shahrdari Yasuj', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahrdari_Yasuj_F.C.', 'summary': "Shahrdari Yasuj Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Yasuj , Iran . They currently compete in the Iran Football 's 2nd Division ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Kanaani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Kanaani', 'summary': 'Mohammadhossein Kanani Zadegan ( Persian : محمدحسين کنعانى زادگان , born 23 March 1994 ) is an Iranian footballer who currently plays for Persepolis and Iranian national football team as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Youth System', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Persepolis_F.C._Reserves_and_Academy', 'summary': 'Persepolis Football Club Academy are the youth team of Persepolis Football Club . They currently play in the AFC Vision Asia Youth Premier League , the highest level of youth football in Iran .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehrdad Pooladi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehrdad_Pooladi', 'summary': 'Mehrdad Pooladi ( Persian : مهرداد پولادی , born February 26 , 1987 ) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Al Kharaitiyat SC . He was also an Iranian international , where he played as a left back Pooladi is a utility player , formerly playing as a forward and attacking midfielder in his youth and playing regularly as a full back , defensive midfielder and winger .'}]}, {'value': 'Mes Kerman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mes_Kerman_F.C.', 'summary': "Mes Kerman Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال مس کرمان ) is an Iranian football team based in Kerman , Iran . They were promoted to Iran 's top league , the Iran Pro League , in the 2005-06 season . They won their only domestic double in 2006-2007 season with the help of Mohammad Fakori . They have been relegated at the 2013-14 season . The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman 's copper industries . Mes Kerman F.C . is the football club of the multisport Sanat Mes Kerman Cultural and Athletic Club who are better known for their success in the field of cycling ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asmir Avdukić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asmir_Avdukić', 'summary': 'Asmir Avdukić ( born 13 May 1981 ) is a Bosnian professional football goalkeeper who plays for FK Željezničar Banja Luka in the First League of the Republika Srpska .'}]}, {'value': 'Borac Banja Luka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Borac_Banja_Luka', 'summary': 'Fudbalski klub Borac Banja Luka ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Бopaц Бања Лука , Serbo-Croatian pronunciation : [ bǒːrat͡s ] ) is a professional association football club , based in the city of Banja Luka , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and it is the major part of the Borac Banja Luka Sports Society . Borac Banja Luka is one of the most successful clubs in Republika Srpska and a popular football club in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The name Borac means Fighter . Currently , Borac is a part of the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina and plays its home matches at the Banja Luka City Stadium , which has a capacity of 10,030 seats .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Ghazi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Ghazi_(footballer)', 'summary': 'Mohammad Ghazi ( Persian : محمد قاضی ; born December 30 , 1984 ) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a striker for Shahr Khodro in the Persian Gulf Pro League .'}]}, {'value': 'Zob Ahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Isfahan_F.C.', 'summary': "Zob Ahan Esfahan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال ذوب\u200cآهن اصفهان ) is an Iranian football club based in Fuladshahr , Iran . It competes in the Persian Gulf Pro League . The team is sponsored by the Isfahan Steel Company , which also goes by the name Zob Ahan . The club 's main rival is fellow Isfahani team Sepahan , which is also sponsored by the rival steel mill Mobarakeh Steel Company . Zob Ahan club also has a basketball team , sponsored by the same Isfahan Steel Company , which is one of the teams in the Iranian Super League . In the 2010 AFC Champions League . Zob Ahan finished as runners-up losing 3-1 to South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in the final . Zob Ahan has won the Hazfi Cup on four occasions ( 2002-03 , 2008-09 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) and have finished as runners-up one time ( 2000-01 ) . The club has also finished as League runners-up three times ( 2004-05 , 2008-09 and 2009-10 ) and has won the Iranian Super Cup once ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shahab Gordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahab_Gordan', 'summary': 'Shahabeddin Gordan ( Persian : شهاب گردان , born May 22 , 1984 in Jooybar , Iran ) is an Iranian Football Goalkeeper who currently plays for Sanat Naft in the Persian Gulf Pro League and the Iran national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Zob Ahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Isfahan_F.C.', 'summary': "Zob Ahan Esfahan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال ذوب\u200cآهن اصفهان ) is an Iranian football club based in Fuladshahr , Iran . It competes in the Persian Gulf Pro League . The team is sponsored by the Isfahan Steel Company , which also goes by the name Zob Ahan . The club 's main rival is fellow Isfahani team Sepahan , which is also sponsored by the rival steel mill Mobarakeh Steel Company . Zob Ahan club also has a basketball team , sponsored by the same Isfahan Steel Company , which is one of the teams in the Iranian Super League . In the 2010 AFC Champions League . Zob Ahan finished as runners-up losing 3-1 to South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in the final . Zob Ahan has won the Hazfi Cup on four occasions ( 2002-03 , 2008-09 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) and have finished as runners-up one time ( 2000-01 ) . The club has also finished as League runners-up three times ( 2004-05 , 2008-09 and 2009-10 ) and has won the Iranian Super Cup once ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Mahini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Mahini', 'summary': 'Hossein Mahini ( Persian : حسین ماهینی ; born September 16 , 1986 ) is an Iranian footballer who played for the Persian Gulf Pro League side Persepolis and the Iran national football team as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Zob Ahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zob_Ahan_Isfahan_F.C.', 'summary': "Zob Ahan Esfahan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال ذوب\u200cآهن اصفهان ) is an Iranian football club based in Fuladshahr , Iran . It competes in the Persian Gulf Pro League . The team is sponsored by the Isfahan Steel Company , which also goes by the name Zob Ahan . The club 's main rival is fellow Isfahani team Sepahan , which is also sponsored by the rival steel mill Mobarakeh Steel Company . Zob Ahan club also has a basketball team , sponsored by the same Isfahan Steel Company , which is one of the teams in the Iranian Super League . In the 2010 AFC Champions League . Zob Ahan finished as runners-up losing 3-1 to South Korean club Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma in the final . Zob Ahan has won the Hazfi Cup on four occasions ( 2002-03 , 2008-09 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) and have finished as runners-up one time ( 2000-01 ) . The club has also finished as League runners-up three times ( 2004-05 , 2008-09 and 2009-10 ) and has won the Iranian Super Cup once ( 2016 ) ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalal Hosseini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalal_Hosseini', 'summary': "Seyyed Jalaleddin Hosseini ( Persian : سید جلال\u200cالدین حسینی , born 3 February 1982 ) , commonly known as Jalal Hosseini , is an Iranian football defender who currently plays and captains for Persepolis in Persian Gulf Pro League . He has been a member of Iran 's U-23 side as a wild card player on two occasions , in the 2006 and 2010 Asian Games , winning a bronze medal in 2006 . Hosseini has represented Iran at the 2007 AFC Asian Cup , 2011 AFC Asian Cup , 2015 AFC Asian Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Sepahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sepahan_F.C.', 'summary': "Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Sport Club ( Persian : باشگاه ورزشی فولاد مبارکه سپاهان ) , commonly known as Sepahan S.C. , is an Iranian sport club based in Isfahan . They are playing in Iran 's top-level competition known as Persian Gulf Pro League . With 5 championships , is one of the most successful football clubs in Iran . In 2002-03 season , they became the first non-Tehran based team to win the Iranian League title . They are also the first Iranian football club who won three consecutive titles in Iranian Football League history . Sepahan is one of the most successful football clubs in Iran since the establishment of Iran Pro League in 2001 , with five IPL championships and four Hazfi Cup titles . They are also the first Iranian club who reached the AFC Champions League final in 2007 and qualified to play in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup at the same year . Sepahan Football Club is usually known for its successful and consistent management as well as its youth academy in Iranian football system . By winning multiple tiles since 2003 , they have succeeded to end the complete dominance of two famous clubs , Persepolis and Esteghlal , in Iranian football system . The Club is the football division of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Sport Club and is owned by Mobarakeh Steel Company"}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohsen Bengar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohsen_Bengar', 'summary': 'Mohsen Bengar ( Persian : محسن بنگر , born 6 July 1979 in Nowshahr ) is a retired Iranian football defender and current coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Sepahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sepahan_F.C.', 'summary': "Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Sport Club ( Persian : باشگاه ورزشی فولاد مبارکه سپاهان ) , commonly known as Sepahan S.C. , is an Iranian sport club based in Isfahan . They are playing in Iran 's top-level competition known as Persian Gulf Pro League . With 5 championships , is one of the most successful football clubs in Iran . In 2002-03 season , they became the first non-Tehran based team to win the Iranian League title . They are also the first Iranian football club who won three consecutive titles in Iranian Football League history . Sepahan is one of the most successful football clubs in Iran since the establishment of Iran Pro League in 2001 , with five IPL championships and four Hazfi Cup titles . They are also the first Iranian club who reached the AFC Champions League final in 2007 and qualified to play in the 2007 FIFA Club World Cup at the same year . Sepahan Football Club is usually known for its successful and consistent management as well as its youth academy in Iranian football system . By winning multiple tiles since 2003 , they have succeeded to end the complete dominance of two famous clubs , Persepolis and Esteghlal , in Iranian football system . The Club is the football division of Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Sport Club and is owned by Mobarakeh Steel Company"}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Khanzadeh', 'summary': 'Mohammad Reza Khanzadeh ( Persian : محمدرضا خانزاده ; born 11 may 1991 ) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Iranian club Tractor as a defender . He is also last played in the Iran national football team .'}]}, {'value': 'Rah Ahan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rah_Ahan_F.C.', 'summary': 'Rah Ahan Sports Club ( Persian : باشگاه ورزشی راه\u200cآهن ) , commonly known as Rah Ahan Football Club is an Iranian football club based in Tehran . They currently play in the Azadegan League . Rah Ahan is the oldest Iranian football clubs .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Afshin Esmaeilzadeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afshin_Esmaeilzadeh', 'summary': 'Afshin Esmaeilzadeh ( Persian : افشین اسماعیل\u200cزاده ; born April 21 , 1992 ) is an Iranian Football Midfielder who last played for Esteghlal Jonoub in the Azadegan League .'}]}, {'value': 'Damash', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.C._Damash', 'summary': 'Damash Gilan Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال داماش گیلان ) is an Iranian football club based in Rasht , Gilan . They compete in the Azadegan League . Damash used to have a Volleyball team Damash Gilan VC .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karim Ansarifard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karim_Ansarifard', 'summary': "Karim Ansarifard ( Persian : کریم انصاری\u200cفرد ; born 3 April 1990 ) is an Iranian footballer who plays as a forward for Al-Sailiya and the Iranian national team . His playing style and ability have drawn comparisons to Ali Daei ( the coach who scouted him ) and he has been named Daei 's successor . World Soccer selected Ansarifard as one of the best young talents in the world alongside Javier Hernández and Jack Wilshere . In January 2012 , FIFA.com selected him as one of the players to watch in 2012 . Goal.com also chose him as one of the hottest 100 young football players in the world . Also in 2012 , FIFA ranked him as the 48th best goalscorer in the world and second best in Asia ."}]}, {'value': 'Saipa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saipa_F.C.', 'summary': 'Saipa Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال سايپا ) is a football club from Karaj Iran . The team is owned by SAIPA , an Iranian automobile manufacturer . The team has never had a large fanbase , despite some success . It is known to have one of the best youth academies in Iranian football and regularly promotes academy players to the first team . In the 2006-07 season , under the guidance of Ali Daei , Saipa won their only Persian Gulf Cup title . Saipa has also won the Azadegan League twice and the Hazfi Cup once . Saipa is the football club of the multisport Saipa Cultural and Athletic Corporation .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roberto Sousa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roberto_de_Sousa_Rezende', 'summary': 'Roberto de Sousa Rezende ( born 18 January 1985 ) , known as Sousa , is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Rio Branco Esporte Clube as a defensive midfielder .'}]}, {'value': 'Marítimo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C.S._Marítimo', 'summary': "Club Sport Marítimo MH M , commonly known as Marítimo ( European Portuguese : [ mɐˈɾitimu ] locally [ mɐˈɾitmu ] ) , is a Portuguese sports club founded in Funchal , Madeira , in 1910 . Marítimo is best known for its football team playing in Portugal 's top-flight competition , the Primeira Liga . The club 's reserve team , Marítimo B , compete in the third division . Aside from football , Marítimo have teams in other sports competing in national leagues , such as volleyball , handball , roller hockey and athletics . Marítimo supporters are called Maritimistas . The club has won one major trophy , the Campeonato de Portugal , [ a ] in 1926 . After a long period without being able to participate in national championships , they finally made their appearance in 1973 . [ b ] Since then , Marítimo have been present for 40 seasons in Primeira Liga , have been runners-up of the Taça de Portugal twice , runners-up of the Taça da Liga twice , and have participated nine times in the UEFA Cup/Europa League . The club have won the II Divisão twice . Marítimo 's most recent foray into European competition came in 2012 , when they reached the group stage of the Europa League . The International Federation of Football History and Statistics ( IFFHS ) ranking lists Marítimo as the fifth best Portuguese club of this century , the highest ranking of any club from Madeira . [ c ]"}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amir Abedzadeh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amir_Abedzadeh', 'summary': 'Amir Abedzadeh ( Persian : امیر عابدزاده , born 26 April 1993 ) is an Iranian footballer who plays for Portuguese club Marítimo and the Iran national team as a goalkeeper . He is the son of former Iranian national team legendary goalkeeper Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh .'}]}, {'value': 'LA Blues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Blues', 'summary': 'Orange County Soccer Club is an American soccer team based in the Orange County , California suburb of Irvine . Founded in 2010 as the Los Angeles Blues , the team currently plays in the second tier USL Championship . The team plays its home games at Championship Soccer Stadium , located inside Great Park in Irvine , CA .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mehrzad Madanchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mehrzad_Madanchi', 'summary': 'Mehrzad Madanchi ( Persian : مهرزاد معدنچى ; born 12 October 1982 ) is a retired Iranian football midfielder who last played for Fajr Sepasi .'}]}, {'value': 'Al-Shaab', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Al-Shaab_(UAE)', 'summary': 'Al-Shaab Cultural & Sports Club ( Arabic : نادي الشعب الثقافي الرياضي ) was a multi-sports club based in Sharjah , United Arab Emirates . The club was merged with Sharjah FC in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nilson Corrêa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nilson_Corrêa_Júnior', 'summary': 'Nilson Corrêa Júnior ( born 26 December 1975 ) , known simply as Nilson , is a Brazilian former footballer who played as a goalkeeper . Most of his professional career was spent in Portugal with Vitória de Guimarães , where he appeared in 226 competitive matches over seven seasons , six spent in the Primeira Liga . He also played for three years with Persepolis in Iran .'}]}, {'value': 'Guimarães', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vitória_S.C.', 'summary': 'Vitória Sport Clube , commonly known as Vitória de Guimarães , is a Portuguese professional football club based in Guimarães that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top-flight of football in Portugal . Vitória de Guimarães have tried to match the dominance of the so-called Big Three ( Benfica , Porto and Sporting ) in the Primeira Liga , where they have finished third on four occasions , most recently in 2007-08 . They have won one Taça de Portugal and one Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . On February 17 , 2020 Porto striker Moussa Marega walked off the pitch after scoring the winning goal against Vitoria after he was subjected to alleged racist chants from a section of Vitoria Fans .'}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the association football events of the year 2012 throughout the world .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reza Haghighi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reza_Haghighi', 'summary': 'Reza Haghighi ( Persian : رضا حقیقی , born 1 February 1989 ) is an Iranian footballer who currently plays for Shahrdari Mahshahr .'}]}, {'value': 'Fajr Sepasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fajr_Sepasi_F.C.', 'summary': "Fajr Shahid Sepasi Shiraz Football Club ( Persian : باشگاه فوتبال فجر شهید سپاسی شیراز ) , commonly known as Fajr Sepasi Shiraz , or Fajr Sepasi , is an Iranian football club based in Shiraz , Fars , that competes in the Azadegan League . The club was founded in 1988 . The football team plays their home games at the Hafezieh Stadium which has a seating capacity of 15,000 . The club is owned and supported by the Basij . The club is the second highest supported team in Shiraz after local rival Bargh Shiraz and was known as Moghavemat Shahid Sepasi Shiraz Football Club between 2007 and 2011 . Because of the club 's affiliation with the Basij , there is the possibility for young players to serve their military service while playing for Fajr Sepasi ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_in_association_football', 'summary': 'The following are the scheduled events of association football for the year 2013 throughout the world .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Sports career -- Signings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Mohammad_Rouyanian_0', 'intro': 'Mohammad Reza Rouyanian (Persian: محمدرضا رویانیان ) is an Iranian businessman, football administrator and former Revolutionary Guard commander. He was the chairman of famous multisport club Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club from 20 September 2011 until his resignation on 22 January 2014. He was Head of Transportation Management Center from 2007 to 2011. Before that, he was Commissioner of the City of Tehran Transportation Police between 2005 and 2007.'}
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Which player from Zob Ahan is youngest ?
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Hossein Mahini
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034dc4689617cc43
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_SANFL_season', 'title': '2012 SANFL season', 'header': ['Club', 'Home ground', 'Minor Round ladder position', 'Final ladder position', 'Best Home Attendance', 'Membership'], 'data': [{'value': 'Central District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_District_Bulldogs', 'summary': 'Central District Football Club is an Australian rules football club based in the city of Elizabeth about 25 km to the north of Adelaide , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Elizabeth Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Oval', 'summary': "Elizabeth Oval , ( currently X Convenience Oval and formerly My Money House Oval , Playford Alive Oval , NAP Oval , and Hamra Homes Oval ) , is an Australian rules football stadium located in Elizabeth , a northern suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . Since 1959 Elizabeth Oval has been the home ground of the Central District Football Club who play in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The Bulldogs ( also commonly known as the Centrals ) played their first SANFL league match at the ground in 1964 after playing in the SANFL B-grade ( reserves ) since the club 's inception in 1959 . The ground has a capacity of 18,000 people , with a single grandstand that seats 1,500 . The oval , the longest goal to goal venue in the SANFL at 178m ( 3m longer than Woodville Oval , though fence to fence it is 15m shorter ) , and is surrounded by concrete terracing on the grandstand side of the ground , plus a 5 row ring of concrete around the rest of the ground , with grass banks around the entire outer . The ground record crowd of 16,029 was set in 1984 for an SANFL match between the Centrals and the Port Adelaide Magpies . After negotiations between Central District and the City of Playford , light towers were installed in March 2006 allowing the Bulldogs to play night SANFL games . The first official night game was held at the oval in April 2006 when 7,329 fans turned out to see the defending SANFL premiers ( Centrals ) defeat Sturt . The ground was not used for any SANFL night games in 2011 with Centrals citing operating costs as the reason . [ citation needed ] Night football will return to Elizabeth in 2012 with the Bulldogs hosting Norwood on Saturday 31 March in a Round 2 clash . 14th of September 2019 will see Adelaide Lutheran play Elizabeth Eagles in the 2019 SAAFL C grade div 6 Grand Final . The ground was known as Elizabeth Oval from the time it opened until 2001 ."}]}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,026 ( Rd 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,230', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glenelg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenelg_Tigers', 'summary': 'Glenelg Football Club is an Australian rules football team , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . The club is known as the Tigers ( or the Bays ) , and their home ground is ACH Group Stadium ( formerly Glenelg Oval ) , located in the southern coastal suburb of Glenelg East , South Australia .'}]}, {'value': 'Glenelg Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glenelg_Oval', 'summary': 'Glenelg Oval ( currently ACH Group Stadium and formerly Gliderol Stadium @ Glenelg ) is located on Brighton Road , Glenelg East , South Australia . The ground is primarily used for Australian rules football and cricket and is the home ground for the Glenelg Football Club in the SANFL competition . It is also the home of the Glenelg Cricket Club , and hosts local school football matches , with the Glenelg Primary School located beyond the southern end of the ground . with two seated grandstands holding 1,500 .'}]}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,047 ( Rd 2 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,218', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Adelaide_Roosters', 'summary': "North Adelaide Football Club , nicknamed The Roosters , is an Australian rules football club affiliated with the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The club plays its home games at Prospect Oval , located in Prospect , a northern suburb of Adelaide . The club was formed in 1888 as the Medindie Football Club , changing its name to North Adelaide in 1893 . North Adelaide 's first premiership was won in 1900 , and the club has won a total of fourteen senior premierships in the SANFL , most recently in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Prospect Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prospect_Oval', 'summary': "Prospect Oval is a sports stadium located at Menzies Crescent , Prospect , South Australia . The oval has a capacity of 20,000 people with seated grandstands holding approximately 2,000 . An unusual feature of the oval is that it is laid out askew from the conventional orientation of Australian rules football and cricket ovals , with the goal posts located at the South-Western and the North-Eastern ends , and the cricket pitch running in the same direction . All other grounds in the SANFL run in a north-south direction . It is home to both the North Adelaide Football Club ( The Roosters ) , who are a part of the South Australian National Football League , and the Prospect Cricket Club , who are members of the South Australian Grade Cricket League , administered by the South Australian Cricket Association . The ground record attendance was set in Round 5 of the 1958 SANFL season when 19,137 saw defending SANFL premiers Port Adelaide defeat North Adelaide 14.14 ( 98 ) to 8.10 ( 58 ) . The oval 's dimensions for Australian football are 170m x 120m . The oval was opened in 1898 by the colonial Premier at the time Sir Charles Kingston . The North Adelaide Football Club first used the Oval for home games in 1922 with the first match taking place on 8 May 1922 with North Adelaide playing Glenelg . The North Adelaide Roosters have used Prospect Oval as its home ground ever since , except for a time during World War II when , due to a lack of available players , they joined forces with Norwood . The combined team used Norwood Oval as their home ground . The North Adelaide Football Club officially renamed both ends of Prospect Oval in 2012 after the two official Icons of the Club ."}]}, {'value': '4th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,134 ( Rd 11 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,107', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwood_Redlegs', 'summary': 'Norwood Football Club , nicknamed the Redlegs , is an Australian rules football club competing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) in the state of South Australia . Its home ground is Coopers Stadium ( Norwood Oval ) , which often referred to as The Parade . It is one of the two traditional powerhouse clubs of the SANFL , the other being Port Adelaide , who together have won half of all SANFL premierships ( see Port Adelaide-Norwood SANFL rivalry ) . The club has won 30 SANFL premierships and 1 SANFLW premiership .'}]}, {'value': 'Norwood Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwood_Oval', 'summary': "Norwood Oval ( currently known as Coopers Stadium due to sponsorship from the Adelaide-based Coopers Brewery ) is a suburban oval in the western end of Norwood , an inner eastern suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . It is owned by Norwood , Payneham & St Peters Council but managed by the Norwood Football Club . Though mainly used for Australian rules football , the oval has been used for a variety of other sporting and community events including baseball , soccer , rugby league and American football . It is the home ground for the Norwood Football Club ( The Redlegs ) in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) and the primary home ground of the Adelaide Crows in AFL Women 's ( AFLW ) . The oval is one of two sporting venues in Adelaide to carry the name of Coopers Stadium . The other is the soccer specific Hindmarsh Stadium which also has naming rights sponsorship from Coopers Brewery ."}]}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,353 ( Rd 15 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,888', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Port Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Adelaide_Football_Club_(SANFL)', 'summary': "Port Adelaide Football Club is a professional Australian rules football club based in Alberton , Port Adelaide , South Australia . The club 's senior team plays in the Australian Football League ( AFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Power , whilst its reserves team competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) , where they are nicknamed the Magpies . Port Adelaide is the oldest professional sporting club in South Australia and the fifth-oldest club in the AFL . Since the club 's founding on 12 May 1870 , the club has won 36 South Australian league premierships , including six in a row . The club also won the Champions of Australia competition on a record four occasions . After successfully winning an AFL licence in 1994 the club began competing in the Australian Football League in 1997 as the only pre-existing non-Victorian club - and has subsequently added the 2004 AFL premiership to its achievements ."}]}, {'value': 'Alberton Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alberton_Oval', 'summary': 'Alberton Oval is located in Alberton , a north-western suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . The ground is a public park and exclusively leased to the Port Adelaide Football Club for Australian rules football .'}]}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,796 ( Rd 4 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,351', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club', 'summary': 'The South Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club that competes in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Known as the Panthers , their home ground is Flinders University Stadium ( formerly Noarlunga Oval ) , located in Noarlunga Downs in the southern suburbs of Adelaide .'}]}, {'value': 'Hickinbotham Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hickinbotham_Oval', 'summary': "Flinders University Stadium ( formally Hickinbotham Oval , originally Noarlunga Oval ) is an Australian rules football oval in Noarlunga Downs , an outer-southern suburb of Adelaide . It has been the home of South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club South Adelaide Football Club ( The Panthers ) since 1995 . In 2018 the ground was re-named Flinders University Stadium , as part of a five-year sponsorship deal with Flinders University . After 111 years ( in two stints , 1882-1903 and 1904-1994 ) of playing their home games at the Adelaide Oval , ( which is located on the northern side of the Adelaide city centre and the Torrens River ) , the Panthers decided to move to the southern suburb of Noarlunga in the early 1990s . The club had played two games at the Bice Oval in Christies Beach ( approximately 1.5 km from Hickinbotham ) in 1992 and 1993 in order to gauge support in the area for the Panthers . Approximately 8,000 fans crammed into the oval in 1993 to see the Panthers take on the Glenelg Tigers . That level of community support was one of the determining factors in South Adelaide 's decision to permanently move to Noarlunga , becoming a community based club for the first time in its then 119-year history . The Panthers clubrooms and administration offices , which had previously been located on South Road at St Marys ( directly opposite the then Mitsubishi Motors factory at Tonsley Park ) , were also relocated to the Noarlunga Oval ."}]}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,219 ( Rd 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,450', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sturt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturt_Double_Blues', 'summary': "The Sturt Football Club , nicknamed The Double Blues , is a semi-professional Australian rules football club based in the suburb of Unley , South Australia , which plays in the South Australian National Football League . Founded in 1901 by the Sturt Cricket Club , the club initially struggled to make the finals , however , in 1915 they won their first Premiership . After several decades of substantial finals appearances and a few premiership wins , Sturt entered a period of success , winning seven premierships from 1966 to 1976 under coach Jack Oatey . Sturt has a total of 15 premierships , eleven Magarey Medallists and two Night Premierships . Sturt wear Oxford and Cambridge Blue reflecting the street names on which their home ground is based . Sturt play their home games at the 15,000 capacity Unley Oval and their club song is named It 's a grand old flag ."}]}, {'value': 'Unley Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Unley_Oval', 'summary': "Unley Oval ( currently Peter Motley Oval ) , is a multi-use stadium in Unley , an inner southern suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . It is used for lower-grade South Australian Grade Cricket League matches , but its main use is as the home ground for the Sturt Football Club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . The stadium has a capacity of 15,000 people , with seating for up to 2,000 . Its record crowd is 24,000 ( estimated ) attending a SANFL match between Sturt and Norwood on 9 June 1924 - at the time the highest for any suburban oval in Adelaide . The highest verified attendance was 22,015 for a league game against Port Adelaide during the 1968 season . This would stand as the record SANFL attendance at a suburban ground until 22,738 saw Port Adelaide play Norwood at Port 's home ground Alberton Oval in 1977 . Unley Oval was the venue of one first-class match between South Australia and Lord Hawke 's XI in 1903 ; until 2013 , it was the only first class match that South Australia had ever hosted away from Adelaide Oval until selected Sheffield Shield games were played at Glenelg Oval from 2014 . The match itself was remarkable : South Australia won by 97 runs after following on , and two different bowlers ( George Thompson and Henry Hay ) took nine-wicket innings hauls . The dimensions of the playing surface for football are 160m × 115m . The oval is egg-shaped , such that the northern end is more narrow and has shallower pockets than the southern end . Unley Oval has two main grandstands located on the western side of the ground ; the newer of the two stands , The Jack Oatey Stand , is open to the public and seats 1,500 , and the Members Stand which seats 500 people . As the ground is also a public park , the perimeter of the venue is currently unfenced , forcing the Sturt Football Club to erect temporary fencing on match days in order to charge admission , which is a large financial burden for the club ."}]}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,510 ( Rd 9 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,948', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Adelaide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Adelaide_Bloods', 'summary': "West Adelaide Football Club is an Australian rules football club in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . Commonly known as The Bloods and Westies , the club 's home base is Richmond Oval ( currently known as Hisense Stadium under a sponsorship agreement ) . The Oval is located in Richmond , an inner-western suburb of Adelaide . The club has won nine SANFL premierships , the most recent coming in 2015 - breaking a thirty-two-year premiership drought dating back to 1983 ; the second longest in the SANFL ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond_Oval_(South_Australia)', 'summary': 'Richmond Oval ( currently Hisense Stadium , formerly City Mazda Stadium and Broadspectrum Oval ) is an Australian rules football oval in Richmond , a western suburb of Adelaide , South Australia . It has been the home of South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club West Adelaide for training since 1956 and home games since 1958 .'}]}, {'value': '3rd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2nd', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,890 ( Rd 3 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,851', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodville-West Torrens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville-West_Torrens_Eagles', 'summary': "Woodville-West Torrens Football Club is an Australian rules football club playing in the South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) . It was formed in 1990 from an amalgamation of the neighbouring Woodville and West Torrens football clubs and played its inaugural game in 1991 . Since 1993 , the Eagles have played most of their home games at Woodville 's home ground of Woodville Oval , having previously used Football Park . They also play two or three games per season at their pre-season base of Thebarton Oval , a ground which has six light towers that the club has upgraded in 2012 to allow night games at the ground for the first time since the 1983 Escort Cup Grand Final ( a game won by West Torrens ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Woodville Oval Thebarton Oval', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodville_Oval', 'summary': "Woodville Oval ( currently Maughan Thiem Hyundai Oval and formerly Unleash Solar Oval ) is primarily an Australian rules football and cricket oval found on Oval Avenue in the western Adelaide suburb of Woodville in South Australia . It is the home ground of South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club the Woodville-West Torrens Eagles , and the former home ( 1941-90 ) of the Woodville Football Club , with the former 's clubrooms and administrations offices now housing The Eagles . The oval is also the home of the Woodville Cricket Club who play in the South Australian Grade Cricket League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thebarton_Oval', 'summary': 'Thebarton Oval ( currently Guardall Security Stadium ) is a sports ground in Adelaide , South Australia currently used for a variety of sports including Australian rules football . It was the home ground of South Australian National Football League ( SANFL ) club West Torrens between 1922 and 1989 , and since 2008 has been the home of the South Australian Amateur Football League ( SAAFL ) now called the Adelaide Footy League .'}]}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5th', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,054 ( Rd 6 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,643', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Club performances', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_SANFL_season_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 South Australian National Football League season was the 133rd season of the top-level Australian rules football competition in South Australia. The season opened on Friday 23 March with a night match between Woodville-West Torrens and Port Adelaide, and concluded on Sunday 7 October with the Grand Final in which Norwood (minor premiers) won its 28th premiership by defeating West Adelaide (third at the end of the minor rounds). Central District, North Adelaide and Woodville-West Torrens also made the top (final) five teams and participated in the finals matches, with Central District failing to make the Grand Final for the first time since 2000. Glenelg, Port Adelaide, South Adelaide and Sturt all missed the top five, with the latter finishing last to win its 20th wooden spoon.'}
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What is the club with a final ladder position of 2nd commonly known as ?
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The Bloods and Westies
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034fc0fc6b34dfbb
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni', 'title': 'List of United States Air Force Academy alumni', 'header': ['Name', 'Class year', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brock Strom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brock_Strom', 'summary': 'Brock Strom ( born September 21 , 1934 ) is a former American football player , Air Force officer , and engineer .'}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Air Force Academys first All-American . He gained the honor when players played offense and defense and just 11 were selected . Strom played on the offensive and defensive lines as a 6 ' 0 217-lb tackle . Captain of the undefeated 1958 USAFA football team that tied TCU in the Cotton Bowl . Inducted into the Upper Peninsula Sports Hall of Fame , Michigan , in 1977 , the College Football Hall of Fame in 1985 , the CoSIDA Academic All-America Hall of Fame in 1991 , and the Air Force Academy Athletic Hall of Fame as part of the inaugural class in 2007", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gregg Popovich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gregg_Popovich', 'summary': 'Gregg Charles Popovich ( born January 28 , 1949 ) is an American professional basketball coach and general manager . He is the head coach and President of the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , and head coach of USA national team . Taking over as coach of the Spurs in 1996 , Popovich is the longest tenured active coach in both the NBA and all major sports leagues in the United States . He is often called Coach Pop or simply Pop . Popovich has the most wins in NBA history ( regular season and playoffs ) , surpassing Lenny Wilkens and Don Nelson on April 13 , 2019 . He has led the Spurs to a winning record in each of his 22 full seasons as head coach , surpassing Phil Jackson for the most consecutive winning seasons in NBA history . During his tenure , the Spurs have had a winning record against every other NBA team . Popovich has led the Spurs to all five of their NBA titles , and is one of only five coaches in NBA history to win five titles .'}]}, {'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Head coach ( 1997- ) of the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) San Antonio Spurs who led the team to NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 ; three-time NBA Coach of the Year ( 2003 , 2012 , 2014 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/National_Basketball_Association', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league in North America , composed of 30 teams ( 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada ) . It is one of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada , and is widely considered to be the premier men 's professional basketball league in the world . [ better source needed ] The league was founded in New York City on June 6 , 1946 , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . It changed its name to the National Basketball Association on August 3 , 1949 , after merging with the competing National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA 's regular season runs from October to April , with each team playing 82 games . Its playoffs extend into June . NBA players are the world 's best paid athletes by average annual salary per player . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball ( USAB ) , which is recognized by FIBA ( also known as the International Basketball Federation ) as the national governing body for basketball in the United States . The league 's several international as well as individual team offices are directed out of its head offices in Midtown Manhattan , while its NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are directed out of offices located in Secaucus , New Jersey ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs', 'summary': "The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional basketball team based in San Antonio . The Spurs compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the AT & T Center in San Antonio . The Spurs are one of four former American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams to remain intact in the NBA after the 1976 ABA-NBA merger and are the only former ABA team to have won an NBA championship . The franchise has won NBA championships in 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , and 2014 . As of May 2015 , the Spurs had the highest winning percentage among active NBA franchises . As of May 2017 , the Spurs had the best winning percentage of any franchise in the major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada over the previous three decades . From 1999-2000 to 2016-17 , the Spurs won 50 games each season , setting a record of 18 consecutive 50-win seasons . In the 2018-19 season , the Spurs matched an NBA record for most consecutive playoff appearances with 22 . The team 's recent success has coincided with the tenure of current head coach Gregg Popovich and with the playing careers of Spurs icons David Robinson ( 1989-2003 ) and Tim Duncan ( 1997-2016 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Coach_of_the_Year_Award', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association 's Coach of the Year is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given since the 1962-63 NBA season . The winner receives the Red Auerbach Trophy , which is named in honor of the head coach who led the Boston Celtics to nine NBA championships from 1956 to 1966 . The winner is selected at the end of the regular season by a panel of sportswriters from the United States and Canada , each of whom casts a vote for first , second and third place selections . Each first-place vote is worth five points ; each second-place vote is worth three points ; and each third-place vote is worth one point . The person with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first-place votes , wins the award . Since its inception , the award has been given to 40 different coaches . The most recent award winner is current Milwaukee Bucks head coach Mike Budenholzer . Gregg Popovich , Don Nelson and Pat Riley have each won the award three times , while Hubie Brown , Budenholzer , Mike D'Antoni , Bill Fitch , Cotton Fitzsimmons , and Gene Shue have each won it twice . No coach has won consecutive Coach of the Year awards . Riley is the only coach to be named Coach of the Year with three franchises . Larry Bird is the only recipient to have also been named MVP as a player . Tom Heinsohn , Bill Sharman , and Lenny Wilkens are the only recipients to have been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as both player and coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Len Salvemini', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Len_Salvemini', 'summary': 'Len Salvemini ( born July 22 , 1953 in Danville , California ) is a retired American soccer player who spent three season in the Major Indoor Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972 Third Team and 1974 Second Team All American soccer player . Holds Falcon career goals and points records . Played for 1976 U.S. Olympic Soccer Team . Played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Soccer_League', 'summary': 'The Major Indoor Soccer League , known in its final two seasons as the Major Soccer League , was an indoor soccer league in the United States that played matches from fall 1978 to spring 1992 .'}]}, {'value': 'Randall W. Spetman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randall_W._Spetman', 'summary': 'Randall William Spetman ( born December 30 , 1952 ) is an American college athletic director who was most recently athletic director at Florida State University from 2008 to 2013 . Spetman has also been the director of athletics at Utah State University and the United States Air Force Academy . He was a vice president of the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics during the 2009-10 academic year .'}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletic Director at Florida State University ( 2008- ) ; former Athletic Director at the Academy ( 1996-2003 ) and Utah State University ( 2004-2008 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_University', 'summary': "Florida State University ( Florida State or FSU ) is a public space-grant and sea-grant research university in Tallahassee , Florida . It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida . Founded in 1851 , it is located on the oldest continuous site of higher education in the state of Florida . The university is classified as a Research University with Very High Research by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching . The university comprises 16 separate colleges and more than 110 centers , facilities , labs and institutes that offer more than 360 programs of study , including professional school programs . The university has an annual budget of over $ 1.7 billion and an annual economic impact of over $ 10 billion . Florida State is home to Florida 's only national laboratory , the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory , and is the birthplace of the commercially viable anti-cancer drug Taxol . Florida State University also operates the John & Mable Ringling Museum of Art , the State Art Museum of Florida and one of the largest museum/university complexes in the nation . The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools ( SACS ) . For 2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked Florida State as the 18th best public university in the United States in the national university category . FSU 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Florida State Seminoles nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . In their 113-year history , Florida State 's varsity sports teams have won 20 national athletic championships and Seminole athletes have won 78 individual NCAA national championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Utah_State_University', 'summary': "Utah State University ( USU or Utah State ) is a public land-grant research university in Logan , Utah . It is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities . With nearly 20,000 students living on or near campus , USU is Utah 's largest public residential campus . As of Fall 2019 , there were 27,810 students enrolled including 24,669 undergraduate students and 3,141 graduate students . The university has the highest percentage of out-of-state students of any public university in Utah totaling 23% of the student body . Founded in 1888 as Utah 's agricultural college , USU focused on science , engineering , agriculture , domestic arts , military science , and mechanic arts . The university offers programs in liberal arts , engineering , business , economics , natural resource sciences , as well as nationally ranked elementary & secondary education programs . It offers master 's and doctoral programs in humanities , social sciences , and STEM areas ( Science , technology , engineering , and mathematics ) . It received its current name in 1957 . The university is classified among R2 : Doctoral Universities - High research activity . Utah State University has produced 7 Rhodes Scholars , 1 Nobel Prize winner , 1 MacArthur Fellows program inductee , 4 recipients of the Harry S. Truman Scholarship , and 34 recipients of the Barry M. Goldwater Scholarship . USU has nine colleges and offers 159 undergraduate degrees , 83 master 's degrees , and 41 doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Djokovich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Djokovich', 'summary': 'Robert Ray Djokovich ( born August 10 , 1956 ) is an American former Basketball and Handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics in handball . He was the 6th President of the USA Team Handball . He was born in Gary , Indiana .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team handball player which competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles and 6th President of USA Team Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}, {'url': '/wiki/USA_Team_Handball', 'summary': "USA Team Handball is the governing body for handball in the United States . USA Team Handball is funded in part by the U.S. Olympic & Paralympic Committee . Previously , the governing body was the United States Team Handball Federation . USA Team Handball is led by an 11-person Board of Directors . The President is Michael Wall [ disambiguation needed ] . USA Team Handball organizes the participation of U.S. national teams in international competitions , such as the Summer Olympics and the Pan American Games . The United States men 's national handball team and the United States women 's national handball team have struggled in international competitions against nations where handball is more popular ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Schneeberger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Schneeberger', 'summary': 'Thomas Tom Schneeberger ( born 18 May 1956 ) is an American former handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Team handball player which competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , United States men 's national basketball team player and ninth round draft choice of the Denver Nuggets in the 1978 NBA Draft", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Handball at the 1984 Summer Olympics featured competition for men and women . Due to the USSR-led boycott some strong handball nations from Eastern Bloc did not compete ; this gave an opportunity to the Yugoslav team to take both gold medals . Games were played at Titan Gym in Fullerton , California .'}, {'url': "/wiki/United_States_men's_national_basketball_team", 'summary': "The USA Basketball Men 's National Team , commonly known as the United States men 's national basketball team , is the most successful team in international competition , winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it has entered , including fifteen golds . In the professional era , the team won the Olympic gold medal in 1992 , 1996 , 2000 , 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 . Two of its gold medal-winning teams were inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in August 2010 - the 1960 team , which featured six Hall of Famers ( 4 players , 2 coaches ) , and the 1992 Dream Team , featuring 14 Hall of Famers ( 11 players , 3 coaches ) . The team is currently ranked first in the FIBA World Rankings . Traditionally composed of amateur players , the U.S. dominated the first decades of international basketball , winning a record seven consecutive Olympic gold medals . However , by the end of the 1980s , American amateurs were no longer competitive against seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia . In 1989 , FIBA modified its rules and allowed USA Basketball to field teams with National Basketball Association players . The first such team , known as the Dream Team , won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona , being superior in all matches . With the introduction of NBA players , the team was able to spark a second run of dominance in the 1990s . Facing increased competition , the U.S. failed to win a medal at the 2002 FIBA World Championship , finishing sixth . The 2004 Olympic team , being depleted by a number of withdrawals , lost three games on its way to a bronze medal , a record that represented more losses in a single year than the country 's Olympic teams had suffered in all previous Olympiads combined . Determined to put an end to these failures , USA Basketball initiated a long-term project aimed at creating better , more cohesive teams ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denver_Nuggets', 'summary': "The Denver Nuggets are an American professional basketball team based in Denver . The Nuggets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member of the league 's Western Conference Northwest Division . The team was founded as the Denver Larks in 1967 as a charter franchise of the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) , but changed its name to Rockets before the first season . It changed its name again to the Nuggets in 1974 . After the name change , the Nuggets played for the final ABA Championship title in 1976 , losing to the New York Nets . The team has had some periods of success , qualifying for the ABA Playoffs for all seasons from 1967 to the 1976 ABA playoffs where it lost in the finals . The team joined the NBA in 1976 after the ABA-NBA merger and qualified for the NBA playoffs in nine consecutive seasons in the 1980s and ten consecutive seasons from 2004 to 2013 . However , it has not made an appearance in a championship round since its last year in the ABA ; as such , they are also the only of the four surviving former ABA teams to have never reached the NBA Finals . The Nuggets play their home games at Pepsi Center , which they share with the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1978_NBA_Draft', 'summary': "The 1978 NBA draft was the 32nd annual draft of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The draft was held on June 9 , 1978 , before the 1978-79 season . In this draft , 22 NBA teams took turns selecting amateur U.S. college basketball players and other eligible players , including international players . The first two picks in the draft belonged to the teams that finished last in each conference , with the order determined by a coin flip . The Indiana Pacers won the coin flip and were awarded the first overall pick , while the Kansas City Kings , who obtained the New Jersey Nets ' first-round pick in a trade , were awarded the second pick . The Pacers then traded the first pick to the Portland Trail Blazers before the draft . The remaining first-round picks and the subsequent rounds were assigned to teams in reverse order of their win-loss record in the previous season . A player who had finished his four-year college eligibility was eligible for selection . If a player left college early , he would not be eligible for selection until his college class graduated . Before the draft , five college underclassmen were declared eligible for selection under the hardship rule . These players had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league , which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier . Prior to the start of the season , the Buffalo Braves relocated to San Diego and became the San Diego Clippers ."}]}, {'value': 'William Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Burton_Roy', 'summary': 'William Burton Bill Roy ( born 4 December 1958 in Versailles , Illinois ) is a retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force and former U.S. Olympian in skeet shooting .'}]}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former U.S. Olympian and world champion in skeet shooting ; Captain of 1996 U.S. Olympic Shooting Team ; Professor of English at United States Air Force Academy ; Boeing 747 pilot for United Airlines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skeet_shooting', 'summary': 'Skeet shooting is a recreational and competitive activity where participants , using shotguns , attempt to break clay targets mechanically flung into the air from two fixed stations at high speed from a variety of angles . Skeet is one of the three major disciplines of competitive clay pigeon shooting . The others are trap shooting and sporting clays . There are several types of skeet , including one with Olympic status ( often called Olympic skeet or international skeet ) and many with only national recognition .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boeing_747', 'summary': "The Boeing 747 is an American wide-body , long-range , commercial jet airliner and cargo aircraft . The first wide-body airplane produced , it was the first plane dubbed a Jumbo Jet . Its distinctive hump upper deck along the forward part of the aircraft has made it one of the most recognizable aircraft . Manufactured by Boeing 's Commercial Airplane unit in the United States , the 747 was originally planned to have 150 percent greater capacity than the Boeing 707 , a common large commercial aircraft of the 1960s . First flown commercially in 1970 , the 747 held the passenger capacity record for 37 years . The 747 uses a double-deck configuration for part of its length and is available in passenger , freighter , and other versions . Boeing designed the 747 's hump-like upper deck to serve as a first-class lounge or extra seating , and to allow the aircraft to be easily converted to a cargo carrier by removing seats and installing a front cargo door . Boeing expected supersonic airliners - the development of which was announced in the early 1960s - to render the 747 and other subsonic airliners obsolete , while the demand for subsonic cargo aircraft would remain robust well into the future . Though the 747 was expected to become obsolete after 400 were sold , production passed 1,000 in 1993 . By June 2019 , 1,554 aircraft had been built , with 20 of the 747-8 variants remaining on order . As of January 2017 [ update ] , 60 of the jets have been lost in accidents in which a total of 3,722 people died . The 747-400 , the most common variant in service , has a high-subsonic cruise speed of Mach 0.85-0.855 ( up to 570 mph or 920 km/h ) with an intercontinental range of 7,260 nautical miles ( 8,350 statute miles or 13,450 km ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Airlines', 'summary': "United Airlines , Inc. is a major American airline headquartered at Willis Tower in Chicago , Illinois . It is the third largest airline in the world , measured by fleet size and route network [ citation needed ] . United operates a large domestic and international route network , with an extensive presence in the Asia-Pacific region . It is a founding member of the Star Alliance , the world 's largest airline alliance with a total of 28 member airlines . Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express . United was established by the amalgamation of several airlines in the late 1920s , the oldest of these being Varney Air Lines , which was founded in 1926 . United has eight hubs , with Chicago-O'Hare being its largest in terms of passengers carried and the number of departures ."}]}, {'value': 'Alonzo Babers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alonzo_Babers', 'summary': "Alonzo C. Babers ( born October 31 , 1961 ) is an American former athlete , winner of two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics , in the 400 m and the 4 × 400 m relay . Born in Montgomery , Alabama , Alonzo Babers was a military dependent who graduated from Kaiserslautern American High School in then-West Germany . He attended the United States Air Force Academy from 1979 to 1983 , graduating with a major in aerospace engineering , where he ran track and played one season of football . The international athletics career of Alonzo Babers consisted of a spectacular rise to fame , followed by a decisive and abrupt end . Up to the end of 1982 , Babers 's best time in 400 m was 45.9 , but he rapidly improved on that during 1983 , running a best time of 45.07 , but at the 1983 World Championships in Helsinki he finished in a disappointing sixth place in the 4 × 400 m relay . Babers continued his rapid improvement in 1984 . At the USA Final Olympic Trials in Los Angeles , he won his semi-final in a personal best of 44.95 . Later , in the final , he ran another personal best of 44.86 to qualify to the Olympic team . At the Los Angeles Olympic Games he further lowered his personal best to 44.75 when he won his quarter-final . In the Olympic final , Babers run 44.27 to win the gold medal . In the 4 × 400 m relay , United States ( Babers ran the third leg ) won the gold medal easily in 2:57.91 . While training for and competing in the 1984 Olympics , Babers held the rank of Lieutenant in the United States Air Force ."}]}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner of two gold medals ( 400m and 4×400m relay ) at the 1984 Summer Olympics ; Boeing 777 pilot for United Airlines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gold_medal', 'summary': 'A gold medal is a medal awarded for highest achievement in a non-military field . Its name derives from the use of at least a fraction of gold in form of plating or alloying in its manufacture . Since the eighteenth century , gold medals have been awarded in the arts , for example , by the Royal Danish Academy , usually as a symbol of an award to give an outstanding student some financial freedom . Others offer only the prestige of the award . Many organizations now award gold medals either annually or extraordinarily , including UNESCO and various academic societies . While some gold medals are solid gold , others are gold-plated or silver-gilt , like those of the Olympic Games , the Lorentz Medal , the United States Congressional Gold Medal and the Nobel Prize medal . Nobel Prize medals consist of 18 karat green gold plated with 24 karat gold . Before 1980 they were struck in 23 karat gold .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The 1984 Summer Olympics , officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad , was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 28 to August 12 , 1984 , in Los Angeles , California , United States ( and other venues around the United States ) . This was the second time that Los Angeles had hosted the Games , the first being in 1932 . California was the home state of then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who officially opened the Games . The logo for the 1984 Games , branded Stars in Motion , featured red , white and blue stars arranged horizontally and struck through with alternating streaks . The official mascot of the Games was Sam the Olympic Eagle . These were the first Summer Olympic Games under the IOC presidency of Juan Antonio Samaranch . The 1984 Games were boycotted by a total of fourteen Eastern Bloc countries , including the Soviet Union and East Germany , in response to the American-led boycott of the previous 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow in protest of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan ; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc nation that opted to attend the Games . Iran and Libya also chose to boycott the Games for unrelated reasons . Despite the field being depleted in certain sports due to the boycott , 140 National Olympic Committees took part , which was a record at the time . The United States won the most gold and overall medals , followed by Romania and West Germany . The 1984 Summer Olympics are widely considered to be the most financially successful modern Olympics and served as an example of how to run the model Olympic Games . As a result of low construction costs , coupled with a reliance on private corporate funding , the 1984 Olympic Games generated a profit of more than $ 250 million .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Boeing_777', 'summary': "The Boeing 777 is a wide-body airliner developed and manufactured by Boeing Commercial Airplanes , commonly referred to as the Triple Seven . The 777 was designed to bridge the gap between Boeing 's 767 and 747 , and to replace older DC-10s or L-1011s . Developed in consultation with eight major airlines , with a first meeting in January 1990 , the program was launched on October 14 , 1990 with a first order from United Airlines . The prototype was rolled out on April 9 , 1994 , and first flew on June 12 , 1994 . The 777 first entered commercial service with United Airlines on June 7 , 1995 . Longer range variants were launched on February 29 , 2000 and were first delivered on April 29 , 2004 . It is the largest twinjet and has a typical 3-class capacity of 301 to 368 passengers , with a range of 5,240 to 8,555 nautical miles ( 9,704 to 15,844 km ) . It is recognizable for its large-diameter turbofan engines , six wheels on each main landing gear , fully circular fuselage cross-section , and a blade-shaped tail cone . It has fly-by-wire controls , a first for Boeing . It competed initially with the out-of-production Airbus A340 and McDonnell Douglas MD-11 , with the Airbus A330-300 and the newer Airbus A350 XWB . The original 777 with a maximum takeoff weight ( MTOW ) of 545,000-660,000 lb ( 247-299 t ) was produced in two fuselage lengths : the initial -200 was followed by the extended-range 777-200ER in 1997 ; and the 33.25 ft ( 10.13 m ) longer 777-300 in 1998 . Those 777 Classics were powered with 77,200-98,000 lbf ( 343-436 kN ) General Electric GE90 , Pratt & Whitney PW4000 , or Rolls-Royce Trent 800 engines ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Airlines', 'summary': "United Airlines , Inc. is a major American airline headquartered at Willis Tower in Chicago , Illinois . It is the third largest airline in the world , measured by fleet size and route network [ citation needed ] . United operates a large domestic and international route network , with an extensive presence in the Asia-Pacific region . It is a founding member of the Star Alliance , the world 's largest airline alliance with a total of 28 member airlines . Regional service is operated by independent carriers under the brand name United Express . United was established by the amalgamation of several airlines in the late 1920s , the oldest of these being Varney Air Lines , which was founded in 1926 . United has eight hubs , with Chicago-O'Hare being its largest in terms of passengers carried and the number of departures ."}]}, {'value': 'Kathy Callaghan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kathy_Callaghan', 'summary': "Kathleen Alice Callaghan ( born March 24 , 1962 ) is an American former handball player . She was a member of the United States women 's national handball team that played in the Women 's tournament at the 1988 Summer Olympics . She coached the women 's USAFA Team Handball team and won the 1988 College Nationals title ."}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team handball player which competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics Seoul , she won a gold medal at the 1987 Pan American Games Indianapolis , 1986 Military Athlete of the Year and coach of the USAFA Team Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1988_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Handball competition at the 1988 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_1987_Pan_American_Games', 'summary': "The Men 's Handball Tournament at the 1987 Pan American Games was held from August 9 to August 17 , 1987 in Indianapolis , United States . The sport made its debut at the Pan Am Games . The women competed from August 10 to August 16 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/USAFA_Team_Handball', 'summary': "USAF Team Handball is a handball club from Air Force Academy , Colorado , United States . They are the handball team of the United States Air Force Academy . They are one of the most successful men 's college teams . Besides the Adelphi University and UCLA they are the only college team which has won an adult national title in 1978 ."}]}, {'value': 'Ted Sundquist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ted_Sundquist', 'summary': 'Carl Mathew Theodore Ted Sundquist II ( born May 1 , 1962 ) is an American football player , manager and commentator . He spent sixteen years working in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos franchise . Sundquist was hired in 1992 as the Player Personnel Assistant , and two years later promoted to Director of College Scouting . In 2001 , Pat Bowlen promoted Sundquist to General Manager .'}]}, {'value': '1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Manager Denver Broncos ( 2002-2008 ) ; Director of College Scouting ( 1995-2001 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Broncos', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Empower Field at Mile High ( formerly known as Invesco Field at Mile High from 2001-2010 , Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2011-2017 , and Broncos Stadium at Mile High from 2018-2019 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not have a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's most successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) ) , and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 - tied with the New England Patriots ) . Thirteen players who have played for Denver are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Shannon Sharpe , Gary Zimmerman , Willie Brown , Tony Dorsett , Jerry Rice , Andre Reed , Terrell Davis , Brian Dawkins , Ty Law , Champ Bailey and Steve Atwater , along with late club owner Pat Bowlen ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Hennings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Hennings', 'summary': 'Chad William Hennings ( born October 20 , 1965 ) is a former American football defensive tackle for the Air Force Academy Falcons and Dallas Cowboys . He won the Outland Trophy in his senior year of college in 1987 . Despite facing an obligation to enter the Air Force upon graduating the Academy , Hennings was selected in the eleventh round of the 1988 NFL Draft by the Cowboys , and played in the National Football League from 1992 to 2000 , winning three Super Bowls .'}]}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A-10 Thunderbolt pilot ; Winner of the Outland Trophy ; Football player for NFL 's Dallas Cowboys ( 1992-2001 ) ; earned three Super Bowl rings ; 2006 inductee into the College Football Hall of Fame", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A-10_Thunderbolt', 'summary': "The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat , twin turbofan engine , straight wing jet aircraft developed by Fairchild-Republic for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . It is commonly referred to by the nicknames Warthog or Hog , although the A-10 's official name comes from the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt , a World War II fighter-bomber effective at attacking ground targets . The A-10 was designed for close air support ( CAS ) of friendly ground troops , attacking armored vehicles and tanks , and providing quick-action support against enemy ground forces . It entered service in 1976 and is the only production-built aircraft that has served in the USAF that was designed solely for CAS . Its secondary mission is to provide forward air controller - airborne support , by directing other aircraft in attacks on ground targets . Aircraft used primarily in this role are designated OA-10 . The A-10 was intended to improve on the performance of the A-1 Skyraider and its lesser firepower . The A-10 was designed around the 30 mm GAU-8 Avenger rotary cannon . Its airframe was designed for durability , with measures such as 1,200 pounds ( 540 kg ) of titanium armor to protect the cockpit and aircraft systems , enabling it to absorb a significant amount of damage and continue flying . Its short takeoff and landing capability permits operation from airstrips close to the front lines , and its simple design enables maintenance with minimal facilities . The A-10 served in the Gulf War ( Operation Desert Storm ) , the American led intervention against Iraq 's invasion of Kuwait , where the A-10 distinguished itself . The A-10 also participated in other conflicts such as in Grenada , the Balkans , Afghanistan , Iraq , and against Islamic State in the Middle East ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Outland_Trophy', 'summary': "The Outland Trophy is awarded to the best college football interior lineman in the United States as adjudged by the Football Writers Association of America . It is named after John H. Outland . One of only a few players ever to be named an All-American at two positions , Outland garnered consensus All-America honors in 1898 as a tackle and consensus honors as a halfback in 1899 . Outland had always contended that football tackles and guards deserved greater recognition and conceived the Outland Trophy as a means of providing this recognition . In 1988 , Jim Ridlon was commissioned to design and sculpt the Outland Trophy . A member of the National College Football Awards Association , the award has become one of college football 's most prestigious ."}, {'url': '/wiki/National_Football_League', 'summary': "The National Football League ( NFL ) is a professional American football league consisting of 32 teams , divided equally between the National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) . The NFL is one of the four major professional sports leagues in North America and the highest professional level of American football in the world . The NFL 's 17-week regular season runs from early September to late December , with each team playing 16 games and having one bye week . Following the conclusion of the regular season , six teams from each conference ( four division winners and two wild card teams ) advance to the playoffs , a single-elimination tournament culminating in the Super Bowl , which is usually held on the first Sunday in February and is played between the champions of the NFC and AFC . The NFL was formed in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association ( APFA ) before renaming itself the National Football League for the 1922 season . After initially determining champions through end-of-season standings , a playoff system was implemented in 1933 that culminated with the NFL Championship Game until 1966 . Following an agreement to merge the NFL with the American Football League ( AFL ) , the Super Bowl was first held in 1967 to determine a champion between the best teams from the two leagues and has remained as the final game of each NFL season since the merger was completed in 1970 . Today , the NFL has the highest average attendance ( 67,591 ) of any professional sports league in the world and is the most popular sports league in the United States . The Super Bowl is also among the biggest club sporting events in the world , with the individual games accounting for many of the most watched television programs in American history and all occupying the Nielsen 's Top 5 tally of the all-time most watched U.S. television broadcasts by 2015 . The Green Bay Packers hold the most combined NFL championships with 13 , winning nine titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowls afterwards . Since the creation of the Super Bowl , the Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots both have the most championship titles at six ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys', 'summary': "The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American football team based in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . The Cowboys compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . The team is headquartered in Frisco , Texas , and plays its home games at AT & T Stadium in Arlington , Texas , which opened for the 2009 season . The stadium took its current name prior to the 2013 season . The Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in 1960 . The team 's national following might best be represented by its NFL record of consecutive sell-outs . The Cowboys ' streak of 190 consecutive sold-out regular and post-season games ( home and away ) began in 2002 . The franchise has made it to the Super Bowl eight times , tied with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Denver Broncos for second most Super Bowl appearances in history , just behind the New England Patriots record eleven Super Bowl appearances . This has also corresponded to eight NFC championships , most in the NFC . The Cowboys have won five of those Super Bowl appearances , tying them with their NFC rivals , the San Francisco 49ers ; both are second to Pittsburgh 's and New England 's record six Super Bowl championships . The Cowboys are the only NFL team to record 20 straight winning seasons ( 1966-85 ) , in which they missed the playoffs only twice ( 1974 and 1984 ) . In 2015 , the Dallas Cowboys became the first sports team to be valued at $ 4 billion , making it the most valuable sports team in the world , according to Forbes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl', 'summary': "The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) played between mid-January and early February . It is the culmination of a regular season that begins in the late summer of the previous year . The game was created as part of the merger agreement between the NFL and its rival the American Football League ( AFL ) . It was agreed that the two champion teams would begin playing in an annual AFL-NFL World Championship Game until the merger officially began in 1970 . The first game was played on January 15 , 1967 after both leagues had completed their respective 1966 seasons . After the merger , each league was re-designated as a conference , and the game has since been played between the conference champions to determine the NFL 's league champion . The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark , and it is frequently referred to as the big game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations . The New England Patriots and the Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles with six each . The Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances with 11 . The National Football Conference ( NFC ) and the American Football Conference ( AFC ) are tied with 27 Super Bowl wins each . The Super Bowl is the second-largest day for U.S. food consumption , after Thanksgiving Day . In addition , the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year ; the seven most-watched broadcasts in American television history are Super Bowls ."}, {'url': '/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "Original plans in 1967 called for the Hall of Fame to be located at Rutgers University in New Brunswick , New Jersey , the location of the first contest under rules now considered to be those of modern football , between teams from Rutgers and the College of New Jersey , now Princeton University ; Rutgers won 6-4 . Rutgers donated land near its football stadium , office space , and administrative support . After years of collecting donations for the construction of the building with ground not having been broken and no plans to do so , the New Jersey Attorney General began an investigation of the finances of the Hall of Fame 's foundation , the National Football Foundation . In response , the Foundation moved its operations to New York City , where it continued to collect donations for several years ."}]}, {'value': 'Troy Calhoun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Troy_Calhoun', 'summary': 'Nathan Troy Calhoun ( born September 26 , 1966 ) is an American football coach and former player . He is the head football coach at the United States Air Force Academy , a position he has held since the 2007 season .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Head coach of the Air Force football team ( 2006- ) ; former offensive coordinator for the Houston Texans ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Force_Falcons_football', 'summary': "The Air Force Falcons football program represents the United States Air Force Academy in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) level . Air Force has been a member of the Mountain West Conference since its founding in 1999 . The Falcons play their home games at Falcon Stadium in Colorado Springs , Colorado . Troy Calhoun has been the team 's head coach since 2007 . The three major service academies - Air Force , Army , and Navy - compete for the Commander-in-Chief 's Trophy , which is awarded to the academy that defeats the others in football that year ( or retained by the previous winner in the event of a three-way tie ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Houston_Texans', 'summary': "The Houston Texans are a professional American football team based in Houston , Texas . The Texans compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at NRG Stadium . The club first played in 2002 as an expansion team , making them the youngest franchise currently competing in the NFL . The Texans replaced the city 's previous NFL franchise , the Houston Oilers who played from 1960 to 1996 , which moved to Nashville and are now known as the Tennessee Titans . The team was founded and owned by Bob McNair from 1999 until his death in 2018 . Following McNair 's death , the majority ownership of the team went to his wife , Janice McNair . While the team mainly struggled in their first decade of play , they found success in the 2011 season , winning their first division championship and clinching their first playoff berth . The Texans have gone on to win five more AFC South championships in 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 and 2019 . As of the 2019 season , they are the only franchise to have never appeared in a conference championship game ."}]}, {'value': 'Dee Dowis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dee_Dowis', 'summary': "Michael Dee Dowis ( August 2 , 1968 - August 29 , 2016 ) was an American college football quarterback for the United States Air Force Academy . He graduated as the NCAA 's All-time leading rusher for a quarterback ."}]}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USAFA Quarterback from 1987-1989 ; set the NCAA Division I career record for rushing yards by a quarterback with 3,612 ( broken by Antwaan Randle El in 2001 ) . Against San Diego State University , he set the Western Athletic Conference record for most rushing yards by a quarterback in a single-game with 249 ( broken by Chad Hall on October 13 , 2007 ) and most rushing touchdowns by a quarterback in a single-game with 6 . Dowis is regarded as one of the best option quarterbacks in NCAA history . Dee became the fifth player in Division I history to both pass and rush for 1,000 yards , ; was an honorable mention All-American , and was the Western Athletic Conference Offensive Player of the Year . ; He finished sixth in the Heisman Trophy voting in 1989 , ahead of Emmitt Smith , Ty Detmer , Blair Thomas and Raghib Ismail . He was inducted into the Franklin County ( Ga. ) Sports Hall of Fame in 1998 , Air Force Athletics Hall of Fame as part of the Class of 2009 and the Colorado Springs Sports Hall of Fame in 2011 . Dowis died in an automobile accident on August 29 , 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bryce Fisher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bryce_Fisher', 'summary': 'Bryce Alexander Fisher ( born May 12 , 1977 ) is a former American football defensive lineman . He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the 7th round of the 1999 NFL Draft . He played college football at Air Force .'}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Played for Buffalo Bills , St. Louis Rams , Seattle Seahawks , Tennessee Titans', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dan Nwaelele', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dan_Nwaelele', 'summary': 'Onyenma Daniel Nwaelele ( born March 5 , 1984 ) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Paris-Levallois of the French LNB Pro A . He played college basketball for the Air Force Falcons .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball player , formerly in the NBA D-League and now with Levallois Metropolitans in France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NBA_G_League', 'summary': "The NBA G League , or simply the G League , is the National Basketball Association 's ( NBA ) official minor league basketball organization . The league was known as the National Basketball Development League ( NBDL ) from 2001 to 2005 , and the NBA Development League ( NBA D-League ) from 2005 until 2017 . The league started with eight teams until NBA commissioner David Stern announced a plan to expand the NBA D-League to fifteen teams and develop it into a true minor league farm system , with each NBA D-League team affiliated with one or more NBA teams in March 2005 . At the conclusion of the 2013-14 NBA season , 33% of NBA players had spent time in the NBA D-League , up from 23% in 2011 . As of the 2019-20 season , the league consists of 28 teams , all of which are either single-affiliated or owned by an NBA team . In the 2017-18 season , Gatorade became the title sponsor of the D-League , and it was renamed the NBA G League ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Levallois_Metropolitans', 'summary': 'Metropolitans 92 is a French professional basketball club that is based in Levallois-Perret . The club currently plays in the LNB Pro A , the highest-tier level in French basketball . Founded in 2007 , as Paris-Levallois Basket , the club has been based in the Paris metropolitan area . The home arena of the club is Palais des sports Marcel Cerdan , which has a seating capacity of 4,000 people . Levallois has won two titles thus far , as it won the French Cup in 2013 , and the Match des Champions ( French Supercup ) in 2013 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LNB_Pro_A', 'summary': "The LNB Pro A , commonly known as Pro A and for sponsorship reasons named the Jeep Élite , is the top-tier men 's professional basketball league in France . The competition has existed since 1921 . Since 1987 , the Ligue Nationale de Basket has organized the league . The bottom two placed teams from each season are relegated to the second tier level Pro B . The winner of the play-offs of the Pro A is crowned the French national champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Chad Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chad_Hall', 'summary': 'Chandler Chad Hall ( born May 23 , 1986 ) is an American football coach and former player . He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an unrestricted free agent in 2010 after going undrafted in 2008 . He played college football at Air Force . Hall has also played for the San Francisco 49ers , Kansas City Chiefs , and Jacksonville Jaguars . He is currently a wide receivers coach for the Buffalo Bills . Hall is the brother of Kelly Hall Stafford , married to Detroit Lions quarterback Matthew Stafford .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL Wide Receiver for the Philadelphia Eagles 2010-2012 ; Wide Receiver for San Francisco 49ers 2012-Present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football team based in Philadelphia . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . In the 2017 season the team won Super Bowl LII , their first Super Bowl win in franchise history and their fourth NFL title overall , after winning the Championship Game in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Harold Carmichael , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has had an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all-time , Sports Illustrated ranks it as the fourth-best rivalry in the NFL , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well-known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high-profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry known as the battle of Pennsylvania , roughly dating back to 1933 . It mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks among the best in the league in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers', 'summary': "The San Francisco 49ers are a professional American football team based in the San Francisco Bay Area . They compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) West division . The team currently plays its home games at Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara , California , located 38 miles ( 61 km ) southeast of San Francisco in the heart of Silicon Valley . Since 1988 , the 49ers have been headquartered in Santa Clara . The team was founded in 1946 as a charter member of the All-America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and joined the NFL in 1949 when the leagues merged . The 49ers were the first major league professional sports franchise based in San Francisco . The name 49ers comes from the prospectors who arrived in Northern California in the 1849 Gold Rush . The team is legally and corporately registered as San Francisco Forty Niners . The team began play at Kezar Stadium in San Francisco before moving across town to Candlestick Park in 1970 and then to Levi 's Stadium in Santa Clara in 2014 . The 49ers won five Super Bowl championships between 1981 and 1994 , led by Hall of Famers Joe Montana , Jerry Rice , Ronnie Lott , Steve Young , and coaches Bill Walsh and George Seifert . They have been division champions 20 times between 1970 and 2019 , making them one of the most successful teams in NFL history . The 49ers have been in the league playoffs 27 times : 26 times in the NFL and one time in the AAFC ."}]}, {'value': 'Ben Garland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Garland', 'summary': 'Benjamin N. Garland ( born April 6 , 1988 ) is an American football center for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He played college football at the United States Air Force Academy and attended Central High School in Grand Junction , Colorado . He has also been a member of the Denver Broncos and Atlanta Falcons . Garland was originally a defensive lineman before converting to an offensive lineman in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NFL Defensive End for the Denver Broncos 2010-2012 . Offensive Guard 2012-Present', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denver_Broncos', 'summary': "The Denver Broncos are a professional American football franchise based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Empower Field at Mile High ( formerly known as Invesco Field at Mile High from 2001-2010 , Sports Authority Field at Mile High from 2011-2017 , and Broncos Stadium at Mile High from 2018-2019 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10-year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not have a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's most successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 ) , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) ) , and share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 - tied with the New England Patriots ) . Thirteen players who have played for Denver are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Shannon Sharpe , Gary Zimmerman , Willie Brown , Tony Dorsett , Jerry Rice , Andre Reed , Terrell Davis , Brian Dawkins , Ty Law , Champ Bailey and Steve Atwater , along with late club owner Pat Bowlen ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Whitney', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Whitney', 'summary': 'Tom Whitney ( born May 16 , 1989 ) is an American professional golfer .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Professional Golfer ( 2010-present )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Walmsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Walmsley', 'summary': "Jim Walmsley ( born January 17 , 1990 ) is an American long-distance runner . An ultra-trail specialist , he won the JFK 50 Mile in 2014 , 2015 and 2016 , the Lake Sonoma 50 in 2016 and 2018 and the Tarawera Ultramarathon in 2017 . He holds several course records and fastest known times , including the Western States 100 , set in 2018 and further improved by 21 minutes in 2019 . He was named UltraRunner of the Year for 2016 , 2017 , and 2018 . In addition , he qualified for the 2020 Olympic trials in the marathon with his 2019 performance at the Houston half-marathon . While competing in the Hoka One One Project Carbon X 100K Challenge on May 5 , 2019 he set a new unofficial world best for the 50 mile distance ( which is not an IAU recognized world best distance ) , completing it in 4:50:07 ( besting Bruce Fordyce 's previous 36-year old record by 14 seconds ) . Walmsley won the World Long Distance Mountain Running Championships in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ultramarathoner ( 2014-present )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ultramarathon', 'summary': 'An ultramarathon , also called ultra distance or ultra running , is any footrace longer than the traditional marathon length of 42.195 kilometres ( 26.219 mi ) .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_United_States_Air_Force_Academy_alumni_3', 'intro': "The United States Air Force Academy is an undergraduate college in Colorado Springs, Colorado, with the mission of educating and commissioning officers for the United States Air Force. The Academy was established in 1954, entered its first class in 1955, and graduated its first class in 1959. All students hold the Air Force rank of Cadet. Sports media refer to the Academy as Air Force; this usage is officially endorsed. Most cadets are admitted through a congressional appointment system. The curriculum is broad-based but has traditionally emphasized science and engineering. Before the Academy's first graduating class in 1959, the United States Military Academy and United States Naval Academy were the primary sources of officers for the Air Force and its predecessors, the Army Air Corps and Army Air Forces. [citation needed] Though the primary focus of the Academy is for the Air Force, some graduates are given the option of cross-commissioning into the United States Army, United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, or United States Coast Guard. This list is drawn from graduates, non-graduate former cadets, current cadets, and faculty of the Air Force Academy. Over 410 noted scholars from a variety of academic fields are Academy graduates, including: 41 Rhodes Scholars, 9 Marshall Scholars, 13 Harry S. Truman Scholars, 115 John F. Kennedy School of Government Scholars, and 31 Gerahart Scholars. Additional notable graduates include 403 general officers, 164 graduates who were killed in combat, 36 repatriated prisoners of war, 1 Medal of Honor recipient, and 2 combat aces. Thirty-nine Academy graduates have become astronauts, second among institutions of higher learning only to the United States Naval Academy with 52."}
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What college most recently had a former USAFA student as its athletic director ?
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Florida State University
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0351d8aa977aa2a5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copa_de_Honor_Municipalidad_de_Buenos_Aires', 'title': 'Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires', 'header': ['Team', 'Titles', 'Years won'], 'data': [{'value': 'Racing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Racing_Club_de_Avellaneda', 'summary': 'Racing Club , also known simply as Racing , is an Argentine professional sports club based in Avellaneda , a city of Greater Buenos Aires . Founded in 1903 , Racing has been historically considered one of the big five clubs of Argentine football . Racing currently plays in the Primera División , the top division of the Argentine league system . Racing has won the Primera División 18 times ( with a record of seven consecutive championships between 1913 and 1919 ) , apart from winning 13 National cups such as five Copa Ibarguren , four Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one Copa Beccar Varela . Due to those achievements the team was nicknamed La Academia ( The Academy of Football ) which still identifies the club and its supporters . On international stage , the club has won 6 titles , 3 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other international bodies . Those achievements include one Copa Libertadores , one Intercontinental Cup and the first edition of the Supercopa Sudamericana . In addition , Racing won AFA-AUF competitions , played against the Uruguayan champions : Copa Aldao twice and Copa de Honor Cousenier once . The first team plays its home games in the Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón , nicknamed El Cilindro de Avellaneda ( in English : The Cylinder of Avellaneda ) . Apart from football , other sports practised at Racing are artistic gymnastics , basketball , boxing , field hockey , handball , martial arts , roller skating , tennis and volleyball .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1912 , 1913 , 1915 , 1917', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1912_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1912 in Argentine football saw the division of Argentine football into two rival associations , when Federación Argentina de Football ( FAF ) was established to organise its own championships . Thus , Quilmes won the official AFA tournament , while Porteño won the FAF title .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1913_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1913 in Argentine football saw Racing Club de Avellaneda win its first league championship . The team also won the Copa Ibarguren , the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and the Copa de Honor Cousenier . Estudiantes de La Plata won its first championship , taking the dissident FAF league title . Rosario Central won the Copa de Competencia La Nación . The Argentina national team won three championships against Uruguay and carried out a brief tour of Chile .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1915_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1915 in Argentine football saw the reunification of the Asociación Argentina de Football and the Federación Argentina de Football . Racing won its third consecutive league championship . Rosario Central won the Copa Ibarguren , defeating Racing 3-1 . Argentina national team won the Copa Premier Honor Uruguayo and Copa Lipton .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1917_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1917 in Argentine football saw the two teams from Avellaneda dominate Argentine football . Racing Club won its fifth consecutive league title and two domestic cups , while Independiente won the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club . In international football Argentina won three minor tournaments but finished as runners up to Uruguay in Copa América for the second time .'}]}, {'value': 'Alumni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alumni_Athletic_Club', 'summary': 'Alumni Athletic Club , or simply Alumni , was an Argentine football team active during the first years of the sport in that country . Although officially founded in 1898 , the team had been formed in 1893 when a group of students from the Buenos Aires English High School joined Alexander Watson Hutton ( considered the father of Argentine football ) to form a team in order to participate in the championship organized by the Argentine Association Football League ( then Argentine Football Association , which had been created that year ) . The squad was active until 1911 and was disbanded in 1913 due to internal problems . During its run in Primera División , Alumni achieved 10 domestic league championships and many national and international cups , becoming one of the most important clubs in the history of Argentine football .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1905 , 1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1905_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': 'The year 1905 in Argentine football saw Alumni crowning Argentine champion , winning its 5th league title in six seasons . A new team , Reformer Athletic Club from the city of Campana , registered to play the tournament .'}, {'url': '/wiki/1906_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1906 in Argentine football saw Alumni regaining the Argentine championship for the 6th time in seven seasons . The team also won the local Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and internationals Tie Cup and Copa de Honor Cousenier , obtaining four titles within the same year . San Isidro , Argentino de Quilmes and San Martín made their debuts in Primera .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgrano AC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgrano_Athletic', 'summary': "Belgrano Athletic Club is an Argentine amateur sports club from Belgrano , Buenos Aires . One of Argentina 's oldest institutions still in existence , Belgrano was one of the four clubs that founded the Argentine Rugby Union in 1899 . The senior team currently competes at Top 12 , the first division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . Belgrano Athletic was one of the most prominent teams during the first years of football in Argentina , having won three domestic league titles , one national cup and two international cups . Belgrano 's arch-rival during those years was Alumni , also from Belgrano neighborhood . Belgrano disaffiliated from the Argentine Association in late 1910s , focusing on rugby union and other sports . Football is no longer practised at the club . Belgrano 's field hockey team currently takes part of Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . The club 's facilities are divided between two locations : its main building ( Sede Virrey del Pino ) sited in Belgrano and another one located in Pilar ( Anexo Pinazo ) . Apart from the sports mentioned above , several activities are practised at the club nowadays , such as bowls , cricket , gymnastics , pilates , squash , swimming , tennis and yoga ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1907', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1907_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1907 in Argentine football saw Alumni regain the Argentine championship winning its 7th Primera División ( First Division ) title in eight seasons . The relegation system is established since this season . Barracas AC withdrew after 7 fixtures and was disaffiliated by the Association .'}]}, {'value': 'Quilmes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quilmes_Atlético_Club', 'summary': "Quilmes Atlético Club ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkilmes aˈtletiko ˈkluβ ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in the Quilmes district of Greater Buenos Aires . Quilmes is the oldest club of Argentina still competing in official tournaments , having been founded in 1887 . Its football squad currently plays in the Primera B Nacional , the second division of the Argentinian football . Apart from football , Quilmes ' main sport is field hockey , which both teams , women 's and men 's , have won many titles at Torneo Metropolitano championships . Quilmes has also a field hockey stadium , Estadio Nacional with a capacity of 6,000 seats . Other sports practised at the club are basketball , gymnastics , handball , martial arts , roller skating , swimming and tennis ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1908', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1908_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1908 in Argentine football saw Belgrano AC win its 3rd . title , ending a run of three consecutive championships for Alumni . In International football , Argentina won Copa Newton and Copa Lipton . On 13 September 1908 , in the Copa Newton game against Uruguay Argentina wore the light blue and white stripes ( Albiceleste ) for the first time .'}]}, {'value': 'San Isidro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_San_Isidro', 'summary': "The Club Atlético de San Isidro ( mostly known for its acronym CASI ) is an Argentine sports club based in the city of San Isidro in Greater Buenos Aires . Originally established as a football club , San Isidro has gained recognition for its rugby union team , holding a record of 33 Torneo de la URBA championships . The senior squad currently competes at Top 12 , the top division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system . San Isidro has also a notable past in football , with 28 consecutive seasons playing in Primera División , the top division of Argentine football league system until the club disaffiliated from the Association when the sport became professional in Argentina . Until then , San Isidro had achieved some international titles such as three Copa de Competencia Jockey Club , one Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one international Tie Cup . Nowadays , football is practised at the institution with youth and senior amateur competitions for men and women . The field hockey section has women 's and men 's team competing at Metropolitano championships organised by the Buenos Aires Hockey Association . Apart from rugby , hockey and football , other disciplines hosted by San Isidro are artistic gymnastics , basque pelota , bowls , gaelic football , golf , squash , swimming , taekwondo and tennis ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1909_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1909 in Argentine football saw Alumni win the championship , their 8th title in 10 seasons . Argentina won all three international trophies contested against Uruguay .'}]}, {'value': "Newell 's Old Boys", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Newell's_Old_Boys", 'summary': "Club Atlético Newell 's Old Boys ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ˈɲuls olˈβois ] ) is an Argentine sports club based in Rosario , Santa Fe . The club was founded on 3 November 1903 , and is named after Isaac Newell , from the English county of Kent , one of the pioneers of Argentine football . A founding member of Liga Rosarina de Football , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Newell 's Old Boys has taken part of tournaments organised by the body . The club has won six Argentine Primera División championships plus three National cups throughout their history . Newell 's has also been twice Copa Libertadores runner-up ( in 1988 and 1992 ) . The club 's football stadium is the Estadio Marcelo Bielsa , named after the team 's former player and manager Marcelo Bielsa ( twice champion , and runner-up of one Copa Libertadores ) . Newell 's plays the Rosario derby against Rosario Central , a club with which they have a huge historical rivalry . Newell 's is also notable for its youth divisions , being one of the clubs with most national titles in AFA 's youth tournaments . Players from the club 's youths who have represented Argentina at World Cups are Gabriel Batistuta , Éver Banega , Walter Samuel , Américo Gallego , Jorge Valdano , Gabriel Heinze , Roberto Sensini , Mauricio Pochettino and Maxi Rodríguez , among others . Lionel Messi also played in the club 's youths , but left at a young age to Barcelona to seek treatment for his growth hormone deficiency , while Diego Maradona played briefly for the first team in 1993 . Other sports practised at this club are basketball , boxing , field hockey , martial arts , roller skating and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1911', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1911_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': "1911 in Argentine football saw Alumni regain the championship for the third time in succession , by beating Porteño in a championship playoff . It was the team 's 10th title in 12 seasons and was also its last tournament disputed so the football team was disbanded at the end of the season due to financial problems ."}]}, {'value': 'Rosario Central', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosario_Central', 'summary': "Club Atlético Rosario Central ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈsaɾjo senˈtɾal ] ) is a sports club based in Rosario , Argentina , that plays in the Argentine Primera División . The club was officially founded December 24 , 1889 by a group of railway workers , taking its name from the English-owned Central Argentine Railway company . One of the oldest Argentine teams , it is considered a pioneer in its hometown and the only one of current Rosarian teams to have won an international title organised by CONMEBOL , the Copa Conmebol , won by the club in 1995 . Originally member of the Rosario 's Football Association , the club affiliated to the Argentine Football Association ( AFA ) in 1939 . Since then , Rosario Central has won the Argentine 's First Division four times , with the last domestic title won in 1986-87 . In addition , Rosario Central won six National cups , being the 2018 Copa Argentina its most recent achievement . In addition , Rosario Central won the Conmebol Cup ( the precursor of the current Copa Sudamericana ) once , in 1995 , being the only team in Santa Fe province which has won an official international title recognised by FIFA . In 2012 , the club was considered by FIFA as one of the 11 most classical clubs in Argentine football . Rosario Central has a strong rivalry with Newell 's Old Boys . The matches played between them are named El Clasico Rosarino , and is amongst the most heated rivalries in Argentina due to both teams and due to Rosario 's local popularity . Rosario Central 's home stadium is Estadio Dr. Lisandro de la Torre , known simply as El Gigante de Arroyito ( The Giant of Arroyito ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1916_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1916 in Argentine football saw Racing Club win their 4th consecutive league championship . Rosario Central won the Copa de Honor and the Copa de Competencia but they were beaten in both of the international finals . In international football Argentina hosted the first edition of Copa América ( named Campeonato Sudamericano by then ) where they finished as runners un to Uruguay although they won four minor trophies later in the year .'}]}, {'value': 'Independiente', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Independiente', 'summary': "Club Atlético Independiente ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko indepenˈdjente ] ) is an Argentine professional sports club , which has its headquarters and stadium in the city of Avellaneda in Greater Buenos Aires . The club is best known for its football team , which plays in the Primera División and is considered one of Argentina 's Big Five football clubs . Independiente holds a longstanding rivalry with neighbor club Racing in the Avellaneda derby , referred to as El Clásico de Avellaneda . Independiente was officially founded on 1 January 1905 , although the institution had been formed on 4 August 1904 and had already played in Argentina 's first division . Originally from Monserrat , a historic neighborhood of Buenos Aires , the club moved to Avellaneda in 1907 . The football team has won 16 Primera División titles ( the last one was the 2002 Apertura ) and 9 National cups . In international club football competitions , Independiente has won a total of 21 titles , with 18 of them organised by CONMEBOL and other associations . Independiente 's achievements include a record of seven Copa Libertadores won , being the only club to win four finals in a row , between 1972 and 1975 . The club has won the Copa Interamericana three times , the Supercopa Sudamericana twice , the Recopa Sudamericana once , the Intercontinental Cup twice ( 1973 and 1984 ) , and the Copa Sudamericana twice , in 2010 and 2017 . The 2018 Suruga Bank Championship was its most recent achievement . Other international titles won by Independiente include two Rioplatense Copa Aldao competitions , organized by Argentine and Uruguayan Associations together . Apart from football , other activities practised at the club are athletics , basketball , boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , handball , gymnastics , martial arts , Pilates , roller skating , scuba diving , swimming , tennis , volleyball , water polo , and yoga ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1918', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1918_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1918 in Argentine football saw Racing Club de Avellaneda win its 6th . consecutive league title , remaining unbeaten at the end of the season . In international football Argentina won three minor championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Banfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Atlético_Banfield', 'summary': "Club Atlético Banfield is an Argentine sports club located in the city of Banfield , Buenos Aires . Founded on 21 January 1896 by town residents of British origin ( mostly from England and some from Scotland and Ireland ) , Banfield is mostly known for its football team , which currently plays in Primera División , the first division of the Argentine football league system . The club 's football greatest achievement was obtained in 2009 when it became champion of the Apertura , the first Primera División title won by the club . Apart from that championship , Banfield has also achieved two runners-up places , in 1951 and 2005 . Banfield 's main rival is Club Atlético Lanús , with which the club has a strong rivalry . Other sports practiced at the club include boxing , chess , field hockey , futsal , gymnastics , handball , roller skating , taekwondo , tennis and volleyball ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1920', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1920_in_Argentine_football', 'summary': '1920 in Argentine football saw Boca Juniors retain the Asociación Argentina de Football ( AFA ) league title . In the dissident Asociación Amateurs de Football ( AAm ) River Plate ended the run of seven consecutive league titles for Racing Club de Avellaneda . In international football Argentina finished as runners up in Copa América 1920 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'List of champions -- Titles by team', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Copa_de_Honor_Municipalidad_de_Buenos_Aires_1', 'intro': 'The Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was an Argentine official football cup competition. It was contested fourteen times between 1905 and 1920. This cup was played by teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario (which belonged to Liga Rosarina de Football). The champion of this tournament qualified to play the Copa de Honor Cousenier versus the winner of Uruguayan Copa de Honor representing the Association of that country. English participation belgrano athletic \n In 1936, a new Copa de Honor was played under a regular Primera División season, with 18 teams playing a single-round tournament. San Lorenzo finished 1st and was awarded the cup. In July 2013, the Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 edition as a Primera División honour awarded to the club.'}
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What is the main sport aside from football played by the club that won the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires in the year that Belgrano AC ended Alumni 's 3-championship winning streak ?
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Field hockey
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03524953c1bf7205
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_writers', 'title': 'List of Canadian writers', 'header': ['Name', 'Born', 'Genre', 'Notable works'], 'data': [{'value': "Antonio D'Alfonso", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Antonio_D'Alfonso", 'summary': "Antonio D'Alfonso ( born 6 August 1953 ) is a Canadian writer , editor , publisher and filmmaker , best known as the founder of Guernica Editions ."}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'poet , novelist , bilingual writer', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Other Shore , L'autre rivage , Fabrizio 's Passion , Un vendredi du mois d'aout", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anne Dandurand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anne_Dandurand', 'summary': 'Anne Dandurand ( born November 19 , 1953 ) is a French-Canadian actor , producer , activist and author . She was born in Montreal , and appeared regularly on Canadian film and TV during the 1970s . She wrote her first book La louve-garou with her twin sister Claire Dé . She published further books on her own :'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Dantin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Dantin', 'summary': "Louis Dantin was the pen name of Eugène Seers ( November 28 , 1865 - January 17 , 1945 ) , a Canadian writer and editor from Quebec . He is historically most noted as the original editor and publisher of the poetry of Émile Nelligan , although he also published numerous works as a poet , novelist and essayist in his own right . Originally from Beauharnois , Quebec , he studied at the Collège de Montréal and later attended seminary to become a Roman Catholic priest . Associated with the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament , he wrote religious poetry and short stories during this era . He was later associated with the École littéraire de Montréal , becoming acquainted there with writers such as Nelligan and Arthur de Bussières . He subsequently left the priesthood in 1903 , marrying Clotilde Lacroix and moving to Boston , Massachusetts , where he worked as a printer for Harvard University Press . He resided in Boston for the remainder of his life , although he continued to publish French language literary work in Quebec . Most of his published work was as an essayist and critic , including volumes such as Poètes de lAmérique française ( 1928 ) and Gloses critiques ( 1931 ) , although he also published a volume of poetry ( Le Coffret de Crusoé , 1932 ) and a posthumous novel ( Les Enfances de Fanny , 1951 ) . Several volumes of his correspondence with other Quebec writers were also published , as well as several posthumous volumes of poetry from his archives . Two writers , Claude-Henri Grignon in his 1936 Les Pamphlets de Valdombre and Yvette Francoli in her 2013 Le Naufragé du Vaisseau d'or , have alleged that Dantin was the actual author of most of the poetry credited to Nelligan . Dantin denied Grignon 's claims in several of his letters to other writers . In 2016 , the University of Ottawa 's literary journal @ nalyses published an article by Annette Hayward and Christian Vandendorpe which rejected the claim , based on textual comparisons of the poetry credited to Nelligan with the writings of Dantin ."}]}, {'value': '1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'poet , critic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Coffret de Crusoé , Gloses critiques', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean-Paul Daoust', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jean-Paul_Daoust', 'summary': "Jean-Paul Daoust ( born January 30 , 1946 ) is a Canadian poet . He won the Governor General 's Award for French-language poetry at the 1990 Governor General 's Awards for Les Cendres bleues ."}]}, {'value': '1946', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'poet , novelist , short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Cendres bleues , Black Diva', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Darbyshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Darbyshire', 'summary': 'Peter Darbyshire is a Canadian journalist , blogger and author . An editor and journalist with Canadian newspaper The Province and a self-published blogger and cartoonist , he has published literary fiction under his own name and fantasy literature under the pen name Peter Roman . He won the ReLit Award for fiction in 2003 for his novel Please .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Please', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jill Daum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jill_Daum', 'summary': "Jill Daum is a Canadian actress and playwright from Vancouver , British Columbia . She is most noted for her theatrical play Forget About Tomorrow , about a woman struggling to cope with her husband 's diagnosis with early-onset Alzheimer 's and based in part on her own marriage to musician and actor John Mann , and as a member of the Mom 's the Word collective , who created several touring theatrical shows about women 's experience of motherhood ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'playwright', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forget About Tomorrow', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Davey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Davey', 'summary': "Frankland Wilmot Davey , FRSC ( born April 19 , 1940 ) is a Canadian poet and scholar . Born in Vancouver , British Columbia , he grew up in the Fraser Valley village of Abbotsford . In 1957 he enrolled at the University of British Columbia where , in 1961 , shortly after beginning MA studies , he became one of the founding editors of the influential and contentious poetry newsletter TISH . In the spring of 1962 he won the university 's Macmillan Prize for poetry , and published the poetry collection D-Day and After , the first of the Tish group 's numerous publications . In 1963 he began teaching at Canadian Services College Royal Roads Military College in Victoria . He began doctoral studies at the University of Southern California in the summer of 1965 , completing in 1968 . After serving as writer-in-residence at Montreal 's Sir George Williams University , he joined the English Department of York University in Toronto in 1970 , becoming department chair in 1986 . He was appointed in 1990 to the Carl F. Klinck Chair of Canadian Literature at the University of Western Ontario in London . From 1975 to 1992 he was one of the most active editors of the Coach House Press . He currently lives in Strathroy , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Davidson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Davidson', 'summary': 'Craig Davidson ( born 1976 ) is a Canadian author of short stories and novels , who has published work under both his own name and the pen names Patrick Lestewka and Nick Cutter . His style has been compared to that of Chuck Palahniuk .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist , short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rust and Bone , Cataract City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rust_and_Bone_(short_story_collection)', 'summary': 'Rust and Bone is a collection of short stories by Canadian author Craig Davidson , first published in 2005 by Viking Canada . Four of the short stories were published in the Canadian literary magazines Event , Prairie Fire and The Fiddlehead before being collected in a single work .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cataract_City', 'summary': 'Cataract City is a 2013 novel by Craig Davidson published in Canada by Doubleday . The title refers to the city nickname of Niagara Falls and is derived from the Latin word for waterfalls .'}]}, {'value': 'True Davidson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/True_Davidson', 'summary': "Jean Gertrude True Davidson , CM ( 19 April 1901 - 18 September 1978 ) , was a Canadian politician , teacher , and writer . She was the first mayor of the Borough of East York , Ontario , and she was one of Metropolitan Toronto 's most colourful politicians in a career spanning nearly 25 years . She spent 10 years on the East York school board and 11 years as alderwoman , reeve and mayor on East York Council . During her time in municipal politics she ran in 11 elections and never lost . She was born in Hudson , Quebec , the daughter of a Methodist minister . She was educated at the University of Toronto and then worked as a teacher . She tried her hand as a writer before gaining work editing a 12-volume compendium of Canadiana by William Perkins Bull . After her parents died , she moved to East York where she quickly became embroiled in local politics . She became a school trustee in 1947 and later chair of the school board . In 1958 she ran for local council and served one term before being elected as reeve in 1960 . In 1966 , East York merged with Leaside and Davidson emerged as the winner in a runoff election for mayor against Leaside 's reeve , Beth Nealson . Davidson stayed on as mayor for six years until she retired in 1972 ."}]}, {'value': '1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'poetry , fiction , non-fiction', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Golden Strings', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robertson Davies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robertson_Davies', 'summary': "William Robertson Davies , CC OOnt FRSC FRSL ( 28 August 1913 - 2 December 1995 ) was a Canadian novelist , playwright , critic , journalist , and professor . He was one of Canada 's best known and most popular authors and one of its most distinguished men of letters , an unfashionable term Davies gladly accepted for himself . Davies was the founding Master of Massey College , a graduate residential college associated with the University of Toronto ."}]}, {'value': '1913', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Fifth Business , What 's Bred in the Bone", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fifth_Business', 'summary': "Fifth Business ( 1970 ) is a novel by Canadian writer Robertson Davies . It is the first installment of the Deptford Trilogy and explores the life of the narrator , Dunstan Ramsay . It is Davies ' best-known novel and has been ranked as his finest . First published by Macmillan of Canada in 1970 , Fifth Business was ranked as 40th on the American Modern Library 's reader 's list of the 100 best novels of the 20th century ."}, {'url': "/wiki/What's_Bred_in_the_Bone", 'summary': "What 's Bred in the Bone is the second novel in the Canadian writer Robertson Davies ' Cornish Trilogy . It is the life story of Francis or Frank Cornish , whose death and will were the starting point for the first novel , The Rebel Angels ."}]}, {'value': 'Lauren B. Davis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lauren_B._Davis', 'summary': 'Lauren B. Davis ( née Cargill ) is a Canadian writer . She is best known for her novels Our Daily Bread , which was named one of the best books of 2011 by The Globe and Mail and The Boston Globe . and The Empty Room , a semi-autobiographical novel about alcoholism . She currently lives in Princeton , New Jersey with her husband , Zurich Financial executive , Ron Davis , and their dog , Bailey ( The Rescuepoo )'}]}, {'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist , short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Daily Bread , The Grimoire of Kensington Market', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amber Dawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amber_Dawn', 'summary': "Amber Dawn is a Canadian writer , who won the 2012 Dayne Ogilvie Prize , presented by the Writers ' Trust of Canada to an emerging lesbian , gay , bisexual or transgender writer . A writer , filmmaker , and performance artist based in Vancouver , British Columbia , Dawn published her debut novel Sub Rosa in 2010 . The novel later won that year 's Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Debut Fiction . Dawn was also an editor of the anthology Fist of the Spider Woman : Tales of Fear and Queer Desire , a nominee for the Lambda Literary Award for Science Fiction , Fantasy and Horror in 2009 , and co-editor with Trish Kelly of With a Rough Tongue : Femmes Write Porn . In 2013 she released a new book of essays and poems entitled How Poetry Saved My Life : A Hustler 's Memoir . The book was a shortlisted nominee in the Lesbian Memoir/Biography category at the 26th Lambda Literary Awards , and won the 2013 City of Vancouver Book Award . Dawn was director of programming for the Vancouver Queer Film Festival for four years , ending in 2012 . In 2017 , she rejoined the Vancouver Queer Film Festival as co-artistic director with Anoushka Ratnarajah . She served alongside Vivek Shraya and Anne Fleming on the Dayne Ogilvie Prize jury in 2013 , selecting C. E. Gatchalian as that year 's winner . Her newest novel , Sodom Road Exit , was published in 2018 . It was shortlisted for the Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction at the 31st Lambda Literary Awards in 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist , anthologist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sub Rosa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Frank Parker Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Frank_Parker_Day', 'summary': "Frank Parker Day ( 9 May 1881 at Shubenacadie , Nova Scotia - 30 July 1950 at Yarmouth , Nova Scotia ) was a Canadian athlete , academic and author . Since Day 's father was a Methodist minister who moved to a new congregation every three years , Day spent his youth living throughout Nova Scotia , living in Wallace , Acadia Mines , Mahone Bay , Boylston , and Lockeport ."}]}, {'value': '1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rockbound , John Paul 's Rock", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rockbound', 'summary': 'Rockbound is a novel published in 1928 by Canadian writer Frank Parker Day .'}, {'url': "/wiki/John_Paul's_Rock", 'summary': "John Paul 's Rock is a novel published in 1932 by Canadian writer Frank Parker Day , about a Mi'kmaq guide who fled into Nova Scotia to escape white man 's law ."}]}, {'value': 'Claire Dé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Claire_Dé', 'summary': "Claire Dé is the pen name of Claire Dandurand ( born November 19 , 1953 ) , a Canadian writer from Quebec . The twin sister of writer Anne Dandurand , she worked as a theatrical designer before devoting herself to writing . She began her career as co-author with her sister of La louve-garou , a collection of erotic short stories published in 1982 , and then wrote a number of theatre pieces in the 1980s . In 1989 she published Le désir comme catastrophe naturel , another collection of erotic stories which won the Prix Stendhal . In 1991 she published Chiens divers ( et autres faits ecrasis ) , a short story collection , and Sentimental a l'os , a collection of some of her theatrical plays . She published the novels Sourdes amours in 1993 and Bonheur , oiseau rare in 1996 , which were subsequently republished in English translations by Lazer Lederhendler as Soundless Loves ( 1997 ) and The Sparrow Has Cut the Day in Half ( 1999 ) . At the 1999 Governor General 's Awards , Lederhendler was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for French to English translation for The Sparrow Has Cut the Day in Half . At the 2004 Governor General 's Awards , Dé was shortlisted for the Governor General 's Award for English to French translation for Le cahier d'Hellman , her translation of Hellman 's Scrapbook by Robert Majzels . In 2011 Dé published the short story collection Hôtel Septième-ciel ."}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist , short stories', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bonjour , oiseau rare , Le désir comme catastrophe naturel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mazo de la Roche', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mazo_de_la_Roche', 'summary': 'Mazo de la Roche ( January 15 , 1879 - July 12 , 1961 ) , born Maisie Louise Roche in Newmarket , Ontario , Canada , was the author of the Jalna novels , one of the most popular series of books of her time .'}]}, {'value': '1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalna_(novel_series)', 'summary': 'Jalna is a 16 book series of novels by the Canadian writer Mazo de la Roche . Jalna is the name of the fictional manor house in which the Whiteoak family lives . The name comes from Jalna , a city in west-central India , where there was a British garrison . In a prequel novel , the house is built by a retired officer of the British army who served in India . Jalna is partly based on Benares , a house in Mississauga , Canada . Benares was built in the late 1850s for a retired officer of the British army who had served in India , James B. Harris . It once occupied a larger estate , upon which de la Roche lived for a time . Benares is an alternate name of Varanasi , a city in India which had a British garrison .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles de Lint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_de_Lint', 'summary': "Charles de Lint ( born December 22 , 1951 ) is a Canadian writer of Dutch origins . He is married to - and plays music with - MaryAnn Harris . Primarily a writer of fantasy fiction , he has written widely in the subgenres of urban fantasy , contemporary magical realism , and mythic fiction . Along with writers like Terri Windling , Emma Bull , and John Crowley , de Lint in the 1980s pioneered and popularized the genre of urban fantasy . He writes novels , novellas , short stories , poetry , and lyrics . His most famous works include : the Newford series of books ( Dreams Underfoot , Widdershins , The Blue Girl , The Onion Girl , Moonlight and Vines , Someplace to be Flying etc . ) , as well as Moonheart , The Mystery of Grace , The Painted Boy and A Circle of Cats ( children 's book illustrated by Charles Vess ) . His distinctive style of fantasy draws upon local American folklore and European folklore ; De Lint was influenced by many writers in the areas of mythology , folklore , and science fiction , including J.R.R . Tolkien , Lord Dunsany , William Morris , Mervyn Peake , James Branch Cabell , E.R . Eddison etc . Some of his mythic fiction poetry can be found online on the Endicott Studio website . As an essayist/critic/folklorist he writes book reviews for The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction , has judged several literary awards , and has been a writer-in-residence for two public libraries ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'fantasy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elisabeth de Mariaffi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elisabeth_de_Mariaffi', 'summary': "Elisabeth de Mariaffi is a Canadian writer , whose debut short story collection How to Get Along With Women was a longlisted nominee for the Scotiabank Giller Prize and a shortlisted nominee for the ReLit Award in 2013 . Her poetry and fiction have been published in literary magazines including CV2 , Descant , The Fiddlehead , This Magazine and The New Quarterly . Her first poetry chapbook , Letter on St. Valentine 's Day , was published in 2009 . She holds an MFA in creative writing from the University of Guelph . In 2015 , she published her debut novel The Devil You Know . Originally from Toronto , Ontario , she is currently based in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'short stories , poet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'How to Get Along With Women', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sadiqa de Meijer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sadiqa_de_Meijer', 'summary': "Sadiqa de Meijer ( born 1977 ) is a Canadian poet . Her debut collection , Leaving Howe Island , was a nominee for the Governor General 's Award for English-language poetry at the 2014 Governor General 's Awards and for the 2014 Pat Lowther Award , and her poem Great Aunt Unmarried won the CBC 's Canada Writes award for poetry in 2012 . She has also published short stories and essays in anthologies and literary magazines . Born in Amsterdam , Netherlands and raised in Canada , she currently resides in Kingston , Ontario ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'short stories , poet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leaving Howe Island', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James de Mille', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_de_Mille', 'summary': 'James De Mille ( 23 August 1833 - 28 January 1880 ) was a professor at Dalhousie University , Nova Scotia , and an early Canadian novelist who published numerous works of popular fiction from the late 1860s through the 1870s .'}]}, {'value': '1833', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'novelist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Strange_Manuscript_Found_in_a_Copper_Cylinder', 'summary': "A Strange Manuscript Found in a Copper Cylinder is the most popular book by James De Mille . It was serialized posthumously and anonymously in Harper 's Weekly , and published in book form by Harper and Brothers of New York City during 1888 . It was serialized subsequently in the United Kingdom and Australia , and published in book form in the United Kingdom and Canada . Later editions were published from the plates of the Harper and Brothers first edition , during the late 19th and early 20th centuries . The satiric and fantastic romance is set in an imaginary semi-tropical land in Antarctica inhabited by prehistoric monsters and a cult of death-worshipers called the Kosekin . Begun many years before it was published , it is reminiscent of Edgar Allan Poe 's The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket and anticipates the exotic locale and fantasy-adventure elements of works of the Lost World genre such as Arthur Conan Doyle 's The Lost World and Edgar Rice Burroughs ' The Land That Time Forgot , as well as innumerable prehistoric world movies based loosely on these and other works . The title and locale were inspired by Edgar Allan Poe 's Ms. Found in a Bottle . It was unfortunate for De Mille 's reputation as a writer that this work was published after She and King Solomon 's Mines . Although H. Rider Haggard 's works were well known by then , the actual composition of De Mille 's romance pre-dated the publication of the popular romances and his ideas were not in the least derivative from Haggard 's better known works ."}]}, {'value': 'Marq de Villiers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marq_de_Villiers', 'summary': 'Marq de Villiers , CM is a South African-Canadian writer and journalist . He now chiefly writes non-fiction books on scientific topics . In the past he also worked as a magazine editor and foreign correspondent .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'journalist , magazine editor , science', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Water : The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'D', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Canadian_writers_3', 'intro': "This is a list of Canadian literary figures, including poets, novelists, children's writers, essayists, and scholars."}
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When did the author of Rockbound die ?
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30 July 1950
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0353f368d4d3a1fb
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'title': 'Iran at the 1974 Asian Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Firouz Abdolmohammadian Jahangir Tavakkoli Heidar Shonjani Ahmad Peidayesh Dariush Movahedi Bahram Tavakkoli Reza Kamrani Morteza Shariat Hossein Nasim Abdolreza Majdpour Ahmad Yaghouti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Firouz_Abdolmohammadian', 'summary': 'Firouz Abdolmohammadian ( Persian : فیروز عبدالمحمدیان , born 27 March 1942 ) or Firouz Mohammadi ( Persian : فیروز محمدی ) is a retired Iranian water polo goalkeeper . He competed at the 1974 Asian Games and 1976 Summer Olympics and won a gold medal in 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jahangir_Tavakkoli', 'summary': "Jahangir Hossein Tavakoli ( Persian : جهانگیر توکلی , born 25 February 1946 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Heidar_Shonjani', 'summary': 'Heidar Shonjani or Haydar Shonjani ( Persian : حیدر شونجانی , born 16 December 1945 ) , was an Iranian swimmer and water polo player . His first international tournament was the 1964 Summer Olympics , where he became the first Iranian swimmer to participate in the Summer Olympics ; he swam 100 m freestyle , but failed to reach the final . Shonjani was a member of Iran national water polo teams that competed at the 1974 Asian Games and 1976 Summer Olympics , and won a gold medal in 1974 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ahmad_Peidayesh', 'summary': "Ahmed Paidayesh ( Persian : احمد پیدایش , born 4 November 1947 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dariush_Movahedi', 'summary': "Dariush Movahedi ( Persian : داریوش موحدی , born 5 January 1950 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bahram_Tavakkoli', 'summary': "Bahram Tavakoli ( Persian : بهرام توکلی , born 8 November 1953 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reza_Kamrani', 'summary': "Gholamreza Firouzpour Kamrani ( Persian : غلامرضا فیروزپور کامرانی , born 23 August 1954 ) more known as Reza Kamrani is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Nasim', 'summary': "Hossein Nassim ( born 27 April 1952 ) is an Iranian swimmer . He who was a member of Iran national water polo teams participating in the 1976 Summer Olympics and 1970 , 1974 , and 1986 Asian Games , and won a gold medal in 1974 . Nassim was known for his national records in the backstroke , and his contribution to the Iran men 's national water polo team from the early 1970s through the late 1980s . Nassim immigrated to Germany in 1987 , and is now a coach and instructor with swim clubs there ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Abdolreza_Majdpour', 'summary': "Abdul Reza Majdpour ( Persian : عبدالرضا مجدپور , born 8 August 1952 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ahmad_Yaghouti', 'summary': "Ahmed Yaghoti ( born 2 September 1951 ) is an Iranian water polo player . He competed in the men 's tournament at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Aquatics , Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Water polo was contested by men 's teams at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Swimming Pool , Tehran , Iran from September 2 to September 7 , 1974 . The host team Iran won the gold medal in the round robin competition by having a better goal difference than China and Japan . The winner also qualified for the 1975 World Championships and the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': "Water polo was contested by men 's teams at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Swimming Pool , Tehran , Iran from September 2 to September 7 , 1974 . The host team Iran won the gold medal in the round robin competition by having a better goal difference than China and Japan . The winner also qualified for the 1975 World Championships and the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Teymour Ghiasi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teymour_Ghiasi', 'summary': 'Teymour Ghiasi ( Persian : تیمور غیاثی , born 12 April 1946 ) is a retired Iranian high jumper . He competed at the 1972 and 1976 Olympics and placed 22nd-25th . Ghiasi won gold medals at the Asian Games in 1970 and 1974 and a bronze in 1966 . At the 1974 Asian Games he set a new Asian record at 2.21 meters . In 1967 Ghiasi married a fellow high jumper Nusrat . They have a son Alireza ( born 1970 ) and a daughter Pantea .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics at the 1974 Asian Games were held in Aryamehr Stadium , Tehran , Iran . This was the first time that China competed in these games and also the last time that Israel competed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's high jump", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalal Keshmiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalal_Keshmiri', 'summary': 'Jalal Ali Joe Kashmiri , better known as Jalal Keshmiri ( Persian : جلال کشمیری , b . 25 March 1938 - d. 6 February 1999 ) was an Iranian shot putter and discus thrower . Between 1966 and 1974 he won two gold , three silver and one bronze medal in these events at the Asian Games . He competed in the discus at the 1968 Summer Olympics and placed 20th .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics at the 1974 Asian Games were held in Aryamehr Stadium , Tehran , Iran . This was the first time that China competed in these games and also the last time that Israel competed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's shot put", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jalal Keshmiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jalal_Keshmiri', 'summary': 'Jalal Ali Joe Kashmiri , better known as Jalal Keshmiri ( Persian : جلال کشمیری , b . 25 March 1938 - d. 6 February 1999 ) was an Iranian shot putter and discus thrower . Between 1966 and 1974 he won two gold , three silver and one bronze medal in these events at the Asian Games . He competed in the discus at the 1968 Summer Olympics and placed 20th .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'The athletics at the 1974 Asian Games were held in Aryamehr Stadium , Tehran , Iran . This was the first time that China competed in these games and also the last time that Israel competed .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's discus throw", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharif Delaram', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 71 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Masis Hambarsumian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Masis_Hambarsumian', 'summary': 'Masis Hambarsounian ( Armenian : Մասիս ՀամբարՁումեան ; Persian : ماسیس هامبارسونیان , born 3 June 1951 ) is a retired Iranian Armenian light-heavyweight boxer who won a gold medal at the 1974 Asian Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 81 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdolreza Andaveh', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's +81 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Boxing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Mohammad Reza Shah Stadium , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassan Arianfard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hassan_Arianfard', 'summary': 'Hassan Arianfard ( Persian : حسن آریانفرد , born 18 October 1948 ) also known as Hassan Fard is an Iranian former cyclist . He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling , Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 1974 Asian Games was held at the Aryamehr Velodrome in Aryamehr Sport Complex , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's road race", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hassan Arianfard Gholam Hossein Kouhi Behrouz Rahbar Esmaeil Zeinali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hassan_Arianfard', 'summary': 'Hassan Arianfard ( Persian : حسن آریانفرد , born 18 October 1948 ) also known as Hassan Fard is an Iranian former cyclist . He competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Kouhi', 'summary': 'Gholam Hossein Koohi ( Persian : غلامحسین کوهی , born 10 January 1951 ) is an Iranian former cyclist . He competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Behrouz_Rahbar', 'summary': "Behrouz Rahbar ( Persian : بهروز رهبر , born 23 September 1945 ) is an Iranian former cyclist . He competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics according to sports-reference.org and according to the-sports.org he rode in addition the men 's sprint event ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling , Road', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Cycling at the 1974 Asian Games was held at the Aryamehr Velodrome in Aryamehr Sport Complex , Tehran , Iran between 5 and 14 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team time trial", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pirouz Adamiat Parviz Almasi Esfandiar Zarnegar Ali Asghar Pashapour Sarkis Assadourian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pirouz_Adamiat', 'summary': 'Pirouz Adamiat ( Persian : پیروز آدمیت ; born 19 June 1949 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual épée event at the 1972 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esfandiar_Zarnegar', 'summary': 'Esfandiar Zarnegar ( Persian : اسفندیار زرنگار ; born 24 May 1942 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual and team épée events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ali_Asghar_Pashapour', 'summary': 'Ali Asghar Pashapour Alamdari ( Persian : علی اصغر پاشاپور علمداری ; born 24 October 1951 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed at the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarkis_Assadourian_(fencer)', 'summary': 'Sarkis Assadourian ( Persian : سركیس آسادوریان ; Armenian : Սարգիս Ասադուրյան ; born 22 May 1948 ) is an Iranian fencer of Armenian descent . He competed in the individual and team épée and team foil events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Fencing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran between 3 and 13 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team épée", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abdolhamid Fathi Manouchehr Shafaei Ahmad Eskandarpour Ahmad Akbari Esmaeil Pashapour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abdolhamid_Fathi', 'summary': 'Abdolhamid Fathi ( Persian : عبدالحمید فتحی ; born 10 April 1948 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manouchehr_Shafaei', 'summary': 'Manoochehr Shafaei ( Persian : منوچهر شفایی ; born 23 September 1949 ) is an Iranian human rights activists , journalist , founder and owner of the Azadegy magazine , founder and chairman of the board of Human Rights Defending Association for Iran , , inventor and retired sabre fencer . As a fencer he won a gold and a bronze medal at the 1974 Asian Games . He also coached her younger sister Mahvash .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ahmad_Eskandarpour', 'summary': 'Ahmad Eskandarpour ( Persian : احمد اسکندر پور ; born 25 July 1955 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ahmad_Akbari', 'summary': 'Ahmad Akbari Javid ( Persian : احمد اکبری جاوید ; born 10 February 1947 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual and team foil and team sabre events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Esmaeil_Pashapour', 'summary': 'Esmaeil Pashapour Alamdari ( Persian : اسماعیل پاشاپور علمداری ; born 2 May 1954 ) is an Iranian fencer . He competed in the individual and team sabre events at the 1976 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Fencing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran between 3 and 13 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team sabre", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mahvash Shafaei Giti Mohebban Jila Almasi Maryam Shariatzadeh Maryam Achak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mahvash_Shafaei', 'summary': 'Mahvash Shafaei ( Persian : مهوش شفائی ; born 15 May 1956 ) is a retired Iranian foil fencer . In 1973 she became the first Iranian woman to win a gold medal at the Asian Fencing Championships . Next year she won two medals at the 1974 Asian Games . She placed 45th and 9th in the individual and team events at the 1976 Summer Olympics , respectively . Shafaei was born in a fencing family . Her elder brother Manouchehr competed internationally and coached Mahvash .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giti_Mohebban', 'summary': "Giti Mohebban ( Persian : گیتی محبان ; born 21 March 1950 ) is an Iranian fencer . She competed in the women 's individual and team foil events at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jila_Almasi', 'summary': "Jila Almasi ( Persian : ژیلا الماسی ; born 15 July 1954 ) is an Iranian fencer . She competed in the women 's individual and team foil events at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Maryam_Achak', 'summary': "Maryam Achak ( Persian : مریم آچاك ; born 4 February 1947 ) is an Iranian fencer . She competed in the women 's team foil event at the 1976 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Fencing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Fencing at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran between 3 and 13 September , 1974 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team foil", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nasser Hejazi Bahram Mavaddat Mansour Rashidi Jafar Kashani Ebrahim Ashtiani Mohsen Houshangi Ezzat Janmaleki Akbar Kargarjam Masih Masihnia Mahmoud Etemadi Parviz Ghelichkhani Ali Parvin Ali Jabbari Mohammad Sadeghi Mohammad Dastjerdi Hassan Roshan Ghafour Jahani Mohammad Reza Adelkhani Gholam Hossein Mazloumi Karo Haghverdian', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nasser_Hejazi', 'summary': 'Nasser Hejazi ( Persian : ناصر حجازی nāser hejāzi ; 14 December 1949 - 23 May 2011 ) , nicknamed the legendary Iranian goalkeeper , was an Iranian football player and coach who most notably played for Esteghlal Tehran FC ( Taj ) . Considered as the best goalkeeper in the history of Iranian football and Asia , he was capped 62 times for the Iran national football team . In 2000 , the Asian Football Confederation ranked him the second best Asian goalkeeper of the 20th century . He was goalkeeper of Iran national team in the 1960s and 1970s and won the AFC Asian Cup on two occasions in 1972 and 1976 , and Asian Games title once , and competed in the 1972 Munich Olympics and 1976 Montreal Olympics and 1978 FIFA World Cup . As a Manager , he won an Azadegan League in 1998 and a Bangladesh League in 1988 , as well as a runner-up place in AFC Champions League in 1999 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bahram_Mavaddat', 'summary': 'Bahram Mavaddat ( Persian : بهرام مودت ; born 30 January 1950 ) is a retired Iranian football player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mansour_Rashidi', 'summary': 'Mansour Rashidi is a retired Iranian football goalkeeper who played for Iran in the 1976 Asian Cup and 1972 Summer Olympics . He also played for Taj SC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jafar_Kashani', 'summary': "Jafar Ashraf Kashani ( Persian : جعفر اشرف کاشانی , March 21 , 1944 - October 2 , 2019 ) was an Iranian football player . He was scouted by Abbas Ekrami , Shahin F.C . 's founder when he was 16 . After Shahin 's dissolution , he joined Persepolis F.C . and played until 1974 when he was captain . Then he was employed by Ministry of Foreign Affairs and worked in embassies in Germany and UAE . He was also a member of board of directors at IRIFF and Persepolis . He died on 2 October 2019 due to a heart attack . He was board secretary of Persepolis at the time of his death ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ebrahim_Ashtiani', 'summary': 'Ebrahim Ashtiani ( Persian : ابراهیم اشتیانی ; January 1942 - 24 October 2017 ) was an Iranian football player . He played for the Iran national football team and spent most of his career at Persepolis . His son Ardalan is also a professional football player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ezzat_Janmaleki', 'summary': 'Ezatollah Janmaleki is an Iranian football defender who played for Iran . He also played for Taj SC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Akbar_Kargarjam', 'summary': 'Akbar Kargarjam is an Iranian association football defender who played for Iran at the 1972 Summer Olympics . He also played for Rah Ahan and Taj SC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Masih_Masihnia', 'summary': 'Masih Masihnia ( Persian : مسیح مسیح\u200cنیا ) , is a retired Iranian footballer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Parviz_Ghelichkhani', 'summary': 'Parviz Ghelichkhani ( Persian : پرویز قلیچ\u200cخانی , born 4 December 1945 ) is an Iranian-French retired football player and former captain of Iran national football team . He is now based in France , where he is the editor and publisher of a political magazine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ali_Parvin', 'summary': "Ali Parvin ( Persian : علی پروین ; born 20 ُSeptember 1946 ) is a retired Iranian football player and coach . He is regarded as one of the most prominent Iranian footballers . During his career , he has been associated mainly with Persepolis , played for the team for eighteen years , managed the club for seventeen years in three occasion and also the club 's president . He was selected as one of the seventeen Asian football elites by AFC and received a statue from this confederation . He was named as one of the members of Persepolis Hall of Fame and the club thanked him for his great performance during his senior career at Persepolis . The club gave him a statue of his face and named him as one of the twelve great players of Persepolis in the 1970s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ali_Jabbari', 'summary': "Ali Jabbari is a retired Iranian football Midfielder who played for Iran in the 1972 Summer Olympics . He also played for Taj SC . On 13 May 1972 during a group match at the 1972 AFC Asian Cup , Iran were trailing 0-2 vs Thailand . Ali Jabbari turned the match around with a hat-trick in the space of 8 minutes , with goals in 80 ' , 86 ' and 88 ' , giving Iran first place in the group . He scored again in the final which Iran won vs. South Korea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Sadeghi_(footballer,_born_1952)', 'summary': 'Mohammad Sadeghi ( born March 16 , 1952 ) is a retired Iranian football player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hassan_Roshan', 'summary': 'Hassan Rowshan ( Persian : حسن روشن , born 2 June 1955 ) is an Iranian football coach , manager , and former player . He usually played as a striker . He is currently the head of technical committee of Esteghlal .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ghafour_Jahani', 'summary': 'Ghafour Jahani ( born 19 June 1951 in Bandar Anzali , Iran ) is an Iranian football coach and former player . He mostly played for Malavan . He was one of the key players of Malavan reaching the third place in the Iranian Takht Jamshid in 1978 . 1974 and 1977 he was the second best scorer of the Iranian league . He also won the Iranian Cup - Hazfi Cup - in 1976 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Adelkhani', 'summary': 'Mohammad Reza Adelkhani ( Persian : محمدرضا عادلخانی , born February 13 , 1947 in Tehran , Iran ) is a retired Iranian footballer and former Iran national football team player . Adelkhani achieved the UEFA Pro Licence , the first Iranian to do so .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gholam_Hossein_Mazloumi', 'summary': "Gholam Hossein Mazloumi ( Persian : غلام\u200cحسین مظلومی ; 13 January 1950 - 19 November 2014 ) , nicknamed Sar Talaei ( Golden Head ) , was an Iranian football player , coach and football administrator . He played for three clubs including Taj Abadan , Taj Tehran ( Esteghlal ) , and Shahbaz FC , as well as the Iranian national team and the national youth team of Iran . He also managed Esteghlal from 1988 to 1989 . During his time as a football player , he scored 37 goals for the Iran national football team and was Iran 's all-time top scorer for twelve years before his record being broken by Ali Daei . He was the top scorer at the 1974 Asian Games and the 1976 AFC Asian Cup . He was chairman of Shahin Bushehr from 2011 until 2013 and also honorary deputy chairman of Esteghlal . He died on 19 November 2014 after being diagnosed with stomach cancer two years earlier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Karo_Haghverdian', 'summary': 'Karo Haghverdian ( Armenian : Կարո Հախվերդեան ; Persian : کارو حق\u200cوردیان ; born January 11 , 1945 ) is a retired Iranian Armenian football player .'}]}, {'value': 'Football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Football at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran from 2 to 15 September 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Football_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Football at the 1974 Asian Games was held in Tehran , Iran from 2 to 15 September 1974 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Nassiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Nassiri', 'summary': 'Mohammad Nasiri Seresht ( Persian : محمد نصیری سرشت , born 31 July 1945 ) is a retired Iranian weightlifter . He competed at the 1964 , 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Olympics and won a gold , a silver and a bronze medal . He also won gold medals at the Asian Games in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 and at the world championships in 1968-70 and 1973-74 , placing second in 1972 and third in 1966 , 1971 and 1976 . Between 1966 and 1973 he set 15 ratified world records : 10 in clean and jerk , 3 in the press and 2 in the total . In 1995 he was inducted into the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame . Nasiri took up weightlifting aged 13 . He mostly competed in the 56 kg category , but for the 1973 World Championships in Havana he lowered his body weight to 52 kg , and even shaved his head for that . In Havana he set four world records within one day . He stayed in the 52 kg division for the rest of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ali Vali', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ali_Vali', 'summary': 'Ali Vali ( Persian : علی والی , born 19 October 1950 ) is a retired Iranian heavyweight weightlifter who won gold medals at the 1971 Asian Championships and 1974 Asian Games . He also competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics , but failed to complete the clean and jerk event .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 90 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houshang Kargarnejad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houshang_Kargarnejad', 'summary': 'Houshang Kargarnejad ( Persian : هوشنگ کارگر نژاد , born 23 April 1945 ) is a retired Iranian heavyweight weightlifter who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics . He won gold medals at the 1974 Asian Games and 1971 and 1977 Asian Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 110 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akbar Shokrollahi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's +110 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Houshang Kargarnejad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houshang_Kargarnejad', 'summary': 'Houshang Kargarnejad ( Persian : هوشنگ کارگر نژاد , born 23 April 1945 ) is a retired Iranian heavyweight weightlifter who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics . He won gold medals at the 1974 Asian Games and 1971 and 1977 Asian Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's snatch 110 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akbar Shokrollahi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's snatch +110 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Nassiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Nassiri', 'summary': 'Mohammad Nasiri Seresht ( Persian : محمد نصیری سرشت , born 31 July 1945 ) is a retired Iranian weightlifter . He competed at the 1964 , 1968 , 1972 and 1976 Olympics and won a gold , a silver and a bronze medal . He also won gold medals at the Asian Games in 1966 , 1970 and 1974 and at the world championships in 1968-70 and 1973-74 , placing second in 1972 and third in 1966 , 1971 and 1976 . Between 1966 and 1973 he set 15 ratified world records : 10 in clean and jerk , 3 in the press and 2 in the total . In 1995 he was inducted into the International Weightlifting Federation Hall of Fame . Nasiri took up weightlifting aged 13 . He mostly competed in the 56 kg category , but for the 1973 World Championships in Havana he lowered his body weight to 52 kg , and even shaved his head for that . In Havana he set four world records within one day . He stayed in the 52 kg division for the rest of his career .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's clean & jerk 52 kg", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1974_Asian_Games', 'summary': 'Weightlifting was contested from September 2 to September 5 at the 1974 Asian Games in Aryamehr Weightlifting Hall , Tehran , Iran . Only in this edition a medal was awarded for each of the snatch and clean and jerk phases and for the combined total .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Medal summary -- Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Iran_at_the_1974_Asian_Games_2', 'intro': 'Iran participated in the 1974 Asian Games as a host, and was ranked 2nd with 36 gold medals at this Asiad.'}
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Who is the sister of the participant who is the founder of Human Rights Defending Association for Iran ?
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Mahvash
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03545f7b9c00ee85
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Poland', 'title': 'List of rivers of Poland', 'header': ['River name', 'Emptying into', 'Total length ( in km )', 'Length in Poland ( in km )', 'Total basin area ( in km )', 'Basin area in Poland ( in km )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltic Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltic_Sea', 'summary': 'The Baltic Sea is a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean , enclosed by Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Sweden , northeast Germany , Poland , Russia and the North and Central European Plain . The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude . A marginal sea of the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two water bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund , the Great Belt and the Little Belt . It includes the Gulf of Bothnia , the Bay of Bothnia , the Gulf of Finland , the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk . The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge , at the latitude 60°N , by the Åland islands and the Gulf of Bothnia , on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland , on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga , and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula . The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal .'}]}, {'value': '1022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1022', 'urls': []}, {'value': '193,690', 'urls': []}, {'value': '168,868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oder', 'summary': "The Oder ( /ˈoʊdər/ , German : [ ˈʔoːdɐ ] ( listen ) ; Czech , Lower Sorbian and Polish : Odra ; [ a ] Upper Sorbian : Wódra ) is a river in Central Europe and Poland 's third-longest river after the Vistula and Warta . It rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres ( 461 mi ) through western Poland , later forming 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder-Neisse line . The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches ( the Dziwna , Świna and Peene ) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Baltic Sea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baltic_Sea', 'summary': 'The Baltic Sea is a mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean , enclosed by Denmark , Estonia , Finland , Latvia , Lithuania , Sweden , northeast Germany , Poland , Russia and the North and Central European Plain . The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from 10°E to 30°E longitude . A marginal sea of the Atlantic , with limited water exchange between the two water bodies , the Baltic Sea drains through the Danish islands into the Kattegat by way of the straits of Øresund , the Great Belt and the Little Belt . It includes the Gulf of Bothnia , the Bay of Bothnia , the Gulf of Finland , the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gdańsk . The Baltic Proper is bordered on its northern edge , at the latitude 60°N , by the Åland islands and the Gulf of Bothnia , on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland , on its eastern edge by the Gulf of Riga , and in the west by the Swedish part of the southern Scandinavian Peninsula . The Baltic Sea is connected by artificial waterways to the White Sea via the White Sea Canal and to the German Bight of the North Sea via the Kiel Canal .'}]}, {'value': '840', 'urls': []}, {'value': '726', 'urls': []}, {'value': '119,074', 'urls': []}, {'value': '106,043', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warta', 'summary': "The Warta ( /ˈvɑːrtə/ VAR-tə , Polish : [ ˈvarta ] ( listen ) ; German : Warthe [ ˈvaɐ̯tə ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Varta ) is a river in western-central Poland and a tributary of the Oder . With a length of approximately 808.2 kilometres ( 502.2 mi ) , it is the country 's second-longest river located within its borders and third-longest in terms of total length . The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers ( 21,054 sq mi ) and it is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odrą to Konin , approximately half of its length . It is connected to the Vistula by the Noteć River and the Bydgoszcz Canal ( Kanał Bydgoski ) near the city of Bydgoszcz ."}]}, {'value': 'Oder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oder', 'summary': "The Oder ( /ˈoʊdər/ , German : [ ˈʔoːdɐ ] ( listen ) ; Czech , Lower Sorbian and Polish : Odra ; [ a ] Upper Sorbian : Wódra ) is a river in Central Europe and Poland 's third-longest river after the Vistula and Warta . It rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres ( 461 mi ) through western Poland , later forming 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder-Neisse line . The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches ( the Dziwna , Świna and Peene ) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea ."}]}, {'value': '795', 'urls': []}, {'value': '795', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54,520', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54,520', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bug_River', 'summary': 'The Bug River ( Polish : Bug [ buk ] ( listen ) or Western Bug ; Ukrainian : Західний Буг , Zakhidnyy Buh , Belarusian : Захо́дні Буг , Zakhodni Buh ; Russian : Западный Буг , Zapadnyy Bug ) is a major river mostly located in Eastern Europe , which flows through three countries with a total length of 774 kilometres ( 481 mi ) . A tributary of the Narew River , the Bug forms part of the border between Ukraine and Poland for 185 kilometres ( 115 mi ) , and between Belarus and Poland for 178 kilometres ( 111 mi ) , and is the fourth longest Polish river .'}]}, {'value': 'Narew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narew', 'summary': "The Narew ( [ ˈnarɛf ] ; Belarusian : Нараў Naraŭ ; Lithuanian : Narevas ) , in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland , is a right tributary of the Vistula River . The Narew is one of Europe 's few braided rivers , the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided hair ."}]}, {'value': '774', 'urls': []}, {'value': '590', 'urls': []}, {'value': '38,712', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,239', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Narew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narew', 'summary': "The Narew ( [ ˈnarɛf ] ; Belarusian : Нараў Naraŭ ; Lithuanian : Narevas ) , in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland , is a right tributary of the Vistula River . The Narew is one of Europe 's few braided rivers , the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided hair ."}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '499', 'urls': []}, {'value': '443', 'urls': []}, {'value': '74,527', 'urls': []}, {'value': '53,846', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_(river)', 'summary': 'The San ( Polish : San ; Ukrainian : Сян Sian ; German : Saan ) is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine , a tributary of the river Vistula , with a length of 458 km ( it is the 6th-longest Polish river ) and a basin area of 16,877 km2 ( 14,426 km2 of it in Poland ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '458', 'urls': []}, {'value': '457', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16,877', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14,426', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noteć', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noteć', 'summary': 'Noteć ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈnɔtɛtɕ ] ; German : Netze , Latin : Natissis ) is a river in central Poland with a length of 391 km ( 243 mi ) ( 7th longest ) and a basin area of 17,302 km2 ( 6,680 sq mi ) . It is the largest tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'Warta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warta', 'summary': "The Warta ( /ˈvɑːrtə/ VAR-tə , Polish : [ ˈvarta ] ( listen ) ; German : Warthe [ ˈvaɐ̯tə ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Varta ) is a river in western-central Poland and a tributary of the Oder . With a length of approximately 808.2 kilometres ( 502.2 mi ) , it is the country 's second-longest river located within its borders and third-longest in terms of total length . The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers ( 21,054 sq mi ) and it is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odrą to Konin , approximately half of its length . It is connected to the Vistula by the Noteć River and the Bydgoszcz Canal ( Kanał Bydgoski ) near the city of Bydgoszcz ."}]}, {'value': '391', 'urls': []}, {'value': '391', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,302', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,302', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wieprz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wieprz', 'summary': "The Wieprz ( Polish : [ ˈvjɛpʂ ] ( listen ) , lit . Boar ; Ukrainian : Вепр , romanized : Vepr ) is a river in central-eastern Poland , a tributary of the Vistula . It is the country 's ninth longest river , with a total length of 349 km and a catchment area of 10,497 km² , all within Poland . Its course near the town of Łęczna includes the protected area known as Wieprz Landscape Park . The river has its sources in Lake Wieprz , near Tomaszow Lubelski , and flows into the Vistula near Deblin . The Wieprz is connected to another river , the Krzna , through the 140-kilometer Wieprz-Krzna Canal , built in 1954 - 1961 . Because the Wieprz with its wide valley has not been regulated , its nature is very diverse . The meandering river with its oxbow lakes is inhabited by numerous birds , European otters and Eurasian beavers . During the Polish-Soviet War , units of the Polish 4th Army concentrated along the Wieprz , getting ready for the Battle of Warsaw . In September 1939 , during the Invasion of Poland , the Battle of Tomaszow Lubelski took place by the Wieprz ."}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '349', 'urls': []}, {'value': '349', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,497', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,497', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pilica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pilica_(river)', 'summary': 'Pilica is a river in central Poland , the longest left tributary of the Vistula river , with a length of 333 kilometres ( 8th longest ) and a basin area of 9,258 km2 ( all in Poland ) . It flows through the Polish Jura , after which it enters Central Polish Plains . Pilica flows into the Vistula near the village of Ostrowek , in a geographical region of Central Vistula Valley . In 1974 , a dam was built near Sulejow , resulting in the creation of man-made reservoir Sulejow Lake , which has the area of 2,700 hectares . The region in the basin of the Pilica is sometimes called Nadpilicze , and the river itself marks boundary between Lesser Poland , and two other historical provinces of the country , Greater Poland and Mazovia . The first open-air river museum in Poland , the Open-air museum of Pilica river , is located on the waterway and the Blue Springs nature reserve lies next to the river .'}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '333', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,258', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,258', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bóbr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bóbr', 'summary': 'Bóbr ( Czech : Bobr , German : Bober , German pronunciation ( help·info ) ) is a river which carries water through the north of the Czech Republic and the southwest of Poland , a left tributary of the Oder .'}]}, {'value': 'Oder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oder', 'summary': "The Oder ( /ˈoʊdər/ , German : [ ˈʔoːdɐ ] ( listen ) ; Czech , Lower Sorbian and Polish : Odra ; [ a ] Upper Sorbian : Wódra ) is a river in Central Europe and Poland 's third-longest river after the Vistula and Warta . It rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres ( 461 mi ) through western Poland , later forming 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder-Neisse line . The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches ( the Dziwna , Świna and Peene ) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea ."}]}, {'value': '279', 'urls': []}, {'value': '276', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,874', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,830', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Łyna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Łyna_(river)', 'summary': "The Łyna ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈwɨna ] ; German : Alle ( help·info ) ; Lithuanian : Alna ; Russian : Лава - Lava ) , is a river that begins in northern Poland 's Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship and ends in Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast . The Łyna is a tributary of the Pregolya River , and has a total length of 264 km ( 207 km in Poland and 57 km in Russia ) and a basin area of 7,126 km² ( 5,298 km² in Poland ) . It is connected to Lake Mamry by the 18th-century Masurian Canal . In historical terms , the river fell within the area of the medieval Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights established in the 13th century . The adjacent territory became later known as East Prussia , and then an easternmost province of Germany until 1945 when , in accordance with border changes promulgated at the Potsdam Conference , it was split between Poland and the Soviet Union . Cities and towns founded by the Teutonic Knights along the river Łyna ( Alnā ) include :"}]}, {'value': 'Pregolya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pregolya', 'summary': 'The Pregolya or Pregola ( Russian : Прего́ля ; German : Pregel ; Lithuanian : Prieglius ; Polish : Pregoła ) is a river in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave .'}]}, {'value': '264', 'urls': []}, {'value': '207', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,126', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,298', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wkra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wkra', 'summary': 'Wkra is a river in north-eastern Poland , a tributary of the Narew river , with a length of 255 kilometres and a basin area of 5,348 km² - all within Poland . Among its tributaries are the Łydynia and the Płonka . Towns and townships :'}]}, {'value': 'Narew', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Narew', 'summary': "The Narew ( [ ˈnarɛf ] ; Belarusian : Нараў Naraŭ ; Lithuanian : Narevas ) , in western Belarus and north-eastern Poland , is a right tributary of the Vistula River . The Narew is one of Europe 's few braided rivers , the term relating to the twisted channels resembling braided hair ."}]}, {'value': '255', 'urls': []}, {'value': '255', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,348', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,348', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunajec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunajec', 'summary': "The Dunajec ( Polish pronunciation : [ duˈnajɛt͡s ] ) is a river running through northeastern Slovakia and southern Poland . It is a right tributary of the Vistula River . It begins in Nowy Targ at the junction of two short mountain rivers , Czarny Dunajec and Biały Dunajec ( Black and White Dunajec ) . Dunajec forms the border between Poland and Slovakia for 17 kilometers in the Pieniny Środkowe ( Slovak : Centrálne Pieniny ) range , east of the Czorsztyn reservoir . The Dunajec is 249 kilometers long , including its source river Czarny Dunajec , which makes it Poland 's thirteenth longest river . It has a basin area of 6,796 square kilometres ( 4,838 in Poland , and 1,958 in Slovakia ) . On the Slovak/Polish border , it flows through the Zamagurie region , with attractions such as the Dunajec River Gorge , the Trzy Korony massif with a 500 metres ( 1,600 ft ) precipice , Červený Kláštor , and two Pieniny castles in Czorsztyn and Niedzica ."}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '249', 'urls': []}, {'value': '249', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,796', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,838', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nysa Łużycka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nysa_Łużycka', 'summary': 'The Lusatian Neisse ( Czech : Lužická Nisa ; German : Lausitzer Neiße ; Polish : Nysa Łużycka ; Upper Sorbian : Łužiska Nysa ; Lower Sorbian : Łužyska Nysa ) , or Western Neisse , is a 252-kilometre ( 157 mi ) long river in Central Europe . Its drainage basin area is 4,403 km2 ( 1,700 sq mi ) , of which 2,201 km2 ( 850 sq mi ) in Poland . It rises in the Jizera Mountains near Nová Ves nad Nisou , Czech Republic , reaching the tripoint with Poland and Germany at Zittau after 54 kilometres ( 34 mi ) , and later forming the Polish-German border for a length of 197 kilometres ( 122 mi ) . The Lusatian Neisse is a left-bank tributary of the river Oder , into which it flows between Neißemünde-Ratzdorf and Kosarzyn north of the towns of Guben and Gubin . According to the 1945 Potsdam Agreement in the aftermath of World War II , the river became part of the Polish western border with Germany ( the Oder-Neisse line ) . Being the longest and most notable of the three rivers named Neisse ( Neiße ) ( German ) or Nysa ( Polish ) ( the two other rivers being the Eastern Neisse ( Polish : Nysa Kłodzka ; German : Glatzer Neisse ) and Raging Neisse ( Polish : Nysa Szalona ; German : Wütende Neiße or Jauersche Neiße ) ) , it is simply referred to as the Neisse .'}]}, {'value': 'Oder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oder', 'summary': "The Oder ( /ˈoʊdər/ , German : [ ˈʔoːdɐ ] ( listen ) ; Czech , Lower Sorbian and Polish : Odra ; [ a ] Upper Sorbian : Wódra ) is a river in Central Europe and Poland 's third-longest river after the Vistula and Warta . It rises in the Czech Republic and flows 742 kilometres ( 461 mi ) through western Poland , later forming 187 kilometres ( 116 mi ) of the border between Poland and Germany as part of the Oder-Neisse line . The river ultimately flows into the Szczecin Lagoon north of Szczecin and then into three branches ( the Dziwna , Świna and Peene ) that empty into the Bay of Pomerania of the Baltic Sea ."}]}, {'value': '246', 'urls': []}, {'value': '197', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,403', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,201', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brda_(river)', 'summary': 'The Brda ( Polish : [ brda ] ( listen ) ; German : Brahe ) is a river in northwestern Poland , a tributary of the Vistula . It has a total length of 245 km and a catchment area ( all within Poland ) of 4,665 km² .'}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': '245', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,665', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,665', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drwęca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drwęca', 'summary': "The Drwęca [ ˈdrvɛnt͡sa ] ( German : Drewenz , Lithuanian : Druvinčia ) is a river in northern Poland and a tributary of the Vistula river near Toruń , forming a part of the city 's administrative boundary . It has a length of 231 km and a basin area of 5,697 km² , all in Poland . Towns :"}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '231', 'urls': []}, {'value': '231', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,697', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5,697', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prosna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prosna', 'summary': 'The Prosna is a river in central Poland , a tributary of the Warta river ( near Pyzdry ) , with a length of 227 kilometres and a basin area of 4,917 km2 ( all in Poland ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Warta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warta', 'summary': "The Warta ( /ˈvɑːrtə/ VAR-tə , Polish : [ ˈvarta ] ( listen ) ; German : Warthe [ ˈvaɐ̯tə ] ( listen ) ; Latin : Varta ) is a river in western-central Poland and a tributary of the Oder . With a length of approximately 808.2 kilometres ( 502.2 mi ) , it is the country 's second-longest river located within its borders and third-longest in terms of total length . The Warta has a basin area of 54,529 square kilometers ( 21,054 sq mi ) and it is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odrą to Konin , approximately half of its length . It is connected to the Vistula by the Noteć River and the Bydgoszcz Canal ( Kanał Bydgoski ) near the city of Bydgoszcz ."}]}, {'value': '227', 'urls': []}, {'value': '227', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,917', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisłok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisłok', 'summary': "Wisłok is a river in south-eastern Poland , a tributary of the San River , with a length of 220 kilometres and a basin area of 3,538 km2 ( all in Poland ) . The root of the name Vis-lok is Indo-European or pre-Indo-European . The first metal bridges on highways were built in Galicia . They were bridges on the Wisłok river in Rzeszów ( 1877 ) and Raba in Książnica ( 1877 ) . The construction of the first latticework metal bridges in Poland 's territories ."}]}, {'value': 'San', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_(river)', 'summary': 'The San ( Polish : San ; Ukrainian : Сян Sian ; German : Saan ) is a river in southeastern Poland and western Ukraine , a tributary of the river Vistula , with a length of 458 km ( it is the 6th-longest Polish river ) and a basin area of 16,877 km2 ( 14,426 km2 of it in Poland ) .'}]}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,538', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,538', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wda ( Czarna Woda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wda', 'summary': "The Wda is a river in Poland ; it has a lowland character . The Wda is one of the 15 main canoe trails in Poland . It is 198 km long and the surface of its catchment area amounts to 2325 km2 . The Wda 's average gradient is 0.7‰ and its flow is 6.52 m3/s . The Wda begins its course at Krążno Lake and ends in the Wisła in Świecie . The Wda is one of the longest rivers in Bory Tucholskie and one of the most important of Pomorze 's river routes ."}]}, {'value': 'Vistula', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vistula', 'summary': "The Vistula ( /ˈvɪstjʊlə/ ; Polish : Wisła [ ˈviswa ] ( listen ) ; German : Weichsel [ ˈvaɪksl̩ ] ) , the longest and largest river in Poland , is the 9th-longest river in Europe , at 1,047 kilometres ( 651 miles ) in length . The drainage-basin area of the Vistula is 193,960 km2 ( 74,890 sq mi ) , of which 168,868 km2 ( 65,200 sq mi ) lies within Poland ( 54% of its land area ) . The remainder lies in Belarus , Ukraine and Slovakia . The Vistula rises at Barania Góra in the south of Poland , 1,220 meters ( 4,000 ft ) above sea level in the Silesian Beskids ( western part of Carpathian Mountains ) , where it begins with the White Little Vistula ( Biała Wisełka ) and the Black Little Vistula ( Czarna Wisełka ) . It flows through Poland 's biggest cities , including Kraków , Sandomierz , Warsaw , Płock , Włocławek , Toruń , Bydgoszcz , Świecie , Grudziądz , Tczew and Gdańsk . It empties into the Vistula Lagoon ( Zalew Wiślany ) or directly into the Gdańsk Bay of the Baltic Sea with a delta and several branches ( Leniwka , Przekop , Śmiała Wisła , Martwa Wisła , Nogat and Szkarpawa ) ."}]}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '198', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,325', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,325', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drawa', 'summary': 'The Drawa ( German : Drage ) is a river and popular aquatic trail in Poland , 192 km long . The surface of its catchment area amounts to 3291 km2 . The Drawa begins its course at Krzywe Lake and ends it in Noteć below Krzyż Wielkopolski . The Drawa is a right-bank tributary of Noteć , the second regarding size . Its average gradient is 0,61% and its flow rate 19 m3/s . It is the longest river in Pojezierze Drawskie .'}]}, {'value': 'Noteć', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noteć', 'summary': 'Noteć ( Polish pronunciation : [ ˈnɔtɛtɕ ] ; German : Netze , Latin : Natissis ) is a river in central Poland with a length of 391 km ( 243 mi ) ( 7th longest ) and a basin area of 17,302 km2 ( 6,680 sq mi ) . It is the largest tributary of the Warta river and lies completely within Poland .'}]}, {'value': '192', 'urls': []}, {'value': '192', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,291', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3,291', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Rivers by length', 'section_text': 'For list of rivers in alphabetical order , please use table-sort buttons .', 'uid': 'List_of_rivers_of_Poland_0', 'intro': 'Following is a list of rivers, which are at least partially, if not predominantly located within Poland.'}
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What is the total length in Poland of the river that is navigable from Kostrzyn nad Odrą to Konin ?
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795
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035529fa99ee5086
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame', 'title': 'List of members of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame', 'header': ['Year', 'Inductee', 'Achievements'], 'data': [{'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_First_Team', 'summary': "The First Team were the first players known to have played the sport of basketball , having been taught the game in 1891 by James Naismith , who is recognized as the inventor of the sport . The team comprised 18 players who were studying in Springfield , Massachusetts , to become executive secretaries of the YMCA and who , as part of their coursework , studied physical education with Naismith , who is said to have invented the game to teach teamwork skills to his charges . The team was inducted as a group into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of that organization 's inaugural 1959 induction class for their efforts in popularizing the sport and as the game 's first practitioners ."}]}, {'value': 'Founded during a class at the Springfield YMCA ; first game of basketball played on December 21 , 1891 and consisted of 18 players , 9 to a side ; score of first game was 1-0 ; toured U.S. and helped popularize basketball in the months following its invention', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/YMCA', 'summary': "YMCA , sometimes regionally called the Y , is a worldwide youth organisation based in Geneva , Switzerland , with more than 64 million beneficiaries in 120 countries . It was founded on 6 June 1844 by Sir George Williams in London , originally as the Young Men 's Christian Association and aims to put Christian principles into practice by developing a healthy body , mind , and spirit From its inception , it grew rapidly and ultimately became a worldwide movement founded on the principles of muscular Christianity . Local YMCAs deliver projects and services focused on youth development through a wide variety of youth activities , including providing athletic facilities , holding classes for a wide variety of skills , promoting Christianity , and humanitarian work . YMCA globally operates on a federation model , with each independent local YMCA affiliated with its national organization . The national organizations , in turn , are part of both an Area Alliance ( Europe , Asia Pacific , the Middle East , Africa , Latin America and the Caribbean , the United States , and Canada ) and the World Alliance of YMCAs ( World YMCA ) ."}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Original Celtics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Original_Celtics', 'summary': 'The Original Celtics were a barnstorming professional American basketball team . At various times in their existence , the team played in the American Basketball League , the Eastern Basketball League and the Metropolitan Basketball League . The team has no relation to the NBA Boston Celtics , other than as an indirect inspiration . The franchise as a whole was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1959 .'}]}, {'value': 'First professional team to sign exclusive player contracts ; 2 American Basketball League ( ABL ) championships ( 1926-27 ) ; introduced post play , zone defenses , and switching man-to-man defense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_Basketball_League_(1925–1955)', 'summary': "The American Basketball League ( ABL ) was an early professional basketball league . During six seasons from 1925-26 to 1930-31 , the ABL was the first attempt to create a major professional basketball league in the United States . Joseph Carr , who was , in 1925 , the president of the recently founded , three year old National Football League , organized the ABL from nine of the best independent pro teams from the East and the Midwest . George Halas of the NFL Chicago Bears was the owner of the Chicago Bruins , and department store magnate Max Rosenblum , a part owner of the NFL 's Cleveland Bulldogs , financed the Cleveland Rosenblums . Future NFL ( Washington Redskins ) owner George Preston Marshall , the owner of a chain of laundries , was owner of the Washington Palace Five . Other teams were the Boston Whirlwinds , Brooklyn Arcadians , Buffalo Bisons , Detroit Pulaski Post Five , Fort Wayne Caseys , and Rochester Centrals . With the exception of 1927-28 , the ABL season was divided into two halves , with the winner of the first half playing the winner of the second half for the championship . Five games into the 1926-27 season , the Original Celtics were admitted to replace the Brooklyn franchise , and won 32 of the remaining 37 games , then shifted to New York the following season . For the 1927-28 season , the ABL had an Eastern ( New York , Philadelphia , Rochester and Washington ) and Western ( Chicago , Cleveland , Detroit and Fort Wayne ) division , with the two best teams in each division going to playoffs , and a championship between the playoff winners . Playing in Madison Square Garden , the New York Celtics had a 40-9 record in the regular season and won the championship . At season 's end , the champions were voted out of the league by the other owners . The ABL played three more seasons and then , with only five teams playing at the end of 1930-31 , folded during the Great Depression ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zone_defense', 'summary': 'Zone defense is a type of defense , used in team sports , which is the alternative to man-to-man defense ; instead of each player guarding a corresponding player on the other team , each defensive player is given an area ( a zone ) to cover . A zone defense can be used in many sports where defensive players guard players on the other team . Zone defenses and zone principles are commonly used in basketball , American football , association football , ice hockey , lacrosse , Australian rules football , netball and ultimate among others .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Germans', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Germans', 'summary': "The Buffalo Germans was an early basketball team formed in 1895 at a YMCA on Buffalo 's East Side . Team members included Dr. Fred Burkhardt ( coach ) , Philip Dischinger , Henry J. Faust , Alfred A. Heerdt ( captain ) , Edward Linneborn , John I. Maier , Albert W. Manweiler , Edward C. Miller , Harry J. Miller , Charles P. Monahan , George L. Redlein , Edmund Reimann , Williams C. Rhode and George Schell . Chuck Taylor claimed to play as a forward for the Germans as well as the Akron Firestones and the New York Celtics in industrial league basketball for 11 years between 1918 and 1930 . There is no documentary evidence to support this contention . The team was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1961 , and is now one of only ten teams to be elected as a whole . In 1904 the team won the AAU national tournament , which served as a demonstration sport at the St. Louis Olympics . From 1908 to 1910 the team won 111 straight games . The team was disbanded in 1925 after compiling a 792-86 record ."}]}, {'value': 'Pan American Championship ( 1901 ) ; Olympic exhibition title ( St. Louis , 1904 ) ; went undefeated in 5 of first 18 seasons ; won 111 straight games ( 1908-10 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Basketball appeared at the 1904 Summer Olympics for the first time , as a demonstration sport . There were four different events that took place in Saint Louis , for basketball competition .'}]}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Renaissance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Renaissance', 'summary': "The New York Renaissance , also known as the Renaissance Big Five and as the Rens , was an all-black professional basketball team established February 13 , 1923 , by Robert Bob Douglas in agreement with the Renaissance Casino and Ballroom . The Casino and Ballroom at 138th Street and Seventh Avenue in Harlem was an entertainment complex including a ballroom that served as the Big Five 's home court . Following each game , a dance took place . The success of the Rens shifted the focus of black basketball from amateur teams to professional teams . Initially , the Rens played mostly in Harlem , but by the end of the 1920s , as attendance began to dwindle , the team could be found more often playing on the road , barnstorming across the country out of necessity . The Renaissance are also the topic of the 2011 documentary On the Shoulders of Giants ."}]}, {'value': 'Pioneering all-black team , compiled record of 2588-539 in the 1920s , 30s and 40s , Founded and owned by Hall of Famer Robert L. Douglas ; World Professional Tournament ( 1939 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Douglas', 'summary': "Robert L. Douglas ( b . ( St. Kitts ) November 4 , 1882 - d. ( unknown ) July 16 , 1979 ) was the founder of the New York Renaissance basketball team , the first fully all-black professional black-owned basketball team . Nicknamed the Father of Black Professional Basketball , Douglas owned and coached the Rens from 1923 to 1949 , guiding them to a 2,318-381 record ( .859 ) . He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame as a contributor in 1972 , the first African American enshrined . The Rens barnstormed throughout the United States , mostly in the Midwest , and played any team that would schedule them , black or white . Traveling as far as 200 miles for a game , they often slept on the bus and ate cold meals ; they were barred from many hotels and restaurants by Jim Crow laws and norms of racial discrimination which prevailed in the northern United States at the time . The Rens soon became a dominant team , winning as many as 88 consecutive games during the 1932-33 season . In the twenties and early thirties , their matches with the Original Celtics were basketball 's greatest gate attraction . At the World Professional Basketball Tournament they won in 1939 , lost to the eventual champion Harlem Globetrotters in 1940 , and finished second to the National Basketball League champion Minneapolis Lakers in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harlem Globetrotters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harlem_Globetrotters', 'summary': "The Harlem Globetrotters are an American exhibition basketball team . They combine athleticism , theater , and comedy in their style of play . Over the years , they have played more than 26,000 exhibition games in 124 countries and territories . The team 's signature song is Brother Bones ' whistled version of Sweet Georgia Brown . Their mascot is an anthropomorphized globe named Globie . The team plays over 450 live events worldwide each year . The team is currently owned by Herschend Family Entertainment . The executive offices for the team are located in the Atlanta suburb of Peachtree Corners ."}]}, {'value': "Played more than 20,000 games in more than 100 countries ; the 25th anniversary tour was highlighted by a game before 75,000 fans in Berlin 's Olympic Stadium ( 1951 ) ; won John Bunn Award ( 1999 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Berlin)', 'summary': "Olympiastadion ( German pronunciation : [ ʔoˈlʏmpi̯aːˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ] ) is a sports stadium at Olympiapark Berlin in Berlin , Germany . It was originally built by Werner March for the 1936 Summer Olympics . During the Olympics , the record attendance was thought to be over 100,000 . Today the stadium is part of the Olympiapark Berlin . Since renovations in 2004 , the Olympiastadion has a permanent capacity of 74,475 seats and is the largest stadium in Germany for international football matches . Olympiastadion is a UEFA category four stadium and one of the world 's most prestigious venues for sporting and entertainment events . Besides its use as an athletics stadium , the arena has built a footballing tradition . Since 1963 , it has been the home of the Hertha BSC . It hosted three matches in the 1974 FIFA World Cup . It was renovated for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , when it hosted six matches , including the final . The DFB-Pokal final match is held each year at the venue . The Olympiastadion Berlin served as a host for the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup as well as the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Bunn_Award', 'summary': 'The John Bunn Award - in full , the John W. Bunn Lifetime Achievement Award - is an annual basketball award given by the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame to an individual who has contributed significantly to the sport of basketball . Named after John Bunn , the first chairman of the Basketball Hall of Fame Committee from 1949 to 1969 , the award is the highest and the most prestigious honor presented by the Basketball Hall of Fame other than enshrinement .'}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Western', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1965–66_Texas_Western_Miners_basketball_team', 'summary': 'The 1965-66 Texas Western Miners basketball team represented Texas Western College , now the University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) , and was coached by Hall of Fame coach Don Haskins . The team made history by winning the national championship in 1966 , becoming the first team with an all-black starting lineup to do so . The Miners defeated Kentucky ( an all-white program until 1969 ) 72-65 in the historic championship game , played on Saturday , March 19 , at Cole Field House on the University of Maryland campus in College Park , a suburb of Washington D.C . The team was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and inspired the book and film Glory Road .'}]}, {'value': 'Won the 1966 NCAA National Championship , started 5 African-American players ( Bobby Joe Hill , David Lattin , Orsten Artis , Willie Worsley , & Harry Flournoy ) ; finished the season with a 28-1 record ; coached by Hall of Famer Don Haskins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Joe_Hill', 'summary': "Tyrone Bobby Joe Hill ( June 12 , 1943 - December 8 , 2002 ) was an American basketball player and was the leading scorer of the 1965-66 Texas Western College ( now the University of Texas at El Paso ) team , helping the Miners win the 1966 NCAA basketball championship . The victory is considered one of the most important wins in sports history [ citation needed ] - Texas Western started an all-black starting lineup , against the all-white University of Kentucky . Bobby Joe Hill was the 5'11 point guard from Highland Park , Michigan on the Texas Western college basketball team that won the national title in 1966 . Texas Western 's win over the top-ranked Kentucky team , nicknamed Rupp 's Runts , in the title game in College Park , Maryland , is considered one of the most historic games in the annals of college basketball . The school 's all-black starting five defeated a white Kentucky team , 72-65 . Bobby Joe Hill was one of the most prominent players on the court . In the first half , he stole the ball from both Louie Dampier and Tommy Kron twice within the span of a minute and converted both steals into easy layups . He led all scorers with twenty points , and his plays were complemented by talented teammates Harry Flournoy , Nevil Shed , David Lattin , and Willie Worsley . Don Haskins coached Texas Western , and Adolph Rupp directed Kentucky . The Miners ' victory over the Kentucky Wildcats was a landmark event in the history of civil right and sports desegregation , comparable to Jackie Robinson 's baseball tenure with the Brooklyn Dodgers , decisively proving that color of skin has no bearing on talent and ability . Of note is that Don Haskins and the entire Texas Western squad rose above racial threats , insults , vandalism , and violence throughout the 1965-1966 season to their against-all-odds triumph . Bobby Joe Hill stayed in El Paso after his Texas Western career , married his college sweetheart Walltina Malachi , and retired as an executive with El Paso Natural Gas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dave_Lattin', 'summary': 'David Big Daddy D Lattin ( born December 23 , 1943 ) is a former basketball player . He was the starting center for the Texas Western Miners in their NCAA championship year in 1966 . During his playing career , he was listed at 6 feet 6 inches tall and 225 lbs . David Lattin was born on December 23 , 1943 in Houston Texas . His mother , Elsie Lattin , was widowed when Lattins father died in 1949 . Lattin attended elementary and secondary schools in Houston before graduating from Evan E. Worthing Senior High School in 1963 . Lattin was named All-State and All-American in basketball both his junior and senior years and was the first Texas player to be named to a High School All-American team . Lattin left Tennessee State in 1964 citing the lack of basketball competition . He returned to Houston and played the AAAU before receiving a full scholarship to attend Texas Western College in 1965 where he played with the Miners , a Division 1 team in the NCAA . Under the leadership of Coach Don Haskins , the Miners won the 1966 Division 1 NCAA National Championship with five black starting players . Lattin was named All-American during the 1966 and 1967 seasons . In 1967 , Lattin left Texas Western College after he was drafted as the number ten pick by the NBAs San Francisco Warriors .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Orsten_Artis', 'summary': "Orsten Artis ( June 7 , 1943 - December 26 , 2017 ) was an American basketball player . He started at guard for the 1965-66 Texas Western Miners basketball team , the first team in history to win an NCAA championship with five African-American players in the starting lineup . Artis , a 6 ' 1 guard from Froebel High School in Gary , Indiana , played for coach Don Haskins at Texas Western University ( now the University of Texas at El Paso ) . With teammates Bobby Joe Hill , David Lattin , Nevil Shed and Harry Flournoy , Artis was a part of the first team with an all-black starting lineup to win an NCAA championship after upsetting the Kentucky Wildcats in the 1966 NCAA championship . Artis averaged 12.6 points per game that season and was the team 's third leading scorer . Artis served as co-captain of the team with Harry Flournoy . The team was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2007 and were the subject of the book and movie Glory Road , he was portrayed by Alphonso McAuley in the film . Artis later became a police detective in his native Gary . Artis was one of thirteen inductees in the Indiana Hall of Fame 2014 induction class . Artis died on December 26 , 2017 in his home in Merrillville , Indiana ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Willie_Worsley', 'summary': "Willie James Worsley ( born November 13 , 1945 ) is an American former professional basketball player who was one of the guards for the Texas Western Miners basketball team during their now-legendary 1966 NCAA championship game against Kentucky . Although only 5 foot 9 inches tall , he later played 24 games for the ABA 's New York Nets during the 1968-69 season . Willie played basketball for DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx , leading the team to a New York City Championship in 1963 . Playing before a crowded Madison Square Garden , he was named the championships MVP that year . The team also enjoyed a 38-game winning streak during his playing days . NBA great , Nate Tiny Archibald , two years his junior , always looked up to Willie at DeWitt Clinton and eventually joined him in the backcourt at Texas El Paso ( Texas Western ) for the 1967-1968 season . Remembering the Kentucky victory , Willie said he enjoyed the game for another reason : His working mother was home in front of a TV , watching . It was the only time my mother , Julia , got to see me play . She 'd never seen me play at all , he said . Toward the end of the 1960s , Worsley took over as coach for the now-defunct children 's shelter Woodycrest located in High Bridge , The Bronx , New York City . There , in conjunction with James Neal , he oversaw the shelter 's athletic programs . By the end of the 1970s , the shelter had merged with another home located in Pomona , New York and Worsley had become a director ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Flournoy', 'summary': 'Harry Flournoy Jr. ( December 10 , 1943 - November 26 , 2016 ) was an American college basketball player , originally from Gary , Indiana .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Don_Haskins', 'summary': 'Donald Lee Haskins ( March 14 , 1930 - September 7 , 2008 ) , nicknamed The Bear , was an American basketball player and coach . He played college basketball for three years under coach Henry Iba at Oklahoma A & M ( now Oklahoma State University ) . He was the head coach at Texas Western College ( renamed the University of Texas at El Paso in 1967 ) from 1961 to 1999 . His greatest triumph occurred in 1966 , when his team won the NCAA Tournament over the Wildcats of the University of Kentucky , coached by Adolph Rupp . The watershed game initiated the end of racial segregation in college basketball . In his time at Texas Western/UTEP , he compiled a 719-353 record , suffering only five losing seasons . He won 14 Western Athletic Conference championships and four WAC tournament titles , had fourteen NCAA tournament berths and made seven trips to the NIT . Haskins led UTEP to 17 20-plus-win seasons and served as an assistant Olympic team coach in 1972 . He was enshrined into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1997 as a basketball coach . His 1966 team was inducted in its entirety by the same Hall of Fame on September 7 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960 United States Olympic Team', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1960_United_States_men's_Olympic_basketball_team", 'summary': "The 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team competed in the Games of the XVII Olympiad , representing the United States of America . The USA team , coached by California Golden Bears head coach Pete Newell , dominated the competition , winning its games by an average of 42.4 points per game . The team is considered by many to be the best amateur level basketball team of all time , and was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit , in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Widely considered the greatest amateur team ever assembled ; won the gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics with an 8-0 record and an average victory margin of over 40 points ; roster ( Jay Arnette , Walt Bellamy , Bob Boozer , Terry Dischinger , Burdette Haldorson , Darrall Imhoff , Allen Kelley , Lester Lane , Jerry Lucas , Oscar Robertson , Adrian Smith , Jerry West ) included four Hall of Fame players ( Bellamy , Lucas , Robertson , West ) and 10 future NBA players , with four named consecutively as Rookies of the Year ( Robertson , Bellamy , Dischinger , Lucas from 1961-64 ) and three named among the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 ( Lucas , Robertson , West ) ; coaching staff ( Pete Newell , Warren Womble , Dutch Lonborg ) included two Hall of Famers ( Newell and Lonborg )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jay_Arnette', 'summary': "Jay Hoyland Arnette ( born December 19 , 1938 ) is an American former professional basketball player . A 6 ' 2 guard born in Austin , Texas and from Austin 's University of Texas , Arnette competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics , where he won a gold medal with the United States men 's national basketball team . From 1963 to 1965 , he played in the National Basketball Association as a member of the Cincinnati Royals , averaging 3.7 points per game . In 2010 , the 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team on which Arnette played was collectively inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . While playing basketball Arnette attended a dental school at University of Texas . He later obtained licenses in dentistry and pharmacy , but practiced orthodontics in Austin , Texas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walt_Bellamy', 'summary': 'Walter Jones Bellamy ( July 24 , 1939 - November 2 , 2013 ) was an American professional basketball player . A four-time NBA All-Star , he was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bob_Boozer', 'summary': "Robert Louis Boozer ( April 26 , 1937 - May 19 , 2012 ) was an American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Boozer won a gold medal in the 1960 Summer Olympics and won an NBA Championship as a member of the Milwaukee Bucks in 1971 . Boozer was inducted into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 , as a member of the 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Terry_Dischinger', 'summary': "Terry Gilbert Dischinger ( born November 21 , 1940 ) is a retired American basketball player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Dischinger was a 3-time NBA All-Star and the 1963 NBA Rookie of the Year , after averaging 28 points per game in his three seasons at Purdue University . In 2019 , Dischinger was inducted to the College Basketball Hall of Fame . In 2010 , the 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team of which Dischinger was a member , was collectively inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Dischinger practiced orthodontics after his NBA career ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Burdette_Haldorson', 'summary': "Burdette Eliele Burdie Haldorson ( born January 24 , 1934 ) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics and in the 1960 Summer Olympics . Haldorson played college basketball for the Colorado Buffaloes . He was part of the American basketball team that won the gold medal in 1956 . He never played professionally , but was a member of the AAU Phillips 66ers for a number of years . Four years later , in 1960 , he won his second gold medal as part of the American team . He was inducted into the Pac-12 Basketball Hall of Honor during the 2012 Pac-12 Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament , March 10 , 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Darrall_Imhoff', 'summary': 'Darrall Tucker Imhoff ( October 11 , 1938 - June 30 , 2017 ) was an American professional basketball player . He spent 12 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , playing for six teams from 1960 to 1972 . He was an NBA All-Star and an Olympic Gold medalist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Allen_Kelley', 'summary': 'Earl Allen Kelley ( December 24 , 1932 - August 13 , 2016 ) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics . Born in Dearing , Georgia , he was part of the American basketball team , which won the gold medal in 1960 . Kelley died at the age of 83 on August 13 , 2016 in Lawrence , Kansas . He was the brother of 1952 Summer Olympics gold medalist Dean Kelley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lester_Lane', 'summary': 'Lester E. Lane ( March 6 , 1932 - September 5 , 1973 ) was an American basketball player who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics . Lane was born in Purcell , Oklahoma , which after his death , renamed Fourth street south of Main Street in his honor , as Lester Lane . He was part of the American basketball team , which won the gold medal in 1960 . In the spring of 1973 he was named head basketball coach at the University of Oklahoma , but never held a practice as he died of a heart attack during a pick-up game later that year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_Lucas', 'summary': 'Jerry Ray Lucas ( born March 30 , 1940 ) is an American former basketball player . He was a nationally awarded high school player , national college star at Ohio State , and 1960 gold medal Olympian and international player before later starring as a professional player in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . As a collegian , Lucas led the Ohio State Buckeyes to the 1960 college national championship and three straight NCAA finals . He remains today the only three-time Big Ten Player of the Year , and was also twice named NCAA Player of the Year . [ citation needed ] As a professional , Lucas was named All-NBA First Team three times , an NBA All-Star seven times , was 1964 NBA Rookie of the Year , and was named Most Valuable Player of the 1965 NBA All-Star Game among other honors and awards . He was inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1980 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oscar_Robertson', 'summary': "Oscar Palmer Robertson ( born November 24 , 1938 ) , nicknamed The Big O , is an American retired professional basketball player who played for the Cincinnati Royals and Milwaukee Bucks . The 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) , 205 lb ( 93 kg ) Robertson played point guard and was a 12-time All-Star , 11-time member of the All-NBA Team , and one-time winner of the MVP award in 14 seasons . In 1962 , he became the first player in NBA history to average a triple-double for a season . In the 1970-71 NBA season , he was a key player on the team that brought the Bucks their only NBA title to date . His playing career , especially during high school and college , was plagued by racism . Robertson is a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee , having been inducted in 1980 for his individual career , and in 2010 as a member of the 1960 United States men 's Olympic basketball team and president of the National Basketball Players Association . He also was voted one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . The United States Basketball Writers Association renamed their College Player of the Year Award the Oscar Robertson Trophy in his honor in 1998 , and he was one of five people chosen to represent the inaugural National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame class in 2006 . He was ranked as the 36th best American athlete of the 20th century by ESPN . Robertson was also an integral part of Robertson v. National Basketball Ass ' n of 1970 . The landmark NBA antitrust suit , which was filed when Robertson was the president of the NBA Players ' Association , led to an extensive reform of the league 's strict free agency and draft rules and , subsequently , to higher salaries for all players ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Adrian Howard Odie Smith ( born October 5 , 1936 ) is a retired American professional basketball player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jerry_West', 'summary': "Jerome Alan West ( born May 28 , 1938 ) is an American basketball executive and former player . During his active career West played professionally for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . His nicknames included Mr . Clutch , for his ability to make a big play in a clutch situation , such as his famous buzzer-beating 60-foot shot that tied Game 3 of the 1970 NBA Finals against the New York Knicks ; The Logo , in reference to his silhouette being incorporated into the NBA logo ; Mr. Outside , in reference to his perimeter play with the Los Angeles Lakers ; and Zeke from Cabin Creek , for the creek near his birthplace of Chelyan , West Virginia . West played the small forward position early in his career , and he was a standout at East Bank High School and at West Virginia University , where he led the Mountaineers to the 1959 NCAA championship game . He earned the NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player honor despite the loss . He then embarked on a 14-year career with the Los Angeles Lakers , and was the co-captain of the 1960 U.S. Olympic gold medal team , a squad that was inducted as a unit into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 . West 's NBA career was highly successful . Playing the guard position , he was voted 12 times into the All-NBA First and Second Teams , was elected into the NBA All-Star Team 14 times , and was chosen as the All-Star MVP in 1972 , the same year that he won the only title of his career . West holds the NBA record for the highest points per game average in a playoff series with 46.3 . He was also a member of the first five NBA All-Defensive Teams ( one second , followed by four firsts ) , which were introduced when he was 32 years old . Having played in nine NBA Finals , he is also the only player in NBA history to be named Finals MVP despite being on the losing team ( 1969 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award', 'summary': "The National Basketball Association 's Rookie of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the top rookie ( s ) of the regular season . Initiated following the 1952-53 NBA season , it confers the Eddie Gottlieb Trophy , named after the former Philadelphia Warriors head coach . The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters , each casting first- , second- , and third-place votes ( worth five points , three points , and one point , respectively ) . The player ( s ) with the highest point total , regardless of the number of first-place votes , wins the award . The most recent Rookie of the Year winner is Luka Dončić . Twenty-one winners were drafted first overall . Sixteen winners have also won the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award in their careers ; Wilt Chamberlain and Wes Unseld earning both honors the same season . Nineteen of the forty-two non-active winners have been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . Three seasons had joint winners - Dave Cowens and Geoff Petrie in the 1970-71 season , Grant Hill and Jason Kidd in the 1994-95 season , and Elton Brand and Steve Francis in the 1999-2000 season . Five players won the award unanimously ( by capturing all of the first-place votes ) - Ralph Sampson , David Robinson , Blake Griffin , Damian Lillard , and Karl-Anthony Towns . Patrick Ewing of Jamaica , Pau Gasol of Spain , Kyrie Irving and Ben Simmons of Australia , Andrew Wiggins of Canada , and Luka Dončić of Slovenia are the only winners not born in the United States . Three of these individuals have dual nationality by birth - Wiggins and Simmons have American fathers , and both of Irving 's parents are Americans ."}, {'url': '/wiki/50_Greatest_Players_in_NBA_History', 'summary': "The 50 Greatest Players in National Basketball Association History ( also referred to as NBA 's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team or NBA 's Top 50 ) were chosen in 1996 to honor the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . These fifty players were selected through a vote by a panel of media members , former players and coaches , and current and former general managers . In addition , the top ten head coaches and top ten single-season teams in NBA history were selected by media members as part of the celebration . The fifty players had to have played at least a portion of their careers in the NBA and were selected irrespective of position played . The list was announced by NBA commissioner David Stern on October 29 , 1996 , at the hotel Grand Hyatt New York , the former site of the Commodore Hotel , where the original NBA charter was signed on June 6 , 1946 . The announcement marked the beginning of a season-long celebration of the league 's anniversary . Forty-seven of the fifty players were later assembled in Cleveland , during the halftime ceremony of the 1997 All-Star Game . Three players were absent : Pete Maravich , who had died in 1988 , at forty ; Shaquille O'Neal , who was recovering from a knee injury ; and Jerry West , who was scheduled to have surgery for an ear infection and could not fly . At the time of the announcement , eleven players were active ; all have subsequently retired . O'Neal was the last to be active in the NBA , retiring at the end of the 2010-11 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Pete_Newell', 'summary': "Peter Francis Newell ( August 31 , 1915 - November 17 , 2008 ) was an American college men 's basketball coach and basketball instructional coach . He coached for 15 years at the University of San Francisco , Michigan State University and the University of California , Berkeley , compiling an overall record of 234 wins and 123 losses . He led the University of California to the 1959 NCAA men 's basketball championship , and a year later coached the gold medal-winning U.S. team at the 1960 Summer Olympics , a team that would be inducted as a unit to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2010 . After his coaching career ended he ran a world-famous instructional basketball camp and served as a consultant and scout for several National Basketball Association ( NBA ) teams . He is often considered to be one of the most influential figures in the history of basketball ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Warren_Womble', 'summary': "John Warren Womble , Jr. ( March 15 , 1920 - March 21 , 2015 ) was an American basketball coach . He was the head coach of the Peoria Cats , a National Industrial Basketball League ( NIBL ) team , located in Peoria , Illinois , and the head coach of the 1952 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Dutch_Lonborg', 'summary': 'Arthur C. Dutch Lonborg ( March 16 , 1898 - January 31 , 1985 ) was a basketball , American football and baseball player , coach , and college athletics administrator .'}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992 United States Olympic Team ( Dream Team )', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/1992_United_States_men's_Olympic_basketball_team", 'summary': "The 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team , nicknamed the Dream Team , was the first American Olympic team to feature active professional players from the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The team has been described by American and international journalists as the greatest sports team ever assembled . The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame called the team the greatest collection of basketball talent on the planet . At the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona , the team defeated its opponents by an average of 44 points en route to the gold medal against Croatia . Chuck Daly served as the team 's head coach , assisted by Lenny Wilkens , P. J. Carlesimo , and Mike Krzyzewski ."}]}, {'value': "Called by the Hall of Fame the greatest collection of basketball talent on the planet ; won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics with an 8-0 record and an average victory margin of nearly 44 points ; roster ( Charles Barkley , Larry Bird , Clyde Drexler , Patrick Ewing , Magic Johnson , Michael Jordan , Christian Laettner , Karl Malone , Chris Mullin , Scottie Pippen , David Robinson , John Stockton ) included 11 Hall of Fame players ( all except Laettner ) and 10 named among the NBA 's 50 Greatest ( all except Laettner and Mullin ) ; coaching staff ( Chuck Daly , Lenny Wilkens , Mike Krzyzewski , P. J. Carlesimo ) included three Hall of Famers ( Daly , Wilkens , Krzyzewski ) , FIBA Hall of Fame ( 2017 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Barkley', 'summary': "Charles Wade Barkley ( born February 20 , 1963 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who is currently an analyst on Inside the NBA . Nicknamed Chuck , Sir Charles , Street Beef , and The Round Mound of Rebound , Barkley established himself as one of the National Basketball Association 's most dominant power forwards . An All-American power forward at Auburn University , he was drafted as a junior by the Philadelphia 76ers with the 5th pick of the 1984 NBA draft . He was selected to the All-NBA First Team five times , the All-NBA Second Team five times , and once to the All-NBA Third Team . He earned eleven NBA All-Star Game appearances and was named the All-Star MVP in 1991 . In 1993 with the Phoenix Suns , he was voted the league 's Most Valuable Player , and during the NBA 's 50th anniversary , named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . He competed in the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games and won two gold medals as a member of the United States ' Dream Team . Barkley is a two-time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , being inducted in 2006 for his individual career , and in 2010 as a member of the Dream Team . Barkley was popular with the fans and media and made the NBA 's All-Interview Team for his last 13 seasons in the league . He was frequently involved in on- and off-court fights and sometimes stirred national controversy , as in March 1991 when he spat on a young girl while attempting to spit at a heckler , and as in 1993 when he declared that sports figures should not be considered role models . Though shorter than the typical power forward , Barkley used his strength and aggressiveness to become one of the NBA 's most dominant rebounders . He was a versatile player who had the ability to score , create plays , and defend ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Larry_Bird', 'summary': "Larry Joe Bird ( born December 7 , 1956 ) is an American former professional basketball player , former coach , and former executive who most recently served as President of Basketball Operations for the Indiana Pacers in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Nicknamed The Hick from French Lick , Bird is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time . Drafted into the NBA by the Boston Celtics with the sixth overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft , Bird started at small forward and power forward for the Celtics for 13 seasons . Bird was a 12-time NBA All-Star and received the NBA Most Valuable Player Award three consecutive times ( 1984-1986 ) . He played his entire professional career for Boston , winning three NBA championships and two NBA Finals MVP awards . Bird was also a member of the gold-medal-winning 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team known as The Dream Team . He was voted to the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All-Time Team in 1996 , was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1998 , and was inducted into the Hall of Fame again in 2010 as a member of The Dream Team . After retiring as a player , Bird served as head coach of the Indiana Pacers from 1997 to 2000 . He was named NBA Coach of the Year for the 1997-1998 season and later led the Pacers to a berth in the 2000 NBA Finals . In 2003 , Bird was named President of Basketball Operations for the Pacers , holding the position until retiring in 2012 . He was named NBA Executive of the Year for the 2012 season . Bird returned to the Pacers as President of Basketball Operations in 2013 and remained in that role until 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clyde_Drexler', 'summary': 'Clyde Austin Drexler ( born June 22 , 1962 ) is an American former professional basketball player who is the commissioner of the Big3 3-on-3 basketball league . Nicknamed Clyde the Glide , he played 15 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , spending a majority of his career with the Portland Trail Blazers before finishing with the Houston Rockets . He was a ten-time NBA All-Star and named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . Drexler won an NBA championship with Houston in 1995 , and earned a gold medal on the 1992 United States Olympic team known as The Dream Team . He was inducted twice into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , in 2004 for his individual career and in 2010 as a member of the Dream Team . He currently serves as a color commentator for Houston Rockets home games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Patrick_Ewing', 'summary': "Patrick Aloysius Ewing ( born August 5 , 1962 ) is a Jamaican-American retired Hall of Fame basketball player and current head coach of the Georgetown University men 's basketball team . He played most of his career as the starting center of the NBA 's New York Knicks and also played briefly with the Seattle SuperSonics and Orlando Magic . Ewing played center for Georgetown for four years - where he played in the NCAA Championship Game three times - and was named as the 16th greatest college player of all time by ESPN . He had an eighteen-year NBA career , predominantly playing for the New York Knicks , where he was an eleven-time all-star and named to seven All-NBA teams . The Knicks appeared in the NBA Finals twice ( 1994 & 1999 ) during his tenure . He won Olympic gold medals as a member of the 1984 and 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball teams . In a 1996 poll celebrating the 50th anniversary of the NBA , Ewing was selected as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History . He is a two-time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame in Springfield , Massachusetts ( in 2008 for his individual career , and in 2010 as a member of the 1992 Olympic team ) . Additionally he was inducted into the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame as a member of the Dream Team in 2009 . His number 33 was retired by the Knicks in 2003 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Magic_Johnson', 'summary': "Earvin Magic Johnson Jr. ( born August 14 , 1959 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and former president of basketball operations of the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played point guard for the Lakers for 13 seasons . After winning championships in high school and college , Johnson was selected first overall in the 1979 NBA draft by the Lakers . He won a championship and an NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award in his rookie season , and won four more championships with the Lakers during the 1980s . Johnson retired abruptly in 1991 after announcing that he had contracted HIV , but returned to play in the 1992 All-Star Game , winning the All-Star MVP Award . After protests from his fellow players , he retired again for four years , but returned in 1996 , at age 36 , to play 32 games for the Lakers before retiring for the third and final time . Johnson 's career achievements include three NBA MVP Awards , nine NBA Finals appearances , twelve All-Star games , and ten All-NBA First and Second Team nominations . He led the league in regular-season assists four times , and is the NBA 's all-time leader in average assists per game , at 11.2 . Johnson was a member of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( The Dream Team ) , which won the Olympic gold medal in 1992 . After leaving the NBA in 1992 , Johnson formed the Magic Johnson All-Stars , a barnstorming team that traveled around the world playing exhibition games . Johnson was honored as one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History in 1996 . Johnson became a two-time inductee into the Basketball Hall of Fame - being enshrined in 2002 for his individual career , and again in 2010 as a member of the Dream Team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Jordan', 'summary': "Michael Jeffrey Jordan ( born February 17 , 1963 ) , also known by his initials MJ , is an American former professional basketball player and the principal owner of the Charlotte Hornets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played 15 seasons in the NBA , winning six championships with the Chicago Bulls . His biography on the official NBA website states : By acclamation , Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time . He was one of the most effectively marketed athletes of his generation and was considered instrumental in popularizing the NBA around the world in the 1980s and 1990s . Jordan played three seasons for coach Dean Smith with the North Carolina Tar Heels . As a freshman , he was a member of the Tar Heels ' national championship team in 1982 . Jordan joined the Bulls in 1984 as the third overall draft pick , and quickly emerged as a league star and entertained crowds with his prolific scoring . His leaping ability , demonstrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in Slam Dunk Contests , earned him the nicknames Air Jordan and His Airness . He also gained a reputation for being one of the best defensive players in basketball . In 1991 , he won his first NBA championship with the Bulls , and followed that achievement with titles in 1992 and 1993 , securing a three-peat . Although Jordan abruptly retired from basketball before the 1993-94 NBA season and started a new career in Minor League Baseball , he returned to the Bulls in March 1995 and led them to three additional championships in 1996 , 1997 , and 1998 , as well as a then-record 72 regular-season wins in the 1995-96 NBA season . He retired for a second time in January 1999 but returned for two more NBA seasons from 2001 to 2003 as a member of the Washington Wizards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Christian_Laettner', 'summary': 'Christian Donald Laettner ( /ˈleɪtnər/ , LAYT-nər ; born August 17 , 1969 ) is a retired American basketball player whose Hall of Fame career for the Duke Blue Devils is widely regarded as one of the best in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) history . [ a ] He was the star player on the back-to-back National Championship teams of 1991 and 1992 , and the NCAA player of the year in his senior year . He is particularly famous for his game-winning shot against Kentucky in the 1992 tournament and for the hatred he received from opposing fans . Laettner was the only collegian selected for the elite Dream Team that dominated the 1992 Olympics ; the team is enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . He was drafted third overall by the Minnesota Timberwolves , then played 13 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for six teams . The highlight was being selected for the 1997 All-Star Game while with the Atlanta Hawks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Karl_Malone', 'summary': 'Karl Anthony Malone ( born July 24 , 1963 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . Nicknamed the Mailman , Malone played the power forward position and spent his first 18 seasons ( 1985-2003 ) in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) with the Utah Jazz and formed a formidable duo with his teammate John Stockton . Malone also played one season for the Los Angeles Lakers . Malone was a two-time NBA Most Valuable Player , a 14-time NBA All-Star , and an 11-time member of the All-NBA first team . His 36,928 career points scored rank second all-time in NBA history behind Kareem Abdul-Jabbar , and he holds the records for most free throws attempted and made , in addition to being tied for the second-most first-team All-NBA selections with Kobe Bryant and behind LeBron James . He is considered one of the greatest power forwards in NBA history . Malone played college basketball at Louisiana Tech University . In his three seasons with Louisiana Tech , he helped the Bulldogs basketball team to its first-ever NCAA tournament in 1984 and to first place in the Southland Conference in 1985 . The Utah Jazz drafted Malone in 1985 with the 13th overall pick in the first round . Malone appeared in the playoffs every season in his career , including the NBA Finals in 1997 and 1998 with the Jazz . He played his final season with the Los Angeles Lakers , with whom he played his third Finals in 2004 . Malone has the most career postseason losses of any NBA player ever , with 95 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(basketball)', 'summary': "Christopher Paul Mullin ( born July 30 , 1963 ) is an American retired professional basketball player and former head coach of the St. John 's Red Storm . He previously served as special advisor for the Sacramento Kings and general manager of the Golden State Warriors . He is a two-time Olympic Gold medalist and a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee ( in 2010 as a member of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( The Dream Team ) , and in 2011 for his individual career ) . Mullin played shooting guard and small forward in the NBA from 1985 to 2001 . During his playing time at St. John 's University , he was named Big East Player of the Year three times and was a member of the 1984 U.S. Men 's Olympic Basketball team , Mullin was chosen as the seventh pick by the Golden State Warriors in the first round of the 1985 NBA draft . He returned to the Olympics in 1992 as a member of the Dream Team , which was the first American Olympic basketball team to include professional players . He played with the Warriors from the 1985-86 until the 1996-97 season . Thereafter , Mullin played with the Indiana Pacers from 1997 until the 1999-2000 season . He retired after the 2000-01 season , playing for his original team , the Warriors . On March 30 , 2015 , he was named 20th head coach of the St. John 's University men 's basketball team , his alma mater . On April 9 , 2019 he stepped down as the head coach of the St. John 's University men 's basketball team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scottie_Pippen', 'summary': "Scotty Maurice Pippen ( born September 25 , 1965 ) , commonly spelled Scottie Pippen , is an American former professional basketball player . He played 17 seasons in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , winning six NBA championships with the Chicago Bulls . Pippen , along with Michael Jordan , played an important role in transforming the Bulls into a championship team and in popularizing the NBA around the world during the 1990s . Considered one of the greatest small forwards of all time , Pippen was named to the NBA All-Defensive First Team eight consecutive times and the All-NBA First Team three times . He was a seven-time NBA All-Star and was the NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1994 . He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History during the 1996-97 season , and is one of four players to have his jersey retired by the Chicago Bulls ( the others being Jerry Sloan , Bob Love , and Michael Jordan ) . He played a main role on both the 1992 Chicago Bulls Championship team and the 1996 Chicago Bulls Championship team which were selected as two of the Top 10 Teams in NBA History . His biography on the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame 's website states , The multidimensional Pippen ran the court like a point guard , attacked the boards like a power forward , and swished the nets like a shooting guard . During his 17-year career , he played 12 seasons with the Bulls , one with the Houston Rockets and four with the Portland Trail Blazers , making the postseason sixteen straight times . Pippen is the only NBA player to have won an NBA title and Olympic gold medal in the same year twice ( 1992 , 1996 ) . He was a part of the 1992 U.S. Olympic Dream Team which beat its opponents by an average of 44 points . Pippen was also a key figure in the 1996 Olympic team , alongside former Dream Team members Karl Malone , John Stockton , and Charles Barkley as well as newer faces such as Anfernee Penny Hardaway and Grant Hill ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Robinson_(basketball)', 'summary': "David Maurice Robinson ( born August 6 , 1965 ) is an American former professional basketball player , who played center for the San Antonio Spurs in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) for his entire career . Based on his prior service as an officer in the United States Navy , Robinson earned the nickname The Admiral . Robinson is a 10-time NBA All-Star , the 1995 NBA MVP , a two-time NBA Champion ( 1999 and 2003 ) , a two-time Olympic Gold Medal winner ( 1992 , 1996 ) , a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee ( 2009 for his individual career , 2010 as a member of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ) , and a two-time U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame inductee ( 2008 individually , 2009 as a member of the 1992 Olympic team ) . He is widely considered one of the greatest centers in both college basketball and NBA history . To date , Robinson is the only player from the Naval Academy to play in the NBA ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Stockton', 'summary': "John Houston Stockton ( born March 26 , 1962 ) is an American retired professional basketball player . He spent his entire NBA career ( 1984-2003 ) as a point guard for the Utah Jazz , and the team made the playoffs in each of his 19 seasons . In 1997 and 1998 , together with his longtime teammate Karl Malone , Stockton led the Jazz to the franchise 's only two NBA Finals appearances . Stockton is a ten-time NBA All-Star and a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee ( in 2009 for his individual career , and in 2010 as a member of the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team Dream Team ) . In 1996 , he was named one of the 50 greatest players in NBA history . Stockton holds the NBA records for most career assists and steals by wide margins and is regarded as one of the greatest point guards of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chuck_Daly', 'summary': "Charles Jerome Daly ( July 20 , 1930 - May 9 , 2009 ) was an American basketball head coach . He led the Detroit Pistons two consecutive National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Championships in 1989 and 1990 , and the 1992 United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( The Dream Team ) to the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics . Daly is a two-time Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame inductee , being inducted in 1994 for his individual coaching career , and in 2010 was posthumously inducted as the head coach of the Dream Team . The Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award is named after him ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens', 'summary': "Leonard Randolph Wilkens ( born October 28 , 1937 ) is an American former basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He has been inducted three times into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , first in 1989 as a player , as a coach in 1998 , and in 2010 as part of the 1992 United States Olympic Dream Team , for which he was an assistant coach . He is also a 2006 inductee into the College Basketball Hall of Fame . Wilkens was a combined 13-time NBA All-Star as a player ( nine times ) and as a head coach ( four times ) , was the 1993 NBA Coach of the Year , won the 1979 NBA Championship as the head coach of the Seattle SuperSonics , and an Olympic gold medal as the head coach of the 1996 U.S. men 's basketball team . During the 1994-95 season , Wilkens set the record for most coaching wins in NBA history , a record he held when he retired with 1,332 victories . Wilkens is now second on the list behind Don Nelson , who broke it in 2010 . He won the Chuck Daly Lifetime Achievement Award for the 2010-11 NBA season . Wilkens is also the most prolific coach in NBA history , at 2,487 regular season games , 89 more games than Nelson , and over 400 more than any other coach , and has more losses than any other coach in NBA history , at 1,155 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mike_Krzyzewski', 'summary': "Michael William Krzyzewski ( /ʃɪˈʒɛfski/ shih-ZHEF-skee ; nicknamed Coach K ; born February 13 , 1947 ) is an American college basketball coach and former player . Since 1980 , he has served as the head men 's basketball coach at Duke University , where he has led the Blue Devils to five NCAA Championships , 12 Final Fours , 12 ACC regular season titles , and 15 ACC Tournament championships . Among men 's college basketball coaches , only UCLA 's John Wooden has won more NCAA Championships with a total of 10 . Krzyzewski has also coached the United States men 's national basketball team , which he has led to three gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics , 2012 Summer Olympics , and 2016 Summer Olympics . He served as the head coach of the American team that won gold medals at the 2010 and the 2014 FIBA World Cup . He was also an assistant coach for the 1992 Dream Team . Krzyzewski was a point guard at Army from 1966 to 1969 under coach Bob Knight . From 1975 to 1980 , he was the head basketball coach for his alma mater . He is a two-time inductee into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , in 2001 for his individual coaching career and in 2010 as part of the collective induction of the Dream Team . He was inducted into the College Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006 , and the United States Olympic Hall of Fame in 2009 ( with the Dream Team ) . On November 15 , 2011 , Krzyzewski led Duke to a 74-69 victory over Michigan State at Madison Square Garden to become the coach with the most wins in NCAA Division I men 's basketball history . Krzyzewski 's 903rd victory set a new record , breaking that held by his former coach , Bob Knight ."}, {'url': '/wiki/P._J._Carlesimo', 'summary': "Peter John Carlesimo ( born May 30 , 1949 ) is an American basketball coach , who coached in both the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and college basketball for nearly 40 years . He is also a television broadcaster , having worked with ESPN , The NBA on TNT , Westwood One , Fox Sports Southwest , Pac-12 Network , The NBA on NBC and CSN New England . Carlesimo served as head coach of four different NBA teams , and was named Seton Hall University 's Coach of the Century . He was an assistant coach for the United States men 's Olympic basketball team ( The Dream Team ) that won the gold medal at the 1992 Summer Olympics . He was also an assistant coach for the San Antonio Spurs team that won three championships between 2003 and 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FIBA_Hall_of_Fame', 'summary': "The FIBA Hall of Fame honors players , coaches , , teams , referees , and administrators who have greatly contributed to international competitive basketball . It was established by FIBA , in 1991 . It includes the Samaranch Library , the largest basketball library in the world , that as of 2007 , had over 10,000 basketball books , and 950 magazines , from over 65 countries . The FIBA Hall of Fame building is a basketball museum built in Alcobendas , Community of Madrid , Spain , by the Pedro Ferrándiz Foundation . Initially , induction ceremonies occurred every two years , with the first one taking place in 2007 . The pattern was interrupted in 2010 , when a class was inducted on the day of the 2010 FIBA World Championship 's Final in Istanbul . After that , no induction took place until 2013 , with a class announced in May of that year , with induction taking place on 19 June . The next induction class was in 2015 , and after that , more classes were inducted in 2016 , 2017 , and 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All American Red Heads', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_American_Red_Heads_Team', 'summary': "The All American Red Heads were one of the first professional women 's basketball teams . In 1936 , almost 50 years after women 's basketball began , C. M. Ole Olson ( who also founded Oson 's Terrible Swedes ) started a barnstorming team which would play around the country until 1986 . The name of the team came from Olson 's wife , who owned a number of beauty salons in the south . They played by men 's rules and were a smash success with the audience . They were so successful as an exhibition team that they fostered two other teams , the Ozark Hillbillies and the Famous Red Heads . Two of the early players for the team were Geneva ( Jean ) and Jo Langerman . Jean and Jo were the twin daughters of Mama Langerman , an unmarried beautician who moved from town to town . The twins led three teams to the state tournament , finishing third in 1931 at Whittemore , Iowa , and winning the state championships while at Parkersburg , and Hampton , Iowa in 1932 , and 1933 . Following their high school career , they played for an AAU team , winning the national championship in 1934 , then joined the All American Red Heads . As a result of their accomplishments , they were inducted into the Iowa Girls High School Athletic Union Basketball Hall of Fame . Orwell Moore , a high school coach , coached two of the teams from 1948 and then purchased them . The teams boasted AAU All-American players and stars like Peggy Lawson , Kay Kirkpatrick , and Hazel Walker ."}]}, {'value': "All-women 's team founded in 1936 playing against men 's teams under men 's rules ; won 96 straight games at one point ; credited by the Hall with shattering stereotypes about female athletes and overcoming social barriers that existed on and off the basketball court", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Immaculata College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Immaculata_University', 'summary': 'Immaculata University is a private , co-educational , Roman Catholic university founded by the Sisters , Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and located in Malvern , Pennsylvania . The university is affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church through the Archdiocese of Philadelphia . The university is composed of 1,427 traditional undergraduate and adult undergraduate students , and more than 1,000 graduate and doctoral students . The university is located on more than 300 acres ( 120 ha ) .'}]}, {'value': "Called by the Hall the first dynasty in women 's college basketball ; won three consecutive AIAW national championships ( 1972-1974 ) , including one undefeated season and a 35-game winning streak", 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee A & I State Teams of 1957 , 1958 , 1959', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_Tigers_basketball', 'summary': "The Tennessee State Tigers basketball team represents Tennessee State University ( TSU ) in Nashville , Tennessee , United States . The school 's team currently competes in the NCAA Division I 's Ohio Valley Conference . They play their home games at the Gentry Complex and are led by first-year head coach Brian Penny Collins . While they were a member of the NAIA , they were three time national champions ( 1957 , 1958 , 1959 ) . TSU was the first team to win three consecutive basketball national championships at any level of college basketball - a feat only repeated once as of 2017 , by Kentucky State ( 1970 , 1971 , 1972 ) The 1957 championship made TSU the first historically black college to win a national championship . The team was coached by Harold Hunter from 1960 to 1968 . Hunter still holds the record as the second-winningest men 's basketball coach in Tennessee State 's history . Hunter had succeeded outgoing coach John McLendon , who left in 1959 . Seventeen former Tennessee State Tigers have played in the NBA , the best known are Robert Covington , Dick Barnett , John Barnhill , Truck Robinson , Anthony Mason and Carlos Rogers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1956–57_Tennessee_A&I_State_Tigers_basketball_team', 'summary': "The 1956-57 Tennessee A & I State Tigers basketball team represented Tennessee A & I State College ( now called Tennessee State University ) in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) men 's basketball during the 1956-57 season . Coached by third-year head coach John McLendon , the Tigers finished the season with a 31-4 record and were crowned NAIA national champions by winning the 1957 NAIA Tournament . This marked the first of three consecutive national championships , a feat that no other team at any level of college basketball had previously accomplished . In addition , the 1956-57 team became the first historically black college to win a national basketball title . In 2019 , all three national championship teams were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1957–58_Tennessee_A&I_State_Tigers_basketball_team', 'summary': "The 1957-58 Tennessee A & I State Tigers basketball team represented Tennessee A & I State College ( now called Tennessee State University ) in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) men 's basketball during the 1957-58 season . Coached by fourth-year head coach John McLendon , the Tigers finished the season with a 31-3 record and were crowned NAIA national champions by winning the 1958 NAIA Tournament . This marked the second of three consecutive national championships , a feat that no other team at any level of college basketball had previously accomplished . In 2019 , all three national championship teams were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1958–59_Tennessee_A&I_State_Tigers_basketball_team', 'summary': "The 1958-59 Tennessee A & I State Tigers basketball team represented Tennessee A & I State College ( now called Tennessee State University ) in National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) men 's basketball during the 1958-59 season . Coached by fifth-year head coach John McLendon , the Tigers finished the season with a school-record 32 wins and were crowned NAIA national champions by winning the 1959 NAIA Tournament . This marked the third of three consecutive national championships , a feat that no other team at any level of college basketball had previously accomplished . In 2019 , all three national championship teams were inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame ."}]}, {'value': 'First African-American college team to win a major national championship and first college program to win three consecutive basketball national championships , led by Hall of Fame coach John McLendon ( 1979 & 2016 ) and players Dick Barnett and John Rabbit Barnhill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_McLendon', 'summary': 'John B. McLendon Jr. ( April 5 , 1915 - October 8 , 1999 ) was an American basketball coach who is recognized as the first African American basketball coach at a predominantly European-American university and the first African American head coach in any professional sport . He was a major contributor to the development of modern basketball and coached on both the college and professional levels during his career . He has been enshrined three times in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame , and also inducted into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dick_Barnett', 'summary': 'Richard Barnett ( born October 2 , 1936 ) is an American former professional basketball player . He spent 14 seasons in the NBA ( 1959-73 ) , but is mostly known for his nine seasons with the New York Knicks . Barnett played in the 1968 NBA All-Star Game and was a member of the 1970 and 1973 Knicks teams that won the NBA championship against the Los Angeles Lakers . He scored 15,358 regular season points in his career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Barnhill_(basketball)', 'summary': "John Anthony Rabbit Barnhill ( March 20 , 1938 - November 11 , 2013 ) was an American former professional basketball player . Barnhill , along with Porter Meriwether , led the Evansville Lincoln High School Lions to an undefeated regular season and the city co-championship in 1954-55 . Born in Sturgis , Kentucky , the 6 ' 1 guard was raised in Evansville , Indiana ; he attended Tennessee State University , where he won an NAIA championships in 1957 , 1958 and 1959 . Barnhill 's 1957 TSU Tigers were notable as the first all-black team to win a major American basketball tournament . Meriwether joined him in time for the 1959 title . He finished his career as the # 2 scorer ( 1,253 points ) behind Dick Barnett on the all-time TSU scoring list ; today , he ranks # 18 . He was a 3 time NAIA All-American ( 1957 , 1958 and 1959 ) and helped the Tigers to a 3-year record of 94-8 ( .922 ) . After his 1st season with the Pipers , he was selected for an American All-Star that toured the Soviet Union ; other members of the U.S. State Department-sponsored team included Jerry Lucas , Les Lane , Dan Swartz , Ben Warley , Roger Taylor , Jack Adams , Mike Moran , Jerry Shipp , Gary Thompson , Jim Frances and Tom Meschery . From 1962 to 1969 , Barnhill played in the National Basketball Association as a member of the St. Louis Hawks , Detroit Pistons , Baltimore Bullets , and San Diego Rockets . He averaged 8.6 points per game in his NBA career . Barnhill later spent time in the rival American Basketball Association , mainly as a member of the Indiana Pacers . Additionally , Barnhill was selected in three separate NBA expansion drafts in three consecutive years , 1966 ( Chicago Bulls ) , 1967 ( San Diego Rockets ) , and 1968 ( Phoenix Suns ) ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Wayland Baptist Women 's Teams of 1948-82", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayland_Baptist_University', 'summary': 'Wayland Baptist University ( WBU ) is private , coeducational Baptist university based in Plainview , Texas . Wayland Baptist has a total of 14 campuses in five Texas cities , six states , American Samoa and Kenya . On August 31 , 1908 , the university was chartered by the state of Texas , under the name Wayland Literary and Technical Institute . The university had another name change in 1910 to Wayland Baptist College . In 1981 , it attained university status and settled with the current name , Wayland Baptist University . It currently has a total enrollment of approximately 5,000 .'}]}, {'value': "Held a 151-game winning streak from 1953-1958 and 10 overall AAU National Championships . They were inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013 along with these individuals : Harley Redin , coach 1955-73 ( 1999 ) Katherine Washington , 1957-60 ( 2000 ) Dean Weese , coach 1973-79 ( 2000 ) Claude Hutcherson , sponsor 1950-77 ( 2003 ) Patsy Neal , 1956-60 ( 2003 ) Marsha Sharp , player 1970-72 & coach 1972-74 ( 2003 ) Jill Rankin Schneider , 1975-78 ( 2011 )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Union', 'summary': 'The Amateur Athletic Union ( AAU ) is an amateur sports organization based in the United States . A multi-sport organization , the AAU is dedicated exclusively to the promotion and development of amateur sports and physical fitness programs . It has more than 700,000 members nationwide , including more than 100,000 volunteers . The AAU was founded on January 21 , 1888 , by James E. Sullivan with the goal of creating common standards in amateur sport . Since then , most national championships for youth athletes in the United States have taken place under AAU leadership . From its founding as a publicly supported organization , the AAU has represented U.S. sports within the various international sports federations . The AAU formerly worked closely with the United States Olympic Committee to prepare U.S. athletes for the Olympic Games . As part of this , the AAU Junior Olympic Games were introduced in 1949 , with athletes aged 8 to 16 years , or older in certain sports , being able to participate . Many future World and Olympic champions have appeared in these events , which are still held every year . In the 1970s , the AAU received growing criticism . Many claimed that its regulatory framework was outdated . Women were banned from participating in certain competitions and some runners were locked out .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Women's_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame", 'summary': "The Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame honors those who have contributed to the sport of women 's basketball . The Hall of Fame opened in 1999 in Knoxville , Tennessee , USA . It is the only facility of its kind dedicated to all levels of women 's basketball . Knoxville is known for having a large women 's basketball following as well as being the home of the University of Tennessee 's Lady Vols basketball team previously coached by women 's coach Pat Summitt , who was part of the first class inducted . With the 2017 Induction , the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame celebrated its 19th anniversary and added six new members to its hall , honoring 157 inductees . Inductees may be nominated in the following categories : Coach , Veteran Coach , Player , International Player , Veteran Player , Contributor , and Official ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Washington', 'summary': "Katherine Washington ( June 24 , 1933 - September 19 , 2019 , age 86 ) was a former American women 's basketball player who played on the first two U.S. women 's national teams , earning world championships in 1953 and 1957 . Washington played for the Nashville Business College team of the Amateur Athletic Union , and later for Wayland Baptist College , earning All-American honors six times . Washington was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Fame in 2000 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patsy_Neal', 'summary': "Patricia Neal ( born Patsy Louise Neal , January 20 , 1926 - August 8 , 2010 ) was an American actress of stage and screen . She was best known for her film roles as World War II widow Helen Benson in The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) , wealthy matron Emily Eustace Failenson in Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 ) , and the worn-out housekeeper Alma Brown in Hud ( 1963 ) , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress . She featured as the matriarch in the television film The Homecoming : A Christmas Story ( 1971 ) ; her role as Olivia Walton was re-cast for the series it inspired , The Waltons ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marsha_Sharp', 'summary': "Marsha Sharp ( born August 31 , 1952 ) is the former head coach of Texas Tech University 's women 's basketball team , the Lady Raiders . She retired after 24 years at the conclusion of the 2005-06 season . Sharp was inducted into the Women 's Basketball Hall of Famein 2003 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Members -- Teams', 'section_text': "The Team category has existed since the beginning of the Hall of Fame and the first teams were inducted in 1959 . Four teams were enshrined before 1963 , but the fifth was not enshrined until 2002 . All told , 10 teams have been inducted , with the most recent being the Immaculata College women 's team of 1972–1974 , inducted in 2014 . [ 6 ] Buffalo Germans , inducted in 1961 The 1992 United States national men basketball team playing at the 1992 Summer Olympics at Barcelona . The team was inducted in 2010 .", 'uid': 'List_of_members_of_the_Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame_2', 'intro': "The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, located in Springfield, Massachusetts, honors players who have shown exceptional skill at basketball, all-time great coaches, referees, and other major contributors to the sport. It is named after Dr. James Naismith, who conceived the sport in 1891; he was inducted into the Hall as a contributor in 1959. To be considered for induction, nominees must meet certain prerequisites. Players must have been retired for at least three years before becoming eligible. Referees must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have officiated for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher. Coaches must have either been retired for at least three years, or, if they are still active, have coached for at least 25 years at high-school-level programs or higher and from 2020 on must have coached for at least 25 years and reached the age of sixty years. Those being considered for induction as contributors may be inducted at any time; the Hall of Fame and its committees evaluate whether contributions are significant enough for the nominee to be inducted as a contributor. Teams are also inducted at the committees' discretion."}
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How many exhibition games has the team that was given the John Bunn Award played ?
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more than 26,000
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0355c683f1eeeb3b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_boxers', 'title': 'List of female boxers', 'header': ['Name', 'Nationality', 'Style'], 'data': [{'value': 'Hannah Rankin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hannah_Rankin', 'summary': 'Hannah Rankin ( born 21 July 1990 ) is a Scottish professional boxer and bassoonist . She held the IBO female super-welterweight title from June to November 2019 , challenged once for the WBA female super-middleweight title in 2018 and once for the WBA , WBC , and IBF middleweight titles against Claressa Shields in 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Natascha Ragosina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Natascha_Ragosina', 'summary': 'Natalia Yurievna Ragozina ( Russian : Наталья Юрьевна Рагозина ) , better known as Natascha Ragosina , is an undefeated retired professional boxer who spent much of her career ranked as the top female super middleweight in the world . Though born in Kazakhstan ( formerly a part of the Soviet Union ) and currently residing in Moscow , she competed professionally for Russia and is of Russian descent . She is the longest reigning WBA female super middleweight champion and WBC female super middleweight champion . At the time of her retirement , she held all major female super middleweight titles and two heavyweight belts :'}]}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia', 'summary': "Russia ( Russian : Росси́я , tr . Rossiya , IPA : [ rɐˈsʲijə ] ) , or the Russian Federation , [ e ] is a European country located in Eastern Europe with a vast expanse of territory that stretches across Northern Asia . At 17,125,200 square kilometres ( 6,612,100 sq mi ) , it is by far the largest country in the world by area , covering more than one-eighth of the Earth 's inhabited land area , spanning eleven time zones , and bordering 16 sovereign nations . The territory of Russia extends from the Baltic Sea in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east , and from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Black Sea and the Caucasus in the south . With 146.7 million inhabitants living in the country 's 85 federal subjects as of 2020 , Russia is the most populous nation in Europe and the ninth-most populous nation in the world . Russia 's capital and largest city is Moscow ; other major urban areas include Saint Petersburg , Novosibirsk , Yekaterinburg , Nizhny Novgorod , Kazan and Chelyabinsk . The East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD . Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants , the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century . In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire , beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium . Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states , until it was finally reunified by the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the 15th century . By the 18th century , the nation had greatly expanded through conquest , annexation , and exploration to become the Russian Empire , which was the third largest empire in history , stretching from Poland on the west to Alaska on the east . Following the Russian Revolution , the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic ( Russian SFSR ) became the largest and leading constituent of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR/Soviet Union ) , the world 's first constitutionally socialist state ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Emiko Raika', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Emiko_Raika', 'summary': 'Emiko Raika ( 来家 恵美子 , born January 24 , 1975 in Kyoto , Japan ) is a Japanese female professional boxer and mixed martial artist . The former WIBA Featherweight Champion of the World , Raika is considered one of the greatest Japanese female boxers of all time . [ citation needed ] Although more Japanese women have taken up traditionally male sports such as karate , kickboxing and wrestling in recent years , many in Japan still believe that women should not box , because of the injury risk . Raika , who has suffered a broken nose and an eye socket fracture in fights , shrugs off the possibility of injuries . When I told friends that I want to become a boxer , they were surprised and put down my decision because I am a woman , said Raika . But I had to resist . I like boxing and I wanted to do it . In fact , I am expressing myself through boxing . I am fighting not to beat the opponent , but for myself .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Jessica Rakoczy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Rakoczy', 'summary': 'Jessica Rakoczy ( born April 14 , 1977 ) is a professional boxer and professional mixed martial arts fighter from Hamilton , Ontario and seven time women lightweight boxing champion of the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Ria Ramnarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ria_Ramnarine', 'summary': "Ria Ramnarine ( born 12 October 1978 ) is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian former professional boxer who competed from 1999 to 2012 . During her career she held world titles in two weight-classes ; the WIBA minimumweight title from 2005 to 2006 ; the WIBF minimumweight and WIBA light flyweight titles in 2011 . She also challenged once for the WBA female minimumweight title in 2010 . She was Trinidad and Tobago 's first female world champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Trinidad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago', 'summary': "The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ( /ˈtrɪnɪdæd . təˈbeɪɡoʊ/ ( listen ) , /- toʊ-/ ) is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean . Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago , and numerous much smaller islands , it is situated 130 kilometres ( 81 miles ) south of Grenada and 11 kilometres ( 6.8 miles ) off the coast of northeastern Venezuela . It shares maritime boundaries with Barbados to the northeast , Grenada to the northwest , Guyana to the southeast , and Venezuela to the south and west . The island of Trinidad was inhabited for centuries by native Amerindian peoples before becoming a colony in the Spanish Empire , following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 . Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797 . During the same period , the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish , British , French , Dutch and Courlander colonisers more times than any other island in the Caribbean . [ citation needed ] Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889 . Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 , becoming a republic in 1976 . Trinidad and Tobago has the third highest GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity ( PPP ) in the Americas after the United States and Canada . It is recognised by the World Bank as a high-income economy . Unlike most Caribbean nations and territories , which rely heavily on tourism , the Trinidadian economy is primarily industrial with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals ; much of the nation 's wealth is derived from its large reserves of oil and natural gas ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Friba Razayee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friba_Razayee', 'summary': 'Friba Rezayee ( Dari : فریبا رضایی ) ( born September 3 , 1985 ) is an Afghan judoka , who is perhaps best known as one of the first two women athletes from Afghanistan to compete in the Summer Olympics . The Taliban controlling most of Afghanistan , caused the country to be banned from the Olympics in 1999 due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule as well as its prohibition of sports of any kind , and thus missed out on the Sydney Olympics of the year 2000 . In June 2003 , the IOC lifted the suspension imposed on Afghanistan during the 115th IOC Session in Prague , and the country sent a delegation of five competitors to the Athens Games in 2004 . Rezayee and Robina Muqimyar were two women contingents in the delegation , becoming the first ever women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Afghanistan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Afghanistan', 'summary': "Afghanistan ( /æfˈɡænɪstæn , æfˈɡɑːnɪstɑːn/ ( listen ) ; Pashto/Dari : افغانستان , Pashto : Afġānistān [ avɣɒnisˈtɒn , ab- ] , [ a ] Dari : Afġānestān [ avɣɒnesˈtɒn ] ) , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , is a landlocked country in Asia . Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south ; [ b ] Iran to the west ; Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan to the north ; and China to the northeast . Occupying 652,000 square kilometers ( 252,000 sq mi ) , it is a mountainous country with plains in the north and southwest . Kabul is the capital and largest city . The population is 32 million , mostly composed of ethnic Pashtuns , Tajiks , Hazaras and Uzbeks . Human habitation in Afghanistan dates back to the Middle Paleolithic Era , and the country 's strategic location along the Silk Road connected it to the cultures of the Middle East and other parts of Asia . The land has historically been home to various peoples and has witnessed numerous military campaigns , including those by Alexander the Great , Mauryas , Muslim Arabs , Mongols , British , Soviets , and by the United States with allied countries . The land also served as the source from which the Kushans , Hephthalites , Samanids , Saffarids , Ghaznavids , Ghorids , Khaljis , Mughals , Hotaks , Durranis , and others have risen to form major empires . The political history of the modern state of Afghanistan began with the Hotak and Durrani dynasties in the 18th century . In the late 19th century , Afghanistan became a buffer state in the Great Game between British India and the Russian Empire . Its border with British India , the Durand Line , was formed in 1893 but it is not recognized by the Afghan government and it has led to strained relations with Pakistan since the latter 's independence in 1947 . Following the Third Anglo-Afghan War in 1919 the country was free of foreign influence , eventually becoming a monarchy under Amanullah Khan , until almost 50 years later when Zahir Shah was overthrown and a republic was established ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Elena Reid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elena_Reid', 'summary': 'Elena A. Reid ( born November 1 , 1981 ) is an American former boxer and former mixed martial artist . She is a former WIBA and IFBA Flyweight Champion and fights under the nickname Baby Doll .'}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Suzanne Riccio-Major', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suzanne_Riccio-Major', 'summary': "Suzanne Riccio-Major ( born October 16 , 1963 ) , also known as Suzanne Riccio , is a former female boxer who fought two times for world titles . She also competed against many of women 's boxing top fighters . Riccio-Major was born in Pittsfield , Massachusetts in 1963 . She began her career in professional boxing at the age of twenty-six , when she and Andrea Buchanan drew ( tied ) after five rounds on November 1 , 1989 , at Bristol , Tennessee . Riccio Major obtained her first victory , a five-round decision win over Stacey Prestage , on her second bout , held on November 17 , 1990 in Fort Myers , Florida . For her third bout , held on February 25 , 1991 , also at Bristol , she met young rising star Christy Martin , who dealt Riccio her first loss , beating her by a five-round decision . Riccio then took five years away from boxing , deciding to return during the dawn of the often called golden era of women 's boxing , when she took on Sue Chase on June 3 , 1996 , at Warrensville Heights , Ohio . The then thirty-three-year-old Riccio won by a five-round decision . On July 27 , she lost to Theresa Arnold by an eight-round decision at Rochester , Washington . On January 17 , 1997 , Riccio-Major earned her first , and only , professional boxing knockout win , when she defeated Patricia Simms in the first round , at Waukegan , Illinois . After that victory , she was offered her first shot at a world championship , when she met Cheryl Robertson , on February 3 , for the WIBF 's world bantamweight title . Riccio-Major lost by a ten-round decision , in New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Lucia Rijker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lucia_Rijker', 'summary': 'Lucia Frederica Rijker ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈrɛikər ] ; born December 6 , 1967 ) is a Dutch professional female boxer , kickboxer , and actress . Rijker was sometimes dubbed by the press The Most Dangerous Woman in the World .'}]}, {'value': 'NED', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgett Riley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgett_Riley', 'summary': "Bridgett Riley ( born May 13 , 1973 ) is a female boxer and motion picture stuntwoman from Oakville , Missouri . While working as an airline attendant , she decided to learn martial arts . The interest in the sport came from her brother Patrick 's strong interest in mixed martial arts . She trained with her brother and a number of other high-profile martial artists early in her career . Notably , she was trained by former three time world kickboxing champion , Jim Boucher ( Belleville , IL ) . She was a member of a competition team with other competitors such as : Ronnie Diamond Deleon ( World Kickboxing Champion ) , Patrick Riley ( mixed martial arts champion ) , Donny Reinhardt ( world champion ) , Russ Hogue ( US Kickboxing Champion ) . She held the IFBA 's world Bantamweight championship for a short period of time . Her nickname is Baby Doll and she was managed by Don King for several years . A lifelong fan of combat sports , Riley began to pave her way into relative women 's boxing stardom during the early 1990s , when she fought as a kick boxer , winning various titles and becoming famous around kick boxing circles . Riley headlined many kick boxing shows in Las Vegas , and her fights were frequently televised on regional sports networks , such as ASPN . When Riley announced that she was to begin a career in professional boxing , many of her fans received the news with open arms . Riley debuted as a professional boxer on April 8 , 1994 , when she beat future world champion Yvonne Trevino by a four round decision in Laughlin , Nevada ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Kara Ro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kara_Ro', 'summary': "Kara Rheault ( born November 9 , 1975 ) , best known as Kara Ro , is a boxing and MMA trainer , and a retired Canadian boxer . She is the current Women 's International Boxing Association lightweight champion ."}]}, {'value': 'CAN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}, {'value': 'Leatitia Robinson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leatitia_Robinson', 'summary': "Leatitia Baby Girl Robinson ( born September 30 , 1980 ) is the former WIBA Middleweight Champion of the World in women 's boxing ."}]}, {'value': 'USA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Boxing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing', 'summary': "Boxing is a combat sport in which two people , usually wearing protective gloves , throw punches at each other for a predetermined amount of time in a boxing ring . Amateur boxing is both an Olympic and Commonwealth Games sport and is a standard fixture in most international games - it also has its own World Championships . Boxing is overseen by a referee over a series of one- to three-minute intervals called rounds . A winner can be resolved before the completion of the rounds when a referee deems an opponent incapable of continuing , disqualification of an opponent , or resignation of an opponent . When the fight reaches the end of its final round with both opponents still standing , the judges ' scorecards determine the victor . In the event that both fighters gain equal scores from the judges , professional bouts are considered a draw . In Olympic boxing , because a winner must be declared , judges award the contest to one fighter on technical criteria . While humans have fought in hand-to-hand combat since the dawn of human history , the earliest evidence of fist-fighting sporting contests date back to the ancient Near East in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC . The earliest evidence of boxing rules date back to Ancient Greece , where boxing was established as an Olympic game in 688 BC . Boxing evolved from 16th- and 18th-century prizefights , largely in Great Britain , to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid-19th century with the 1867 introduction of the Marquess of Queensberry Rules ."}]}], 'section_title': 'R', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_female_boxers_15', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable female boxers. For a list of notable male boxers, see List of male boxers.'}
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How many representatives are in the legislature of the home country of Hannah Rankin ?
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129
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0356bbdc308352c5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_films_of_2010', 'title': 'List of Brazilian films of 2010', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': '400 Contra 1 - Uma História do Crime Organizado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caco Souza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniel de Oliveira , Rodrigo Brassoloto , Jefferson Brasil , Daniela Escobar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_de_Oliveira_(actor)', 'summary': 'Daniel de Oliveira ( born June 19 , 1977 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Thriller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thriller_(genre)', 'summary': 'Thriller is a genre of fiction , having numerous , often overlapping subgenres . Thrillers are characterized and defined by the moods they elicit , giving viewers heightened feelings of suspense , excitement , surprise , anticipation and anxiety . Successful examples of thrillers are the films of Alfred Hitchcock . Thrillers generally keep the audience on the edge of their seats as the plot builds towards a climax . The cover-up of important information is a common element . Literary devices such as red herrings , plot twists , and cliffhangers are used extensively . A thriller is usually a villain-driven plot , whereby they present obstacles that the protagonist must overcome .'}]}, {'value': '5x Favela - Agora por Nós Mesmos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cacau Amaral , Cadu Barcelos , Luciana Bezerra , Luciano Vidigal , Manaira Carneiro , Rodrigo Felha , Wagner Novais', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flavio Bauraqui , Zózimo Bulbul , Vitor Carvalho , Hugo Carvana , Samuel de Assis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zózimo_Bulbul', 'summary': 'Zózimo Bulbul ( September 21 , 1937 - January 24 , 2013 ) was a Brazilian actor , filmmaker , and activist . Bulbul was a prominent proponent of Afro-Brazilian culture within Brazilian cinema and society at-large . Bulbul co-founded and organized the Encontro de Cinema Negro Brasil , África & Américas , which showcases films featuring African and Afro-Brazilian actors , directors , and themes . Bulbul made his film debut in the 1962 Brazilian motion picture , Cinco Vezes Favela . He went on to star in more than thirty films throughout his career , including Quilombo and Sagarana : The Duel . Bulbul was also a filmmaker and film director . His best known work was his Abolição , which he released in 1988 . Through Abolição , Bulbul explored the 100th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Brazil . ( Slavery was outlawed by the Lei Áurea in 1888 ) . Bulbul lived abroad in New York City during the height of the Brazilian dictatorship in the 1970s . His life and work were depicted in the 2006 documentary Zózimo Bulbul . The film was directed by Lázaro Ramos as part of the Canal Brasil TV series Retratos Brasileiros .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'As Melhores Coisas do Mundo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/As_Melhores_Coisas_do_Mundo', 'summary': 'The Best Things In The World ( Portuguese : As Melhores Coisas do Mundo ) is a 2010 Brazilian coming-of-age drama film based on the book series Mano , by Gilberto Dimenstein and Heloísa Prieto . It was directed , written and co-produced by Laís Bodanzky , and stars Francisco Miguez , Gabriela Rocha , Caio Blat , Denise Fraga , and Filipe Kartalian .'}]}, {'value': 'Laís Bodanzky', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caio Blat , Denise Fraga , Filipe Galvão , Zé Carlos Machado , Gustavo Machado , Paulo Vilhena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caio_Blat', 'summary': 'Caio Blat de Oliveira ( born June 2 , 1980 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Denise_Fraga', 'summary': "Denise Rodrigues Fraga Villaça ( born October 15 , 1964 in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) is a Brazilian actress . She is also a columnist at Editora Globo 's Crescer magazine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Filipe_Galvão', 'summary': 'Filipe Kartalian Ayrosa Galvão better known by his stage name Fiuk ( born October 25 , 1990 ) is a Brazilian singer-songwriter and actor . He is better known for his role as Bernardo Oliveira in the seventeenth season of the telenovela Malhação . He is also the lead singer of the band Hori and a former member of the band Sem Nome . Fiuk was born in São Paulo , Brazil , and he is a son of Fábio Júnior and Cristina Kartalian . He has four siblings : half-sister Cléo Pires ( daughter of Glória Pires ) , Krízia , Tainá and Záion . Besides the acting and musical career , Fiuk is also a drifting pilot . He declared the intention to compete in Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama , Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Bellini and the Devil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bellini_and_the_Devil', 'summary': "Bellini and the Devil ( Portuguese : Bellini e o Dêmonio ) is 2008 Brazilian crime film directed by Marcelo Galvão . Based on Tony Bellotto 's homonymous novel , it stars Fabio Assunção as Remo Bellini , a São Paulo-based detective who investigates mysterious murders revolving around The Book of the Law . A sequel to Bellini and the Sphynx , it premiered as the opening film of the 1st Los Angeles Brazilian Film Festival , where Assunção won the award of Best Actor ."}]}, {'value': 'Marcelo Galvão', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fabio Assunção', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fabio_Assunção', 'summary': 'Fábio Assunção Pinto ( born August 10 , 1971 ) is a Brazilian actor . In 2011 , he was nominated for the International Emmy Award for Best Actor in the series Dalva e Herivelto : uma Canção de Amor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chico Xavier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico_Xavier_(film)', 'summary': 'Chico Xavier is a 2010 Brazilian drama film directed by Daniel Filho , written by Marcos Bernstein , and starring Nelson Xavier , Christiane Torloni , Giulia Gam , Letícia Sabatella , Giovanna Antonelli and Tony Ramos . It was released in Brazil on April 2 , 2010 . The movie is a biography of the Brazilian medium Chico Xavier .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Filho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniel_Filho', 'summary': 'João Carlos Daniel Filho ( born 30 September 1937 ) , best known as Daniel Filho , is a Brazilian film producer , director , actor , and screenwriter . He starred in the film Os Cafajestes , which was entered into the 12th Berlin International Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Xavier , Christiane Torloni , Giulia Gam , Letícia Sabatella , Giovanna Antonelli , Tony Ramos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Xavier', 'summary': 'Nelson Xavier ( 30 August 1941 - 10 May 2017 ) was a Brazilian actor . He appeared in more than 95 films and television shows between 1959 and 2017 . He starred in the 1964 film Os Fuzis , which won the Silver Bear Extraordinary Jury Prize at the 14th Berlin International Film Festival . In 1976 Xavier co-directed A Queda along with Ruy Guerra , a sequel to Os Fuzis . It was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival , where it won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize . Xavier died on 10 May 2017 in Uberlandia , Minas Gerais , of a lung disease . He was 75 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Christiane_Torloni', 'summary': 'Christiane Maria dos Santos Torloni ( born February 18 , 1957 ) is a Brazilian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giulia_Gam', 'summary': 'Giulia Daysi Gam ( born December 28 , 1966 ) is a Brazilian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Letícia_Sabatella', 'summary': 'Letícia Sabatella ( born March 8 , 1971 ) is a Brazilian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Giovanna_Antonelli', 'summary': 'Giovanna Antonelli Prado ( born March 18 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian actress , television host and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama , bio-pic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Biographical_film', 'summary': "A biographical film , or biopic ( /ˈbaɪoʊpɪk/ ; abbreviation for biographical motion picture ) , is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional or historically-based person or people . Such films show the life of a historical person and the central character 's real name is used . They differ from docudrama films and historical drama films in that they attempt to comprehensively tell a single person 's life story or at least the most historically important years of their lives . [ original research ? ] Because the figures portrayed are actual people , whose actions and characteristics are known to the public ( or at least historically documented ) , biopic roles are considered some of the most demanding of actors and actresses . [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley , Johnny Depp , Jim Carrey , Robert Downey Jr. , Jamie Foxx and Eddie Redmayne all gained new-found respect as dramatic actors after starring in biopics : [ citation needed ] Ben Kingsley as Mahatma Gandhi in Gandhi ( 1982 ) , Depp as Ed Wood in Ed Wood ( 1994 ) , Carrey as Andy Kaufman in Man on the Moon ( 1999 ) , Downey as Charlie Chaplin in Chaplin ( 1992 ) , Foxx as Ray Charles in Ray ( 2004 ) , and Eddie Redmayne as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything ( 2014 ) . In rare cases , sometimes called auto biopics , the subject of the film plays himself or herself : Jackie Robinson in The Jackie Robinson Story ; Muhammad Ali in The Greatest ; Audie Murphy in To Hell and Back ; Patty Duke in Call Me Anna ; Bob Mathias in The Bob Mathias Story , Arlo Guthrie in Alice 's Restaurant ; Fantasia Barrino in Life Is Not a Fairytale ; and Howard Stern in Private Parts . Biopic scholars include George F. Custen of the College of Staten Island and Dennis P. Bingham of Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis . Custen , in Bio/Pics : How Hollywood Constructed Public History ( 1992 ) , regards the genre as having died with the Hollywood studio era , and in particular , Darryl F. Zanuck . On the other hand , Bingham 's 2010 study Whose Lives Are They Anyway ? The Biopic as Contemporary Film Genre shows how it perpetuates as a codified genre using many of the same tropes used in the studio era that has followed a similar trajectory as that shown by Rick Altman in his study , Film/Genre . Bingham also addresses the male biopic and the female biopic as distinct genres from each other , the former generally dealing with great accomplishments , the latter generally dealing with female victimization ."}]}, {'value': 'Elite Squad : The Enemy Within', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elite_Squad:_The_Enemy_Within', 'summary': "Elite Squad : The Enemy Within ( Portuguese : Tropa de Elite 2 - O Inimigo Agora é Outro , lit . ''Elite Troop 2 : The Enemy is Now Another '' ; also known as Elite Squad 2 ) is a 2010 Brazilian crime film directed , produced and co-written by José Padilha , starring Wagner Moura . It is a sequel to 2007 film Elite Squad . It furthers the plot of a semi-fictional account of BOPE ( Portuguese : Batalhão de Operações Policiais Especiais ) , the special operations force of the Rio de Janeiro Military Police , with a focus on the relationship between law enforcement and politics . The film was released in Brazil on October 8 , 2010 . Like its predecessor , the film was met with critical acclaim and became the largest box office ticket seller and highest-grossing film of all time in Brazil , ahead of Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands and Avatar , respectively . It was selected as the Brazilian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 84th Academy Awards , but did not make the final shortlist ."}]}, {'value': 'José Padilha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Padilha', 'summary': 'José Bastos Padilha Neto ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʒuˈzɛ paˈdʒiʎɐ ] ; born August 1 , 1967 ) is a Brazilian film director , producer and screenwriter . He is best known for directing the Brazilian critical and financial successes Elite Squad and Elite Squad : The Enemy Within and the 2014 remake of RoboCop . He has won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film Festival for Elite Squad in 2008 . He is also the producer of the Netflix original series Narcos , starring frequent collaborator Wagner Moura , and directed the first two episodes in the series .'}]}, {'value': 'Wagner Moura , Milhem Cortaz , Maria Ribeiro , Irandhir Santos , André Mattos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wagner_Moura', 'summary': 'Wagner Maniçoba de Moura ( born June 27 , 1976 ) is a Brazilian journalist , director , musician , film , television and stage actor . Besides being a well-established and acclaimed actor in Brazil , he has achieved international fame for roles in Elite Squad ( 2007 ) , its sequel : Elite Squad : The Enemy Within ( 2010 ) and Elysium ( 2013 ) as Spider . For his role as Pablo Escobar in the first two seasons in the Netflix series Narcos ( 2015-2016 ) he received a Golden Globe nomination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Milhem_Cortaz', 'summary': 'Milhem Cortaz ( born December 6 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Ribeiro', 'summary': 'Maria do Amaral Ribeiro ( born November 9 , 1975 in Rio de Janeiro ) is a Brazilian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irandhir_Santos', 'summary': 'Irandhir Santos ( born August 22 , 1978 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/André_Mattos', 'summary': 'André de Mello Tavares de Mattos ( born October 8 , 1961 ) is a Brazilian actor . Most known for his roles as Fininho on the sitcom Escolinha do Professor Raimundo , John VI of Portugal on the minisseries O Quinto dos Infernos , and Madruga on the telenovela Senhora do Destino . In cinema , his most known role is Fortunato in Elite Squad : The Enemy Within , for which he won Grande Prêmio do Cinema Brasileiro for Best Supporting Actor . He was born to Emílio and Zélia de Mattos , two theatre actors and one of the founders of Teatro O Tablado . André has already acted on over one hundred of plays as of 2010 . He was married to Heloísa Périssé between 1988 and 1990 , and was married to Roberta Repetto , with whom he has two daughters , from 1992 to 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'Crime , drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crime_film', 'summary': 'Crime films , in the broadest sense , are a cinematic genre inspired by and analogous to the crime fiction literary genre . Films of this genre generally involve various aspects of crime and its detection . Stylistically , the genre may overlap and combine with many other genres , such as drama or gangster film , but also include comedy , and , in turn , is divided into many sub-genres , such as mystery , suspense or noir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Os Inquilinos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Tenants_(Os_Inquilinos)', 'summary': 'The Tenants ( Portuguese : Os Inquilinos ) is a 2009 Brazilian drama film directed by Sėrgio Bianchi .'}]}, {'value': 'Sergio Bianchi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pascoal da Conceição , Marat Descartes , Leona Cavalli', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'O Bem Amado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guel Arraes', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marco Nanini , Maria Flor , Caio Blat , José Wilker , Andréa Beltrão , Matheus Nachtergaele , Tonico Pereira', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Nanini', 'summary': 'Marco Antônio Barroso Nanini ( born May 31 , 1948 ) is a Brazilian actor . Most of his activities have been in comedy . Nanini achieved national sensation through his participation in the theatre piece O Mistério de Irma Vap , together with fellow actor and friend Ney Latorraca . It was one of the biggest box office successes in Brazil , staying for 11 consecutive years with the same casting ( a Guinness World Record ) . It was also filmed under the direction of Carla Camurati , premiering in 2006 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maria_Flor', 'summary': 'Maria Flor Leite Calaça ( born August 31 , 1983 ) , usually known as Maria Flor , is a Brazilian actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Caio_Blat', 'summary': 'Caio Blat de Oliveira ( born June 2 , 1980 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Wilker', 'summary': 'José Wilker de Almeida ( 20 August 1944 - 5 April 2014 ) was a Brazilian film , stage , and television actor and director . The actor gained fame in telenovelas like Roque Santeiro ( 1985 ) , but became known internationally for his role as Vadinho , the husband who returns from the dead to tempt Sonia Braga in the movie Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands ( 1976 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andréa_Beltrão', 'summary': 'Andréa Vianna Beltrão ( Rio de Janeiro , born on 16 September 1963 ) , commonly known as Andréa Beltrão , is a Brazilian actress . She is most known for acting in comic roles , especially as Marilda in the TV series A Grande Família .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matheus_Nachtergaele', 'summary': 'Matheus Nachtergaele ( born January 3 , 1968 ) is a Brazilian actor and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tonico_Pereira', 'summary': 'Antônio Carlos de Sousa Pereira ( born June 22 , 1948 in Campos dos Goytacazes , Rio de Janeiro ) , better known as Tonico Pereira , is a Brazilian television and film actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_(genre)', 'summary': 'Comedy may be divided into multiple genres based on the source of humor , the method of delivery , and the context in which it is delivered . These classifications overlap , and most comedians can fit into multiple genres . For example , deadpan comics often fall into observational comedy , or into black comedy or blue comedy to contrast the morbidity , or offensiveness of the joke with a lack of emotion .'}]}, {'value': 'Olhos Azuis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olhos_Azuis', 'summary': 'Blue Eyes ( Portuguese : Olhos Azuis ) is a 2009 Brazilian drama film directed by José Joffily .'}]}, {'value': 'José Joffily', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Rasche , Cristina Lago , Irandhir Santos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Rasche', 'summary': 'David Rasche ( born August 7 , 1944 ) is an American theater , film and television actor who is best known for his portrayal of the title character in the 1980s satirical police sitcom Sledge Hammer ! Since then he has often played characters in positions of authority , in both serious and comical turns .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cristina_Lago', 'summary': 'Cristina Lago ( born January 10 , 1982 ) , is a Brazilian cinema and television actress . She played the lead role in five movies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irandhir_Santos', 'summary': 'Irandhir Santos ( born August 22 , 1978 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Os Famosos e os Duendes da Morte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Os_Famosos_e_os_Duendes_da_Morte', 'summary': 'Os Famosos e os Duendes da Morte ( The Famous and The Dead ) is a 2009 Brazilian drama film directed by Esmir Filho . This film won best picture award at Festival do Rio 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Esmir Filho', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adriana Seiffert , Áurea Baptista , Samuel Reginatto , Tuane Eggers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}, {'value': "Quincas Berro D'Água", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sérgio Machado', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mariana Ximenes , Marieta Severo , Paulo José', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mariana_Ximenes', 'summary': 'Mariana Ximenes do Prado Nuzzi ( born 26 April 1981 ) is a Brazilian actress . Her first role was in the telenovela Fascinação in 1998 where she portrayed the role of Emília Gouveia . In the same year she played the role of Ruth Stern in the film Caminho dos Sonhos . In 2000 , she played in Uga-Uga portraying Bionda . This role rise to prominence as she became widely known in Brazil and internationally . Later in 2001 , she offered her services in the Portuguese voice over translation in the Canadian/Chinese animated series Braceface , for the character Sharon Spitz . She later played the protagonist in Cobras & Lagartos in 2006 and Lara in A Favorita , later in 2008 . In 2010 , she portrayed her first villainous role in the critically acclaimed telenovela Passione . Since 2010 she has appeared in several telenovelas , television series , films and theatre performances . In 2016 , she starred the successor of Totalmente Demais , Haja Coração , together with Malvino Salvador . Mariana Ximenes has also earned several accolades throughout her acting career such as : Melhores do Ano , Troféu Impresa , Festival de Gramado , Festival do Recife , Prêmio Contigo among others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marieta_Severo', 'summary': 'Marieta Severo da Costa ( born November 2 , 1946 ) is a Brazilian theater , film and television actress . She is best known on Brazilian television for playing villains .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paulo_José', 'summary': 'Paulo José Gómez de Souza ( born 20 March 1937 , Lavras do Sul , Rio Grande do Sul ) is a Brazilian television and film actor , director and narrator .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Reflexões de um Liquidificador', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reflexões_de_um_Liquidificador', 'summary': 'Reflexões de um Liquidificador ( Reflections of a Blender ) is a 2010 Brazilian black comedy film directed by André Klotzel .'}]}, {'value': 'André Klotzel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Klotzel', 'summary': 'André Klotzel ( born July 30 , 1954 ) is a Brazilian film director , producer and screenwriter . Born in São Paulo , Klotzel always enjoyed photography and thus studied it at the School of Communications and Arts at the University of São Paulo in 1973 . In the following year , he took an internship to work with Anibal Massaini at the Boca do Lixo and also directed a short film . He worked on several functions , having worked in almost 15 films in the period he was in the college . In 1985 , he directed his first feature film , A Marvada Carne , which won the Best Film , Best Screenplay , and Best Director at the Gramado Film Festival . He won the same awards at the same festival film in 2001 for Memórias Póstumas .'}]}, {'value': 'Selton Mello , Ana Lúcia Torre , Aramis Trindade , Eduardo Sofiati', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selton_Mello', 'summary': 'Selton Figueiredo Mello ( born December 30 , 1972 ) is a Brazilian actor and film director . Since his childhood , he acted on TV shows . Now he works on TV , movies and theater . Throughout his career , he developed a strong and solid experience in cinema , producing and directing movies and videoclips , and being publicly and critically acclaimed for it . The actor hosted Tarja Preta , a TV show about culture and independent movies , from 2004 until 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama , comedy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Comedy_film', 'summary': 'A comedy film is a genre of film in which the main emphasis is on humor . These films are designed to make the audience laugh through amusement and most often work by exaggerating characteristics for humorous effect . Films in this style traditionally have a happy ending ( black comedy being an exception ) . One of the oldest genres in film - and derived from the classical comedy in theatre - , some of the very first silent movies were comedies , as slapstick comedy often relies on visual depictions , without requiring sound . When sound films became more prevalent during the 1920s , comedy films took another swing , as laughter could result from burlesque situations but also dialogue . Comedy , compared with other film genres , puts much more focus on individual stars , with many former stand-up comics transitioning to the film industry due to their popularity . While many comic films are lighthearted stories with no intent other than to amuse , others contain political or social commentary ( such as The King of Comedy and Wag the Dog ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Terra Deu , Terra Come', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rodrigo Siqueira', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'Uma Noite em 67', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renato Terra , Ricardo Calil', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chico Buarque , Nelson Motta , Gilberto Gil , Caetano Veloso , Roberto Carlos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chico_Buarque', 'summary': 'Francisco Chico Buarque de Hollanda , popularly known simply as Chico Buarque ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ˈʃiku buˈaʁki ] ; born June 19 , 1944 ) is a Brazilian singer-songwriter , guitarist , composer , playwright , writer and poet . He is best known for his music , which often includes social , economic and cultural commentary on Brazil . The firstborn son of Sérgio Buarque de Hollanda , Buarque lived at several locations throughout his childhood , though mostly in Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo and Rome . He wrote and studied literature as a child and found music through the bossa nova compositions of Tom Jobim and João Gilberto . He performed as a singer and guitarist the 1960s as well as writing a play that was deemed dangerous by the Brazilian military dictatorship of the time . Buarque , along with several Tropicalist and MPB musicians , was threatened by the Brazilian military government and eventually left Brazil for Italy in 1969 . However , he came back to Brazil in 1970 , and continued to record , perform , and write , though much of his material was suppressed by government censors . He released several more albums in the 1980s and published three novels in the 1990s and 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Motta', 'summary': "Nelson Cândido Motta Filho ( born 29 October 1944 , São Paulo , Brazil ) is a Brazilian journalist , ghostwriter , songwriter , writer , and record producer . He was part of the bossa nova movement , collaborating with Edu Lobo , Dori Caymmi , Lulu Santos , Rita Lee , Djavan and others , and producer for several MPB artists , such as Elis Regina , Gal Costa , Daniela Mercury and others . He was Marisa Monte 's first music producer in the late 1980s . Motta also produced early Brazilian rock shows and wrote lyrics in collaboration with rock artists , such as Lulu Santos . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilberto_Gil', 'summary': "Gilberto Passos Gil Moreira ( born 26 June 1942 ) , known professionally as Gilberto Gil ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʒiwˈbɛʁtu ˈʒiw ] ) , is a Brazilian singer , guitarist , and songwriter , known for both his musical innovation and political activism . From 2003 to 2008 , he served as Brazil 's Minister of Culture in the administration of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . Gil 's musical style incorporates an eclectic range of influences , including rock , Brazilian genres including samba , African music , and reggae . Gil started to play music as a child and was a teenager when he joined his first band . He began his career as a bossa nova musician and grew to write songs that reflected a focus on political awareness and social activism . He was a key figure in the Música popular brasileira and tropicália movements of the 1960s , alongside artists such as longtime collaborator Caetano Veloso . The Brazilian military regime that took power in 1964 saw both Gil and Veloso as a threat , and the two were held for nine months in 1969 before they were told to leave the country . Gil moved to London , but returned to Bahia in 1972 and continued his musical career , as well as working as a politician and environmental advocate ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Caetano_Veloso', 'summary': "Caetano Emanuel Viana Telles Veloso ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ kaeˈtɐ̃nu emanuˈɛw viˈɐ̃nɐ ˈtɛlis veˈlozu ] ; born August 7 , 1942 ) is a Brazilian composer , singer , guitarist , writer , and political activist . Veloso first became known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo , which encompassed theatre , poetry and music in the 1960s , at the beginning of the Brazilian military dictatorship . He has remained a constant creative influence and best-selling performing artist and composer ever since . Veloso has won nine Latin Grammy Awards and two Grammy Awards . On November 14 , 2012 , Veloso was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year . Veloso was one of seven children born into the family of José Telles Velloso ( Seu Zeca ) , [ clarification needed ] a government official , and Claudionor Viana Telles Veloso ( Dona Canô ) , [ clarification needed ] a housewife . He was born in the city of Santo Amaro da Purificação , in Bahia , a state in the eastern area of Brazil , but moved to Salvador , the state capital , as a college student in the mid-1960s . Soon after that , Veloso won a music contest and was signed to his first label . He became one of the founders of Tropicalismo with a group of several other musicians and artists - including his sister Maria Bethânia - in the same period . However the Brazilian government at the time viewed Veloso 's music and political action as threatening , and he was arrested , along with fellow musician Gilberto Gil , in 1969 . The two eventually were exiled from Brazil and went to London where they lived for two years . In 1972 , Veloso moved back to his home country and once again began recording and performing ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roberto_Carlos_(singer)', 'summary': 'Roberto Carlos Braga ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ ʁoˈbɛɾtu ˈkaɾlus ] ; born April 19 , 1941 ) is a Brazilian singer-songwriter , also known as King of Latin Music or simply The King . Most of his songs are written in partnership with his friend , singer and songwriter Erasmo Carlos . Roberto Carlos has sold over 140 million albums around the world . He is considered one of the most influential artists in Brazil during the 1960s , being cited as a source of inspiration by many artists and bands up to the 1980s . His net worth is estimated at US $ 160 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Documentary', 'summary': 'A documentary film is a non-fictional , motion picture intended to document reality , primarily for the purposes of instruction , education , or maintaining a historical record . Documentary has been described as a filmmaking practice , a cinematic tradition , and mode of audience reception that is continually evolving and is without clear boundaries . Documentary films were originally called actuality films , and were one minute , or less , in length . Over time , documentaries have evolved to be longer in length , and to include more categories ; some examples being : educational , observational , and docufiction . Documentaries are meant to be informative works , and are often used within schools , as a resource to teach various principles . Social media platforms , such as YouTube , have provided an avenue for the growth of the documentary film genre ; These platforms have increased the distribution area and ease-of-accessibility ; thereby , enhancing the ability to educate a larger volume of viewers , and broadening the reach of persons who receive that information .'}]}, {'value': 'Viajo Porque Preciso , Volto Porque Te Amo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viajo_Porque_Preciso,_Volto_Porque_Te_Amo', 'summary': 'I Travel Because I Have to , I Come Back Because I Love You ( Portuguese : Viajo Porque Preciso , Volto Porque te Amo ) is a 2009 Brazilian drama film , directed by Marcelo Gomes and Karim Aïnouz .'}]}, {'value': 'Karim Ainouz , Marcelo Gomes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karim_Ainouz', 'summary': 'Karim Aïnouz ( born January 17 , 1966 ) is a Brazilian film director and visual artist .'}]}, {'value': 'Irandhir Santos , Jose Renato Lana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irandhir_Santos', 'summary': 'Irandhir Santos ( born August 22 , 1978 ) is a Brazilian actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drama_film', 'summary': 'In film and television , drama is a genre of narrative fiction ( or semi-fiction ) intended to be more serious than humorous in tone . Drama of this kind is usually qualified with additional terms that specify its particular subgenre , such as police crime drama , political drama , legal drama , historical period drama , domestic drama , teen drama or comedy-drama . These terms tend to indicate a particular setting or subject-matter , or else they qualify the otherwise serious tone of a drama with elements that encourage a broader range of moods . All forms of cinema or television that involve fictional stories are forms of drama in the broader sense if their storytelling is achieved by means of actors who represent ( mimesis ) characters . In this broader sense , drama is a mode distinct from novels , short stories , and narrative poetry or songs . In the modern era before the birth of cinema or television , drama within theatre was a type of play that was neither a comedy nor a tragedy . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted . Radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance , it has also been used to describe the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio .'}]}], 'section_title': '2010 releases', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Brazilian_films_of_2010_0', 'intro': 'A list of Brazilian films released in 2010:'}
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Who wrote the 2010 Brazilian movie directed by Daniel Filho ?
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Marcos Bernstein
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035893e552a4f416
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics', 'title': '2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics', 'header': ['Name', 'Event', 'Country', 'Record', 'Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'Yeimer López', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeimer_López', 'summary': "Yeimer López García ( born August 28 , 1982 in Buey Arriba , Granma ) is a middle distance runner from Cuba , who represented his native country at two consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 2004 . He is best known for winning the gold medal in the men 's 800 metres at the 2007 Pan American Games in Brazil . López is the twin brother ( fraternal ) of female sprinter Ana López ."}]}, {'value': '800 metres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/800_metres', 'summary': "The 800 metres , or 800 meters ( US spelling ) , is a common track running event . It is the shortest common middle-distance running event . The 800 metres is run over two laps of the track ( 400-metre track ) and has been an Olympic event since the first games in 1896 . During indoor track season the event is usually run on a 200-metre track , therefore requiring four laps . The event was derived from the imperial measurement of a half a mile ( 880 yards ) , a traditional English racing distance . Imperial racing distances were common in the United States . American high schools ( in the name of the NFHS ) were the last to convert to metric distances in 1980 , following the NCAA 's conversion in 1976 . Countries associated to the English system converted to metric distances after the 1966 Commonwealth Games . 800 m is 4.67 m less than half a mile . The event combines aerobic endurance with anaerobic conditioning and sprint speed . Both the aerobic and anaerobic systems are being taxed to a high extent , thus the 800-metre athlete is required to combine training between both systems . Runners in this event are often fast enough to compete in the 400 metres or the 4 × 400 metres relay but only Alberto Juantorena and Jarmila Kratochvílová have won major international titles at 400 m and 800 m. If they are so inclined , 400 m runners are usually encouraged to run the 200 metres while 800 m runners are encouraged to run the 1500 metres or long distance events ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '1:45.56 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Brathwaite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Brathwaite', 'summary': 'Ryan Brathwaite ( born June 6 , 1988 ) is a track and field athlete from Barbados who won the gold medal in the 110 metres hurdles at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin . In recognition of his achievements , on September 17 , 2009 Brathwaite was given the honour of being an ambassador while formally receiving the title Ambassador His Excellency Ryan Brathwaite . [ better source needed ] He is from the Hillaby district in the parish of St. Andrew . Although he shares a birthplace , surname and speciality with Shane Brathwaite , the two are not related .'}]}, {'value': '110 metres hurdles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/110_metres_hurdles', 'summary': "The 110 metres hurdles , or 110-metre hurdles , is a hurdling track and field event for men . It is included in the athletics programme at the Summer Olympic Games . The female counterpart is the 100 metres hurdles . As part of a racing event , ten hurdles of 1.067 metres ( 3.5 ft or 42 inches ) in height are evenly spaced along a straight course of 110 metres . They are positioned so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner . Fallen hurdles do not carry a fixed time penalty for the runners , but they have a significant pull-over weight which slows down the run . Like the 100 metres sprint , the 110 metres hurdles begins in the starting blocks . For the 110 m hurdles , the first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13.72 metres ( 45 ft ) from the starting line . The next nine hurdles are set at a distance of 9.14 metres ( 30 ft ) from each other , and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 14.02 metres ( 46 ft ) long . The Olympic Games have included the 110 metre hurdles in their program since 1896 . The equivalent hurdles race for women was run over a course of 80 metres from 1932 to 1968 . Starting with the 1972 Summer Olympics , the women 's race was set at 100 metres ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': '13.43 s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Culson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Culson', 'summary': "Javier Culson Pérez ( born July 25 , 1984 ) is a Puerto Rican athlete and Olympiad bronze medalist who specialises in the 400 metre hurdles . After becoming involved with the discipline in his late teen years , he entered the podium in some regional youth events , including the Pan American Junior Athletics Championships . Culson is a two-time silver medallist at the International Association of Athletics Federations 's ( IAAF ) World Championships and an elite contender in the Samsung Diamond League , where he finished second overall in 2011 . He has also garnished medals in events with lower profiles , including the Central American and Caribbean Games and the Ibero-American Championships . He currently holds the record as the world 's fastest man in that category . Culson also competed at the 2012 Olympics in London winning the bronze medal in the 400-metre hurdles race . In the 2016 Olympics in Rio , Culson made it all the way to the finals of the men 's 400m hurdles only to be disqualified by a false start ."}]}, {'value': '400 metres hurdles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/400_metres_hurdles', 'summary': "The 400 metres hurdles is a track and field hurdling event . The event has been on the Olympic athletics programme since 1900 for men and since 1984 for women . On a standard outdoor track , 400 metres is the length of the inside lane , once around the stadium . Runners stay in their lanes the entire way after starting out of the blocks and must clear ten hurdles that are evenly spaced around the track . The hurdles are positioned and weighted so that they fall forward if bumped into with sufficient force , to prevent injury to the runners . Although there is no longer any penalty for knocking hurdles over , runners prefer to clear them cleanly , as touching them during the race slows runners down . The best male athletes can run the 400 m hurdles in a time of around 47 seconds , while the best female athletes achieve a time of around 53 seconds . The current men 's and women 's world record holders are Kevin Young with 46.78 seconds and Dalilah Muhammad with 52.16 seconds . Compared to the 400 metres run , the hurdles race takes the men about three seconds longer and the women four seconds longer . The 400 m hurdles was held for both sexes at the inaugural IAAF World Championships in Athletics . The first championship for women came at the 1980 World Championships in Athletics - being held as a one-off due to the lack of a race at the 1980 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Puerto Rico', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Puerto Rico [ a ] ( Spanish for Rich Port ; abbreviated PR ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . Free Associated State of Puerto Rico ) [ b ] and briefly called Porto Rico , [ c ] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , located between the Dominican Republic and the US Virgin Islands , Puerto Rico includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . The territory 's total population is approximately 3.4 million , more than 21 U.S. states . Spanish and English are the official languages of the executive branch of government , though Spanish predominates . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1493 . It was contested by the French , Dutch , and British , but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries . The island 's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population , the forced migration of African slaves , and settlement from the Canary Islands and Andalusia . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , producing a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous , African , and European elements . On September 23 , 1868 , Ramón Emeterio Betances unleashed a revolt against Spanish rule , declaring for the first time the idea of Puerto Ricans as a distinct people , with right to sovereignty ."}]}, {'value': '48.51 s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Alberto Sánchez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Alberto_Sánchez', 'summary': 'José Alberto Sánchez Cairo ( 2 September 1986 ) is a Cuban athlete who competes mainly in the 3000 metres steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': '3000 metres steeplechase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/3000_metres_steeplechase', 'summary': 'The 3000 metres steeplechase or 3000-meter steeplechase is the most common distance for the steeplechase in track and field . It is an obstacle race over the distance of the 3000 metres , which derives its name from the horse racing steeplechase .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '8:30.08 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alexis Copello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexis_Copello', 'summary': 'Alexis Copello ( born August 12 , 1985 ) is a Cuban triple jumper who since 2017 competes internationally for Azerbaijan . He has a ( legal ) personal best jump of 17.68 metres ( 58.0 ft ) . He is a World Championship medalist , having won the bronze at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics . He is 1.85 metres ( 6 ft 1 in ) tall and weighs 80 kilograms ( 176 lbs ) . His international career began with success at regional level : he won a silver medal in the triple jump at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games and a bronze medal at the 2008 Central American and Caribbean Championships . Copello represented Cuba at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . Despite being a front runner , he only reached eighth place in Group A ( thirteenth place overall ) with a jump of 17.09 metres ( 56.1 ft ) . He won the gold at the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships and set a championship record of 17.33 m. Copello won a bronze medal in the 12th IAAF World Championships in Athletics in Berlin with a jump of 17.36 metres ( 57.0 ft ) on 18 August 2009 , displacing Leevan Sands and only bested by Phillips Idowu and Nelson Évora . On 30 March 2017 , he officially switched his allegiance to Azerbaijan .'}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_jump', 'summary': "The triple jump , sometimes referred to as the hop , step and jump or the hop , skip and jump , is a track and field event , similar to the long jump . As a group , the two events are referred to as the horizontal jumps . The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop , a bound and then a jump into the sand pit . The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games ' inception in 1896 . According to IAAF rules , the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off ; in the step he shall land on the other foot , from which , subsequently , the jump is performed . The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards , with a jump of 18.29 m ( 60 ft 0.08 in ) , and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine , with a jump of 15.50 m ( 50 ft 10.24 in ) . Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '17.33 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guillermo Martínez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Martínez_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Guillermo Martínez López ( born 28 June 1981 in Camagüey ) is a Cuban javelin thrower . In intercontinental competitions , he finished tenth at the 2005 World Championships and ninth at the 2007 World Championships . He also won the gold medal at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games and the gold medal at the 2007 Pan American Games His personal best throw is 87.20 metres , achieved in October 2011 in Guadalajara .'}]}, {'value': 'Javelin throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javelin_throw', 'summary': "The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin , a spear about 2.5 m ( 8 ft 2 in ) in length , is thrown . The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area . Javelin throwing is an event of both the men 's decathlon and the women 's heptathlon ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '82.16 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leonel Suárez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leonel_Suárez', 'summary': 'Leonel Suárez Fajardo ( born September 1 , 1987 in Santiago de Cuba ) is a decathlete from Cuba . He was bronze medalist in the event at the 2012 Summer Olympics , 2008 Summer Olympics and silver medalist at the 2009 World Championships . He won a third consecutive global medal at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics , taking bronze . His personal best for the decathlon is 8654 points ( which set in Havana , winning the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Decathlon', 'summary': "The decathlon is a combined event in athletics consisting of ten track and field events . The word decathlon was formed , in analogy to the word pentathlon , from Greek δέκα ( déka , meaning ten ) and ἄθλος ( áthlos , or ἄθλον , áthlon , meaning contest or prize ) . Events are held over two consecutive days and the winners are determined by the combined performance in all . Performance is judged on a points system in each event , not by the position achieved . The decathlon is contested mainly by male athletes , while female athletes typically compete in the heptathlon . Traditionally , the title of World 's Greatest Athlete has been given to the person who wins the decathlon , thus the world 's greatest athlete of all times is the record-man of decathlon ( Kevin Mayer as of September 2018 ) . This began when King Gustav V of Sweden told Jim Thorpe , You , sir , are the world 's greatest athlete after Thorpe won the decathlon at the Stockholm Olympics in 1912 . The event is similar to the pentathlon held at the ancient Greek Olympics , and also similar to a competition called an all-around , which was contested at the United States amateur championships in 1884 . Another all-around was held at the 1904 Summer Olympics . The modern decathlon first appeared at the 1912 Games . The current official decathlon world record holder is French Kevin Mayer , who scored a total of 9,126 points at the 2018 Décastar in France ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '8654 pts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yudileyvis Castillo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10,000 metres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/10,000_metres', 'summary': 'The 10,000 metres or the 10,000-metre run is a common long-distance track running event . The event is part of the athletics programme at the Olympic Games and the World Championships in Athletics and is common at championship level events . The race consists of 25 laps around an Olympic-sized track . It is less commonly held at track and field meetings , due to its duration . The 10,000-metre track race is usually distinguished from its road running counterpart , the 10K run , by its reference to the distance in metres rather than kilometres . The 10,000 metres is the longest standard track event . The international distance is approximately 6.2137 miles ( or approximately 32,808.4 feet ) . Most of those running such races also compete in road races and cross country events .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '33:50.68 min', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tanika Liburd Meritzer Williams Tameka Williams Virgil Hodge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tanika_Liburd', 'summary': 'Tanika Liburd ( born 20 May 1982 ) is an athlete representing Saint Kitts and Nevis who specialized in the long jump . Her personal best in the event is 6.67 metres outdoors ( 2010 ) and 6.33 metres indoors ( 2008 ) . Both are current national records .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meritzer_Williams', 'summary': 'Meritzer Williams ( born 1 January 1989 ) is a Saint Kitts and Nevis sprinter who specializes in the 200 metres . She was born in Charlestown . Her personal best times are 11.57 seconds in the 100 metres , achieved in May 2008 in Provo ; and 22.96 seconds in the 200 metres , achieved in June 2008 in Basseterre .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tameka_Williams', 'summary': "Tameka Williams is a sprinter from St Kitts and Nevis . In 2012 , she was banned from the Olympic Games for doping offenses . She was set to compete in the Women 's 100m and the Women 's 200m . Williams admitted to having injected Blast Off Red , a performance-enhancing drug used on race animals . She has denied taking any illegal substances , what she injected was not listed under the World Anti-Doping Agency banned substances ; however the material falls by being under the category of veterinary medicine on the prohibited list ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virgil_Hodge', 'summary': 'Virgil Hodge ( born 17 November 1983 ) is a female sprinter from Saint Kitts and Nevis who specializes in the 200 metres . She was born in Basseterre . At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing she competed at the 100 metres sprint . In her first round heat she placed fourth behind Muna Lee , Anita Pistone and Guzel Khubbieva , normally causing elimination . However her time of 11.48 was among the ten fastest losing times , which was enough to advance to the second round . There she failed to qualify for the semi finals as her time of 11.45 was the fourth time of her heat . She is a graduate of Texas Christian University where she was a top performer on the track and field team .'}]}, {'value': '4×100 metres relay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4×100_metres_relay', 'summary': 'The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each . The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race . A relay baton is carried by each runner . Prior to 2018 , the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box , preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone . With a rule change effective November 1 , 2017 that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone , making the entire zone 30 metres in length . The outgoing runner can not touch the baton until it has entered the zone , the incoming runner can not touch the baton after it has left the zone . The zone is usually marked in yellow , frequently using lines , triangles or chevrons . While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks , the colors and style are only recommended . While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings , the rule change still uses existing marks . Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change . Transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind . The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when they enter the changeover box , or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal .'}]}, {'value': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis', 'summary': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis ( /-ˈkɪts . ˈniːvɪs/ ( listen ) ) , also known as the Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis , is an island country in the West Indies . Located in the Leeward Islands chain of the Lesser Antilles , it is the smallest sovereign state in the Western Hemisphere , in both area and population . The country is a Commonwealth realm , with Elizabeth II as queen and head of state . The capital city is Basseterre on the larger island of Saint Kitts . The smaller island of Nevis lies approximately 3 km ( 2 mi ) to the southeast across a shallow channel called The Narrows . The British dependency of Anguilla was historically also a part of this union , which was then known collectively as Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla . However , it chose to secede from the union and remains a British overseas territory . To the north-northwest lie the islands of Sint Eustatius , Saba , Saint Barthélemy , Saint-Martin/Sint Maarten and Anguilla . To the east and northeast are Antigua and Barbuda , and to the southeast is the small uninhabited island of Redonda ( part of Antigua and Barbuda ) and the island of Montserrat . Saint Kitts and Nevis were among the first islands in the Caribbean to be colonized by Europeans . Saint Kitts was home to the first British and French colonies in the Caribbean , and thus has also been titled The Mother Colony of the West Indies .'}]}, {'value': '43.53 s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kemar Hyman Tyrell Cuffy David Hamil Carlos Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kemar_Hyman', 'summary': 'Kemar Hyman ( born 11 October 1989 ) is a Caymanian sprinter of Jamaican descent . He graduated from Florida State University with an Economic Degree . Whilst competing for Florida State University he became the 2012 ACC indoor and outdoor champion and placed third at the 2012 indoor NCAA championships . Hyman is the national record holder in the 100 and 200 metres . Kemar holds the 60m record with Olympian Kareem Streete-Thompson in 6.56 seconds Hyman first represented the Cayman Islands at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in the 100 metres he also became an Olympian at the 2012 London Olympics . He is a native of George Town , Cayman Islands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tyrell_Cuffy', 'summary': 'Tyrell Cuffy ( born 6 September 1988 ) is a Caymanian sprinter . Born in Trinidad and Tobago , Cuffy moved to the Caymans at a young age , and attended John Gray High School in George Town . He then studied at King College ( in Bristol , Tennessee ) on an athletic scholarship , winning both the 100 and 200-metre events at the 2008 NAIA National Track Championships . Cuffy had earlier won a silver medal in the 200 metres at the 2007 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships . He has since competed for the Caymans in a number of international events and meets , notably winning two gold medals ( in the 100 and 200 metres ) at the 2015 Island Games . In his youth , Cuffy also represented the national under-19 cricket team , including at the 2005 ICC Americas Under-19 Championship . His father , Theo Cuffy , played first-class cricket in Trinidad and Tobago , and came to the Cayman Islands to coach the sport .'}]}, {'value': '4×100 metres relay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4×100_metres_relay', 'summary': 'The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each . The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race . A relay baton is carried by each runner . Prior to 2018 , the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box , preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone . With a rule change effective November 1 , 2017 that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone , making the entire zone 30 metres in length . The outgoing runner can not touch the baton until it has entered the zone , the incoming runner can not touch the baton after it has left the zone . The zone is usually marked in yellow , frequently using lines , triangles or chevrons . While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks , the colors and style are only recommended . While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings , the rule change still uses existing marks . Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change . Transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind . The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when they enter the changeover box , or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal .'}]}, {'value': 'Cayman Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cayman_Islands', 'summary': "The Cayman Islands ( /ˈkeɪmən/ or /keɪˈmæn/ ) is an autonomous British Overseas Territory in the western Caribbean Sea . The 264-square-kilometre ( 102-square-mile ) territory comprises the three islands of Grand Cayman , Cayman Brac and Little Cayman , which are located to the south of Cuba and northeast of Honduras , between Jamaica and Mexico 's Yucatán Peninsula . The capital city is George Town , situated on Grand Cayman , the most populous of the three islands . The Cayman Islands is considered to be part of the geographic Western Caribbean Zone as well as the Greater Antilles . The territory is often considered a major world offshore financial haven for international businesses and many wealthy individuals , and has been placed on the EU 's blacklist of foreign tax havens ."}]}, {'value': '39.54 s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adrian Durant Tabarie Henry David Walters Calvin Dascent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adrian_Durant', 'summary': 'Adrian Durant ( born October 16 , 1984 ) is the head coach for the Cornell University Mens Cross Country and Track and Field teams .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tabarie_Henry', 'summary': "Tabarie Joil Henry ( born 1 December 1987 , in Saint Thomas ) is a United States Virgin Islands sprinter who specializes in the 400 metres . His personal best time is 20.71 seconds in the 200 metres and 44.77 in the 400 metres , achieved in April 2009 in Arkansas City , Kansas and in May 2009 in Hutchinson , Kansas respectively . He is affiliated with Barton County Community College and Texas A & M University , where he was a national champion in 2010 and 2011 . He competed in the 400 metres event at the 2008 Olympic Games , but did not reach the final round . He did however achieve a personal best time of 45.19 seconds . He also competed in the 2009 World Championships in Berlin , Germany where he placed 4th in the finals , and 2011 World Championships in Daegu , Korea where he placed 7th . In 2012 he took part in the men 's 400 metres at the 2012 Olympic Games in London , where he placed 6th in the first heat of the semi-finals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Walters_(athlete)', 'summary': "David 'Wallis ' Walters ( 2 January 1878 - 10 February 1952 ) was a British and Welsh hurdler and long jumper . He competed in the men 's 110 metres hurdles at the 1908 Summer Olympics . He was the 1904 British long jump champion ."}]}, {'value': '4×100 metres relay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4×100_metres_relay', 'summary': 'The 4 × 100 metres relay or sprint relay is an athletics track event run in lanes over one lap of the track with four runners completing 100 metres each . The first runners must begin in the same stagger as for the individual 400 m race . A relay baton is carried by each runner . Prior to 2018 , the baton had to be passed within a 20 m changeover box , preceded by a 10-metre acceleration zone . With a rule change effective November 1 , 2017 that zone was modified to include the acceleration zone as part of the passing zone , making the entire zone 30 metres in length . The outgoing runner can not touch the baton until it has entered the zone , the incoming runner can not touch the baton after it has left the zone . The zone is usually marked in yellow , frequently using lines , triangles or chevrons . While the rule book specifies the exact positioning of the marks , the colors and style are only recommended . While most legacy tracks will still have the older markings , the rule change still uses existing marks . Not all governing body jurisdictions have adopted the rule change . Transfer of the baton in this race is typically blind . The outgoing runner reaches a straight arm backwards when they enter the changeover box , or when the incoming runner makes a verbal signal .'}]}, {'value': 'United States Virgin Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands', 'summary': "The United States Virgin Islands ( abbreviated USVI ; also called the U.S. Virgin Islands or American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles to the east of Puerto Rico and west of the British Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands consists of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km2 ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of St. Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark-Norway ( from 1754 to 1814 ) and the independent Kingdom of Denmark ( from 1814 to 1917 ) , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the 1917 Treaty of the Danish West Indies . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self-Governing Territory , and are currently an organised , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organised under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . In 2010 , the population was 106,405 , with current estimates putting the population at 107,000 ( July 2018 ) , most of whom are of Afro-Caribbean descent . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activities ."}]}, {'value': '39.89 s', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yarisley Silva', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yarisley_Silva', 'summary': 'Yarisley Silva Rodríguez ( born 1 June 1987 ) is a Cuban pole vaulter . She won the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics - the first Latin American athlete to win an Olympic medal in that event . Silva became the first Cuban woman to reach a world class standard in the pole vault . Her personal bests of 4.90 m ( 16 ft 3⁄4 in ) outdoors and 4.78 m ( 15 ft 8 in ) indoors are the Cuban and Central American and Caribbean records for the event . She emerged at the regional level with a silver medal at the 2006 Central American and Caribbean Games , and a bronze medal at the 2007 Pan American Games . She then won gold medals at the 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics and the 2011 Pan American Games . Silva represented Cuba at the 2008 Summer Olympics and came fifth at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Pole vault', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pole_vault', 'summary': 'Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long flexible pole ( which today is usually made either of fiberglass or carbon fiber ) as an aid to jump over a bar . Pole jumping competitions were known to the ancient Greeks , Cretans and Celts . It has been a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and since 2000 for women . It is typically classified as one of the four major jumping events in athletics , alongside the high jump , long jump and triple jump . It is unusual among track and field sports in that it requires a significant amount of specialised equipment in order to participate , even at a basic level . A number of elite pole vaulters have had backgrounds in gymnastics , including world record breakers Yelena Isinbayeva and Brian Sternberg , reflecting the similar physical attributes required for the sports . Running speed , however , may be the most dominant factor . Physical attributes such as speed , agility and strength are essential to pole vaulting effectively , but technical skill is an equally if not more important element . The object of pole vaulting is to clear a bar or crossbar supported upon two uprights ( standards ) without knocking it down .'}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '4.40 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yargelis Savigne', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yargelis_Savigne', 'summary': "Yargelis Savigne Herrera ( born 13 November 1984 in Niceto Pérez , Guantanamo ) is a Cuban athlete competing in the triple jump and long jump . Her international breakthrough came in 2005 , when she , competing in both the triple and long jump events at the 2005 World Championships , won a silver medal and finished fourth , respectively . She continued her form throughout the year to place third at the World Athletics Final with 14.81 . She won a gold medal at the 2007 World Championships in the triple jump , with a distance of 15.28 m. At the 2008 World Indoor Championships , Savigne lay in second before her final attempt , with an area record of 14.95 m , behind Hrysopiyi Devetzi 's Greek record of 15.00 m. However , Savigne jumped 15.05 m on her final attempt to take the gold medal . Savigne won her second major outdoor gold medal at the 2009 World Championships . Her jump of 14.95 m was enough to win in a modest competition which saw compatriot Mabel Gay take silver with 14.61 m. The following year she won the silver medal at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships , finishing behind Olga Rypakova who made the third longest indoor jump ever for the gold . In the outdoor season , she improved her long jump best to 6.91 m in Reims at a meeting on the Alma Athlé Tour , despite having trouble with her right ankle . She remained focused on her triple jump speciality , however , aiming to return to her 2007 peak form ."}]}, {'value': 'Triple jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_jump', 'summary': "The triple jump , sometimes referred to as the hop , step and jump or the hop , skip and jump , is a track and field event , similar to the long jump . As a group , the two events are referred to as the horizontal jumps . The competitor runs down the track and performs a hop , a bound and then a jump into the sand pit . The triple jump was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympics event since the Games ' inception in 1896 . According to IAAF rules , the hop shall be made so that an athlete lands first on the same foot as that from which he has taken off ; in the step he shall land on the other foot , from which , subsequently , the jump is performed . The current male and female world record holders are Jonathan Edwards , with a jump of 18.29 m ( 60 ft 0.08 in ) , and Inessa Kravets of Ukraine , with a jump of 15.50 m ( 50 ft 10.24 in ) . Both records were set during 1995 World Championships in Gothenburg ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '14.97 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Misleydis González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Misleydis_González', 'summary': 'Misleydis González Tamayo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ misˈleiðis ɣonˈsales ] ; born June 19 , 1978 in Bayamo , Granma ) is a female shot putter from Cuba . Her personal best throw is 19.50 metres , achieved in August 2008 in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing . She has represented Cuba at the Summer Olympics three times , coming seventh in 2004 and fourth in 2008 , and five times at the World Championships in Athletics ( 2005 to 2011 ) She is a two-time Pan American Games champion in the event ( 2007 and 2011 ) and a three-time champion at the Central American and Caribbean Championships . She was the bronze medallist at the 2005 Summer Universiade . González placed fourth in the shot put at the 2008 IAAF World Indoor Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shot_put', 'summary': "The shot put is a track and field event involving putting ( pushing rather than throwing ) a heavy spherical ball - the shot - as far as possible . The shot put competition for men has been a part of the modern Olympics since their revival in 1896 , and women 's competition began in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '19.13 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arasay Thondike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arasay_Thondike', 'summary': 'Arasay María Thondike Santovenia ( also spelled Thondique or Tondike ; born 28 May 1986 in Sagua La Grande , Villa Clara ) is a female hammer thrower from Cuba . She set a personal best throw of 71.14 metres in June 2007 in Warsaw . This personal best stood for two years until she significantly improved upon it with a throw of 71.72 m at the Barrientos Memorial in Cuba .'}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammer_throw', 'summary': "The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular track and field competitions , along with the discus throw , shot put and javelin . The hammer used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name . It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip . The size of the ball varies between men 's and women 's competitions ( see Competition section below for details ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Cuba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cuba', 'summary': "Cuba ( /ˈkjuːbə/ ( listen ) ; Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkuβa ] ) , officially the Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ( help·info ) ) , is a country comprising the island of Cuba as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos . Cuba is located in the northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean meet . It is east of the Yucatán Peninsula ( Mexico ) , south of both the U.S. state of Florida and the Bahamas , west of Haiti and north of both Jamaica and the Cayman Islands . Havana is the largest city and capital ; other major cities include Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey . The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square kilometers ( 42,800 sq mi ) ( 109,884 square kilometers ( 42,426 sq mi ) without the territorial waters ) . The island of Cuba is the largest island in Cuba and in the Caribbean , with an area of 105,006 square kilometers ( 40,543 sq mi ) , and the second-most populous after Hispaniola , with over 11 million inhabitants . The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Ciboney Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century . From the 15th century , it was a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 , when Cuba was occupied by the United States and gained nominal independence as a de facto United States protectorate in 1902 . As a fragile republic , in 1940 Cuba attempted to strengthen its democratic system , but mounting political radicalization and social strife culminated in a coup and subsequent dictatorship under Fulgencio Batista in 1952 . Open corruption and oppression under Batista 's rule led to his ousting in January 1959 by the 26th of July Movement , which afterwards established communist rule under the leadership of Fidel Castro . Since 1965 , the state has been governed by the Communist Party of Cuba . The country was a point of contention during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States , and a nuclear war nearly broke out during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ."}]}, {'value': '71.32 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosa Rodríguez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_Rodríguez', 'summary': 'Rosa Andreina Rodríguez Pargas ( born 2 July 1986 in Acarigua , Portuguesa ) is a Venezuelan hammer thrower . She is the Venezuelan record holder for the event with her personal best of 72.83 metres , set in May 2012 , which she improved to 73.64 in 2013 . Rodríguez represented Venezuela at the World Championships in Athletics in 2007 , 2009 , 2013 and 2015 . A former South American hammer champion at youth and junior levels , she won her first major medal at the South American Championships in 2005 . She is a two-time Ibero-American gold medallist ( 2008 , 2012 ) and two-time runner-up at the Central American and Caribbean Championships ( 2009 , 2011 ) . She competed at the 2011 Pan American Games and has also won medals at the Central American and Caribbean Games and Military World Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Hammer throw', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammer_throw', 'summary': "The hammer throw is one of the four throwing events in regular track and field competitions , along with the discus throw , shot put and javelin . The hammer used in this sport is not like any of the tools also called by that name . It consists of a metal ball attached by a steel wire to a grip . The size of the ball varies between men 's and women 's competitions ( see Competition section below for details ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Venezuela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Venezuela', 'summary': "Venezuela ( /ˌvɛnəˈzwɛlə/ ( listen ) ; American Spanish : [ beneˈswela ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( Spanish : República Bolivariana de Venezuela ) , is a country on the northern coast of South America , consisting of a continental landmass and many small islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea . It has a territorial extension of 916,445 km2 ( 353,841 sq mi ) . The continental territory is bordered on the north by the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean , on the west by Colombia , Brazil on the south , Trinidad and Tobago to the north-east and on the east by Guyana . The Venezuelan government maintains a claim against Guyana to Guayana Esequiba , an area of 159,542 km2 ( 61,600 sq mi ) . For its maritime areas , Venezuela exercises sovereignty over 71,295 km2 ( 27,527 sq mi ) of territorial waters , 22,224 km2 ( 8,581 sq mi ) in its contiguous zone , 471,507 km2 ( 182,050 sq mi ) of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean under the concept of exclusive economic zone , and 99,889 km2 ( 38,567 sq mi ) of continental shelf . This marine area borders those of 13 states . The capital and largest urban agglomeration is the city of Caracas . The country has extremely high biodiversity and is ranked seventh in the world 's list of nations with the most number of species . There are habitats ranging from the Andes Mountains in the west to the Amazon basin rain-forest in the south via extensive llanos plains , the Caribbean coast and the Orinoco River Delta in the east . The sovereign state is a federal presidential republic consisting of 23 states , the Capital District ( covering Caracas ) , and federal dependencies ( covering Venezuela 's offshore islands ) . Venezuela also claims all Guyanese territory west of the Essequibo River , a 159,500-square-kilometre ( 61,583 sq mi ) tract dubbed Guayana Esequiba or the Zona en Reclamación ( the zone under dispute ) . Venezuela is among the most urbanized countries in Latin America ; the vast majority of Venezuelans live in the cities of the north , especially in the capital ( Caracas ) which is also the largest city in Venezuela ."}]}, {'value': '69.06 m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NR', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Records', 'section_text': "Cuban Alexis Copello ( above ) took the men 's triple jump gold medal establishing a new championship record . Key", 'uid': '2009_Central_American_and_Caribbean_Championships_in_Athletics_0', 'intro': 'The 2009 Central American and Caribbean Championships (Spanish: XXII Campeonato CAC Atletismo) was the twenty second edition of the tournament and was held between 3 and 7 July in Havana, Cuba.'}
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When did the winner of the event where women can participate since the last year of the 20th century win his second golden medallion ?
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2011
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03590e3600d961cc
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NFL_Draft', 'title': '1989 NFL Draft', 'header': ['Original NFL team', 'Player', 'Pos', 'College', 'Conf'], 'data': [{'value': 'Chicago Bears', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Chicago_Bears_season', 'summary': 'The 1989 Chicago Bears season was their 70th regular season completed in the National Football League . The Bears were looking to win the NFC Central for a sixth consecutive season , but instead finished with a 6-10 record and missed the playoffs for the first time since 1983 . The Bears offseason moves prior to this season had consequences for years afterward as the pieces from Super Bowl XXs team slowly began to leave or retire .'}]}, {'value': 'Tom Waddle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Waddle', 'summary': 'Gregory Thomas Waddle ( born February 20 , 1967 ) is a former American football player in the National Football League ( NFL ) . Waddle is currently a co-host of Waddle and Silvy on ESPN 1000 , and a football analyst for WLS-TV in Chicago . He also appears on Pro Football Weekly and NFL Network . He spent his entire six-year career with the Chicago Bears . He attended Boston College .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Boston College', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Boston College Eagles football team represented Boston College in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Eagles were led by eighth-year head coach Jack Bicknell , and played their home games at Alumni Stadium in Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts . On November 19 , the team participated in one of the first American college football game played in Europe , in the Emerald Isle Classic , played in Dublin , Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Bengals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Cincinnati_Bengals_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Cincinnati Bengals season was their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) and 22nd overall . The Bengals ' 404 points scored were the fourth-most in the NFL in 1989 . Four of their eight losses on the season were by a touchdown or less . The 1989 Bengals are the last NFL team to score 55 points or more twice in a single season : Week Eight against Tampa Bay ( 56 ) and Week Fifteen against arch-rival Houston ( 61 ) , both at home ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Moyer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Moyer', 'summary': "Kenneth Wayne Moyer ( born 1966 ) is a former professional American football player who played offensive lineman for five seasons for the Cincinnati Bengals . He went to the University of Toledo where he got a bachelor 's degree in Science and Electrical Engineering . Ken Moyer began teaching at Dayton Christian High School in 2014 . As of 2019 , Moyer is the head football coach at Dayton Christian High School and he teaches High School Math ."}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guard_(American_and_Canadian_football)', 'summary': "In gridiron football , a guard ( G ) is a player who lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team on the line of scrimmage used primarily for blocking . Right guards ( RG ) is the term for the guards on the right of the offensive line , while left guards ( LG ) are on the left side . Guards are to the right or left of the center . The guard 's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming linemen during pass plays , as well as creating openings ( holes ) for the running backs to head through . Guards are automatically considered ineligible receivers , so they can not intentionally touch a forward pass , unless it is to recover a fumble or is first touched by a defender or eligible receiver ."}]}, {'value': 'Toledo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Toledo_Rockets_football_team', 'summary': "The 1988 Toledo Rockets football team was an American football team that represented the University of Toledo in the Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their seventh season under head coach Dan Simrell , the Rockets compiled a 6-5 record ( 4-4 against MAC opponents ) , finished in sixth place in the MAC , and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 244 to 221 . The team 's statistical leaders included Steve Keene with 793 passing yards , Neil Trotter with 783 rushing yards , and Rick Isaiah with 389 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'MAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-American_Conference', 'summary': "The Mid-American Conference ( MAC ) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I collegiate athletic conference with a membership base in the Great Lakes region that stretches from Western New York to Illinois . Nine of the twelve full member schools are in Ohio and Michigan , with single members located in Illinois , Indiana , and New York . For football , the MAC participates in the NCAA 's Football Bowl Subdivision . The MAC is headquartered in the Public Square district in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , and has two members in the nearby Akron area . The MAC has been referred to as the Conference of Quarterbacks because of the accomplishments of numerous former players in the National Football League . The conference also ranks highest among all ten NCAA Division I FBS conferences for graduation rates ."}]}, {'value': 'Dallas Cowboys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Dallas_Cowboys_season', 'summary': "The 1989 season was the Dallas Cowboys ' 30th in the National Football League ( NFL ) , their first under the ownership of Jerry Jones , their 19th playing their home games at Texas Stadium and their first season under head coach Jimmy Johnson . They failed to improve on their 3-13 record from 1988 , finishing at 1-15 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season . Jimmy Johnson had compiled a 44-4 record in his last 4 years as coach of the University of Miami Hurricanes ."}]}, {'value': 'Kenny Tippins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kenny_Tippins', 'summary': 'Kenneth Tippins , ( born July 22 , 1966 in Adel , Georgia ) is a former American football linebacker in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and Atlanta Falcons . He played college football at Middle Tennessee State University .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'Middle Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_Blue_Raiders_football', 'summary': 'Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football program represents Middle Tennessee State University in the sport of American football . The Blue Raiders compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the East Division of Conference USA ( CUSA ) . They are coached by Rick Stockstill , who started in 2006 . Middle Tennessee has appeared in twelve bowl games and seven I-AA playoffs . The Blue Raiders play their home games at the Johnny Red Floyd Stadium which has a seating capacity of 30,788 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio Valley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio_Valley_Conference', 'summary': "The Ohio Valley Conference ( OVC ) is a collegiate athletic conference which operates in the Midwestern and Southeastern United States . It participates in Division I of the NCAA ; the conference 's football programs compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ; formerly known as Division I-AA ) , the lower of two levels of Division I football competition . The OVC has 12 members , 9 of which compete in football in the conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Denver Broncos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Denver_Broncos_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Denver Broncos season was the team 's 30th year in professional football and its 20th with the National Football League ( NFL ) . The head coach was Dan Reeves while Chan Gailey was the offensive coordinator and Wade Phillips was the defensive coordinator ."}]}, {'value': 'David Treadwell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Treadwell', 'summary': "David Mark Treadwell ( born February 27 , 1965 in Columbia , South Carolina ) is a former American football placekicker in the National Football League for the Denver Broncos ( 1989-1992 ) and the New York Giants ( 1993-1994 ) . He played college football for the Clemson Tigers from 1984 to 1987 , where he graduated with a degree in Electrical Engineering . He was selected to the Pro Bowl after the 1989 season . After retiring from the NFL , Treadwell attended law school at the University of Denver and participated in the campaign to pass a ballot measure to fund the replacement for Mile High Stadium which ultimately became known as Invesco Field at Mile High . That led to a new career in the media . He became a sports talk show host at Denver-based Clear Channel corporation stations KOA and KTLK before moving to Denver 's KDVR-TV ( Fox 31 ) as sports director and anchor from 2000 to 2004 . He reportedly left the station to pursue business interests in a land development company . He now works for Newmark Knight Frank and is chairman of the board of directors of the St. Anthony North Health Foundation , affiliated with St. Anthony North Hospital in Westminster , Co. , a suburb just north of Denver ."}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Clemson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Clemson_Tigers_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Clemson Tigers football team represented Clemson University during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season .'}]}, {'value': 'ACC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference', 'summary': "The Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) is a collegiate athletic conference located in the eastern United States . Headquartered in Greensboro , North Carolina , the conference consists of fifteen member universities , each of whom compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) 's Division I , with its football teams competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) , the highest levels for athletic competition in US-based collegiate sports . The ACC sponsors competition in twenty-five sports with many of its member institutions ' athletic programs held in high regard nationally . Current members of the conference are Boston College , Clemson University , Duke University , Georgia Institute of Technology , Florida State University , North Carolina State University , Syracuse University , the University of Louisville , the University of Miami , the University of North Carolina , the University of Notre Dame , the University of Pittsburgh , the University of Virginia , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , and Wake Forest University . ACC teams and athletes have claimed dozens of national championships in multiple sports throughout the conference 's history . Generally , the ACC 's top athletes and teams in any particular sport in a given year are considered to be among the top collegiate competitors in the nation . Also , the conference enjoys extensive media coverage . The ACC was one of the five collegiate power conferences , which had automatic qualifying for their football champion into the Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) . With the advent of the College Football Playoff in 2014 , the ACC is one of five conferences with a contractual tie-in to a New Year 's Six bowl game , the successors to the BCS . The ACC was founded on May 8 , 1953 , by seven universities located in the South Atlantic States , with the University of Virginia joining in early December 1953 to bring the membership to eight . The loss of South Carolina in 1971 dropped membership to seven , while the addition of Georgia Tech in 1979 for non-football sports and 1983 for football brought it back to eight , and Florida State 's arrival in 1991 for non-football sports and 1992 for football increased the membership to nine . Since 2000 , with the widespread reorganization of the NCAA , seven additional schools have joined , and one original member ( Maryland ) has left to bring it to the current membership of 15 schools ."}]}, {'value': 'Detroit Lions', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Detroit_Lions_season', 'summary': 'The 1989 Detroit Lions season was the franchises 60th season in the National Football League , their 56th as the Detroit Lions , and is best known as the beginning of the Barry Sanders era . Sanders , the previous years Heisman Trophy winner , was drafted 3rd overall by the Lions in the 1989 NFL Draft and was named to the Pro Bowl in his rookie season . After starting the season with five straight losses and bottoming out at 2-9 , the Lions won five in a row and six out of seven to finish the season with a 7-9 record . Nonetheless , it was their sixth consecutive losing season and their seventh of the decade .'}]}, {'value': 'James Dixon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Dixon_(American_football)', 'summary': 'James Anthony Dixon ( born February 2 , 1967 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys . He also was a member of the Fort Worth Cavalry in the Arena Football League . He played college football at the University of Houston .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wide_receiver', 'summary': 'A wide receiver , also referred to as wideouts or simply receivers , is an offensive position in gridiron football , and is a key player . They get their name because they are split out wide ( near the sidelines ) , farthest away from the rest of the team . Wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field . The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Houston_Cougars_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Houston Cougars football team represented the University of Houston during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Cougars were led by second-year head coach Jack Pardee and played their home games at the Astrodome in Houston , Texas . The team competed as members of the Southwest Conference , finishing in third . Just two seasons after finishing 1-10 ( 0-7 SWC ) , the Cougars finished the season with a 9-3 record and ranked 18th in the final AP Poll . They were invited to the 1988 Aloha Bowl in Honolulu , Hawaii , where they lost to Washington State .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 30th season and their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The franchise scored 365 points while the defense gave up 412 points . Their record of 9 wins and 7 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . The Oilers appeared once on Monday Night Football and appeared in the playoffs for the third consecutive year . It would be Jerry Glanvilles final year as the Oilers coach . Despite making the playoffs , the Oilers , like their arch rival Pittsburgh Steelers , had a negative point differential , making them the first teams since the 1984 Giants to make the playoffs despite having a negative point differential ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Avery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Avery_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Steven George Avery ( born August 18 , 1966 ) is a former professional American football running back in the National Football League . He was originally signed by the Houston Oilers as an undrafted rookie free agent in 1989 . He played college football at Northern Michigan . He also played for the Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers in addition to the Birmingham Fire of the World League of American Football .'}]}, {'value': 'FB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fullback_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': 'A fullback ( FB ) is a position known as the best position in the game of football , in the offensive backfield in gridiron football , and is one of the two running back positions along with the halfback . Typically , fullbacks are larger than halfback and in most offensive schemes their duties are split between power running , pass catching , and blocking for both the quarterback and the other running back . Many great runners in the history of American football have been fullbacks , including Jim Brown , Marion Motley , Jim Taylor , Franco Harris , Larry Csonka , John Riggins , Christian Okoye , and Levi Jackson . However , many of these runners would retroactively be labeled as halfbacks , due to their position as the primary ball carrier ; they were primarily listed as fullbacks due to their size and did not often perform the run-blocking duties expected of modern fullbacks . Examples of players who have excelled at the hybrid running-blocking-pass catching role include Mike Alstott , Daryl Johnston , and Lorenzo Neal .'}]}, {'value': 'Northern Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_Michigan_Wildcats_football', 'summary': "The Northern Michigan Wildcats are the athletic teams that represent Northern Michigan University , located in Marquette , Michigan , in NCAA intercollegiate sporting competitions . All of the teams compete at the Division II level with the exception of the men 's ice hockey program , which plays at the Division I level . The Wildcats compete as members of the North Division of the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference for 14 of 17 varsity sports , with the men 's hockey team playing in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association , and the men 's and women 's skiing teams competing in the Central Collegiate Ski Association . NMU has been a member of the GLIAC since 1987 . Northern Michigan 's rivals in sports action are the two other major schools in the upper peninsula : Michigan Technological University , and Lake Superior State University . The winner of the annual football game between NMU and Michigan Tech is awarded the Miner 's Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'GLIAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Great_Lakes_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) is a competitive collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the NCAA 's Division II . The GLIAC was founded in June 1972 . Member institutions are located in the midwestern United States in the States of Michigan , Wisconsin , Indiana , and Ohio , with affiliate members in Minnesota and Iowa . Charter members include Ferris State , Grand Valley State , Lake Superior State , Northwood , and Saginaw Valley State . Former members include Oakland ( 1972-1997 ) and Westminster ( 1997-2000 ) . Sponsorship of football was dropped by the GLIAC after the 1989 season . Conference schools sponsoring football joined with members of the Heartland Football Conference to form the Midwest Intercollegiate Football Conference ( MIFC ) , which began play in 1990 . The MIFC merged with the GLIAC in July 1999 and the GLIAC resumed sponsorship of football that fall . Tiffin University joined the GLIAC on July 1 , 2008 . Gannon University and Mercyhurst College left the GLIAC for the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference on July 1 , 2008 . July 1 , 2016 . Malone University left the GLIAC for the Great Midwest Athletic Conference ."}]}, {'value': 'Houston Oilers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Houston_Oilers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Houston Oilers season was the franchise 's 30th season and their 20th in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The franchise scored 365 points while the defense gave up 412 points . Their record of 9 wins and 7 losses resulted in a second-place finish in the AFC Central Division . The Oilers appeared once on Monday Night Football and appeared in the playoffs for the third consecutive year . It would be Jerry Glanvilles final year as the Oilers coach . Despite making the playoffs , the Oilers , like their arch rival Pittsburgh Steelers , had a negative point differential , making them the first teams since the 1984 Giants to make the playoffs despite having a negative point differential ."}]}, {'value': 'Erik Norgard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erik_Norgard', 'summary': 'Erik Norgard ( born November 4 , 1965 in Bellevue , Washington ) was a National Football League offensive lineman from 1989 through 1999 . [ [ Category : People from Bellevue , Colorado'}]}, {'value': 'C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Center_(gridiron_football)', 'summary': "Center ( C ) is a position in gridiron football . The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team 's offense . The center is also the player who passes ( or snaps ) the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play . In recent years , the importance of centers for a football team has increased , due to the re-emergence of 3-4 defenses . According to Baltimore Ravens general manager Ozzie Newsome , you need to have somebody who can neutralize that nose tackle . If you do n't , everything can get screwed up . Your running game wo n't be effective and you 'll also have somebody in your quarterback 's face on every play ."}]}, {'value': 'Colorado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Colorado_Buffaloes_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Colorado Buffaloes football team represented the University of Colorado during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The eight wins were the most by a Colorado team since 1976 . They played their home games at Folsom Field in Boulder , Colorado . Head coach Bill McCartney was in his seventh year leading the Buffaloes as their head coach .'}]}, {'value': 'Big Eight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Big_Eight_Conference', 'summary': "The Big Eight Conference was a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) -affiliated Division I-A college athletic association that sponsored football . It was formed in January 1907 as the Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( MVIAA ) by its charter member schools : the University of Kansas , University of Missouri , University of Nebraska , and Washington University in St. Louis . Additionally , the University of Iowa was an original member of the MVIAA , while maintaining joint membership in the Western Conference ( now the Big Ten Conference ) . The conference was dissolved in 1996 . Its membership at its dissolution consisted of the University of Nebraska , Iowa State University , the University of Colorado at Boulder , the University of Kansas , Kansas State University , the University of Missouri , the University of Oklahoma , and Oklahoma State University . The Big Eight kept its headquarters in Kansas City , Missouri . In February 1994 , the Big Eight and the Southwest Conference announced that the two leagues had reached an agreement to form a new conference . The eight members of the Big Eight joined with SWC schools Texas , Texas A & M , Baylor , and Texas Tech to form the Big 12 Conference the following year . A vote was conducted on whether to keep the new conference 's headquarters in Kansas City , and by a vote of 7-5 the conference members voted to move to Irving , Texas , a suburb of Dallas . The two Oklahoma schools , all four Texas schools , and Colorado voted for the move while both Kansas schools , Nebraska , Missouri , and Iowa State voted for Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Indianapolis Colts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Indianapolis_Colts_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Indianapolis Colts season was the 37th season for the team in the National Football League and sixth in Indianapolis . The Indianapolis Colts finished the National Football League 's 1989 season with a record of 8 wins and 8 losses , and finished tied for second in the AFC East division with the Miami Dolphins . However , the Colts finished ahead of Miami based on better conference record ( 7-5 vs. Dolphins ' 6-8 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Parker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Parker_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Will Anthony Parker ( born February 11 , 1966 ) is a former American football cornerback who played nine seasons in the National Football League , mainly for the Minnesota Vikings . He attended McClintock High School in Tempe , Arizona , before attending Arizona State University . His son , Colin , was a redshirt freshman at Arizona State University the 2007-2008 season .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cornerback', 'summary': "A cornerback ( CB ) is a member of the defensive backfield or secondary in gridiron football . Cornerbacks cover receivers most of the time , but also blitz and defend against such offensive running plays as sweeps and reverses . They create turnovers through hard tackles , interceptions , and deflecting forward passes . Other members of the defensive backfield include strong and free safeties . The cornerback position requires speed , agility , and strength . A cornerback 's skill set typically requires proficiency in anticipating the quarterback , backpedaling , executing single and zone coverage , disrupting pass routes , block shedding , and tackling . Cornerbacks are among the fastest players on the field ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Arizona_State_Sun_Devils_football_team', 'summary': "The 1988 Arizona State Sun Devils football team was an American football team that represented Arizona State University in the Pacific-10 Conference ( Pac-10 ) during the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . In their first season under head coach Larry Marmie , the Sun Devils compiled a 6-5 record ( 3-4 against Pac-10 opponents ) , finished in fifth place in the Pac-10 , and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 277 to 192 . The team 's statistical leaders included Daniel Ford with 1,166 passing yards , Bruce Perkins with 446 rushing yards , and Leland Adams with 420 receiving yards ."}]}, {'value': 'Pac-10', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-12_Conference', 'summary': "The Pac-12 Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that operates in the Western United States , participating in 24 sports at the NCAA Division I level . Its football teams compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ; formerly Division I-A ) , the higher of two tiers of NCAA Division I football competition . The conference 's 12 members are located in the states of Arizona , California , Colorado , Oregon , Utah , and Washington . They include each state 's flagship public university , four additional public universities , and two private research universities . The modern Pac-12 conference formed after the disbanding of the Pacific Coast Conference ( PCC ) , whose principal members founded the Athletic Association of Western Universities ( AAWU ) in 1959 . The conference previously went by the names Big Five , Big Six , Pacific-8 , and Pacific-10 . The Pac-12 moniker was adopted in 2011 with the addition of Colorado and Utah . Nicknamed the Conference of Champions , the Pac-12 has won more NCAA national championships in team sports than any other conference in history . The top three schools with the most NCAA team championships are members of the Pac-12 : Stanford , UCLA , and USC , respectively . Washington 's national title in women 's rowing in 2017 was the 500th NCAA championship won by a Pac-12 school . The current commissioner of the conference is Larry Scott . Scott replaced Thomas C. Hansen , who retired in July 2009 after 26 years in that position ."}]}, {'value': 'Pittsburgh Steelers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Pittsburgh_Steelers_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 57th season as a professional sports franchise and as a member of the National Football League . They were considered a rebuilding team filled with many young players , especially after the release of longtime center Mike Webster in the offseason . The young team showed its inexperience in the first game of the season , when they lost at home to the archrival Cleveland Browns 51-0 . The loss marked the Steelers worst defeat in franchise history . The following week was n't much better , losing 41-10 to another division rival , the defending AFC Champion Cincinnati Bengals . However , the Steelers clinched the final playoff spot in the last week in the season with a 9-7 record . Chuck Noll , in his 21st season as the team 's head coach , was named the NFL 's Coach of the Year for the only time in his coaching career . In the first round of the playoffs , the Steelers would have a memorable come-from-behind overtime victory over the division-rival Houston Oilers 26-23 , which saw Gary Anderson kick a game-winning , 50-yard field goal in the extra period . The following week , the Steelers nearly pulled off a major upset against the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium before losing 24-23 on a Melvin Bratton one-yard touchdown run with 2:22 remaining in the game . Though the Steelers would not make the playoffs again under Chuck Noll ( missing in 1990 with an identical 9-7 record and again in 1991 at 7-9 despite a second-place finish that year ) , the season did set the tone for the team 's return to prominence in the 1990s under his successor , Bill Cowher . Until 2015 , it was the last season the Steelers made the playoffs in a season the Super Bowl aired on CBS . Each of the next six such seasons ( 1991 , 2000 , 2003 , 2006 , 2009 , 2012 ) would see the team missing the playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Tracy Simien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tracy_Simien', 'summary': 'Tracy Anthony Simien ( born May 21 , 1967 ) is a former professional American football linebacker . He played college football at Texas Christian University . He played eight seasons in the NFL , mainly for the Kansas City Chiefs .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linebacker', 'summary': "A linebacker ( LB or backer ) is a playing position in gridiron football . Linebackers are members of the defensive team , and line up approximately three to five yards ( 4 m ) behind the line of scrimmage , behind the defensive linemen , and therefore back up the line . Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two-point stance ( as opposed to the defensive linemen , who put one or two hands on the ground for a three-point stance or four-point stance before the ball is snapped ) . The goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run defense or extra pass defense based on the particular defensive play being executed . Another key play of the linebacker position is blitzing . A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as an extra pass rusher running into any exposed gap . When a blitz is called by the defense , it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offense 's quarterback . Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defense , due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or an additional layer of pass defense , when required . Similar to the free safety position , linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap , to determine their role during that particular play ."}]}, {'value': 'TCU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 TCU Horned Frogs football team represented Texas Christian University ( TCU ) in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The Horned Frogs finished the season 4-7 overall and 2-6 in the Southwest Conference . The team was coached by Jim Wacker , in his sixth year as head coach . The Frogs played their home games in Amon G. Carter Stadium , which is located on campus in Fort Worth , Texas .'}]}, {'value': 'SWC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwest_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was an NCAA Division I college athletic conference in the United States that existed from 1914 to 1996 . Composed primarily of schools from Texas , at various times the conference included schools from Oklahoma and Arkansas as well , but not from the actual Southwestern United States . For most of its history , the core members of the conference were Texas-based schools plus one in Arkansas : Rice University , Southern Methodist University , Texas A & M University , Texas Christian University , Baylor University , the University of Arkansas , and the University of Texas . After a long period of stability , the conference 's overall athletic prowess began to decline throughout the 1980s , due in part to numerous member schools violating NCAA recruiting rules , culminating in the suspension of the entire SMU football program ( death penalty ) for the 1987 and 1988 seasons . Arkansas , after years of feeling like an outsider in the conference , left after the 1990-91 school year to join the Southeastern Conference , although they did compete in the SWC in football for the 1991 season . Five years later , the conference precipitously broke up as Baylor , Texas , Texas A & M , and Texas Tech ( which had entered in 1956 ) combined with the members of the former Big Eight Conference to form a new league , the Big 12 Conference , while Rice , SMU , TCU , and Houston ( which entered the SWC in 1976 ) found homes in less prominent conferences ( although TCU later joined the Big 12 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise 's 23rd season in the National Football League , and their fourteenth with home games at the Superdome . They failed to improve upon their 10-6 record from 1988 and instead finished at 9-7 , missing the playoffs for the second straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Garrett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Garrett', 'summary': 'Jason Calvin Garrett ( born March 28 , 1966 ) is an American football coach and former player who is the offensive coordinator for the New York Giants of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He previously served as the head coach of the Dallas Cowboys during the 2010s . Before that , Garrett was the offensive coordinator and assistant head coach of the Cowboys before being promoted to interim head coach after the firing of Wade Phillips in late 2010 . Garrett was a college football quarterback at Princeton University , and also played for the Cowboys , New York Giants , Tampa Bay Buccaneers , and Miami Dolphins .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quarterback', 'summary': 'The quarterback ( commonly abbreviated QB ) , colloquially known as the signal caller , is a position in gridiron football . Quarterbacks are members of the offensive team and line up directly behind the offensive line . In modern American football , the quarterback is usually considered the leader of the offensive team , and is often responsible for calling the play in the huddle . The quarterback also touches the ball on almost every offensive play , and is the offensive player that almost always throws forward passes . When the QB is tackled behind the line of scrimmage , it is called a sack .'}]}, {'value': 'Princeton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Princeton Tigers football program represents Princeton University and competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level as a member of the Ivy League . Princetons football program - along with the football program at nearby Rutgers University - began in 1869 with a contest that is often regarded as the beginnings of American Football .'}]}, {'value': 'Ivy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ivy_League', 'summary': 'The Ivy League is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising sports teams from eight private universities in the Northeastern United States . The term Ivy League is typically used to refer to those eight schools as a group of elite colleges beyond the sports context . The eight members are Brown University , Columbia University , Cornell University , Dartmouth College , Harvard University , the University of Pennsylvania , Princeton University , and Yale University . Ivy League has connotations of academic excellence , selectivity in admissions , and social elitism . While the term was in use as early as 1933 , it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954 . Seven of the eight schools were founded during the colonial period ( Cornell was founded in 1865 ) , and thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution . The other two colonial colleges , Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary , became public institutions instead . Ivy League schools are generally viewed as some of the most prestigious in the world , and are ranked among the best universities worldwide by U.S. News & World Report . All eight universities place in the top seventeen of the 2020 U.S. News & World Report national university rankings , including four Ivies in the top three ( Columbia and Yale are tied for 3rd ) . In the 2019 U.S. News & World Report global university rankings , three Ivies rank in the top ten ( Harvard 1st , Columbia 7th , and Princeton 8th ) and six in the top twenty-three . Undergraduate-focused Ivies such as Brown University and Dartmouth College rank 99th and 197th , respectively . U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university in each of the past 18 years ending with the 2018 rankings : Princeton eleven times , Harvard twice , and the two schools tied for first five times .'}]}, {'value': 'New Orleans Saints', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_Orleans_Saints_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise 's 23rd season in the National Football League , and their fourteenth with home games at the Superdome . They failed to improve upon their 10-6 record from 1988 and instead finished at 9-7 , missing the playoffs for the second straight season ."}]}, {'value': 'Bennie Thompson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bennie_Thompson_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Bennie Thompson ( born February 10 , 1963 ) is a former American football safety who played in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . He went to the Pro Bowl after the 1991 and 1998 seasons as a special teams player . Thompson played for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the CFL and the New Orleans Saints , Kansas City Chiefs , Cleveland Browns , and the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL . Thompson is best known for his special teams contributions .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)', 'summary': 'Safety , historically known as a safetyman , is a position in gridiron football played by a member of the defense . The safeties are defensive backs who line up from ten to fifteen yards from the line of scrimmage . There are two variations of the position in a typical American formation : the free safety ( FS ) and the strong safety ( SS ) . Their duties depend on the defensive scheme . The defensive responsibilities of the safety and cornerback usually involve pass coverage towards the middle and sidelines of the field , respectively . While American ( 11-player ) formations generally use two safeties , Canadian ( 12-player ) formations generally have one safety and two defensive halfbacks , a position not used in the American game . As professional and college football have become more focused on the passing game , safeties have become more involved in covering the eligible pass receivers . Safeties are the last line of defense ; they are expected to be reliable tacklers , and many safeties rank among the hardest hitters in football . Safety positions can also be converted cornerbacks , either by design ( Byron Jones ) or as a cornerback ages ( Charles Woodson , DeAngelo Hall , Lardarius Webb , Tramon Williams ) . Historically , in the era of the one-platoon system , the safety was known as the defensive fullback ( specifically the free safety ; the strong safety would be a defensive halfback , a term still in Canadian parlance ) or goaltender .'}]}, {'value': 'Grambling State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_Tigers_football', 'summary': 'The Grambling State Tigers are the college football team representing the Grambling State University . The Tigers play in NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference . The prominence of Grambling football is longstanding . The Tigers , under Hall of Fame coach Eddie Robinson ( who guided them to 408 victories in 55 seasons from 1941 to 1942 and 1945 to 1997 ) , were built as a small-school powerhouse with more than 200 players who played professional football . On September 24 , 1976 , Grambling State and Morgan State became the first collegiate football teams from the United States to play a game in the continent of Asia . GSU defeated Morgan State 42-16 in Tokyo , Japan . In fall 1977 , the GSU Tigers were invited back to Tokyo where they defeated Temple University 35-32 in the inaugural Mirage Bowl game . Among its accomplishments include : 15 Black college football national championships ( tied for second most in HBCU history ) and 26 Conference Championships ( 1 Midwest Conference & 25 SWAC ) . The Tigers have won the most SWAC Championships to date .'}]}, {'value': 'SWAC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference', 'summary': "The Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) is a collegiate athletic conference headquartered in Birmingham , Alabama , which is made up of historically black colleges and universities ( HBCUs ) in the Southern United States . It participates in the NCAA 's Division I for all sports ; in football , it participates in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) , formerly referred to as Division I-AA . The SWAC is widely considered the premier HBCU conference and ranks among the elite in the nation in terms of alumni affiliated with professional sports teams , particularly in football . On the gridiron , the conference has been the biggest draw on the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) level of the NCAA , leading the nation in average home attendance every year except one since FCS has been in existence . In 1994 , the SWAC fell just 40,000 fans short of becoming the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision conference to attract one million fans to its home games ."}]}, {'value': 'New York Giants', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_New_York_Giants_season', 'summary': "The 1989 New York Giants season was the franchise 's 65th season in the National Football League . After going 10-6 and suffering a heartbreaking final-day elimination from playoff contention in 1988 , the team went 12-4 and won the NFC East . The Giants lost to the Los Angeles Rams in the NFC Divisional playoffs ."}]}, {'value': 'Björn Nittmo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Björn_Nittmo', 'summary': 'Björn Arne Nittmo ( born July 26 , 1966 ) is a former Swedish born American football placekicker , being the only Swedish-born player ever to complete as much as a full season in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Placekicker', 'summary': "Placekicker , or simply kicker ( PK or K ) , is the player in gridiron football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points . In many cases , the placekicker also serves as the team 's kickoff specialist or punter as well ."}]}, {'value': 'Appalachian State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_football_team', 'summary': "The Appalachian State Mountaineers football team is the college football team at Appalachian State University in Boone , North Carolina . The Mountaineers have competed in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) and the Sun Belt Conference since 2014 . Appalachian plays its home games in Kidd Brewer Stadium , named after former head coach Kidd Brewer , whose 1937 squad was unbeaten and unscored upon during the regular season . The Mountaineers competed in the Football Championship Subdivision ( FCS ) from its founding in 1978 to 2013 . They won three straight national championships from 2005 to 2007 , the first FCS team to do so since the playoffs began in 1978 . They were also the first Division I program to win three consecutive national championships since Army accomplished the feat from 1944 to 1946 , and the first Division I school in the modern era to claim three straight undisputed national titles . Appalachian became the first FCS team to receive votes in the final Associated Press ( AP ) college football poll on January 8 , 2008 . The Mountaineers received five points in the poll . Through its history , the App State football program has won over 550 games , claimed three national championships and appeared in the Division-I FCS playoffs 20 times . The Mountaineers have 19 conference championships and have one of the nation 's best home field advantages . The program also has one Walter Payton Award winner , Armanti Edwards , who was the first player to win the award in back-to-back years ( 2008 , 2009 ) . On October 21 , 2018 , the Mountaineers became ranked in the Associated Press Top 25 Poll , ranking at number 25 ."}]}, {'value': 'SoCon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_Conference', 'summary': "The Southern Conference ( SoCon ) is a collegiate athletic conference affiliated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I . Southern Conference football teams compete in the Football Championship Subdivision ( formerly known as Division I-AA ) . Member institutions are located in the states of Alabama , Georgia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , and Virginia . Established in 1921 , the Southern Conference ranks as the fifth-oldest major college athletic conference in the United States , and either the third- or fourth-oldest in continuous operation , depending on definitions . Among conferences currently in operation , the Big Ten ( 1896 ) and Missouri Valley ( 1907 ) are indisputably older . The Pac-12 Conference did not operate under its current charter until 1959 , but claims the history of the Pacific Coast Conference , founded in 1915 , as its own . The Southwest Conference ( SWC ) was founded in 1914 , but ceased operation in 1996 . The Big Eight Conference claimed the same history as the Missouri Valley from 1907 to 1928 during its existence ; though it essentially merged with four SWC members to form the Big 12 Conference in 1996 , the Big 12 does not claim the Big Eight 's legacy . The Ivy League was formally organized in 1954 with athletic competition starting in 1955 , but claims the history of the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League , which competed from 1901 to 1955 , as its own . The SoCon was the first conference to use the three-point field goal in basketball in a November 29 , 1980 game at Western Carolina against Middle Tennessee State University ( MTSU ) , where Ronnie Carr shot the historic shot from 22 feet ( 6.7 m ) away and the Catamounts won 77-70 . The Southern Conference is considered one of the stronger football conferences in the Football Championship Subdivision and is considered a mid-major conference in basketball . It has also garnered considerable national attention from its recent success in these sports : in particular , former member , three-time Division I NCAA Football champion Appalachian State Mountaineers , who stunned the fifth-ranked Michigan Wolverines 34-32 on September 1 , 2007 ; from the Davidson Wildcats , who reached the Elite Eight in the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament by upsetting power programs Gonzaga ( a mid-major school which became a power program in the 2000s ) , Georgetown , and Wisconsin ."}]}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Eagles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1989_Philadelphia_Eagles_season', 'summary': "The 1989 Philadelphia Eagles season was the franchise 's 57th season in the National Football League . This season marked second consecutive appearance in the postseason , this time as a wild-card team . However , tribulation struck the Eagles late in the season with the death of quarterbacks coach Doug Scovil from a heart attack . For the remainder of the season , the Eagles wore a black stripe made of electrical tape over the wings on their helmet in tribute . It was Hall of Famer Cris Carter 's final season in Philadelphia as his on-and-off the field troubles led to his release the following preseason . He would then sign with the Minnesota Vikings ."}]}, {'value': 'Rick Tuten', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rick_Tuten', 'summary': "Richard Lamar Tuten ( January 5 , 1965 - June 13 , 2017 ) was an American football punter in the National Football League who played most of his career with the Seattle Seahawks . He punted the ball 108 times in 1992 , tied for fourth-most in a season in NFL history . In 1992 , he punted for 4,760 yards with an average of 44.1 yards per punt . In 1994 , the year he went to his only Pro Bowl , he punted the ball 91 times for 3,905 yards , an average of 42.9 yards per punt , and also scored a two-point conversion , the only scored points of his career . Tuten also received a ring as a member of the St. Louis Rams ' Super Bowl championship team . However , he did not play in the game itself due to injury . While with the Seattle Seahawks in 1998 , he won the designation as the league 's strongest man pound-for-pound in Flex magazine . While on vacation with his wife in Costa Rica in 2017 , Tuten unexpectedly died at age 52 ."}]}, {'value': 'P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Punter_(football)', 'summary': 'A punter ( P ) in gridiron football is a special teams player who receives the snapped ball directly from the line of scrimmage and then punts ( kicks ) the football to the opposing team so as to limit any field position advantage . This generally happens on a fourth down in American football and a third down in Canadian football . Punters may also occasionally take part in fake punts in those same situations , when they throw or run the football instead of punting .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1988_Florida_State_Seminoles_football_team', 'summary': 'The 1988 Florida State Seminoles football team represented Florida State University in the 1988 NCAA Division I-A football season . The team was coached by Bobby Bowden and played their home games at Doak Campbell Stadium . Defensive back Deion Sanders was a Heisman finalist , finishing in eighth place .'}]}, {'value': 'Ind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_independent_schools', 'summary': 'National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Football Bowl Subdivision independent schools are four-year institutions whose football programs are not part of an NCAA-affiliated conference . This means that FBS independents are not required to schedule each other for competition like conference schools do . There are fewer independent schools than in years past ; many independent schools join , or attempt to join , established conferences . The main reasons to join a conference are to gain a share of television revenue and access to bowl games that agree to take teams from certain conferences , and to help deal with otherwise potentially difficult challenges in scheduling opponents to play throughout the season . All Division I FBS independents are eligible for the College Football Playoff ( CFP ) , or for the so-called access bowls associated with the CFP , if they are chosen by the CFP selection committee . Notre Dame has a potential tie-in with the Orange Bowl . Army has an agreement with the Military Bowl ( formerly the EagleBank Bowl ) , and Notre Dame , in addition to its CFP agreement , has other bowl agreements as part of its affiliation with the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . ( Notre Dame had similar agreements with its previous conference , the Big East . ) BYU had an agreement with the Armed Forces Bowl for 2011 . The ranks of football independents increased by one starting with the 2011 season with the announcement that BYU would leave the Mountain West Conference ( MWC ) to become a football independent starting with that season . The ranks increased by two in 2013 when the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) dropped football and New Mexico State and Idaho did not have a conference for football . The ranks of football independents decreased by two in 2014 with the return of Idaho and New Mexico State as football-only members of the Sun Belt Conference ( SBC ) and decreased by one more in 2015 with Navy joining the American Athletic Conference ( AAC ) as a football-only member .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Notable undrafted players', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1989_NFL_Draft_0', 'intro': 'The 1989 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 23-24, 1989, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. The draft is noted for having four of the first five players selected - quarterback Troy Aikman, running back Barry Sanders, linebacker Derrick Thomas, and cornerback Deion Sanders - being inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Offensive tackle Tony Mandarich, the only top five pick not inducted, is considered a draft bust. The 1989 NFL Draft also helped set a major precedent, as Barry Sanders was selected with the third overall pick despite an NFL rule stating that collegiate juniors could not declare for the draft. Since Barry Sanders was selected as a junior, it has become an expectation for top college players to declare for the draft after their junior season; the rule disallowing collegiate juniors in the NFL draft was lifted by the next draft. Another precedent the draft help set was how players were invited to the actual draft room. Troy Aikman, who was selected first overall, was represented by Leigh Steinberg, who went with his client to the draft finding he was the only player there. As years followed, more players began getting invited to the draft.'}
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What is the team name of the university attended by Kenny Tippins ?
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Blue Raiders
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0359d14b0fafd477
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petrified_Forest_National_Park', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Petrified Forest National Park', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Agate House Pueblo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Agate_House_Pueblo', 'summary': "Agate House is a partially reconstructed Puebloan building in Petrified Forest National Park , built almost entirely of petrified wood . The eight-room pueblo has been dated to approximately the year 900 and occupied through 1200 , of the Pueblo II and Pueblo III periods . The agatized wood was laid in a clay mortar , in lieu of the more usual sandstone-and-mortar masonry of the area . The ruins of Agate House were reconstructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933-34 under the direction of C.B . Cosgrove Jr. of the New Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology . Room 7 was fully reconstructed with a new roof . Room 2 's walls were rebuilt to a height of five feet , but not roofed , and the remaining walls were rebuilt to a height of two or three feet ."}]}, {'value': 'October 6 , 1975 ( # 75000170 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrified Forest National Park 34°48′18″N 109°51′40″W / 34.805°N 109.861111°W / 34.805 ; -109.861111 ( Agate House Pueblo )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park', 'summary': "Petrified Forest National Park is an American national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona . Named for its large deposits of petrified wood , the fee ( chargeable ) area of the park covers about 230 square miles ( 600 square kilometers ) , encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands . The park 's headquarters is about 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of Holbrook along Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) , which parallels the BNSF Railway 's Southern Transcon , the Puerco River , and historic U.S. Route 66 , all crossing the park roughly east-west . The site , the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert , was declared a national monument in 1906 and a national park in 1962 . The park received 644,922 recreational visitors in 2018 . Typical visitor activities include sightseeing , photography , hiking , and backpacking . Averaging about 5,400 feet ( 1,600 m ) in elevation , the park has a dry windy climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 °F ( 38 °C ) to winter lows well below freezing . More than 400 species of plants , dominated by grasses such as bunchgrass , blue grama , and sacaton , are found in the park . Fauna include larger animals such as pronghorns , coyotes , and bobcats , many smaller animals , such as deer mice , snakes , lizards , seven kinds of amphibians , and more than 200 species of birds , some of which are permanent residents and many of which are migratory . About one third of the park is designated wilderness - 50,260 acres ( 79 sq mi ; 203 km2 ) . The Petrified Forest is known for its fossils , especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Epoch , about 225 million years ago . The sediments containing the fossil logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation , from which the Painted Desert gets its name ."}]}, {'value': 'Holbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Holbrook ( Navajo : Tʼiisyaakin ) is a city in Navajo County , Arizona , United States . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city was 5,053 . The city is the county seat of Navajo County . Holbrook was founded in 1881 or 1882 , when the railroad was built , and named to honor the first chief engineer of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad , Henry Randolph Holbrook .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flattop Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flattop_Site', 'summary': 'The Flattop Site is a prehistoric location situated within the boundaries of the Petrified Forest National Park , near Adamana , Arizona . The site was inhabited by the Basketmaker II culture from approximately 1-300 AD . In 1949-1950 the site , consisting of roughly 25 pit-houses , was excavated by Fred Wendorf . Among the objects excavated were about fourteen projectile points . In 1953 Wendorf again excavated the site , revealing Adamana brown pottery , a plain brown pottery from the Basketmaker III culture .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1976 ( # 76000214 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamana,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Adamana is an unincorporated community in Apache County in the northeast section of the U.S. state of Arizona . The town was settled in 1896 in what was then the Arizona Territory .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs Archeological District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newspaper_Rock_Petroglyphs_Archeological_District', 'summary': 'The Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs Archeological District is part of the Petrified Forest National Park , and contains in excess of 650 petroglyphs , believed to have been created 1499-1000 AD . This Apache County site near Adamana , Arizona was listed on the National Register of Historic Places July 12 , 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1976 ( # 76000185 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted 34°57′43″N 109°47′57″W / 34.962066°N 109.799059°W / 34.962066 ; -109.799059 ( Newspaper Rock Petroglyphs Archeological District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamana,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Adamana is an unincorporated community in Apache County in the northeast section of the U.S. state of Arizona . The town was settled in 1896 in what was then the Arizona Territory .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Painted_Desert_Community_Complex_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Painted Desert Community Complex is the administrative center of Petrified Forest National Park . The community center includes administrative facilities , utility structures and National Park Service employee housing , planned by architects Richard Neutra and Robert Alexander as part of the Mission 66 park facilities improvement program . Work on the community began in 1961 and was completed by 1965 . The complex contrasts with earlier Park Service architecture that sought to blend with the environment . The Painted Desert community used straight manufactured materials that deliberately draw a contrast with the natural environment . The most significant building is the Painted Desert Visitor Center , designed as a severely modernist structure that includes administrative offices. , a visitor center , an auditorium , a clinic and staff apartments . Other structures include a community center , school and a Fred Harvey Company concession building . Neutra and Alexander paid particular attention to the division of the complex into public and private areas , using low walls to divide the Park Service service area from the central zone , and setting the inward-facing residential areas at a distance . Pedestrian circulation paths are used as defining organizing elements . The original landscape design used non-native plants that required regular watering . Removal of irrigation caused these plants to die , altering the landscape . The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark District in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 2005 ( # 05000284 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Park Rd . 35°04′06″N 109°46′50″W / 35.068333°N 109.780556°W / 35.068333 ; -109.780556 ( Painted Desert Community Complex Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Petrified Forest National Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park,_Arizona', 'summary': "Petrified Forest National Park is an American national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona . Named for its large deposits of petrified wood , the fee ( chargeable ) area of the park covers about 230 square miles ( 600 square kilometers ) , encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands . The park 's headquarters is about 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of Holbrook along Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) , which parallels the BNSF Railway 's Southern Transcon , the Puerco River , and historic U.S. Route 66 , all crossing the park roughly east-west . The site , the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert , was declared a national monument in 1906 and a national park in 1962 . The park received 644,922 recreational visitors in 2018 . Typical visitor activities include sightseeing , photography , hiking , and backpacking . Averaging about 5,400 feet ( 1,600 m ) in elevation , the park has a dry windy climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 °F ( 38 °C ) to winter lows well below freezing . More than 400 species of plants , dominated by grasses such as bunchgrass , blue grama , and sacaton , are found in the park . Fauna include larger animals such as pronghorns , coyotes , and bobcats , many smaller animals , such as deer mice , snakes , lizards , seven kinds of amphibians , and more than 200 species of birds , some of which are permanent residents and many of which are migratory . About one third of the park is designated wilderness - 50,260 acres ( 79 sq mi ; 203 km2 ) . The Petrified Forest is known for its fossils , especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Epoch , about 225 million years ago . The sediments containing the fossil logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation , from which the Painted Desert gets its name ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painted Desert Inn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Painted_Desert_Inn', 'summary': 'Painted Desert Inn is a lodge complex in Petrified Forest National Park , in Navajo County , eastern Arizona . It is located off of Interstate 40 and historic U.S. Route 66 , overlooking the Painted Desert .'}]}, {'value': 'October 10 , 1975 ( # 87001421 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West of Navajo in Petrified Forest National Park , off Interstate 40 35°05′03″N 109°47′06″W / 35.084167°N 109.785°W / 35.084167 ; -109.785 ( Painted Desert Inn )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park', 'summary': "Petrified Forest National Park is an American national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona . Named for its large deposits of petrified wood , the fee ( chargeable ) area of the park covers about 230 square miles ( 600 square kilometers ) , encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands . The park 's headquarters is about 26 miles ( 42 km ) east of Holbrook along Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) , which parallels the BNSF Railway 's Southern Transcon , the Puerco River , and historic U.S. Route 66 , all crossing the park roughly east-west . The site , the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert , was declared a national monument in 1906 and a national park in 1962 . The park received 644,922 recreational visitors in 2018 . Typical visitor activities include sightseeing , photography , hiking , and backpacking . Averaging about 5,400 feet ( 1,600 m ) in elevation , the park has a dry windy climate with temperatures that vary from summer highs of about 100 °F ( 38 °C ) to winter lows well below freezing . More than 400 species of plants , dominated by grasses such as bunchgrass , blue grama , and sacaton , are found in the park . Fauna include larger animals such as pronghorns , coyotes , and bobcats , many smaller animals , such as deer mice , snakes , lizards , seven kinds of amphibians , and more than 200 species of birds , some of which are permanent residents and many of which are migratory . About one third of the park is designated wilderness - 50,260 acres ( 79 sq mi ; 203 km2 ) . The Petrified Forest is known for its fossils , especially fallen trees that lived in the Late Triassic Epoch , about 225 million years ago . The sediments containing the fossil logs are part of the widespread and colorful Chinle Formation , from which the Painted Desert gets its name ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Interstate_40', 'summary': 'Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) is a major east-west Interstate Highway running through the south-central portion of the United States generally north of I-10 , I-20 and I-30 but south of I-70 . The western end is at I-15 in Barstow , California ; its eastern end is at a concurrency of U.S. Route 117 ( US 117 ) and North Carolina Highway 132 in Wilmington , North Carolina . It is the third-longest Interstate Highway in the United States , behind I-80 and I-90 . Much of the western part of I-40 , from Oklahoma City to Barstow parallels or overlays the historic US 66 , east of Oklahoma City the route generally parallels US 64 and US 70 . I-40 runs through or near many major cities including Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Amarillo , Texas ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Little Rock , Arkansas ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Knoxville , Tennessee ; Greensboro , North Carolina ; and Raleigh , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Navajo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Navajo,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Navajo is a populated place situated in Apache County , Arizona . It has an estimated elevation of 5,676 feet ( 1,730 m ) above sea level .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Painted Desert Petroglyphs and Ruins Archeological District', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 24 , 1976 ( # 76000215 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address Restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Holbrook ( Navajo : Tʼiisyaakin ) is a city in Navajo County , Arizona , United States . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city was 5,053 . The city is the county seat of Navajo County . Holbrook was founded in 1881 or 1882 , when the railroad was built , and named to honor the first chief engineer of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad , Henry Randolph Holbrook .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Puerco Ruin and Petroglyphs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Puerco_Ruin_and_Petroglyphs', 'summary': 'Puerco Ruin and Petroglyphs are the ruins of a large Indian pueblo , which reached its peak around 1300 A.D. , containing over 100 rooms . It is the largest known archeological site within the Petrified Forest National Park .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1976 ( # 76000208 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted 34°58′29″N 109°47′39″W / 34.974823°N 109.794089°W / 34.974823 ; -109.794089 ( Puerco Ruin and Petroglyphs )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamana,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Adamana is an unincorporated community in Apache County in the northeast section of the U.S. state of Arizona . The town was settled in 1896 in what was then the Arizona Territory .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thirty-Fifth Parallel Route', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thirty-Fifth_Parallel_Route', 'summary': 'The Thirty-Fifth Parallel Route is the remains of a wagon trail within Petrified Forest National Park . While there are a railroad and the modern highway contiguous with the site , they are not part of the Historic designation .'}]}, {'value': 'December 6 , 1977 ( # 77000129 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25 miles east of Holbrook off Interstate 40 35°04′09″N 109°46′14″W / 35.069167°N 109.770556°W / 35.069167 ; -109.770556 ( Thirty-Fifth Parallel Route )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Interstate_40', 'summary': 'Interstate 40 ( I-40 ) is a major east-west Interstate Highway running through the south-central portion of the United States generally north of I-10 , I-20 and I-30 but south of I-70 . The western end is at I-15 in Barstow , California ; its eastern end is at a concurrency of U.S. Route 117 ( US 117 ) and North Carolina Highway 132 in Wilmington , North Carolina . It is the third-longest Interstate Highway in the United States , behind I-80 and I-90 . Much of the western part of I-40 , from Oklahoma City to Barstow parallels or overlays the historic US 66 , east of Oklahoma City the route generally parallels US 64 and US 70 . I-40 runs through or near many major cities including Albuquerque , New Mexico ; Amarillo , Texas ; Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ; Little Rock , Arkansas ; Memphis , Tennessee ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Knoxville , Tennessee ; Greensboro , North Carolina ; and Raleigh , North Carolina .'}]}, {'value': 'Holbrook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Holbrook ( Navajo : Tʼiisyaakin ) is a city in Navajo County , Arizona , United States . According to the 2010 census , the population of the city was 5,053 . The city is the county seat of Navajo County . Holbrook was founded in 1881 or 1882 , when the railroad was built , and named to honor the first chief engineer of the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad , Henry Randolph Holbrook .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twin Buttes Archeological District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twin_Buttes_Archeological_District', 'summary': 'The Twin Buttes Archeological District is a prehistoric Anasazi village site , with historical significance for the period from 1000 B.C . through 500 A.D .'}]}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1976 ( # 76000952 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamana,_Arizona', 'summary': 'Adamana is an unincorporated community in Apache County in the northeast section of the U.S. state of Arizona . The town was settled in 1896 in what was then the Arizona Territory .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petrified_Forest_National_Park_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Petrified Forest National Park. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a Google map. There are nine properties and districts listed on the National Register in the park, one of which is a National Historic Landmark.'}
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What is the name of the historic place whose location is the third-longest Interstate Highway in the United States ?
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Thirty-Fifth Parallel Route
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035ce2fdb2676a0c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States', 'header': ['OP', 'President', 'Date of death', 'Burial place', 'City', 'State'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Washington', 'summary': "George Washington ( February 22 , 1732 [ b ] - December 14 , 1799 ) was an American political leader , military general , statesman , and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797 . Previously , he led Patriot forces to victory in the nation 's War for Independence . He presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 , which established the U.S. Constitution and a federal government . Washington has been called the Father of His Country for his manifold leadership in the formative days of the new nation . Washington received his initial military training and command with the Virginia Regiment during the French and Indian War . He was later elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress , where he was appointed Commanding General of the Continental Army . He commanded American forces , allied with France , in the defeat and surrender of the British during the Siege of Yorktown . He resigned his commission after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 . Washington played a key role in adopting and ratifying the Constitution and was then elected president ( twice ) by the Electoral College . He implemented a strong , well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry between cabinet members Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton . During the French Revolution , he proclaimed a policy of neutrality while sanctioning the Jay Treaty . He set enduring precedents for the office of president , including the title President of the United States , and his Farewell Address is widely regarded as a pre-eminent statement on republicanism ."}]}, {'value': 'December 14 , 1799', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mount Vernon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mount_Vernon', 'summary': "Mount Vernon was the plantation of George Washington , the first President of the United States , and his wife , Martha Washington . The estate is situated on the banks of the Potomac River in Fairfax County , Virginia , near Alexandria , across from Prince George 's County , Maryland . The Washington family owned land in the area since the time of Washington 's great-grandfather in 1674 . Around 1734 they embarked on an expansion of the estate that continued under George Washington , who began leasing the estate in 1754 , but did not become its sole owner until 1761 . The mansion was built of wood in a loose Palladian style ; the original house was built by George Washington 's father Augustine , around 1734 . George Washington expanded the house twice , once in the late 1750s and again in the 1770s . It remained Washington 's home for the rest of his life . Following his death in 1799 , under the ownership of several successive generations of the family , the estate progressively declined as revenues were insufficient to maintain it adequately . In 1858 , the house 's historical importance was recognized and it was saved from ruin by the Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association ; this philanthropic organization acquired it together with part of the Washington property estate . Escaping the damage suffered by many plantation houses during the American Civil War , Mount Vernon was restored . Mount Vernon was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is also listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is still owned and maintained in trust by the Mount Vernon Ladies ' Association , and is open every day of the year , including Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day and New Year 's Day ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfax County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia', 'summary': "Fairfax County , officially the County of Fairfax is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States . Part of Northern Virginia , Fairfax County borders both the City of Alexandria and Arlington County and forms part of the suburban ring of Washington , D.C . The county is thus predominantly suburban in character , with some urban and rural pockets . As of the 2010 census , the population was 1,081,726 , in 2018 , it was estimated at 1,150,795 , making it the Commonwealth 's most populous jurisdiction , with around 13% of Virginia 's population . The county is also the most populous jurisdiction in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria , DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area , with around 20% of the MSA population , as well as the larger Washington-Baltimore-Arlington , DC-MD-VA-WV-PA Combined Statistical Area , with around 13% of the CSA population . The county seat is the City of Fairfax , though because it is an independent city under Virginia law , the city of Fairfax is not part of Fairfax County . Fairfax was the first U.S. county to reach a six-figure median household income and has the second-highest median household income of any county-level local jurisdiction in the United States after neighbor Loudoun County . The county is home to the headquarters of intelligence agencies such as the Central Intelligence Agency , National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency , and National Reconnaissance Office , as well as the National Counterterrorism Center and Office of the Director of National Intelligence . The county is also home to seven Fortune 500 companies , including three with Falls Church addresses ; although Falls Church is its own independent municipality ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Adams', 'summary': "John Adams ( October 30 , 1735 [ a ] - July 4 , 1826 ) was an American statesman , attorney , diplomat , writer , and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States , from 1797 to 1801 . Before his presidency , he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States . Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history , including his wife and adviser Abigail Adams , and Thomas Jefferson . His letters and other papers serve as an important source of historical information about the era . A lawyer and political activist prior to the revolution , Adams was devoted to the right to counsel and presumption of innocence . He defied anti-British sentiment and successfully defended British soldiers against murder charges arising from the Boston Massacre . Adams was a Massachusetts delegate to the Continental Congress and became a principal leader of the Revolution . He assisted in drafting the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and was its foremost advocate in Congress . As a diplomat in Europe , he helped negotiate the peace treaty with Great Britain and secured vital governmental loans . Adams was the primary author of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 , which influenced the United States ' own constitution , as did his earlier Thoughts on Government . Adams was elected to two terms as vice president under President George Washington and was elected as the United States ' second president in 1796 . He was the first , and only , president elected under the banner of the Federalist Party ."}]}, {'value': 'July 4 , 1826', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United First Parish Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church', 'summary': 'United First Parish Church is a Unitarian Universalist congregation in Quincy , Massachusetts , established as the parish church of Quincy in 1639 . The current building was constructed in 1828 by noted Boston stonecutter Abner Joy to designs by Alexander Parris . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30 , 1970 , for its association with the Adams family , who funded its construction and whose most significant members are interred here . It is called the Church of the Presidents because two American Presidents , John Adams and John Quincy Adams , attended the church along with their wives , Abigail Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams . All four are interred beneath the church in a family crypt . The pew in which they sat is marked with a plaque and ribbon on the side .'}]}, {'value': 'Quincy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ KWIN-zee ) is a U.S. city in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . It is the largest city in the county and a part of Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston 's immediate southern suburbs . Its population in 2010 was 92,271 , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . Known as the City of Presidents , Quincy is the birthplace of two U.S. presidents - John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams - as well as John Hancock , a President of the Continental Congress and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence , as well as being the first and third Governor of Massachusetts . First settled in 1625 , Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640 . In 1792 , Quincy was split off from Braintree ; the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy , maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams and after whom John Quincy Adams was also named . Quincy became a city in 1888 . For more than a century , Quincy was home to a thriving granite industry ; the city was also the site of the Granite Railway , the United States ' first commercial railroad . Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the city 's economy . In the 20th century , both Howard Johnson 's and Dunkin ' Donuts were founded in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Jefferson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson', 'summary': "Thomas Jefferson ( April 13 , 1743 [ a ] - July 4 , 1826 ) was an American statesman , diplomat , lawyer , architect , philosopher , and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809 . He previously served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797 to 1801 . The principal author of the Declaration of Independence , Jefferson was a proponent of democracy , republicanism , and individual rights , motivating American colonists to break from the Kingdom of Great Britain and form a new nation ; he produced formative documents and decisions at both the state and national level . During the American Revolution , he represented Virginia in the Continental Congress that adopted the Declaration , drafted the law for religious freedom as a Virginia legislator , and served as the second Governor of Virginia from 1779 to 1781 , during the American Revolutionary War . He became the United States Minister to France in May 1785 , and subsequently , the nation 's first secretary of state under President George Washington from 1790 to 1793 . Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System . With Madison , he anonymously wrote the provocative Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 and 1799 , which sought to strengthen states ' rights by nullifying the federal Alien and Sedition Acts . As president , Jefferson pursued the nation 's shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies . He also organized the Louisiana Purchase , almost doubling the country 's territory . As a result of peace negotiations with France , his administration reduced military forces . He was reelected in 1804 . Jefferson 's second term was beset with difficulties at home , including the trial of former vice president Aaron Burr ."}]}, {'value': 'July 4 , 1826', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monticello', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monticello', 'summary': "Monticello ( /ˌmɒntɪˈtʃɛloʊ , -ˈsɛloʊ/ MON-tih-CHEL-oh , -\u2060SEL-oh ) was the primary plantation of Thomas Jefferson , the third President of the United States , who began designing Monticello after inheriting land from his father at age 26 . Located just outside Charlottesville , Virginia , in the Piedmont region , the plantation was originally 5,000 acres ( 20 km2 ) , with Jefferson using the labor of enslaved Africans for extensive cultivation of tobacco and mixed crops , later shifting from tobacco cultivation to wheat in response to changing markets . Due to its architectural and historic significance , the property has been designated a National Historic Landmark . In 1987 , Monticello and the nearby University of Virginia , also designed by Jefferson , were together designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The current nickel , a United States coin , features a depiction of Monticello on its reverse side . Jefferson designed the main house using neoclassical design principles described by Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio and reworking the design through much of his presidency to include design elements popular in late 18th-century Europe and integrating numerous ideas of his own . Situated on the summit of an 850-foot ( 260 m ) -high peak in the Southwest Mountains south of the Rivanna Gap , the name Monticello derives from Italian meaning little mountain . Along a prominent lane adjacent to the house , Mulberry Row , the plantation came to include numerous outbuildings for specialized functions , e.g. , a nailery ; quarters for enslaved Africans who worked in the home ; gardens for flowers , produce , and Jefferson 's experiments in plant breeding - along with tobacco fields and mixed crops . Cabins for enslaved Africans who worked in the fields were farther from the mansion , out of Jefferson 's sight both literally and figuratively . At Jefferson 's direction , he was buried on the grounds , in an area now designated as the Monticello Cemetery . The cemetery is owned by the Monticello Association , a society of his descendants through Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson . After Jefferson 's death , his daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph sold the property ."}]}, {'value': 'Charlottesville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Madison', 'summary': "James Madison Jr. ( March 16 , 1751 [ b ] - June 28 , 1836 ) was an American statesman , lawyer , diplomat , philosopher and Founding Father who served as the fourth president of the United States from 1809 to 1817 . He is hailed as the Father of the Constitution for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the United States Bill of Rights . He co-wrote The Federalist Papers , co-founded the Democratic-Republican Party , and served as the fifth United States secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 . Born into a prominent Virginia planter family , Madison served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates and the Continental Congress during and after the American Revolutionary War . He became dissatisfied with the weak national government established by the Articles of Confederation and helped organize the Constitutional Convention , which produced a new constitution to supplant the Articles of Confederation . Madison 's Virginia Plan served as the basis for the Constitutional Convention 's deliberations , and he was one of the most influential individuals at the convention . Madison became one of the leaders in the movement to ratify the Constitution , and he joined with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in writing The Federalist Papers , a series of pro-ratification essays that was one of the most influential works of political science in American history . After the ratification of the Constitution , Madison emerged as an important leader in the United States House of Representatives and served as a close adviser to President George Washington . He was the main force behind the ratification of the United States Bill of Rights , which enshrines guarantees of personal freedoms and rights within the Constitution . During the early 1790s , Madison came to oppose the economic program and accompanying centralization of power favored by Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Along with Thomas Jefferson , Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party , which was , alongside Hamilton 's Federalist Party , one of the nation 's first major political parties . After Jefferson won the 1800 presidential election , Madison served as secretary of State from 1801 to 1809 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 28 , 1836', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montpelier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)', 'summary': "James Madison 's Montpelier , located in Orange County , Virginia , was the plantation house of the Madison family , including fourth President of the United States , James Madison , and his wife Dolley . The 2,650-acre ( 10.7 km2 ) property is open seven days a week with the mission of engaging the public with the enduring legacy of Madison 's most powerful idea : government by the people . Montpelier was declared a National Historic Landmark and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . It was included in the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District in 1991 . In 1983 , the last private owner of Montpelier , Marion duPont Scott , bequeathed the estate to the National Trust for Historic Preservation . The National Trust for Historic Preservation ( NTHP ) has owned and operated the estate since 1984 . In 2000 , The Montpelier Foundation formed with the goal of transforming James Madison 's historic estate into a dynamic cultural institution . From 2003-2008 the NTHP carried out a major restoration , in part to return the mansion to its original size of 22 rooms as it was during the years when it was occupied by James and Dolley Madison . Extensive interior and exterior work was done during the restoration . Archeological investigations in the 21st century revealed new information about African-American life at the plantation , and a gift from philanthropist David Rubenstein enabled the National Trust to restore the slave quarters in the South Yard and open a slavery exhibition , The Mere Distinction of Colour , in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Orange', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orange,_Virginia', 'summary': "Orange is a town in , and county seat of , Orange County , Virginia , United States . The population was 4,721 at the 2010 census , representing a 14.5% increase since the 2000 census . Orange is 28 miles ( 45 km ) northeast of Charlottesville , 88 miles ( 142 km ) southwest of Washington , D.C. , and 4 miles ( 6 km ) east of James Madison 's plantation of Montpelier ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Monroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Monroe', 'summary': "James Monroe ( /mənˈroʊ/ ; April 28 , 1758 - July 4 , 1831 ) was an American statesman , lawyer , diplomat and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825 . A member of the Democratic-Republican Party , Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty ; his presidency coincided with the Era of Good Feelings . He is perhaps best known for issuing the Monroe Doctrine , a policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas . He also served as the governor of Virginia , a member of the United States Senate , the U.S. ambassador to France and Britain , the seventh Secretary of State , and the eighth Secretary of War . Born into a planter family in Westmoreland County , Virginia , Monroe served in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War . After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783 , he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress . As a delegate to the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Monroe opposed the ratification of the United States Constitution . In 1790 , he won election to the Senate , where he became a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party . He left the Senate in 1794 to serve as President George Washington 's ambassador to France , but was recalled by Washington in 1796 . Monroe won election as Governor of Virginia in 1799 and strongly supported Jefferson 's candidacy in the 1800 presidential election . As President Jefferson 's special envoy , Monroe helped negotiate the Louisiana Purchase , through which the United States nearly doubled in size . Monroe fell out with his longtime friend James Madison after Madison rejected the Monroe-Pinkney Treaty that Monroe negotiated with Britain ."}]}, {'value': 'July 4 , 1831', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Monroe Tomb , Hollywood Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb', 'summary': "The James Monroe Tomb is the burial place of United States President James Monroe in Hollywood Cemetery , Richmond , Virginia , United States . The principal feature of the tomb is an architecturally unusual cast iron cage , designed by Albert Lybrock and installed in 1859 , after Monroe 's body was moved from Marble Cemetery in New York City . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its unique architecture . It has been given the local nickname of The Birdcage ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)', 'summary': "Hollywood Cemetery is a large , sprawling cemetery located next to Richmond , Virginia 's Oregon Hill neighborhood at 412 South Cherry Street . Characterized by rolling hills and winding paths overlooking the James River , it is the resting place of two United States Presidents , James Monroe and John Tyler , as well as the only Confederate States President , Jefferson Davis . It is also the resting place of 28 Confederate generals , more than any other cemetery in the country ; these include George Pickett and J.E.B . Stuart ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871 . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 204,214 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 228,783 , making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state . Richmond is at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles ( 71 km ) west of Williamsburg , 66 miles ( 106 km ) east of Charlottesville , 91 miles ( 146 km ) east of Lynchburg and 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of Washington , D.C . Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Chesterfield to the south , Varina to the southeast , Sandston to the east , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast . The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 , replacing Williamsburg . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Quincy Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams', 'summary': "John Quincy Adams ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ ( listen ) ; [ a ] July 11 , 1767 - February 23 , 1848 ) was an American statesman , diplomat , lawyer , and diarist who served as the sixth president of the United States from 1825 to 1829 . He previously served as the eighth United States Secretary of State from 1817 to 1825 . During his long diplomatic and political career , Adams also served as an ambassador , and as a member of the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives representing Massachusetts . He was the eldest son of John Adams , who served as the second US president from 1797 to 1801 , and First Lady Abigail Adams . Initially a Federalist like his father , he won election to the presidency as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party , and in the mid-1830s became affiliated with the Whig Party . Born in Braintree , Massachusetts , Adams spent much of his youth in Europe , where his father served as a diplomat . After returning to the United States , Adams established a successful legal practice in Boston . In 1794 , President George Washington appointed Adams as the U.S. ambassador to the Netherlands , and Adams would serve in high-ranking diplomatic posts until 1801 , when Thomas Jefferson took office as president . Federalist leaders in Massachusetts arranged for Adams 's election to the United States Senate in 1802 , but Adams broke with the Federalist Party over foreign policy and was denied re-election . In 1809 , Adams was appointed as the U.S. ambassador to Russia by President James Madison , a member of the Democratic-Republican Party . Adams held diplomatic posts for the duration of Madison 's presidency , and he served as part of the American delegation that negotiated an end to the War of 1812 . In 1817 , newly-elected President James Monroe selected Adams as his Secretary of State ."}]}, {'value': 'February 23 , 1848', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United First Parish Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church', 'summary': 'United First Parish Church is a Unitarian Universalist congregation in Quincy , Massachusetts , established as the parish church of Quincy in 1639 . The current building was constructed in 1828 by noted Boston stonecutter Abner Joy to designs by Alexander Parris . The building was designated a National Historic Landmark on December 30 , 1970 , for its association with the Adams family , who funded its construction and whose most significant members are interred here . It is called the Church of the Presidents because two American Presidents , John Adams and John Quincy Adams , attended the church along with their wives , Abigail Adams and Louisa Catherine Adams . All four are interred beneath the church in a family crypt . The pew in which they sat is marked with a plaque and ribbon on the side .'}]}, {'value': 'Quincy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts', 'summary': "Quincy ( /ˈkwɪnzi/ KWIN-zee ) is a U.S. city in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . It is the largest city in the county and a part of Metropolitan Boston as one of Boston 's immediate southern suburbs . Its population in 2010 was 92,271 , making it the eighth-largest city in the state . Known as the City of Presidents , Quincy is the birthplace of two U.S. presidents - John Adams and his son John Quincy Adams - as well as John Hancock , a President of the Continental Congress and the first signer of the Declaration of Independence , as well as being the first and third Governor of Massachusetts . First settled in 1625 , Quincy was briefly part of Dorchester and Boston before becoming the north precinct of Braintree in 1640 . In 1792 , Quincy was split off from Braintree ; the new town was named after Colonel John Quincy , maternal grandfather of Abigail Adams and after whom John Quincy Adams was also named . Quincy became a city in 1888 . For more than a century , Quincy was home to a thriving granite industry ; the city was also the site of the Granite Railway , the United States ' first commercial railroad . Shipbuilding at the Fore River Shipyard was another key part of the city 's economy . In the 20th century , both Howard Johnson 's and Dunkin ' Donuts were founded in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Massachusetts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Massachusetts', 'summary': "Massachusetts ( /ˌmæsəˈtʃuːsɪts/ ( listen ) , /-zɪts/ ) , officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts , is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east , the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south , New Hampshire and Vermont to the north , and New York to the west . The capital of Massachusetts is Boston , which is also the most populous city in New England . It is home to the Greater Boston metropolitan area , a region influential upon American history , academia , and industry . Originally dependent on agriculture , fishing and trade , Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution . During the 20th century , Massachusetts 's economy shifted from manufacturing to services . Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology , engineering , higher education , finance , and maritime trade . Plymouth was the site of the second colony in New England after Popham Colony in 1607 in what is now Maine . Plymouth was founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims , passengers of the Mayflower . In 1692 , the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of America 's most infamous cases of mass hysteria , the Salem witch trials . In 1777 , General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory , which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances , including interchangeable parts . In 1786 , Shays ' Rebellion , a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans , influenced the United States Constitutional Convention ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Jackson', 'summary': "Andrew Jackson ( March 15 , 1767 - June 8 , 1845 ) was an American soldier and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837 . Before being elected to the presidency , Jackson gained fame as a general in the United States Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress . As president , Jackson sought to advance the rights of the common man against a corrupt aristocracy and to preserve the Union . Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War , Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards . He served briefly in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate , representing Tennessee . After resigning , he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804 . Jackson purchased a property later known as The Hermitage , and became a wealthy , slaveowning planter . In 1801 , he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year . He led troops during the Creek War of 1813-1814 , winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend . The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia . In the concurrent war against the British , Jackson 's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero . Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War , which led to the annexation of Florida from Spain ."}]}, {'value': 'June 8 , 1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hermitage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)', 'summary': "The Hermitage is a historical plantation and museum located in Davidson County , Tennessee , United States , 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of downtown Nashville . The plantation was owned by Andrew Jackson , the seventh President of the United States , from 1804 until his death at the Hermitage in 1845 . Jackson only lived at the property occasionally until he retired from public life in 1837 . Enslaved men , women , and children , numbering nine at the plantation 's purchase in 1804 and 110 at Jackson 's death , worked at the Hermitage and were principally involved in growing cotton , its major cash crop . It is a National Historic Landmark ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Van Buren', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren', 'summary': 'Martin Van Buren ( /væn ˈbjʊərən/ van BEWR-ən ; born Maarten Van Buren ; December 5 , 1782 - July 24 , 1862 ) was an American statesman who served as the eighth president of the United States from 1837 to 1841 . He was the first president born speaking a language other than English ( Dutch ) and the first born after the United States had declared its independence from Great Britain . A founder of the Democratic Party , he had previously served as the ninth governor of New York , the tenth United States secretary of state , and the eighth vice president of the United States . He won the 1836 presidential election with the endorsement of popular outgoing President Andrew Jackson and the organizational strength of the Democratic Party . He lost his 1840 reelection bid to Whig Party nominee William Henry Harrison , thanks in part to the poor economic conditions surrounding the Panic of 1837 . Later in his life , Van Buren emerged as an elder statesman and an important anti-slavery leader ( abolitionist ) who led the Free Soil Party ticket in the 1848 presidential election . Van Buren was born in Kinderhook , New York , to a family of patroon Dutch Americans ; his father was a Patriot during the American Revolution . He was raised speaking Dutch and learned English at school , making him the first and still only U.S. president to speak English as his second language . He trained as a lawyer and quickly became involved in politics as a member of the Democratic-Republican Party . He won election to the New York State Senate and became the leader of the Bucktails , the faction of Democratic-Republicans opposed to New York Governor DeWitt Clinton . Van Buren established a political machine known as the Albany Regency and in the 1820s emerged as the most influential politician in the Empire State . He was elected to the United States Senate in 1821 and supported William H. Crawford in the 1824 presidential election .'}]}, {'value': 'July 24 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinderhook Reformed Church Cemetery', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinderhook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinderhook_(village),_New_York', 'summary': 'Kinderhook ( Kinderhoek in Dutch ) is a village located in the town of Kinderhook in Columbia County , New York , United States . The village population was 1,211 at the 2010 census . The village of Kinderhook is located in the south-central part of the town on US 9 .'}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Henry Harrison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison', 'summary': "William Henry Harrison ( February 9 , 1773 - April 4 , 1841 ) was an American military officer and politician who served as the ninth president of the United States in 1841 . He died of typhoid , pneumonia or paratyphoid fever 31 days into his term ( the shortest tenure ) , becoming the first president to die in office . His death sparked a brief constitutional crisis regarding succession to the presidency , because the Constitution was unclear as to whether Vice President John Tyler should assume the office of president or merely execute the duties of the vacant office . Tyler claimed a constitutional mandate to become the new president and took the presidential oath of office , setting an important precedent for an orderly transfer of the presidency and its full powers when the previous president fails to complete the elected term . Harrison was born in Charles City County , Virginia , the son of Founding Father Benjamin Harrison V and the paternal grandfather of Benjamin Harrison , the 23rd president of the United States . He was the last president born as a British subject in the Thirteen Colonies before the start of the Revolutionary War in 1775 . During his early military career , he participated in the 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers , an American military victory that effectively ended the Northwest Indian War . Later , he led a military force against Tecumseh 's Confederacy at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 , where he earned the nickname Old Tippecanoe . He was promoted to major general in the Army in the War of 1812 , and in 1813 led American infantry and cavalry at the Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada . Harrison began his political career in 1798 , when he was appointed Secretary of the Northwest Territory , and in 1799 he was elected as the territory 's delegate in the House of Representatives . Two years later , President John Adams named him governor of the newly established Indiana Territory , a post he held until 1812 . After the War of 1812 , he moved to Ohio where he was elected to represent the state 's 1st district in the House in 1816 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 4 , 1841', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_Tomb_State_Memorial', 'summary': 'The William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial is the final resting place of William Henry Harrison , ninth President of the United States ; his wife Anna Harrison ; and his son John Scott Harrison , Representative and father of the twenty-third President , Benjamin Harrison . It is located on Brower Road approximately one-half mile west of U.S. Route 50 in North Bend , Ohio . Harrison died April 4 , 1841 , one month after taking office , and was buried in the Congressional Cemetery in Washington , D.C. ; in June of that year , his remains were removed for transport to their final resting place in North Bend . The Harrison family chose a site at the crest of Mt . Nebo on the family estate and the interment occurred July 7 , 1841 . In 1871 , John Harrison sold all but 6 acres ( 2.4 ha ) of the estate . He offered this portion , containing the tomb and other burial sites , to the state of Ohio in exchange for a pledge of perpetual maintenance . After several years of neglect , the tomb and grounds fell into a state of disrepair until 1919 when the Ohio General Assembly formally accepted the bequest and appropriated funds for its care . The tomb was listed in the National Register on November 10 , 1970 . The tomb is currently managed by the Harrison - Symmes Memorial Foundation on behalf of the Ohio History Connection . In 2007 , improvements at the site included installation of kiosks to educate visitors about Harrison , his role in settling the Ohio River Valley and U.S. history .'}]}, {'value': 'North Bend', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bend,_Ohio', 'summary': 'North Bend is a village in Miami Township , Hamilton County , Ohio , United States , along the Ohio River . The population was 857 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John Tyler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Tyler', 'summary': "John Tyler ( March 29 , 1790 - January 18 , 1862 ) was the tenth president of the United States from 1841 to 1845 after briefly serving as the tenth vice president in 1841 ; he was elected vice president on the 1840 Whig ticket with President William Henry Harrison . Tyler ascended to the presidency after Harrison 's death in April 1841 , only a month after the start of the new administration . He was a stalwart supporter and advocate of states ' rights , and he adopted nationalist policies as president only when they did not infringe on the powers of the states . His unexpected rise to the presidency posed a threat to the presidential ambitions of Henry Clay and other politicians , and left Tyler estranged from both major political parties . Tyler was born to a prominent Virginia family and became a national figure at a time of political upheaval . In the 1820s , the nation 's only political party was the Democratic-Republican Party , and it split into factions . Tyler was initially a Democrat , but he opposed Andrew Jackson during the Nullification Crisis , seeing Jackson 's actions as infringing on states ' rights , and he criticized Jackson 's expansion of executive power during the Bank War . This led Tyler to ally with the Whig Party . He served as a Virginia state legislator , governor , U.S. representative , and U.S. senator . He was put on the 1840 presidential ticket to attract states ' rights Southerners to a Whig coalition to defeat Martin Van Buren 's re-election bid . President Harrison died just one month after taking office , and Tyler became the first vice president to succeed to the presidency without election . He served longer than any president in U.S. history not elected to the office ."}]}, {'value': 'January 18 , 1862', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hollywood Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hollywood_Cemetery_(Richmond,_Virginia)', 'summary': "Hollywood Cemetery is a large , sprawling cemetery located next to Richmond , Virginia 's Oregon Hill neighborhood at 412 South Cherry Street . Characterized by rolling hills and winding paths overlooking the James River , it is the resting place of two United States Presidents , James Monroe and John Tyler , as well as the only Confederate States President , Jefferson Davis . It is also the resting place of 28 Confederate generals , more than any other cemetery in the country ; these include George Pickett and J.E.B . Stuart ."}]}, {'value': 'Richmond', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia', 'summary': "Richmond ( /ˈrɪtʃmənd/ ) is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the center of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA ) and the Greater Richmond Region . Richmond was incorporated in 1742 and has been an independent city since 1871 . As of the 2010 census , the city 's population was 204,214 ; in 2018 , the population was estimated to be 228,783 , making Richmond the fourth-most populous city in Virginia . The Richmond Metropolitan Area has a population of 1,260,029 , the third-most populous metro in the state . Richmond is at the fall line of the James River , 44 miles ( 71 km ) west of Williamsburg , 66 miles ( 106 km ) east of Charlottesville , 91 miles ( 146 km ) east of Lynchburg and 92 miles ( 148 km ) south of Washington , D.C . Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties , the city is at the intersections of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to the southwest , Chesterfield to the south , Varina to the southeast , Sandston to the east , Glen Allen to the north and west , Short Pump to the west and Mechanicsville to the northeast . The site of Richmond had been an important village of the Powhatan Confederacy , and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611 . The present city of Richmond was founded in 1737 . It became the capital of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780 , replacing Williamsburg . During the Revolutionary War period , several notable events occurred in the city , including Patrick Henry 's Give me liberty or give me death speech in 1775 at St. John 's Church , and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson ."}]}, {'value': 'Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia', 'summary': "Virginia ( /vərˈdʒɪniə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Commonwealth of Virginia , is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains . The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay , which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna . The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond ; Virginia Beach is the most populous city , and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision . The Commonwealth 's estimated population as of 2018 [ update ] is over 8.5 million . The area 's history begins with several indigenous groups , including the Powhatan . In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent English colony in the New World . Virginia 's state nickname , the Old Dominion , is a reference to this status . Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony 's early politics and plantation economy . Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution . In the American Civil War , Virginia 's Secession Convention resolved to join the Confederacy , and Virginia 's First Wheeling Convention resolved to remain in the Union ; that led to the creation of West Virginia . Although the Commonwealth was under one-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction , both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia . The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James K. Polk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_K._Polk', 'summary': "James Knox Polk ( November 2 , 1795 - June 15 , 1849 ) was the 11th president of the United States , serving from 1845 to 1849 . He previously was Speaker of the House of Representatives ( 1835-1839 ) and governor of Tennessee ( 1839-1841 ) . A protégé of Andrew Jackson , he was a member of the Democratic Party and an advocate of Jacksonian democracy . Polk is chiefly known for extending the territory of the United States during the Mexican-American War ; during his presidency , the United States expanded significantly with the annexation of the Republic of Texas , the Oregon Territory , and the Mexican Cession following the American victory in the Mexican-American War . After building a successful law practice in Tennessee , Polk was elected to the state legislature ( 1823 ) and then to the United States House of Representatives in 1825 , becoming a strong supporter of Andrew Jackson . After serving as chairman of the Ways and Means Committee , he became Speaker in 1835 , the only president to have been Speaker . Polk left Congress to run for governor of Tennessee ; he won in 1839 , but lost in 1841 and 1843 . He was a dark horse candidate for the Democratic nomination for president in 1844 ; he entered his party 's convention as a potential nominee for vice president , but emerged as a compromise to head the ticket when no presidential candidate could secure the necessary two-thirds majority . In the general election , Polk defeated Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party . Historians consider Polk the most effective president of the pre-Civil War era , having met during his four-year term every major domestic and foreign policy goal he had set . After a negotiation fraught with risk of war , he reached a settlement with Great Britain over the disputed Oregon Country , the territory for the most part being divided along the 49th parallel . Polk achieved a sweeping victory in the Mexican-American War , which resulted in the cession by Mexico of nearly all the American Southwest ."}]}, {'value': 'June 15 , 1849', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennessee State Capitol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol', 'summary': "The Tennessee State Capitol , located in Nashville , Tennessee , is the seat of government for the U.S. state of Tennessee , serving as home of the Tennessee General Assembly and the location of the governor 's office . Designed by architect William Strickland ( 1788-1854 ) of Philadelphia and Nashville , it was built between 1845 and 1859 and is one of Nashville 's most prominent examples of Greek Revival architecture . The building , one of 12 state capitols that does not have a dome , was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and named a National Historic Landmark in 1971 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nashville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Nashville is the capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Tennessee . The city is the county seat of Davidson County and is located on the Cumberland River . The city 's population ranks 24th in the U.S. Named for Francis Nash , a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War , the city was founded in 1779 . The city grew quickly due to its strategic location as a port on the Cumberland River and , in the 19th century , a railroad center . Nashville seceded with Tennessee during the American Civil War ; in 1862 it was the first state capital in the Confederacy to fall to Union troops . After the war , the city reclaimed its position and developed a manufacturing base . Since 1963 , Nashville has had a consolidated city-county government , which includes six smaller municipalities in a two-tier system . The city is governed by a mayor , a vice-mayor , and a 40-member metropolitan council ; 35 of the members are elected from single-member districts , while the other five are elected at-large . Reflecting the city 's position in state government , Nashville is home to the Tennessee Supreme Court 's courthouse for Middle Tennessee , one of the three divisions . Nashville is a center for the music , healthcare , publishing , private prison , banking , and transportation industries . It is home to numerous colleges and universities , such as Tennessee State University , Vanderbilt University , Belmont University , Fisk University , Trevecca Nazarene University , and Lipscomb University . Entities with headquarters in the city include Asurion , Bridgestone Americas , Captain D 's , CoreCivic , Dollar General , Hospital Corporation of America , LifeWay Christian Resources , Logan 's Roadhouse , and Ryman Hospitality Properties ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zachary Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zachary_Taylor', 'summary': 'Zachary Taylor ( November 24 , 1784 - July 9 , 1850 ) was the 12th president of the United States , serving from March 1849 until his death in July 1850 . Taylor previously was a career officer in the United States Army , rose to the rank of major general and became a national hero as a result of his victories in the Mexican-American War . As a result , he won election to the White House despite his vague political beliefs . His top priority as president was preserving the Union , but he died sixteen months into his term , before making any progress on the status of slavery , which had been inflaming tensions in Congress . Taylor was born into a prominent family of plantation owners who moved westward from Virginia to Louisville , Kentucky in his youth . He was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army in 1808 and made a name for himself as a captain in the War of 1812 . He climbed the ranks establishing military forts along the Mississippi River and entered the Black Hawk War as a colonel in 1832 . His success in the Second Seminole War attracted national attention and earned him the nickname Old Rough and Ready . In 1845 , during the annexation of Texas , President James K. Polk dispatched Taylor to the Rio Grande in anticipation of a battle with Mexico over the disputed Texas-Mexico border . The Mexican-American War broke out in April 1846 , and Taylor defeated Mexican troops commanded by General Mariano Arista at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma and drove his troops out of Texas . Taylor then led his troops into Mexico , where they defeated Mexican troops commanded by Pedro de Ampudia at the Battle of Monterrey . Defying orders , Taylor led his troops further south and , despite being severely outnumbered , dealt a crushing blow to Mexican forces under Antonio López de Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista .'}]}, {'value': 'July 9 , 1850', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zachary Taylor National Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zachary_Taylor_National_Cemetery', 'summary': "Zachary Taylor National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located at 4701 Brownsboro Road ( US-42 ) , in Louisville , Kentucky . It is named for Zachary Taylor , the 12th President of the United States , who is buried there with his wife , Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor . Zachary Taylor National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on November 3 , 1983 . As of 2014 , the cemetery has over 14,000 interments and is one of seven national cemeteries in the Commonwealth of Kentucky , and one of 112 in the United States . Those buried at the national cemetery served in six wars : Spanish-American War , World War I , World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , and the Persian Gulf War . The cemetery began as the Taylor family cemetery and holds the graves of the president 's parents , Richard Taylor , a colonel in the American Revolutionary War , and Sarah Strother Taylor ; W.G.L . Taylor , a captain for the Confederate States of America and other family members . President Taylor 's son , Richard Taylor , a general for the Confederate States of America , is buried at Metairie Cemetery in New Orleans ."}]}, {'value': 'Louisville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky', 'summary': "Louisville ( US : /ˈluːəvəl/ ( listen ) LOO-ə-vəl , /ˈluːivɪl/ ( listen ) LOO-ee-vil , /ˈlʊvəl/ ( listen ) LUUV-əl , UK : /ˈluːivɪl/ ) is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Kentucky and the 29th most-populous city in the United States . [ d ] It is one of two cities in Kentucky designated as first-class , the other being Lexington , the state 's second-largest city . [ e ] Louisville is the historical seat and , since 2003 , the nominal seat of Jefferson County , on the Indiana border . Named after King Louis XVI of France , Louisville was founded in 1778 by George Rogers Clark , making it one of the oldest cities west of the Appalachians . With nearby Falls of the Ohio as the only major obstruction to river traffic between the upper Ohio River and the Gulf of Mexico , the settlement first grew as a portage site . It was the founding city of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad , which grew into a 6,000-mile ( 9,700 km ) system across 13 states . Today , the city is known as the home of legendary boxer Muhammad Ali , the Kentucky Derby , Kentucky Fried Chicken ( KFC ) , the University of Louisville and its Cardinals , Louisville Slugger baseball bats , and three of Kentucky 's six Fortune 500 companies : Humana , Kindred Healthcare , and Yum ! Brands . Muhammad Ali International Airport , Louisville 's main commercial airport , hosts UPS 's worldwide hub . Since 2003 , Louisville 's borders have been the same as those of Jefferson County , after a city-county merger . The official name of this consolidated city-county government is the Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government , abbreviated to Louisville Metro . Despite the merger and renaming , the term Jefferson County continues to be used in some contexts in reference to Louisville Metro , particularly including the incorporated cities outside the balance which make up Louisville proper ."}]}, {'value': 'Kentucky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kentucky', 'summary': "Kentucky ( UK : /kɛnˈtʌki/ ken-TUK-ee , US : /kən-/ ( listen ) kən- ) , officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky , is a state located in the Southern United States . Although styled as the State of Kentucky in the law creating it , ( because in Kentucky 's first constitution , the term state was used ) , Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth ( the others being Virginia , Pennsylvania , and Massachusetts ) . Originally a part of Virginia , in 1792 Kentucky split from it and became the 15th state to join the Union . Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States . Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State , a nickname based on the bluegrass , a species of grass found in many of its pastures . One of the major regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky , which houses its two largest cities , Louisville and Lexington . It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources , including the world 's longest cave system , Mammoth Cave National Park , one of the greatest lengths of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States , and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River . Kentucky is also known for horse racing , bourbon , moonshine , coal , My Old Kentucky Home historic state park , automobile manufacturing , tobacco , bluegrass music , college basketball , Kentucky Fried Chicken , and the Kentucky colonel ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Millard Fillmore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millard_Fillmore', 'summary': "Millard Fillmore ( January 7 , 1800 - March 8 , 1874 ) was the 13th president of the United States ( 1850-1853 ) , and the last to be a member of the Whig Party while in the White House . A former U.S. representative from New York , Fillmore was elected the nation 's 12th vice president in 1848 , and succeeded to the presidency in July 1850 upon the death of President Zachary Taylor . He was instrumental in the passing of the Compromise of 1850 , a bargain that led to a brief truce in the battle over slavery . He failed to win the Whig nomination for president in 1852 ; he gained the endorsement of the nativist Know Nothing Party four years later , finishing third in the 1856 presidential election . Fillmore was born into poverty in the Finger Lakes area of New York state - his parents were tenant farmers during his formative years . Though he had little formal schooling , he rose from poverty through diligent study and became a successful attorney . He became prominent in the Buffalo area as an attorney and politician , and was elected to the New York Assembly in 1828 , and to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1832 . Initially , he belonged to the Anti-Masonic Party , but became a Whig as the party formed in the mid-1830s ; he was a rival for state party leadership with editor Thurlow Weed and Weed 's protégé , William H. Seward . Throughout his career , Fillmore declared slavery an evil , but one beyond the powers of the federal government , whereas Seward was not only openly hostile to slavery , he argued that the federal government had a role to play in ending it . Fillmore was an unsuccessful candidate for Speaker of the House when the Whigs took control of the chamber in 1841 but was made Ways and Means Committee chairman . Defeated in bids for the Whig nomination for vice president in 1844 , and for New York governor the same year , Fillmore was elected Comptroller of New York in 1847 , the first to hold that post by direct election . As vice president , Fillmore was largely ignored by Taylor , even in the dispensing of patronage in New York , on which Taylor consulted Weed and Seward ."}]}, {'value': 'March 8 , 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forest Lawn Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forest_Lawn_Cemetery_(Buffalo)', 'summary': 'Forest Lawn Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery in Buffalo , New York founded in 1849 by Charles E. Clarke . It covers over 269 acres ( 1.1 km2 ) and over 152,000 are buried there , including U.S. President Millard Fillmore , First Lady Abigail Fillmore , singer Rick James , and inventor Lawrence Dale Bell . Forest Lawn is on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Buffalo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York', 'summary': "Buffalo is the second largest city in the U.S. state of New York and the largest city in Western New York . As of 2018 [ update ] , the population was 256,304 . The city is the county seat of Erie County and a major gateway for commerce and travel across the Canada-United States border , forming part of the bi-national Buffalo Niagara Region . As of the April 1 , 2010 , the metropolitan statistical area ( MSA ) had a population of 1,135,509 ; the combined statistical area ( CSA ) , which adds Cattaraugus County , had a population of 1,215,826 inhabitants . The Buffalo area was inhabited before the 17th century by the Native American Iroquois tribe and later by French colonizers . The city grew significantly in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of immigration , the construction of the Erie Canal and rail transportation , and its close proximity to Lake Erie . This growth provided an abundance of fresh water and an ample trade route to the Midwestern United States while grooming its economy for the grain , steel and automobile industries that dominated the city 's economy in the 20th century . Since the city 's economy relied heavily on manufacturing , deindustrialization in the latter half of the 20th century led to a steady decline in population . While some manufacturing activity remains , Buffalo 's economy has transitioned to service industries with a greater emphasis on healthcare , research and higher education , which emerged following the Great Recession . Buffalo is on the eastern shore of Lake Erie , at the head of the Niagara River , 16 miles ( 26 km ) south of Niagara Falls . Its early embrace of electric power led to the nickname The City of Light . The city is also famous for its urban planning and layout by Joseph Ellicott , an extensive system of parks designed by Frederick Law Olmsted , as well as significant architectural works ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Franklin Pierce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Franklin_Pierce', 'summary': "Franklin Pierce ( November 23 , 1804 - October 8 , 1869 ) was the 14th president of the United States ( 1853-1857 ) , a northern Democrat who saw the abolitionist movement as a fundamental threat to the unity of the nation . He alienated anti-slavery groups by championing and signing the Kansas-Nebraska Act and enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act , yet he failed to stem conflict between North and South , setting the stage for Southern secession and the American Civil War . Pierce was born in New Hampshire , and served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the Senate until he resigned from the Senate in 1842 . His private law practice was a success , and he was appointed New Hampshire 's U.S. Attorney in 1845 . He took part in the Mexican-American War as a brigadier general in the Army . He was seen by Democrats as a compromise candidate uniting northern and southern interests and was nominated as the party 's candidate for president on the 49th ballot at the 1852 Democratic National Convention . He and running mate William R. King easily defeated the Whig Party ticket of Winfield Scott and William A. Graham in the 1852 presidential election . As president , Pierce simultaneously attempted to enforce neutral standards for civil service while also satisfying the diverse elements of the Democratic Party with patronage , an effort which largely failed and turned many in his party against him . He was a Young America expansionist who signed the Gadsden Purchase of land from Mexico and led a failed attempt to acquire Cuba from Spain . He signed trade treaties with Britain and Japan , while his Cabinet reformed their departments and improved accountability , but these successes were overshadowed by political strife during his presidency . His popularity declined sharply in the Northern states after he supported the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which nullified the Missouri Compromise , while many whites in the South continued to support him . Passage of the act led to violent conflict over the expansion of slavery in the American West ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8 , 1869', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Old North Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Old_North_Cemetery_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)', 'summary': "Old North Cemetery is a historic cemetery on North State Street in Concord , New Hampshire . Established in 1730 , it is the city 's oldest cemetery . Franklin Pierce , fourteenth president of the United States , is buried in the cemetery , as are his wife Jane and two of his three sons . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 9 , 2008 . The cemetery continues to accept new burials ."}]}, {'value': 'Concord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire', 'summary': "Concord ( /ˈkɒŋkərd/ ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Hampshire and the county seat of Merrimack County . As of the 2010 census , its population was 42,695 , and in 2018 the population was an estimated 43,412 . Concord includes the villages of Penacook , East Concord , and West Concord . The city is home to the University of New Hampshire School of Law , New Hampshire 's only law school ; St. Paul 's School , a private preparatory school ; NHTI , a two-year community college ; the New Hampshire Police Academy ; and the New Hampshire Fire Academy . It is the resting place of Franklin Pierce , 14th President of the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'New Hampshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Hampshire', 'summary': "New Hampshire ( /ˈhæmpʃər/ ) is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States . It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south , Vermont to the west , Maine and the Atlantic Ocean to the east , and the Canadian province of Quebec to the north . New Hampshire is the 5th smallest by area and the 10th least populous U.S. state . Concord is the state capital , while Manchester is the largest city . New Hampshire has no general sales tax , nor income tax other than on interest and dividends . The New Hampshire primary is the first primary in the U.S. presidential election cycle . Its license plates carry the state motto , Live Free or Die . The state 's nickname , The Granite State , refers to its extensive granite formations and quarries . In January 1776 , it became the first of the British North American colonies to establish a government independent of the Kingdom of Great Britain 's authority , and it was the first to establish its own state constitution . Six months later , it became one of the original 13 colonies that signed the United States Declaration of Independence , and in June 1788 it was the ninth state to ratify the United States Constitution , bringing that document into effect . Historically , New Hampshire was a major center for textile manufacturing , shoemaking , and papermaking , with Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester at one time being the largest cotton textile plant in the world . Numerous mills were located along various rivers in the state , especially the Merrimack and Connecticut rivers ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Buchanan', 'summary': "James Buchanan Jr. ( /bjuːˈkænən/ ; April 23 , 1791 - June 1 , 1868 ) served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861 , serving directly prior to the American Civil War . A member of the Democratic Party for much of his career , Buchanan served as Secretary of State and represented Pennsylvania in both houses of the U.S. Congress before becoming President . Born in Cove Gap , Pennsylvania , Buchanan became a prominent lawyer and won election to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as a Federalist . In 1820 , he won election to the U.S. House of Representatives , aligning with Andrew Jackson 's Democratic Party . He served as Jackson 's Minister to Russia , then won election as a U.S. senator from Pennsylvania . In 1845 , he was appointed to serve as President James K. Polk 's Secretary of State . He was a major contender for his party 's presidential nomination throughout the 1840s and 1850s and was finally nominated in 1856 , defeating incumbent President Franklin Pierce and Senator Stephen A. Douglas at the 1856 Democratic National Convention . Buchanan and running mate John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky defeated Republican John C. Frémont and Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore to win the 1856 presidential election . President Buchanan supported the Dred Scott decision and joined with Southern leaders in attempting to admit Kansas to the Union as a slave state under the Lecompton Constitution . In the process , he angered Republicans and alienated many Northern Democrats . Buchanan held to his pledge to serve only one term and supported Breckinridge 's unsuccessful candidacy in the 1860 presidential election . Several Southern states seceded from the U.S. after Republican Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election , and the American Civil War began just weeks after Buchanan left office ."}]}, {'value': 'June 1 , 1868', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodward Hill Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodward_Hill_Cemetery', 'summary': 'Woodward Hill Cemetery is a 32-acre historic rural or garden cemetery in Lancaster , Pennsylvania . It was founded by the Trinity Lutheran Church of Lancaster in 1850 , but became a non-denominational cemetery in 1856 . It is known for being the burial place of James Buchanan , the 15th President of the United States . In 2005 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Lancaster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Lancaster ( /ˈlæŋkɪstər/ LANG-kə-stər ) is a city located in South Central Pennsylvania which serves as the seat of Pennsylvania 's Lancaster County and one of the oldest inland towns in the United States . With a population of 59,322 , it ranks eighth in population among Pennsylvania 's cities . The Lancaster metropolitan area population is 507,766 , making it the 101st largest metropolitan area in the U.S. and second largest in the South Central Pennsylvania area . The city 's primary industries include healthcare , tourism , public administration , manufacturing , and both professional and semi-professional services . Lancaster hosts more electronic public CCTV outdoor cameras per capita than cities such as Boston or San Francisco , despite controversy among residents . Lancaster was home to James Buchanan , the nation 's 15th president , and to congressman and abolitionist Thaddeus Stevens ."}]}, {'value': 'Pennsylvania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Pennsylvania ( /ˌpɛnsəlˈveɪniə/ ( listen ) PEN-səl-VAY-nee-ə ) , officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , is a state located in the Northeastern , Great Lakes , Appalachian , and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States . The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle . The Commonwealth is bordered by Delaware to the southeast , Maryland to the south , West Virginia to the southwest , Ohio to the west , Lake Erie and the Canadian province of Ontario to the northwest , New York to the north , and New Jersey to the east . Pennsylvania is the 33rd-largest state by area , and the 5th-most populous state according to the most recent official U.S. Census count in 2010 . It is the 9th-most densely populated of the 50 states . Pennsylvania 's two most populous cities are Philadelphia ( 1,580,863 ) , and Pittsburgh ( 302,407 ) . The state capital and its 10th-largest city is Harrisburg . Pennsylvania has 140 miles ( 225 km ) of waterfront along Lake Erie and the Delaware River . The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States ; it came into being in 1681 as a result of a royal land grant to William Penn , the son of the state 's namesake . Part of Pennsylvania ( along the Delaware River ) , together with the present State of Delaware , had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden . It was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution , on December 12 , 1787 . Independence Hall , where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted , is located in the state 's largest city of Philadelphia ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abraham Lincoln', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln', 'summary': "Abraham Lincoln ( /ˈlɪŋkən/ ; February 12 , 1809 - April 15 , 1865 ) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States ( 1861-1865 ) . Lincoln led the nation through its greatest moral , constitutional , and political crisis in the American Civil War . He preserved the Union , abolished slavery , strengthened the federal government , and modernized the U.S. economy . Lincoln was born in poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana . He was self-educated and became a lawyer , Whig Party leader , Illinois state legislator , and U.S . Congressman from Illinois . In 1849 he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas-Nebraska Act . He reentered politics in 1854 , becoming a leader in the new Republican Party and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas . Lincoln ran for President in 1860 , sweeping the North in victory . Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North 's rejection of their right to practice slavery , and southern states began seceding from the union . To secure its independence , the new Confederate States of America fired on Fort Sumter , a U.S. fort in the South , and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union . As the leader of moderate Republicans , Lincoln found his political opposition was manifold , and included Radical Republicans , War Democrats , Copperheads ( anti-war Democrats ) , and irreconcilable secessionists ."}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1865', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lincoln Tomb , Oak Ridge Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb', 'summary': "The Lincoln Tomb is the final resting place of the 16th President of the United States , Abraham Lincoln , his wife , Mary Todd Lincoln , and three of their four sons , Edward , William , and Thomas . It is located in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield , Illinois . Constructed of granite , the tomb has a single-story rectangular base , surmounted by an obelisk , with a semicircular receiving room entrance-way , on one end , and semicircular crypt or burial-room opposite . Four flights of balustraded stairs - two flanking the entrance at the front and two at the rear - lead to a level terrace . The balustrade extends around the terrace to form a parapet where near the center are several statues located at the base of the obelisk . The obelisk rises 117 feet ( 36m ) high . A bronze recasting of sculptor Gutzon Borglum 's head of Lincoln in the U.S. Capitol rests on a pedestal in front of the entrance way . Inside the ground level entrance is a rotunda with connecting hallways to the burial room . Marble is used throughout the interior and several well-known , specially cast statues of Lincoln are displayed . A stained glass window and flags adorn the crypt , which is centered around a red marble cenotaph . At the close of the ceremonies and events marking Lincoln 's death , his body was placed in a nearby receiving tomb and later in the state tomb . The mausoleum is owned and administered by the State of Illinois as Lincoln Tomb State Historic Site ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Cemetery', 'summary': "Oak Ridge Cemetery is a cemetery located in Springfield , Illinois , in the United States . The Lincoln Tomb , which serves as the final resting place of Abraham Lincoln , his wife and all but one of his children , is located at Oak Ridge . A number of other prominent politicians and persons from Illinois are also buried at the cemetery . As a result of Lincoln 's Tomb , Oak Ridge is the second-most visited cemetery in the United States , after Arlington National Cemetery . Oak Ridge is the third and now only public cemetery in Springfield ; the other two cemeteries were the City Cemetery and Hutchinson . Oak Ridge was established in 1860 and designed by William Saunders as part of the Rural Cemetery Landscape Lawn Style . The location of the cemetery was carefully selected because of the topography , which included rolling hills which was key in the Rural Cemetery Landscape Lawn Style . The many oak trees in the cemetery is how Oak Ridge got its name . The ridge borders low-lying Spring Creek , creating landscaped topography unusual in central Illinois . The newest section , in the southwest , of Oak Ridge opened after 1945 . The design follows the Memorial Park style cemetery in which roadways are wider to accommodate vehicles . The Cemetery has memorials for the Korean War and World War II , and the Illinois Vietnam Veterans Memorial ."}]}, {'value': 'Springfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois', 'summary': "Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County . The city 's population was 116,250 at the 2010 U.S. Census , which makes it the state 's sixth most-populous city , the second largest outside of the Chicago metropolitan area ( after Rockford ) , and the largest in central Illinois . As of 2018 , the city 's population was estimated to have decreased to 114,694 , with just over 211,700 residents living in the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Sangamon County and the adjacent Menard County . Present-day Springfield was settled by European Americans in the late 1810s , around the time Illinois became a state . The most famous historic resident was Abraham Lincoln , who lived in Springfield from 1837 until 1861 , when he went to the White House as President . Major tourist attractions include multiple sites connected with Lincoln including his presidential library and museum , his home , and his tomb at Oak Ridge Cemetery . The capital is centrally located within the state . The city lies in a valley and plain near the Sangamon River . Lake Springfield , a large artificial lake owned by the City Water , Light & Power company ( CWLP ) , supplies the city with recreation and drinking water . Weather is fairly typical for middle latitude locations , with hot summers and cold winters . Spring and summer weather is like that of most midwestern cities ; severe thunderstorms may occur . Tornadoes hit the Springfield area in 1957 and 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Illinois', 'summary': "Illinois ( /ˌɪləˈnɔɪ/ ( listen ) IL-ə-NOY ) is a state in the Midwestern and Great Lakes Regions of the United States . It has the fifth largest gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the sixth largest population , and the 25th largest land area of all U.S. states . Illinois has been noted as a microcosm of the entire United States . With Chicago in northeastern Illinois , small industrial cities and immense agricultural productivity in the north and center of the state , and natural resources such as coal , timber , and petroleum in the south , Illinois has a diverse economic base , and is a major transportation hub . Chicagoland , Chicago 's metropolitan area , encompasses over 65% of the state 's population . The Port of Chicago connects the state to international ports via two main routes : from the Great Lakes , via the Saint Lawrence Seaway , to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River , via the Illinois Waterway to the Illinois River . The Mississippi River , the Ohio River , and the Wabash River form parts of the boundaries of Illinois . For decades , Chicago 's O'Hare International Airport has been ranked as one of the world 's busiest airports . Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and , through the 1980s , in politics . The capital of Illinois is Springfield , which is located in the central part of the state . Although today Illinois 's largest population center is in its northeast , the state 's European population grew first in the west as the French settled lands near the Mississippi River , when the region was known as Illinois Country and was part of New France . Following the American Revolutionary War , American settlers began arriving from Kentucky in the 1780s via the Ohio River , and the population grew from south to north ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Johnson', 'summary': "Andrew Johnson ( December 29 , 1808 - July 31 , 1875 ) was the 17th president of the United States , serving from 1865 to 1869 . Johnson assumed the presidency as he was vice president of the United States at the time of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . A Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union ticket , Johnson came to office as the Civil War concluded . He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the former slaves . This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress , culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868 . Johnson was subsequently acquitted in the Senate by one vote . Johnson 's main accomplishment as president was the Alaska purchase . Johnson was born in poverty in Raleigh , North Carolina , and never attended school . Apprenticed as a tailor , he worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville , Tennessee . He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House of Representatives in 1835 . After brief service in the Tennessee Senate , Johnson was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1843 , where he served five two-year terms . He became governor of Tennessee for four years , and was elected by the legislature to the U.S. Senate in 1857 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 31 , 1875', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Johnson National Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Johnson_National_Cemetery', 'summary': "The Andrew Johnson National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery on the grounds of the Andrew Johnson National Historic Site in Greeneville , Tennessee . Established in 1906 , the cemetery was built around the resting place of Andrew Johnson , the 17th President of the United States , and holds more than two thousand graves . Andrew Johnson acquired twenty-three acres outside Greeneville on Signal Hill in 1852 . It is held by family tradition that Andrew Johnson greatly enjoyed the view the hill provided . It became known as Signal Hill due to being an excellent place for soldiers to signal to friendly forces . When Johnson died , he was buried on the property on August 3 , 1875 . The funeral was performed by Freemasons . On June 5 , 1878 , a 28-foot ( 8.5 m ) tall marble statue was placed by Johnson 's grave . The monument was considered so dominant that the hill 's name was changed to Monument Hill . His daughter Martha Johnson Patterson willed on September 2 , 1898 , that the land become a park . She further pushed in 1900 to make the site a national cemetery , so that instead of the Johnson family maintaining it , the federal government would . The United States Congress chose to make the site a National Cemetery in 1906 , and by 1908 the United States War Department took control of it ."}]}, {'value': 'Greeneville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greeneville,_Tennessee', 'summary': "Greeneville is a town in , and the county seat of Greene County , Tennessee , United States . The population as of the 2010 census was 15,062 . The town was named in honor of Revolutionary War hero Nathanael Greene . It is the only town with this spelling in the United States , although there are numerous U.S. towns named Greenville . The town was the capital of the short-lived State of Franklin in the 18th-century history of the Tennessee region . Greeneville is notable as the town where United States President Andrew Johnson began his political career when elected from his trade as a tailor . He and his family lived there most of his adult years . It was an area of strong abolitionist and Unionist views and yeoman farmers , an environment which influenced Johnson 's outlook . The Greeneville Historic District was established in 1974 . The U.S. Navy Los Angeles-class submarine USS Greeneville was named in honor of the town . Greeneville is part of the Johnson City-Kingsport- Bristol TN-VA Combined Statistical Area - commonly known as the Tri-Cities region ."}]}, {'value': 'Tennessee', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee', 'summary': "Tennessee ( /ˌtɛnəˈsiː/ ( listen ) , locally /ˈtɛnəsi/ ; Cherokee : ᏔᎾᏏ , romanized : Tanasi ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Tennessee is the 36th largest and the 16th most populous of the 50 United States . Tennessee is bordered by eight states , with Kentucky to the north , Virginia to the northeast , North Carolina to the east , Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi to the south , Arkansas to the west , and Missouri to the northwest . The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state , and the Mississippi River forms the state 's western border . Nashville is the state 's capital and largest city , with a 2017 population of 667,560 and a 2017 metro population of 1,903,045 . Tennessee 's second largest city is Memphis , which had a population of 652,236 in 2017 . The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association , a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians . What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina , and later part of the Southwest Territory . Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1 , 1796 . Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 . Occupied by Union forces from 1862 , it was the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war . Tennessee furnished more soldiers for the Confederate Army than any other state besides Virginia , and more soldiers for the Union Army than the rest of the Confederacy combined ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulysses S. Grant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant', 'summary': "Ulysses S. Grant ( born Hiram Ulysses Grant ; April 27 , 1822 - July 23 , 1885 ) was an American soldier and politician who served as the 18th president of the United States from 1869 to 1877 . Before his presidency , Grant led the Union Army as Commanding General of the United States Army in winning the American Civil War . As president , Grant worked with the Radical Republicans in the Reconstruction of the Union while having to deal with corruption in his administration . Raised in Ohio , young Grant possessed an exceptional ability with horses , which served him well through his military career . He was admitted to West Point and graduated from the U.S. military academy in 1843 . Grant served with distinction in the Mexican-American War . In 1848 , he married Julia Dent , and together they had four children . Grant abruptly resigned his army commission in 1854 and returned to his family , but lived in poverty for seven years . During the Civil War , he joined the Union Army in 1861 , and led the Vicksburg campaign , which gained control of the Mississippi River in 1863 . After Grant 's victory at Chattanooga , President Abraham Lincoln promoted Grant to Lieutenant General . For thirteen months , Grant fought Robert E. Lee during the high casualty Overland Campaign and at Petersburg . On April 9 , 1865 , Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox ."}]}, {'value': 'July 23 , 1885', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General Grant National Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Grant's_Tomb", 'summary': "Grant 's Tomb , officially the General Grant National Memorial , is the final resting place of Ulysses S. Grant , 18th President of the United States , and his wife , Julia Grant . It is a classical domed mausoleum , located in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Upper Manhattan in New York City . The structure is located in the median of Riverside Drive at 122nd Street , across from Riverside Church to the southeast and Riverside Park to the west . On Grants death in 1885 , his widow declared that he had wished to be buried in New York , and a new committee , the Grant Monument Association , appealed for funds . Progress was slow at first , since many believed that the tomb should be in Washington D.C. , and because there was no architectural design to show . Eventually they selected a proposal by John Hemenway Duncan for a tomb of unmistakably military character , modeled after the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus , with twin sarcophagi based on Napoleons tomb at Les Invalides . The tomb was completed in 1897 , and has been under the management of the National Park Service since 1958 . After a period of neglect , it has been restored and rededicated . It is open to the public from Wednesdays through Saturdays ."}]}, {'value': 'New York City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_City', 'summary': "New York City ( NYC ) , also known as the City of New York or simply New York ( NY ) , is the most populous city in the United States . With an estimated 2018 population of 8,398,748 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square miles ( 784 km2 ) , New York is also the most densely populated major city in the United States . Located at the southern tip of the U.S. state of New York , the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area , the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass and one of the world 's most populous megacities , with an estimated 19,979,477 people in its 2018 metropolitan statistical area and 22,679,948 residents in its combined statistical area . A global power city , New York City has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , and exerts a significant impact upon commerce , entertainment , research , technology , education , politics , tourism , art , fashion , and sports . The city 's fast pace has inspired the term New York minute . Home to the headquarters of the United Nations , New York is an important center for international diplomacy . Situated on one of the world 's largest natural harbors , New York City consists of five boroughs , each of which is a separate county of the State of New York . The five boroughs - Brooklyn , Queens , Manhattan , The Bronx , and Staten Island - were consolidated into a single city in 1898 . The city and its metropolitan area constitute the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York , making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world . New York City is home to 3.2 million residents born outside the United States , the largest foreign born population of any city in the world as of 2016 . As of 2019 [ update ] , the New York metropolitan area is estimated to produce a gross metropolitan product ( GMP ) of US $ 2.0 trillion ."}]}, {'value': 'New York', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_(state)', 'summary': "New York is a state located in the Northeastern United States . New York was one of the original thirteen colonies that formed the United States . With an estimated 19.45 million residents in 2019 , it is the fourth most populous state . In order to distinguish the state from its city with the same name , it is commonly referred to as New York State ( NYS ) . The state 's most populous city , New York City , makes up over 40% of the state 's population . Two-thirds of the state 's population lives in the New York metropolitan area , and nearly 40% lives on Long Island . The state and city were both named for the 17th-century Duke of York , the future King James II of England . With an estimated population of 8.39 million in 2018 , New York City is the most populous city in the United States and the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States . The New York metropolitan area is one of the most populous in the world . New York City is a global city , home to the United Nations Headquarters , and has been described as the cultural , financial , and media capital of the world , as well as the world 's most economically powerful city . The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo , Rochester , Yonkers , and Syracuse , while the state capital is Albany . The 27th largest U.S. state in land area , New York has a diverse geography ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rutherford B. Hayes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes', 'summary': 'Rutherford Birchard Hayes ( October 4 , 1822 - January 17 , 1893 ) was the 19th president of the United States from 1877 to 1881 , having served in the U.S. House of Representatives and as governor of Ohio . Hayes , a lawyer and staunch abolitionist , defended refugee slaves in court proceedings in the antebellum years . The Republican Party nominated Hayes as its candidate for the presidency in 1876 , where he won through the Compromise of 1877 that officially ended Reconstruction by leaving the South to govern itself . In office he withdrew military troops from the South , ending Army support for Republican state governments in the South and for the efforts of African-American freedmen to establish their families as free citizens . Hayes promoted civil-service reform , and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War of 1861-1865 and from the Reconstruction Era of 1865-1877 . Hayes , an attorney in Ohio , served as city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861 . When the Civil War began , he left a fledgling political career to join the Union Army as an officer . Hayes was wounded five times , most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain in 1862 . He earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general . After the war , Hayes served in the Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican . Hayes left Congress to run for governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms , from 1868 to 1872 . Later he served a third two-year term , from 1876 to 1877 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 17 , 1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spiegel Grove', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spiegel_Grove', 'summary': "Spiegel Grove , also known as Spiegel Grove State Park , Rutherford B. Hayes House , Rutherford B. Hayes Summer Home and Rutherford B. Hayes State Memorial was the estate of Rutherford B. Hayes , the nineteenth President of the United States , located at the corner of Hayes and Buckland Avenues in Fremont , Ohio . Spiegel is the German and Dutch word for mirror . The traditional story is that the estate was named by Hayes ' uncle Sardis Birchard , who first built it for his own residence . He named it for the reflective pools of water that collected on the property after a rain shower . Rutherford Hayes inherited the estate and moved there in 1873 . He died in 1893 and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery next to his wife who had died in 1889 . Following the gift of this home to the state of Ohio for the Spiegel Grove State Park , their bodies were reinterred at Spiegel Grove in 1915 . They are buried at a memorial on the property . The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center , established in 1916 , is also located here . Old Whitey , a war horse that served during the Civil War and belonged to then-Major ( later Major General ) Hayes , became the mascot of the 23rd Ohio Volunteer Infantry . The horse was buried at Spiegel Grove upon his death in 1879 , with a grave marker reading Old Whitey A Hero of Nineteen Battles 1861-1865 . Spiegel Grove was designated as a National Historic Landmark on January 29 , 1964 ."}]}, {'value': 'Fremont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio', 'summary': 'Fremont ( formerly Lower Sandusky ) is a city in and the county seat of Sandusky County , Ohio , United States , located along the west bank of the Sandusky River . It is about 35 miles from Toledo and 25 miles from Sandusky . The population was 16,734 at the 2010 census . The city was the home of Rutherford B. Hayes , who served as President of the United States from 1877 to 1881 . The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center was the first presidential library and is one of the focal points of the city . The National Arbor Day Foundation designated Fremont as a Tree City USA .'}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A. Garfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Garfield', 'summary': "James Abram Garfield ( November 19 , 1831 - September 19 , 1881 ) was the 20th president of the United States , serving from March 4 , 1881 until his death by assassination six and a half months later . He is the only sitting member of the United States House of Representatives to be elected to the presidency . Garfield entered politics as a Republican in 1857 . He served as a member of the Ohio State Senate from 1859 to 1861 . Garfield opposed Confederate secession , served as a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War , and fought in the battles of Middle Creek , Shiloh , and Chickamauga . He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohio 's 19th District . Throughout Garfield 's extended congressional service after the Civil War , he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator . Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction , but later favored a moderate approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen . At the 1880 Republican National Convention , delegates chose Garfield - who had not sought the White House - as a compromise presidential candidate on the 36th ballot . In the 1880 presidential election , Garfield conducted a low-key front porch campaign and narrowly defeated Democrat Winfield Scott Hancock . Garfield 's accomplishments as president included a resurgence of presidential authority against senatorial courtesy in executive appointments , purging corruption in the Post Office , and appointing a U.S. Supreme Court justice . He enhanced the powers of the presidency when he defied the powerful New York senator Roscoe Conkling by appointing William H. Robertson to the lucrative post of Collector of the Port of New York , starting a fracas that ended with Robertson 's confirmation and Conkling 's resignation from the Senate ."}]}, {'value': 'September 19 , 1881', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'James A. Garfield Memorial , Lake View Cemetery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial', 'summary': "The James A. Garfield Memorial was built in memory of the 20th U.S. President , James A. Garfield , who was assassinated in 1881 . The memorial is located at 12316 Euclid Avenue in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland , Ohio . The country grieved for his loss almost as much as they had done for Lincoln , 16 years previously . In Washington , 100,000 plus citizens visited his casket , lying in state in the Capitol . Part of the memorial 's funding came from pennies sent in by children throughout the country . The caskets of the President and Lucretia Garfield lie in a crypt beneath the memorial , along with the ashes of their daughter and son-in-law , ( Mary Mollie Garfield Stanley-Brown ( 1867-1947 ) and Joseph Stanley Brown ) . The tomb was designed by architect George Keller , with reliefs depicting scenes from Garfield 's life . All the stone for the monument came from the quarries of the Cleveland Stone Company , and was quarried locally . The exterior sculptures were done by Caspar Buberl . Its construction began in 1885 , and it was dedicated on May 30 , 1890 . Its cost , $ 135,000 ( $ 3,800,000 in 2019 dollars ) , was funded entirely through private donations . The round tower is 50 feet ( 15 m ) in diameter and 180 feet ( 55 m ) high ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery', 'summary': "Lake View Cemetery is a privately owned , nonprofit garden cemetery located in the cities of Cleveland , Cleveland Heights , and East Cleveland in the U.S. state of Ohio . Founded in 1869 , the cemetery was favored by wealthy families during the Gilded Age , and today the cemetery is known for its numerous lavish funerary monuments and mausoleums . The extensive early monument building at Lake View helped give rise to the Little Italy neighborhood , but over-expansion nearly bankrupted the burial ground in 1888 . Financial recovery only began in 1893 , and took several years . Lake View grew and modernized significantly from 1896 to 1915 under the leadership of president Henry R. Hatch . The cemetery 's cautious management allowed it to avoid retrenchment and financial problems during the Great Depression . Two sites within the cemetery are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The first is the James A. Garfield Memorial , erected in 1890 as the tomb of assassinated President James A. Garfield . The second is Wade Memorial Chapel , which began construction in 1898 and was completed in 1901 . It honors the memory of Jeptha Wade , one of the cemetery 's co-founders , and was donated by his grandson ."}]}, {'value': 'Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': 'Ohio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ohio', 'summary': "Ohio /oʊˈhaɪoʊ/ ( listen ) is a state in the East North Central region of the Midwestern United States . Of the fifty states , it is the 34th largest by area , the seventh most populous , and the tenth most densely populated . The state 's capital and largest city is Columbus . Ohio is bordered by Lake Erie to the north , Pennsylvania to the east , West Virginia to the southeast , Kentucky to the southwest , Indiana to the west , and Michigan to the northwest . The state takes its name from the Ohio River , whose name in turn originated from the Seneca word ohiːyo ' , meaning good river , great river or large creek . Partitioned from the Northwest Territory , Ohio was the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1 , 1803 , and the first under the Northwest Ordinance . Ohio is historically known as the Buckeye State after its Ohio buckeye trees , and Ohioans are also known as Buckeyes . Ohio rose from the wilderness of Ohio Country west of Appalachia in colonial times through the Northwest Indian Wars as part of the Northwest Territory in the early frontier , to become the first non-colonial free state admitted to the union , to an industrial powerhouse in the 20th century before transitioning to a more information and service based economy in the 21st . The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch , led by the governor ; the legislative branch , which comprises the bicameral Ohio General Assembly ; and the judicial branch , led by the state Supreme Court . Ohio occupies 16 seats in the United States House of Representatives . Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections . Seven presidents of the United States have been elected who had Ohio as their home state ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Presidential burial places', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_burial_places_of_Presidents_of_the_United_States_0', 'intro': "Burial places of presidents and vice presidents of the United States are located across 23 states and the District of Columbia. Since the office was established in 1789, 44 persons have served as President of the United States. Of these, 39 have died. The state with the most presidential burial sites is Virginia with seven. Since its 1789 establishment, 48 persons have served as Vice President of the United States. Of these, 42 have died. The state with the most vice presidential burial sites is New York with 10. Fourteen persons have served as both president and as vice president. Of these, all have died, and each is listed in both tables. Altogether, 78 persons have held either or both offices. Of these, 67 have died. The first table below lists each deceased president's place of burial, along with date of death, and the order of their presidency."}
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Which american president is buried in a city that had a population of 4,721 individuals in the 2010 census ?
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James Madison
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035d857ebac9c19f
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Nintendo_3DS_(North_America)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Nintendo 3DS (North America)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Developer ( s )', 'Release Date', 'ESRB'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alleyway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alleyway_(video_game)', 'summary': "Alleyway ( アレイウェイ , Areiuĕi ) is a 1989 video game developed by Nintendo and Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo as a global launch title for the Game Boy . It is a Breakout clone and one of the first four games developed and released for the system . The game was released first in Japan in 1989 , in North America later that year , and in Europe in 1990 . It was later re-released via online distribution for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in June 2011 . The name Alleyway references the in-game gateway that the player 's spaceship ( represented as a paddle ) must pass through . While Alleyway is a portable clone of Breakout , it adds several new features , including alternating stages , bonus rounds , and hazards for the player at later levels . While the game 's original box art featured an unidentifiable protagonist , later international releases of the game replaced the character with Mario . Alleyway was released with limited advertising , receiving moderate to low scores from reviewers who compared it to games like Arkanoid ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 6 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Radar Mission', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Radar_Mission', 'summary': 'Radar Mission [ a ] is a Nintendo Game Boy title developed and released in 1990 in Japan and North America by Nintendo . It was one of the earliest Game Boy titles , and was the first military-based game released for the Game Boy . On June 6 , 2011 , the game was re-released as a launch title for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console system via online distribution .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 6 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Land', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Land', 'summary': "Super Mario Land [ a ] is a 1989 side-scrolling platform video game developed and published by Nintendo as a launch title for their Game Boy handheld game console . It is the first Mario platform game ever to be released for a handheld console . In gameplay similar to that of the 1985 Super Mario Bros. , but resized for the smaller device 's screen , the player advances Mario to the end of 12 levels by moving to the right and jumping across platforms to avoid enemies and pitfalls . Unlike other Mario games , Super Mario Land is set in Sarasaland , a new environment depicted in line art , and Mario pursues Princess Daisy ( who makes her debut in this game ) . The game also includes two Gradius-style shooter levels . At Nintendo CEO Hiroshi Yamauchi 's request , Game Boy creator Gunpei Yokoi 's Nintendo R & D1 developed a Mario game to sell the new console . It was the first portable version of Mario and the first to be made without Mario creator and Yokoi protégé Shigeru Miyamoto . Accordingly , the development team shrunk Mario gameplay elements for the device and used some elements inconsistently from the series . Super Mario Land was expected to showcase the console until Nintendo of America bundled Tetris with new Game Boys . The game launched alongside the Game Boy first in Japan ( April 1989 ) and later worldwide . Super Mario Land was later rereleased for the Nintendo 3DS via Virtual Console in 2011 again as a launch title , which featured some tweaks to the game 's presentation . The game was lauded by critics , who were satisfied with the franchise 's transition to the Game Boy , but noted its short length ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 6 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donkey Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(Game_Boy)', 'summary': "Donkey Kong [ a ] is a 1994 platform game developed by Nintendo for the Game Boy handheld video game system , which also contains puzzle elements . Donkey Kong is loosely based on the 1981 arcade game of the same name and its sequel Donkey Kong Jr . The game was known under the working title Donkey Kong '94 before the release . Like in the original arcade and NES version , the player takes control of Mario and must rescue Pauline from Donkey Kong ( who are both given updated character designs for this game ) . Donkey Kong Jr. makes a guest appearance in the game on some levels , helping his father hinder Mario 's progress . This was the first Game Boy title designed with enhanced features when played on the Super Game Boy . It features gameplay elements from Donkey Kong , Donkey Kong Jr. , and Super Mario Bros. 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 16 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis_(1984_video_game)', 'summary': 'Tennis [ a ] is a sports game developed and released by Nintendo for the NES . In North America and Europe , Tennis was one of 18 launch games for the NES . The game was also later released for the Game Boy as a launch title in North America .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Intelligent Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intelligent_Systems', 'summary': "Intelligent Systems Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer closely affiliated with Nintendo and best known for developing the Fire Emblem , Paper Mario , WarioWare , and Wars series . Originally , the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , but later moved to a building near Nintendo 's main headquarters in October 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 23 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kirby 's Dream Land", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kirby's_Dream_Land", 'summary': "Kirby 's Dream Land [ a ] is an action platform video game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy . Released in 1992 , it is the first video game in the Kirby series and the debut of Kirby . As the inaugural Kirby title it created many conventions that would appear in later games in the series . However , Kirby 's iconic copy ability would not appear until Kirby 's Adventure , released less than one year later . Kirby 's Dream Land was designed by Masahiro Sakurai , who intended it to be a simple game that could be easy to pick up and play by those unfamiliar with action games . For more advanced players , he offered additional optional challenges such as an unlockable hard mode and the ability to edit Kirby 's maximum HP and starting number of lives . Kirby 's Dream Land was re-released on the Nintendo 3DS via the Virtual Console in 2011 and is also one of the games included in the compilation game Kirby 's Dream Collection for the Wii , released to celebrate Kirby 's 20th anniversary ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'HAL Laboratory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/HAL_Laboratory', 'summary': 'HAL Laboratory , Inc. is a Japanese video game developer founded on February 21 , 1980 . While it is officially independent , it has been closely affiliated with Nintendo throughout its history . The company is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo , and it also has a building at Kai , Yamanashi . The company got its name because each letter put them one step ahead of IBM . The company is most famous for their work on the Kirby and Mother series , as well as the first Super Smash Bros. game . The logo , Inutamago ( Japanese : 犬たまご Dog Eggs ) depicts a dog incubating eggs .'}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortified Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortified_Zone', 'summary': "Fortified Zone , known in Japan as Ikari no Yōsai ( 怒りの要塞 , Ikari no Yōsai , The Fortress of Fury ) is a 1991 video game developed and published by Jaleco for the Game Boy . It was first released in Japan on February 26 , 1991 and later released in North America in September 1991 . It was later added to the Nintendo 3DS 's Virtual Console on July 7 , 2011 , but the Australia region had it added on July 28 , 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaleco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaleco', 'summary': "Jaleco Ltd. ( 株式会社ジャレコ , Kabushiki Kaisha Jareko ) was a corporate brand name that was used by two previously connected video game developers and publishers , based out of Japan . The original Jaleco company was founded in 1974 as Japan Leisure Company , founded by Yoshiaki Kanazawa , before being renamed to simply Jaleco in the early 1980s . This company was later acquired in 2000 by PCCW , who rebranded it as their Japanese game division , PCCW Japan , before being reverted to Jaleco in 2002 . In 2006 , Jaleco became independent from PCCW and renamed to Jaleco Holding , having their video game operations spun-off into a new company also called Jaleco . This new spin-off company was sold to mobile developer Game Yarou in 2009 , with Jaleco Holding renaming itself to Encom Holdings shortly after . Jaleco is known for its arcade and home console video games produced in the 1980s and early 1990s , including City Connection , Bases Loaded , Ninja JaJaMaru-kun , Exerion , Idol Janshi Suchie-Pai and Rushing Beat . Jaleco would also produce arcade cabinets for other game developers , alongside redemption arcade games and UFO catcher claw machines . In the past , the company produced amusement park equipment and aquarium parts , under their JAQNO brand name . Their North American division , Jaleco USA , would publish a number of titles for the NES and SNES , including Maniac Mansion , Pinball Quest and R-Type III . In 2014 , Jaleco 's parent company Game Yarou filed for bankruptcy , causing Jaleco to vanish from the video game industry . The company 's video game assets would be purchased by City Connection , an indie Japanese studio that continues to use their games for other side projects and licencing deals ( the company itself being named after one of Jaleco 's games ) . The original Jaleco company , Encom Holdings , would quit the video game business in 2009 , citing stiff competition in the industry , instead dealing in real estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaleco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 7 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Qix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qix', 'summary': 'Qix ( クイックス , Kuikkusu ) ( pronounced kicks ) is an arcade game developed by Taito America Corporation and released in October 1981 . The objective of Qix is to fence off , or claim , a supermajority of the playfield . At the start of each level , the playing field is a large , empty rectangle , containing the Qix - a stick-like entity that performs graceful but unpredictable motions within the confines of the rectangle . Qix was ported to the contemporary Atari 5200 ( 1982 ) , Atari 8-bit family ( 1983 ) , and Commodore 64 ( 1983 ) , then was brought to a wide variety of systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s : MS-DOS ( 1989 ) , Amiga ( 1989 ) , another version for the C64 ( 1989 ) , Apple IIgs ( 1990 ) , Game Boy ( 1990 ) , Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1991 ) , and Atari Lynx ( 1991 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo R & D1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Research_&_Development_1', 'summary': "Nintendo Research & Development No . 1 Department , [ a ] commonly abbreviated as Nintendo R & D1 , was Nintendo 's oldest video game development team . It was known as Nintendo Research & Development Department [ b ] before splitting in 1978 . Its creation coincided with Nintendo 's entry into the video game industry , and the original R & D1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi . The developer has created several notable Nintendo series such as Metroid , Mario Bros. , and Donkey Kong . R & D1 developed the hugely successful Game Boy line , which was released in 1989 . They developed some of the line 's most popular games , such as Super Mario Land , and created the character of Wario . Team Shikamaru was a small club within Nintendo R & D1 that was composed of Makoto Kano , Yoshio Sakamoto , and Toru Osawa . The group was responsible for designing characters and coming up with scripts for several games including Metroid , Kid Icarus , Famicom Tantei Club : Kieta Kōkeisha , Trade & Battle : Card Hero , and several others . After Yokoi 's resignation in 1997 , the group was led by Takehiro Izushi . In 2005 , Satoru Iwata restructured the Nintendo R & D1 team . Many of the staff members were later reassigned to the Nintendo SPD team , which in turn merged with Nintendo EAD in 2015 to form Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ."}]}, {'value': 'July 7 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_(1983_video_game)', 'summary': "Baseball [ a ] is a 1983 video game from Nintendo . Being a launch game for the Nintendo Entertainment System , and the universal appeal of its namesake sport , are said to have made Baseball a key to the system 's overall success , and an important piece of Nintendo history ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo R & D1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Research_&_Development_1', 'summary': "Nintendo Research & Development No . 1 Department , [ a ] commonly abbreviated as Nintendo R & D1 , was Nintendo 's oldest video game development team . It was known as Nintendo Research & Development Department [ b ] before splitting in 1978 . Its creation coincided with Nintendo 's entry into the video game industry , and the original R & D1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi . The developer has created several notable Nintendo series such as Metroid , Mario Bros. , and Donkey Kong . R & D1 developed the hugely successful Game Boy line , which was released in 1989 . They developed some of the line 's most popular games , such as Super Mario Land , and created the character of Wario . Team Shikamaru was a small club within Nintendo R & D1 that was composed of Makoto Kano , Yoshio Sakamoto , and Toru Osawa . The group was responsible for designing characters and coming up with scripts for several games including Metroid , Kid Icarus , Famicom Tantei Club : Kieta Kōkeisha , Trade & Battle : Card Hero , and several others . After Yokoi 's resignation in 1997 , the group was led by Takehiro Izushi . In 2005 , Satoru Iwata restructured the Nintendo R & D1 team . Many of the staff members were later reassigned to the Nintendo SPD team , which in turn merged with Nintendo EAD in 2015 to form Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ."}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Game & Watch Gallery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Game_&_Watch_ports_and_remakes', 'summary': "Game & Watch games have had many different re-releases . The Game & Watch Gallery series , known in Japan and Australia as the Game Boy Gallery [ a ] series , is a series of compilations of some of Nintendo 's original Game & Watch titles first released in 1995 . Five installments have been released , all for systems in the Game Boy line ; four of these games have also been released on the Virtual Console for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U . From Game & Watch Gallery onward , the games feature Game & Watch games in two styles : Classic , which features faithful reproductions of the original games , and Modern , which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series ; however , not all Game & Watch games included in a particular game include a Modern style . Also , the titles often feature actual galleries explaining the history of the Game & Watch system and the various games released for it . The first four titles in the series also feature Super Game Boy borders which mimic the original Game & Watch casing designs . While originally released under the title Game Boy Gallery in Australia , the Virtual Console releases use the title Game & Watch Gallery . Beginning in 1998 , Nintendo licensed a series of small standalone LCD remakes of the original Game & Watch games called Nintendo Mini Classics . In the early 2000s , several Game & Watch titles were planned for re-release as Game & Watch-e ( a series of Nintendo e-Reader cards ) ; however , only one ever was . The Game & Watch Collection series for Nintendo DS is a set of two games that were available exclusively from Club Nintendo . Digital versions of the games were created as DSiWare which was released for Nintendo DSi in 2009 ( 2010 internationally ) and for Nintendo 3DS in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo R & D1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Research_&_Development_1', 'summary': "Nintendo Research & Development No . 1 Department , [ a ] commonly abbreviated as Nintendo R & D1 , was Nintendo 's oldest video game development team . It was known as Nintendo Research & Development Department [ b ] before splitting in 1978 . Its creation coincided with Nintendo 's entry into the video game industry , and the original R & D1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi . The developer has created several notable Nintendo series such as Metroid , Mario Bros. , and Donkey Kong . R & D1 developed the hugely successful Game Boy line , which was released in 1989 . They developed some of the line 's most popular games , such as Super Mario Land , and created the character of Wario . Team Shikamaru was a small club within Nintendo R & D1 that was composed of Makoto Kano , Yoshio Sakamoto , and Toru Osawa . The group was responsible for designing characters and coming up with scripts for several games including Metroid , Kid Icarus , Famicom Tantei Club : Kieta Kōkeisha , Trade & Battle : Card Hero , and several others . After Yokoi 's resignation in 1997 , the group was led by Takehiro Izushi . In 2005 , Satoru Iwata restructured the Nintendo R & D1 team . Many of the staff members were later reassigned to the Nintendo SPD team , which in turn merged with Nintendo EAD in 2015 to form Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ."}]}, {'value': 'July 14 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mario 's Picross", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mario's_Picross", 'summary': "Mario 's Picross [ a ] is a 1995 puzzle video game for the Game Boy . Developed by Jupiter and Ape and published by Nintendo , it is a compilation of nonogram logic puzzles . The game stars Mario who chisels away at puzzle grids to form pictures . The game initially received positive reviews , with reviewers citing its length and addictive nature as a positive , but its grid sizes and absence of typical Mario elements as a negative . Although the game sold well in Japan , the game flopped in English-speaking regions . As a result of this , the game was followed by two sequels , Mario 's Super Picross and Picross 2 , released only in Japan . The next Picross game published by Nintendo to be released in English-speaking regions would be Picross DS in 2007 , twelve years later . Due to its limited sales , the game is somewhat of a cult classic . The game is also available on the Nintendo 3DS through its Virtual Console service ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Jupiter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jupiter_(company)', 'summary': 'Jupiter Corporation is a Japanese video game and hardware development studio that focuses on handheld consoles . It is based in Kyoto , though they have a secondary branch in Tokyo . Jupiters motto is Lets Play ! Lets Smile !'}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avenging Spirit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avenging_Spirit', 'summary': 'Avenging Spirit , known in Japan as Phantasm ( ファンタズム ) , is a 1991 2-player platform arcade game developed by C.P . Brain and published by Jaleco .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaleco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaleco', 'summary': "Jaleco Ltd. ( 株式会社ジャレコ , Kabushiki Kaisha Jareko ) was a corporate brand name that was used by two previously connected video game developers and publishers , based out of Japan . The original Jaleco company was founded in 1974 as Japan Leisure Company , founded by Yoshiaki Kanazawa , before being renamed to simply Jaleco in the early 1980s . This company was later acquired in 2000 by PCCW , who rebranded it as their Japanese game division , PCCW Japan , before being reverted to Jaleco in 2002 . In 2006 , Jaleco became independent from PCCW and renamed to Jaleco Holding , having their video game operations spun-off into a new company also called Jaleco . This new spin-off company was sold to mobile developer Game Yarou in 2009 , with Jaleco Holding renaming itself to Encom Holdings shortly after . Jaleco is known for its arcade and home console video games produced in the 1980s and early 1990s , including City Connection , Bases Loaded , Ninja JaJaMaru-kun , Exerion , Idol Janshi Suchie-Pai and Rushing Beat . Jaleco would also produce arcade cabinets for other game developers , alongside redemption arcade games and UFO catcher claw machines . In the past , the company produced amusement park equipment and aquarium parts , under their JAQNO brand name . Their North American division , Jaleco USA , would publish a number of titles for the NES and SNES , including Maniac Mansion , Pinball Quest and R-Type III . In 2014 , Jaleco 's parent company Game Yarou filed for bankruptcy , causing Jaleco to vanish from the video game industry . The company 's video game assets would be purchased by City Connection , an indie Japanese studio that continues to use their games for other side projects and licencing deals ( the company itself being named after one of Jaleco 's games ) . The original Jaleco company , Encom Holdings , would quit the video game business in 2009 , citing stiff competition in the industry , instead dealing in real estate ."}]}, {'value': 'Jaleco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 11 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Gargoyle 's Quest", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gargoyle's_Quest", 'summary': "Gargoyle 's Quest : Ghosts ' n Goblins [ a ] is an action-adventure game for the original Game Boy . Developed by Capcom , it was released on May 2 , 1990 , in Japan , then North America in July , and lastly Europe in 1991 . The playable character Red Arremer ( Firebrand in the U.S. ) made his debut in the video game series Ghosts ' n Goblins as an antagonist character , of which this is a spin-off . Gargoyle 's Quest was followed by the NES prequel Gargoyle 's Quest II in 1992 and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System sequel Demon 's Crest in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 25 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pac-Man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pac-Man', 'summary': "Pac-Man [ a ] is a maze arcade game developed and released by Namco in 1980 . The original Japanese title of Puck Man was changed to Pac-Man for international releases as a preventative measure against defacement of the arcade machines . Outside Japan , the game was published by Midway Games as part of its licensing agreement with Namco America . The player controls Pac-Man , who must eat all the dots inside an enclosed maze while avoiding four colored ghosts . Eating large flashing dots called power pellets causes the ghosts to turn blue , allowing Pac-Man to eat them for bonus points . The development of the game began in early 1979 , directed by Toru Iwatani with a nine-man team . Iwatani wanted to create a game that could appeal to women as well as men , because most video games of the time have themes of war or sports . Although the inspiration for the Pac-Man character was , reportedly , the image of a pizza with a slice removed , Iwatani has said he also rounded out the Japanese symbol kuchi , meaning mouth . The in-game characters were made to be cute and colorful to appeal to younger players . The original Japanese title of Puckman was derived from the titular character 's hockey-puck shape . Pac-Man was a widespread critical and commercial success , and has an enduring commercial and cultural legacy . The game is important and influential , and it is commonly listed as one of the greatest video games of all time ."}]}, {'value': 'Bandai Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandai_Namco_Entertainment', 'summary': "Bandai Namco Entertainment , Inc. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational video game developer and publisher , headquartered in Minato-ku , Tokyo . Its international branches , Bandai Namco Entertainment America and Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe , are respectively headquartered in Santa Clara , California and Lyon , France . It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bandai Namco Holdings . Bandai Namco Entertainment was formed on March 31 , 2006 , following a corporate merge between Namco and Bandai on September 29 of the previous year . Originally known as Namco Bandai Games , they merged both Bandai Games and Namco Networks in January to create a North America division , Namco Bandai Games America . Namco Bandai Games absorbed Banpresto 's video game division in 2008 , and dissolving Bandai Networks in 2009 . Development operations were spun-off into a new company in 2012 , Namco Bandai Studios , to help create faster development time and tighter cohesion between development teams . The company was renamed to Bandai Namco Games in 2014 and Bandai Namco Entertainment , their current name , in 2015 . Bandai Namco Entertainment produces several multi-million-selling video game franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Gundam , Tales , Tekken , Soulcalibur , Ace Combat and Taiko no Tatsujin , and is the third largest video game publisher in Japan by revenue and the seventh in the world . The company also owns the licenses to several Japanese media franchises such as Dragon Ball , One Piece and Naruto . It is the core development area of the Bandai Namco Group 's Content Strategic Business Unit ( Content SBU ) , and the main video game branch of Bandai Namco Holdings ."}]}, {'value': 'Namco', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Namco', 'summary': "Namco Ltd. [ a ] ( stylized as NAMCO ) [ b ] is a former Japanese developer and publisher of arcade and home console video games , originally headquartered in Ōta , Tokyo . Several international divisions were established , including Namco America in Santa Clara , California , Shanghai Namco in mainland China , and Namco Enterprises Asia in Hong Kong . Namco was founded by Masaya Nakamura as Nakamura Seisakusho [ c ] on June 1 , 1955 , beginning as a producer of coin-operated amusement rides for Japanese department store roof gardens , seeing success with making children 's rides for the Mitsukoshi chain . Renamed Nakamura Manufacturing in 1959 , the company purchased the struggling Japanese division of Atari from Nolan Bushnell in 1974 and began releasing their games in Japan , where they quickly became one of the leading game companies in Asia . The acquisition inspired Namco to produce their own video games in-house , beginning with Gee Bee in 1978 . Namco released their first major hit Galaxian a year later , followed by Pac-Man in 1980 - the latter has since become the most successful arcade game of all time and one of the highest-grossing video games of all time . In February 2005 , Namco announced they would merge with Bandai to form Bandai Namco Holdings . The merge was finalized on September 25 , creating Japan 's third-largest video game entity by revenue and the seventh largest by revenue in the world . Both operated independently under the new holdings company until March 31 , 2006 , where their video game operations were merged to form Namco Bandai Games . The original Namco name was spun-off into a new company the same day , which handled the amusement park and arcade center operations of Bandai Namco Holdings . It was renamed to Bandai Namco Amusement during a corporate restructuring on April 1 , 2018 . Namco produced several critically and commercially successful franchises , including Pac-Man , Galaxian , Tekken , Ace Combat , Dig Dug , Soulcalibur , Xevious , Ridge Racer and Tales , and was one of the world 's most prolific video game companies ."}]}, {'value': 'September 1 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golf_(1984_video_game)', 'summary': "Golf [ a ] is a sports-simulation video game developed and released by Nintendo in 1984 for the Famicom in Japan , in 1985 for the NES in North America , and on Family Computer Disk System in 1986 again in Japan . The golfer has been identified as Mario in supplemental materials , though not wearing his traditional shirt and overalls . [ citation needed ] However , the game Captain Rainbow would instead identify the golfer as Ossan , which happens to be one of the generic internal names Mario had during the development of Donkey Kong . [ citation needed ] Additionally , the Game Boy conversion of this game would feature Mario on the Western cover art , but not the Japanese version . [ citation needed ] Years after the game 's release it appeared in many ports for different Nintendo consoles . It appears as an Easter egg in the Nintendo Switch firmware as a tribute to Satoru Iwata ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo , Intelligent Systems', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Intelligent_Systems', 'summary': "Intelligent Systems Co. , Ltd. is a Japanese video game developer closely affiliated with Nintendo and best known for developing the Fire Emblem , Paper Mario , WarioWare , and Wars series . Originally , the company was headquartered at the Nintendo Kyoto Research Center in Higashiyama-ku , Kyoto , but later moved to a building near Nintendo 's main headquarters in October 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 8 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mega Man : Dr. Wily 's Revenge", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mega_Man:_Dr._Wily's_Revenge", 'summary': "Mega Man : Dr. Wily 's Revenge [ a ] is an action-platform video game by Capcom for the Nintendo Game Boy . It is the first game in the handheld series of the Mega Man franchise . It was released in Japan on July 26 , 1991 , and was localized in North America that December and in Europe the following year . The game continues the adventures of the android hero Mega Man as he once again confronts the evil Dr. Wily , who has dispatched his revived Robot Masters and a new Mega Man Killer named Enker . Dr. Wily 's Revenge is an action and platform game in same vein as the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) Mega Man games . The player is tasked with completing a series of four stages in any order desired . Beating a stage 's boss will earn the player a special weapon that can be selected at will and used throughout the rest of the game . Dr. Wily 's Revenge specifically takes components of the original Mega Man and Mega Man 2 , including their enemies , stage aesthetics , and Robot Masters . According to series artist Keiji Inafune , Dr. Wily 's Revenge was the first Mega Man game to be outsourced to a developer separate from Capcom . Critical reception for the game has been favorable , and most sources have denoted it as a competent , if excessively difficult , portable version of the popular NES series . Dr. Wily 's Revenge was a best-seller and spawned four sequels of its own on the Game Boy , many of which follow its trend of reusing elements from their home console counterparts . In 2011 , Dr. Wily 's Revenge was made available as a Virtual Console launch title on Japan 's Nintendo eShop for the Nintendo 3DS ."}]}, {'value': 'Capcom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capcom', 'summary': "Capcom Co. , Ltd. ( Japanese : 株式会社カプコン , Hepburn : Kabushiki-gaisha Kapukon ) is a Japanese video game developer and publisher known for creating numerous multi-million selling game franchises , including Mega Man , Street Fighter , Resident Evil , Devil May Cry , Onimusha , Dino Crisis , Dead Rising , Sengoku Basara , Ghosts ' n Goblins , Monster Hunter , Breath of Fire , and Ace Attorney as well as games based on Disney animated properties . Established in 1979 , it has become an international enterprise with subsidiaries in North America , Europe , and Japan ."}]}, {'value': 'Minakuchi Engineering', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 15 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Mario_Land_2:_6_Golden_Coins', 'summary': "Super Mario Land 2 : 6 Golden Coins [ a ] is a platform video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy . It is the sequel to Super Mario Land , and was released in Japan and North America in 1992 , and in Europe the following year . In Super Mario Land 2 , the player assumes the role of the protagonist Mario , whose main objective is to reclaim his personal island , Mario Land , from the clutches of his greedy evil counterpart Wario . The gameplay builds and expands on that of its predecessor with innovations carried over from Super Mario World . Super Mario Land 2 received critical acclaim upon release and sold about 11 million copies worldwide , becoming one of the most successful and highest-rated titles on the Game Boy . Reviewers emphasized that the game surpassed its predecessor in all aspects . Super Mario Land 2 marks the debut appearance of Wario , who would become a prominent character in the Super Mario series as the antihero of several games , the first being this game 's sequel Wario Land : Super Mario Land 3 . Super Mario Land 2 was re-released in 2011 as a downloadable title for the Nintendo 3DS ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo R & D1', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo_Research_&_Development_1', 'summary': "Nintendo Research & Development No . 1 Department , [ a ] commonly abbreviated as Nintendo R & D1 , was Nintendo 's oldest video game development team . It was known as Nintendo Research & Development Department [ b ] before splitting in 1978 . Its creation coincided with Nintendo 's entry into the video game industry , and the original R & D1 was headed by Gunpei Yokoi . The developer has created several notable Nintendo series such as Metroid , Mario Bros. , and Donkey Kong . R & D1 developed the hugely successful Game Boy line , which was released in 1989 . They developed some of the line 's most popular games , such as Super Mario Land , and created the character of Wario . Team Shikamaru was a small club within Nintendo R & D1 that was composed of Makoto Kano , Yoshio Sakamoto , and Toru Osawa . The group was responsible for designing characters and coming up with scripts for several games including Metroid , Kid Icarus , Famicom Tantei Club : Kieta Kōkeisha , Trade & Battle : Card Hero , and several others . After Yokoi 's resignation in 1997 , the group was led by Takehiro Izushi . In 2005 , Satoru Iwata restructured the Nintendo R & D1 team . Many of the staff members were later reassigned to the Nintendo SPD team , which in turn merged with Nintendo EAD in 2015 to form Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development ."}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Side Pocket', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Side_Pocket', 'summary': 'Side Pocket ( Japanese : サイドポケット , Hepburn : Saido Poketto ) is a pocket billiards video game originally released into arcades by Data East in 1986 . The arcade version was eventually ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy , while an enhanced remake was later released on the Sega Genesis , Super Nintendo Entertainment System , and the Sega Game Gear . The game also spawned two sequels , as well as arcade spin-off series titled Pocket Gal . G-Mode currently owns the intellectual property rights to the Side Pocket series , and licenses these games globally .'}]}, {'value': 'G-Mode', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G-Mode', 'summary': 'G-Mode Corporation ( 株式会社ジー・モード , Kabushikigaisha Jī MōdoInstalling Japanese character sets ) is a Japanese company that provides mobile network game contents that specialize in Java game software in Japan . It develops and distributes games for Java-compatible mobile phones . The company also licenses contents for mobile telecommunications operators , as well as involves in the original equipment manufacturing of mobile phone games . G-Mode Co. , Ltd was founded in July 2000 and merged in March 2014 with ONE-UP Co. , Ltd. ( a corporation established in 2006 ) who then renamed itself G-Mode Corporation . G-Mode is headquartered in Tokyo . G-Mode saw a potential in mobile gaming and managed to obtain the rights to Tetris in Japan in 2001 , and currently use this license to remain a major player in the mobile entertainment industry in Japan . In 2004 , G-Mode acquired the back catalogue of Data East Corporation . In 2005 , GungHo Online Entertainment invested in the company . They currently license out these Data East titles on the Wii Virtual Console , Gametap , and Mobile Platform . G-Mode released an official Data East website in December 2007 . In 2010 is revealed that the company will publish several Data East titles on the Zeebo console in Brazil and Mexico . On March 1 , 2012 , after several years of Wii Virtual Console support , G-Mode delisted all of its PC Engine/TurboGrafix-16 games from the service while continuing with the ones originally released on Nintendo consoles .'}]}, {'value': 'Data East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Data_East', 'summary': 'Data East Corporation ( 株式会社データイースト , Kabushikigaisha Dēta Īsuto kōporēshon ) , also abbreviated as DECO , was a Japanese video game and electronic engineering company . The company was in operation from 1976 to 2003 , and released 150 video game titles . Its main headquarters were located in Suginami , Tokyo . The American subsidiary , Data East USA , was headquartered in San Jose , California .'}]}, {'value': 'October 6 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Catrap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitman_(video_game)', 'summary': 'Catrap , also known as Pitman in Japan , is a puzzle-platform video game originally developed for the Sharp MZ-700 computer in 1985 and released by Asmik for the Nintendo Game Boy in 1990 . The Game Boy version was rereleased on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in October 2011 . Destructoid credits the game with using a time-rewind mechanic before games like Blinx , Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time , and Braid . The word Catrap refers to the frequent number of times the player is trapped and needs to reverse their movements and the two anthropomorphic cats the player must manoeuvre to advance through the levels .'}]}, {'value': 'Asmik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asmik_Ace', 'summary': 'Asmik Ace , Inc. ( Japanese : アスミック・エース株式会社 , Hepburn : Asumikku ēsu kabushikigaisha ) , formerly Asmik Ace Entertainment , Inc. ( アスミック・エース エンタテインメント株式会社 , Asumikku ēsu entateinmento Kabushiki gaisha ) is a Japanese film production and distribution company . In past , the company has distributed video games . It was formed in 1997 through a merger between the Asmik Corporation and Ace Entertainment , both of Japan . The name Asmik comes from its three founding companies : Ask ( formerly ASK-Kodansha ) , Sumitomo and Kodansha . The company is headquartered on the third floor of the Lapiross Roppongi building in Minato , Tokyo , and is a wholly owned division of Jupiter Telecommunications ( J : COM ) . Asmik Corporation was founded in 1985 as a subsidiary to the Sumitomo Corporation of Japan . Its focus was in the area of video games for the video game console market , specifically the NES . It quickly moved on to distribute motion pictures in Japan , and won several awards for doing so . It once had a North American subsidiary , Asmik Corporation of America . [ citation needed ] Ace Pictures Inc. was founded in 1981 as a division of Nippon Herald Films to produce Japanese films and distribute foreign art films . Several of its pictures earned awards and hold positions as some of the highest-grossing films in Japan . Asmik Ace Entertainment has produced games for the Dreamcast , PlayStation , PlayStation 2 , PC Engine , Sega Mega Drive/Genesis , Super NES , Nintendo 64 and Nintendo GameCube , and distributes high quality films for the Japanese movie market .'}]}, {'value': 'Asmik', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 13 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Double Dragon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_Dragon_(video_game)', 'summary': "Double Dragon , Hepburn : Daburu Doragon ) is a 1987 beat 'em up video game developed by Technōs Japan and distributed in North America and Europe by Taito . The game is a spiritual and technological successor to Technos ' earlier beat 'em up , Nekketsu Kōha Kunio-kun ( released outside of Japan by Taito as Renegade ) , but introduced several additions such as two-player cooperative gameplay and the ability to arm oneself with an enemy 's weapon after disarming them . Double Dragon is considered to be one of the first successful examples of the genre , resulting in the creation of two arcade sequels and several spinoffs , as well as inspiring other companies in creating their own beat 'em ups . Originally an arcade game , home versions were released for the NES , Master System , Atari 2600 , Atari 7800 , Atari ST , Amiga , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , Game Boy , Genesis/Mega Drive and Atari Lynx , among other platforms during the series 's height of popularity . A remake titled Double Dragon Advance was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003 ."}]}, {'value': 'Nintendo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nintendo', 'summary': "Nintendo Co. , Ltd. [ a ] is a Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company headquartered in Kyoto . Nintendo is one of the world 's largest video game companies by market capitalization , creating some of the best-known and top-selling video game franchises of all-time , such as Mario , The Legend of Zelda , Animal Crossing , and Pokémon . Nintendo was founded in 1889 by Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards . By 1963 , the company had tried several small niche businesses , such as cab services and love hotels , without major success . Abandoning previous ventures in favor of toys in the 1960s , Nintendo developed into a video game company in the 1970s . Supplemented since the 1980s by its major divisions Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe , it ultimately became one of the most influential in the video game industry and one of Japan 's most-valuable companies with a market value of over $ 37 billion in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Technōs Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Technōs_Japan', 'summary': 'Technōs Japan Corp. was a Japanese video game developer , best known for the Double Dragon and Kunio-kun ( which includes Renegade , Super Dodge Ball and River City Ransom ) franchises . As of June 2015 , Arc System Works owns the intellectual properties of Technōs Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'October 20 , 2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'E10+', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Nintendo Game Boy', 'section_text': 'These titles were originally released for use on the Game Boy system , which was launched in 1989 . The first three Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console titles were Game Boy games and debuted alongside the Nintendo 3DS eShop in June 2011 . [ 1 ] There are 50 games available to purchase .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Nintendo_3DS_(North_America)_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of Virtual Console games that are available on the Nintendo 3DS in North America.'}
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Which title had the earlier release date ? Was it a game that was developed by Technōs Japan and then ended up being one of the first big successes of its genre , or an arcade style game developed by Taito America Corporation ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Gospel_Choir_or_Chorus_Album', 'title': 'Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album', 'header': ['Year', 'Choir director ( s )', 'Performing artist ( s )', 'Work', 'Nominees'], 'data': [{'value': '1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 33rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 20 , 1991 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Quincy Jones was the night 's biggest winner winning a total of six awards including Album of the Year ."}]}, {'value': 'James Cleveland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Cleveland', 'summary': "The Reverend Dr. James Edward Cleveland ( December 5 , 1931 - February 9 , 1991 ) was an American gospel singer , musician , and composer . Known as the King of Gospel music , Cleveland was a driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound by incorporating traditional black gospel , soul , pop , and jazz in arrangements for mass choirs . Throughout his career , Cleveland appeared on hundreds of recordings and earned 4 Grammy Awards . He was the first gospel musician to earn a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1984 . For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions , he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers that ever lived . He is best known for his gospel classics , Lord , Help Me To Hold Out , Peace Be Still , I Do n't Feel No Ways Tired , Where Is Your Faith ? and Jesus Is The Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me just to name a few ."}]}, {'value': 'Southern California Community Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southern_California_Community_Choir', 'summary': 'The Southern California Community Choir is a choir founded by the Rev . James Cleveland . It has appeared on several recordings , including by artists such as Aretha Franklin , Kansas , Elton John and Arlo Guthrie . The choir appears in the 2018 concert film Amazing Grace featuring Aretha Franklin recording her 1972 live album of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'Having Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/34th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 34th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1992 , recognizing accomplishments by musicians from the previous year ( 1991 ) . Natalie Cole won the most awards ( three ) , including Album of the Year . Paul Simon opened the show .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary Hines', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sounds of Blackness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sounds_of_Blackness', 'summary': "Sounds of Blackness is a vocal and instrumental ensemble from Minneapolis/St . Paul , Minnesota who perform music from several genres music including gospel , R & B , soul , and jazz . The group scored several hits on the Billboard R & B and Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in the 1990s . Cynthia Johnson of Lipps Inc. and Ann Nesby are the group 's most prominent alumni ."}]}, {'value': 'The Evolution of Gospel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Gospel', 'summary': 'The Evolution of Gospel is the debut studio album by Sounds of Blackness , released May 7 , 1991 , on A & M Records . In 1992 , the album received the Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album .'}]}, {'value': "O'landa Draper & the Associates - Above and Beyond Music and Arts Seminar Chicago Mass Choir - Edwin Hawkins Music and Arts Seminar Chicago Mass Choir Christ Church Choir - Hand in Hand Brooklyn Tabernacle Singers - Jesus Be Praised L.A . Gospel Messengers - Rev . James Cleveland and the L.A . Gospel Messengers", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rev._James_Cleveland', 'summary': "The Reverend Dr. James Edward Cleveland ( December 5 , 1931 - February 9 , 1991 ) was an American gospel singer , musician , and composer . Known as the King of Gospel music , Cleveland was a driving force behind the creation of the modern gospel sound by incorporating traditional black gospel , soul , pop , and jazz in arrangements for mass choirs . Throughout his career , Cleveland appeared on hundreds of recordings and earned 4 Grammy Awards . He was the first gospel musician to earn a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1984 . For his pioneering accomplishments and contributions , he is regarded by many to be one of the greatest gospel singers that ever lived . He is best known for his gospel classics , Lord , Help Me To Hold Out , Peace Be Still , I Do n't Feel No Ways Tired , Where Is Your Faith ? and Jesus Is The Best Thing That Ever Happened To Me just to name a few ."}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/35th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 35th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1993 and recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The nominations were announced on January 7 , 1993 . The evening 's host was the American stand-up comedian Garry Shandling , who hosted the ceremony for the third time . The CBS network broadcast the show live from the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles , California . This particular Grammy live broadcast was the commercially most successful of its kind in the 1990s . As Nielsen Media Research and Billboard magazine stated on January 10 , 2004 , the highest-rated Grammy show of the 1990s was the 1993 telecast , which got a 19.9 rating/31 share and 30 million United States viewers alone . British guitarist and singer Eric Clapton ( for whom still mourned for the loss of his son two years ago ) was the night 's big winner , winning six awards out of nine nominations including Album , Song and Record of the Year . Michael Jackson , having been recently interviewed in Oprah Winfrey Show had received the Grammy Legend Award from his sister Janet Jackson . A small segment of the show was How to Become a Legend narrated by Janet . A total of twelve live performances where held at the ceremony , including the opener Steam by Peter Gabriel , Constant Craving by k. d. lang , Give It Away by the Red Hot Chili Peppers with George Clinton and P-Funk , Save the Best for Last by Vanessa Williams , My Lovin ' ( You 're Never Gon na Get It ) by En Vogue , The Lady Is a Tramp by Tony Bennett and Natalie Cole , The Whiskey Ai n't Workin ' by Travis Tritt and Marty Stuart , People Everyday by Arrested Development , Achy Breaky Heart by Billy Ray Cyrus , Hallelujah ! by Mervyn Warren and Los Angeles Master Chorale , Beauty and the Beast by Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson as well as Cherokee by Arturo Sandoval featuring the GRP All-Stars Ensemble and Clapton 's Tears in Heaven . At the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards in 1993 , the production mixers Ed Greene , Rick Himot , Don Worsham , David Hewitt and Paul Sandweiss were nominated for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Variety or Music Series or a Special , losing to Star Trek : The Next Generation ."}]}, {'value': 'Edwin Hawkins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Recorded Live in Los Angeles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/36th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 36th Annual Grammy Awards were held in 1994 . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Whitney Houston was the Big Winner winning 3 awards including Record of the Year and Album of the Year while opening the show with I Will Always Love You . Audrey Hepburn 's win made her the fifth person to become an EGOT , and the first person to complete the status posthumously ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live ... We Come Rejoicing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'style=background : # ececec ; color : # 2C2C2C ; font-size : smaller ; vertical-align : middle ; text-align : center ; class=unknown table-unknown| ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/37th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 37th Annual Grammy Awards were presented on March 1 , 1995 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Bruce Springsteen was the night 's biggest winner with 4 awards , including Song of the Year while opening the show with his Grammy nominated hit ."}]}, {'value': 'Milton Brunson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milton_Brunson', 'summary': 'Milton R. Brunson ( June 28 , 1929 - April 1 , 1997 ) was an American gospel musician and former pastor and music director of Christ Tabernacle Baptist Church in Chicago , Illinois . Rev . Milton Brunson released his first musical project in 1988 , Available to You with Word Records alongside Epic Records . The last album , When You Get High on Jesus , Oh My God , released in 1997 by Hob Records , was a posthumous release . The last album to chart was 50 Blessed Years , that charted on the Billboard charts . All-in-all , he has had ten albums that have charted on the Billboard Gospel Albums chart over the course of his career and some even after his death . He received a nomination for the Best Gospel Album , Group or Choir at the 1988 Soul Train Music Awards and for Best Gospel Album at the 1993 Soul Train Music Awards . He won a Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards , while he was nominated two other times .'}]}, {'value': 'Thompson Community Singers', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Through God 's Eyes", 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'landa Draper & The Associates - Live ... A Celebration of Praise Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Kings & Kingdoms Kurt Carr and the Los Angeles Gospel Messengers - We Have n't Forgotten You Hezekiah Walker and the Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in Atlanta at Morehouse College", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Carr', 'summary': 'Kurt Carr ( born October 12 , 1964 ) is an American gospel music composer and performer . While living in the city of Hartford , Connecticut , he served as Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Hartford located at the time on Greenfield Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/38th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 38th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 28 , 1996 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . The awards recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Alanis Morissette was the main recipient , being awarded four trophies , including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men opened the show with their Record of the Year nominated One Sweet Day . The ceremony was controversial for its unexpected snub of Mariah Carey 's Daydream album , which proved to be one of the bestselling and most acclaimed albums of 1995 . When the Grammy Award nominees were announced , and Daydream was nominated for six different awards , critics began raving how it would be cleaning up that year . Carey , being a multiple award nominee , was one of the headlining performers . Together with Boyz II Men , she sang a live rendition of One Sweet Day , to a very positive response . However , as the award winners were announced one by one , Carey watched as her name was not called up even once . Daydream had lost all of its six nominations , shocking most critics who branded it the album of the year . With every passing loss , the television cameras continued to zoom on Carey 's face , who was finding it more difficult to retain her smile . By the end of the night , Carey had not won a single award ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Praise Him - Live !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donald Lawrence & the Tri-City Singers - Bible Stories Hezekiah Walker & the Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in New York by Any Means ... Rev . Milton Brunson and the Thompson Community Singers - Shout New Life Community Choir featuring John P. Kee - Show Up !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Donald Lawrence ( born May 4 , 1961 , Gastonia , North Carolina ) is an American gospel music songwriter , record producer and artist . He studied at Cincinnati Conservatory , where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in music . While in Cincinnati , he was also the Minister of Music at the Southern Baptist Church on Reading Road . The multiple Grammy and Stellar Award winner has collaborated with a diverse roster , as vocal coach to the R & B group En Vogue , musical director for Stephanie Mills , songwriter for The Clark Sisters , and collaborator with a host of artists including Peabo Bryson , Kirk Franklin , Karen Clark Sheard , Donnie McClurkin , and Mary J. Blige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_P._Kee', 'summary': 'John P. Kee ( born John Prince Kee on June 4 , 1962 ) is an American gospel singer and pastor .'}]}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/39th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 39th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 26 , 1997 , at Madison Square Garden , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Babyface was the night 's biggest winner , with 4 awards . Celine Dion and Toni Braxton won two awards . Celine Dion for Best Pop Album and Album of the Year and Toni Braxton for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance . The show was hosted by Ellen Degeneres who also performed the opening with Shawn Colvin , Bonnie Rait , and Chaka Khan ."}]}, {'value': 'Shirley Caesar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Caesar', 'summary': "Shirley Ann Caesar-Williams , known professionally as Shirley Caesar ( born October 13 , 1938 in Durham , North Carolina ) , is an American Gospel music singer , songwriter and recording artist whose career has spanned seven decades . A multi-award-winning artist , with 12 Grammy Awards along with Dove Awards and Stellar Awards to her credit , she is known as the First Lady of Gospel Music and The Queen of Gospel Music . She began recording at the age of 12 in 1951 on the Federal recording label Shirley Caesar has released over forty albums . She has participated in over 16 compilations and three gospel musicals , Mama I Want to Sing , Sing : Mama 2 and Born to sing : Mama 3 . She is also the creator of the # unameit challenge , which occurred during one of her song sermonettes . She opened her eponymous store and plans on using the profits to help others during the holiday season . Caesar 's credits also include a series of commercials for MCI Communications and numerous awards for her recordings . She has won 12 Grammy Awards ( plus honored with The Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award ) , 14 Stellar Awards , 18 Doves , 1 RIAA gold certification , an Essence Award , McDonald 's Golden Circle Lifetime Achievement Award , NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award , SESAC Lifetime Achievement Award , Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music , as well as induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame . According to Soundscan , she has sold 2.2 million albums since 1991 . She has made several notable appearances , including the televised Live from Disney World Night of Joy , the Gospel According to VH1 , a White House performance for George Bush , and a speech on the Evolution of Gospel Music to the US Treasury Department . In 2017 , Caesar was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from The Recording Academy ."}]}, {'value': "Shirley Caesar 's Outreach Convention Choir", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Just A Word', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Edwin Hawkins Music & Arts Seminar - All Things Are Possible Olanda Draper and the Associates - Got ta Feelin ' Mississippi Mass Choir - I 'll See You in the Rapture Shirley Caesar 's Outreach Convention Choir - Just a Word Full Gospel Baptist Fellowship Mass Choir - A New Thing ... Experience the Fullness", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edwin_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Edwin Reuben Hawkins ( August 19 , 1943 - January 15 , 2018 ) was an American gospel musician , pianist , choir master , composer , and arranger . He was one of the originators of the urban contemporary gospel sound . He ( as leader of the Edwin Hawkins Singers ) was probably best known for his arrangement of Oh Happy Day ( 1968-69 ) , which was included on the Songs of the Century list . The Edwin Hawkins Singers made a second foray into the charts exactly one year later , backing folk singer Melanie on Lay Down ( Candles in the Rain ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Mississippi Mass Choir is an American gospel choir based in Jackson , Mississippi .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shirley_Caesar', 'summary': "Shirley Ann Caesar-Williams , known professionally as Shirley Caesar ( born October 13 , 1938 in Durham , North Carolina ) , is an American Gospel music singer , songwriter and recording artist whose career has spanned seven decades . A multi-award-winning artist , with 12 Grammy Awards along with Dove Awards and Stellar Awards to her credit , she is known as the First Lady of Gospel Music and The Queen of Gospel Music . She began recording at the age of 12 in 1951 on the Federal recording label Shirley Caesar has released over forty albums . She has participated in over 16 compilations and three gospel musicals , Mama I Want to Sing , Sing : Mama 2 and Born to sing : Mama 3 . She is also the creator of the # unameit challenge , which occurred during one of her song sermonettes . She opened her eponymous store and plans on using the profits to help others during the holiday season . Caesar 's credits also include a series of commercials for MCI Communications and numerous awards for her recordings . She has won 12 Grammy Awards ( plus honored with The Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award ) , 14 Stellar Awards , 18 Doves , 1 RIAA gold certification , an Essence Award , McDonald 's Golden Circle Lifetime Achievement Award , NAACP Lifetime Achievement Award , SESAC Lifetime Achievement Award , Rhapsody & Rhythm Award from the National Museum of African American Music , as well as induction into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame . According to Soundscan , she has sold 2.2 million albums since 1991 . She has made several notable appearances , including the televised Live from Disney World Night of Joy , the Gospel According to VH1 , a White House performance for George Bush , and a speech on the Evolution of Gospel Music to the US Treasury Department . In 2017 , Caesar was honored with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award from The Recording Academy ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/40th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25 , 1998 , at Radio City Music Hall , New York City . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Rock icon Bob Dylan , Alison Krauss , and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each .'}]}, {'value': 'Kirk Franklin Myron Butler Robert Searight II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kirk_Franklin', 'summary': "Kirk Dewayne Franklin ( born January 26 , 1970 ) is an American choir director , gospel musician , singer , songwriter , and author . He is best known for leading urban contemporary gospel choirs such as The Family , God 's Property , and One Nation Crew ( 1NC ) among many others ; and has won numerous awards , including 15 Grammy Awards . Variety dubbed Franklin as a Reigning King of Urban Gospel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Myron_Butler', 'summary': "Myron Demond Butler ( born July 27 , 1974 ) is a Grammy award winning gospel musician , who is a record producer , singer-songwriter , music director , vocalist , organist , and pianist . Most notably , he is known as the leader of the gospel choir , Myron Butler & Levi . Since 1997 , he 's worked as a vocal director and backup singer for several notable artists to include Kirk Franklin , Marvin Sapp , Smokie Norful , Donald Lawrence , and Yolanda Adams ."}]}, {'value': "God 's Property", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God's_Property", 'summary': "God 's Property is a gospel choir known for its collaborations with Kirk Franklin and other recording artists ."}]}, {'value': "God 's Property from Kirk Franklin 's Nu Nation", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/God's_Property_from_Kirk_Franklin's_Nu_Nation", 'summary': "God 's Property is a collaboration studio album by God 's Property , as well as Kirk Franklin 's fourth album . It was released on May 27 , 1997 . At the time of its release , urban contemporary gospel had gained massive ground in the music industry , thus sending the album to its third position peak on the Billboard 200 album chart and making it the first gospel album to top the Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums chart , where it reached number one on five nonconsecutive weeks ."}]}, {'value': "Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir - Favorite Song of All Rev . Milton Brunson 's Thompson Community Singers - He 's Still Good ! Hezekiah Walker and Love Fellowship Crusade Choir - Live in London at Wembley Sounds of Blackness - Time for Healing", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle_Choir', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sounds_of_Blackness', 'summary': "Sounds of Blackness is a vocal and instrumental ensemble from Minneapolis/St . Paul , Minnesota who perform music from several genres music including gospel , R & B , soul , and jazz . The group scored several hits on the Billboard R & B and Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in the 1990s . Cynthia Johnson of Lipps Inc. and Ann Nesby are the group 's most prominent alumni ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/41st_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 41st Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 24 , 1999 , at Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1998 . Lauryn Hill was the main recipient , winning a total of 5 awards including Album of the Year and Best New Artist . Her album was the first hip hop act ever to win the coveted award . The ceremony was known as the Grammy Year of Women , because every artist nominated for Album of the Year was female ( including Garbage , with Shirley Manson as the lead singer ) . Madonna won four awards and opened the show with her performance of Nothing Really Matters while musicians the Dixie Chicks , Vince Gill , Alanis Morissette and Shania Twain won two apiece . Celine Dion also received two awards both for My Heart Will Go On , which received a total of four awards . It is widely remembered for Ricky Martin 's performance of La Copa De La Vida/ The Cup of Life ."}]}, {'value': "O'landa Draper", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}]}, {'value': 'The Associates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reflections', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bobby Jones and New Life With the Nashville Super Choir - Just Churchin ' The Love Center Choir - Love Alive V -- 25th Anniversary Reunion Hezekiah Walker and the LFT Church Choir - Live at Love Fellowship Tabernacle New Life Community Choir - Strength", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(singer)', 'summary': "Bobby Jones ( born September 18 , 1939 in Henry , Tennessee , United States ) is an American Gospel music singer and television host from Nashville , Tennessee and the host and executive producer of several cable television 's gospel music programs including the former Bobby Jones Gospel . Jones is referred as the Ed Sullivan of gospel music . He has assisted numerous gospel stars in propelling their talents of numerous gospel stars and has a lot of trophies racked up at his Nashville home for his contributions to music . Bobby Jones Gospel was canceled and went off the air in 2015 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Walter_Hawkins', 'summary': 'Walter Lee Hawkins ( May 18 , 1949 - July 11 , 2010 ) was an American gospel music singer and pastor . He was consecrated to the bishopric in 2000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/42nd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 42nd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2000 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the year 1999 . Santana was the main recipient with eight Grammys , tying Michael Jackson 's record for most awards won in a single night . Santana 's album Supernatural was awarded a total of nine awards . American teen singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera were both nominated for Best New Artist , ultimately won by Aguilera ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'High And Lifted Up', 'urls': []}, {'value': "VIP Music & Arts Seminar Mass Choir - Any Day Mississippi Mass Choir - Emmanuel ( God With Us ) Wilmington Chester Mass Choir - Hosanna ! And They Sang The Word Inner City Mass Choir - Let 's Make It Better", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Mississippi Mass Choir is an American gospel choir based in Jackson , Mississippi .'}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/43rd_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 43rd Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 21 , 2001 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Several artists earned three awards on the night : Steely Dan 's haul included Album of the Year for Two Against Nature ; U2 took home the Record of the Year and Song of the Year for Beautiful Day ; Dr. Dre won Producer of the Year , Non-Classical and Best Rap Album for Eminem 's The Marshall Mathers LP ; Eminem himself also received three awards , out of four nominations ; Faith Hill took home Best Country Album for the album Breathe , Best Female Country Vocal Performance for the song 's title track and for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals with Tim McGraw for Let 's Make Love . Madonna opened the show with Music ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live - God Is Working', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Direction - Get Your Praise On Youth For Christ - Higher University of Mississippi Gospel Choir - Send Up The Praise The Tri-City Singers - tri-city4.com', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/44th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 44th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 27 , 2002 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . The main recipient was Alicia Keys , winning five Grammys , including Best New Artist and Song of the Year for Fallin ' . U2 won four awards including Record of the Year and Best Rock Album . while opening the show with a performance of Walk On ."}]}, {'value': 'Hezekiah Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': 'LFT Church Choir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Love Is Live !', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'landa Draper 's Associates - All About Him ( Jesus ) Chicago Mass Choir - Calling On You Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir - Light Of The World T. D. Jakes and the Potter 's House Mass Choir - The Storm Is Over Now", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'landa_Draper", 'summary': "O'Landa Draper ( September 29 , 1963 - July 21 , 1998 ) was an American Grammy Award-winning Gospel music artist . He was the founder of the Associates Choir and is considered to be one of the top gospel artists of the 1990s . Draper was nominated for the Grammy Award , Stellar Awards and the Dove Award multiple times . Draper was known for his choir directing style . Songs that were well known by fans of Draper 's work were , My Soul Doth Magnify the Lord , Lift the Savior Up , Stand Up , Got ta Feelin ' , He Touched Me , and Give It Up ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Chicago Mass Choir is an American gospel choir from Chicago , Illinois . The ensemble was founded in 1988 by James C. Chambers , who was also the founder of the Ecclesiastes Community Choir . Their debut album was issued in 1991 ; that year they were named Best New Artist at the Gospel Music Excellence Awards . The following year they won the award for Song of the Year for I Can Go to the Rock . They released several commercially successful albums over the course of the 1990s and 2000s . Percy Gray also is part of the Chicago Mass Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle_Choir', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}, {'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/45th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': "The 45th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 23 , 2003 at Madison Square Garden in New York City . Musicians accomplishments from the previous year were recognized . Norah Jones and her song Do n't Know Why were the main recipients of the night , garnering six Grammys , including four major awards : Record of the Year , Album of the Year , Song of the Year and Best New Artist , plus Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album . Songwriter Jesse Harris received the Song of the Year award for his work on Do n't Know Why . Simon and Garfunkel reunited to open the show performing The Sound of Silence ."}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Be Glad', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'VIP Mass Choir - Mighty In The Spirit Donald Lawrence & The Tri-City Singers - Go Get Your Live Back Hezekiah Walker and Love Fellowship Choir - Family Affair II - Live at Radio City Music Hall Excelsior - Soul Interpretations', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/46th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 46th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 8 , 2004 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . The big winners were Beyoncé , who won five awards , and Outkast , who won three awards including Album of the Year . Tied for the most nominations , with six each , were Knowles , Outkast , and Jay-Z .'}]}, {'value': 'T. D. Jakes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T._D._Jakes', 'summary': "Thomas Dexter Jakes Sr. ( born June 9 , 1957 ) , known as T. D. Jakes , is a pastor , author and filmmaker . He is the pastor of The Potter 's House , a non-denominational American megachurch . Jakes 's church services and evangelistic sermons are broadcast on The Potter 's Touch , which airs on Lightsource.com , the Trinity Broadcasting Network , Black Entertainment Television , the Daystar Television Network and The Word Network . Other aspects of Jakes 's ministry include the annual festival MegaFest which draws more than 300,000 people , the annual women 's conference Woman Thou Art Loosed , and gospel music recordings . He hosted the T.D . Jakes Show , a nationally syndicated talk show produced by Tegna Media and distributed by Sony Pictures Television , until the show 's cancellation in March 2017 ."}]}, {'value': "Potter 's House Mass Choir", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Wing And A Prayer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'John P. Kee & The New Life Community Choir - Blessed By Association CeCe Winans Presents The Born Again Church Choir - Born Again Choir Chicago Mass Choir - Live In Nashville Joe Pace and the Colorado Mass Choir - Speak Life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_P._Kee', 'summary': 'John P. Kee ( born John Prince Kee on June 4 , 1962 ) is an American gospel singer and pastor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chicago_Mass_Choir', 'summary': 'The Chicago Mass Choir is an American gospel choir from Chicago , Illinois . The ensemble was founded in 1988 by James C. Chambers , who was also the founder of the Ecclesiastes Community Choir . Their debut album was issued in 1991 ; that year they were named Best New Artist at the Gospel Music Excellence Awards . The following year they won the award for Song of the Year for I Can Go to the Rock . They released several commercially successful albums over the course of the 1990s and 2000s . Percy Gray also is part of the Chicago Mass Choir .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Mass_Choir', 'summary': "The Colorado Mass Choir is an American gospel choir . The group 's lead vocalist is Joe Pace . They released their first album in 1996 , and won a Stellar Award for New Artist of the Year . Several releases on Verity Records followed ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/47th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 47th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 13 , 2005 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles . They were hosted by Queen Latifah , and televised in the United States by CBS . They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year . Ray Charles , whom the event was dedicated in memory of , posthumously won five Grammy Awards while his album , Genius Loves Company , won a total of eight . Kanye West received the most nominations with ten , winning three . Usher received eight nominations and won three including Best Contemporary R & B Album for his diamond selling album Confessions . Britney Spears received her first Grammy of Best Dance Recording for her 2004 smash hit Toxic .'}]}, {'value': 'Carol Cymbala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carol_Cymbala', 'summary': 'Carol Cymbala is the choir director for the Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir . The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir has received 6 Grammy Awards . She is the wife of pastor Jim Cymbala and daughter of pastor Clair Hutchins .'}]}, {'value': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brooklyn_Tabernacle', 'summary': 'Brooklyn Tabernacle is an evangelical non-denominational megachurch located at 17 Smith Street at the Fulton Mall in downtown Brooklyn , New York City . The senior pastor is Jim Cymbala .'}]}, {'value': 'Live ... This is Your House', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Minister Timothy Britten & Shabach Praise Co. - Ca n't Nobody Do Me Like Jesus Timothy Wright & New York Fellowship Mass Choir II - Live In New York New Birth Total Praise Choir - Spirit & Truth Ricky Dillard & New G - Unplugged ... The Way Church Used To Be", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Timothy_Wright', 'summary': 'Timothy Wright ( June 17 , 1947 - April 24 , 2009 ) , generally credited as Rev . Timothy Wright or Reverend Timothy Wright on recordings , was an American gospel singer and pastor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Dillard', 'summary': 'Ricky Rydell Dillard ( born February 25 , 1965 in Chicago ) is an American gospel music singer .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/48th_Grammy_Awards', 'summary': 'The 48th Annual Grammy Awards took place on February 8 , 2006 , at the Staples Center in Los Angeles , California . Irish rock band U2 were the main recipients with five awards including Album of the Year . Mariah Carey , John Legend , and Kanye West were each nominated for eight awards and won three ; Alison Krauss & Union Station also won three awards ; and Kelly Clarkson won two . Green Day were amongst the big winners , winning the Grammy Award for Record of the Year .'}]}, {'value': 'Gladys Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gladys_Knight', 'summary': "Gladys Maria Knight ( born May 28 , 1944 ) , known as the Empress of Soul , is an American singer , songwriter , actress , businesswoman , and author . A seven-time Grammy Award-winner , Knight is known for the hits she recorded during the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s with her group Gladys Knight & the Pips , which also included her brother Merald Bubba Knight and cousins Edward Patten and William Guest . Knight has recorded two number-one Billboard Hot 100 singles ( Midnight Train to Georgia and That 's What Friends Are For ) , eleven number-one R & B singles , and six number-one R & B albums . She has won seven Grammy Awards ( four as a solo artist and three with the Pips ) and is an inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame along with The Pips . She also recorded the theme song for the 1989 James Bond film Licence to Kill . Knight is also listed as one of Rolling Stone magazine 's 100 Greatest Singers of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Saints Unified Voices', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Unified_Voices', 'summary': 'Saints Unified Voices ( SUV ) is a Grammy Award-winning American Gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada . The Saints Unified Voices Foundation , the governing organization of the choir , is directed by a board of directors , which includes Gladys Knight .'}]}, {'value': 'One Voice', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saints_Unified_Voices', 'summary': 'Saints Unified Voices ( SUV ) is a Grammy Award-winning American Gospel music choir based in the Las Vegas Valley of Southern Nevada . The Saints Unified Voices Foundation , the governing organization of the choir , is directed by a board of directors , which includes Gladys Knight .'}]}, {'value': 'Donald Lawrence & Company - I Speak Life VIP Mass Choir - Live at The Fellowship Kurt Carr - One Church Hezekiah Walker and The Love Fellowship Choir - 20/85 The Experience', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donald_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Donald Lawrence ( born May 4 , 1961 , Gastonia , North Carolina ) is an American gospel music songwriter , record producer and artist . He studied at Cincinnati Conservatory , where he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts Degree in music . While in Cincinnati , he was also the Minister of Music at the Southern Baptist Church on Reading Road . The multiple Grammy and Stellar Award winner has collaborated with a diverse roster , as vocal coach to the R & B group En Vogue , musical director for Stephanie Mills , songwriter for The Clark Sisters , and collaborator with a host of artists including Peabo Bryson , Kirk Franklin , Karen Clark Sheard , Donnie McClurkin , and Mary J. Blige .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kurt_Carr', 'summary': 'Kurt Carr ( born October 12 , 1964 ) is an American gospel music composer and performer . While living in the city of Hartford , Connecticut , he served as Minister of Music at The First Baptist Church of Hartford located at the time on Greenfield Street .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hezekiah_Walker', 'summary': 'Bishop Hezekiah Walker ( born December 26 , 1962 ) is a popular American gospel music artist and pastor of prominent Brooklyn New York megachurch , Love Fellowship Tabernacle . Walker has released several albums on Benson Records and Verity Records as Hezekiah Walker & The Love Fellowship Crusade Choir .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Recipients', 'section_text': 'Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented , for works released in the previous year .', 'uid': 'Grammy_Award_for_Best_Gospel_Choir_or_Chorus_Album_0', 'intro': 'The Grammy Award for Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album was awarded from 1991 to 2006. From 1991 to 1997 it was awarded as Best Gospel Album by a Choir or Chorus. The Brooklyn Tabernacle Choir and their director, Carol Cymbala, were the most decorated artist in this category with six wins. Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.'}
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What church is the director who won the Grammy award in 2002 a pastor of ?
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Love Fellowship Tabernacle
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0360521cae35ae47
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Gran_Show_(Reyes_del_Show_of_2010)', 'title': 'El Gran Show (Reyes del Show of 2010)', 'header': ['Celebrity', 'Notability ( known for )', 'Dreamer', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Rebeca Escribens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rebeca_Escribens', 'summary': 'Rebeca Escribens is a Peruvian actress , TV Host. , radio host and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & TV host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Licky Barreto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 1st on November 13 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jesús Neyra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jesús_Neyra', 'summary': "Jesús Adalberto Neyra Magagna is a Peruvian actor , model , dancer and former football player of Italian descent most known for being a Hero in the first and third season of El Gran Show . He is Gianella Neyra 's brother . He has studied acting with Michelle Danner in Los Angeles ."}]}, {'value': 'Actor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cindy Tello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 2nd on November 20 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pierina Carcelén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pierina_Carcelén', 'summary': 'Pierina Carcelén Jerí is a Peruvian actress , model and dancer .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & model', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Alza', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 3rd on November 27 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fernando Roca Rey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Roca_Rey', 'summary': "Season two of the 2010 edition of El Gran Show premiered on August 14 , 2010 . On October 30 , 2010 , Belén Estévez and Gian Frank Navarro were crowned champions , representing the city of Lima and whose dream was to treat Gian Frank 's 4-year-old nephew who suffers from viral encephalitis , a disease that has him prostrate with scoliosis , blindness and seizures . Karen Dejo and Edward Mávila finished second , while Miguel Conejo Rebosio and Fabianne Hayashida finished third ."}]}, {'value': 'Bullfighter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bullfighter', 'summary': "A bullfighter is a performer in the art of bullfighting . Torero ( Spanish : [ toˈɾeɾo ] ) or toureiro ( Portuguese : [ toˈɾɐjɾu ] ) ( both from Latin taurarius , bullfighter ) are the Spanish and Portuguese words for bullfighter and describe all the performers in the sport of bullfighting as practised in Spain , Portugal , Mexico , Peru , France , Colombia , Ecuador , Venezuela and other countries influenced by Portuguese and Spanish culture . The main performer and leader of the entourage in a bullfight , and who finally kills the bull , is addressed as maestro ( master ) , or with the formal title matador de toros ( killer of bulls ) . The other bullfighters in the entourage are called subalternos and their suits are embroidered in silver as opposed to the matador 's more-theatrical gold . They include the picadores , rejoneadores , and banderilleros . In English , a torero is sometimes referred to by the term toreador , which was popularized by Georges Bizet in his opera Carmen . In Spanish , the word designates bullfighters on horseback , but is little used today , having been almost entirely displaced by rejoneador . A very small number of women have been bullfighters on foot or on horseback ; one recent example is Cristina Sánchez . Female matadors have experienced considerable resistance and public hostility from some aficionados and other matadors . Usually , toreros start fighting younger bulls ( novillos or , more informally in some Latin American countries , vaquillas ) , and are called novilleros . Fighting of mature bulls commences only after a special match , called the Alternative . At this same bullfight , the novillero ( junior bullfighter ) is presented to the crowd as a matador de toros ."}]}, {'value': 'Whitney Misme', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 4th on December 4 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karen Dejo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karen_Dejo', 'summary': 'Karen Dejo ( born 10 July 1980 ) is a Peruvian actress and dancer . She has appeared in numerous Latin American television presentations . Dejo started her career as a model , and later performed as a ballerina in the TV Show La Movida de los Sabados with Jeanet Barboza . After this she joined the band Alma Bella , which was followed by her appearance in the video-spot Jugo de Tamarindo with Julio Andrade . She subsequently performed in the internationally broadcast telenovela Besos robados in 2004 . Dejo has appeared in roles in Chicha tu madre and Talk Show . She has also appeared in theater [ citation needed ] , and has worked in a circus . [ citation needed ] She had a role as Paola in the erotic TV series Bellas y Ambiciosas in 2006 with Raúl Olivo . [ citation needed ] In 2012 she was the winner of the dance reality series El Gran Show .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & TV host', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edward Mávila', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eliminated 5th on December 11 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gisela Ponce de León', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisela_Ponce_de_León', 'summary': 'Gisela Ponce de León Franco , ( born 12 April 1985 ) is a Peruvian film , television and stage actress and singer . Gisela began working professionally as a child actor on the musical Annie and in other productions . She appeared in several more musicals before being selected for the lead role in the hit TV show Esta Sociedad . Theres also been a musical in Peru she played as Sofia in Mama Mia . In her country has starred in the musicals Cabaret , La Cage aux Folles , Next to normal and Our Town . She played Mary Warren in Las Brujas de Salem , Rachel Corrie in My Name Is Rachel Corrie and Penny Pingleton in Hairspray .'}]}, {'value': 'Actress & singer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rayder Vásquez', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Third place on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belén Estévez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belén_Estévez', 'summary': 'Belén Estévez ( b. Buenos Aires , September 25 , 1984 ) is an Argentinian dancer and vedette who began her career in Peru . She is known for winning El Gran Show in 2010 and 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Former vedette', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vedette_(cabaret)', 'summary': 'A vedette is the main female artist of a show derived from cabaret and its genres ( revue , vaudeville , music hall or burlesque ) . The purpose of the vedette in a cabaret or nightclub show is to entertain the public . The vedette has to know how to sing , dance and act on stage . Depending on the quality of its show , career or mastery of one or more stage talents , can be considered a super vedette or first vedette . Generally a vedette is a woman with physical presence , personality and charisma that captivates the public . In addition to singing , dancing and acting , vedettes often included groups of dancers , flashy and revealing costumes , magicians , comedians , jugglers , and even performing animals . Vedettes specializing in burlesque generally do striptease and may also perform nude on stage . In the 20th century , vedette shows were successful in the cabarets , theaters and nightclubs of countries such as Spain , France , Argentina and Mexico . Paris and Las Vegas were considered the main cradle of the vedettes .'}]}, {'value': 'Gian Frank Navarro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Conejo Rebosio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Rebosio', 'summary': 'César Miguel Rebosio Compans ( born 20 October 1976 in Lima ) is a Peruvian retired footballer who played as a defender .'}]}, {'value': 'Former football player', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': 'Fabianne Hayashida', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winners on December 18 , 2010', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Cast -- Couples', 'section_text': 'The couples that competed this season were the top three places in the first and second seasons , the best fourth place ( determined by the highest average scores ) who were Stephanie Orué and Licky Barreto , and a couple invited by the jury , being Fernando Roca Rey and Whitney Misme . In the first week , it was announced that two heroines could not compete due to work reasons : Stephanie Orué , who was replaced by Rebeca Escribens ( eighth place of the second season ) , and Maricarmen Marín , who was replaced by Pierina Carcelen ( seventh put in the first season ) .', 'uid': 'El_Gran_Show:_Reyes_del_Show_0', 'intro': 'Reyes del Show (English: Show Kings) is the season three of the 2010 edition of El Gran Show premiered on November 6, 2010. On December 18, 2010, Miguel Conejo Rebosio and Fabianne Hayashida were crowned champions, Belén Estévez & Gian Frank Navarro finished second, while Gisela Ponce de León & Rayder Vásquez were third.'}
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What is the notability of the celebrity whose show premiered on August 14 , 2010 ?
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Bullfighter
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0362ba5e27483f9c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_corruption_scandals_in_Romania', 'title': 'List of corruption scandals in Romania', 'header': ['People involved ( office held/occupation )', 'Date', 'Details', 'Conviction date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Andreea Cosma [ ro ] ( deputy , Social Democratic Party ) Florin Serghei Anghel [ ro ] ( former President of Prahova County Council ) Dănuț Marcel Cornea ( former councillor , Prahova County Council )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Romania)', 'summary': "The Chamber of Deputies ( Romanian : Camera Deputaților ) is the lower house in Romania 's bicameral parliament . It has 329 seats to which deputies are elected by direct popular vote using party-list proportional representation to serve four-year terms . Additionally , the organisation of each national minority is entitled to a seat in the Chamber ( under the limitation that a national minority is to be represented by one organisation only ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(Romania)', 'summary': "The Social Democratic Party ( Romanian : Partidul Social Democrat , PSD ) is the major social-democratic political party in Romania founded by Ion Iliescu , Romania 's first democratically elected president . The largest party in Parliament with initially 63 seats in the Senate and 158 seats in the Chamber of Deputies , it also has the largest number of mayors , local and county councilors and county presidents thus being the biggest and most influential political force in the country . PSD traces its origins to the Democratic National Salvation Front , a breakaway group established in 1992 from the post-communist National Salvation Front . In 1993 this merged with three other parties to become the Party of Social Democracy in Romania ( PDSR ) . The present name was adopted after a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party ( PSDR ) in 2001 . Since its formation , it has always been one of the two dominant parties of the country . The PDSR governed Romania from 1992 to 1996 , while the PSDR was a junior coalition partner between 1996 and 2000 . The merged PSD was the senior party in the coalitions governing from 2000 to 2004 , and from March 2014 to November 2015 , as well as one of the main coalition partners between December 2008 and October 2009 ( with the Democratic Liberal Party ) and again between May 2012 and March 2014 ( as part of the Social Liberal Union ) . The party left government after Prime Minister Victor Ponta resigned in November 2015 , only to return as the senior governing party in January 2017 , after a major victory in the legislative elections . The founder of the party , Ion Iliescu , became President of the Republic , in office from the end of Communism in 1989 to 1996 , and again from 2000 to 2004 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Prahova_County', 'summary': 'Prahova County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈprahova ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in the historical region Muntenia , with the capital city at Ploiești .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to 4 years imprisonment for complicity to abuse of power ( Andreea Cosma ) , instigating to abuse of power ( Florin Anghel ) and abuse of power ( Dănuț Marcel Cornea ) in the case of selling the Ciuperceasca casern at an undervalued price', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4 December 2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Constantin Nicolescu [ ro ] ( former chairman of Argeș County Council )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Argeș_County', 'summary': 'Argeș County ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈard͡ʒeʃ ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Muntenia , with the capital city at Pitești .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to 8 years in prison for bribery', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5 May 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicușor Constantinescu [ ro ] ( former chairman of Constanța County Council )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Constanța_County', 'summary': 'Constanța ( Romanian pronunciation : [ konˈstantsa ] ( listen ) ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria , in the Dobruja region . Its capital city is also named Constanța .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for authorizing illegal payments in his role as chairman of the Constanța County Council , causing damages amounting to over 30 million lei ( €6,725,000 ) to the Council and over 1 million lei ( €224,000 ) to the Romanian state', 'urls': []}, {'value': '29 July 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicușor Constantinescu [ ro ] ( former chairman of Constanța County Council )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to six years imprisonment for abuse of power in a case related to not issuing or extending permits for wind farms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Romania', 'summary': "As of 2013 , there was an installed capacity of 2,599 megawatts ( MW ) of wind power in Romania , up from the 7 MW installed capacity in 2007 . Until December 2010 , Romania added around 440 MW to its installed wind capacity from two wind farms : Fântânele-Cogealac and the EDP Peştera . The Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm has been completed in 2012 and at the time was the largest in Europe . Romania has a wind-power potential of around 14,000 MW , and an energy-generating capacity of 23 terawatt-hours . The country 's wind power capacity that can be assimilated by the national transport grid is between 3,000 MW and 9,000 MW , while only in the last two years the total power of the requests for connecting to it was about 22.800 MW . The Dobrogea region , which consists of Constanţa and Tulcea counties , has the second-highest wind potential in Europe . Several companies are interested in investing in wind farms in Romania . The Italian company Enel Green Power , a subsidiary of Enel , plans to build several wind farms with a total capacity of 350 MW . The Swiss conglomerate Cofra Group plans to build two large wind farms , one that will have a capacity of 700 MW in Dobruja and one that will have a capacity of 400 MW in Neamţ and Suceava counties ; the total investment will amount to $ 1.65 billion . In 2008 , Iberdrola bought 50 wind farm projects , with a combined installed capacity 1,600 MW , from two companies for $ 450 million . Romanian companies interested in building wind farms include Electrica and Green Energy , which have plans to build wind farms that will have an installed capacity of 310 MW with total investments of $ 420 million . The Hungarian company Sinus Holding will build five wind farms in the Northern Moldavia region , having an installed capacity of 700 MW and totaling $ 800 million in capital investment , that will be built by December 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '27 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumitru Dragomir ( former chairman of the Professional Football League )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumitru_Dragomir', 'summary': "Dumitru Dragomir ( born May 30 , 1946 ) was the president of the Romanian Professional Football League from 1996 to 2014 . Before that , he was president of Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea , Olt Scorniceşti , FCM Braşov and Victoria Bucureşti . He sat in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2000 to 2008 , representing Vâlcea County and winning election twice , in 2000 and in 2004 . He was a member of the Greater Romania Party for most of that period , but resigned from the party in September 2008 and sat as an independent for the remainder of his second term . On 23 June 2016 Dragomir was sentenced to 7 years ' imprisonment for tax evasion , embezzlement and money laundering . The sentence was not final . He was acquitted of all charges by the Bucharest Court of Appeals in November 2018 , the decision being final ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liga_Profesionistă_de_Fotbal', 'summary': 'The Liga Profesionistă de Fotbal ( Professional Football League ) , also known by its acronym LPF , is a Romanian governing body that runs the Liga I , the top professional division of the Romanian football league system . Its current president is Gino Iorgulescu , elected in 2013 and re-elected in 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '2009-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dumitru Dragomir was sentenced to 7 years imprisonment for tax evasion , embezzlement and money laundering', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dumitru_Dragomir', 'summary': "Dumitru Dragomir ( born May 30 , 1946 ) was the president of the Romanian Professional Football League from 1996 to 2014 . Before that , he was president of Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea , Olt Scorniceşti , FCM Braşov and Victoria Bucureşti . He sat in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2000 to 2008 , representing Vâlcea County and winning election twice , in 2000 and in 2004 . He was a member of the Greater Romania Party for most of that period , but resigned from the party in September 2008 and sat as an independent for the remainder of his second term . On 23 June 2016 Dragomir was sentenced to 7 years ' imprisonment for tax evasion , embezzlement and money laundering . The sentence was not final . He was acquitted of all charges by the Bucharest Court of Appeals in November 2018 , the decision being final ."}]}, {'value': '23 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gabriel Popoviciu [ ro ] ( Businessman ) Ioan Niculae Alecu ( former rector of the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Bucharest ) Ilie Cornel Şerban ( former Director of the General Directorate for Intelligence and Internal Security ) Petru Daniel Pitcovici ( former chief of the Operations Division of the Anti-Corruption General Directorate )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Agronomic_Sciences_and_Veterinary_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest ( Romanian : Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicină Veterinară din Bucuresți ) is the oldest and largest institution of higher agronomic sciences and veterinary education in Romania , founded in 1852 . With around 12,000 students , the university offers 32 undergraduate programmes and 33 master programmes ; all are available in Romanian , 6 in English and 1 in French . Furthermore , there are also two doctoral schools specialised in five fields : Agronomy , Animal Science , Biotechnologies , Horticulture , and Veterinary Medicine .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Direcția_Generală_de_Informații_și_Protecție_Internă', 'summary': 'Direcţia Generală de Protecţie Internă ( General Directorate for Internal Security , DGPI ) is the criminal intelligence agency of the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs . It was created following the disbanding of UM 0215 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Direcția_Generală_Anticorupție', 'summary': 'Direcţia Generală Anticorupţie ( Anti-Corruption General Directorate , DGA ) is an agency subordinated to the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs , tasked with preventing and investigating the corruption offenses , the criminal acts and misconduct among the personnel of the Ministry .'}]}, {'value': '2000-2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The main charge of this corruption scandal is related to the sale of 224 hectares of land belonging to the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine ( UASVM ) at an undervalued price . Gabriel Popoviciu ( a.k.a . Puiu Popoviciu ) was sentenced to 9 years imprisonment , Ioan Niculae Alecu ( the former rector of the UASVM ) - to 6 years imprisonment , Ilie Cornel Şerban - to 2 years and a half imprisonment , Petru Daniel Pitcovici - to 2 years imprisonment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Agronomic_Sciences_and_Veterinary_Medicine', 'summary': 'The University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest ( Romanian : Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicină Veterinară din Bucuresți ) is the oldest and largest institution of higher agronomic sciences and veterinary education in Romania , founded in 1852 . With around 12,000 students , the university offers 32 undergraduate programmes and 33 master programmes ; all are available in Romanian , 6 in English and 1 in French . Furthermore , there are also two doctoral schools specialised in five fields : Agronomy , Animal Science , Biotechnologies , Horticulture , and Veterinary Medicine .'}]}, {'value': '23 June 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ilie Carabulea [ ro ] ( Wealthy businessman ; founder and former CEO of Banca Comercială Carpatica )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Banca_Comercială_Carpatica', 'summary': 'Patria Bank S.A. is a Romanian bank based in Bucharest , resulting from the 2017 reverse merger between Banca Comercială Carpatica and Patria Bank ( known as Nextebank until 2016 ) , which saw the latter being absorbed into the former , with its name and brand being adopted by the restructured company .'}]}, {'value': '2012-2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to 6 and a half years imprisonment for bribery', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8 March 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gergely Olosz [ ro ] ( Senator , former President of the Regulatory Authority for Energy )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010-2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sentenced to 3 years imprisonment for influence-peddling', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3 March 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gheorghe Costin [ ro ] ( Member of Parliament ; Deputy Mayor of Beiuș )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beiuș', 'summary': 'Beiuș ( Romanian pronunciation : [ beˈjuʃ ] ; German : Binsch ; [ citation needed ] Hungarian : Belényes ) is a city in Bihor County , Romania near the Apuseni Mountains . The river Crișul Negru flows through Beiuș , and the city administers a single village , Delani ( Gyalány ) . Between the late 18th and very early 20th centuries , Beiuș constituted one of the most important learning centers of the Romanian language in Western Transylvania .'}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Convicted for fraud , false declarations and abuse of power . He provided preferential treatment in tenders for the company , Top Construct Group , whilst he was Deputy Mayor of Beiuș . Furthermore , he signed off on payments towards the company for false activities and works', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7 May 2015', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Investigations resulting in convictions , subject to appeal', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_corruption_scandals_in_Romania_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable corruption scandals in Romania.'}
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How many Masters programs does the university referenced in the Gabriel Popoviciu case offer ?
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33
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0364229d529e63ab
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hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_Winnipeg', 'title': 'Media in Winnipeg', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Brand name', 'Format', 'Owner', 'City'], 'data': [{'value': '580 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJML', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJML_(AM)', 'summary': "CJML is a community radio/special events radio station that operated from time to time on CKY 's former AM frequency at 580 kHz , in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . After CKY left AM 580 to the FM band back in 2004 , it is believed CJML first started broadcasting in 2005 with a low-power signal . CJML 's call sign stands for Come Journey Down Memory Lane . As of 2010 , it 's uncertain if the station is still in operation . Its facilities had been set up on a temporary basis , and the station has been silent for several years ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'special events', 'urls': []}, {'value': '( unknown )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '680 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJOB', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJOB', 'summary': 'CJOB ( 680 kHz ) is a commercial AM radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . It is owned and operated by Corus Radio and airs a talk radio format with news and sports programs . CJOB and its sister stations , Peggy @ 99.1 and Power 97 , have studios and offices at 1440 Jack Blick Avenue at Polo Park in Winnipeg . The transmitter tower array is located off Floodway Road near Saint Adolphe . CJOB operates at 50,000 watts , the highest power permitted for Canadian AM stations . But because AM 680 is a clear channel frequency , CJOB must use a directional antenna at all times to avoid interfering with other stations . KNBR San Francisco and KBRW Barrow , Alaska , share Class A status on 680 kHz .'}]}, {'value': 'CJOB 68', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'news/talk/sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '810 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKJS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKJS', 'summary': 'CKJS is a multilingual radio station . The station broadcasts from 520 Corydon Avenue in Winnipeg , Manitoba with sister stations CFJL-FM and CHWE-FM , while its transmitter is located at Duff Roblin Provincial Park just south of Winnipeg . The station is the only multilingual radio station in Manitoba serving more than twenty different ethnic groups .'}]}, {'value': '--', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ethnic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ethnic', 'summary': 'An ethnic group or ethnicity is a category of people who identify with each other , usually on the basis of presumed similarities such as common language , ancestry , history , society , culture , nation or social treatment within their residing area . Ethnicity is often used synonymously with the term nation , particularly in cases of ethnic nationalism , and is separate from but related to the concept of races . Ethnicity is usually an inherited status based on the society in which one lives . Membership of an ethnic group tends to be defined by a shared cultural heritage , ancestry , origin myth , history , homeland , language or dialect , symbolic systems such as religion , mythology and ritual , cuisine , dressing style , art or physical appearance . Ethnic groups often continue to speak related languages and share a similar gene pool . By way of language shift , acculturation , adoption and religious conversion . The largest ethnic groups in modern times comprise hundreds of millions of individuals ( Han Chinese being the largest ) , while the smallest are limited to a few dozen individuals ( numerous indigenous peoples worldwide ) . Ethnic groups may be subdivided into subgroups or tribes , which over time may become separate ethnic groups themselves due to endogamy or physical isolation from the parent group . Conversely , formerly separate ethnicities can merge to form a pan-ethnicity and may eventually merge into one single ethnicity . Whether through division or amalgamation , the formation of a separate ethnic identity is referred to as ethnogenesis .'}]}, {'value': 'Evanov Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanov_Communications', 'summary': 'Evanov Radio Group is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . It is also the sole owner of Dufferin Communications Inc. , 80% owner of Halifax Broadcasting Ltd. and Ottawa Media Inc . The group of Evanov companies owns and operates a number of radio stations in Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba and Nova Scotia ,'}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '990 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBW_(AM)', 'summary': "CBW is the call sign of the CBC Radio One station in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The station broadcasts at 990 kHz ( AM ) . CBW is a Class A Clear-channel station reserved for Canada under the North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement allocations . CBW 's studios are located on Portage Avenue in Downtown Winnipeg , while its transmitters are located near Beaudry Provincial Park in Springstein . Due to the station 's transmitter power and Manitoba 's mostly flat land ( with near-perfect ground conductivity ) , it reaches almost all of southern Manitoba during the day and much of the middle portion of North America at night . In addition , the station is simulcast on a low-power FM station at 89.3 MHz ( with a transmitter atop Bell MTS Place Main , also in Downtown Winnipeg ) ."}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '1290 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFRW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFRW', 'summary': 'CFRW ( 1290 kHz ) is a commercial AM radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba . It is owned by Bell Media and it carries a sports radio format branded as TSN Radio 1290 . CFRW is co-located with its sister stations CKMM-FM and CFWM-FM on 1445 Pembina Highway . Its transmitter is located near Oak Bluff along Road 54 off McGillivray Boulevard . On weekdays , CFRW carries local sports shows as well as programming from the TSN Radio Network . Overnights and weekends , sports programming from ESPN Radio is heard . CFRW is the flagship station of the Winnipeg Jets in the National Hockey League .'}]}, {'value': 'TSN Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TSN_Radio', 'summary': "TSN Radio is a semi-national sports radio brand and part-time network in Canada carried on AM radio stations owned by Bell Media Radio . The TSN Radio brand , and some of the stations ' content , is shared with Bell Media 's television sports channel , The Sports Network . With the American sports media company ESPN being a minority shareholder in TSN , most of the stations also air some ESPN Radio programming , usually on weekends and/or overnight . TSN Radio currently operates stations in Toronto ( CHUM 1050 ) , Montreal ( CKGM 690 ) , Ottawa ( CFGO 1200 ) , Hamilton ( CKOC 1150 ) , Winnipeg ( CFRW 1290 ) , Edmonton ( CFRN 1260 ) , and Vancouver ( CKST 1040 ) . However , each station produces the vast majority of its programming locally , apart from some live event broadcasts as well as U.S.-produced syndicated programming . Unlike sports radio networks in the United States , there is no all-day 'network ' feed , and very few Canadian-produced programs are simulcast nationally ( though some local programs are simulcast on TSN 's TV channels ) ."}]}, {'value': 'sports radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sports_radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '88.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKSB-10-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKSB-10-FM', 'summary': 'CKSB-10-FM ( 88.1 MHz ) is a Canadian public radio station serving the Winnipeg Capital Region in Manitoba . It is owned by the Société Radio-Canada ( CBC ) and airs the Ici Radio-Canada Première network , concentrating on news and talk in the French language . It had been licensed to Saint Boniface , which was a separate city until it was annexed by Winnipeg in 1971 . Even though the call sign includes a number , usually indicating the station is a rebroadcaster , CKSB-10-FM originates some of its own local programming and contributes to the Ici Radio-Canada Première network .'}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk ( French )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News', 'summary': 'News is information about current events . This may be provided through many different media : word of mouth , printing , postal systems , broadcasting , electronic communication , or through the testimony of observers and witnesses to events . Common topics for news reports include war , government , politics , education , health , the environment , economy , business , fashion , and entertainment , as well as athletic events , quirky or unusual events . Government proclamations , concerning royal ceremonies , laws , taxes , public health , and criminals , have been dubbed news since ancient times . Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news , which they satisfy by talking to each other and sharing information . Technological and social developments , often driven by government communication and espionage networks , have increased the speed with which news can spread , as well as influenced its content . The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper , which originated in China as a court bulletin and spread , with paper and printing press , to Europe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Société Radio-Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '89.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKSB-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKSB-FM', 'summary': "CKSB-FM ( 89.9 MHz ) is a public radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba , owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( Société Radio-Canada ) . It carries Radio-Canada 's Ici Musique network , airing a mix of adult album alternative ( AAA ) , classical music and other genres . CKSB-FM has an effective radiated power of 61,000 watts , broadcasting from the Starbuck Communications Tower ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Musique', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Musique', 'summary': "Ici Musique ( stylized as ICI Musique ) is the French-language music radio service of Canada 's national public broadcaster , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( Société Radio-Canada ) . It is the French equivalent of the English CBC Music , although it has a different programming focus ."}]}, {'value': 'public music ( French )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'Société Radio-Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '91.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKXL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKXL-FM', 'summary': "CKXL-FM ( 91.1 MHz ) is a French language community radio station licensed to Saint Boniface , Manitoba and serving the Winnipeg Capital Region . It broadcasts a public radio format that has 80% Manitoba content . It uses the branding Envol 91 FM . CKXL-FM is owned by La Radio Communautaire du Manitoba Inc . It broadcasts from the Franco-Manitoban Cultural Centre ( CCFM ) in the Winnipeg district of Saint Boniface . The station 's transmitter is located on Provincial Trunk Highway 2 in Springstein , Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Envol 91', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'community radio ( French )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Community_radio', 'summary': 'Community radio is a radio service offering a third model of radio broadcasting in addition to commercial and public broadcasting . Community stations serve geographic communities and communities of interest . They broadcast content that is popular and relevant to a local , specific audience but is often overlooked by commercial or mass-media broadcasters . Community radio stations are operated , owned , and influenced by the communities they serve . They are generally nonprofit and provide a mechanism for enabling individuals , groups , and communities to tell their own stories , to share experiences and , in a media-rich world , to become creators and contributors of media . In many parts of the world , community radio acts as a vehicle for the community and voluntary sector , civil society , agencies , NGOs and citizens to work in partnership to further community development aims , in addition to broadcasting . There is legally defined community radio ( as a distinct broadcasting sector ) in many countries , such as France , Argentina , South Africa , Australia and Ireland . Much of the legislation has included phrases such as social benefit , social objectives and social gain as part of the definition . Community radio has developed differently in different countries , and the term has somewhat different meanings in the United Kingdom , Ireland , the United States , Canada and Australia , where freedom of speech laws and de facto realities differ .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}]}, {'value': 'La Radio communautaire du Manitoba inc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_Radio_communautaire_du_Manitoba_inc.', 'summary': "CKXL-FM ( 91.1 MHz ) is a French language community radio station licensed to Saint Boniface , Manitoba and serving the Winnipeg Capital Region . It broadcasts a public radio format that has 80% Manitoba content . It uses the branding Envol 91 FM . CKXL-FM is owned by La Radio Communautaire du Manitoba Inc . It broadcasts from the Franco-Manitoban Cultural Centre ( CCFM ) in the Winnipeg district of Saint Boniface . The station 's transmitter is located on Provincial Trunk Highway 2 in Springstein , Manitoba ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '92.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CITI', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CITI-FM', 'summary': 'CITI-FM ( 92.1 MHz ) is a commercial Canadian FM radio station broadcasting in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Owned by Rogers Media , the station broadcasts a classic-based rock radio format branded as 92.1 CITI . Its studios are located on Osborne Street south of Downtown Winnipeg , while its transmitter is located at Duff Roblin Provincial Park just south of Winnipeg .'}]}, {'value': '92 Citi FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_rock', 'summary': "Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock ( AOR ) format in the early 1980s . In the United States , the classic rock format features rock music ranging generally from the mid-1960s to the 1980s , primarily focusing on commercially successful blues rock and hard rock popularized in the 1970s AOR format . The radio format became increasingly popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s . Although classic rock has mostly appealed to adult listeners , music associated with this format received more exposure with younger generations of listeners with the presence of the Internet and digital downloading . Some classic rock stations also play a limited number of current releases which are stylistically consistent with the station 's sound , or by heritage acts that are still active and producing new music . Conceptually , classic rock has been analyzed by academics as an effort by critics , media , and music establishments to canonize rock music and commodify 1960s Western culture for audiences living in a post-baby boomer economy . The music predominantly selected for the format has been identified as commercially successful songs by white male acts from the Anglosphere , expressing values of Romanticism , self-aggrandizement , and politically undemanding ideologies ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '93.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJNU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJNU-FM', 'summary': "CJNU-FM ( 93.7 MHz ) is a Canadian radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Owned by the Nostalgia Broadcasting Cooperative , the station plays an adult standards radio format . CJNU-FM 's offices and studios are on Lombard Place . The transmitter is located on Roslyn Road ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pop standards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pop_standards', 'summary': 'Traditional pop ( also classic pop or pre-rock and roll pop ) is Western popular music that generally pre-dates the advent of rock and roll in the mid-1950s . The most popular and enduring songs from this era of music are known as pop standards or American standards . The works of these songwriters and composers are usually considered part of the canon known as the Great American Songbook . More generally , the term standard can be applied to any popular song that has become very widely known within mainstream culture . Traditional/classic pop music is generally regarded as having existed between the mid-1940s and mid-1950s . AllMusic defines traditional pop as post-big band and pre-rock & roll pop music .'}]}, {'value': 'Nostalgia Broadcasting Cooperative', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '94.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHIQ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHIQ-FM', 'summary': "CHIQ-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 94.3 FM in Winnipeg , Manitoba . The station broadcasts a classic rock format branded as 94-3 The Drive . CHIQ-FM 's studios are located at 177 Lombard Avenue in Downtown Winnipeg along with its sister station CFQX-FM , while its transmitter is located near Oak Bluff . Both stations are owned by the Jim Pattison Group ."}]}, {'value': '94.3 The Drive', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Pattison Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Pattison_Group', 'summary': "The Jim Pattison Group is a Vancouver-based conglomerate with interests in media , automotive dealerships , grocery store chains , magazine distribution , food service specialty packaging , advertising , real estate development , fishing , forest products , financial services , and entertainment . and , in a recent survey by the Financial Post , the firm was ranked as Canada 's 62nd largest company . Jim Pattison , a Vancouver-based entrepreneur , is the chairman , CEO , and sole owner of the company . The Jim Pattison Group , Canada 's second largest privately held company , has more than 45,000 employees worldwide , and annual sales of $ 10.1 billion based on investments in Canada , the U.S. , Mexico , Europe , Asia and Australia . The Group is active in 25 divisions , according to Forbes , including packaging , food , forestry products . In late 2018 , Pattison was still working full-time . According to Forbes , his net worth then was $ 5.7 billion , having increased substantially from the $ 2.1 billion reported in March 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '95.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHVN', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHVN-FM', 'summary': "CHVN-FM ( 95.1 FM ) is a radio station licensed to Winnipeg , Manitoba , broadcasting a contemporary Christian music format . The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting . CHVN 's studios are located on St. Mary 's Road in south Winnipeg , while its transmitter is located near Springstein ."}]}, {'value': 'CHVN 95.1FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'contemporary Christian music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music', 'summary': "Contemporary Christian music ( or CCM - and occasionally inspirational music ) is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith . It formed as those affected by the 1960s Jesus movement revival began to express themselves in a more contemporary style of music than the hymns , Gospel and Southern gospel music that was prevalent in the church at the time . Today , the term is typically used to refer to pop , rock , or praise & worship styles . It has representation on several music charts including Billboard 's Christian Albums , Christian Songs , Hot Christian AC ( Adult Contemporary ) , Christian CHR , Soft AC/Inspirational , and Christian Digital Songs as well as the UK 's Official Christian & Gospel Albums Chart . Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200 . In the iTunes Store , the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre while the Google Play Music system labels it as Christian/Gospel ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden West Broadcasting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_West_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Golden West Broadcasting is a Canadian radio broadcasting company based in Altona , Manitoba , Canada . It currently owns and operates a number of radio stations in the prairie provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba , and the Northwestern Ontario region . Through its Golden West Sound Design division , the company also supplies broadcast equipment sales and technical services as well as sound system consultation and installation .'}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '95.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKUW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKUW-FM', 'summary': "CKUW-FM ( 95.9 MHz ) is the campus radio station at the University of Winnipeg in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . The station broadcasts with 450 watts effective radiated power . Its transmitter and antenna are on top of # 7 Evergreen Place in Osborne village in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Local cultural programs are a large part of the schedule , and a quarter of CKUW 's programming consists of spoken word shows covering local news , the entertainment scene , and community/social justice issues . The station operates 24 hours a day 7 days a week with all the programming being done by volunteers . A coverage map of how far the station broadcasts shows in this photo at this link : http : //ckuw.ca/index.php/coverage"}]}, {'value': 'CKUW 95.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'campus radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_radio', 'summary': 'Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg', 'summary': "The University of Winnipeg ( UWinnipeg , U of W ) is a public research university in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , that offers undergraduate faculties of art , business and economics , education , science and kinesiology and applied health as well as graduate programs . UWinnipeg 's founding colleges were Manitoba College and Wesley College , which merged to form United College in 1938 . The University of Winnipeg was established in 1967 when United College received its charter . The governance was modeled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate ( faculty ) , responsible for academic policy , and a board of governors ( citizens ) exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters . The president , appointed by the board , was a link between the bodies to perform institutional leadership . UWinnipeg 's current president and vice-chancellor is Annette Trimbee , succeeding Lloyd Axworthy , who served from 2004 to 2014 . Maclean 's magazine and The Globe and Mail newspaper consistently rank the university in the top fifteen of all Canadian universities whose primary focus is undergraduate education in the category of student satisfaction . In 2013 the U of W ranked 13th out of 19 primarily undergraduate institutions ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '96.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CILT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CILT-FM', 'summary': 'CILT-FM ( 96.7 FM ) , branded as Mix 96 , is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary/classic hits format , similar to CKNO-FM in Edmonton . Licensed to Steinbach , Manitoba , it serves southeastern Manitoba , even to Winnipeg . It first began broadcasting in 1998 with an adult contemporary format as Lite 96.7 . The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting . By 2006 , the station changed formats to adult contemporary-variety hits under the branding MIX 96 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mix 96.7', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CILT-FM', 'summary': 'CILT-FM ( 96.7 FM ) , branded as Mix 96 , is a radio station broadcasting a hot adult contemporary/classic hits format , similar to CKNO-FM in Edmonton . Licensed to Steinbach , Manitoba , it serves southeastern Manitoba , even to Winnipeg . It first began broadcasting in 1998 with an adult contemporary format as Lite 96.7 . The station is currently owned by Golden West Broadcasting . By 2006 , the station changed formats to adult contemporary-variety hits under the branding MIX 96 .'}]}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Golden West Broadcasting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_West_Broadcasting', 'summary': 'Golden West Broadcasting is a Canadian radio broadcasting company based in Altona , Manitoba , Canada . It currently owns and operates a number of radio stations in the prairie provinces of Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba , and the Northwestern Ontario region . Through its Golden West Sound Design division , the company also supplies broadcast equipment sales and technical services as well as sound system consultation and installation .'}]}, {'value': 'Steinbach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steinbach,_Manitoba', 'summary': 'Steinbach ( /ˈstaɪnbæk/ ( listen ) ) is a city located about 58 km south-east of Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . According to the Canada 2016 Census , Steinbach has a population of 15,829 , making it the third-largest city in Manitoba and the largest community in the Eastman region . The city is bordered by the Rural Municipality of Hanover ( north , west , and south ) , and the Rural Municipality of La Broquerie ( east ) . The name of Steinbach is translated from German as Stony Brook and was first settled by Plautdietsch-speaking Mennonites from the Russian Empire in 1874 . The city continues to have a strong Mennonite influence today ; more than 50 percent of the residents claim Germanic ( including both Dutch and German ) heritage . Steinbach is found on the eastern edge of the Canadian Prairies , while Sandilands Provincial Forest is a short distance east of the city . Steinbach is primarily an agricultural community ; however , as the regional economic hub of southeastern Manitoba , Steinbach has a trading area population of about 50,000 people . The city also has many service and commercial businesses to serve the population . Steinbach is the third fastest-growing census agglomeration in Canada . Out of the top eight fastest-growing agglomerations , Steinbach is the only one located outside Alberta . The city had a population growth of 17% between the 2011 and the 2016 census periods . The city has gained national recognition as an immigration destination of Canada and a model for immigrant integration in the country .'}]}, {'value': '97.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJKR', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJKR-FM', 'summary': "CJKR-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 97.5 FM in Winnipeg , Manitoba with an active rock format under its on-air brand name Power 97 . The station is owned and operated by Corus Entertainment which also owns sister stations CJOB and CJGV-FM . The studios & offices are located at 1440 Jack Blick Avenue at Winnipeg 's Polo Park , while its transmitter is located on Brady Road in south Winnipeg . CJKR-FM is the most powerful FM radio station in Canada , operating with 310,000 watts . Most FM stations in Canada and the United States run 100,000 watts or less . Because CKJR-FM is one of the oldest FM stations in Canada , it was grandfathered with a much higher power . ( In Winnipeg , CBW-FM also operates with an unusually high power , 160,000 watts . And CITI-FM runs 120,000 watts . )"}]}, {'value': 'Power 97', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '98.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBW-FM', 'summary': 'CBW-FM ( 98.3 MHz ) is a public non-commercial radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba , owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . The station airs the CBC Music Network , a mix of adult album alternative ( AAA ) , classical music and other genres . Its studios are located on Portage Avenue in Downtown Winnipeg , while its transmitter is located on the Starbuck Communications Tower . CBW-FM is one of the most powerful radio stations in Canada , with an effective radiated power ( ERP ) of 160,000 watts , while most FM stations run at 100,000 watts or less . ( Winnipeg is also home to the most powerful station , CJKR-FM at 310,000 watts . )'}]}, {'value': 'CBC Music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Music', 'summary': 'CBC Music ( formerly known as CBC FM , CBC Stereo and CBC Radio 2 ) is a Canadian FM radio network operated by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It used to concentrate on classical music and jazz . In 2007 and 2008 , the network transitioned towards a new adult music format with a variety of genres , with the classical genre generally restricted to midday hours . In 2009 , Radio 2 averaged 2.1 million listeners weekly , and it was the second largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '99.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJGV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJGV-FM', 'summary': 'CFPG-FM ( 99.1 FM Peggy @ 99.1 ) is a radio station in Winnipeg . Owned by Corus Entertainment , it broadcasts a mainstream adult contemporary format . Its transmitter is located in Duff Roblin Provincial Park , while its studios are located alongside its sister stations in a building near the Polo Park mall .'}]}, {'value': 'Peggy @ 99.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Corus Entertainment', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corus_Entertainment', 'summary': "Corus Entertainment is a Canadian mass media and broadcasting company . Formed in 1999 as a spin-off from Shaw Communications , it is headquartered at Corus Quay in Toronto , Ontario , and has prominent holdings in the radio , publishing , and television industries . Corus Entertainment 's voting majority is held by the company 's founder JR Shaw and his family , and a 40% stake of Corus stock was formerly held by Shaw Communications . Corus has a large presence in Canadian broadcasting , as owner of the national Global Television Network ( 15 conventional stations ) , 39 radio stations , and a portfolio of 34 specialty television services . Corus is dominant in Canada 's children 's television industry through its ownership of the domestic YTV , Teletoon , and Treehouse TV networks , the animation studio Nelvana and book publisher Kids Can Press , and localized versions of the Cartoon Network , Disney Channel , Disney Junior , Disney XD , and Nickelodeon brands . The second incarnation of Shaw 's media division - formed from the properties of the bankrupt Canwest Global - was subsumed by Corus on April 1 , 2016 , giving it control of the over-the-air Global network and 19 additional specialty channels . In May 2019 , Shaw announced that it would sell its shares in Corus for roughly $ 500 million ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '99.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFWM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFWM-FM', 'summary': 'CFWM-FM ( 99.9 MHz ) is a commercial radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba . It airs an adult hits radio format branded as 99.9 Bob FM . The station broadcasts from 1445 Pembina Highway , in Winnipeg , with sister stations CKMM-FM and CFRW . The transmitter is located on Road 54 Northeast , off McGillivrey Boulevard , near Oak Bluff .'}]}, {'value': 'Bob FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_FM', 'summary': "Bob FM is the on-air brand of a number of FM radio stations in Canada and the United States . The Bob FM format features a mix of classic 1950s , 1960s , 1970s , 1980s and 1990s hits with some current hot adult contemporary singles . BOB FM stations in Canada are ( with the exception of London , Ontario 's Bob FM station , CHST-FM ) all owned by Bell Media . Those in the United States are owned by a variety of companies . Bob FM stations are officially classified as variety hits or adult hits by radio research companies . It was originally named for the Best of the Best , and subsequently associated with an everyday character named Bob , and it proved extremely successful in its first implementation on Winnipeg , Manitoba 's CFWM . It inspired Rogers Communications to license the Jack FM format at many of its stations , Corus Entertainment 's subsequent Joe FM and Dave FM brands , and comparable moves at other stations . Currently a syndicated version of the format is offered by Envision Radio Networks . As with Jack FM , Bob FM stations have playlists of over 1000 songs as opposed to average amounts of less than 500 songs which most other stations have . The format was largely conceived and created by Howard Kroeger , a former programming executive at CHUM Group Radio , after attending a friend 's 40th birthday party in 2000 . He took the Bob moniker from a country music station ( then WBOB , today KFXN-FM ) that had broadcast in the Minneapolis-St. Paul market of Minnesota to the south several years earlier . Many BOB FM stations market themselves with the slogan Turn your knob to BOB ; this was parodied in a Mystery Science Theater 3000 skit in which TV 's Frank creates his own radio station and exhorts viewers to Turn your crank to Frank , satirizing commercials for BOB 100 FM that were playing in the Minneapolis area at the time ."}]}, {'value': 'adult hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_hits', 'summary': 'Adult hits ( sometimes also called variety hits ) is a radio format that draws from a wide array of popular music . The format typically focuses on adult contemporary , pop , and rock hits from the 1970s through at least the 1990s . Adult hits is essentially a deeper version of the classic hits format today , but at the inception of the format in the mid-2000s , the two formats were separate entities .'}]}, {'value': 'Bell Media Radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bell_Media_Radio', 'summary': "Bell Media Radio , G.P . ( doing business as Bell Media Radio and branding itself as iHeartRadio Canada in its mobile apps and on its websites ; formerly known as CHUM Radio ) is the radio broadcasting and music events subsidiary of Canadian media conglomerate of Bell Media . The company has its origins in CHUM Limited , which was acquired by its predecessor CTVglobemedia in 2006 . Through subsequent acquisitions , it also subsumed the radio properties of Astral Media in 2013 . In 2016 , Bell Media reached a deal with U.S. radio conglomorate iHeartMedia to operate a localized version of its internet radio platform iHeartRadio , and organize live events in Canada under iHeartMedia brands such as the Jingle Ball . Bell Media currently owns over 100 radio stations across Canada , including most of Canada 's largest radio markets . The company 's programming is also distributed to other stations across Canada via its syndication division Orbyt Media , and it is also the local licencee of the Virgin Radio brand ."}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '100.7 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFJL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFJL-FM', 'summary': "CFJL-FM ( 100.5 MHz ) is a commercial radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba . Owned by Evanov Radio Group , it broadcasts a 1990s and early-2000s leaning variety hits format branded as Hot 100.5 . CFJL-FM has studios and offices co-located with sister stations AM 810 CKJS and 106.1 CHWE-FM at 520 Corydon Avenue . The transmitter is located off St. Mary 's Road at Duff Roblin Provincial Park just south of Winnipeg ."}]}, {'value': 'Pop 100.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': "'90s/00 's hits", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evanov Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanov_Communications', 'summary': 'Evanov Radio Group is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . It is also the sole owner of Dufferin Communications Inc. , 80% owner of Halifax Broadcasting Ltd. and Ottawa Media Inc . The group of Evanov companies owns and operates a number of radio stations in Ontario , Quebec , Manitoba and Nova Scotia ,'}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}, {'value': '101.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJUM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJUM-FM', 'summary': 'CJUM-FM 101.5 FM ( UMFM ) is a volunteer-driven campus radio station in Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada , based at the University of Manitoba .'}]}, {'value': 'UMFM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'campus radio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campus_radio', 'summary': 'Campus radio ( also known as college radio , university radio or student radio ) is a type of radio station that is run by the students of a college , university or other educational institution . Programming may be exclusively by students , or may include programmers from the wider community in which the radio station is based . Sometimes campus radio stations are operated for the purpose of training professional radio personnel , sometimes with the aim of broadcasting educational programming , while other radio stations exist to provide alternative to commercial broadcasting or government broadcasters . Campus radio stations are generally licensed and regulated by national governments , and have very different characteristics from one country to the next . One commonality between many radio stations regardless of their physical location is a willingness - or , in some countries , even a licensing requirement - to broadcast musical selections that are not categorized as commercial hits . Because of this , campus radio has come to be associated with emerging musical trends , including genres such as punk and new wave , alternative rock , indie rock and hip hop , long before those genres become part of the musical mainstream . Campus radio stations also often provide airplay and promotional exposure to new and emerging local artists . Campus radio supported U2 and REM Many campus radio stations carry a variety of programming including news ( often local ) , sports ( often relating to the campus ) , and spoken word programming as well as general music . Often the radio format is best described as a freeform , with a lot of creativity and individualism among the disc jockeys and show hosts . A number of these radio stations have gained critical acclaim for their programming and are considered by the community in which they are embedded to be an essential media outlet . Although the term campus radio implies full-power AM or FM transmission over the air , many radio stations experiment with low-power broadcasting , closed circuit or carrier current systems , often to on-campus listeners only . Some radio stations are distributed through the cable television system on cable FM or the second audio program of a TV radio station .'}]}, {'value': 'University of Manitoba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Manitoba', 'summary': 'The University of Manitoba ( U of M , UManitoba , or UM ) is a public research university in the province of Manitoba , Canada . Its main campus is located in the Fort Garry neighbourhood of southern Winnipeg with other campuses throughout the city . Founded in 1877 , it is the first university of western Canada . The university maintains a reputation as a top research-intensive post-secondary educational institution and conducts more research annually than any other university in the region . The U of M is the largest university both by total student enrollment and campus area in the province of Manitoba , and the 17th-largest in all of Canada . The campus boasts dozens of faculties and hundreds of degree programs . The U of M is a member of the U15 and of Universities Canada , while its global affiliations include the International Association of Universities and the Association of Commonwealth Universities . Its increased global outreach has resulted in one of the most internationally diverse student bodies in Canada , while its competitive academic and research programs have consistently ranked among the top in the Canadian Prairies . The Manitoba Bisons represent the team in athletics as a member of U Sports and Canada West Universities Athletic Association ( CWUAA ) . University of Manitoba alumni include Nobel Prize recipients , Academy Award winners , Order of Merit recipients , and Olympic medalists , among many others . As of 2019 [ update ] , there have been 99 Rhodes Scholarship recipients from the University of Manitoba , more than that of any other university in western Canada . Likewise , the university has produced countless government figures , including provincial premiers , Supreme Court justices , and Members of Parliament ( MPs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Winnipeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Winnipeg', 'summary': 'Winnipeg ( /ˈwɪnɪpɛɡ/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada . It is centred on the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine rivers , near the longitudinal centre of North America . The city is named after the nearby Lake Winnipeg ; the name comes from the Western Cree words for muddy water . The region was a trading centre for Indigenous peoples long before the arrival of Europeans . French traders built the first fort on the site in 1738 . A settlement was later founded by the Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony in 1812 , the nucleus of which was incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873 . As at 2016 [ update ] , Winnipeg is the seventh-most populated municipality in Canada , with a resident population of about 778,500 . Being far inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal even by Canadian standards with average January lows of around −21 °C ( −6 °F ) and average July highs of 26 °C ( 79 °F ) . Known as the Gateway to the West , Winnipeg is a railway and transportation hub with a diversified economy . This multicultural city hosts numerous annual festivals , including the Festival du Voyageur , the Winnipeg Folk Festival , the Jazz Winnipeg Festival , the Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival , and Folklorama . Winnipeg was the first Canadian host of the Pan American Games . It is home to several professional sports franchises , including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian football ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( ice hockey ) , Manitoba Moose ( ice hockey ) , Valour FC ( soccer ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( baseball ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': 'Winnipeg is home to 24 AM and FM radio stations . The most popular station for many years has been CJOB , a talk-oriented station famous for its coverage of major storms and floods . After an absence of many years , Winnipeg is now home to two English-language and one French-language campus radio stations . NCI is devoted to Aboriginal programming , and CKJS is devoted to ethnic programming . CBC Radio One and CBC Music broadcast local and national programming , and two Radio-Canada stations also broadcast French programming . There are several rock and pop oriented stations , two country stations , and one tourist information station .', 'uid': 'Media_in_Winnipeg_1', 'intro': 'The following is a list of media in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.'}
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The FM radio station with 24/7 programming being done by volunteers is owned by a school founded when ?
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1967
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'title': 'Germany at the 2010 Winter Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felix Loch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felix_Loch', 'summary': "Felix Loch ( German pronunciation : [ ˈfeːlɪks ˈlɔx ] ; born 24 July 1989 ) is a German luger and Olympic champion . He has been competing since 1995 and has been on the German national team since 2006 . He has won fourteen medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with twelve golds ( Men 's singles : 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ; Men 's sprint 2016 : Mixed team event : 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2013 , 2015 , 2016 ) and two silvers ( Men 's singles : 2011 , 2015 ) . Loch 's men 's singles win in 2008 made him the youngest world champion ever at 18 years old . He is the youngest Olympic Gold Medalist in men 's luge history . As of 2014 , Loch is a triple Olympic gold medalist ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics took place on 13-14 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia . Germany 's Felix Loch was the two-time defending world champion and won the gold medal with the fastest time in each of the four runs . The test event that took place at the venue was won by Germany 's David Möller , who would win the silver medal in this event . Italy 's Armin Zöggeler was the two-time defending Olympic champion and won a bronze medal in this event . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 games took place in Cesana , Italy on 30 January 2010 and was won by Zöggeler , who also won the overall World Cup title . As a consequence of the training accident that killed Nodar Kumaritashvili on 12 February 2010 officials moved the start of the men 's singles competition to the women's/doubles start to reduce the speed of the racers . This change was met with mixed reviews , with some participants saying that the change made them feel safer , while others complained that it gave an advantage to stronger starters ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalena Neuner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdalena_Neuner', 'summary': 'Magdalena Lena Neuner ( since her 2014 marriage legally Magdalena Holzer , born 9 February 1987 ) is a retired German professional biathlete . She is the most successful woman of all time at Biathlon World Championships and a two-time Olympic gold medalist . At the age of 21 , she became the youngest Overall World Cup winner in the history of the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) . With 34 World Cup wins , Neuner is ranked second all-time for career victories on the Biathlon World Cup tour . She has won the Overall World Cup title three times , in 2007-08 , in 2009-10 and her final season in 2011-12 . Neuner retired from the sport in March 2012 , citing a lack of motivation and her desire for a normal life . Neuner started biathlon when she was nine years old and won five junior world championship titles from 2004 to 2006 . She made her World Cup debut in 2006 and won her first World Cup race in January 2007 . One month later , she claimed three gold medals in her first appearance at the Biathlon World Championships . In the 2007-08 season , Neuner won the Overall World Cup and once more claimed three titles at the 2008 World Championships . After a less successful winter in 2008-09 , she participated in her first Winter Olympic Games in 2010 , winning the gold medal in both the pursuit and the mass start , and silver in the sprint race . Neuner also claimed the 2009-10 Overall World Cup title .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_pursuit", 'summary': "The Women 's 10 kilometre pursuit biathlon competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 16 February 2010 . Observers and participants reported that the race start was confused and disorganized . U.S. coach Per Nilsson stated that he had never seen an Olympic biathlon as poorly managed as the 16 February women 's race ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tatjana Hüfner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tatjana_Hüfner', 'summary': 'Tatjana Hüfner ( born 30 April 1983 ) is a German retired luger who has competed since 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_singles", 'summary': "The women 's luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada took place on 15-16 February at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia . Germany 's Sylke Otto was the two-time defending Olympic champion . Otto retired midway through the 2006-07 season in January 2007 to pregnancy and after suffering a crash at the track in Königssee , Germany . Erin Hamlin of the United States was the defending world champion . The test event that took place at the venue was won by Germany 's Natalie Geisenberger . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 games took place in Cesana , Italy on 31 January 2010 and was won by Geisenberger . Geisenberger 's teammate Tatjana Hüfner , the defending Olympic bronze medalist , won the overall World Cup for 2009-10 season in women 's singles ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Riesch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Riesch', 'summary': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch ( German pronunciation : [ maʁiːaː høːfl ʁiːʃ ] ; née Riesch , born 24 November 1984 ) is a former German World Cup alpine ski racer . She is a three-time Olympic champion , two-time world champion , and an overall World Cup champion . Höfl-Riesch made her World Cup debut in February 2001 and won gold medals in slalom and super combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She won the World Cup overall title in 2011 . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , she defended her super combined title to win her third Olympic gold medal , and also won a silver medal in the super-G .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's super combined", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_combined", 'summary': "The women 's super combined competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on February 18 , 2010 . The competition was originally scheduled to be held on February 14 , 2010 , but was postponed due to bad weather , which delayed previous events . One major change in this event for the 2010 Olympics was the switch from a traditional dedicated combined ( K ) , taking place over one or two days and involving a downhill run and two slalom runs ( as the combined had been since its reintroduction to the Olympics in 1988 ) , to a one-day super combined ( SC ) , consisting of a downhill run in the morning and one slalom run in the afternoon ."}]}, {'value': '18 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalena Neuner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdalena_Neuner', 'summary': 'Magdalena Lena Neuner ( since her 2014 marriage legally Magdalena Holzer , born 9 February 1987 ) is a retired German professional biathlete . She is the most successful woman of all time at Biathlon World Championships and a two-time Olympic gold medalist . At the age of 21 , she became the youngest Overall World Cup winner in the history of the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) . With 34 World Cup wins , Neuner is ranked second all-time for career victories on the Biathlon World Cup tour . She has won the Overall World Cup title three times , in 2007-08 , in 2009-10 and her final season in 2011-12 . Neuner retired from the sport in March 2012 , citing a lack of motivation and her desire for a normal life . Neuner started biathlon when she was nine years old and won five junior world championship titles from 2004 to 2006 . She made her World Cup debut in 2006 and won her first World Cup race in January 2007 . One month later , she claimed three gold medals in her first appearance at the Biathlon World Championships . In the 2007-08 season , Neuner won the Overall World Cup and once more claimed three titles at the 2008 World Championships . After a less successful winter in 2008-09 , she participated in her first Winter Olympic Games in 2010 , winning the gold medal in both the pursuit and the mass start , and silver in the sprint race . Neuner also claimed the 2009-10 Overall World Cup title .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's mass start", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_mass_start", 'summary': "The Women 's 12.5 kilometre mass start biathlon competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 21 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'André Lange , Kevin Kuske', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/André_Lange', 'summary': "André Lange ( German pronunciation : [ ˈlaŋə ] ; born 28 June 1973 ) is a retired German bobsledder and the most successful bob pilot of all time . Competing at the 2002 , 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics , he has won four gold and one silver medals . Lange originally started his sledding career as a luger , taking up bobsleigh in 1993 . At the 2002 Winter Olympics , Lange won the four-man event with teammates Carsten Embach , Enrico Kühn and Kevin Kuske . At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Lange also won gold in the four-man event with teammates Kevin Kuske , René Hoppe and Martin Putze , in addition to winning the two-man event with Kuske . He competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics , winning gold in the two-man and silver in the four-man events . Lange also won fourteen medals at the FIBT World Championships with eight golds ( Two-man : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ; Four-man : 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 ) , four silvers ( Two-man : 2000 , 2005 ; Four-man : 2001 , 2009 ) , and two bronzes ( Two-man : 2004 , Four-man : 2007 ) . At the Bobsleigh World Cup level , he has won three combined men 's championships ( 2000-1 , 2002-3 , 2003-4 ) , one two-man championship ( 2007-08 ) , and four four-man championships ( 2000-1 , 2002-3 , 2003-4 , 2007-8 ) . In April 2014 it was announced that Lange would become the head of the Thuringian Winter Sports Centre in Oberhof , which includes the DKB Ski Arena , the Oberhof sledding track , the Kanzlersgrund ski jumps and the town 's indoor ski area , following the retirement of the previous head Wolfgang Filbrich that July . In May 2017 he announced that he was leaving this role . In August 2017 the Korea Luge Federation announced that Lange would join the South Korean luge team as a coach in October on a five-month contract to assist head coach Steffen Sartor to help prepare them for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyongchang , South Korea ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Kuske', 'summary': 'Kevin Kuske ( born 4 January 1979 ) is a former German bobsledder who competed from 1999 to 2018 . Competing in five Winter Olympics , he is the most successful Olympic athlete in bobsledding , winning four gold medals and two silver medals .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre between 20 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Two-man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Two-man', 'summary': "The two-man bobsleigh competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia on 20-21 February . The German team of André Lange and Kevin Kuske were the defending Olympic champions in this event . Switzerland 's team of Ivo Rüegg and Cedric Grand were the defending world champions in this event . The test event held at the Olympic venue was won by the German duo of Thomas Florschütz and Marc Kühne . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games took place in Igls , Austria ( southeast of Innsbruck ) on 23 January 2010 and was won by the Swiss duo of Beat Hefti and Thomas Lamparter while Rüegg won the overall World Cup in the two-man event ."}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle , Claudia Nystad', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evi_Sachenbacher-Stehle', 'summary': 'Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle ( German pronunciation : [ ˈeːfi ˈzaxənbaxɐˈʃteːlə ] ; born 27 November 1980 ) is a retired German cross-country skier and biathlete from Reit im Winkl who has competed since 1998 . She was born in Traunstein , West Germany . Competing in three Winter Olympics , she won five medals with two golds ( Team sprint : 2010 , 4 × 5 km relay : 2002 ) and three silvers ( Individual sprint : 2002 , 4 × 5 km relay : 2006 , 2010 ) . Sachenbacher-Stehle has also won six medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships with a gold ( 4 × 5 km relay : 2003 ) and four silvers ( 5 km + 5 km double pursuit : 2003 , team sprint : 2007 with Claudia Künzel-Nystad , 4 × 5 km relay : 2009 ) and a bronze . She also has fourteen individual victories at various levels in distances up to 5 km in her career from 1998 to 2006 . She received a five-day suspension at the beginning of the 2006 Winter Olympics due to a high hemoglobin level . She was one of twelve athletes given five-day suspensions for health reasons - the International Ski Federation decided they could not safely compete due to an abnormally high red blood cell counts . From the 2012/2013 season , she switched to biathlon , citing motivational problems , and was given a slot in the German B-team . Members of the B-team are eligible to compete in IBU Cup races . Her results in the IBU-Cup made her eligible to compete in the Biathlon World Cup . In her first World Cup race , on 14 December 2012 in Pokljuka , Sachenbacher-Stehle finished 59th . On 6 January 2013 she achieved the first IBU Cup podium , finishing second in the 7.5 km sprint in Otepää .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Claudia_Nystad', 'summary': 'Claudia Nystad ( née Künzel , born 1 February 1978 ) is a German top-level woman cross-country skier . She was born in Zschopau , East Germany , and represents the sports club WSC Erzgebirge Oberwiesenthal . Besides her civilian sports career , she serves as a sports soldier with the German Federal Armed Forces .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The women 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition in the freestyle technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 22 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The Swedish team of Lina Andersson and Anna Dahlberg ( Olsson since 2008 ) were the defending Olympic champions when the technique was classical . The defending world champions were the Finnish duo of Virpi Kuitunen and Aino-Kaisa Saarinen , the defending Olympic bronze medalists , when the technique was also classical . Italy 's team of Magda Genuin and Arianna Follis won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 18 January 2009 . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place in Rybinsk , Russia on 24 January 2010 and was won by the German team of Stefanie Böhler and Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Viktoria Rebensburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Viktoria_Rebensburg', 'summary': 'Viktoria Rebensburg ( born 4 October 1989 ) is a German World Cup alpine ski racer and the 2010 Olympic gold medalist in the giant slalom . Born in Tegernsee , Bavaria , she has three World Cup season titles , all in giant slalom .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's giant slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_giant_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's giant slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , on February 24 . Following the first run , the event was postponed due to heavy fog in the afternoon ; the second run was held the next morning , February 25 . Viktoria Rebensburg of Germany won the gold medal , her first victory in international competition . Her previous best finish was second place at a GS a month earlier , her only World Cup podium ."}]}, {'value': '25 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maria Riesch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maria_Riesch', 'summary': 'Maria Höfl-Riesch ( German pronunciation : [ maʁiːaː høːfl ʁiːʃ ] ; née Riesch , born 24 November 1984 ) is a former German World Cup alpine ski racer . She is a three-time Olympic champion , two-time world champion , and an overall World Cup champion . Höfl-Riesch made her World Cup debut in February 2001 and won gold medals in slalom and super combined at the 2010 Winter Olympics . She won the World Cup overall title in 2011 . At the 2014 Winter Olympics , she defended her super combined title to win her third Olympic gold medal , and also won a silver medal in the super-G .'}]}, {'value': 'Alpine skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Alpine skiing at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held in Canada at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia , north of Vancouver . The ten events were scheduled for February 13-27 ; weather delayed the first event , the men 's downhill , two days until Monday , February 15 ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Alpine_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom", 'summary': "The women 's slalom competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Creekside in Whistler , British Columbia on February 26 , 2010 . The race was held in challenging weather conditions of fog , snow , and warm temperatures . Maria Riesch of Germany won her second gold medal of these Olympics ."}]}, {'value': '26 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daniela Anschütz-Thoms , Stephanie Beckert , Anni Friesinger-Postma , Katrin Mattscherodt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daniela_Anschütz-Thoms', 'summary': "Daniela Anschütz-Thoms ( born 20 November 1974 ) is a German former speed skater . At the 2006 Winter Olympics , she won a gold medal in the women 's team pursuit with the German team , and four years later she defended the title in Vancouver . She is married to former speed skater Marian Thoms since December 2005 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephanie_Beckert', 'summary': "Stephanie Beckert ( born 30 May 1988 ) is a long-distance speed skater from Germany . She had a fourth place standing at the 2008-09 women 's 3000/5000 m World Cup . At the 2010 Winter Olympics she won one gold and two silver medals . Her mother Angela and five younger brothers and sisters all did speed skating , and one of the brothers , Patrick , competed at the 2010 Olympics . Her father Detlef is a retired handball player . Stephanie first trained in figure skating , but at the age of 10 switched to speed skating . Since October 2006 Beckert is serving in the German Army and has a rank of sergeant ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anni_Friesinger-Postma', 'summary': 'Anna ( Anni ) Christine Friesinger-Postma ( born 11 January 1977 ) is a German former speed skater . Her father Georg Friesinger , of Germany , and mother Janina ( Jana ) Korowicka , of Poland , were both skaters ; Jana was on the Polish team at the 1976 Winter Olympics . Her brother Jan is also a speed skater . Her sister Agnes is a former speed skater . In July 2010 , Friesinger retired from her active sports career when she had to be treated for severe cartilage damage in her right knee joint . On 11 August 2009 Friesinger married former Dutch skater Ids Postma , her long-term boyfriend , at Schloss Mirabell . The celebration took place at Schloss Aigen . As of November 2013 , Friesinger lives in Salzburg , Austria , and is planning to move to the Netherlands to live with Postma on his farm in Dearsum . In August 2011 she gave birth to a daughter . In May 2014 , her second daughter was born .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katrin_Mattscherodt', 'summary': 'Katrin Mattscherodt ( born 26 October 1981 ) is a German long track speed skater who participates in international competitions . In the team pursuit final against Japan at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics , she was a replacement for Anni Friesinger-Postma in the final ( after Friesinger-Postma had problems finishing in the semifinal ) , and won a gold medal as part of the German team .'}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's team pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_team_pursuit", 'summary': "The women 's team pursuit speed skating competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Richmond Olympic Oval on 26 and 27 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '27 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magdalena Neuner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magdalena_Neuner', 'summary': 'Magdalena Lena Neuner ( since her 2014 marriage legally Magdalena Holzer , born 9 February 1987 ) is a retired German professional biathlete . She is the most successful woman of all time at Biathlon World Championships and a two-time Olympic gold medalist . At the age of 21 , she became the youngest Overall World Cup winner in the history of the International Biathlon Union ( IBU ) . With 34 World Cup wins , Neuner is ranked second all-time for career victories on the Biathlon World Cup tour . She has won the Overall World Cup title three times , in 2007-08 , in 2009-10 and her final season in 2011-12 . Neuner retired from the sport in March 2012 , citing a lack of motivation and her desire for a normal life . Neuner started biathlon when she was nine years old and won five junior world championship titles from 2004 to 2006 . She made her World Cup debut in 2006 and won her first World Cup race in January 2007 . One month later , she claimed three gold medals in her first appearance at the Biathlon World Championships . In the 2007-08 season , Neuner won the Overall World Cup and once more claimed three titles at the 2008 World Championships . After a less successful winter in 2008-09 , she participated in her first Winter Olympic Games in 2010 , winning the gold medal in both the pursuit and the mass start , and silver in the sprint race . Neuner also claimed the 2009-10 Overall World Cup title .'}]}, {'value': 'Biathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The biathlon competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The events were held between the 13th and 26 February 2010 . The men 's individual biathlon was notable for the awarding of two silver medals due to two competitors finishing with a tie ( 48:32.0 ) . No bronze medal was awarded in this event ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Biathlon_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_sprint", 'summary': "The Women 's 7.5 kilometre sprint biathlon competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 13 February 2010 . This competition started at 1:00 PM PST ."}]}, {'value': '13 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Beckert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephanie_Beckert', 'summary': "Stephanie Beckert ( born 30 May 1988 ) is a long-distance speed skater from Germany . She had a fourth place standing at the 2008-09 women 's 3000/5000 m World Cup . At the 2010 Winter Olympics she won one gold and two silver medals . Her mother Angela and five younger brothers and sisters all did speed skating , and one of the brothers , Patrick , competed at the 2010 Olympics . Her father Detlef is a retired handball player . Stephanie first trained in figure skating , but at the age of 10 switched to speed skating . Since October 2006 Beckert is serving in the German Army and has a rank of sergeant ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 3000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_3000_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 3000 metres speed skating competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Richmond Olympic Oval on 14 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Möller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Möller', 'summary': "David Möller ( also spelled Moeller , born 13 January 1982 ) is a German former luger who competed from 2001 to 2014 . He won six medals at the FIL World Luge Championships with four golds ( Men 's singles : 2004 , 2007 ; Mixed team : 2004 , 2007 ) , one silver ( Men 's singles : 2008 ) , and one bronze ( Men 's singles : 2005 ) Möller also won four medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with one gold ( Mixed team : 2006 ) , one silver ( Men 's singles : 2004 ) , and two bronzes ( Men 's singles : 2006 , 2008 ) . He also finished fifth in the men 's singles event at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino and won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Möller 's best Luge World Cup overall finish was second three times ( 2005-6 , 2006-7 , 2007-8 ) . On 18 January 2009 , Möller suffered a cruciate ligament rupture while training in Oberhof . He underwent surgery for the rupture in Munich at the end of February . Möller underwent physical rehabilitation in early 2009 to prepare for the 2009-10 Luge World Cup and Winter Olympics in Vancouver to which he qualified . After he competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , his third Games , he announced his retirement from competition . Outside of luge , he works for the German Federal Police ."}]}, {'value': 'Luge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The luge competition events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held between 13 and 17 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia , Canada .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's singles", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Luge_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_singles", 'summary': "The men 's luge at the 2010 Winter Olympics took place on 13-14 February 2010 at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia . Germany 's Felix Loch was the two-time defending world champion and won the gold medal with the fastest time in each of the four runs . The test event that took place at the venue was won by Germany 's David Möller , who would win the silver medal in this event . Italy 's Armin Zöggeler was the two-time defending Olympic champion and won a bronze medal in this event . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 games took place in Cesana , Italy on 30 January 2010 and was won by Zöggeler , who also won the overall World Cup title . As a consequence of the training accident that killed Nodar Kumaritashvili on 12 February 2010 officials moved the start of the men 's singles competition to the women's/doubles start to reduce the speed of the racers . This change was met with mixed reviews , with some participants saying that the change made them feel safer , while others complained that it gave an advantage to stronger starters ."}]}, {'value': '14 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jenny Wolf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jenny_Wolf', 'summary': "Jenny Wolf ( born 31 January 1979 ) is a former German speed skater . On 10 March 2007 at the ISU World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships in Salt Lake City , Utah , she broke the world record for the women 's 500 m in her second race . She finished sixth on the 500 m at the 2006 Winter Olympics of Turin , and tenth on the same distance in 2002 . Wolf won the Speed Skating World Cup in the 2005-06 season on the 500 m. Her favorite distance is the 100 m , but this is not an Olympic event . Wolf won the silver medal at the 500 m at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , five hundredths of a second after South Korean Lee Sang-hwa over two races . Wolf was the world record holder in the event at the time . On 13 November 2010 , Wolf won her 40th 500 m World Cup race , thereby breaking Bonnie Blair 's record , who won 39 World Cup races on that distance ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 500 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_500_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 500 metres speed skating competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval on 16 February 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '16 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerstin Szymkowiak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerstin_Szymkowiak', 'summary': "Kerstin Szymkowiak ( born Kerstin Jürgens on 19 December 1977 in Siegen ) is a German retired skeleton racer who has competed since 2002 . She won three bronze medals in the women 's skeleton event , earning them in 2004 , 2008 , and 2009 . Her best overall seasonal finish in the women 's Skeleton World Cup title was third in 2004-5 . Jürgens married after the 2007-08 Skeleton World Cup season and has been competing since in the 2008-09 Skeleton World Cup season under her married name . She finished second behind defending world champion Anja Huber of Germany in the season opener at Winterberg on November 28 , 2008 . Szymkowiak 's nickname is the Ice Tiger ( Eistiger in German ) . She earned the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . After retiring from the sport Szymkowiak was appointed an Athlete Role Model for the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck . In May 2012 the Swiss bobsleigh and skeleton federation announced that Szymkowiak had been elected as head of their skeleton section . Szymkowiak 's husband Philippe is a massage therapist for the Swiss national bobsleigh team . She gave birth to a daughter , Noalie , in September 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Skeleton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The skeleton competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Sliding Centre . The events were held between the 18 and 19 February 2010 . This event was expanded to four runs over two days beginning at these Olympic Games .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Skeleton_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's", 'summary': "The women 's skeleton event at the 2010 Winter Olympics took place at the Whistler Sliding Centre on 18-19 February . The competition was won by British athlete Amy Williams , who set new course records for the track on her first and third runs . Williams , who had never before won a World Cup or World Championship event , became the first British athlete to win a solo Winter Olympic gold medal in 30 years . German sliders Kerstin Szymkowiak and Anja Huber won the silver and bronze medals respectively . Williams ' teammate Shelley Rudman , who had won the silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics , and Canadian Mellisa Hollingsworth , both of whom had been expected to be in medal contention , were disappointed . Williams ' victory was not without controversy , as the United States and Canada filed complaints with the judges related to Williams ' helmet . However , judges ruled that ridges in her helmet did not violate International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ( FIBT ) rules , and rejected the complaints ."}]}, {'value': '19 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tobias Angerer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tobias_Angerer', 'summary': 'Tobias Angerer ( born 12 April 1977 in Traunstein , Bavaria ) is a German cross-country skier , and skies with the SC Vachendorf club . He graduated from the Skigymnasium Berchtesgaden in 1996 . His occupation is Sports Soldier . Angerer has been competing since 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 30 kilometre pursuit", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_30_kilometre_pursuit", 'summary': "The men 's 15 kilometre + 15 kilometre double Pursuit cross-country skiing competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada , was held on 20 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia , at 13:30 PST ."}]}, {'value': '20 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thomas Florschütz , Richard Adjei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thomas_Florschütz', 'summary': 'Thomas Florschütz ( born 20 February 1978 in Sonneberg ) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 2006 . He won a silver medal in the two-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . He won three medals at the FIBT World Championships with a gold ( Mixed team : 2009 ) and two silvers ( Two-man : 2008 , 2009 ) . His older brother André competes for Germany in luge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Adjei', 'summary': 'Richard Adjei ( born 30 January 1983 ) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 2007 . He is also a former American football linebacker . His first World Cup event at Königssee , Germany earned him a win in the two-man event on 9 January 2010 . Adeji won silver in the two-man event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . He won the gold medal in the World Championship four-man event at Königssee in 2011 , as second brakeman in the bob piloted by Manuel Machata .'}]}, {'value': 'Bobsleigh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The bobsleigh competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre between 20 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Two-man', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bobsleigh_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Two-man', 'summary': "The two-man bobsleigh competition at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada was held at the Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia on 20-21 February . The German team of André Lange and Kevin Kuske were the defending Olympic champions in this event . Switzerland 's team of Ivo Rüegg and Cedric Grand were the defending world champions in this event . The test event held at the Olympic venue was won by the German duo of Thomas Florschütz and Marc Kühne . The last World Cup event prior to the 2010 Games took place in Igls , Austria ( southeast of Innsbruck ) on 23 January 2010 and was won by the Swiss duo of Beat Hefti and Thomas Lamparter while Rüegg won the overall World Cup in the two-man event ."}]}, {'value': '21 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michael Neumayer , Andreas Wank , Martin Schmitt , Michael Uhrmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Neumayer', 'summary': 'Michael Neumayer ( born 15 January 1979 ) is a German former ski jumper who competed from 2000 to 2015 . He won a silver medal in the team normal hill at the 2005 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Oberstdorf and finished 32nd in the individual normal hill at those same championships . Neumayer also won a bronze in the team event at the FIS Ski-Flying World Championships 2006 . His best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 8th in the individual normal hill at Turin in 2006 . Neumayer has five individual career victories from 2002 to 2008 ( albeit none of them in an individual World Cup competition ) . He is an employee at a tax consultancy firm away from his ski jumping duties .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andreas_Wank', 'summary': 'Andreas Wank ( born 18 February 1988 ) is a German ski jumper who competes at World Cup level . He is 1.90 m ( 6 ft 3 in ) tall and weighs 73 kg ( 161 lbs ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martin_Schmitt', 'summary': "Martin Schmitt ( German pronunciation : [ ˈmaʁtɪn ˈʃmɪt ] ; born 29 January 1978 ) is a German former ski jumper who competed from 1997 to 2014 . He is one of Germany 's most successful ski jumpers , having won the World Cup twice ; a gold medal at the Winter Olympics ; four gold medals at the World Championships ; and a ski flying world record . His and his countryman Sven Hannawald 's success further popularized ski jumping in Germany , and with particular help from cable TV station RTL , their coverage received great acclaim in the late 1990s and early 2000s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Uhrmann', 'summary': 'Michael Michi Uhrmann ( born 16 September 1978 ) is a German former ski jumper who competed from 1994 to 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Ski jumping', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The ski jumping competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Whistler Olympic Park between 12 and 22 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Large hill team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ski_jumping_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Large_hill_team', 'summary': "The men 's large hill team ski jumping competition for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia on 22 February . The Austrian team of Andreas Widhölzl , Martin Koch , Andreas Kofler , and Thomas Morgenstern were the defending Olympic champions in this event . Widhölzl retired after the 2007-08 season . Austria was also the defending world champions in this event with the team of Wolfgang Loitzl , Koch , Morgenstern , and Gregor Schlierenzauer . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place at Willingen , Germany on 7 February 2010 and was won by the German team of Michael Neumayer , Pascal Bodmer , Martin Schmitt , and Michael Uhrmann ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tim Tscharnke , Axel Teichmann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tim_Tscharnke', 'summary': 'Tim Tscharnke ( born 13 December 1989 in Weissenfels ) is a former cross-country skier from Germany , who competed between and 2017 . His best World Cup finish was 21st in a 15 km event in Beitostølen in November 2009 . His club is SV Biberau . He speaks German , Russian , and English . He won silver with Axel Teichmann in the Team Sprint at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Axel_Teichmann', 'summary': 'Axel Teichmann ( born 14 July 1979 in Ebersdorf , today Saalburg-Ebersdorf , Thuringia ) is a retired German cross-country skier .'}]}, {'value': 'Cross-country skiing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cross-country skiing competition of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver were held at Whistler Olympic Park . The events were held between 15 and 28 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's team sprint", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Men's_team_sprint", 'summary': "The men 's team sprint cross-country skiing competition in the freestyle technique at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver , Canada was held on 22 February at Whistler Olympic Park in Whistler , British Columbia . The Swedish team of Björn Lind and Thobias Fredriksson were the defending Olympic champions when the technique was classical . The defending world champions were the Norwegian duo of Ola Vigen Hattestad and Johan Kjølstad when the technique was also classical . Sweden 's team of Emil Jönsson and Robin Bryntesson won the test event that took place at the Olympic venue on 18 January 2009 . The last World Cup event in this format prior to the 2010 Games took place in Rybinsk , Russia on 24 January 2010 and was won by the Russian duo of Nikolay Morilov and Alexey Petukhov ."}]}, {'value': '22 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Beckert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephanie_Beckert', 'summary': "Stephanie Beckert ( born 30 May 1988 ) is a long-distance speed skater from Germany . She had a fourth place standing at the 2008-09 women 's 3000/5000 m World Cup . At the 2010 Winter Olympics she won one gold and two silver medals . Her mother Angela and five younger brothers and sisters all did speed skating , and one of the brothers , Patrick , competed at the 2010 Olympics . Her father Detlef is a retired handball player . Stephanie first trained in figure skating , but at the age of 10 switched to speed skating . Since October 2006 Beckert is serving in the German Army and has a rank of sergeant ."}]}, {'value': 'Speed skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': 'Speed skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics was held at the Richmond Olympic Oval , Richmond , British Columbia , between 13 and 27 February 2010 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 5000 metres", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_–_Women's_5000_metres", 'summary': "The women 's 5000 metres speed skating competition of the Vancouver 2010 Olympics was held at Richmond Olympic Oval on February 24 , 2010 ."}]}, {'value': '24 February', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Germany_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'Germany participated at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 153 athletes represented Germany, entering all 15 sports. Figure skater Sarah Hecken (aged 16) was the youngest team member, while Curling European Champion Andrea Schöpp was the oldest at 44. Three time Olympic champion André Lange (bobsleigh) was the flagbearer at the opening ceremony on 12 February 2010. German athletes earned €15,000 for a gold medal, €10,000 for a silver, and €7,500 for a bronze.'}
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Who competed first ? Was it a German long track speed skater who was born 26 October 1981 , or someone who won one gold and two silver medals at the 2010 winter Olympics ?
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Stephanie Beckert
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0364e47ef0feea2b
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Club_Universitario_de_Deportes_season', 'title': '2012 Club Universitario de Deportes season', 'header': ['N', 'Pos', 'Name', 'Age', 'Since', 'Transfer fee'], 'data': [{'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'John Galliquio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Galliquio', 'summary': 'John Christian Galliquio Castro ( born 1 December 1979 ) is a retired Peruvian footballer . He was a centre-back . He was called to play for the Peru national football team for the Copa America 2007 , where he played 4 games with a regular performance . Galliquio has made 41 appearances for the Peru national football team scoring one goal .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Werner Schuler', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Werner_Schuler', 'summary': 'Werner Luis Schuler Gamarra ( born 27 July 1990 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a centre back . Schuler currently plays for Universitario in the Torneo Descentralizado . He was born in Asunción , Paraguay and also has Swiss nationality . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Álvaro Ampuero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Álvaro_Ampuero', 'summary': 'Álvaro Francisco Ampuero García-Rossell ( born September 25 , 1992 in Lima , Peru ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays for Zira FK on loan from Deportivo Municipal . Ampuero has an outstanding advancing potency which combined with his precise shot make of him a constant threat on an attacking position . On August 25 , 2012 he was signed by Parma to play for five seasons .'}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Antonio Gonzáles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antonio_Gonzales_Canchari', 'summary': 'Coñito Gonzales ( born 16 May 1986 ) is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays for Universitario de Deportes in the Torneo Descentralizado , as a defensive midfielder . He was referred as the successor of José Luis Carranza because of the passion and love with which he defends his team . He has a very aggressive style of play that makes his rivals doubtful to face him even though his height is shorter than the average . In 2008 , he had a son and named him Mayer Simão in honor of his teammate Mayer Candelo and Atlético Madrid midfielder Simão .'}]}, {'value': '33', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Rainer Torres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rainer_Torres', 'summary': 'Rainer Torres Salas ( born 12 January 1980 ) was a Peruvian and former football defender and current football manager . He currently manages Serrato Pacasmayo . In August 2016 , he announced his retirement from football .'}]}, {'value': '40', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Angel Torres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Angel_Torres', 'summary': 'Miguel Angel Torres Quintana ( born 17 January 1982 ) is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays for Ayacucho FC in the Torneo Descentralizado , as a winger .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christofer González', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Ximénez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Ximénez', 'summary': 'Miguel El Chino Ximénez Acosta ( born 13 September 1932 in Maldonado ) is an Uruguayan football striker . He plays for Cienciano of Peru .'}]}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Horacio Calcaterra', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Horacio_Calcaterra', 'summary': 'Horacio Calcaterra ( born 22 February 1989 ) is an Argentine-Peruvian footballer who plays as a winger . He currently plays for Sporting Cristal in the La Liga 1 Peru .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Olascuaga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Olascuaga', 'summary': 'Carlos Dante Olascuaga Viera ( born 22 July 1992 ) is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays as a winger for Club Universitario de Deportes .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Luis Llontop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luis_Llontop', 'summary': 'Luis Ricardo Llontop Godeau ( born 2 October 1985 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Universitario de Deportes in the Torneo Descentralizado . He is currently studying Business Administration in a Peruvian university . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Edison Flores', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edison_Flores', 'summary': 'Edison Michael Flores Peralta ( born 14 May 1994 ) , is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays as a winger for MLS side D.C. United .'}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Néstor Duarte', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Néstor_Duarte', 'summary': 'Néstor Duarte Carassa ( born 8 September 1990 ) is a Peruvian footballer who currently plays for Academia Cantolao in the Torneo Descentralizado , as a center back .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'Josimar Vargas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josimar_Vargas', 'summary': 'Josimar Hugo Vargas Garcia ( born 6 April 1990 ) is a Peruvian footballer commonly known as Josimar Vargas who plays as a midfielder for Sport Boys'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Defender_(association_football)', 'summary': 'In the sport of association football , a defender is an outfield player whose primary roles is to stop attacks during the game and prevent the opposing team from scoring goals . Centre backs are usually are in pairs , with 2 full-backs to their left and right , but can come in threes with no full backs There are four types of defenders : centre-back , sweeper , full-back , and wing-back . The centre-back and full-back positions are essential in most modern formations . The sweeper and wing-back roles are more specialized for certain formations .'}]}, {'value': 'Christian Dávila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Dávila', 'summary': 'Cristian Gabriel Davilla Rivaz ( born 7 July 1990 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as defense . He plays for Unión Comercio .'}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Andy Polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Polo', 'summary': "Andy Jorman Polo Andrade ( born 29 September 1994 ) , commonly known as La Joya ( The Jewel ) , is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Portland Timbers . Polo made his professional debut with Peruvian club Universitario in the 2011 season at the young age of 16 . Polo built a name for himself with his rapid acceleration and scoring skills . Being able to play in any of the four attacking positions , in his first season he quickly became an asset in the attacking force of his team . As the team 's top scorer , Polo helped the Universitario under-20 squad win the 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores ."}]}, {'value': '25', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diego Chávez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diego_Chávez_(footballer,_born_1993)', 'summary': 'Diego Armando Chávez Ramos ( born 7 March 1993 ) alias Dakar is a Peruvian footballer who plays for club José Gálvez in the Copa Perú . His assertiveness in attack and security in defense earned him to be promoted to the first squad where he gained experience and became a regular in the starting eleven .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'MF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midfielder', 'summary': "A midfielder is an association football position . Midfielders are generally positioned on the field between their team 's defenders and forwards . Some midfielders play a disciplined defensive role , breaking up attacks , and are otherwise known as defensive midfielders . Others blur the boundaries , being more mobile and efficient in passing : they are commonly referred to as deep-lying midfielders , play-makers , box-to-box , or holding midfielders . The number of midfielders on a team and their assigned roles depends on the team 's formation ; the collective group of these players on the field is sometimes referred to as the midfield . Most managers assign at least one midfielder to disrupt the opposing team 's attacks , while others may be tasked with creating goals , or have equal responsibilities between attack and defence . Midfielders are the players who typically travel the greatest distance during a match . Because midfielders arguably have the most possession during a game they are among the fittest players on the pitch ."}]}, {'value': 'José Mendoza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/José_Mendoza_Zambrano', 'summary': 'José Adolfo Mendoza Zambrano ( born 24 July 1982 ) is a Peruvian football player currently playing for Comerciantes Unidos .'}]}, {'value': '37', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forward_(association_football)', 'summary': "Forwards are the players on a football ( soccer ) team who play nearest to the opposing team 's goal , and are therefore most responsible for scoring goals . Their advanced position and limited defensive responsibilities mean forwards normally score more goals on behalf of their team than other players . Modern team formations generally include one to three forwards ; for example , the common 4-2-3-1 formation includes one forward . Unconventional formations may include more than three forwards , or none ."}]}, {'value': 'Guillermo Tomasevich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_Tomasevich', 'summary': 'Guillermo Tomasevich Castañeda ( born March 20 , 1987 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a centre forward for Ayacucho FC in the Torneo Descentralizado .'}]}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GK', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goalkeeper_(association_football)', 'summary': "The goalkeeper , often shortened to keeper or goalie , is one of the major positions of association football . It is the most specialised position in the sport . The goalkeeper 's primary role is to prevent the opposing team from scoring ( moving the ball over the defended goal-line within the frame of the goal ) . This is accomplished by the goalkeeper moving into the path of the ball and either catching it or directing it away from the vicinity of the goal line . Within the penalty area goalkeepers are able to use their hands , making them ( outside throw-ins ) the only players on the field permitted to handle the ball . The special status of goalkeepers is indicated by them wearing different coloured kits from their teammates . The back-pass rule prevents goalkeepers handling direct passes back to them from teammates . Goalkeepers usually perform goal kicks , and also give commands to their defence during corner kicks , direct and indirect free kicks , and marking . Goalkeepers play an important role in directing on field strategy as they have an unrestricted view of the entire pitch , giving them a unique perspective on play development . The goalkeeper is the only required position of a team . If they are injured or sent off , a substitute goalkeeper has to take their place , otherwise an outfield player must take the ejected keeper 's place in goal . In order to replace a goalkeeper who is sent off , a team usually substitutes an outfield player for the backup keeper ( thus effectively the red card and substitution takes out two of the starting eleven players ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Carlos Cáceda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carlos_Cáceda', 'summary': 'Carlos Alberto Cáceda Ollaguez ( born 27 September 1991 ) is a Peruvian footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Melgar . Cáceda is known as a secured goal-stopper with quick reflexes and a speedy pace to rush off his line . He played all games when Universitario under-20 squad won the 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Youth system', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Youth_system', 'summary': 'In sporting terminology , a youth system is a youth investment program within a particular team or league , which develops and nurtures young talent in farm teams , with the vision of using them in the first team in the future if they show enough promise and potential , and to fill up squad numbers in some teams with small budgets . In contrast to most sports in the United States where the high school and collegiate system is responsible for developing young sports people , most football and basketball clubs , especially in Europe and Latin America , take responsibility for developing their own players of the future .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Players -- Squad information', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_Club_Universitario_de_Deportes_season_0', 'intro': "Universitario de Deportes' 2012 season is the club's 84th season in the Primera División of Peru and 47th in the Torneo Descentralizado. The club's under-20 team will compete in the 2012 U-20 Copa Libertadores as defending champions."}
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What is the birth place of the oldest player for Club Universitario de Deportes in 2012 ?
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Maldonado
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03650c0528e09bef
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Washington_Redskins_players', 'title': 'List of Washington Redskins players', 'header': ['#', 'Name', 'Pos', 'College', 'GP', 'Seasons'], 'data': [{'value': '72', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diron Talbert', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diron_Talbert', 'summary': 'Diron Vester Talbert ( born July 1 , 1944 ) is a former American football defensive end .'}]}, {'value': 'DT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin', 'summary': "The University of Texas at Austin ( UT Austin ) is a public research university in Austin , Texas . It was founded in 1883 and is the flagship institution of the University of Texas System . The University of Texas was inducted into the Association of American Universities in 1929 , becoming only the third university in the American South to be elected . The institution has the nation 's eighth-largest single-campus enrollment , with over 50,000 undergraduate and graduate students and over 24,000 faculty and staff . A Public Ivy , it is a major center for academic research , with research expenditures exceeding $ 615 million for the 2016-2017 school year . The university houses seven museums and seventeen libraries , including the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum and the Blanton Museum of Art , and operates various auxiliary research facilities , such as the J. J. Pickle Research Campus and the McDonald Observatory . Among university faculty are recipients of the Nobel Prize , the Pulitzer Prize , the Wolf Prize , the Primetime Emmy Award , the Abel Prize , the Turing Award , and the National Medal of Science , as well as many other awards . As of October 2019 , 12 Nobel Prize winners , two Turing Award winners and two Fields medalists have been affiliated with the school as alumni , faculty members or researchers . Student athletes compete as the Texas Longhorns and are members of the Big 12 Conference . Its Longhorn Network is the only sports network featuring the college sports of a single university . The Longhorns have won four NCAA Division I National Football Championships , six NCAA Division I National Baseball Championships , thirteen NCAA Division I National Men 's Swimming and Diving Championships , and has claimed more titles in men 's and women 's sports than any other school in the Big 12 since the league was founded in 1996 ."}]}, {'value': '142', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971-80', 'urls': []}, {'value': '54', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darryl Tapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darryl_Tapp', 'summary': 'Darryl Anthony Tapp ( born September 13 , 1984 ) is an American football defensive end who is currently a free agent . He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the second round ( 62nd overall ) of the 2006 NFL Draft . He played college football at Virginia Tech . Tapp has also played for the Philadelphia Eagles , Washington Redskins , Detroit Lions , and New Orleans Saints .'}]}, {'value': 'LB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Virginia Tech', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '42', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charley Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charley_Taylor', 'summary': 'Charles Robert Taylor ( born September 28 , 1941 ) is a former American football player , a wide receiver in the National Football League for fourteen seasons , all with the Washington Redskins . Taylor was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1984 . With Taylor , the Redskins made the playoffs five times ( 1971-1974 , 1976 ) and reached the Super Bowl once ( VII ) , after the 1972 season .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_State_University', 'summary': "Arizona State University ( commonly referred to as ASU or Arizona State ) is a public metropolitan research university on five campuses across the Phoenix metropolitan area , and four regional learning centers throughout Arizona . ASU is one of the largest public universities by enrollment in the U.S. As of fall 2019 , the university had nearly 90,000 students attending classes across its metro campuses , more than 38,000 students attending online , including 83,000-plus undergraduates and more nearly 20,000 postgraduates . The university is organized into 17 colleges , featuring more than 170 cross-discipline centers and institutes . ASU offers 350 degree options for undergraduates students , as well as more than 400 graduate degree and certificate programs . ASU has nearly 600 ASU scholar-athletes across 26 varsity-level sports . The Arizona State Sun Devils compete in the Pac-12 Conference and have won 59 Pac-10/Pac-12 championships dating back to 1979 , and have captured 24 NCAA championships dating to its first ( baseball ) title in 1965 . In addition to its athletic program , the university is home to over 1,100 registered student organizations . ASU 's charter , approved by the board of regents in 2014 , is based on the New American University model created by ASU President Michael M. Crow upon his appointment as the institution 's 16th president in 2002 . It defines ASU as a comprehensive public research university , measured not by whom it excludes , but rather by whom it includes and how they succeed ; advancing research and discovery of public value ; and assuming fundamental responsibility for the economic , social , cultural and overall health of the communities it serves . Since 2005 , ASU has been ranked among the top research universities in the U.S. , public and private , based on research output , innovation , development , research expenditures , number of awarded patents and awarded research grant proposals . The 2019 university ratings by U.S. News & World Report rank ASU No . 1 among the Most Innovative Schools in America for the fourth year in a row ."}]}, {'value': '165', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964-77', 'urls': []}, {'value': '28/84', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hugh Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hugh_Taylor_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Hugh Wilson Bones Taylor ( July 6 , 1923 - November 1 , 1992 ) was an American football player and coach . He played as an end in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins . Taylor attended Tulane University at the start of World War II where he was a Navy V-12 student . At Tulane he was an All-Southeastern Conference and All-American basketball player in 1943 . After being discharged from the U.S. Navy in 1946 , he played college football at Oklahoma City College before entering the NFL in 1947 . In his first NFL game , he gained 212 yards receiving , setting league records for an NFL debut and first game of the season . Those records were broken by Anquan Boldin in 2003 and Frank Clarke in 1962 , respectively . As a member of the Redskins from 1947 to 1954 , the 6-foot-4-inch Taylor made the Pro Bowl in 1952 and 1954 . Following his playing career , Taylor coached in the college and professional ranks . After two seasons as an assistant at Florida State University , he served as the head football coach at Arkansas State College - now known as Arkansas State University from 1958 to 1959 , compiling a record of 7-11 . While at Arkansas State , he was initiated into the Sigma Pi fraternity chapter there . Taylor then moved to the American Football League ( AFL ) , as an assistant coach with the New York Titans from 1960 to 1962 and with the San Diego Chargers in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University', 'summary': "Oklahoma City University ( OCU ) is a private university historically affiliated with the United Methodist Church and located in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The university offers undergraduate bachelor 's degrees , graduate master 's degrees and doctoral degrees , organized into eight colleges and schools and one Methodist seminary . Students can major in more than 70 undergraduate majors , 20 graduate degrees , including a JD , MBA and PhD in Nursing , and an Adult Studies Program for working adults to earn a Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degree . The university has approximately 3,000 students , including 1,200 graduate students . The official school and athletic colors are blue and white ."}]}, {'value': '94', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947-54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jason Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Taylor_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Jason Paul Taylor ( born September 1 , 1974 ) is a former American football defensive end and outside linebacker who spent the majority of his career with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Over the course of his 15-year career , Taylor played for the Dolphins on three occasions ( 1997-2007 , 2009 and 2011 ) , and also played a season each for the Washington Redskins ( 2008 ) and New York Jets ( 2010 ) . Taylor has the fourth most forced fumbles of all time with 46 , and is tied for the NFL record for fumble recoveries ( with Jim Marshall ) with 29 . He is seventh on the all-time career sack list with 139.5 sacks and is the all-time leader in fumble return touchdowns with six , and interceptions returned for touchdowns by a defensive lineman with three , while his 246 fumble return yards are the fourth-highest total in NFL history . With nine career touchdowns scored , he is also the all-time leader in that category for defensive linemen . He officially announced his retirement on December 28 , 2011 . Taylor was a four-year letterman and three-year starter for the Akron Zips of the University of Akron before being drafted in the third round , thirteenth pick ( 73rd overall ) , in the 1997 NFL Draft by Miami . A six-time Pro Bowl selection and four-time first- or second-team All-Pro , Taylor was named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year in 2006 , was named the NFL Walter Payton Man of the Year in 2007 , and was selected to the NFL 2000s All-Decade Team . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2017 , his first year of eligibility .'}]}, {'value': 'DE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Akron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Akron', 'summary': "The University of Akron is a public research university in Akron , Ohio . It is part of the University System of Ohio . As a STEM-focused institution , it focuses on industries such as polymers , advanced materials , and engineering . The University of Akron offers about 200 undergraduate and more than 100 graduate majors and has an enrollment of approximately 20,000 students . The university 's College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering is housed in a 12-story reflective glass building near downtown Akron on the western edge of the main campus . UA 's Archives of the History of American Psychology is an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution . The university has three branch campuses : Wayne College in Orrville , Ohio ; the Medina County University Center , in Lafayette Township , Ohio ; and UA Lakewood , in the Cleveland suburb of Lakewood , Ohio . In addition , the university hosts nursing programs in affiliation with Lorain County Community College ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27/29', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Keith Gerard Taylor ( born December 21 , 1964 ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League for the Indianapolis Colts , the New Orleans Saints , and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Illinois and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1988 NFL Draft . Taylor played high school football at Pennsauken High School in New Jersey and is the younger brother of John Taylor who was also played in the NFL as a wide receiver for the San Francisco 49ers .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana–Champaign', 'summary': 'The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( U of I , Illinois , UIllinois , or colloquially the University of Illinois or UIUC ) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana . It is the flagship institution of the University of Illinois system and was founded in 1867 . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of the Association of American Universities and is classified as a R1 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes the highest research activity . In fiscal year 2017 , research expenditures at Illinois totaled $ 642 million . The campus library system possesses the second-largest university library in the United States by holdings after Harvard University . The university also hosts the National Center for Supercomputing Applications ( NCSA ) and is home to the fastest supercomputer on a university campus . The university contains 16 schools and colleges and offers more than 150 undergraduate and over 100 graduate programs of study . The university holds 651 buildings on 6,370 acres ( 2,578 ha ) and its annual operating budget in 2016 was over $ 2 billion . The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also operates a Research Park home to innovation centers for over 90 start-up companies and multinational corporations , including Abbott , AbbVie , Caterpillar , Capital One , Dow , State Farm , and Yahoo , among others . As of October 2018 [ update ] , 30 Nobel laureates , 2 Turing Award winners , and 1 Fields medalist have been affiliated with the university as alumni , faculty members , or researchers .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994-96', 'urls': []}, {'value': '78', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Taylor_(offensive_tackle)', 'summary': 'Michael Ray Taylor ( May 15 , 1945 to November 18 , 2015 ) was an American football offensive tackle in the National Football League .'}]}, {'value': 'OT', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southern California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Southern_California', 'summary': "The University of Southern California ( USC , [ a ] SC , or Southern Cal ) is a private research university in Los Angeles , California . Founded in 1880 , it is the oldest private research university in California . For the 2018-19 academic year , there were 20,000 students enrolled in four-year undergraduate programs . USC also has 27,500 graduate and professional students in a number of different programs , including business , law , engineering , social work , occupational therapy , pharmacy , and medicine . It is the largest private employer in the city of Los Angeles and generates $ 8 billion in economic impact on Los Angeles and California . USC was one of the earliest nodes on ARPANET and is the birthplace of the Domain Name System . Other technologies invented at USC include DNA computing , dynamic programming , image compression , VoIP , and antivirus software . USC 's alumni include a total of 11 Rhodes Scholars and 12 Marshall Scholars . As of October 2018 , nine Nobel laureates , six MacArthur Fellows , and one Turing Award winner have been affiliated with the university . As of May 2018 , USC has conferred degrees upon 29 alumni who became billionaires . USC has graduated more alumni who have gone on to win an Academy Award than any other institution in the world by a significant margin . USC alumni have also played crucial roles in 21 of the top 25 highest-grossing films of all time , as of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roosevelt Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roosevelt_Taylor', 'summary': 'Roosevelt Rosey Taylor ( born July 4 , 1937 in New Orleans , Louisiana ) is a former American football safety who played for the Chicago Bears , San Francisco 49ers , and Washington Redskins of the National Football League . He played college football at Grambling State University . Taylor was a key defensive player on the 1963 Bears NFL championship team . He led the Bears in interceptions with 9 and in kick returns . The Bears defense was coached by future Hall of Famer George Allen . In 2010 , Roosevelt Taylor was inducted as a member of the Grambling State University Hall of Fame . Part of Gramblings initial SWAC championship defense in 1960 - the group included four future All-Pros - Taylor went on to lead the NFL with nine interceptions in 1963 , on the way to 32 career picks . In 1968 , he scored a 96-yard interception return . Twice selected to the Pro Bowl , Taylor never missed a game in nearly nine seasons with the Chicago Bears and later appeared in Super Bowl VII with the Washington Redskins . He is a member of the Greater New Orleans Sports Hall of Fame , and was named among the 50 Best Bears earlier this year by the Chicago Sun-Times . He was an all-city football player at Joseph S. Clark Sr. High School in New Orleans , Louisiana .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grambling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grambling_State_University', 'summary': "Grambling State University ( GSU , Grambling , or Grambling State ) is a historically black public university in Grambling , Louisiana . The university is home of the Eddie G. Robinson Museum and is listed on the Louisiana African American Heritage Trail . The university is a member-school of the University of Louisiana System . Grambling State 's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Grambling State Tigers . The university is a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference ( SWAC ) ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21/36', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sean Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sean_Taylor', 'summary': "Sean Michael Maurice Taylor ( April 1 , 1983 - November 27 , 2007 ) was an American football free safety for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . He was drafted by the Redskins with the fifth overall pick of the 2004 NFL Draft where he played for four seasons until his death in 2007 . As a high school player , Taylor led Gulliver Prep to a Florida state championship and rushed for a state record 44 touchdowns in a season . He subsequently played college football as a defensive back for the University of Miami , where he was a member of the Hurricanes ' 2001 BCS National Championship team , and earned unanimous All-American honors . Taylor 's success in college led to him being selected in the first round of the 2004 draft by the Redskins where he gained a reputation as a hard-hitting player . Due to his ferocious hits , several of his Redskins teammates nicknamed him Meast , from the expression half man , half beast . He made one Pro Bowl appearance in 2006 . During the 2007 NFL season , on November 26 Taylor was shot by intruders at his Miami area home and died the next day on November 27 . His death led to an outpouring of national support and sympathy , especially in the Washington , D.C. area , where Taylor had been a fan favorite as a Redskin , and the Miami area , where he had starred in high school and college . Posthumously , he earned a second Pro Bowl selection and First Team All-Pro honors ."}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miami ( FL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Miami', 'summary': "The University of Miami ( informally referred to as UM , UMiami , U of M or The U ) is a private research university in Coral Gables , Florida . As of 2019 [ update ] , the university enrolls 17,811 students in 12 separate colleges/schools , including the Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine in Miami 's Health District , a law school on the main campus , and the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science focused on the study of oceanography and atmospheric sciences on Virginia Key , with research facilities at the Richmond Facility in southern Miami-Dade County . The university offers 132 undergraduate , 148 master 's , and 67 doctoral degree programs , of which 63 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study . Over the years , the university 's students have represented all 50 states and close to 150 foreign countries . With more than 16,000 full- and part-time faculty and staff , UM is a top 10 employer in Miami-Dade County . UM 's main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings . Research is a component of each academic division , with UM attracting $ 358.9 million in sponsored research grants in FY 2019 . UM offers a large library system with over 3.9 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage and music . UM also offers a wide range of student activities , including fraternities and sororities , a student newspaper and a radio station . UM 's intercollegiate athletic teams , collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes , compete in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . UM 's football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004-07', 'urls': []}, {'value': '37/89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Tereshinski', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Tereshinski,_Sr.', 'summary': 'Joseph Peter Tereshinski Sr. ( December 7 , 1923 - June 9 , 2013 ) was an American football tight end and assistant coach in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins . He played college football at the University of Georgia and was drafted in the thirteenth round of the 1946 NFL Draft . After his retirement in 1954 , he became an assistant coach for the Redskins and served in that capacity until 1960 Tereshinski was the father of former Georgia Bulldogs Joe Tereshinski Jr. and Wally Tereshinski . He was also the grandfather of former Bulldogs quarterback Joe Tereshinski III and John Tereshinski , a former tight end of Wake Forest . He died at an assisted living facility in Athens , Georgia , in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': 'TE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Georgia', 'summary': "The University of Georgia ( UGA or Georgia ) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens , Georgia . Founded in 1785 , it is one of the oldest public universities in the United States . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity , and as having more selective undergraduate admissions , its most selective admissions category , while the ACT Assessment Student Report places UGA admissions in the Highly Selective category , the highest classification . In keeping with the teaching portion of its motto , the university has a student-to-faculty ratio of 17 students per faculty member , and 46 percent of its classes have fewer than 20 students . In its 2020 rankings , U.S. News & World Report ranked the university tied for 50th among all U.S. public and private national universities and 16th among all public ones . In addition to the main campuses in Athens with their approximately 470 buildings , the university has two smaller campuses located in Tifton and Griffin . The university has two satellite campuses located in Atlanta and Lawrenceville . The university operates several service and outreach stations spread across the state . The total acreage of the university in 30 Georgia counties is 41,539 acres ( 168.10 km2 ) . The university also owns a residential education and research center in Washington , DC , as well as three international residential and research centers located at Oxford University in Oxford , England , at Cortona , Italy , and at Monteverde , Costa Rica . Student life includes more than 700 student organizations . The University of Georgia 's intercollegiate sports teams , commonly known by their Georgia Bulldogs nickname , compete in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) ."}]}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1947-54', 'urls': []}, {'value': '31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Terrell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Terrell_(safety)', 'summary': 'David Wayne Terrell ( born July 8 , 1975 in Floydada , Texas ) is a former American football safety in the National Football League . He was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the seventh round of the 1998 NFL Draft with the 191st overall pick . He played college football at Texas-El Paso . Terrell also played for the Oakland Raiders .'}]}, {'value': 'S', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas-El Paso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso', 'summary': "The University of Texas at El Paso ( UTEP ) is a public research university in El Paso , Texas . It is a member of the University of Texas System . UTEP is the second-largest university in the United States to have a majority Mexican American student population ( about 80% ) after the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley . It is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . The university 's School of Engineering is the nation 's top producer of Hispanic engineers with M.S . and Ph.D. degrees . UTEP is home to the Sun Bowl stadium , which hosts the annual college football competition the Sun Bowl every winter . The campus is one of the few places in the world outside of Bhutan or Tibet to have buildings created with the Dzong architectural style . It sits on hillsides overlooking the Rio Grande river , with Ciudad Juárez in view across the Mexico-United States border ."}]}, {'value': '61', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000-03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joe Theismann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Theismann', 'summary': "Joseph Robert Theismann ( born September 9 , 1949 ) is an American former professional gridiron football player , sports commentator , corporate speaker and restaurateur . He played quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . Theismann spent 12 seasons with the Washington Redskins , where he was a two-time Pro Bowler and helped the team to consecutive Super Bowl appearances , winning Super Bowl XVII over the Miami Dolphins and losing Super Bowl XVIII . He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2003 . Following his retirement from football in 1985 after a career-ending injury , Theismann worked as a sportscaster and an analyst on pro football broadcasts with ESPN for nearly 20 years . He primarily partnered with Mike Patrick , for the network 's Sunday Night Football package and for one season of Monday Night Football with Mike Tirico and Tony Kornheiser . Theismann also worked as a color analyst on NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football package with play-by-play voice Bob Papa and Matt Millen . Theismann also co-hosts the network 's weekly show Playbook . Since 2011 , he has worked on the Redskins preseason television broadcast team . Additionally , he works on the NFL Network on a variety of programs , primarily as an analyst . Theismann is the owner of Theismann 's Restaurant and Bar in Alexandria , Virginia , founded in 1975 . He also performs as a speaker for corporate events , speaking on topics such as leadership and self-motivation ."}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notre Dame', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame', 'summary': "The University of Notre Dame du Lac ( or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM , or ND ) is a private Catholic research university in Notre Dame , Indiana , outside the city of South Bend . It was founded in 1842 by Rev . Edward Sorin . The main campus covers 1,261 acres ( 510 ha ) in a suburban setting ; it contains a number of recognizable landmarks , such as the Golden Dome , the Word of Life mural ( commonly known as Touchdown Jesus ) , Notre Dame Stadium , and the Basilica . Notre Dame has consistently been recognized as one of the top universities in the United States , in particular for its undergraduate education . Undergraduate students are organized into six colleges . The School of Architecture is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the annual Driehaus Architecture Prize . The university offers over 50 yearlong study programs abroad and over 15 summer programs . Notre Dame 's graduate program has more than 50 master , doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the six schools , including the Notre Dame Law School and an MD-PhD program offered in combination with the Indiana University School of Medicine . It maintains a system of libraries , cultural venues , artistic and scientific museums , including the Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art . The majority of the university 's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 31 residence halls , each with its own traditions , legacies , events , and intramural sports teams . The university 's approximately 134,000 alumni are considered one of the strongest college alumni networks in the U.S ."}]}, {'value': '167', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1974-85', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harry Theofiledes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harry_Theofiledes', 'summary': 'Aris Harry Theofiledes ( born April 19 , 1944 in Homestead , Pennsylvania ) is a former American football quarterback in the National Football League . After playing college football at Waynesburg College , Theofiledes played for the Washington Redskins during the 1968 season . As a back-up to Sonny Jurgensen , Theofiledes managed to see action in five games , completing 11 of 20 passes and throwing for two touchdowns .'}]}, {'value': 'QB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waynesburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waynesburg_University', 'summary': 'Waynesburg University is a private university founded in ca . 1850 and located in Waynesburg , Pennsylvania . The university offers undergraduate and graduate programs in more than 70 academic concentrations , and enrolls over 2,500 students , including approximately 1,800 undergraduates .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keith Thibodeaux', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Thibodeaux_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Keith Trevis Thibodeaux ( born May 16 , 1974 ) is a former American football cornerback in the National Football League for four teams from 1997 to 2001 . He played college football at Northwestern State University and was drafted in the fifth round of the 1997 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northwestern State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northwestern_State_University', 'summary': 'Northwestern State University of Louisiana ( NSU ) is a public university primarily situated in Natchitoches , Louisiana , with a nursing campus in Shreveport and general campuses in Leesville/Fort Polk and Alexandria . It is a part of the University of Louisiana System .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997', 'urls': []}, {'value': '69', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R. C. Thielemann', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R._C._Thielemann', 'summary': 'Ray Charles Thielemann ( born August 12 , 1955 in Houston , Texas ) is a former American football guard in the National Football League for the Atlanta Falcons and the Washington Redskins . Thielemann played college football at the University of Arkansas and was drafted in the second round of the 1977 NFL Draft .'}]}, {'value': 'G', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Arkansas', 'summary': "The University of Arkansas ( U of A , UArk , or UA ) is a public land-grant , research university in Fayetteville , Arkansas . It is the flagship campus of the University of Arkansas System and the largest , best-known university in the state . Founded as Arkansas Industrial University in 1871 , its present name was adopted in 1899 and classes were first held on January 22 , 1872 . It is noted for its strong architecture , agriculture ( particularly animal science and poultry science ) , business , communication disorders , creative writing , history , law , and Middle Eastern studies programs . Enrollment for the fall semester of 2018 was 27,778 . The university campus consists of 378 buildings spread across 512 acres ( 2.07 km2 ) of land in Fayetteville , Arkansas . Some well known architecture on campus includes Old Main , the first permanent academic building erected . Academic programs are in excess of 200 . The ratio of students to faculty is approximately 19:1 . The university also received a combined total of $ 103.2 million in research awards for the 2017 fiscal year . UA 's athletic teams , the Arkansas Razorbacks , compete in NCAA Division I as members of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) with eight men 's teams and eleven women 's teams in thirteen sports . The University is known for its traditions , including Calling the Hogs at sports events , and Senior Walk , more than 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) of campus sidewalk etched with the names of all UA graduates since 1871 ."}]}, {'value': '43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985-88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '89', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chris Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chris_Thomas_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Chris Eric Thomas ( born July 16 , 1971 ) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League . He played for the San Francisco 49ers , the Washington Redskins , the St. Louis Rams , and the Kansas City Chiefs . He played college football at California Polytechnic State University .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal . Poly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_Polytechnic_State_University', 'summary': "California Polytechnic State University ( California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo , Cal Poly San Luis Obispo , or Cal Poly ) is a public university in San Luis Obispo , California . It is one of two polytechnics in the California State University system . The university is organized into six colleges offering 65 bachelor 's and 39 master 's degrees . Cal Poly San Luis Obispo primarily focuses on undergraduate education and as of fall 2018 Cal Poly has 21,037 undergraduate and 775 graduate students . The academic focus is fostering a comprehensive undergraduate education , combining technical and professional curricula with the arts and humanities . The university is located in San Luis Obispo , California , often noted as one of the happiest cities in the United States , with many alumni in Silicon Valley . The university 's athletic teams participate in the Big West Conference ."}]}, {'value': '29', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1997-99', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11/81', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Devin Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Devin_Thomas', 'summary': 'Devin Thomas ( born November 15 , 1986 ) is a former American football wide receiver . After playing college football for Michigan State , he was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the second round of the 2008 NFL Draft . He played for the Redskins from 2008 to 2010 , the Carolina Panthers in 2010 , and the New York Giants from 2010 to 2011 . He was a member of the 2011-2012 Giants team that won Super Bowl XLVI , beating Tom Brady and the New England Patriots .'}]}, {'value': 'WR', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Michigan State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michigan_State_University', 'summary': "Michigan State University ( MSU ) is a public research university in East Lansing , Michigan . MSU was founded in 1855 and served as a model for land-grant universities later created under the Morrill Act of 1862 . The university was founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan , one of the country 's first institutions of higher education to teach scientific agriculture . After the introduction of the Morrill Act , the college became coeducational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture . Today , MSU is one of the largest universities in the United States ( in terms of enrollment ) and has approximately 634,300 living alumni worldwide . U.S. News & World Report ranks its graduate programs the best in the U.S. in elementary teacher 's education , secondary teacher 's education , industrial and organizational psychology , rehabilitation counseling , African history ( tied ) , supply chain logistics and nuclear physics in 2019 . MSU pioneered the studies of packaging , hospitality business , supply chain management , and communication sciences . Michigan State is a member of the Association of American Universities , an organization of 62 leading research universities in North America . The university 's campus houses the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory , the W. J. Beal Botanical Garden , the Abrams Planetarium , the Wharton Center for Performing Arts , the Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum , the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams , and the country 's largest residence hall system . The Michigan State Spartans compete in the NCAA Division I Big Ten Conference . Michigan State Spartans football won the Rose Bowl Game in 1954 , 1956 , 1988 and 2014 , and a total of six national championships . Spartans men 's basketball won the NCAA National Championship in 1979 and 2000 and has attained the Final Four eight times since the 1998-1999 season , including in 2019 with a victory over Duke ."}]}, {'value': '34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008-10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duane Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duane_Thomas', 'summary': 'Duane Julius Thomas ( born June 21 , 1947 ) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys and the Washington Redskins . He played college football at West Texas State University .'}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Texas A & M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Texas_A&M_University', 'summary': "West Texas A & M University , also known as WTAMU , WT , and formerly West Texas State , part of the Texas A & M University System , is a public university located in Canyon , Texas , a city of 13,303 about 13 miles south of Amarillo , a city of 190,695 . The university is part of the Amarillo metropolitan area with a population of 268,893 . West Texas A & M University was established on September 20 , 1910 , and was originally known as West Texas State Normal College . The university started out as one of the seven state-funded teachers ' colleges in Texas ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1973-74', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Thomas_(American_football)', 'summary': "George Carroll Thomas , Jr. ( March 4 , 1928 - May 23 , 1989 ) was an American football halfback and defensive back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins and the New York Giants . He was a standout high school basketball player , which led to his being recruited to play college basketball for Tulane University . However , first year OU football coach , Jim Tatum , convinced him stay in Oklahoma and play college football at the University of Oklahoma . Thomas was a standout for the Sooners , lettering in '46 , '47 , '48 and '49 . He earned All-American status in 1949 List of Oklahoma Sooners football All-Americans . Thomas graduated from OU with a degree in Business Administration in 1950 ."}]}, {'value': 'RB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma', 'summary': "The University of Oklahoma ( OU ) is a public research university in Norman , Oklahoma . Founded in 1890 , it had existed in Oklahoma Territory near Indian Territory for 17 years before the two became the state of Oklahoma . In Fall 2018 the university had 31,702 students enrolled , most at its main campus in Norman . Employing nearly 3,000 faculty members , the school offers 152 baccalaureate programs , 160 master 's programs , 75 doctorate programs , and 20 majors at the first professional level . The university is classified among R1 : Doctoral Universities - Very high research activity . Its Norman campus has two prominent museums , the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art , specializing in French Impressionism and Native American artwork , and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History , specializing in the natural history of Oklahoma . The university has won multiple national championships in multiple sports , including seven football national championships and two NCAA Division I baseball championships . The women 's softball team has won the national championship four times : in 2000 , 2013 , and consecutively in 2016 and 2017 . The gymnastics teams have won a combined 11 national championships since 2002 , with the men 's team winning eight in the last 15 years , including three consecutive titles from 2015 to 2017 ."}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1950-51', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22/41/47', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnny Thomas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnny_Thomas_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Johnny Thomas Jr. ( born August 3 , 1964 ) is a former American football cornerback who played professionally the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Washington Redskins , San Diego Chargers , Cleveland Browns , and the Philadelphia Eagles . He played college football at Baylor University and was selected in the seventh round of the 1987 NFL Draft . He also ran track and field at Baylor , winning the NCAA Championship in the 4x400 meters relay in 1985 .'}]}, {'value': 'CB', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_University', 'summary': "Baylor University , or simply Baylor , is a private Baptist Christian university in Waco , Texas . Chartered in 1845 by the last Congress of the Republic of Texas , it is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas and one of the first educational institutions west of the Mississippi River in the United States . Located on the banks of the Brazos River next to I-35 , between the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex and Austin , the university 's 1,000-acre campus is the largest Baptist university campus in the world . Baylor University 's athletic teams , known as the Bears , participate in 19 intercollegiate sports . The university is a member of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA Division I ."}]}, {'value': '56', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988 , 1990 , 1992-94', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Players -- T', 'section_text': 'Sean Taylor , first-round draft pick in 2004 , played safety for the Redskins until he was fatally shot in November 2007 . [ 51 ] [ 52 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Washington_Redskins_players_19', 'intro': 'This is a list of American football players who have played for the Washington Redskins, as well as its predecessors the Boston Braves (1932) and Boston Redskins (1933-1936), in the National Football League (NFL). It includes players that have played at least five games in the NFL regular season. [a] The Washington Redskins franchise was founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Boston Braves, named after the local baseball franchise. The name was changed the next year to the Redskins. In 1937, the franchise moved to Washington, D.C. The Redskins have played over 1,000 games. In those games, the club won five professional American football championships including two NFL Championships and three Super Bowls. The franchise captured ten NFL divisional titles and six NFL conference championships. Overall, the Redskins have had a total of 23 players and coaches (17 primary, six minor)[b] inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Many Redskins players have also had successful college football careers, including six who were Heisman Trophy winners: Gary Beban, Desmond Howard, Vic Janowicz, George Rogers, Danny Wuerffel, and Robert Griffin III. In addition, the Heisman Trophy sculpture was modeled after Ed Smith in 1934, who became a Redskins player in 1936. Several former players have become head coach of the Redskins, including Turk Edwards, Dick Todd, and Jack Pardee.'}
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How many buildings are there approximately in the principal campuses of the post-secondary school attended by Joe Tereshinski ?
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470
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0365be200051904c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Mike_Love', 'title': 'List of songs recorded by Mike Love', 'header': ['Song', 'Written by', 'Recorded', 'Album', 'Time', 'Producer'], 'data': [{'value': 'Be My Baby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Be_My_Baby', 'summary': "Be My Baby is a song written by Jeff Barry , Ellie Greenwich , and Phil Spector . It was recorded on July 5 , 1963 at Gold Star Studios Hollywood by American girl group the Ronettes and released as a single in August 1963 and later placed on their 1964 debut LP Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes featuring Veronica . Ronnie Spector is the only Ronette to appear on the single ; her future husband Phil produced their elaborately layered recording in what is now considered a quintessential example of his Wall of Sound production formula . It is considered one of the best songs of the 1960s by NME , Time , and Pitchfork staff members . In 2004 , the song was ranked 22 by Rolling Stone in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time and described as a Rosetta stone for studio pioneers such as the Beatles and Brian Wilson , a notion supported by AllMusic who writes , No less an authority than Brian Wilson has declared 'Be My Baby ' the greatest pop record ever made - no arguments here . In 1999 , it was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame , and in 2006 , the Library of Congress honored the Ronettes ' version by adding it to the United States National Recording Registry . In 2017 , Billboard named the song number 1 on their list of the 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time ."}]}, {'value': 'Phil Spector Jeff Barry Ellie Greenwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Spector', 'summary': "Phillip Harvey Spector ( born Harvey Phillip Spector , December 26 , 1939 ) is an American record producer , musician , and songwriter who developed the Wall of Sound , a music production formula he described as a Wagnerian approach to rock and roll . Spector was dubbed the First Tycoon of Teen by writer Tom Wolfe and is acknowledged as one of the most influential figures in pop music history . After the 1970s , Spector mostly retired from public life . In 2009 , he was convicted of second-degree murder and has remained incarcerated since . Born in the Bronx , Spector began his career in 1958 as co-founder , guitarist , and vocalist of the Teddy Bears , penning their US number-one single To Know Him Is to Love Him . In 1960 , he co-founded Philles Records , and at the age of 21 , became the youngest ever US label owner to that point . Over the next several years , he wrote , co-wrote , or produced records for acts such as the Ronettes and the Crystals , and later , John Lennon and George Harrison of the Beatles . He often employed what would become known as the Wrecking Crew as his de facto house band while collaborating with arranger Jack Nitzsche , engineer Larry Levine , and various Brill Building songwriters . Spector 's other chart-topping singles include You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' ( co-written and produced for the Righteous Brothers , 1964 ) , The Long and Winding Road ( produced for the Beatles , 1970 ) , and My Sweet Lord ( produced for Harrison , 1970 ) . Spector is considered the first auteur among musical artists for the unprecedented freedom and control he had over every phase of the recording process . Additionally , he helped engender the idea of the studio as an instrument , the integration of pop art aesthetics into music ( art pop ) , and the art rock genre . His honors include the 1973 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for co-producing Harrison 's Concert for Bangladesh ( 1971 ) , a 1989 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and a 1997 induction into the Songwriters Hall of Fame ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jeff_Barry', 'summary': 'Jeff Barry ( born Joel Adelberg ; April 3 , 1938 ) is an American pop music songwriter , singer , and record producer . Among the most successful songs that he has co-written in his career are Do Wah Diddy Diddy , Da Doo Ron Ron , Then He Kissed Me , Be My Baby , Chapel of Love , and River Deep - Mountain High ( all written with his then-wife Ellie Greenwich and Phil Spector ) ; Leader of the Pack ( written with Greenwich and Shadow Morton ) ; and Sugar , Sugar ( written with Andy Kim ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellie_Greenwich', 'summary': 'Eleanor Louise Greenwich ( October 23 , 1940 - August 26 , 2009 ) was an American pop music singer , songwriter , and record producer . She wrote or co-wrote Be My Baby , Christmas ( Baby Please Come Home ) , Da Doo Ron Ron , Leader of the Pack , Do Wah Diddy Diddy , and River Deep - Mountain High , among others .'}]}, {'value': 'July 1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '2:39', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Calendar Girl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calendar_Girl_(song)', 'summary': 'Calendar Girl is a song by Neil Sedaka . The music was composed by Sedaka and the lyrics by Howard Greenfield . Recorded in 1960 and released in December of that year , it was a Top-5 hit single for Sedaka , peaking at # 4 on the US charts , # 3 in Australia , and # 1 on the Canadian and Japanese charts .'}]}, {'value': 'Neil Sedaka H. Greenfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neil_Sedaka', 'summary': 'Neil Sedaka ( born March 13 , 1939 ) is an American pop singer , pianist , composer and record producer . Since his music career began in 1957 as a short-lived founding member of the Tokens , he has sold millions of records as an artist and has written or co-written over 500 songs for himself and others , collaborating mostly with lyricists Howard Greenfield and Phil Cody .'}]}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Cool Head , Warm Heart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Love', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Love', 'summary': "Michael Edward Love ( born March 15 , 1941 ) is an American singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beach Boys . Characterized by his nasal and sometimes baritone singing , Love has been one of the band 's vocalists and lyricists for their entire career , contributing to each of their studio albums and serving as their frontman for live performances . He is the cousin of bandmates Brian , Carl and Dennis Wilson , and is often regarded as a malign figure in the group 's history , a reputation he acknowledges : For those who believe that Brian walks on water , I will always be the Antichrist . Love was one of Wilson 's collaborators during the Beach Boys ' peak in the 1960s . Among the band 's US Top 10 hits were the Wilson-Love songs Fun , Fun , Fun ( 1964 ) , California Girls ( 1965 ) , and Good Vibrations ( 1966 ) . Love 's lyrics primarily reflected the youth culture of surfing , cars , and romance , which helped fashion pop culture 's perception of the California Dream . Starting in 1968 , Love was a student of Transcendental Meditation ( TM ) under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , and became a TM teacher in 1971 . The experience influenced his lyrics to take on themes of astrology , meditation , politics and ecology . In the late 1970s , Love began working on solo albums , releasing his first in 1981 : Looking Back with Love . In 1988 , Love was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , along with the other founding members of the Beach Boys . In the same year , the song Kokomo , co-written by Love , reached number one in the US and was nominated for a Grammy . Many of Love 's contributions to the group 's hits were not officially recognized until the 1990s , when he successfully sued for writing credits on 35 songs ."}]}, {'value': '? ? ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Songs from Here & Back ( 2006 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Songs_from_Here_&_Back', 'summary': "Songs from Here & Back is a 2006 live album by The Beach Boys released through Hallmark Gold Crown Stores and only available for two months . The album contains nine never-before-released live recordings , as well as three solo studio recordings , one by each of Brian Wilson , Mike Love and Al Jardine . The live tracks were recorded in 1989 except Would n't It Be Nice and Good Vibrations which are from 1974 ."}]}, {'value': '3:15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paul Fauerso', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hungry Heart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hungry_Heart', 'summary': "Hungry Heart is a song written and performed by Bruce Springsteen on his fifth album , The River . It was released as the album 's lead single in 1980 and became Springsteen 's first big hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart peaking at number five ."}]}, {'value': 'Bruce Springsteen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen', 'summary': "Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen ( born September 23 , 1949 ) is an American singer , songwriter , and musician who is both a solo artist and the leader of the E Street Band . He received critical acclaim for his early 1970s albums and attained worldwide fame upon the release of Born to Run in 1975 . During a career that has spanned five decades , Springsteen has become known for his poetic and socially conscious lyrics and lengthy , energetic stage performances , earning the nickname The Boss . He has recorded both rock albums and folk-oriented works , and his lyrics often address the experiences and struggles of working-class Americans . Born in the U.S.A. ( 1984 ) is Springsteen 's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful album , proving him to be one of the most successful rock figures of the 1980s . It was certified 15x Platinum in the US and has sold 30 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best-selling albums of all time . Seven of its singles reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 including the title track , which was a bitter commentary on the treatment of Vietnam veterans - some of whom were Springsteen 's friends . Advocating for the rights of the common working-class man , the song made a huge political impact . Springsteen 's other best-known songs include Born to Run ( 1975 ) , Thunder Road ( 1975 ) , Badlands ( 1978 ) , Hungry Heart ( 1980 ) , Dancing in the Dark ( 1984 ) , Glory Days ( 1985 ) , Brilliant Disguise ( 1987 ) , Human Touch ( 1992 ) , Streets of Philadelphia ( 1994 ) , and The Rising ( 2002 ) . Springsteen has sold more than 135 million records worldwide and more than 64 million records in the United States , making him one of the world 's best-selling music artists . He has earned numerous awards for his work , including 20 Grammy Awards , two Golden Globes , an Academy Award , and a Tony Award ( for Springsteen on Broadway ) . Springsteen was inducted into both the Songwriters Hall of Fame and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1999 , received the Kennedy Center Honors in 2009 , was named MusiCares person of the year in 2013 , and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '? ? ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tribute to Bruce Springsteen : Made in the U.S.A. ( 2001 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3:17', 'urls': []}, {'value': '? ? ?', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Studer C. Thomas D. Parker', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jim Studer with Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'On and On and On', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/On_and_On_and_On', 'summary': 'On and on and On is a pop song recorded by Swedish pop group ABBA in 1980 for their seventh studio album , Super Trouper . It was released as a single in a limited number of countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Benny_Andersson', 'summary': 'Göran Bror Benny Andersson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈbɛ̌nːʏ ˈânːdɛˌʂɔn ] ( listen ) ; born 16 December 1946 ) is a Swedish musician , composer , producer , member of the Swedish music group ABBA , and co-composer of the musicals Chess , Kristina från Duvemåla , and Mamma Mia ! . For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia ! and its 2018 sequel , Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again , he worked also as an executive producer . Since 2001 , he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Björn_Ulvaeus', 'summary': 'Björn Kristian Ulvaeus ( credited as Björn Ulvæus [ ˈbjœːɳ ɵlˈvěːɵs ] ( listen ) ; born 25 April 1945 ) is a Swedish songwriter , producer , a member of the Swedish musical group ABBA , and co-composer of the musicals Chess , Kristina från Duvemåla , and Mamma Mia ! . He co-produced the film Mamma Mia ! with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson .'}]}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:02', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'One Good Reason', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Studer M. Brady', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '4:08', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Over and Over', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert James Byrd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '2:16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Paradise Found', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Love J. Studer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Love', 'summary': "Michael Edward Love ( born March 15 , 1941 ) is an American singer and songwriter who co-founded the Beach Boys . Characterized by his nasal and sometimes baritone singing , Love has been one of the band 's vocalists and lyricists for their entire career , contributing to each of their studio albums and serving as their frontman for live performances . He is the cousin of bandmates Brian , Carl and Dennis Wilson , and is often regarded as a malign figure in the group 's history , a reputation he acknowledges : For those who believe that Brian walks on water , I will always be the Antichrist . Love was one of Wilson 's collaborators during the Beach Boys ' peak in the 1960s . Among the band 's US Top 10 hits were the Wilson-Love songs Fun , Fun , Fun ( 1964 ) , California Girls ( 1965 ) , and Good Vibrations ( 1966 ) . Love 's lyrics primarily reflected the youth culture of surfing , cars , and romance , which helped fashion pop culture 's perception of the California Dream . Starting in 1968 , Love was a student of Transcendental Meditation ( TM ) under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi , and became a TM teacher in 1971 . The experience influenced his lyrics to take on themes of astrology , meditation , politics and ecology . In the late 1970s , Love began working on solo albums , releasing his first in 1981 : Looking Back with Love . In 1988 , Love was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , along with the other founding members of the Beach Boys . In the same year , the song Kokomo , co-written by Love , reached number one in the US and was nominated for a Grammy . Many of Love 's contributions to the group 's hits were not officially recognized until the 1990s , when he successfully sued for writing credits on 35 songs ."}]}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:51', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': "Rockin ' the Man in the Boat", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Studer J. Arnold M. Brady', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': "Runnin ' Around the World", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'J. Haymer B. Aaronson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '2:48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}, {'value': 'Teach Me Tonight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teach_Me_Tonight', 'summary': "Teach Me Tonight is a popular song that has become a jazz standard . The music was written by Gene De Paul , the lyrics by Sammy Cahn . The song was published in 1953 . Cahn wrote a new verse for Frank Sinatra 's 1984 recording on L.A. Is My Lady . Five versions charted in 1954 and 1955 , namely :"}]}, {'value': 'Gene de Paul Sammy Cahn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gene_de_Paul', 'summary': 'Gene Vincent de Paul ( June 17 , 1919 - February 27 , 1988 ) was an American pianist , composer and songwriter .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sammy_Cahn', 'summary': "Sammy Cahn ( June 18 , 1913 - January 15 , 1993 ) was an American lyricist , songwriter and musician . He is best known for his romantic lyrics to films and Broadway songs , as well as stand-alone songs premiered by recording companies in the Greater Los Angeles Area . He and his collaborators had a series of hit recordings with Frank Sinatra during the singer 's tenure at Capitol Records , but also enjoyed hits with Dean Martin , Doris Day and many others . He played the piano and violin . He won an Oscar 4 times for his songs , including the popular song Three Coins in the Fountain . Among his most enduring songs is Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! , cowritten with Jule Styne in 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'June-September 1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Looking Back with Love ( 1981 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_Back_with_Love', 'summary': "Looking Back with Love is the debut solo album by American singer Mike Love , released in 1981 by Boardwalk Records . The album is currently out of print , and has never been issued on CD nor digitally . Love 's cover of Be My Baby originates from July 1980 sessions produced by his Beach Boys bandmate and cousin Brian Wilson . However , the released track features additional overdubs and production completed without Wilson , and Curt Boettcher receives the sole production credit . On and On and On is a cover of an ABBA song which was itself influenced by the 1968 Beach Boys song Do It Again ."}]}, {'value': '3:28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Curt Boettcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curt_Boettcher', 'summary': "Curtis Roy Boettcher ( January 7 , 1944 - June 14 , 1987 ) , sometimes credited as Curt Boetcher or Curt Becher , was an American singer , songwriter , musician , and record producer from Wisconsin . He was a pivotal figure in what is now termed sunshine pop , working with the Association , the Millennium , Sagittarius , Paul Revere and the Raiders , Tommy Roe , Elton John , Gene Clark , Emitt Rhodes , Tandyn Almer , the Beach Boys , and others . The New York Times wrote of Boettcher : If his life had gone just a bit differently , [ he ] might have been another Brian Wilson . . As it stands , Boettcher - a pop-music producer whose heyday was the late '60s - now survives in rock history mostly as a liner-note credit . He could have been , but never was . Yet he enjoys a godlike status among a select group of music fans , for whom obscurity is more enticing than fame ."}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This article is about songs Love recorded as a solo artist . For songs he recorded with the Beach Boys , see List of songs recorded by the Beach Boys . This article needs to be updated . In particular : The article does not include tracks from Unleash the Love or Reason for the Season , and does not include all the singles from the navbox.. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2018 ) Lists about the Beach Boys Discography Bootlegs Songs ( Unreleased ) Covers by the Beach Boys Covers of the Beach Boys This list is an attempt to document every song recorded and released under the name of Mike Love , whether on an album , single , compilation or anthology album .', 'uid': 'List_of_songs_recorded_by_Mike_Love_0', 'intro': 'This list is an attempt to document every song recorded and released under the name of Mike Love, whether on an album, single, compilation or anthology album.'}
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Who was the song that was released as a single in a limited number of countries written by ?
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Benny Andersson Björn Ulvaeus
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0366c14f9ccb519a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1964 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Walt Peterson', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Keith Weber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keith_Weber', 'summary': 'Anthony Keith Weber ( April 27 , 1942 - February 18 , 2011 ) was a quarterback and pitcher for the University of Missouri , most notable for holding the NCAA record for career earned run average with a career ERA of 0.56 . As a junior , Weber helped lead Missouri to the 1963 College World Series , where they were eliminated by eventual champion Southern California . In 1964 , Weber earned First-team All-American honors while anchoring a Missouri pitching staff that still holds the NCAA record for lowest single-season team ERA , surrendering just 19 earned runs in 264 innings for an ERA of 0.65 . Weber and Missouri again reached the College World Series , falling to Minnesota in the championship game . In his two trips to the College World Series , Weber pitched 24 1/3 innings while giving up zero earned runs , which remains the most innings pitched by anyone in the College World Series without giving up an earned run . Upon his graduation from Missouri in 1964 , Weber played collegiate summer baseball for the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League , and that October pitched for the United States at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , Japan . Weber then played a single season of minor league baseball in 1965 with the Williamsport Mets before returning to Missouri to attend law school while working as an assistant football coach under Dan Devine . After a career in real estate , Weber died of kidney cancer on February 18 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Ken Suarez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Suarez', 'summary': "Kenneth Raymond Suarez ( Born April 12 , 1943 ) is an American former professional baseball player . He played as a catcher in Major League Baseball from 1966 to 1973 . The 5 ' 9 , 175 lb . right-handed hitter is best remembered for a suit he filed against the Texas Rangers in which he claimed that his February 12 , 1974 trade to the Cleveland Indians was in retaliation for his having filed for arbitration . Suarez never reported to camp for the Indians , retiring at just thirty years old , instead ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Randy Schwartz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Randy_Schwartz', 'summary': "Douglas Randall Schwartz ( born February 9 , 1944 in Los Angeles ) is a retired American professional baseball player who appeared in 16 games played in the Major Leagues as a first baseman and pinch hitter for the 1965-1966 Kansas City Athletics . He threw and batted left-handed , stood 6 feet 3 inches ( 1.91 m ) tall and weighed 230 pounds ( 100 kg ) . Schwartz was signed by the A 's after a standout career at the UCLA , where he was a 1964 first-team College Baseball All-America Team selection . He played three full years of minor league baseball , from 1965-67 , and hit 29 and 22 home runs in his first two seasons , with an OPS of 1.018 in his rookie year in the Class A Midwest League . In his two late-season MLB trials , Schwartz recorded three hits , all singles , in 18 at bats ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_baseball', 'summary': 'The UCLA Bruins baseball team is the varsity college baseball team of the University of California , Los Angeles . Having started playing in 1920 , the program is a member of the NCAA Division I Pac-12 Conference . It plays its home games at Jackie Robinson Stadium . The program has appeared in five College World Series and won the 2013 National Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Al Coutts', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cal State Los Angeles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_University,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "California State University , Los Angeles ( Cal State LA ) is a public university in Los Angeles , California . It is part of the 23-campus California State University ( CSU ) system . Cal State LA offers 129 bachelor 's degrees , 112 master 's degrees , and four doctoral degrees : a Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D ) in special education in collaboration with the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , a Doctor of Education ( Ed.D ) in Educational Leadership , a Doctor of Nursing Practice ( DNP ) and a Doctor of Audiology ( AuD ) . It also offers 22 teaching credentials . In Fall 2018 Cal State LA was the 5th most applied-to CSU campus for incoming freshmen and had the 5th lowest admit rate . Cal State LA has a student body of 26,361 as of fall 2019 , with undergraduates numbering 22,626 , primarily from the greater Los Angeles area , as well as 245,000 alumni . Cal State LA operates on the semester system with two semesters , each 15 weeks in duration per year : in the fall of 2016 , the university changed to the semester system as part of a system-wide conversion of all quarter campuses . Cal State LA is organized into nine colleges that house a total of four schools and approximately 50 academic departments , divisions and interdisciplinary programs offering a variety of majors . The Early Entrance Program ( EEP ) in the Honors College for gifted students as young as 11 is the only one of its kind in the United States in promoting a direct transitional scheme from middle and high school to college without intermediary remedial education . Cal State LA is a Hispanic-serving institution ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Dave Harvey', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Don Kessinger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Kessinger', 'summary': 'Donald Eulon Kessinger ( born July 17 , 1942 in Forrest City , Arkansas ) is an American former professional baseball player and manager . He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop from 1964 to 1979 for the Chicago Cubs , St. Louis Cardinals and the Chicago White Sox . A six-time All-Star , he was a light-hitting , defensive specialist who spent the majority of his career as the Chicago Cubs starting shortstop . In the late 1960s and early 1970s , he was considered one of the best shortstops in baseball . Kessinger is also notable for being the last player-manager in American League history .'}]}, {'value': 'Mississippi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ole_Miss_Rebels_baseball', 'summary': 'The Ole Miss Rebels baseball team represents the University of Mississippi in NCAA Division I college baseball . The team participates in the West Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They are currently coached by Mike Bianco .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Fred Reichardt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Reichardt', 'summary': 'Frederic Carl Reichardt ( born March 16 , 1943 ) is a Major League outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels/California Angels ( 1964-70 ) , Washington Senators ( 1970 ) , Chicago White Sox ( 1971-73 ) and Kansas City Royals ( 1973-74 ) . He batted and threw right-handed . Reichardt was a spectacular two-sport star at the University of Wisconsin , twice leading the Big 10 in batting , and starring as a fullback on the 1962 # 2 ranked Badgers Rose Bowl team , which was defeated in the 1963 Rose Bowl by # 1 ranked USC in the comeback that never was where the Badgers scored 23 points in the last 12 minutes , but still lost by 5 points ( 42 to 37 ) . His athletic prowess was highly rated by all Major League Baseball scouts , and when a bidding war ensued for his signing , he received a $ 200,000 ( $ 1,670,217 today ) signing bonus from the Los Angeles Angels , a record for that time . It was the bidding war for Reichardt that ultimately led Major League Baseball to institute a draft , which started in 1965 , with Rick Monday being the first ever # 1 overall selection ( he was drafted by the Kansas City Athletics ) . In 1966 , Reichardt became the first player to hit a home run at Anaheim Stadium . Later that season , after batting .288 with 16 home runs and 44 RBI through just 89 games , he was diagnosed with a kidney ailment that necessitated the removal of the kidney . Although he recovered to hit .265 with 17 home runs in 1967 , and .255 with 21 home runs in 1968 , he was never quite the same after the operation . After hitting only 13 home runs in 1969 , he was traded with Aurelio Rodríguez to the Washington Senators early in the 1970 season for 3rd baseman Ken McMullen . After a trade to the White Sox in 1971 , he managed to hit .278 with 19 homers . From there , age and injuries took their toll and he never again attained double figures in home runs in a season . He retired after 1 at-bat in the 1974 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers', 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers are the athletic teams representing the University of Wisconsin-Madison ( University of Wisconsin ) . They compete as a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I level ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) sub-level ) , primarily competing in the Big Ten Conference for all sports since the 1896-97 season . The women 's ice hockey team competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association ( WCHA ) , while the men 's and lightweight women 's crew team compete in the Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges ( EARC ) . The athletic director is Barry Alvarez , former head coach of the football team . The Badgers team colors are cardinal and white , and the team mascot is named Buckingham U. Badger , known as Bucky Badger . The Badgers have several major on-campus facilities , including Camp Randall Stadium , the UW Field House , and the Kohl Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Scripture ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Scripture', 'summary': "Earl Wayne Billy Scripture ( November 20 , 1941 - November 11 , 2018 ) was an American outfielder , third baseman , manager and instructor in professional baseball . Born in Pensacola , Florida , he was an All-America baseball standout at Wake Forest University , Scripture threw and batted right-handed , stood 5 feet 11 inches ( 1.8 m ) tall and weighed 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) in his playing days . Scripture signed with the Baltimore Orioles after his matriculation from Wake Forest , but never reached the Major League Baseball level . He batted .252 in 891 games over nine seasons ( 1964-1972 ) in the Baltimore and New York Mets farm systems , with 58 home runs . His last five seasons as an active player were spent at the Triple-A level with the Rochester Red Wings and Tidewater Tides . Scripture then became a minor league manager and instructor in the Kansas City Royals and Pittsburgh Pirates systems , peaking at the Double-A level and having only one winning season in five years as a skipper . However , Scripture earned a reputation throughout professional baseball for his intensity , dedication to teaching , and his toughness . The most quoted stories about Scripture described his habit of biting the covers off baseballs when frustrated . Only lost one molar so far , Scripture said in 1975 , and that 's a whole lot less expensive than an ulcer operation . He was tough , maybe the toughest I 've ever seen , then-Royals athletic trainer Mickey Cobb told Sports Illustrated for a 1987 profile on Scripture . I remember a time when he had 19 blisters on one hand from hitting . He just came in and poured alcohol on it ."}]}, {'value': 'Wake Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_baseball', 'summary': 'The Wake Forest Demon Deacons baseball team represents Wake Forest University in NCAA Division I college baseball . The program competes in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . They won the 1955 College World Series . They are coached by Tom Walter .'}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Marovic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Virginia_Mountaineers_baseball', 'summary': "The West Virginia Mountaineers baseball team is the varsity intercollegiate baseball program of West Virginia University , located in Morgantown , West Virginia , United States . The program has been a member of the NCAA Division I Big 12 Conference since the start of the 2013 season . The program currently plays at Monongalia County Ballpark in the adjacent city of Granville . Randy Mazey has been the team 's head coach since prior to the 2013 season . As of the end of the 2019 season , the program has appeared in 13 NCAA Tournaments . It has won five conference tournament championships and 15 regular season conference and division titles ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1964_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'}
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What pitcher played his home games at Dedeaux Field ?
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Walt Peterson
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036750afc2e230f0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_International_Cross_Country_Championships', 'title': '1972 International Cross Country Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Athlete', 'Nationality', 'Time'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joyce Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joyce_Smith', 'summary': 'Joyce Esther Smith MBE ( née Byatt , born 26 October 1937 ) is a British former long-distance runner . She broke the world record in the 3000 metres in 1971 and is a three-time medallist at the International/World Cross Country Championships , including winning in 1972 . She went on to twice win the London Marathon , becoming the first British woman in history to run under 2:30 when winning in 1981 with 2:29:57 , before further improving the British record to 2:29:43 when winning in 1982 . She also competed in the 1500 metres at the 1972 Munich Olympics and finished 11th in the marathon at the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics , aged 46 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:11', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eileen Claugus', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16:13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rita Ridley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rita_Ridley', 'summary': 'Rita Ridley ( née Lincoln ; 4 November 1946 - 12 February 2013 ) was an English middle- and long-distance runner .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:19', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Josee van Santberghe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Josee_van_Santberghe', 'summary': 'Joske Van Santberghe ( born 8 August 1949 ) is a Belgian middle- and long-distance runner . She competed mainly in cross country running and was bronze medallist at the 1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , held on home turf in Waregem . Van Santberghe represented Belgium for five straight years across the International Cross Country Championships and the IAAF World Cross Country Championships , from 1970 to 1974 . During her career she was a member of Daring Club Leuven athletics club and claimed five national titles , four in cross country and one in the 1500 metres . In 1972 she married fellow Belgian world cross country medallist Eric De Beck .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '16:20', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Margaret Coomber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Coomber', 'summary': "Margaret Coomber ( née MacSherry ; born 13 June 1950 ) is a British middle-distance runner . She competed in the women 's 800 metres at the 1972 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '16:31', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paola Pigni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paola_Pigni', 'summary': 'Paola Pigni , married Cacchi ( born 30 December 1945 ) is a former athlete from Italy , who mainly competed in the middle-distance running and cross country running . On July 2 , 1969 in Milan , Italy , she set a new 1500 m world record of 4:12.4 . She won three gold medals at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships ( included one before it was set up , in the 1970 at the International Cross Country Championships ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '16:34', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheila Carey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheila_Carey', 'summary': 'Sheila Janet Carey MBE , ( née Taylor ; born 12 August 1946 ) is a retired British middle-distance runner who represented the United Kingdom at the 1968 and 1972 Summer Olympics . In 1968 , she placed fourth in the 800 metres , while in 1972 , she finishing fifth in the 1500 metres , setting a new British record . She represented England at the Commonwealth Games in 1970 and 1974 . She was also part of the British 4×800 metres relay team that twice broke the world record in 1970 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:42', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jean Lochhead', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wales', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wales', 'summary': "Wales ( Welsh : Cymru [ ˈkəmri ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It is bordered by England to the east , the Irish Sea to the north and west , and the Bristol Channel to the south . It had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2 ( 8,023 sq mi ) . Wales has over 1,680 miles ( 2,700 km ) of coastline and is largely mountainous with its higher peaks in the north and central areas , including Snowdon ( Yr Wyddfa ) , its highest summit . The country lies within the north temperate zone and has a changeable , maritime climate . Welsh national identity emerged among the Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century , and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations . Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England 's conquest of Wales , though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century . The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century . Welsh Liberalism , exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George , was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party . Welsh national feeling grew over the century ; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962 . Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998 , the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters ."}]}, {'value': '16:43', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Walker', 'summary': "Caroline Walker ( born October 15 , 1953 ) is a former American long-distance runner from Oregon who is recognized by the International Association of Athletics Federations as having set a world best in the marathon on February 28 , 1970 with a time of 3:02:53 at the inaugural Trail 's End Marathon in Seaside , Oregon . [ nb 1 ] Walker 's performance was made while she was a junior at Grant High School in Portland . Although the school did not have official track or cross country teams , Walker began running competitively as a freshman . She ran for the Oregon Track Club . In 1970 , Walker was the Oregon high school state champion in the mile and runner-up in the 3,000 meters at the AAU national championships held at UCLA . She also won the Junior AAU Cross-Country Championship held in Portland on November 13 , 1971 ( 15:58 ) . In the early 1970s , Walker attended the University of Oregon where she received instruction from the legendary Steve Prefontaine . After Prefontaine 's death , she lived in his house with his girlfriend and sister . Walker represented the United States in the 1972 International Cross Country Championships , where she placed 9th winning silver with the US team , and the 1973 IAAF World Cross Country Championships , winning team bronze with an individual 30th place , and was an All-American in cross country in 1973 . From 1972 to 1978 , she won Oregon Road Runners Club womens aquathlon , a biathlon consisting of running and swimming , six consecutive times . In 1981 , Walker returned to college at Oregon State University where she was briefly coached by Joe Fulton . There she would set a school records in the 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16:45', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Giuseppina Torello', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '16:47', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ann Yeoman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ann_Yeoman', 'summary': 'Ann Ford ( née Yeoman , born 30 March 1952 ) is an English former middle and long-distance runner . She finished in the top ten at five IAAF World Cross Country Championships , including fourth-place finishes in 1974 and 1976 . She also won a World Cross Country Championship team gold medal in 1974 and a bronze medal in 1979 and 1982 . She was also a team winner at the International Cross Country Championships in 1972 . In 1978 , she won a bronze medal in the 3000 metres at the Commonwealth Games , in a race won by her twin sister Paula Fudge . At the 1988 London Marathon , she finished second to Ingrid Kristiansen , running a personal best time of 2:30:38 , to earn selection for the Seoul Olympics . She withdrew from the Olympic team in August 1988 due to injury . On the road running circuit , she was the 1986 winner of the Reading Half Marathon , the Fleet Half Marathon winner in 1985 and 1988 , and won the Nottingham Half Marathon in 1993 and 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:49', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Allison', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '16:52', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Lynch', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '16:55', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beth Bonner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beth_Bonner', 'summary': "Elizabeth Beth Bonner ( June 9 , 1952 - October 9 , 1998 ) was a long-distance runner from Reedsville , West Virginia . On May 9 , 1971 , Bonner ran a 3:01:42 marathon time in Philadelphia at the AAU Eastern Regional Championships , breaking the world best set one year earlier by Caroline Walker . On September 19 , 1971 , she became the first winner of the women 's division of the New York City Marathon at the age of 19 . Some sources question the validity of Adrienne Beames ' 2:46:30 time one month earlier , so Bonner 's 2:55:22 performance at New York is frequently credited as the first sub-three hour performance by a woman . She attended Brandywine College . In 1994 she was coaching in Louisiana . She died in Kerrville , Texas in 1998 when she was hit by a truck while biking . An annual 5K run is held in her name in Arthurdale , West Virginia ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '16:57', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deborah Roth', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tena Anex', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '17:03', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mary Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mary_Stewart_(athlete)', 'summary': 'Mary Stewart ( Cotton ) , ( born 25 February 1956 in Birmingham ) is a female retired middle distance runner who represented Great Britain , England and Scotland .'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '17:05', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angela Lovell', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '17:09', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christine Haskett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christine_Haskett', 'summary': 'Christine Price ( née Haskett ; born 30 November 1952 ) is a former British middle- and long-distance runner , who represented Scotland At the 1970 British Commonwealth Games she placed eighth in the 1500 metres and at the 1986 Commonwealth Games tenth in the 10,000 metres . Ten times she started at the World Cross Country Championships , with following places :'}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '17:10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deirdre Foreman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ) , also known as the Republic of Ireland ( Poblacht na hÉireann ) , is a country in north-western Europe occupying 26 of 32 counties of the island of Ireland . The capital and largest city is Dublin , which is located on the eastern side of the island . Around a third of the country 's population of 4.9 million people resides in the greater Dublin area . The sovereign state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland , a part of the United Kingdom . It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the Celtic Sea to the south , St George 's Channel to the south-east , and the Irish Sea to the east . It is a unitary , parliamentary republic . The legislature , the Oireachtas , consists of a lower house , Dáil Éireann , an upper house , Seanad Éireann , and an elected President ( Uachtarán ) who serves as the largely ceremonial head of state , but with some important powers and duties . The head of government is the Taoiseach ( Prime Minister , literally 'Chief ' , a title not used in English ) , who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President ; the Taoiseach in turn appoints other government ministers . The state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty . It had the status of Dominion until 1937 when a new constitution was adopted , in which the state was named Ireland and effectively became a republic , with an elected non-executive president as head of state . It was officially declared a republic in 1949 , following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 . Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '17:11', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Individual Race Results -- Women 's ( 2.8 mi / 4.5 km )", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1972_International_Cross_Country_Championships_2', 'intro': "The 1972 International Cross Country Championships was held in Cambridge, England, at the Coldhams Common on 18 March 1972. A report on the men's event was given in the Glasgow Herald. This was the last competition organized by the International Cross Country Union (ICCU). The organization of the event was transferred to the IAAF as recommended as a result of the meeting of the IAAF cross-country committee that year in London. It was continued as IAAF World Cross Country Championships. From then on, the event was open for all IAAF members whereas before, non-ICCU members were only allowed to compete after special invitation. Complete results for men, junior men, women, medallists, \n and the results of British athletes were published."}
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What is the finishing time of the athlete who broke the world record in the 3000 metres in 1971 and is a three-time medallist at the International/World Cross Country Championships ?
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16:11
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03693a279f16b93a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Spain', 'title': 'Immigration to Spain', 'header': ['Origin', '2007', '2006', 'Article'], 'data': [{'value': 'Armenia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenia', 'summary': 'The original native Armenian name for the country was Հայք ( Hayk ) ; however , it is currently rarely used . The contemporary name Հայաստան ( Hayastan ) became popular in the Middle Ages by addition of the Persian suffix -stan ( place ) . [ citation needed ] . However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in circa 5th century in the works of Agathangelos , Faustus of Byzantium , Ghazar Parpetsi , Koryun , and Sebeos . The name has traditionally been derived from Hayk ( Հայկ ) , the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of Noah , who , according to the 5th-century AD author Moses of Chorene ( Movsis Khorenatsi ) , defeated the Babylonian king Bel in 2492 BC and established his nation in the Ararat region . The further origin of the name is uncertain . It is also further postulated that the name Hay comes from one of the two confederated , Hittite vassal states - the Ḫayaša-Azzi ( 1600-1200 BC ) . The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription ( 515 BC ) as Armina ( ) . The Ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία ( Armenía ) and Ἀρμένιοι ( Arménioi , Armenians ) are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus ( c. 550 BC - c. 476 BC ) . Xenophon , a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions , describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC . Some scholars have linked the name Armenia with the Early Bronze Age state of Armani ( Armanum , Armi ) or the Late Bronze Age state of Arme ( Shupria ) . These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms .'}]}, {'value': '9,582', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,365', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Armenians in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Armenians_in_Spain', 'summary': 'Armenians in Spain refers to ethnic Armenians living in Spain . They number around 40,000 , centred in Valencia , Barcelona , and Madrid . Spain was the fourth most popular country of destination for emigrating Armenians in 2011 . There were no Armenian churches in Spain , until one was opened in a small town near Barcelona in August 2009 . Most Armenians in Spain belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church . The number of Armenian Sunday schools in Spain is on the rise . Most Spanish Armenians speak Armenian and Spanish . Much emigration from Armenia following dissolution of the Soviet Union has been directed to the EU , including Spain , along with Russia and the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(country)', 'summary': "Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველო , translit . : sakartvelo , IPA : [ sɑkʰɑrtʰvɛlɔ ] ( listen ) ) , known until 1995 as the Republic of Georgia ( Georgian : საქართველოს რესპუბლიკა , translit . : sakartvelos resp'ublik ' a ) is a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia . Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe , it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea , to the north by Russia , to the south by Turkey and Armenia , and to the southeast by Azerbaijan . The capital and largest city is Tbilisi . Georgia covers a territory of 69,700 square kilometres ( 26,911 sq mi ) , and its 2017 population is about 3.718 million . Georgia is a unitary parliamentary republic , with the government elected through a representative democracy . During the classical era , several independent kingdoms became established in what is now Georgia , such as Colchis and Iberia . The Georgians officially adopted Christianity in the early 4th century . The Georgian Orthodox Church had enormous importance for the spiritual and political unification of early Georgian states . The unified Kingdom of Georgia reached its Golden Age during the reign of King David the Builder and Queen Tamar the Great in the 12th and early 13th centuries . Thereafter , the kingdom declined and eventually disintegrated under the hegemony of various regional powers , including the Mongols , the Ottoman Empire and successive dynasties of Iran ."}]}, {'value': '7,355', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,284', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philippines', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philippines', 'summary': "The Philippines ( /ˈfɪləpiːnz/ ( listen ) ; Filipino : Pilipinas [ ˌpɪlɪˈpinɐs ] or Filipinas [ ˌfɪlɪˈpinɐs ] ) , officially the Republic of the Philippines ( Filipino : Republika ng Pilipinas ) , [ a ] is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia . Situated in the western Pacific Ocean , it consists of about 7,641 islands that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south : Luzon , Visayas and Mindanao . The capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City , both part of Metro Manila . Bounded by the South China Sea on the west , the Philippine Sea on the east and the Celebes Sea on the southwest , the Philippines shares maritime borders with Taiwan to the north , Japan to the northeast , Vietnam to the west , Palau to the east , and Malaysia and Indonesia to the south . The Philippines ' location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons , but also endows it with abundant natural resources and some of the world 's greatest biodiversity . The Philippines is the world 's 5th largest island country with an area of 300,000 km2 ( 120,000 sq mi ) . As of 2015 , it had a population of at least 100 million . As of January 2018 [ update ] , it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world . Approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas , comprising one of the world 's largest diasporas . Multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands . In prehistoric times , Negritos were some of the archipelago 's earliest inhabitants . They were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples ."}]}, {'value': '54,385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '51,368', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Filipinos in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Filipino_Spaniards', 'summary': 'There are many Spanish people of Filipino ancestry , consisting of the descendants of early migrants from the Philippines to Spain . The number of Filipinos with dual citizenship is of 115,362 as of 2007 . There are also 40,000 expatriates from the Philippines living in Spain that do not hold the Spanish citizenship .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '22,465', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13,144', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Koreans in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Koreans_in_Spain', 'summary': "Koreans in Spain form one of the country 's smaller Asian populations ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '21,296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '23,296', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bangladesh', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bangladesh', 'summary': "Bangladesh ( Bengali : বাংলাদেশ ) pronounced /ˌbɑːŋlɑːˈdɛʃ/ ( bung-lah-desh ) or [ ˈbaŋladeʃ ] ( listen ) ; literally meaning The country of Bengal ; and officially called the People 's Republic of Bangladesh ( গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the world 's 8th-most populous country with nearly 163 million people , and is the 92nd-largest country in land area , spanning 147,570 square kilometres ( 56,980 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely-populated countries in the world . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west , north , and east , Myanmar to the southeast , and the Bay of Bengal to the south . It is narrowly separated from Nepal and Bhutan by India 's Siliguri Corridor in the north and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the northeast . Dhaka , the capital and largest city , is the nation 's economic , political and cultural hub . Chittagong , the largest sea port , is the second largest city . The dominant geographic feature is the Ganges delta , which empties into the Bay of Bengal the combined waters of several river systems , including the Brahmaputra and the Ganges , with numerous criss-crossing rivers and inland waterways . Highlands with evergreen forests cover the northeastern and southeastern regions . The seacoast features the longest natural sea beach and most of the world 's largest mangrove forest . The country 's biodiversity includes a vast array of plants and wildlife , including the endangered Bengal tiger , the national animal . Bangladesh forms the largest and eastern part of the Bengal region . According to the ancient Indian epics , Ramayana and Mahabharata , the Vanga Kingdom , one of the namesakes of the Bengal region , was a strong naval ally of the legendary Ayodhya ."}]}, {'value': '6,480', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6,130', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '12,334', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,568', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iranians in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iranians_in_Spain', 'summary': 'Iranians in Spain do not form a very large population , but they have a history going back for over a millennium . They are a part of the Iranian diaspora .'}]}, {'value': 'Iraq', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iraq', 'summary': "Iraq ( /ɪˈræk/ , /ɪˈrɑːk/ ( listen ) or /aɪˈræk/ ; Arabic : اَلْعِرَاق , al-ʿirāq ; Kurdish : عێراق Êraq ) , officially the Republic of Iraq ( Arabic : جُمْهُورِيَّة ٱلْعِرَاقِ Jumhūriyyah al-ʿIrāq ; Kurdish : کۆماری عێراق Komarî Êraq ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordered by Turkey to the north , Iran to the east , Kuwait to the southeast , Saudi Arabia to the south , Jordan to the southwest and Syria to the west . The capital , and largest city , is Baghdad . Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs , Kurds , Assyrians , Turkmen , Shabakis , Yazidis , Armenians , Mandeans , Circassians and Kawliya . Around 99% of the country 's 38 million citizens are Muslims , with tiny minorities of Christians , Yarsans , Yezidis and Mandeans also present . The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish . Iraq has a coastline measuring 58 km ( 36 miles ) on the northern Persian Gulf and encompasses the Mesopotamian Alluvial Plain , the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range and the eastern part of the Syrian Desert . Two major rivers , the Tigris and Euphrates , run south through Iraq and into the Shatt al-Arab near the Persian Gulf . These rivers provide Iraq with significant amounts of fertile land . The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers , historically known as Mesopotamia , is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation . It was here that mankind first began to read , write , create laws and live in cities under an organised government - notably Uruk , from which Iraq is derived . The area has been home to successive civilisations since the 6th millennium BC . Iraq was the centre of the Akkadian , Sumerian , Assyrian and Babylonian empires ."}]}, {'value': '880', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,706', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iraqi people in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabs_in_Spain', 'summary': 'There have been Arabs in Spain ( Spanish : Árabes en España ) since the early 8th century when the Umayyad conquest of Hispania created the state of Al-Andalus . In modern times there are expatriates from a range of Arab countries , particularly Morocco , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , Algeria , Lebanon , Syria , the Palestinian Territories , and Iraq ; and also small groups from Egypt , Tunisia , Libya , Jordan and Sudan . As a result of the Arab Spring ( Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War ) , many have the status of refugees or illegal immigrants , trying to immigrate especially to France , Germany and Sweden . The Arab population in Spain is estimated to be between 702,000 [ citation needed ] ( lower estimate ) and 1,600,000 - 1,800,000 ( higher estimate ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Israel', 'summary': "Israel , formally known as the State of Israel ( Hebrew : מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל ) , is a country in Western Asia , located on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea . It has land borders with Lebanon to the north , Syria to the northeast , Jordan on the east , the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip to the east and west , respectively , and Egypt to the southwest . The country contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area . Israel 's economic and technological center is Tel Aviv , while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem , although the state 's sovereignty over Jerusalem has only partial recognition . [ fn 4 ] Israel has evidence of the earliest migration of hominids out of Africa . Canaanite tribes are archaeologically attested since the Middle Bronze Age , while the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah emerged during the Iron Age . The Neo-Assyrian Empire destroyed Israel around 720 BCE . Judah was later conquered by the Babylonian , Persian and Hellenistic empires and had existed as Jewish autonomous provinces . The successful Maccabean Revolt led to an independent Hasmonean kingdom by 110 BCE , which in 63 BCE however became a client state of the Roman Republic that subsequently installed the Herodian dynasty in 37 BCE , and in 6 CE created the Roman province of Judea . Judea lasted as a Roman province until the failed Jewish revolts resulted in widespread destruction , the expulsion of the Jewish population and the renaming of the region from Iudaea to Syria Palaestina . Jewish presence in the region has persisted to a certain extent over the centuries . In the 7th century CE , the Levant was taken from the Byzantine Empire by the Arabs and remained in Muslim control until the First Crusade of 1099 , followed by the Ayyubid conquest of 1187 ."}]}, {'value': '1,713', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,427', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '11,636', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,684', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japanese Spaniards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japanese_Spaniards', 'summary': "Japanese people in Spain consist largely of expatriate managers in Japanese corporations , as well as international students . There are also some people of Japanese ancestry in Spain , including descendants of 17th-century migrants to Spain , as well as migrants from among Nikkei populations in Latin America . According to Spain 's National Statistical Institute , 4,898 Japanese citizens resided in the country as of 2009 [ update ] ; Japan 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs gave a higher figure of 8,080 as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Jordan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jordan', 'summary': "Jordan ( Arabic : الأردن Al-ʾUrdunn [ al.ʔur.dunː ] ) , officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan ( Arabic : المملكة الأردنية الهاشمية Al-Mamlakah al-Urdunniyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah ) , is an Arab country in Western Asia , on the East Bank of the Jordan River . Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south and the east , Iraq to the north-east , Syria to the north and Israel and the Palestinian West Bank to the west . The Dead Sea is located along its western borders and the country has a 26-kilometre ( 16 mi ) coastline on the Red Sea in its extreme south-west . Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia , Africa and Europe . The capital , Amman , is Jordan 's most populous city as well as the country 's economic , political and cultural centre . What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period . Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age : Ammon , Moab and Edom . Later rulers include the Nabataean Kingdom , the Roman Empire , and the Ottoman Empire . After the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottomans in 1916 during World War I , the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by Britain and France . The Emirate of Transjordan was established in 1921 by the Hashemite , then Emir , Abdullah I , and the emirate became a British protectorate . In 1946 , Jordan became an independent state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan , but was renamed in 1949 to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan after the country captured the West Bank during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and annexed it until it was lost to Israel in 1967 . Jordan renounced its claim to the territory in 1988 , and became one of two Arab states to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1994 ."}]}, {'value': '1,088', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,082', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jordanian people in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabs_in_Spain', 'summary': 'There have been Arabs in Spain ( Spanish : Árabes en España ) since the early 8th century when the Umayyad conquest of Hispania created the state of Al-Andalus . In modern times there are expatriates from a range of Arab countries , particularly Morocco , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , Algeria , Lebanon , Syria , the Palestinian Territories , and Iraq ; and also small groups from Egypt , Tunisia , Libya , Jordan and Sudan . As a result of the Arab Spring ( Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War ) , many have the status of refugees or illegal immigrants , trying to immigrate especially to France , Germany and Sweden . The Arab population in Spain is estimated to be between 702,000 [ citation needed ] ( lower estimate ) and 1,600,000 - 1,800,000 ( higher estimate ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Lebanon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanon', 'summary': "Lebanon ( /ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : لبنان , romanized : Lubnān , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ lɪbˈneːn ] ) , officially known as the Lebanese Republic [ nb 3 ] ( Arabic : الجمهورية اللبنانية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah , Lebanese Arabic pronunciation : [ elˈʒʊmhuːrɪjje lˈlɪbneːnɪjje ] ; French : République libanaise ) , is a country in Western Asia . It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south , while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea . Lebanon 's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity . At just 10,452 km2 ( 4,036 mi2 ) , it is the smallest recognized sovereign state on the mainland Asian continent . [ nb 4 ] The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years , predating recorded history . Lebanon was the home of the Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms , a maritime culture that flourished for almost three thousand years ( c. 3200-539 BC ) . In 64 BC , the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire , and eventually became one of the Empire 's leading centers of Christianity . In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established . As the Arab Muslims conquered the region , the Maronites held onto their religion and identity . However , a new religious group , the Druze , established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well , generating a religious divide that has lasted for centuries . During the Crusades , the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome . The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era ."}]}, {'value': '6,250', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,750', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lebanese people in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Spain', 'summary': 'Lebanese people in Spain ( Spanish : Libaneses en España ) are people from Lebanon or those of Lebanese descent , who live in the country of Spain . Most of the Lebanese people in Spain are expatriates from Lebanon but also there is a sizable group of people with Lebanese descent from Latin American countries with sizable Lebanese diasporas like Argentina , Colombia , Ecuador , Venezuela , Mexico , Uruguay , Chile , Paraguay and Brazil .'}]}, {'value': 'Syria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Syria', 'summary': "Syria ( Arabic : سوريا , romanized : Sūriyā ) , officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( Arabic : الجمهورية العربية السورية , romanized : al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah ) , is a country in Western Asia , bordering Lebanon to the southwest , the Mediterranean Sea to the west , Turkey to the north , Iraq to the east , Jordan to the south , and Israel to the southwest . A country of fertile plains , high mountains , and deserts , Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups , including Syrian Arabs , Kurds , Turkemens , Assyrians , Armenians , Circassians , Mandeans and Greeks . Religious groups include Sunnis , Christians , Alawites , Druze , Isma'ilis , Mandeans , Shiites , Salafis , Yazidis , and Jews . Arabs are the largest ethnic group , and Sunnis the largest religious group . Syria is a unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism . It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement ; it was suspended from the Arab League in November 2011 and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean . The name Syria historically referred to a wider region , broadly synonymous with the Levant , and known in Arabic as al-Sham . The modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires , including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC . Aleppo and the capital city Damascus are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world . In the Islamic era , Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt . The modern Syrian state was established in the mid-20th century after centuries of Ottoman and a brief period French mandate , and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Syrian provinces . It gained de jure independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 , when Republic of Syria became a founding member of the United Nations , an act which legally ended the former French Mandate - although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '6,129', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4,575', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Syrian people in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arabs_in_Spain', 'summary': 'There have been Arabs in Spain ( Spanish : Árabes en España ) since the early 8th century when the Umayyad conquest of Hispania created the state of Al-Andalus . In modern times there are expatriates from a range of Arab countries , particularly Morocco , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , Algeria , Lebanon , Syria , the Palestinian Territories , and Iraq ; and also small groups from Egypt , Tunisia , Libya , Jordan and Sudan . As a result of the Arab Spring ( Libyan Civil War and Syrian Civil War ) , many have the status of refugees or illegal immigrants , trying to immigrate especially to France , Germany and Sweden . The Arab population in Spain is estimated to be between 702,000 [ citation needed ] ( lower estimate ) and 1,600,000 - 1,800,000 ( higher estimate ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Turkey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turkey', 'summary': "Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye [ ˈtyɾcije ] ) , officially the Republic of Turkey ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti [ ˈtyɾcije dʒumˈhuːɾijeti ] ( listen ) ) , is a transcontinental country located mostly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia , with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeastern Europe . East Thrace , the part of Turkey in Europe , is separated from Anatolia by the Sea of Marmara , the Bosporus and the Dardanelles ( collectively called the Turkish Straits ) . Istanbul , mostly located on the European side , is the largest city in the country while Ankara is the capital . Turkey is bordered by Greece and Bulgaria to its northwest , the Black Sea to its north , Georgia to its northeast , Armenia , the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan and Iran to its east , Iraq and Syria to its southeast , the Mediterranean Sea to its south , and the Aegean Sea to its west . Approximately 70 to 80 percent of the country 's citizens identify as Turkish , while Kurds are the largest minority at anywhere from 15 to 20 percent of the population . At various points in its history , the region has been inhabited by diverse civilisations including the Assyrians , Greeks , Thracians , Phrygians , Urartians , and Armenians . Hellenization started during the era of Alexander the Great and continued into the Byzantine era . The Seljuk Turks began migrating into the area in the 11th century , and their victory over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 symbolises the start and foundation of Turkey . The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243 , when it disintegrated into small principalities called beyliks . Beginning in the late 13th century , the Ottomans started uniting beyliks and conquering the Balkans . After Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453 , Ottoman expansion continued under Selim I . During the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire encompassed much of Southeast Europe , West Asia and North Africa and became a world power ."}]}, {'value': '1,758', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1,656', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turks in Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turks_in_Spain', 'summary': 'Turks in Spain refers to ethnic Turks living in Spain .'}]}, {'value': 'Rest of Asian countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asia', 'summary': "Asia ( /ˈeɪʒə , ˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) ) is Earth 's largest and most populous continent , located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres . It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa . Asia covers an area of 44,579,000 square kilometres ( 17,212,000 sq mi ) , about 30% of Earth 's total land area and 8.7% of the Earth 's total surface area . The continent , which has long been home to the majority of the human population , was the site of many of the first civilizations . Asia is notable for not only its overall large size and population , but also dense and large settlements , as well as vast barely populated regions . Its 4.5 billion people ( as of June 2019 [ update ] ) constitute roughly 60% of the world 's population , more than all other continents combined . In general terms , Asia is bounded on the east by the Pacific Ocean , on the south by the Indian Ocean , and on the north by the Arctic Ocean . The border of Asia with Europe is a historical and cultural construct , as there is no clear physical and geographical separation between them . It is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since its first conception in classical antiquity . The division of Eurasia into two continents reflects East-West cultural , linguistic , and ethnic differences , some of which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line . The most commonly accepted boundaries place Asia to the east of the Suez Canal separating it from Africa ; and to the east of the Turkish Straits , the Ural Mountains and Ural River , and to the south of the Caucasus Mountains and the Caspian and Black Seas , separating it from Europe . China and India alternated in being the largest economies in the world from 1 to 1800 CE ."}]}, {'value': '6,430', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2,517', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'TOTAL', 'urls': []}, {'value': '219.843', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Immigration by country of origin -- From other countries', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Immigration_to_Spain_5', 'intro': "Immigration to Spain increased significantly in the beginning of the 21st century. In 1998, immigrants accounted for 1.6% of the population, and by 2009, that number had jumped to above 12% - one of the highest in Europe at the time. Until 2014, the numbers were decreasing due to the economical crisis, but since then, immigration to Spain has increased again since 2015 and immigrants now account for 12.8% of the Spanish population, according to the United Nations. As of 2018, there were over 5,947,106 foreign-born people in Spain, 12.8% of the total population. This makes Spain one of the world's preferred destinations to immigrate to, being the 4th country in Europe by immigration numbers. Spain attracts significant immigration from Latin America and Eastern Europe. The fastest-growing immigrant groups in 2017 were Venezuelans, Colombians, Italians, Ukrainians, and Argentinians. The population of Spain doubled during the 20th century due to the spectacular demographic boom in the 1960s and early 1970s. The birth rate then plunged by the 1980s, and Spain's population became stagnant, its demographics showing one of the lowest sub-replacement fertility rate in the world. [citation needed]. During the early 21st century, the average year-on-year demographic growth set a new record with its 2003 peak variation of 2.1%, doubling the previous record reached back in the 1960s when a mean year on year growth of 1% was experienced. This trend is far from being reversed at the present moment and, in 2005 alone, the immigrant population of Spain increased by 700,000 people."}
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What country whose name was traditionally derived from Hayk that scholars have linked to an Early Bronze Age state ?
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Armenia
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036b7a7d92f0d337
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatorade_Player_of_the_Year_awards', 'title': 'Gatorade Player of the Year awards', 'header': ['Year', 'Winner', 'Hometown', 'College'], 'data': [{'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amanda Freed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amanda_Freed', 'summary': 'Amanda Louise Freed ( born December 26 , 1979 ) is an American softball coach and former pitcher .'}]}, {'value': 'Cypress , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress,_California', 'summary': 'Cypress is a city in northwestern Orange County within Southern California . Its population was 47,802 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maureen LeCocq', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Hills , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Hills,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'West Hills is a residential and commercial neighborhood in the western San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles , California . The percentage of residents aged 35 and older is among the highest in Los Angeles County . The neighborhood was formerly the home of many Native American tribes , and during the early Spanish and Mexican era was part of the Mission San Fernando Rey de España . In the American era , West Hills was part of Owensmouth , which was renamed Canoga Park in 1930 . West Hills was established in western Canoga Park and retained its present name in 1987 . Historic landmarks and many city parks are to be found within the community , as are commercial districts , a business district , and religious establishments . Two private high schools are among the 13 schools within West Hills .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University . As of December 22 , 2019 , Stanford 's program has won 126 NCAA team championships , as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors ' Cups , awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation . As of February 15 , 2019 , Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals . Stanford 's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , along with other schools from the western third of the United States ."}]}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tia Bollinger', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santa Ana , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California', 'summary': "Santa Ana /ˌsæntə ˈænə/ ( Spanish for Saint Anne ) is a city in and the county seat of Orange County , California in the Los Angeles metropolitan area . The city is the second most populous in the county . The United States Census Bureau estimated its 2018 population at 332,725 , making Santa Ana the 57th most-populous city in the United States . [ citation needed ] Santa Ana is in Southern California , adjacent to the Santa Ana River , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from the coast . Founded in 1869 , the city is part of the Greater Los Angeles Area , the second largest metropolitan area in the United States , with almost 18 million residents in 2010 . Santa Ana is a very densely populated city , ranking fourth nationally in that regard among cities of over 300,000 residents ( trailing only New York City , San Francisco , and Boston ) . [ citation needed ] In 2011 , Forbes ranked Santa Ana the fourth-safest city of over 250,000 residents in the United States . Santa Ana 's northwestern and southern edges are part of the two largest commercial clusters in Orange County : the Anaheim-Santa Ana edge city and the South Coast Plaza-John Wayne Airport edge city . Santa Ana lends its name to the Santa Ana Freeway ( I-5 ) , which runs through the city . It also shares its name with the nearby Santa Ana Mountains , and the Santa Ana winds , which have historically fueled seasonal wildfires throughout Southern California . The current Office of Management and Budget ( OMB ) metropolitan designation for the Orange County Area is Santa Ana-Anaheim-Irvine , California . Approximately four-fifths Latino , the New York Times characterizes Santa Ana as the face of a new California , a state where Latinos have more influence in everyday life - electorally , culturally and demographically - than almost anywhere else in the country ."}]}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington_Huskies_softball', 'summary': "The Washington Huskies softball team represents the University of Washington in NCAA Division I college softball competition . A member of the Pac-12 Conference , they play their home games on-campus at Husky Softball Stadium in Seattle , Washington . Through 2017 , the Huskies have made twelve appearances at the Women 's College World Series and won the national title in 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cat Osterman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cat_Osterman', 'summary': "Catherine Leigh Cat Osterman-Ashley ( born April 16 , 1983 ) is an American , former collegiate 4-time All-American and 2-time medal winning Olympian , retired 6-time pro All-Star , left-handed softball pitcher and softball Assistant Coach originally from Houston , Texas . She completed her college eligibility in 2006 at the University of Texas at Austin , where she was a starting pitcher for the Longhorns since 2002 . Osterman pitched on the USA Women 's Softball Team which won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and the silver medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics . Osterman holds the Big 12 pitching Triple Crown for leading in career wins , ERA , strikeouts , as well as shutouts and no-hitters , additionally claiming the NCAA Division I records for strikeout ratio ( 14.34 ) , WHIP and perfect games ( 7 ) . In the National Pro Fastpitch , Osterman is the career leader in strikeout ratio ( 10.90 ) and no-hitters ( 6 ) . She owns numerous other records for the Longhorns and within the NCAA Division I , where she is also one of five pitchers to strikeout 1,000 batters with 100 wins , an ERA of under 1.00 , and averaging double digit strikeouts . Osterman was also named # 3 Greatest College Softball Player ."}]}, {'value': 'Cypress , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cypress,_Texas', 'summary': "Cypress is an unincorporated community in Harris County , Texas , United States located completely inside the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the City of Houston . The Cypress area is located along U.S. Highway 290 ( Northwest Freeway ) is twenty-four miles ( 35 km ) northwest of Downtown Houston . The Cypress urban cluster ranks 50th in the top 100 highest-income urban areas in the United States . Large scale residential and commercial development beginning in the 1980s transformed the once rural area into one of the Houston area 's largest suburban communities ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_softball', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorns softball team represents The University of Texas at Austin in NCAA Division I intercollegiate softball competition . The Longhorns currently compete in the Big 12 Conference . The University of Texas began varsity intercollegiate competition in softball in 1997 ; the softball team competed as a club team for one year in 1996 . Texas has an all-time varsity win-loss record of 919-418-3 ( .687 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . The Longhorns have won four regular season conference championships and four conference tournament championships in softball ( the Big 12 did not hold a softball tournament during the 2011-2016 Seasons ) . Texas has made 19 total appearances in the NCAA Tournament in 22 seasons of varsity competition , reaching the Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) five times ( 1998 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2013 ) and the super regional round , which was introduced in 2005 , on five occasions . The Longhorns play their home games at Red & Charline McCombs Field , where they have compiled a record of 473-131-2 ( .782 ) as of the end of the 2019 season . Texas hired first-year head coach Mike White , formerly head coach of the Oregon Ducks , on June 25 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alicia Hollowell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alicia_Hollowell', 'summary': "Alicia Kay Hollowell-Dunn ( born February 29 , 1984 ) is an American , former collegiate 4-time NCAA Division I All-American , right-handed softball pitcher originally from Suisun , California . She attended Fairfield High School from 1998-2002 . She pitched for the Arizona Wildcats from 2003-2006 , collecting 144 career wins and 1,768 strikeouts , both top-10 NCAA career records . She currently holds the Arizona Wildcats records for career wins , strikeouts , shutouts , innings pitched and strikeout ratio , in addition to the Pac-12 wins and strikeout ratio crowns . Hollowell once held the NCAA Women 's College World Series strikeout record , and won the 2006 NCAA Softball World Series title . She was drafted by the Arizona Heat in the National Pro Fastpitch but went on to play for the Akron Racers in 2007 , leading them to the championship series before serving as an alternate for the Olympic softball team in 2008 . For her collegiate career , Hollowell is one of five NCAA Division I pitchers to win 100 games , strikeout 1,000 batters , with a sub-1.00 ERA and average double digit strikeouts ."}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_California', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a city in and the county seat of Solano County , California , in the North Bay sub-region of the San Francisco Bay Area . It is generally considered the midpoint between the cities of San Francisco and Sacramento , approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the city center of both cities , approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the city center of Oakland , less than 19 miles ( 31 km ) from Napa Valley , 16 miles ( 26 km ) from the Carquinez Bridge , and 14 miles ( 23 km ) from the Benicia Bridge . Fairfield was founded in 1856 by clippership captain Robert H. Waterman , and named after his former hometown of Fairfield , Connecticut . It is the home of Travis Air Force Base and the headquarters of Jelly Belly . With a population of 108,321 at the 2010 census , it is slightly smaller in population than Vallejo . Other nearby cities include Suisun City , Vacaville , Rio Vista , Benicia , and Napa .'}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_softball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats softball team represents the University of Arizona in NCAA Division I Softball . Having claimed eight national championships ( second only to UCLA ) , the team is one of the most successful in the history of the sport . It plays its home games at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium in Tucson , AZ . The team 's current head coach is Mike Candrea , who has been so since 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lisa Dodd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lisa_Dodd', 'summary': 'Lisa Nicole Dodd ( born September 4 , 1984 ) is an American college softball coach and former player who was the head coach at Santa Clara from 2018 to 2019 and UNLV 2013 to 2017 . Originally from San Diego , Dodd played college softball at UCLA .'}]}, {'value': 'San Diego , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego', 'summary': "San Diego ( /ˌsæn diˈeɪɡoʊ/ , Spanish : [ san ˈdjeɣo ] ; Spanish for Saint Didacus ) is a city in the U.S. state of California on the coast of the Pacific Ocean , approximately 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of Los Angeles and immediately adjacent to the border with Mexico . With an estimated population of 1,425,976 as of July 1 , 2018 , San Diego is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest in California . It is part of the San Diego-Tijuana conurbation , the second-largest transborder agglomeration between the U.S. and a bordering country after Detroit-Windsor , with a population of 4,922,723 people . The city is known for its mild year-round climate , natural deep-water harbor , extensive beaches , long association with the United States Navy , and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology development center . San Diego has been called the birthplace of California . Historically home to the Kumeyaay people , it was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States . Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542 , Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo claimed the area for Spain , forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later . The Presidio and Mission San Diego de Alcalá , founded in 1769 , formed the first European settlement in what is now California . In 1821 , San Diego became part of the newly declared Mexican Empire , which reformed as the First Mexican Republic two years later . California became part of the United States in 1848 following the Mexican-American War and was admitted to the union as a state in 1850 . The city is the seat of San Diego County and is the economic center of the region as well as the San Diego-Tijuana metropolitan area . San Diego 's main economic engines are military and defense-related activities , tourism , international trade , and manufacturing ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anjelica Selden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anjelica_Selden', 'summary': 'Anjelica Maria Selden ( born April 26 , 1986 ) is an American softball coach and former pitcher . A collegiate All-American originally from Vacaville , California , she was the starting pitcher and holds the career crown for strikeouts for the UCLA Bruins , playing from 2005-2008 in the Pac-12 .'}]}, {'value': 'Fairfield , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fairfield,_California', 'summary': 'Fairfield is a city in and the county seat of Solano County , California , in the North Bay sub-region of the San Francisco Bay Area . It is generally considered the midpoint between the cities of San Francisco and Sacramento , approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the city center of both cities , approximately 40 miles ( 64 km ) from the city center of Oakland , less than 19 miles ( 31 km ) from Napa Valley , 16 miles ( 26 km ) from the Carquinez Bridge , and 14 miles ( 23 km ) from the Benicia Bridge . Fairfield was founded in 1856 by clippership captain Robert H. Waterman , and named after his former hometown of Fairfield , Connecticut . It is the home of Travis Air Force Base and the headquarters of Jelly Belly . With a population of 108,321 at the 2010 census , it is slightly smaller in population than Vallejo . Other nearby cities include Suisun City , Vacaville , Rio Vista , Benicia , and Napa .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dani Hofer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palm Harbor , FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palm_Harbor,_Florida', 'summary': 'Palm Harbor is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Pinellas County , Florida , United States . As of the 2016 American Community Survey , the CDP had a population of 60,236 .'}]}, {'value': 'LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LSU_Lady_Tigers_softball', 'summary': 'The LSU Tigers [ n 1 ] softball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I college softball . The team participates in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays home games in Tiger Park . The team is currently coached by Beth Torina .'}]}, {'value': '2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kirsten Shortridge', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keller , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Keller,_Texas', 'summary': "Keller is a suburban city in Tarrant County , Texas , in the Dallas-Fort Worth metroplex . According to the 2010 census , the city 's population is 39,627 , making Keller the 74th most populated city in Texas . The most recent population estimate , as of Jan. 1 , 2018 , is 44,940 . In the early 1850s , settlers established Keller and the town became a stop on the Texas and Pacific Railway . The settlers settled around the wooded region in Keller because of Keller 's proximity to the Trinity River water supply and abundant farmland . On November 16 , 1955 , Keller became incorporated . Keller is mostly residential , featuring more than 300 acres ( 120 ha ) of developed land for 11 park sites and more than 26 miles of hiking and biking trails . The Keller Independent School District has 39 campuses serving more than 34,000 students ."}]}, {'value': 'Baylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baylor_Bears', 'summary': "The Baylor Bears are the athletic teams that represent Baylor University . Baylor 's men 's sports teams are named the Bears , and some women 's teams are named the Lady Bears . The teams participate in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) as one of only two private school members of the Big 12 Conference . Prior to joining the Big 12 , Baylor was a member of the Southwest Conference from their charter creation in 1914 until its dissolution in 1996 . Baylor is also a founding member of the Big 12 Conference ."}]}, {'value': '2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashley Brignac', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'River Ridge , LA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/River_Ridge,_Louisiana', 'summary': 'River Ridge is an unincorporated community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in Jefferson Parish , Louisiana , United States . It is a suburb of New Orleans . The population was 13,494 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Louisiana-Lafayette', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Louisiana_Ragin'_Cajuns_softball", 'summary': "The Louisiana Ragin ' Cajuns softball team represents the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in NCAA Division I college softball . The team participates in the Sun Belt Conference . The Ragin ' Cajuns are currently led by soon-to-be third-year head coach Gerry Glasco after former head coach Michael Lotief was fired on November 1 , 2017 . Yvette Girouard was head coach from 1981 to 2000 leading the Ragin ' Cajuns to 10 NCAA tournaments and three Women 's College World Series appearances . The team plays its home games at Yvette Girouard Field at Lamson Park located on the university 's athletic campus ."}]}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenzie Fowler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oro Valley , AZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oro_Valley,_Arizona', 'summary': "Oro Valley , incorporated in 1974 , is a suburban town located 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) north of Tucson , Arizona , United States , in Pima County . According to the 2010 census , the population of the town is 41,011 , an increase from 29,700 in 2000 census . Dubbed the Upscale Tech Mecca of Southern Arizona by the Arizona Daily Star newspaper , Oro Valley is home to over 10 high tech firms and has a median household income nearly 50% higher than the U.S. median . The town is located approximately 110 miles ( 180 km ) southeast of the state capital of Phoenix . Oro Valley is situated in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains at the base of Pusch Ridge . The Tortolita Mountains are located north of the town , and vistas of the Tucson valley are to the south . The town occupies the middle Cañada del Oro Valley . Oro Valley hosts a large number of residents from around the US who maintain second or winter homes in the town . The town hosted the 2006 Pac-10 Women 's Golf Championships at the Oro Valley Country Club . Oro Valley Country Club was also the site for the 2006 Girl 's Junior America 's Cup , a major amateur golf tournament for the Western United States Annual events in Oro Valley include the Oro Valley Festival of the Arts , El Tour de Tucson bicycle race , the Tucson Marathon , the Cactus Speed Classic for inline skaters , and the Arizona Distance Classic ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_softball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats softball team represents the University of Arizona in NCAA Division I Softball . Having claimed eight national championships ( second only to UCLA ) , the team is one of the most successful in the history of the sport . It plays its home games at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium in Tucson , AZ . The team 's current head coach is Mike Candrea , who has been so since 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kenzie Fowler', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oro Valley , AZ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oro_Valley,_Arizona', 'summary': "Oro Valley , incorporated in 1974 , is a suburban town located 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) north of Tucson , Arizona , United States , in Pima County . According to the 2010 census , the population of the town is 41,011 , an increase from 29,700 in 2000 census . Dubbed the Upscale Tech Mecca of Southern Arizona by the Arizona Daily Star newspaper , Oro Valley is home to over 10 high tech firms and has a median household income nearly 50% higher than the U.S. median . The town is located approximately 110 miles ( 180 km ) southeast of the state capital of Phoenix . Oro Valley is situated in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains at the base of Pusch Ridge . The Tortolita Mountains are located north of the town , and vistas of the Tucson valley are to the south . The town occupies the middle Cañada del Oro Valley . Oro Valley hosts a large number of residents from around the US who maintain second or winter homes in the town . The town hosted the 2006 Pac-10 Women 's Golf Championships at the Oro Valley Country Club . Oro Valley Country Club was also the site for the 2006 Girl 's Junior America 's Cup , a major amateur golf tournament for the Western United States Annual events in Oro Valley include the Oro Valley Festival of the Arts , El Tour de Tucson bicycle race , the Tucson Marathon , the Cactus Speed Classic for inline skaters , and the Arizona Distance Classic ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_softball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats softball team represents the University of Arizona in NCAA Division I Softball . Having claimed eight national championships ( second only to UCLA ) , the team is one of the most successful in the history of the sport . It plays its home games at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium in Tucson , AZ . The team 's current head coach is Mike Candrea , who has been so since 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kasey Fagan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dunnellon , FL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dunnellon,_Florida', 'summary': 'Dunnellon is a city in Marion County , Florida , United States . The population was 1,733 at the 2010 census . It is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Florida / Arkansas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_softball', 'summary': "The Florida Gators Softball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of softball . Florida competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) and the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Gators play their home games at Katie Seashole Pressly Softball Stadium on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Tim Walton . In the twenty-one year history of the Florida Softball program , the team has won two Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) national championships , eight SEC regular season championships , five SEC tournament championships , and have made nine WCWS appearances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_softball', 'summary': "The Arkansas Lady Razorbacks softball team represents the University of Arkansas in NCAA Division I college softball . The team participates in the Western Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . The Lady Razorbacks are currently led by head coach Courtney Deifel . The team plays its home games at Bogle Park located on the university 's campus ."}]}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paige McDuffee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Woodlands , TX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Woodlands,_Texas', 'summary': 'The Woodlands is a master planned community and census-designated place ( CDP ) in the U.S. state of Texas in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area . It is primarily located in Montgomery County , with portions extending into Harris County . As of the 2010 census , the CDP population was 93,847 , up from 55,649 at the 2000 census . In 2018 , the Howard Hughes Corporation estimated the population to be 116,278 . The Woodlands is 28 miles ( 45 km ) north of Houston along Interstate 45 . Though it began as an exurban development and a bedroom community , it has also attracted corporations and has several corporate campuses , most notably Chevron Phillips Chemical , Huntsman Corporation , Woodforest National Bank , Baker Hughes , McDermott International , McKesson Corporation , Aon plc , Maersk Line , Safmarine , and Halliburton . It won a Special Award for Excellence in 1994 from the Urban Land Institute .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Geri Ann Glasco', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Watkinsville , GA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Watkinsville,_Georgia', 'summary': 'Watkinsville is the largest town and county seat of Oconee County , Georgia , United States . As of the 2010 census , the town had a total population of 2,832 . It served as the seat of Clarke County until 1872 when the county seat of that county was moved to Athens , a move which ultimately led to the creation of Oconee County in 1875 . It is included in the Athens-Clarke County , Georgia Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Georgia / Oregon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_Bulldogs_softball', 'summary': "The Georgia Bulldogs softball team represents University of Georgia in NCAA Division I college softball . The team participates in the Southeastern Conference . The Bulldogs are currently led by head coach Lu Harris-Champer . The team plays its home games at Jack Turner Stadium located on the university 's campus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Oregon_Ducks_softball', 'summary': "The Oregon Ducks softball team represents the University of Oregon in NCAA Division I college softball in the Pac-12 Conference . The head coach is Melyssa Lombardi who is entering her 1st season with the Ducks . Oregon will now play home games at Jane Sanders Stadium after playing at Howe Field through 2015 . Oregon has appeared in eight Women 's College World Series , in 1976 , 1980 , 1989 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 and 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carley Hoover', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central , SC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central,_South_Carolina', 'summary': 'Central is a town in Pickens County , South Carolina , United States . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,159 , roughly 3,000 of which were considered permanent residents . Contrary to its name , it is not near the center of South Carolina . It received its name from its geographic location , being the halfway or central point between Atlanta and Charlotte along the former Atlanta and Richmond Air-Line Railway line . The primary campus of Southern Wesleyan University is located east of the downtown area .'}]}, {'value': 'Stanford / LSU', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal', 'summary': "The Stanford Cardinal are the athletic teams that represent Stanford University . As of December 22 , 2019 , Stanford 's program has won 126 NCAA team championships , as well as 25 consecutive NACDA Directors ' Cups , awarded annually to the most successful overall college sports program in the nation . As of February 15 , 2019 , Stanford-affiliated athletes have won 270 Olympic medals . Stanford 's teams compete at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) level as a member of the Pac-12 Conference , along with other schools from the western third of the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/LSU_Lady_Tigers_softball', 'summary': 'The LSU Tigers [ n 1 ] softball team represents Louisiana State University in NCAA Division I college softball . The team participates in the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) and plays home games in Tiger Park . The team is currently coached by Beth Torina .'}]}, {'value': '2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taylor McQuillin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taylor_McQuillin', 'summary': "Taylor McQuillin is an American softball player . She attended Mission Viejo High School in Mission Viejo , California . She later attended the University of Arizona , where she was an All-American pitcher for the Arizona Wildcats softball team . In her senior year , McQuillin led Arizona softball to a berth in the 2019 Women 's College World Series , where they lost to Alabama , 2-0 . After graduating from college , McQuillin was selected by the Cleveland Comets of National Pro Fastpitch in the second round of the 2019 NPF Draft ."}]}, {'value': 'Mission Viejo , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mission_Viejo,_California', 'summary': "Mission Viejo ( /viˈeɪhoʊ/ ) is a commuter city located within Orange County , California , United States in the Saddleback Valley . Mission Viejo is considered one of the largest master-planned communities ever built under a single project in the United States and is rivaled only by Highlands Ranch , Colorado in its size . Its population as of 2017 was estimated at 96,016 . Mission Viejo is suburban in nature and culture . The city consists of residential property , although there are a number of offices and businesses within the limits of the city . The city is known for its tree-lined neighborhoods , receiving recognition from the National Arbor Day Foundation . The city 's name is a reference to Rancho Mission Viejo , a large Spanish land grant from which the community was founded ."}]}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_softball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats softball team represents the University of Arizona in NCAA Division I Softball . Having claimed eight national championships ( second only to UCLA ) , the team is one of the most successful in the history of the sport . It plays its home games at Rita Hillenbrand Memorial Stadium in Tucson , AZ . The team 's current head coach is Mike Candrea , who has been so since 1986 ."}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rachel Garcia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Garcia', 'summary': "Rachel Lauren Garcia ( born March 30 , 1997 ) is an American , collegiate All-American , right-handed hitting softball player pitcher for the UCLA Bruins of the Pac-12 Conference , originally from Palmdale , California . Garcia led the Bruins to the 2019 Women 's College World Series championship , where she was named the Women 's College World Series Most Outstanding Player . She was also named a two-time USA Softball Collegiate Player of the Year and two-time First-team All-American in 2018 and 2019 . Garcia was named to Team USA softball for the 2020 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Palmdale , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palmdale,_California', 'summary': "Palmdale is a city in northern Los Angeles County in the U.S. state of California . The city lies in the Antelope Valley region of Southern California . The San Gabriel Mountains separate Palmdale from the city of Los Angeles to the south . On August 24 , 1962 , Palmdale became the first community in the Antelope Valley to incorporate . Forty-seven years later , in November 2009 , voters approved making it a charter city . Palmdale 's population was 152,750 at the 2010 census , up from 116,670 at the 2000 census . Palmdale is the 34th most populous city in California . Together with its immediate northern neighbor , the city of Lancaster , the Palmdale/Lancaster urban area had an estimated population of 513,547 as of 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madilyn Nickles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merced , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merced,_California', 'summary': 'Merced /mɜːrˈsɛd/ ( Spanish for Mercy ) is a city in , and the county seat of , Merced County , California , United States , in the San Joaquin Valley . As of 2018 , the city had a population of 83,316 . Incorporated on April 1 , 1889 , Merced is a charter city that operates under a council-manager government . It is named after the Merced River , which flows nearby . Merced , known as the Gateway to Yosemite , is less than two hours by automobile from Yosemite National Park to the east and Monterey Bay , the Pacific Ocean , and multiple beaches to the west . The community is served by the passenger rail service Amtrak , a minor , heavily subsidized airline through Merced Regional Airport , and three bus lines . It is approximately 110 miles ( 180 km ) from Sacramento , 130 miles ( 210 km ) from San Francisco , 45 miles ( 72 km ) from Fresno , and 270 miles ( 430 km ) from Los Angeles . In 2005 , the city became home to the 10th University of California campus , University of California , Merced ( UC Merced ) , the first research university built in the U.S. in the 21st century .'}]}, {'value': 'UCLA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_softball', 'summary': "The UCLA Bruins softball team represents the University of California , Los Angeles in NCAA Division I softball . The Bruins are among the most decorated programs in NCAA softball , leading all schools in NCAA championships with 12 , overall WCWS championships with 13 , championship game appearances with 22 , Women 's College World Series appearances with 29 , and NCAA Tournament wins with 187 ."}]}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Taylor Dockins', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norco , CA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norco,_California', 'summary': 'Norco is a city in Riverside County , California , in the United States . According to city ordinances , the architecture of Norco shall reflect a desired Western theme , including qualities described as rural , informal , traditional , rustic , low-profile and equestrian oriented . As of the 2010 census , the city population was 27,063 , up from 24,157 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'CSUF', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cal_State_Fullerton_Titans_softball', 'summary': 'The Cal State Fullerton Titans ( also known as CSUF or Fullerton Titans ) are the athletic teams that represent California State University , Fullerton . The Titans are a member of the NCAA Division I level . The Titans compete within the Big West Conference ( BWC ) for most sports , wrestling competes as a member of the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) and gymnastics competes as a member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'National Sports Winners -- Softball ( girls only )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Gatorade_Player_of_the_Year_awards_10', 'intro': "The Gatorade Player of the Year awards are given annually to up and coming high school student-athletes in the United States. They are given for boys' baseball, boys' football, girls' softball, girls' volleyball, boys' basketball, girls' basketball, boys' cross country, girls' cross country, boys' soccer, girls' soccer, boys' track & field, and girls' track & field. A State Player of the Year award is given to the best student-athlete in each of the twelve sports in the District of Columbia and each of the fifty states, where each sport is recognized as an interscholastic sport. Selection is based on three criteria: athletic achievement, academic excellence, and exemplary character (including sportsmanship, and participation in community and other activities). Twelve National Player of the Year awards are then given, to the best student-athlete in each of the twelve sports, chosen from the state winners in the respective sport. Finally, one male Athlete of the Year and one female Athlete of the Year are selected from the twelve National Player of the Year recipients. The two winners are voted on by a national panel that includes approximately 400 sports journalists, coaches, and others. The two athletes of the year receive their awards at a special ceremony prior to The ESPY Awards, in Los Angeles, California. The Gatorade Company established these awards in 1986. The selection process was administered by ESPN RISE, which was ESPN's division for high-school sports. The selection process is currently administered by the Gatorade Player of the Year Selection Committee. Past national winners include Peyton Manning and Emmitt Smith for football, LeBron James and Kobe Bryant for basketball, Allyson Felix for track and field, and Kerri Walsh for volleyball."}
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The winner of the Gatorade Player of the Year whose hometown is along U.S. Highway 290 in Harris County , Texas , had what record NCAA Division I strikeout ratio ?
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14.34
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036be39b44b92564
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha', 'title': 'List of current members of the Rajya Sabha', 'header': ['No', 'Name', 'Party', 'Date of Appointment', 'Date of Retirement'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Parsottambhai Rupala', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parsottambhai_Rupala', 'summary': 'Parshottam Khodabhai Rupala ( born 1 October 1954 ) is an Indian politician and Union Minister of State for Panchayati Raj , Agriculture and Farmers Welfare . He was a member of Rajya Sabha , representing the Indian state of Gujarat and a leader of Bharatiya Janata Party . He was a former member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly from Amreli and formerly served as a minister in Government of Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mansukh L. Mandaviya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mansukh_L._Mandaviya', 'summary': "Mansukh Laxmanbhai Mandaviya ( born 1 June 1972 ) is the Union Minister of State for Shipping ( India ) ( Independent Charge ) and Union Minister of State for Chemical and Fertilizers ( India ) . He is also a Rajya Sabha member from Gujarat and is a believer of utmost simplicity . He is known for his Padyatras where he covers long distances on foot for a noble cause connecting villages and spreading awareness . His contribution to serving the nation can also be seen in his active participation in Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana ( PMBJP ) . He was recently honoured by the UNICEF and others for his contribution to women 's menstrual hygiene . He is well known for his intellect and thoughtful leadership , which he often exhibits in his speeches . In 2015 , he was selected to represent India at the United Nations where he spoke about '2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ' . To implement simplicity in his professional life , he cycles to the Parliament during sessions ."}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Subrahmanyam Jaishankar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Subrahmanyam_Jaishankar', 'summary': "Subrahmanyam Jaishankar ( born 9 January 1955 ) is an Indian diplomat turned politician who is the current Minister of External Affairs of the Government of India since 31 May 2019 . He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and is a Member of Indian Parliament in the Rajya Sabha since 5 July 2019 , representing Gujarat . He has previously served as the Foreign Secretary from January 2015 to January 2018 . He joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1977 and during his diplomatic career spanning over 38 years , he served in different capacities in India and abroad including as a High Commissioner to Singapore ( 2007-09 ) and as Ambassador to the Czech Republic ( 2001-04 ) , China ( 2009-2013 ) and the USA ( 2014-2015 ) . Jaishankar played a key role in negotiating the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement . On retirement , Jaishankar joined Tata Sons as the President , Global Corporate Affairs . In 2019 , he was conferred with Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour . On 30 May 2019 , he was sworn in as a cabinet minister in the second Modi ministry . He was made the Minister of External Affairs on 31 May 2019 . He is the second former Foreign Secretary to head the Ministry of External Affairs at the Cabinet-level ."}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '06-Jul-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-Aug-2023', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jugalji Mathurji Thakor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jugalji_Mathurji_Thakor', 'summary': 'Jugalji Mathurji Thakor is an Indian politician and a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party . He is the member of the Parliament of India representing Gujarat State in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house on 5 July 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '06-Jul-2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-Aug-2023', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chunibhai K Gohel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chunibhai_K_Gohel', 'summary': 'Chunibhai Kanjibhai Gohel ( born 19 May 1955 Veravel district , GJ ) is an Indian politician of the Bharatiya Janata Party . Since April 2014 , he is the member of the Parliament of India representing Gujarat State in the Rajya Sabha , the upper house .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shambhuprasad Tundiya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shambhuprasad_Tundiya', 'summary': 'Shambhuprasad Tundiya is member of Bharatiya Janata Party and member of Rajya Sabha from Gujarat state for the term 2014-2020. , He is Very Well Known Mahant of Savgun Samadhisthan , Zanjarka and he is also SHEPHERD of Dalit Community . in September 2017 Bhartiya Janta party Gujrat Declare him a State President of Scheduled caste wing called by SC MORCHA . During 2007-2012 , he is a Member of Legislative assembly from Dasada constituency in Gujarat for its 12th legislative assembly'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lal Sinh Vadodia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lal_Sinh_Vadodia', 'summary': 'Lal Sinh Vadodia is politician of Bharatiya Janata Party and member of Rajya Sabha from Gujarat state for the term 2014-2020 . He resides at Umreth , Anand district , Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Bharatiya Janata Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party', 'summary': "The Bharatiya Janata Party ( pronounced [ bʱaːrətiːjə dʒənətaː paːrʈiː ] ( listen ) ; translation : Indian People 's Party ; abbr . BJP ) is one of the two major political parties in India , along with the Indian National Congress . As of 2019 [ update ] , it is the country 's largest political party in terms of representation in the national parliament and state assemblies and is the world 's largest party in terms of primary membership . BJP is a right-wing party , and its policy has historically reflected Hindu nationalist positions . It has close ideological and organisational links to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( RSS ) . The BJP 's origin lies in the Bharatiya Jana Sangh , formed in 1951 by Syama Prasad Mukherjee . After the State of Emergency in 1977 , the Jana Sangh merged with several other parties to form the Janata Party ; it defeated the incumbent Congress party in the 1977 general election . After three years in power , the Janata party dissolved in 1980 with the members of the erstwhile Jana Sangh reconvening to form the BJP . Although initially unsuccessful , winning only two seats in the 1984 general election , it grew in strength on the back of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement . Following victories in several state elections and better performances in national elections , the BJP became the largest party in the parliament in 1996 ; however , it lacked a majority in the lower house of Parliament , and its government lasted only 13 days . After the 1998 general election , the BJP-led coalition known as the National Democratic Alliance ( NDA ) under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee formed a government that lasted for a year . Following fresh elections , the NDA government , again headed by Vajpayee , lasted for a full term in office ; this was the first non-Congress government to do so ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naranbhai Rathwa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naranbhai_Rathwa', 'summary': 'Naranbhai J. Rathwa ( born 1 June 1953 ) was a member of the 9th , 10th , 11th , 12th & 14th Lok Sabha of India . He represented the Chhota Udaipur constituency of Gujarat and is a member of the Indian National Congress . He was a Minister of State in the Ministry of Railways . He lost to Ramsinh Rathwa in 2009 Lok Sabha Elections'}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amee Yajnik', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amee_Yajnik', 'summary': 'Amee Harshadray Yajnik is an Indian politician from Indian National Congress in the state of Gujarat . On 15 March 2018 she was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha from Gujarat .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '03-Apr-2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': '02-Apr-2024', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahmed Patel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahmed_Patel', 'summary': "Ahmedbhai Mohammedbhai Patel , better known as Ahmed Patel ( born 21 August 1949 ) is currently serving as a Member of Parliament in India and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress party . He was the political secretary to the Congress President Sonia Gandhi from 2001 to 2017 . He is widely credited with the party 's performance in the 2004 and 2009 General elections . Patel has represented Gujarat seven times in the Parliament of India , three times in the lower house or Lok Sabha ( 1977-1989 ) and four times in the Upper House or Rajya Sabha ( since 1993 ) . He is the parliamentarian from the state of Gujarat . On 9 August 2017 Ahmed Patel again got elected to Rajya Sabha defeating BJP 's Balwant Singh . On 21 August 2018 Congress President Rahul Gandhi appointed him as the treasurer of the All India Congress Committee ."}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '19-Aug-2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18-Aug-2023', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Madhusudan Mistry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Madhusudan_Mistry', 'summary': 'Madhusudan Devram Mistry ( born 3 January 1945 ) is an Indian politician belonging to the Indian National Congress .'}]}, {'value': 'Indian National Congress', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indian_National_Congress', 'summary': "The Indian National Congress ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ) ( INC , often called the Congress Party or simply Congress ) is a political party in India with widespread roots . Founded in 1885 , it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia and Africa . [ a ] From the late 19th century , and especially after 1920 , under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , Congress became the principal leader of the Indian independence movement . Congress led India to independence from Great Britain , [ b ] [ c ] and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial nationalist movements in the British Empire . [ d ] Congress is a big tent party whose liberal social democratic platform is generally considered to be on the centre-left of Indian politics . Congress ' social policy is based upon the Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya-the lifting up of all sections of society-which involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially marginalised people . On social and economic issues , it advocates liberty , social justice , equality , welfare state , along with progressive and secular society . The party 's constitution adheres to liberal-democratic socialist philosophy . After India 's independence in 1947 , Congress formed the central government of India , and many regional state governments . Congress became India 's dominant political party ; as of 2019 , in the 17 general elections since independence , it has won an outright majority on seven occasions and has led the ruling coalition a further three times , heading the central government for more than 54 years . There have been six Congress Prime Ministers , the first being Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1947-1964 ) , and the most recent Manmohan Singh ( 2004-2014 ) . Although it did not fare well in the last two general elections in India in 2014 and 2019 , it remains one of two major , nationwide , political parties in India , along with the right-wing , Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) ."}]}, {'value': '10-Apr-2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': '09-Apr-2020', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Gujarat', 'section_text': 'Main article : List of Rajya Sabha members from Gujarat Keys : BJP ( 7 ) INC ( 4 )', 'uid': 'List_of_members_of_the_Rajya_Sabha_7', 'intro': 'The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. Membership is limited to 250 members, and the present Rajya Sabha has 245 members. 233 members are elected by the Vidhan Sabha members and 12 are nominated by the President for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. Members sits for six years term, with one-third of the members retiring every two years. The nominated and state-wise list given below lists the number of seats against each category (nominated and state-wise list) and the number of vacant seats (if any).'}
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What is the date of appointment of the nan who formerly served as a minister in Government of Gujarat ?
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03-Apr-2018
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036d772037f25f31
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Italy', 'title': 'Transport in Italy', 'header': ['Port', 'Region', 'Thousand pass', '%'], 'data': [{'value': 'Messina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Messina', 'summary': "Messina ( /mɛˈsiːnə/ , also US : /mɪˈ-/ , Italian : [ mesˈsiːna ] ( listen ) ; Sicilian : Missina [ mɪsˈsiːna ] ; Latin : Messana ; Ancient Greek : Μεσσήνη , romanized : Messḗnē ) is the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina . It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily , and the 13th largest city in Italy , with a population of more than 231,000 inhabitants in the city proper and about 650,000 in the Metropolitan City . It is located near the northeast corner of Sicily , at the Strait of Messina , opposite Villa San Giovanni on the mainland , and has close ties with Reggio Calabria . According to Eurostat the FUA of the metropolitan area of Messina has , in 2014 , 277,584 inhabitants . The city 's main resources are its seaports ( commercial and military shipyards ) , cruise tourism , commerce , and agriculture ( wine production and cultivating lemons , oranges , mandarin oranges , and olives ) . The city has been a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and Archimandrite seat since 1548 and is home to a locally important international fair . The city has the University of Messina , founded in 1548 by Ignatius of Loyola . Messina has a light rail system , Tranvia di Messina , opened on 3 April 2003 . This line is 7.7 kilometres ( 4.8 mi ) and links the city 's central railway station with the city centre and harbour ."}]}, {'value': 'Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '10,380', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reggio di Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reggio_di_Calabria', 'summary': 'Reggio Calabria ( UK : /ˈrɛdʒioʊ kəˈlæbriə/ , US : /ˈrɛdʒ ( i ) oʊ kɑːˈlɑːbriɑː/ , Italian : [ ˈreddʒo di kaˈlaːbrja ; ˈrɛddʒo - ] ; Reggino : Rìggiu ; Bovesia Calabrian Greek : Righi ; Ancient Greek : Ῥήγιον , romanized : Rhḗgion ; Latin : Rhēgium ) , commonly known as Reggio Calabria ( listen ) or simply Reggio in Southern Italy , is the largest city and the most populated comune of Calabria , Southern Italy . It is the capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria and the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria . Reggio is located on the toe of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina . It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte , a long , craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region . The third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy , the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over 236 square kilometres ( 91 sq mi ) , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants . About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area , recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city . As a major functional pole in the region , it has strong historical , cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina , which lies across the strait in Sicily , forming a metro city of less than 1 million people . Reggio is the oldest city in the region , and despite its ancient foundation - Rhegion was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia - it has a modern urban system , set up after the catastrophic earthquake on 28 December 1908 , which destroyed most of the city . The region has been subject to earthquakes . It is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean . Reggio , with Naples and Taranto , is home to one of the most important archaeological museums , the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia , dedicated to Ancient Greece ( which houses the Bronzes of Riace , rare example of Greek bronze sculpture , which became one of the symbols of the city ) . Reggio is the seat , since 1907 , of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania .'}]}, {'value': 'Calabria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calabria', 'summary': 'Calabria ( UK : /kəˈlæbriə/ , US : /-ˈleɪb- , -ˈlɑːb-/ , Italian : [ kaˈlaːbrja ] ; Calabrian : Calàbbria ; Calabrian Greek : Calavría ; Greek : Καλαβρία ; Arbëreshë Albanian : Kalavrì ) , known in antiquity as Bruttium ( US : /ˈbrʊtiəm , ˈbrʌt-/ ) , is a region in Southern Italy . The capital city of Calabria is Catanzaro . The Regional Council of Calabria is based at the Palazzo Campanella in the city of Reggio Calabria . The region is bordered to the north by the Basilicata Region , to the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea , and to the east by the Ionian Sea . The region covers 15,080 km2 ( 5,822 sq mi ) and has a population of just under 2 million . The demonym of Calabria is calabrese in Italian and Calabrian in English . In antiquity the name Calabria referred , not as in modern times to the toe , but to the heel tip of Italy , from Tarentum southwards , a region nowadays known as Salento .'}]}, {'value': '10,116', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Capri', 'summary': "Capri ( /kəˈpriː/ kə-PREE , also US : /ˈkɑːpri , ˈkæp-/ KA ( H ) P-ree , Italian : [ ˈkaːpri ] / Neapolitan : [ ˈkɑːpri ] ) is an island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the Sorrento Peninsula , on the south side of the Gulf of Naples in the Campania region of Italy . The main town Capri that is located on the island shares the name . It has been a resort since the time of the Roman Republic . Some of the main features of the island include the Marina Piccola ( the little harbour ) , the Belvedere of Tragara ( a high panoramic promenade lined with villas ) , the limestone crags called sea stacks that project above the sea ( the faraglioni ) , the town of Anacapri , the Blue Grotto ( Grotta Azzurra ) , the ruins of the Imperial Roman villas , and the various towns surrounding the Island of Capri including Positano , Amalfi , Ravello , Sorrento , Nerano , and Naples . Capri is part of the region of Campania , Metropolitan City of Naples . The town of Capri is a comune and the island 's main population centre . The island has two harbours , Marina Piccola and Marina Grande ( the main port of the island ) . The separate comune of Anacapri is located high on the hills to the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '7,169', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naples', 'summary': "Naples ( /ˈneɪpəlz/ ; Italian : Napoli [ ˈnaːpoli ] ( listen ) ; Neapolitan : Napule [ ˈnɑːpələ , ˈnɑːpulə ] ; Ancient Greek : Νεάπολις , romanized : Neápolis ) [ a ] is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy after Rome and Milan . In 2017 , around 967,069 people lived within the city 's administrative limits while its province-level municipality has a population of 3,115,320 residents . Its continuously built-up metropolitan area ( that stretches beyond the boundaries of the Metropolitan City of Naples ) is the second or third largest metropolitan area in Italy and one of the most densely populated cities in Europe . First settled by Greeks in the second millennium BC , Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world . In the ninth century BC , a colony known as Parthenope or Παρθενόπη was established on the Island of Megaride , later refounded as Neápolis in the sixth century BC . The city was an important part of Magna Graecia , played a major role in the merging of Greek and Roman society and a significant cultural centre under the Romans . It served as the capital of the Duchy of Naples ( 661-1139 ) , then of the Kingdom of Naples ( 1282-1816 ) and finally of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861 . Naples is also considered a capital of the Baroque since the arrival of Caravaggio in the 17th century , and due to the artistic revolution his arrival occasioned . Between 1925 and 1936 , Naples was expanded and upgraded by Benito Mussolini 's government but subsequently sustained severe damage from Allied bombing during World War II , which led to extensive post-1945 reconstruction work . Naples has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades , helped by the construction of the Centro Direzionale business district and an advanced transportation network , which includes the Alta Velocità high-speed rail link to Rome and Salerno and an expanded subway network . Naples is the third-largest urban economy in Italy , after Milan and Rome . The Port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe and home of the Allied Joint Force Command Naples , the NATO body that oversees North Africa , the Sahel and Middle East ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '6,185', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6.9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Piombino', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Piombino', 'summary': 'Piombino is an Italian town and comune of about 35,000 inhabitants in the province of Livorno ( Tuscany ) . It lies on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea , in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '5,036', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portoferraio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portoferraio', 'summary': "Portoferraio ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˌpɔrtoferˈraːjo ] ) is a town and comune in the province of Livorno , on the edge of the eponymous harbour of the island of Elba . It is the island 's largest city . Because of its terrain , many of its buildings are situated on the slopes of a tiny hill bordered on three sides by the sea ."}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '3,927', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olbia', 'summary': 'Olbia ( Italian : [ ˈɔlbja ] ( listen ) , locally [ ˈolbja ] ; Sardinian : Terranoa ; Gallurese : Tarranoa ) is a city and comune of 60,346 inhabitants ( May 2018 ) in the Italian insular province of Sassari in northeastern Sardinia ( Italy ) , in the historical region of Gallura . Called Olbia in the Roman age , Civita in the Middle Ages ( Judicates period ) and Terranova Pausania before the 1940s , Olbia was again the official name of the city during the fascist period .'}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '3,567', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Livorno', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Livorno', 'summary': 'Livorno ( Italian : [ liˈvorno ] ( listen ) ) is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of Tuscany , Italy . It is the capital of the Province of Livorno , having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017 . It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ( pronounced /lɛˈɡɔːrn/ leg-ORN , /ˈlɛɡhɔːrn/ LEG-horn or /ˈlɛɡərn/ LEG-ərn ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tuscany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tuscany', 'summary': "Tuscany ( /ˈtʌskəni/ TUSK-ə-nee ; Italian : Toscana [ toˈskaːna ] ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about 23,000 square kilometres ( 8,900 square miles ) and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The regional capital is Florence ( Firenze ) . Tuscany is known for its landscapes , history , artistic legacy , and its influence on high culture . It is regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and has been home to many figures influential in the history of art and science , and contains well-known museums such as the Uffizi and the Pitti Palace . Tuscany produces wines , including Chianti , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , Morellino di Scansano and Brunello di Montalcino . Having a strong linguistic and cultural identity , it is sometimes considered a nation within a nation . Tuscany is a popular destination in Italy ; the main tourist spots are Florence , Pisa , Lucca , Siena , Versilia , Maremma and Chianti . The village of Castiglione della Pescaia is the most visited seaside destination in the region , with seaside tourism accounting for approximately 40% of tourist arrivals . Additionally , Siena , Lucca , the Chianti region , Versilia and Val d'Orcia are also internationally renowned and particularly popular spots among travellers . Seven Tuscan localities have been designated World Heritage Sites : the historic centre of Florence ( 1982 ) ; the Cathedral square of Pisa ( 1987 ) ; the historical centre of San Gimignano ( 1990 ) ; the historical centre of Siena ( 1995 ) ; the historical centre of Pienza ( 1996 ) ; the Val d'Orcia ( 2004 ) , and the Medici Villas and Gardens ( 2013 ) . Tuscany has over 120 protected nature reserves , making Tuscany and its capital Florence popular tourist destinations that attract millions of tourists every year . In 2012 , the city of Florence was the world 's 89th most visited city , with 1.834 million arrivals ."}]}, {'value': '3,251', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Civitavecchia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Civitavecchia', 'summary': 'Civitavecchia ( pronounced [ ˌtʃivitaˈvɛkkja ] ; meaning ancient town ) is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome in the central Italian region of Lazio . A sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea , it is located 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) west-north-west of the center of Rome . The harbour is formed by two piers and a breakwater , on which stands a lighthouse . Civitavecchia had a population of around 53,000 as of 2015 [ update ] .'}]}, {'value': 'Lazio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lazio', 'summary': "Lazio ( UK : /ˈlætsioʊ/ , US : /ˈlɑːtsioʊ/ , Italian : [ ˈlattsjo ] ; Latin : Latium ) is one of the 20 administrative regions of Italy . Situated in the central peninsular section of the country , it has almost 5.9 million inhabitants - making it the second most populated region of Italy ( after Lombardy and just a little ahead of Campania ) - and its GDP of more than 170 billion euros per annum means that it has the nation 's second largest regional economy . The capital of Lazio is Rome , which is also Italy 's capital and the country 's largest city ."}]}, {'value': '2,677', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Genoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Genoa', 'summary': "Genoa ( /ˈdʒɛnoʊə/ JEN-oh-ə ; Italian : Genova [ ˈdʒɛːnova ] ( listen ) ; Ligurian : Zêna [ ˈzeːna ] ; English , historically , and Latin : Genua ) is the capital of the Italian region of Liguria and the sixth-largest city in Italy . In 2015 , 594,733 people lived within the city 's administrative limits . As of the 2011 Italian census , the Province of Genoa , which in 2015 became the Metropolitan City of Genoa , counted 855,834 resident persons . Over 1.5 million people live in the wider metropolitan area stretching along the Italian Riviera . Located on the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea , Genoa has historically been one of the most important ports on the Mediterranean : it is currently the busiest in Italy and in the Mediterranean Sea and twelfth-busiest in the European Union . Genoa has been nicknamed la Superba ( the proud one ) due to its glorious past and impressive landmarks . Part of the old town of Genoa was inscribed on the World Heritage List ( UNESCO ) in 2006 as Genoa : Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli . The city 's rich cultural history in art , music and cuisine allowed it to become the 2004 European Capital of Culture . It is the birthplace of Christopher Columbus , Andrea Doria , Niccolò Paganini , Giuseppe Mazzini , Renzo Piano and Grimaldo Canella , founder of the House of Grimaldi , among others . Genoa , which forms the southern corner of the Milan-Turin-Genoa industrial triangle of Northwest Italy , is one of the country 's major economic centers . The city has hosted massive shipyards and steelworks since the 19th century , and its solid financial sector dates back to the Middle Ages . The Bank of Saint George , founded in 1407 , is among the oldest in the world and has played an important role in the city 's prosperity since the middle of the 15th century ."}]}, {'value': 'Liguria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liguria', 'summary': "Liguria ( /lɪˈɡ ( j ) ʊəriə/ , Italian : [ liˈɡuːrja ] ; Ligurian : Ligûria [ liˈɡyːɾja ] ) is a region of north-western Italy ; its capital is Genoa . Its territory is crossed by the Alps and the Apennines mountains chains . Liguria is bordered by France ( Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur ) to the west , Piedmont to the north , and Emilia-Romagna and Tuscany to the east . It lies on the Ligurian Sea . The region is part of the Alps-Mediterranean Euroregion ."}]}, {'value': '2,510', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La Maddalena', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '2,374', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palau', 'summary': "Palau ( /pəˈlaʊ/ ( listen ) , historically Belau , Palaos , or Pelew ) , officially the Republic of Palau ( Palauan : Beluu er a Belau ) , is an island country located in the western Pacific Ocean . The country contains approximately 340 islands , and together with parts of the Federated States of Micronesia , forms the western chain of the Caroline Islands . Its area is 466 square kilometers ( 180 sq mi ) . The most populous island is Koror . The capital Ngerulmud is located on the nearby island of Babeldaob , in Melekeok State . Palau shares maritime boundaries with the Philippines , Indonesia , and Micronesia . The country was originally settled approximately 3,000 years ago by migrants from Insular Southeast Asia . The islands were first explored by Europeans in the 16th century , and were made part of the Spanish East Indies in 1574 . Following Spain 's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898 , the islands were sold to Imperial Germany in 1899 under the terms of the German-Spanish Treaty , where they were administered as part of German New Guinea . After World War I , the islands were made a part of the Japanese-ruled South Seas Mandate by the League of Nations . During World War II , skirmishes , including the major Battle of Peleliu , were fought between American and Japanese troops as part of the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign . Along with other Pacific Islands , Palau was made a part of the United States-governed Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands in 1947 ."}]}, {'value': 'Sardinia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sardinia', 'summary': "Sardinia ( /sɑːrˈdɪniə/ sar-DIN-ee-ə ; Italian : Sardegna [ sarˈdeɲɲa ] ; Sardinian : Sardìgna [ saɾˈdiɲɲa ] or Sardìnnia [ saɾˈdinja ] ; Sassarese : Sardhigna ; Gallurese : Saldigna ; Algherese : Sardenya ; Tabarchino : Sardegna ) is an island in the Mediterranean Sea and politically one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea after Sicily , and is located west of the Italian Peninsula , north of Tunisia , and to the immediate south of the French island of Corsica . The region of Sardinia is one of the five in Italy that enjoy some degree of domestic autonomy , granted by a specific Statute . Its official name is Regione Autonoma della Sardegna ( Sardinian : Regione Autònoma de Sardigna , lit . Autonomous Region of Sardinia ) . It is divided into four provinces and a metropolitan city , with Cagliari being the region 's capital and also its largest city . Sardinia 's indigenous language and the other minority languages ( Sassarese , Gallurese , Algherese Catalan and Ligurian Tabarchino ) spoken on the island are recognized by the regional law and enjoy equal dignity with Italian . Sardinia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic . The island 's most iconic civilization is the indigenous Nuragic one , which lasted from the 18th century BC to either 238 BC or the 2nd century AD in some areas and to the 6th century AD in the region known as Barbagia . After a period under a political and economic alliance between the Nuragic Sardinians and the Phoenicians , the island was partly conquered by Carthage and Rome , in the late 6th century BC and in 238 BC respectively ; the Roman occupation lasted for 700 years , followed in the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals and the Byzantines . Since the island was finding itself disconnected from Byzantium 's scope of territorial influence , the Sardinians provided themselves with a self-ruling political organization , leading to the birth of the four Judicates . As the Italian maritime republics of Pisa and Genoa struggled to exercise increasing political interference upon the indigenous states , the Crown of Aragon subsumed the island as the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1324 ."}]}, {'value': '2,364', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ischia Porto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '2,342', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Palermo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palermo', 'summary': "Palermo ( /pəˈlɛərmoʊ , -ˈlɜːr-/ pə-LAIR-moh , -\u2060LUR- , Italian : [ paˈlɛrmo ] ( listen ) ; Sicilian : Palermu , locally [ paˈlɛmmʊ ] ; Latin : Panormus , from Greek : Πάνορμος , romanized : Pánormos ) is a city of Southern Italy , the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo . The city is noted for its history , culture , architecture and gastronomy , playing an important role throughout much of its existence ; it is over 2,700 years old . Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily , right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea . The city was founded in 734 BC by the Phoenicians as Ziz . Palermo then became a possession of Carthage . Two Greek colonies were established , known collectively as Panormos or All-Port ; the Carthaginians used this name on their coins after the 5th century BC . As Panormus , the town became part of the Roman Republic and Empire for over a thousand years . From 831 to 1072 the city was under Arab rule during the Emirate of Sicily when the city first became a capital . The Arabs shifted the Greek name into Balarm ( Arabic : بَلَرْم ) , the root for Palermo 's present-day name . Following the Norman reconquest , Palermo became the capital of a new kingdom ( from 1130 to 1816 ) , the Kingdom of Sicily and the capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Emperor Frederick II and King Conrad IV . The population of Palermo urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 855,285 , while its metropolitan area is the fifth most populated in Italy with around 1.2 million people . In the central area , the city has a population of around 676,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Sicily', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sicily', 'summary': 'Sicily ( Italian : Sicilia [ siˈtʃiːlja ] ; Sicilian : Sicilia [ sɪˈʃiːlja ] ) is the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and one of the 20 regions of Italy . It is one of the five Italian autonomous regions and is officially referred to as Regione Siciliana . Sicily is located in the central Mediterranean Sea , south of the Italian Peninsula , from which it is separated by the narrow Strait of Messina . Its most prominent landmark is Mount Etna , the tallest active volcano in Europe , and one of the most active in the world , currently 3,329 m ( 10,922 ft ) high . The island has a typical Mediterranean climate . The earliest archaeological evidence of human activity on the island dates from as early as 12,000 BC . By around 750 BC , Sicily had three Phoenician and a dozen Greek colonies and it was later the site of the Sicilian Wars and the Punic Wars . After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD , Sicily was ruled during the Early Middle Ages by the Vandals , the Ostrogoths , the Byzantine Empire , and the Emirate of Sicily . The Norman conquest of southern Italy led to the creation of the Kingdom of Sicily , which was subsequently ruled by the Hohenstaufen , the Capetian House of Anjou , Spain , and the House of Habsburg . It was unified under the House of Bourbon with the Kingdom of Naples as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . It became part of Italy in 1860 following the Expedition of the Thousand , a revolt led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification , and a plebiscite . Sicily was given special status as an autonomous region on 15 May 1946 , 18 days before the Italian constitutional referendum of 1946 .'}]}, {'value': '1,949', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sorrento', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sorrento', 'summary': "Sorrento ( /səˈrɛntoʊ/ , Italian : [ sorˈrɛnto ] ; Latin : Surrentum ) is a town overlooking the Bay of Naples in Southern Italy . A popular tourist destination due to its variety of small antique shops and location on the Amalfi Coast , it can be reached easily from Naples and Pompeii as it is at the south-eastern end of the Circumvesuviana rail line . The town is most known for its small shops selling ceramics , lacework and marquetry ( woodwork ) . The Sorrentine Peninsula has views of Naples , Vesuvius and the Isle of Capri . The Amalfi Drive , connecting Sorrento and Amalfi , is a narrow road that threads along the high cliffs above the Tyrrhenian Sea . Ferries and hydrofoils connect the town to Naples , Amalfi , Positano , Capri and Ischia . Sorrento 's sea cliffs and luxury hotels have attracted celebrities including Enrico Caruso and Luciano Pavarotti . Limoncello , a digestif made from lemon rinds , alcohol , water and sugar , is produced in Sorrento . Other agricultural production includes citrus fruit , wine , nuts and olives ."}]}, {'value': 'Campania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Campania', 'summary': 'Campania ( /kæmˈpeɪniə/ , also UK : /kæmˈpæniə/ , US : /kɑːmˈpɑːniə/ , Italian : [ kamˈpaːnja ] , Neapolitan : [ kamˈbɑːnjə ] ) is a region in Southern Italy . As of 2018 , the region has a population of around 5,820,000 people , making it the third-most-populous region of Italy ; its total area of 13,590 km2 ( 5,247 sq mi ) makes it the most densely populated region in the country . Located on the south-western portion of the Italian Peninsula , with the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west , it includes the small Phlegraean Islands and Capri for administration as part of the region . Coastal areas in the region were colonised by Ancient Greeks between 8th and 7th centuries BC , becoming part of the so-called Magna Græcia . The capital city of Campania is Naples . Campania is rich in culture , especially in regard to gastronomy , music , architecture , archeological and ancient sites such as Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis , Paestum , Aeclanum , Stabiae and Velia . The name of Campania itself is derived from Latin , as the Romans knew the region as Campania felix , which translates into English as fertile countryside or happy countryside . The rich natural beauty of Campania makes it highly important in the tourism industry , especially along the Amalfi Coast , Mount Vesuvius and the island of Capri .'}]}, {'value': '1,887', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Other', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '24,423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '27.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '90,157', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100.0', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Transport_in_Italy_3', 'intro': "Italy has a well developed transport infrastructure. The Italian rail network is extensive, especially in the north, and it includes a high-speed rail network that joins the major cities of Italy from Naples through northern cities such as Milan and Turin. Italy has 2,507 people and 12.46 km2 per kilometer of rail track, giving Italy the world's 13th largest rail network. Italy's road network is also widespread, with a total length of about 487,700 km. It comprises both an extensive motorway network (6,400 km), mostly toll roads, and national and local roads. Because of its long seacoast, Italy also has many harbors for the transportation of both goods and passengers. Transport networks in Italy are integrated into the Trans-European Transport Networks."}
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Who were the first settlers of the port city in Italy where 6,185 passengers pass through each year ?
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Greeks
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036eb67bd776ba71
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mower_County,_Minnesota', 'title': 'National Register of Historic Places listings in Mower County, Minnesota', 'header': ['', 'Name on the Register', 'Date listed', 'Location', 'City or town', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Booth Post No . 130-Grand Army of the Republic Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic_Hall_(Grand_Meadow,_Minnesota)', 'summary': "The Grand Army of the Republic Hall , also known as Booth Post No . 130 , is an historic Carpenter Gothic building in Grand Meadow , Minnesota , United States . The hall was built in 1891 and on June 13 , 1986 , it was added to the National Register of Historic Places . It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of an inexpensive pattern clubhouse and one of Minnesota 's only two remaining Grand Army of the Republic halls . The hall was the meeting place of the Booth Post No . 130 , which was one of 192 Grand Army of the Republic ( G.A.R . ) posts in Minnesota . The hall is now vacant ."}]}, {'value': 'June 13 , 1986 ( # 86001278 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'S. Main St. between 1st and 2nd Sts . 43°42′15″N 92°34′23″W / 43.704303°N 92.573035°W / 43.704303 ; -92.573035 ( Booth Post No . 130-Grand Army of the Republic Hall )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Meadow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Meadow,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Grand Meadow is a city in Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The city is on the boundary between Grand Meadow Township and Frankford Township , and it is politically independent of both townships . The population was 1,139 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': "Rare surviving example of an inexpensive pattern clubhouse and one of Minnesota 's only two remaining Grand Army of the Republic halls , built in 1891", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pattern_book', 'summary': "A pattern book , or architectural pattern book , is a book of architectural designs , usually providing enough for non-architects to build structures that are copies or significant derivatives of major architect-designed works . A number of pattern books have been very influential in spreading architectural styles . An early author of pattern books was American architect Minard Lafever . In 1829 he published The Young Builders ' General Instructor , followed by Modern Builders ' Guide in 1833 , The Beauties of Modern Architecture in 1835 and The Architectural Instructor in 1850 . His pattern books were influential in spreading his Greek Revival style , which is known as the first major non-British high architectural style in the United States . The style was popular for being not British , and for association with Greek history , ancient and modern , and was greatly facilitated by the pattern books . Orson Squire Fowler notably made a mark on American architecture when he touted the advantages of octagonal homes over rectangular and square structures in his widely publicized book , The Octagon House : A Home For All , or A New , Cheap , Convenient , and Superior Mode of Building , printed in the year 1848 . It is argued by some that this is incorrectly termed a pattern book , but as a result of this popular and influential publication , a few thousand octagonal houses were in fact erected in the United States . Another was Samuel Skidmore 's Tudor Homes of England , which introduced Tudor and Norman elements , such as turrets , stained-glass windows , and spiral staircases into American architecture . After the American Civil War , Second Empire architecture was considered the perfect style for many to demonstrate their wealth and express their new power in their respective communities . The style diffused by the publications of designs in pattern books and adopted the adaptability and eclecticism that Italianate architecture had when interpreted by more middle-class clients . This caused more modest homes to depart from the ornamentation found in French examples in favor of simpler and more eclectic American ornamentation that had been established in the 1850s ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic', 'summary': "The Grand Army of the Republic ( GAR ) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army ( United States Army ) , Union Navy ( U.S. Navy ) , Marines and the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service who served in the American Civil War . It was founded in 1866 in Springfield , Illinois , and grew to include hundreds of posts ( local community units ) across the nation ( predominantly in the North , but also a few in the South and West ) . It was dissolved in 1956 at the death of its last member , Albert Woolson ( 1850-1956 ) of Duluth , Minnesota . Linking men through their experience of the war , the G.A.R . became among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics , supporting voting rights for black veterans , promoting patriotic education , helping to make Memorial Day a national holiday , lobbying the United States Congress to establish regular veterans ' pensions , and supporting Republican political candidates . Its peak membership , at 410,000 , was in 1890 , a high point of various Civil War commemorative and monument dedication ceremonies . It was succeeded by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War ( SUVCW ) , composed of male descendants of Union Army and Union Navy veterans ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bridge No . 5388 ( Bridge No . R0529 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 26 , 1998 ( # 98000718 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spanning the Little Ohio River on 130th Street 43°31′56″N 92°31′07″W / 43.532326°N 92.518718°W / 43.532326 ; -92.518718 ( Bridge No . 5388 ( Bridge No . R0529 ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Roy Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Roy_Township,_Mower_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Le Roy Township is a township in Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 396 at the 2000 census . The town in the township with the largest population is Le Roy with 925 people . The township is also home to Lake Louise State Park , the only Minnesota State Park in Mower County and the southernmost in the state . The Old Village of Le Roy was the first area in the township to be settled .'}]}, {'value': "Longest , most advanced example of the state 's standardized Warren pony truss bridges , built in Meeker County in 1935 , removed in 2009 , and installed at current location in Lake Louise State Park in 2012", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren_truss', 'summary': 'A Warren truss or equilateral truss is a type of engineering truss employing a weight-saving design based upon equilateral triangles .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pony_truss', 'summary': 'A truss bridge is a bridge whose load-bearing superstructure is composed of a truss , a structure of connected elements usually forming triangular units . The connected elements ( typically straight ) may be stressed from tension , compression , or sometimes both in response to dynamic loads . The basic types of truss bridges shown in this article have simple designs which could be easily analyzed by 19th and early 20th-century engineers . A truss bridge is economical to construct because it uses materials efficiently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Meeker_County,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Meeker County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 23,300 . Its county seat is Litchfield .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lake_Louise_State_Park', 'summary': "Sometime in the late 1850s or early 1860s , Conrad Hambrecht settled in section 21 of Le Roy Township on the Upper Iowa River near the Old Village of Leroy . An earthen dam was later built on the river and Hambrecht 's land sat along the small lake that was created . Hambrecht set aside this part of land for recreation and he later donated the land , then called Wildwood Park , to the city of Le Roy with the stipulation that it be used as a park . The original dam was washed away and the citizens of Le Roy rebuilt it and named the body of water Lake Louise for Hambrecht 's sister . In 1961 local advocates arranged a visit by state park officials , who agreed that Wildwood Park could be expanded into a state park . The land was transferred to the state of Minnesota and in 1963 Lake Louise State Park was created by an act of the Minnesota Legislature . At that time it contained only the lake and 636 acres ( 2.6 km2 ) . The boundaries have been expanded since , but usage remains primarily local . A 1971 internal study recommended that the park be remanded to the county as a regional recreation area , but no such action was ever taken ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cook-Hormel House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hormel_Historic_Home', 'summary': 'The Hormel Historic Home , also known the Cook-Hormel House or simply The Hormel Home , is a historic Italianate style home with Classical Revival facade located in Austin , Minnesota . The home was built in 1871 and was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1982 .'}]}, {'value': 'August 19 , 1982 ( # 82002989 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '208 4th Ave. NW . 43°40′13″N 92°58′37″W / 43.670186°N 92.977062°W / 43.670186 ; -92.977062 ( Cook-Hormel House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Austin is a city in , and the county seat of , Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 24,718 at the 2010 census . The town was originally settled along the Cedar River and has two artificial lakes , East Side Lake and Mill Pond . It was named for Austin R. Nichols , the area 's first European settler . Hormel Foods Corporation is Austin 's largest employer , and the town is sometimes called SPAM Town USA . Austin is home to Hormel 's corporate headquarters , a factory that makes most of North America 's SPAM tinned meat , and the Spam Museum . Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute , a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic . In 2015 Austin was named one of the Top 10 Affordable Small Towns Where You 'd Actually Want to Live and one of the Best Small Cities in America ."}]}, {'value': "One of Austin 's most distinctive houses , built in 1871 for mayor and businessman John Cook ( 1823-1892 ) and extensively remodeled in 1902 by Hormel Foods founder George A. Hormel ( 1860-1946 ) . Now the Hormel Historic Home museum and event venue", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hormel_Foods', 'summary': 'Hormel Foods Corporation is an American company founded in 1891 in Austin , Minnesota , by George A. Hormel as George A. Hormel & Company . Originally focusing on the packaging and selling of ham , Spam , sausage and other pork , chicken , beef and lamb products to consumers ; by the 1980s , Hormel began offering a wider range of packaged and refrigerated foods . The company changed its name to Hormel Foods in 1993 . Hormel serves 80 countries with brands such as Applegate , Columbus Craft Meats , Dinty Moore , Jennie-O and Skippy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_A._Hormel', 'summary': 'George Albert Hormel ( December 4 , 1860 - June 5 , 1946 ) was an American entrepreneur , he was the founder of Hormel Foods Corporation ( then known as George A. Hormel & Co. ) in 1891 . His ownership stake in the company made him one of the wealthiest Americans during his lifetime .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Exchange State Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Exchange_State_Bank', 'summary': 'The Exchange State Bank in Grand Meadow , Minnesota , United States , is a Prairie School style building that was built in 1910 . It was designed by architects Purcell & Elmslie . It has also been known as the First American State Bank . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': 'June 10 , 1975 ( # 75000997 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '105 Main St. N. 43°42′21″N 92°34′23″W / 43.705955°N 92.573082°W / 43.705955 ; -92.573082 ( Exchange State Bank )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Meadow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Meadow,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Grand Meadow is a city in Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The city is on the boundary between Grand Meadow Township and Frankford Township , and it is politically independent of both townships . The population was 1,139 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': '1910 Prairie School bank , the first major collaboration between architects William Gray Purcell and George Grant Elmslie and the prototype of a string of such buildings designed by their firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_School', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Gray_Purcell', 'summary': 'William Gray Purcell ( July 2 , 1880 - April 11 , 1965 ) was a Prairie School architect in the Midwestern United States . He partnered with George Grant Elmslie , and briefly with George Feick . The firm of Purcell & Elmslie produced designs for buildings in twenty-two states , Australia , and China . The firm had offices in Minneapolis , Minnesota ; Chicago , Illinois ; Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ; and Portland , Oregon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Grant_Elmslie', 'summary': 'George Grant Elmslie ( February 20 , 1869 - April 23 , 1952 ) was a Scottish-born American Prairie School architect whose work is mostly found in the Midwestern United States . He worked with Louis Sullivan and later with William Gray Purcell as a partner in the firm Purcell & Elmslie .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First National Bank of Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_National_Bank_of_Adams', 'summary': 'The First National Bank of Adams is a historic commercial building located on Main Street in Adams , Minnesota , United States . Built in 1924 , it was designed by the noted Prairie School architects Purcell & Elmslie . The interior of the building includes a mural by John W. Norton . The building also housed the village council chambers and was later operated as a municipal liquor store and known as the Adams Municipal Liquor Store . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1986 ( # 86000442 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '322 Main St. 43°33′56″N 92°43′09″W / 43.565603°N 92.719068°W / 43.565603 ; -92.719068 ( First National Bank of Adams )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adams,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Adams is a city in Adams Township , Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 787 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'The last of four small Prairie School banks designed by Purcell & Elmslie , built in 1924 . Also noted for an interior mural by artist John W. Norton ( 1876-1934 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prairie_School', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Purcell_&_Elmslie', 'summary': 'Purcell & Elmslie ( P & E ) , as it was most widely known , was a progressive American architectural practice . P & E was the second most commissioned firm of the Prairie School , after Frank Lloyd Wright . The firm was active from 1917 to 1921 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_W._Norton', 'summary': "John Warner Norton ( 7 March 1876 - 7 January 1934 ) was an American painter and muralist and who pioneered the field in the United States . Norton was born in Lockport , Illinois , the son of John Lyman Norton and Ada Clara Gooding Norton . The family ran the Norton & Co. of Lockport . Norton 's study of law at Harvard University was broken off when the family 's firm went bankrupt . Before , and after a period of living as a cowboy and enlisting with the Rough Riders , he studied art at the Art Institute of Chicago ( 1897 , 1899-1901 ) ; he would later teach there . His students included Frances Badger . He was influenced by the Armory Show and the Japanese printmaker Katsushika Hokusai . Among his works are the landmark 1929 180-foot ( 55 m ) long ceiling mural for the concourse of the old Chicago Daily News Building ( mural not currently installed in this building , which has been renamed Riverside Plaza ; designed by architects Holabird & Root , 1929 ) ; the Ceres mural in the Chicago Board of Trade Building ( Holabird & Root , 1930 ) ; two large murals , Old South and New South commissioned by Holabird & Root for the Jefferson County Courthouse in Birmingham , Alabama ; his Tavern Club murals at the 333 North Michigan Ave. building , Chicago ( Holabird & Root , 1928 ) ; his American Heritage Series at the Hamilton Park Field House , 513 W. 72nd St. , Chicago ; four murals at the St. Paul , Minnesota city hall ; twelve murals comprising The History of Mankind ( 1923 ) at the Logan Museum of Anthropology at Beloit College , in Wisconsin ; and his first major mural in Chicago 's Cliff Dwellers Club ( 1909 ) , where he was a founding member . At the time of his death on January 7 , 1934 , in Charleston , South Carolina of cancer , he was a popular and respected artist . He was survived by his wife and his three children , a son and two daughters ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'First State Bank of Le Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_State_Bank_of_Le_Roy', 'summary': 'The First State Bank of Le Roy at Main St. and Broadway in Le Roy , Minnesota , United States , is a small bank that was built in 1914 . It was designed by architects Purcell & Elmslie in Prairie School architecture style . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1986 . Its NRHP nomination describes it as a small gem . It was the third small bank designed by Purcell and Elmslie , and was designed to cost just under $ 10,000 to meet objections of a dissenting bank director .'}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1986 ( # 86000445 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Main St. and Broadway 43°30′36″N 92°30′14″W / 43.509892°N 92.503885°W / 43.509892 ; -92.503885 ( First State Bank of Le Roy )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Roy,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Le Roy /ˈliˌrɔɪ/ is a city in Mower County , Minnesota , United States , surrounded by Le Roy Township . The population was 929 at the 2010 census . Lake Louise State Park is just outside the town .'}]}, {'value': "Purcell & Elmslie 's smallest Prairie School bank , built in 1914 with innovations inspired by a very limited budget", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Purcell_&_Elmslie', 'summary': 'Purcell & Elmslie ( P & E ) , as it was most widely known , was a progressive American architectural practice . P & E was the second most commissioned firm of the Prairie School , after Frank Lloyd Wright . The firm was active from 1917 to 1921 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Prairie_School', 'summary': "Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style , most common in the Midwestern United States . The style is usually marked by horizontal lines , flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves , windows grouped in horizontal bands , integration with the landscape , solid construction , craftsmanship , and discipline in the use of ornament . Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide , flat , treeless expanses of America 's native prairie landscape . The Prairie School was an attempt at developing an indigenous North American style of architecture in symphony with the ideals and design aesthetics of the Arts and Crafts Movement , with which it shared an embrace of handcrafting and craftsman guilds as an antidote to the dehumanizing effects of mass production . The term Prairie School was not actually used by practitioners of the style . Architect Marion Mahony , for example , preferred the phrase The Chicago Group . Its term was coined by H. Allen Brooks , one of the first architectural historians to write extensively about the movement and its work ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Freund Store', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 24 , 1986 ( # 86000867 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Highway 7 43°30′19″N 92°46′08″W / 43.505239°N 92.768957°W / 43.505239 ; -92.768957 ( Freund Store )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Johnsburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Johnsburg,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Johnsburg is an unincorporated community in Adams Township , Mower County , Minnesota , United States .'}]}, {'value': "1895 general store with an upper-level meeting hall and attached residence ; the community 's commercial and social hub through three generations of family ownership until 1967", 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Meadow Quarry Archeological District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Meadow_Quarry_Archeological_District', 'summary': 'The Grand Meadow Quarry Archeological District in Mower County , Minnesota is a 170 acres ( 69 ha ) historic district which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994 . It is an area , identified Grand Meadow resident Maynard Green , of pre-historic chert mining . The site may be toured by arrangement with the Mower County Historical Society . It includes various chert quarrying sites used to make stone tools c. 8000 BCE-1600 CE .'}]}, {'value': 'April 8 , 1994 ( # 94000345 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Address restricted', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grand Meadow vicinity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Meadow,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Grand Meadow is a city in Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The city is on the boundary between Grand Meadow Township and Frankford Township , and it is politically independent of both townships . The population was 1,139 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Various chert quarrying sites used to make stone tools c. 8000 BCE-1600 CE', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chert', 'summary': 'Chert ( /ˈtʃɜːrt/ ) is a hard , fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of crystals of quartz ( silica ) that are very small ( microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline ) . Quartz ( silica ) is the mineral form of silicon dioxide ( SiO2 ) . Chert is often of biological origin ( organic ) but may also occur inorganically as a chemical precipitate or a diagenetic replacement ( e.g. , petrified wood ) . Geologists use chert as a generic name for any type of microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline quartz . Chert is usually of biological origin , being the petrified remains of siliceous ooze , the biogenic sediment that covers large areas of the deep ocean floor , and which contains the silicon skeletal remains of diatoms , silicoflagellates , and radiolarians . Depending on its origin , it can contain either microfossils , small macrofossils , or both . It varies greatly in color ( from white to black ) , but most often manifests as gray , brown , grayish brown and light green to rusty red ( occasionally dark green too ) ; its color is an expression of trace elements present in the rock , and both red and green are most often related to traces of iron ( in its oxidized and reduced forms respectively ) .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LeRoy Public Library', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LeRoy_Public_Library', 'summary': 'The LeRoy Public Library is the public library in Le Roy , Minnesota , United States . It is a member of Southeastern Libraries Cooperating , the library region serving southeastern Minnesota .'}]}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1986 ( # 86000447 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '605 N. Broadway 43°30′41″N 92°30′14″W / 43.511254°N 92.503869°W / 43.511254 ; -92.503869 ( LeRoy Public Library )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Le Roy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le_Roy,_Minnesota', 'summary': 'Le Roy /ˈliˌrɔɪ/ is a city in Mower County , Minnesota , United States , surrounded by Le Roy Township . The population was 929 at the 2010 census . Lake Louise State Park is just outside the town .'}]}, {'value': "1915 Neoclassical library , Mower County 's only intact example in the Carnegie library vein , though founded in this case through the grassroots efforts of a local women 's club", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture', 'summary': 'Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France . In its purest form , it is a style principally derived from the architecture of classical antiquity , the Vitruvian principles , and the work of the Italian architect Andrea Palladio . The development of archaeology was crucial in the emergence of Neoclassical architecture . Excavation sites like those in Pompeii and Herculaneum allowed architects to make in depth interpretations of Classical architecture and synthesize their own unique style . In form , neoclassical architecture emphasizes the wall rather than chiaroscuro and maintains separate identities to each of its parts . The style is manifested both in its details as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament , and in its architectural formulae as an outgrowth of some classicising features of the Late Baroque architectural tradition . Therefore , the style defined by symmetry , simple geometry , and social demands instead of ornament . Neoclassical architecture is still designed today , but may be labelled New Classical Architecture for contemporary buildings . In Central and Eastern Europe , the style is usually referred to as Classicism , while the newer revival styles of the 19th century until today are called neoclassical .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carnegie_library', 'summary': 'A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie . A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929 , including some belonging to public and university library systems . 1,689 were built in the United States , 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland , 125 in Canada , and others in Australia , South Africa , New Zealand , Serbia , Belgium , France , the Caribbean , Mauritius , Malaysia , and Fiji . At first , Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection - namely his birthplace in Scotland and the Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania area , his adopted home-town . Yet , beginning in the middle of 1899 , Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside these areas . In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused . By the time the last grant was made in 1919 , there were 3,500 libraries in the United States , nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Paramount Theater', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paramount_Theater_(Austin,_Minnesota)', 'summary': 'The Paramount Theatre is located at 125 4th Avenue NE , Austin in the U.S. state of Minnesota . The theater was built by Wagner Construction as an atmospheric theatre in 1929 to great fanfare , being the by first movie palace in Austin accommodating 914 seats with a small stage and orchestra pit . The theatre was designed by the firm of Ellerbe & Company and built on the foundations of the Park Theatre which was destroyed by a tornado in 1928 . Atmospheric design elements depict a quaint Spanish Villa under the stars . The lobby ceiling was painted with figures of dogs , winged creatures , and Spanish designs and the exterior architecture is Spanish Baroque . The Paramount hosted both movies and live shows in the 1930s and 1940s . In 1929 , movie tickets were 10 cents for children and 50 cents for adults . It served the town as a first-run movie theatre until it closed in 1975 , the genre being quashed by television and mall cinemas . The last movie shown was The Godfather Part II . In 1992 the Austin Area Commission for the Arts was formed to purchase and restore the building to its historic grandeur . Volunteers and donors , with the assistance of the Minnesota Historical Society repaired plaster and masonry and replaced the seats . A stone spire that had been hit by lightning in the 1940s was also repaired .'}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 1986 ( # 86002906 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '125 4th Ave. NE . 43°40′13″N 92°58′25″W / 43.670173°N 92.973561°W / 43.670173 ; -92.973561 ( Paramount Theater )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Austin is a city in , and the county seat of , Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 24,718 at the 2010 census . The town was originally settled along the Cedar River and has two artificial lakes , East Side Lake and Mill Pond . It was named for Austin R. Nichols , the area 's first European settler . Hormel Foods Corporation is Austin 's largest employer , and the town is sometimes called SPAM Town USA . Austin is home to Hormel 's corporate headquarters , a factory that makes most of North America 's SPAM tinned meat , and the Spam Museum . Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute , a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic . In 2015 Austin was named one of the Top 10 Affordable Small Towns Where You 'd Actually Want to Live and one of the Best Small Cities in America ."}]}, {'value': '1929 movie theater , the only atmospheric theater and commercial use of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture in Mower County , and a unique work of Ellerbe & Co', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atmospheric_theatre', 'summary': 'An atmospheric theatre is a type of movie palace design which was popular in the late 1920s . Atmospheric theatres were designed and decorated to evoke the feeling of a particular time and place for patrons , through the use of projectors , architectural elements and ornamentation that evoked a sense of being outdoors . This was intended to make the patron a more active participant in the setting . The most successful promoter of the style was John Eberson . He credited the Hoblitzelle Majestic Theatre ( Houston , 1923 ) as the first . Before the end of the 1920s he designed around 100 atmospheric theatres in the U.S. and a few other countries , personally selecting the furnishings and art objects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Spanish Colonial Revival Style ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ) is an architectural stylistic movement arising in the early 20th century based on the Spanish Colonial architecture of the Spanish colonization of the Americas . The Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , is credited with giving the style national exposure . Embraced principally in California and Florida , the Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ellerbe_&_Co.', 'summary': "Ellerbe Becket was an independent Minneapolis , Minnesota-based architectural , engineering , interior design and construction firm until 2009 , when it was acquired by AECOM . In October 2009 , Ellerbe Becket was acquired by AECOM . AECOM is ranked as one of the world 's largest architectural firms , with offices in Dallas , TX , Kansas City , MO , San Francisco , CA , Washington , DC , Dubai , United Arab Emirates and Doha , Qatar . The firm currently employs 475 people in seven locations and three countries , and has designed buildings in all of the 50 states and in 20 countries . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arthur W. Wright House', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 20 , 1986 ( # 86000441 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '300 4th Ave. NW . 43°40′13″N 92°58′39″W / 43.67019°N 92.977605°W / 43.67019 ; -92.977605 ( Arthur W. Wright House )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austin,_Minnesota', 'summary': "Austin is a city in , and the county seat of , Mower County , Minnesota , United States . The population was 24,718 at the 2010 census . The town was originally settled along the Cedar River and has two artificial lakes , East Side Lake and Mill Pond . It was named for Austin R. Nichols , the area 's first European settler . Hormel Foods Corporation is Austin 's largest employer , and the town is sometimes called SPAM Town USA . Austin is home to Hormel 's corporate headquarters , a factory that makes most of North America 's SPAM tinned meat , and the Spam Museum . Austin is also home to the Hormel Institute , a leading cancer research institution operated by the University of Minnesota with significant support from the Mayo Clinic . In 2015 Austin was named one of the Top 10 Affordable Small Towns Where You 'd Actually Want to Live and one of the Best Small Cities in America ."}]}, {'value': 'House built sometime between 1866 and 1874 ; the earliest and most intact example of Italianate architecture in Mower County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italianate_architecture', 'summary': "The Italianate style of architecture was a distinct 19th-century phase in the history of Classical architecture . In the Italianate style , the models and architectural vocabulary of 16th-century Italian Renaissance architecture , which had served as inspiration for both Palladianism and Neoclassicism , were synthesised with picturesque aesthetics . The style of architecture that was thus created , though also characterised as Neo-Renaissance , was essentially of its own time . The backward look transforms its object , Siegfried Giedion wrote of historicist architectural styles ; every spectator at every period - at every moment , indeed - inevitably transforms the past according to his own nature . The Italianate style was first developed in Britain in about 1802 by John Nash , with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire . This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England , from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras . The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s . Barry 's Italianate style ( occasionally termed Barryesque ) drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance , though sometimes at odds with Nash 's semi-rustic Italianate villas . The style was not confined to England and was employed in varying forms , long after its decline in popularity in Britain , throughout Northern Europe and the British Empire . From the late 1840s to 1890 it achieved huge popularity in the United States , where it was promoted by the architect Alexander Jackson Davis ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current listings', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX', 'uid': 'National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mower_County,_Minnesota_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Mower County, Minnesota. It is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 11 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county.'}
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What company provides the most jobs in the city that is home to the Paramount Theater ?
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Hormel Foods Corporation
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036f0b81258e52a6
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_actors_who_played_the_president_of_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of actors who played the president of the United States', 'header': ['Actress', 'President', 'Film', 'Year'], 'data': [{'value': 'Christina Applegate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Applegate', 'summary': "Christina Applegate ( born November 25 , 1971 ) is an American actress and dancer . As an adolescent actress , she started playing the role of Kelly Bundy on the Fox sitcom Married . with Children ( 1987-1997 ) . In her adult years , Applegate established a film and television career , winning an Emmy Award ( for her guest role in the sitcom Friends ) and earning Tony and Golden Globe nominations . Applegate has had major roles in several films , including Do n't Tell Mom the Babysitter 's Dead ( 1991 ) , The Big Hit ( 1998 ) , The Sweetest Thing ( 2002 ) , Grand Theft Parsons ( 2003 ) , Anchorman : The Legend of Ron Burgundy ( 2004 ) and its sequel Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues ( 2013 ) , Hall Pass ( 2011 ) , Vacation ( 2015 ) , and Bad Moms ( 2016 ) . She has also starred in the 2005 Broadway revival of the musical Sweet Charity , for which she received a nomination for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical . Applegate has played the lead role in the television sitcoms Jesse ( 1998-2000 ) , Samantha Who ? ( 2007-2009 ) and Up All Night ( 2011-12 ) , and in the Netflix dark tragicomedy series Dead to Me ( 2019 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'President Diane Steen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mafia !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mafia!', 'summary': "Mafia ! , also known as Jane Austen 's Mafia ! , is a 1998 comedy film directed by Jim Abrahams and starring Jay Mohr , Lloyd Bridges ( in one of his final films ) , Olympia Dukakis and Christina Applegate . The film spoofs Francis Ford Coppola 's Godfather series and various other mafia films , notably Martin Scorsese 's Casino . It also parodies films in other genres , ranging from Forrest Gump to Il Postino and The English Patient ."}]}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ernestine Barrier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ernestine_Barrier', 'summary': "Ernestine Barrier ( March 19 , 1908 - February 13 , 1989 ) was an American actress of stage , film and television . Her birth name was Ernestine Spratt , but she used the stage name of Ernestine De Becker ( after her mother 's maiden name ) . She is noted for playing a female president in the film Project Moonbase ( 1953 ) . Descended from an acting family , Barrier made her first stage appearance at the age of roughly six months when she was carried onstage by her mother Ernestine ( Nesta ) De Becker ( sister of Marie De Becker ) , also an actress . Barrier acted into her eighties appearing on such television shows as Charlie 's Angels , CHiPs , and The Waltons and the television film A Family Upside Down ( 1978 ) with Helen Hayes and Fred Astaire . Her feature film appearances include Lust for Life ( 1956 ) with Kirk Douglas , and The Bottom of the Bottle ( also 1956 ) with Van Johnson and Joseph Cotten . She is also remembered for her work in the 1930s on Broadway where she appeared under the name Ernestine De Becker in Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull , Jean Giraudoux 's Amphitryon 38 , Robert E. Sherwood 's Idiot 's Delight , Shakespeare 's The Taming of the Shrew , and Late One Evening by Audrey Carten and Waveney Carten . In 1946 , she returned to Broadway ( using her married name of Ernestine Barrier ) appearing with her husband Edgar Barrier in On Whitman Avenue . She was survived by her son , the former actor Michael Barrier , and her granddaughter Maerian Morris ."}]}, {'value': 'Madame President', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Project Moonbase', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Project_Moonbase', 'summary': 'Project Moonbase ( a.k.a . Project Moon Base ) is a 1953 independently made black-and-white science fiction film , produced by Jack Seaman , directed by Richard Talmadge , and starring Ross Ford , Donna Martell , Hayden Rorke . It co-stars Larry Johns , Herb Jacobs , Barbara Morrison , and Ernestine Barrier . The film was distributed by Lippert Pictures and is based on a story by Robert A. Heinlein , who shares the screenwriting credit with producer Jack Seaman . Project Moonbase is unusual for its time in both attempting to portray space travel in a realistic manner and for depicting a future in which women hold positions of authority and responsibility equal to men ; as an example , the President of the United States is a woman . Mystery Science Theater 3000 featured the film in January 1990 as an episode during its first season on The Comedy Channel . It had been originally broadcast in 1986 as a syndicated television episode of the Canned Film Festival .'}]}, {'value': '1953', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polly Bergen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polly_Bergen', 'summary': 'Polly Bergen ( born Nellie Paulina Burgin ; July 14 , 1930 - September 20 , 2014 ) was an American actress , singer , television host , writer and entrepreneur . She won an Emmy Award in 1958 for her performance as Helen Morgan in The Helen Morgan Story . For her stage work , she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her performance as Carlotta Campion in Follies in 2001 . Her film work included Cape Fear ( 1962 ) and The Caretakers ( 1963 ) , for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . She hosted her own weekly variety show for one season ( The Polly Bergen Show ) , was a regular panelist on the TV game show To Tell The Truth and later in life had recurring roles in The Sopranos and Desperate Housewives . She wrote three books on beauty , fashion and charm .'}]}, {'value': 'President Leslie McCloud', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kisses for My President', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kisses_for_My_President', 'summary': "Kisses for My President is a 1964 comedy film directed by Curtis Bernhardt and starring Fred MacMurray and Polly Bergen . Leslie McCloud ( Bergen ) makes history when she is elected the first female President of the United States . However , her husband Thad McCloud ( MacMurray ) is less enthusiastic . The picture 's supporting cast features Eli Wallach , Arlene Dahl , Edward Andrews , and Donald May . Kisses for My President was the last theatrical film directed by Bernhardt , whose career stretched back to the silent era ."}]}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sally Champlin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sally_Champlin', 'summary': "Sally Champlin is an American character actress of film and television and singer/recording artist . Champlin attended Tamalpais High School , in Mill Valley , California . After joining choir , she began professional voice training and performed in several productions before graduating in 1962 . After high school , she attended San Francisco State College . Champlin is known for appearing in such films as Die Watching , An Element of Truth , In the Light of the Moon and Family Secrets . She also had a minor recurring role on the series Heroes as Lynette , featuring most prominently in the episodes Shadowboxing and Once Upon a Time In Texas . Other television shows she has appeared in include Dallas , Murphy Brown ( in 3 episodes as Maureen ) , Frasier and Mike & Molly . She appeared in 10 episodes of The Young and the Restless as Judge Pat Stewart . Champlin also portrayed the President of the United States in Perfect Lover . She also appears in the 2000 film Ed Gein , as the quick-witted , ( dirty-talker ) barmaid , and one of Ed 's unfortunate victims , Mary Hogan ."}]}, {'value': 'The President', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Woman Every Man Wants', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caroline Goodall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caroline_Goodall', 'summary': "Caroline Cruice Goodall ( born 13 November 1959 ) is an English actress and screenwriter . She was nominated for AFI Awards for her roles in the 1989 miniseries Cassidy , and the 1995 film Hotel Sorrento . Her other film appearances include Hook ( 1991 ) , Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Disclosure ( 1994 ) , White Squall ( 1996 ) , The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) and The Best of Me ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'President Ilene Dover', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunter Killer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_Killer_(film)', 'summary': 'Hunter Killer is a 2018 American action thriller film directed by Donovan Marsh , written by Arne Schmidt and Jamie Moss , and based on the 2012 novel Firing Point by Don Keith and George Wallace . The film stars Gerard Butler , Gary Oldman , Michael Nyqvist ( in one of his final film roles ) , Common , Linda Cardellini and Toby Stephens , and follows a submarine crew and a group of Navy SEALS who rescue the captured Russian President from a coup . Hunter Killer was released in the United States on October 26 , 2018 , by Summit Entertainment . A box-office flop , the film received mixed reviews from critics , who saw it as an undemanding , by-the-numbers actioner .'}]}, {'value': '2018', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Penny Johnson Jerald', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penny_Johnson_Jerald', 'summary': "Penny Johnson Jerald ( born March 14 , 1961 ) is an American actress . She played Beverly Barnes on the HBO comedy series The Larry Sanders Show , Kasidy Yates on the syndicated science fiction series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Sherry Palmer on the Fox action/drama series 24 , Captain Victoria Iron Gates on the ABC comedy-drama series Castle , and currently plays Dr. Claire Finn on the Fox network 's series The Orville ."}]}, {'value': 'President Amanda Waller', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amanda_Waller', 'summary': 'Amanda Blake Waller is a fictional main character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character first appeared in Legends # 1 in 1986 , and was created by John Ostrander , Len Wein , and John Byrne . Amanda Waller is an antagonist and occasional ally to the superheroes of the DC Universe . Amanda Waller is an ambivalent character in the DC Universe . She is the director for the deadly missions of the Suicide Squad and a specialist who oversees research into people with powers . Although she lacks superpowers herself , the character is a ruthless , high-ranking government official who uses guile , political connections , and sheer intimidation to achieve her goals , often in the name of national security . Waller is commonly associated with the fictional government agencies Checkmate and A.R.G.U.S . In recent years , the character has been substantially adapted into animated and live action media . Several actresses have voiced or portrayed the character : CCH Pounder for various animated projects ; Pam Grier on the live-action series Smallville ; Angela Bassett in the live-action film Green Lantern ; Sheryl Lee Ralph in the animated series Young Justice ; Cynthia Addai-Robinson in the live-action series Arrow ; Yvette Nicole Brown in the animated series DC Super Hero Girls ; and Viola Davis in the live-action DC Extended Universe film Suicide Squad . Davis will return to portray the role in the sequel .'}]}, {'value': 'Justice League : Gods and Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justice_League:_Gods_and_Monsters', 'summary': 'Justice League : Gods and Monsters is a 2015 direct-to-video animated superhero film , part of the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series . It features an alternate universe version of the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League . It was released as a download on July 21 , 2015 , and released on DVD and Blu-ray on July 28 , 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stephanie Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephanie_Paul', 'summary': 'Stephanie Paul is a New Zealand actress and comedian . She starred as a Sarah Palin-esque United States president in the 2012 film Iron Sky .'}]}, {'value': 'The President', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iron Sky', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iron_Sky', 'summary': "Iron Sky is a 2012 Finnish-German-Australian comic-science-fiction action film directed by Timo Vuorensola and written by Johanna Sinisalo and Michael Kalesniko . It tells the story of a group of Nazi Germans who , having been defeated in 1945 , fled to the Moon , where they built a space fleet to return in 2018 and conquer Earth . Iron Sky comes from the creators of Star Wreck : In the Pirkinning and was produced by Tero Kaukomaa of Blind Spot Pictures and Energia Productions , co-produced by New Holland Pictures and 27 Films , and co-financed by numerous individual supporters ; Samuli Torssonen was responsible for the computer-generated imagery . It was theatrically released throughout Europe in April 2012 . A director 's cut of the film with 20 additional minutes was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 11 March 2014 . A video-game adaptation titled Iron Sky : Invasion was released in October 2012 . A sequel , titled Iron Sky : The Coming Race , was crowdfunded through Indiegogo and released in January 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joan Rivers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joan_Rivers', 'summary': "Joan Alexandra Molinsky ( June 8 , 1933 - September 4 , 2014 ) , known professionally as Joan Rivers , was an American comedian , actress , writer , producer , and television host . She was noted for her often controversial comedic persona - heavily self-deprecating and sharply acerbic , especially towards celebrities and politicians . Rivers rose to prominence in 1965 as a guest on The Tonight Show . Hosted by her mentor , Johnny Carson , the show established Rivers ' comedic style . In 1986 , with her own rival program , The Late Show with Joan Rivers , Rivers became the first woman to host a late night network television talk show . She subsequently hosted The Joan Rivers Show ( 1989-1993 ) , winning a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show Host . From the mid-1990s , she became known for her comedic red carpet awards show celebrity interviews , and in 2009 , she was the Celebrity Apprentice Winner . Rivers co-hosted the E ! celebrity fashion show Fashion Police from 2010 to 2014 and starred in the reality series Joan & Melissa : Joan Knows Best ? ( 2011-2014 ) with daughter Melissa Rivers . She was the subject of the documentary Joan Rivers : A Piece of Work ( 2010 ) . In addition to marketing a line of jewelry and apparel on the QVC shopping channel , Rivers authored 12 best-selling books and three LP comedy albums under her own name : Mr. Phyllis And Other Funny Stories ( Warner Bros 1965 ) , The Next To Last Joan Rivers Album ( Buddah 1969 ) , and What Becomes A Semi-Legend Most ?"}]}, {'value': 'President Rivers', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Les Patterson Saves the World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Les_Patterson_Saves_the_World', 'summary': 'Les Patterson Saves the World is a 1987 Australian comedy film starring Barry Humphries as his stage creations Sir Les Patterson and Dame Edna Everage .'}]}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Loretta Swit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Loretta_Swit', 'summary': 'Loretta Jane Swit ( born November 4 , 1937 ) is an American stage and television actress known for her character roles . Swit is best known for her portrayal of Major Margaret Hot Lips Houlihan on M*A*S*H , for which she won two Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': 'President Barbara Adams', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Whoops Apocalypse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whoops_Apocalypse', 'summary': 'Whoops Apocalypse is a six-part 1982 television sitcom by Andrew Marshall and David Renwick , made by London Weekend Television for ITV . Marshall and Renwick later reworked the concept as a 1986 film of the same name from ITC Entertainment , with almost completely different characters and plot , although one or two of the original actors returned in different roles . The British budget label Channel 5 Video released a compilation cassette of all six episodes edited together into one 137-minute chunk in 1987 . In 2010 Network DVD released both the complete , unedited series and the movie on a 2-DVD set ( Region 2 ) entitled Whoops Apocalypse : The Complete Apocalypse . ( Rights issues were simplified by the fact that both LWT and ITC Entertainment productions were by this time owned by Granada ) . In 1992 Fox Television produced a short-lived sitcom , Woops ! , which may have been loosely inspired by Whoops Apocalypse , though the American series was set after the apocalypse rather than before it .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlize Theron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlize_Theron', 'summary': "Charlize Theron ( /ʃɑːrˈliːz ˈθɛrən/ shar-LEEZ THERR-ən ; Afrikaans : [ ʃarˈlis ˈtrɔn ] ; born 7 August 1975 ) is a South African and American actress and producer . She is the recipient of several accolades , including an Academy Award , a Golden Globe Award , an American Cinematheque Award , and the Silver Bear for Best Actress . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2016 , and she is one of the world 's highest-paid actresses , as of 2019 . Theron came to international prominence in the 1990s by playing the leading lady in the Hollywood films The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) , Mighty Joe Young ( 1998 ) , and The Cider House Rules ( 1999 ) . In 2003 , she received critical acclaim for her portrayal of serial killer Aileen Wuornos in Monster , for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress , becoming the first South African to win an Oscar in an acting category . She received another Academy Award nomination for playing a sexually abused woman seeking justice in the drama North Country ( 2005 ) . Theron has since starred in several top-grossing action films , including Hancock ( 2008 ) , Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) , Prometheus ( 2012 ) , Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , and Atomic Blonde ( 2017 ) . She also received praise for playing troubled women in Jason Reitman 's comedy-dramas Young Adult ( 2011 ) and Tully ( 2018 ) , and for portraying Megyn Kelly in the drama Bombshell ( 2019 ) , receiving a third Academy Award nomination for Best Actress . Since the early 2000s , Theron has ventured into film production with her company Denver and Delilah Productions . She has produced numerous films , in many of which she had a starring role , including The Burning Plain ( 2008 ) , Dark Places ( 2015 ) , and Long Shot ( 2019 ) . Theron became an American citizen in 2007 , while retaining her South African citizenship ."}]}, {'value': 'President Charlotte Field', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Shot', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Shot_(2019_film)', 'summary': "Long Shot is a 2019 American romantic comedy film directed by Jonathan Levine and written by Dan Sterling and Liz Hannah . The plot follows a journalist ( Seth Rogen ) who reunites with his former babysitter ( Charlize Theron ) , now the United States Secretary of State . O'Shea Jackson Jr. , Andy Serkis , June Diane Raphael , Bob Odenkirk , and Alexander Skarsgård also star . The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 9 , 2019 , and was theatrically released in the United States on May 3 , 2019 , by Lionsgate . It received generally positive reviews from critics and praise for the chemistry between Rogen and Theron , but underperformed at the box office ."}]}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sela Ward', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sela_Ward', 'summary': "Sela Ann Ward ( born July 11 , 1956 ) is an American actress , author , and producer , best known for her roles on television beginning in the early 1980s . [ citation needed ] Her breakthrough TV role was as Teddy Reed in the NBC drama series Sisters ( 1991-96 ) , for which she received her first Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1994 . She received her second Primetime Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama for the leading role of Lily Manning in the ABC drama series Once and Again ( 1999-2002 ) . Ward later had the recurring role of Stacy Warner in the Fox medical drama House , also starred as Jo Danville in the CBS police procedural CSI : NY ( 2010-2013 ) and starred as Dana Mosier in the CBS police procedural series FBI ( 2018-2019 ) . She also played supporting roles in films , including The Man Who Loved Women ( 1983 ) , Rustlers ' Rhapsody ( 1985 ) , Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) , Hello Again ( 1987 ) , The Fugitive ( 1993 ) , My Fellow Americans ( 1996 ) , The Day After Tomorrow ( 2004 ) , The Guardian ( 2006 ) , The Stepfather ( 2009 ) , and Gone Girl ( 2014 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'President Elizabeth Lanford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Day : Resurgence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_Day:_Resurgence', 'summary': "Independence Day : Resurgence is a 2016 American epic science fiction disaster film directed by Roland Emmerich and written by Emmerich , Dean Devlin , Nicolas Wright , James A . Woods , and James Vanderbilt . A sequel to the 1996 film Independence Day , it stars an ensemble cast featuring Liam Hemsworth , Jeff Goldblum , Bill Pullman , Maika Monroe , Jessie Usher , Travis Tope , William Fichtner , Charlotte Gainsbourg , Judd Hirsch , Brent Spiner , Angelababy and Sela Ward . The film takes place twenty years after the events of the first film , during which the United Nations has collaborated to form Earth Space Defense , an international military defense and research organization . Through reverse engineering , the world has fused the power of alien technology with humanity 's and laid the groundwork to resist a second invasion . Plans for a sequel to Independence Day began as early as 2001 , with 20th Century Fox eventually green-lighting the project in 2014 . Principal photography began in April 2015 at locations primarily in New Mexico but also in the Bonneville Salt Flats of Utah , which were featured in the original . Independence Day : Resurgence was released in the United States on June 24 , 2016 , twenty years after the release of Independence Day , in 2D , 3D , and IMAX 3D , grossing $ 389.7 million worldwide at the box office . It received negative reactions from critics and audiences and was considered a box office disappointment ."}]}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Actresses who played fictional presidents -- Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_actors_who_played_President_of_the_United_States_10', 'intro': 'This is a partial list of actors and actresses who have played the role of a real or fictitious President of the United States in films or television.'}
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Who co-wrote with Jamie Moss the movie in which Caroline Goodall played President Ilene Dover in 2018 ?
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Arne Schmidt
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036fa00aa705707c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_owners_of_English_football_clubs', 'title': 'List of owners of English football clubs', 'header': ['Club', 'Owner ( s )', 'Estimated combined net worth', 'Source of wealth'], 'data': [{'value': 'Barnsley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnsley_F.C.', 'summary': "Barnsley Football Club is a professional association football club based in the town of Barnsley , South Yorkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Nicknamed the Tykes , they were founded in 1887 by Reverend Tiverton Preedy under the name Barnsley St. Peter 's . The club 's colours were originally blue , but were converted to red and white in 1904 and Barnsley have played in those colours ever since . Their home ground since 1888 has been Oakwell . Barnsley won the FA Cup in 1911-12 and were also runners-up in 1909-10 . The club won two trophies at Wembley Stadium in 2016 - the Football League Trophy , beating Oxford United 3-2 in the final , and the 2016 Football League play-offs , beating Millwall 3-1 in the final . Barnsley became only the second club to secure both the Football League Trophy and Football League promotion via playoff finals in the same season , after Grimsby Town F.C . On 19 December 2017 , it was announced that Patrick Cryne and family had agreed to sell a majority stake in Barnsley Football Club to a consortium involving Chien Lee of NewCity Capital , Grace Hung and Paul Conway of Pacific Media Group , Indian businessman Neerav Parekh and baseball legend Billy Beane . The new consortium holds 80% of the shares and the Cryne family holds 20% of the shares of Barnsley Football club . Barnsley fans often consider their biggest rivals to be Sheffield Wednesday , Sheffield United and Leeds United , although other significant rivalries exist with Huddersfield Town , Rotherham United , Doncaster Rovers , Bradford City and Chesterfield ."}]}, {'value': 'Chien Lee Paul Conway Grace Hung Neerav Parekh Billy Beane The Cryne Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chien_Lee', 'summary': 'Lee is the founder , Chairman and CEO of NewCity Capital , founded in February 2013 , NewCity Capital is a private investment company that focuses on sport , real estate , hospitality and customer retail businesses . He founded Lee Holdings Company Inc. a US-based investment company in August 1989 where he acts as Chairman and President . Lee co-founded The Officebox in April 2004 , a Chinese office products retail chain . He is a founding member , Chairman of board and CEO of CS China Acquisition Corp .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Beane', 'summary': "William Lamar Beane III ( born March 29 , 1962 ) is a former American professional baseball player and current front office executive . He is the executive vice president of baseball operations and minority owner of the Oakland Athletics of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ; he is also minority owner of Barnsley FC of EFL Championship . From 1984 to 1989 he played in MLB as an outfielder for the New York Mets , Minnesota Twins , Detroit Tigers , and Oakland Athletics . He joined the Athletics ' front office as a scout in 1990 , was named general manager after the 1997 season , and was promoted to executive vice president after the 2015 season . A first-round pick in the MLB draft by the Mets , Beane failed to meet the expectations of scouts , who projected him as a star . In his front-office career , Beane has applied statistical analysis ( known as sabermetrics ) to baseball , which has led teams to reconsider how they evaluate players . He is the subject of Michael Lewis 's 2003 book on baseball economics , Moneyball , which was made into a 2011 film starring Brad Pitt as Beane ."}]}, {'value': '$ 9.1B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'NewCity capital Pacific Media Group Pidilite Industries', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Birmingham City Football Club is a professional football club in Birmingham , England . Formed in 1875 as Small Heath Alliance , it was renamed Small Heath in 1888 , Birmingham in 1905 , and Birmingham City in 1943 . Since 2011 , the first team have competed in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . As Small Heath , they played in the Football Alliance before becoming founder members and first champions of the Football League Second Division . The most successful period in their history was in the 1950s and early 1960s . They achieved their highest finishing position of sixth in the First Division in the 1955-56 season and reached the 1956 FA Cup Final . Birmingham played in two Inter-Cities Fairs Cup finals , in 1960 , as the first English club side to reach a major European final , and again the following year . They won the League Cup in 1963 and again in 2011 . Birmingham have played in the top tier of English football for around half of their history : the longest period spent outside the top division , between 1986 and 2002 , included two brief spells in the third tier of English football , during which time they won the Football League Trophy twice . St Andrew 's has been their home ground since 1906 . They have a long-standing and fierce rivalry with Aston Villa , their nearest neighbours , with whom they play the Second City derby . The club 's nickname is Blues , after the colour of their kit , and the fans are known as Bluenoses ."}]}, {'value': 'Paul Suen ( 60.78% ) Wang Lei ( 5.28% ) Carson Yeung ( 6.51% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carson_Yeung', 'summary': "Carson Yeung Ka Sing ( Chinese : 楊家誠 ; pinyin : Yáng Jiāchéng ; Wade-Giles : Yang Chia-ch'eng ; born 27 February 1960 ) is a Hong Kong businessman who , until February 2014 , was the president of English football club Birmingham City F.C. , and chairman and an executive director of Birmingham International Holdings ( previously Grandtop International Holdings ) , an investment , entertainment and sportswear firm registered in the Cayman Islands , which owns that club . He is also a director of Universal Energy Resources Holdings and Universal Management Consultancy Ltd . In March 2014 , Yeung was convicted on five counts of money laundering and sentenced to six years ' imprisonment . He is currently serving his sentence after the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal rejected his final appeal ."}]}, {'value': '$ 570M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Birmingham Sports Holdings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Birmingham_Sports_Holdings', 'summary': 'Birmingham Sports Holdings ( Chinese : 伯明翰體育控股有限公司 ) is an investment holding company owned by Chinese businessman Paul Suen through his investment company Trillion Trophy Asia .'}]}, {'value': 'Blackburn Rovers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C.', 'summary': "Blackburn Rovers Football Club is a professional football club in Blackburn , Lancashire , England , which competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . The club was established in 1875 , becoming a founding member of The Football League in 1888 and the Premier League in 1992 . In 1890 , Rovers moved to Ewood Park . Blackburn Rovers have been English champions three times , and have won six FA Cups , one Football League Cup and one Full Members ' Cup . The club has spent most of its existence in the top flight of English football . In 1992 , Rovers gained promotion to the new Premier League a year after being taken over by local entrepreneur Jack Walker , who installed Kenny Dalglish as manager . In 1995 , Rovers became Premier League champions . In the 1998-99 season , the club was relegated . It was promoted back to the Premier League two years later , in the 2000-01 season . It has qualified for the UEFA Cup six times : once as League Cup winners , four times through league position and once via the Intertoto Cup . The club 's motto is Arte et Labore , By Skill and Hard Work in Latin ."}]}, {'value': 'V H Group ( 99.9% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_H_Group', 'summary': 'The V H Group is a $ 1 billion dollar Indian conglomerate primarily comprising companies related to the poultry industry , including processed food , animal vaccines , human and animal pharmaceutical and healthcare products . It was founded as Venkateshwara Hatcheries Pvt Ltd in 1971 in Pune , India . It has also built Balaji temple at Pune which is a replica of famous Balaji temple of Tirupati . It is also the owner of English football club Blackburn Rovers , overseeing two relegations and one promotion with the club . The company invested £130m for a vaccine plant in Switzerland and 150cr for a feedmill in Vietnam in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Venkateshwara Hatcheries Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/V_H_Group', 'summary': 'The V H Group is a $ 1 billion dollar Indian conglomerate primarily comprising companies related to the poultry industry , including processed food , animal vaccines , human and animal pharmaceutical and healthcare products . It was founded as Venkateshwara Hatcheries Pvt Ltd in 1971 in Pune , India . It has also built Balaji temple at Pune which is a replica of famous Balaji temple of Tirupati . It is also the owner of English football club Blackburn Rovers , overseeing two relegations and one promotion with the club . The company invested £130m for a vaccine plant in Switzerland and 150cr for a feedmill in Vietnam in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': 'Brentford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brentford_F.C.', 'summary': "Brentford Football Club is a professional association football club based in Brentford , Greater London , England . The club competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was founded on 10 October 1889 and has played its home matches at Griffin Park since 1904 , after a nomadic existence playing at five previous grounds . Brentford 's most successful period came during the 1930s , when it achieved three consecutive top-six finishes in the top flight . The club has been Football League Trophy finalists on three occasions . Its main rivals are fellow West London clubs Fulham and Queens Park Rangers ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Benham ( 96% )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bristol City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bristol_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Bristol City Football Club is a professional football club based in Bristol , England . They currently play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded in 1894 , they have played their home games at Ashton Gate since 1904 . The club 's highest-ever league finish was second in the top flight in 1906-07 . They were FA Cup runners-up in 1909 , and won the Welsh Cup in 1934 despite being an English team . The club have also won the second tier title once , the third tier title four times , the Anglo-Scottish Cup once , and the Football League Trophy a record three times . The club 's home colours are red and white , and their nickname is The Robins - a robin featured on the club 's badge from 1976 to 1994 and from 2019 onwards . Their main rivals are Bristol Rovers , with whom they contest the Bristol derby , and Cardiff City , with whom they contest the Severnside derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Stephen Lansdown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Lansdown', 'summary': 'Stephen Philip Lansdown CBE ( born 30 August 1952 ) is an English-born Guernsey billionaire . He co-founded the British financial services firm Hargreaves Lansdown with Peter Hargreaves . He is a founder of Bristol Sport and majority shareholder of Bristol Bears , Bristol Flyers , and Bristol City Football Club . According to The Sunday Times Rich List in 2019 , Lansdown is worth £1.72 billion .'}]}, {'value': '$ 2.5B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hargreaves Lansdown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hargreaves_Lansdown', 'summary': 'Hargreaves Lansdown plc is a financial service company based in Bristol that sells funds and shares and related products to retail investors in the United Kingdom . The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index .'}]}, {'value': 'Cardiff City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiff_City_F.C.', 'summary': "Cardiff City Football Club ( Welsh : Clwb Pêl-droed Dinas Caerdydd ) is a professional association football club based in Cardiff , Wales . It competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1899 as Riverside A.F.C. , the club changed its name to Cardiff City in 1908 and entered the Southern Football League in 1910 before joining the English Football League in 1920 . The team have spent 17 seasons in the top tier of English football since , the longest period being between 1921 and 1929 . Their most recent season in the top flight was the 2018-19 Premier League season . Cardiff is the only team from outside England to have won the FA Cup , doing so in 1927 . They have also reached three other cup finals in English competitions , the 1925 FA Cup Final against Sheffield United , the 2008 FA Cup Final against Portsmouth and the 2012 Football League Cup Final against Liverpool , suffering defeat on each occasion . They have won the Welsh Cup on 22 occasions , making them the second most successful team in the competition 's history behind Wrexham . With the exception of a short period this century , the team have played in home colours of blue and white since 1908 , which gives them the nickname The Bluebirds . Cardiff 's first permanent ground was Ninian Park opened in 1910 ; it remained in use for 99 years until the club moved into the Cardiff City Stadium in 2009 . Cardiff have long-standing rivalries with nearby clubs Swansea City , known as the South Wales derby and Bristol City , known as the Severnside derby . The club 's record appearance holder is Billy Hardy , who made 590 appearances in a 20-year playing spell with Cardiff , and their record goalscorer is Len Davies with 179 goals ."}]}, {'value': 'Vincent Tan ( 51% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vincent_Tan', 'summary': "Vincent Tan Chee Yioun ( Chinese : 陳志遠 ; pinyin : Chén Zhìyuǎn ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Chì-uán ; born 1952 ) is a Malaysian Chinese businessman and investor . He is the founder of Berjaya Corporation Berhad , a diversified conglomerate listed on the Malaysian stock exchange . Besides holding stakes through the Berjaya Corporation group of companies , Tan 's other stakes include interest in internet-related businesses , water utilities , media , retail and telecommunications . In 2010 , he entered the Forbes billionaire list with an estimated worth of US $ 1.3 billion ( RM4.2 billion ) . Tan 's success in the Malaysian business sector has been attributed in part to his close association with prominent Malay political figures ."}]}, {'value': '$ 770M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berjaya Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berjaya_Group', 'summary': 'Berjaya Corporation Berhad ( MYX : 3395 ; formerly known as the Berjaya Group Berhad , Inter-Pacific Industrial Group Berhad and Raleigh Berhad ) is a Malaysia-based corporation which controls a wide array of businesses , including consumer marketing , property development and investment , as well as hotels , resorts and recreation development . It also specialises in gaming and lottery management , food and beverage , motor trading and distribution , investment on environmental services and clean technology , finally telecommunication and information technology-related services and products .'}]}, {'value': 'Charlton Athletic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlton_Athletic_F.C.', 'summary': "Charlton Athletic Football Club is an English professional association football club based in Charlton , south-east London . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . The club was founded on 9 June 1905 when a number of youth clubs in south-east London , including East Street Mission and Blundell Mission , combined to form Charlton Athletic . Their home ground is the Valley , where the club have played since 1919 , apart from one year in Catford , during 1923-24 , and seven years at Crystal Palace and West Ham United between 1985 and 1992 , due to financial issues , and then safety concerns raised by the local council . The club 's fans formed the Valley Party , nominating candidates to stand in local elections , in a bid to return the club to The Valley . Charlton turned professional in 1920 and first entered the Football League in 1921 . Since then the club has had four separate periods in the top flight of English football : 1936-1957 , 1986-1990 , 1998-1999 , and 2000-2007 . Historically , Charlton 's most successful period was the 1930s , when the club 's highest league finishes were recorded , including runners-up of the First Division in 1937 . After World War II , Charlton reached two consecutive FA Cup finals , losing in 1946 , and winning in 1947 . The club 's traditional kit consists of red shirts , white shorts and red socks , and their most commonly used nickname is The Addicks . Charlton share local rivalries with fellow South East London clubs Crystal Palace and Millwall ."}]}, {'value': 'East Street Investments', 'urls': []}, {'value': '£880m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Staprix NV', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Derby County', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derby_County_F.C.', 'summary': "Derby County Football Club ( /ˈdɑːrbi/ ) is a professional association football club based in Derby , Derbyshire , England . The club competes in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football , and has played its home matches at Pride Park Stadium since 1997. Notable for being one of the 12 founder members of the Football League in 1888 , Derby County is one of only 10 clubs to have competed in every season of the English football league system and , in 2009 , was ranked 137th in the top 200 European football teams of the 20th century by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics . The club was founded in 1884 by William Morley , as an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club ; it has spent all but four seasons in the top two divisions of English football . Its competitive peak came in the 1970s when it twice won the First Division and competed in major European competitions on four separate occasions , reaching the European Cup semi-finals as well as winning several minor trophies . Additionally , the club was a strong force in the interwar years , winning the 1945-46 FA Cup . The club 's home colours have been black and white since the 1890s . The team gets its nickname , The Rams , to show tribute to its links with the First Regiment of Derby Militia , which took a ram as its mascot . Additionally , the club also adopted the song The Derby Ram as its regimental song ."}]}, {'value': 'Mel Morris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mel_Morris_(businessman)', 'summary': "Melvyn Morris CBE is an English businessman , who currently owns Championship football club , Derby County F.C and is listed as one of the richest people in the UK . He gained a large part of his fortune through his backing of King , the firm behind the mobile game Candy Crush Saga . He was born and raised in the Littleover area of Derby . Out of school , he first worked as a tile and flooring manager at a company he helped to establish in Spain , before venturing into entrepreneurship . After leaving the flooring firm , he returned to the UK to develop a dating website called uDate , which he went on to sell for £100 million . He used the money secured from the sale to invest in Prevx , an internet security firm , which was later sold to Webroot . He then helped to set up King , which he chaired from 2003 onwards until stepping down in 2014 . When King was sold to Activision Blizzard , Morris collected £450 million . On the Sunday Times Rich List , Morris sits tied for 228th place . He bought out Derby County 's previous owner , the United States holding company American Partners , in September 2015 . He first bought into the club in May 2014 for a 22% stake , shortly after the club 's 2014 Football League Championship play-off Final defeat to the Queens Park Rangers . He has been involved in a league-wide push to increase TV revenue for non-Premier League clubs ."}]}, {'value': '$ 500m', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_(company)', 'summary': "King.com Limited , trading as King and also known as King Digital Entertainment , is a video game developer based in St. Julian 's , Malta , that specialises in the creation of social games . King gained fame after releasing the cross-platform title Candy Crush Saga in 2012 , considered one of the most financially successful games utilising the freemium model . King was acquired by Activision Blizzard in February 2016 for US $ 5.9 billion , and operates as its own entity within that company . King is led by Riccardo Zacconi , who has served in the role of chief executive officer since co-founding the company in 2003 . Gerhard Florin took over Melvyn Morris 's role as chairman in November 2014 . As of 2017 , King employs 2,000 people ."}]}, {'value': 'Fulham ( more information )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulham_F.C.', 'summary': "Fulham Football Club is a professional association football club based in Fulham , London , England . They compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded in 1879 , they are the oldest football club from London to play in the Football League . The club has spent 26 seasons in English football 's top division , the majority of these in two spells during the 1960s and 2000s . The latter spell was associated with former chairman Mohamed Al-Fayed , after the club had climbed up from the fourth tier in the 1990s . Fulham have reached two major finals : in 1975 , as a Second Division team , they contested the FA Cup Final for the only time in their history , losing 2-0 to West Ham United , and in 2010 they reached the final of the UEFA Europa League , which they contested with Atlético Madrid in Hamburg , losing 2-1 after extra time . Fulham 's main rivalries are with fellow West London clubs Chelsea , Queens Park Rangers and Brentford ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Fulham_F.C.', 'summary': "Fulham Football Club is a professional association football club based in Fulham , London , England . They compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded in 1879 , they are the oldest football club from London to play in the Football League . The club has spent 26 seasons in English football 's top division , the majority of these in two spells during the 1960s and 2000s . The latter spell was associated with former chairman Mohamed Al-Fayed , after the club had climbed up from the fourth tier in the 1990s . Fulham have reached two major finals : in 1975 , as a Second Division team , they contested the FA Cup Final for the only time in their history , losing 2-0 to West Ham United , and in 2010 they reached the final of the UEFA Europa League , which they contested with Atlético Madrid in Hamburg , losing 2-1 after extra time . Fulham 's main rivalries are with fellow West London clubs Chelsea , Queens Park Rangers and Brentford ."}]}, {'value': 'Shahid Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shahid_Khan', 'summary': "Shahid Shad Khan ( Urdu : شاہد خان ; born July 18 , 1950 ) , is a Pakistani American billionaire businessman . Khan is the CEO and owner of Flex-N-Gate , an American automobile OEM manufacturer . Khan is the owner of the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League ( NFL ) , Fulham F.C . of the English Football League Championship , and professional wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling ( AEW ) where he is lead investor . Khan was featured on the front cover of Forbes magazine in 2012 , associating him as the face of the American Dream . As of October 2019 , Khan 's net worth is $ 7.9 billion . He is ranked 61st in the Forbes 400 list of richest Americans , and is overall the 224th wealthiest person in the world . He is also the richest person of Pakistani origin ."}]}, {'value': '$ 7.3B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flex-N-Gate Corp ( automobile parts manufacturer ) Jacksonville Jaguars All Elite Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jacksonville_Jaguars', 'summary': "The Jacksonville Jaguars are a professional football franchise based in Jacksonville , Florida . The Jaguars compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) South division . The team plays its home games at TIAA Bank Field . The Jaguars and the Carolina Panthers joined the NFL as expansion teams for the 1995 season . Since their inception , the Jaguars have won division championships in 1998 and 1999 ( as members of the now-defunct AFC Central ) and 2017 ( as members of the AFC South ) and have qualified for the playoffs seven times , most recently in 2017 after a ten-season playoff drought . From their inception until 2011 , the Jacksonville Jaguars ' majority owner was Wayne Weaver . The team was then purchased by Pakistani-born businessman Shahid Khan for an estimated $ 770 million . In 2015 , Forbes estimated the team value at $ 1.48 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/All_Elite_Wrestling', 'summary': "All Elite Wrestling , LLC ( AEW ) is an American professional wrestling promotion founded in 2019 . Its inception was announced by entrepreneurs Shahid Khan and his son Tony , with the former acting as the promotion 's lead investor , and the latter being the founder , president and CEO of the company . Professional wrestlers Cody Rhodes as well as Matt and Nick Jackson , collectively known as The Elite , are the promotion 's inaugural contracted talents . The three are serving as both in-ring performers and executive vice presidents alongside Kenny Omega , fellow professional wrestler and co-founder of The Elite . Since October 2 , 2019 , AEW has produced a two-hour weekly TV show , AEW Dynamite , airing live on TNT in the United States . CBS Sports described AEW as the first company with major financial backing to take a swing at beginning to compete with WWE on a major level in nearly two decades ."}]}, {'value': 'Huddersfield Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_F.C.', 'summary': 'Huddersfield Town Association Football Club is a professional football club in Huddersfield , West Yorkshire , England , which competes in the Championship . Huddersfield became the first English club to win three successive English League titles in 1926 , a feat which only three other clubs have matched . The first two league titles were won under legendary manager and pioneer Herbert Chapman , who also led the club to an FA Cup win in 1922 . In the late 1950s the club was managed by Bill Shankly and featured Denis Law and Ray Wilson . Following relegation from the First Division in 1972 , Huddersfield spent 45 years in the second , third and fourth tiers of English football , before returning to the top flight in 2017 . They were relegated back to the Championship at the end of the 2018-19 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Dean Hoyle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dean_Hoyle', 'summary': 'Dean Hoyle ( born 16 April 1967 ) is the founder and former owner of Card Factory and the ex-chairman and owner of Championship side Huddersfield Town . In 2015 , Hoyle became chairman and majority shareholder of British discount retailer , The Works .'}]}, {'value': '$ 475M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Card Factory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Card_Factory', 'summary': 'Card Factory is a chain of greeting card and gift stores in United Kingdom founded by Dean Hoyle and his wife Janet ; the first store opened in 1997 . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange .'}]}, {'value': 'Hull City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C.', 'summary': 'Hull City Association Football Club is a professional football club in Hull , East Riding of Yorkshire , England . Founded in 1904 , the club plays in the Championship , the second tier of English football . In 2007-08 , they achieved promotion to the top flight of English football for the first time in their history by winning the Championship play-off Final at Wembley Stadium . Their highest league finish was in 2013-14 , when they finished 16th in the table , a season in which they also reached the final of the FA Cup . Hull City play home games at the KCOM Stadium , having moved there in 2002 after 56 seasons at Boothferry Park . Hull traditionally play in black and amber , often with a striped shirt design , hence their nickname , The Tigers .'}]}, {'value': 'The Allam Family', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assem_Allam', 'summary': 'Assem Allam ( Egyptian Arabic : عاصم علام ; born 1 August 1939 ) is an Egyptian-British businessman , based since 1968 in the East Riding of Yorkshire . He is the owner of Allam Marine , an industrial generator manufacturer , and owner of EFL Championship club Hull City .'}]}, {'value': '$ 325M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Allam Marine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leeds United', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C.', 'summary': "Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . The club was formed in 1919 following the disbanding of Leeds City F.C . by the Football League and took over their Elland Road stadium . They play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Leeds United have won three English league titles , one FA Cup , one League Cup , two Charity/Community Shields and two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups . The club reached the 1975 European Cup Final , losing to Bayern Munich . Leeds also reached the semi-finals of the tournament 's successor , the Champions League in 2001 . The club were runners-up in the European Cup Winners Cup final in 1973 . The majority of the honours were won under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s . Leeds play in all-white kits at home matches . The club 's badge features the White Rose of York together with the monogram LUFC . The club 's anthem is Marching on Together ."}]}, {'value': 'Andrea Radrizzani ( 90% ) York Family ( 10% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Radrizzani', 'summary': 'Andrea Radrizzani ( born 10 September 1974 ) is an Italian businessman and the majority owner of EFL Championship side Leeds United . He is also the chairman and founder of Eleven Sports .'}]}, {'value': '$ 450M', 'urls': []}, {'value': '49ers Enterprises Leeds SPV LP ,', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luton Town', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luton_Town_F.C.', 'summary': "Luton Town Football Club ( /ˈluːtən/ ) is a professional association football club based in the town of Luton , Bedfordshire , England , that competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1885 , it is nicknamed 'the Hatters ' and affiliated to the Bedfordshire County Football Association . The team plays its home matches at Kenilworth Road , where it has been based since 1905 . The club 's history includes major trophy wins , several financial crises , numerous promotions and relegations , and some spells of sustained success . It was perhaps most prominent between 1982 and 1992 , when it was a member of English football 's top division , at that time the First Division ; the team won its only major honour , the Football League Cup , in 1988 . The club was the first in southern England to turn professional , making payments to players as early as 1890 and turning fully professional a year later . It joined the Football League before the 1897-98 season , left in 1900 because of financial problems , and rejoined in 1920 . Luton reached the First Division in 1955-56 and contested a major final for the first time when playing Nottingham Forest in the 1959 FA Cup Final . The team was then relegated from the top division in 1959-60 , and demoted twice more in the following five years , playing in the Fourth Division from the 1965-66 season . However , it was promoted back to the top level by 1974-75 . Luton Town 's most recent successful period began in 1981-82 , when the club won the Second Division , and thereby gained promotion to the First . Luton defeated Arsenal 3-2 in the 1988 Football League Cup Final and remained in the First Division until relegation at the end of the 1991-92 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Luton Town Football Club 2020 LTD', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Middlesbrough', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C.', 'summary': "Middlesbrough Football Club ( /ˈmɪdəlzbrə/ ( listen ) MID-əlz-brə ) is a professional association football club based in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire , England . They are currently competing in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Formed in 1876 , they have played at the Riverside Stadium since 1995 , their third ground since turning professional in 1889 . The club played at the Linthorpe Road ground from 1882 to 1903 and at Ayresome Park for 92 years , from 1903 to 1995 . Middlesbrough were one of the founding members of the Premier League in 1992 and became one of the first clubs to be relegated from it following the 1992-93 season . The club came close to folding in 1986 after experiencing severe financial difficulties before it was saved by a consortium led by then board member and later chairman Steve Gibson . The club 's main rivals are Sunderland , Newcastle United and Leeds United . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 2004 , their first and to date only major trophy , and they also reached the 2006 UEFA Cup Final , losing to Spanish club Sevilla . Their highest league finish to date was third place in the top flight in the 1913-14 season and the club have only spent two seasons outside the top two divisions of English football . The League Cup win and the UEFA Cup run was part of an 11-year consecutive stay in the Premier League , before a relegation in 2009 . Although the club returned in 2016 , instant relegation followed . The club 's traditional kit is red with white detailing ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Gibson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Gibson_(businessman)', 'summary': 'Stephen Gibson OBE ( born 9 January 1958 ) is a British entrepreneur , politician and the chairman/owner of Middlesbrough Football Club . In 2012 , he was 451st on the Sunday Times Rich List , with an estimated worth of £165 million .'}]}, {'value': '$ 263M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bulkhaul Limited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulkhaul_Limited', 'summary': "Bulkhaul Limited is a British company specialising in global tank transportation of bulk liquids , powders . It was established in 1981 by Steve Gibson in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire . Bulkhaul Limited is run under the holding company Gibson O'Neill owned by Gibson and Michael O'Neill . Bulkhaul ceased manufacturing at its Teesside base in 2002 , although its main base of operations will remain in Middlesbrough ."}]}, {'value': 'Millwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Millwall_F.C', 'summary': "Millwall Football Club ( /ˈmɪlwɔːl/ ) is a professional football club in Bermondsey , South East London , England . They compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of English football . Founded as Millwall Rovers in 1885 , the club has retained its name despite having last played in the Millwall area of the Isle of Dogs in 1910 . From then until 1993 , the club played at what is now called The Old Den in New Cross , before moving to its current home stadium nearby , called The Den . The traditional club crest is a lion rampant , referred to in the team 's nickname 'The Lions ' . Millwall 's traditional kit consists of blue shirts , white shorts , and blue socks . In Millwall 's 92 seasons in the Football League from 1920-21 to 2018-19 , the club have been promoted eleven times ( five times as champions ) and relegated nine times . They have spent the majority of their existence yo-yoing between the second and third tiers of English football . The club did have a brief spell in the top flight between 1988 and 1990 , in which they achieved their highest ever league finish of tenth place in the First Division in 1988-89 . Millwall reached the 2004 FA Cup final and qualified for Europe for the first time in their history , playing in the UEFA Cup . The club have also won two League One play-off finals in 2010 and 2017 , the Football League Group Cup in 1983 , and were Football League Trophy finalists in 1999 . In the media , Millwall 's supporters have often been associated with hooliganism , with numerous films having been made fictionalising their notoriety ."}]}, {'value': 'John Berylson Richard Smith', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Berylson', 'summary': "John G. Berylson is a Boston-based businessman and founder of Chestnut Hill Ventures LLC . He is also the chairman of London football team Millwall . Berylson attended Harvard Business School earning an M.B.A , Brown University earning an A.B . degree and New York University , where he picked up an M.S . He is the director of Youngworld Stores Group , Inc and Non Executive Chairman , Member of Audit Committee and Member of Remuneration Committee of Millwall Holdings PLC . Berylson has pumped an estimated £16m into the club . [ citation needed ] He is also the director of Manifold Capital Corp. Berylson has been reported as being a Republican , having donated to John McCain in the 2008 Presidential Election , however Berylson has denied this and said that he is a registered Democrat - For the record , I am not a Republican Party supporter - I 'm a registered Democrat . He is a formerly active US Marine , and a passionate fan of the Boston Red Sox . He holds numerous Trustee positions ; at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center , The Newton-Wellesley Hospital , Brown University Sports Foundation , and he holds the position of Director at the Brown University Library System . Berylson is an active philanthropist and he and his wife Amy move their philanthropy through the Amy Smith and John G. Berylson Foundation . They primarily support education , as well as supporting philanthropy in Boston through the Richard and Susan Smith Family Foundation ."}]}, {'value': '$ 175M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chestnut Hill Ventures', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nottingham Forest', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C.', 'summary': "Nottingham Forest Football Club , often referred to as Forest , is a professional football club based in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England . Since 1898 Forest have played their home matches at the City Ground . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Forest have won 1 League title , 2 FA Cups , 4 League Cups , 1 FA Charity Shield , 2 European Cups , and 1 UEFA Super Cup . The club has competed in the top two tiers of English football since their admission to the Football League , except for five seasons spent in the third tier . Their most successful period was under the management of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In Clough 's last decade at the club , Forest won the 1989 and 1990 League Cups and were losing finalists in the 1991 FA Cup Final , before relegation from the Premier League in 1993 . Upon an immediate return Forest finished third in the Premier League in 1995 , before the club suffered relegation again in 1997 and , after a brief return , once more in 1999 . Forest have not been back in the Premier League since . Forest contest the Nottingham derby with city rivals Notts County , however as Forest have predominantly played in higher leagues than their neighbours fixtures between the two clubs have been rare in recent history . As such their main rivalry is with Derby County , and matches between the two clubs are known as the East Midlands derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Evangelos Marinakis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelos_Marinakis', 'summary': 'Evangelos Marinakis ( Greek : Ευάγγελος ( Βαγγέλης ) Μαρινάκης , born 30 July 1967 ) is a Greek shipowner and member of the Piraeus city council . He is the owner of the football clubs Olympiacos in Greece and Nottingham Forest in England .'}]}, {'value': '$ 650M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Capital Maritime & Trading Corp', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preston North End', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preston_North_End_F.C.', 'summary': "Preston North End Football Club ( often shortened to The North End or PNE ) is a professional football club in Preston , Lancashire , whose team currently plays in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Originally a cricket club , Preston have been based at Deepdale since 1875 . The club first took up football in 1878 as a winter fitness activity and decided to focus on it in May 1880 , when the football club was officially founded . Deepdale is now football 's oldest ground in terms of continuous use by a major league club . Preston North End was a founder member of the Football League in 1888 . In the 1888-89 season , the team won both the inaugural league championship and the FA Cup , the latter without conceding a goal . They were the first team to achieve the Double in English football and , as they were unbeaten in all matches , are remembered as The Invincibles . Preston won the league championship again in 1889-90 but their only major success since then has been their 1938 FA Cup Final victory over Huddersfield Town . The club 's most famous players have been Tom Finney and Bill Shankly , who are both commemorated at Deepdale by stands named after them . Other notable players include Tommy Docherty , Alan Kelly Sr. and Graham Alexander . Until 1961 , Preston were usually members of the First Division but , having been relegated after the 1960-61 season , they have not yet returned to the top flight . They were first relegated to the Third Division after the 1969-70 season and have spent 28 of the 49 seasons since 1970 in the bottom two divisions , including a span of 19 seasons from 1981-1982 to 1999-2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Trevor Hemmings CVO ( 51.4% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Hemmings', 'summary': 'Trevor James Hemmings CVO ( born 11 June 1935 ) is a British billionaire businessman .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Commander_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order', 'summary': "The Royal Victorian Order ( French : Ordre royal de Victoria ) [ n 1 ] is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria . It recognises distinguished personal service to the monarch of the Commonwealth realms , members of the monarch 's family , or to any viceroy or senior representative of the monarch . The present monarch , Queen Elizabeth II , is the sovereign of the order , the order 's motto is Victoria , and its official day is 20 June . [ n 2 ] The order 's chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London . There is no limit on the number of individuals honoured at any grade , and admission remains at the sole discretion of the monarch , with each of the order 's five grades and one medal with three levels representing different levels of service . While all those honoured may use the prescribed styles of the order - the top two grades grant titles of knighthood , and all grades accord distinct post-nominal letters - the Royal Victorian Order 's precedence amongst other honours differs from realm to realm and admission to some grades may be barred to citizens of those realms by government policy ."}]}, {'value': '$ 720M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blackpool Tower , horse racing , investment , Northern Trust , Sportech', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackpool_Tower', 'summary': 'Blackpool Tower is a tourist attraction in Blackpool , Lancashire , England , which was opened to the public on 14 May 1894 . When completed Blackpool Tower was the tallest man made structure in the British Empire . Inspired by the Eiffel Tower in Paris , it is 518 feet ( 158 metres ) tall and is the 120th-tallest freestanding tower in the world . Blackpool Tower is also the common name for the Tower Buildings , an entertainment complex in a red-brick three-storey block that comprises the tower , Tower Circus , the Tower Ballroom , and roof gardens , which was designated a Grade I listed building in 1973 . The tower celebrated its 125th anniversary in May 2019 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horse_racing', 'summary': "Horse racing is an equestrian performance sport , typically involving two or more horses ridden by jockeys ( or sometimes driven without riders ) over a set distance for competition . It is one of the most ancient of all sports , as its basic premise - to identify which of two or more horses is the fastest over a set course or distance - has been unchanged since at least classical antiquity . Horse races vary widely in format and many countries have developed their own particular traditions around the sport . Variations include restricting races to particular breeds , running over obstacles , running over different distances , running on different track surfaces and running in different gaits . While horses are sometimes raced purely for sport , a major part of horse racing 's interest and economic importance is in the gambling associated with it , an activity that in 2008 generated a worldwide market worth around US $ 115 billion ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sportech', 'summary': 'Sportech PLC is an online gambling and entertainment company headquartered in the United Kingdom . The company is traded on the London Stock Exchange under the symbol SPO.L ; the stock is a component of the FTSE All-Share Index and the FTSE SmallCap Index . The company , formerly known as Rodime PLC , was originally an electronics company specialising in hard disk drives based in Scotland . In 2000 , the company changed its name to Sportech PLC , after acquiring Littlewoods Pools from The Littlewoods Organisation for £160 million .'}]}, {'value': 'Queens Park Rangers ( more information )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Queens Park Rangers Football Club , commonly abbreviated to QPR , is an English professional football club based in White City , London . The club currently competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . They were founded in 1886 after the merger of Christchurch Rangers and St Judes Institute , although their official founding date is 1882 which is when Christchurch Rangers were first formed . In the early years after the club 's formation in its original home of Queen 's Park , London , they played their home games at many different grounds , until finally the club settled into its current location at Loftus Road , renamed Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium at the beginning of the 2019/20 season . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 1967 , and they were FA Cup finalists in 1982 . Their highest ever league finish was achieved in 1975-76 when they were runners-up in the First Division , now known as the Premier League and qualified for Europe for the first time reaching the quarter-finals of the 1976-77 UEFA Cup . QPR have long-standing rivalries with several other clubs in the London area . The most notable of these are Chelsea , Fulham and Brentford ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C.', 'summary': "Queens Park Rangers Football Club , commonly abbreviated to QPR , is an English professional football club based in White City , London . The club currently competes in the Championship , the second tier of English football . They were founded in 1886 after the merger of Christchurch Rangers and St Judes Institute , although their official founding date is 1882 which is when Christchurch Rangers were first formed . In the early years after the club 's formation in its original home of Queen 's Park , London , they played their home games at many different grounds , until finally the club settled into its current location at Loftus Road , renamed Kiyan Prince Foundation Stadium at the beginning of the 2019/20 season . The club 's achievements include winning the League Cup in 1967 , and they were FA Cup finalists in 1982 . Their highest ever league finish was achieved in 1975-76 when they were runners-up in the First Division , now known as the Premier League and qualified for Europe for the first time reaching the quarter-finals of the 1976-77 UEFA Cup . QPR have long-standing rivalries with several other clubs in the London area . The most notable of these are Chelsea , Fulham and Brentford ."}]}, {'value': 'Tony Fernandes ( 66% ) Lakshmi Mittal ( 33% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tony_Fernandes', 'summary': "Tan Sri Dr. Anthony Francis Fernandes PSM SSAP SPMP DPTJ CBE ( born 30 April 1964 ) is a Malaysian entrepreneur . He is the founder of Tune Air Sdn . Bhd. , who introduced the first budget no-frills airline , AirAsia , to Malaysians with the tagline Now everyone can fly . Fernandes managed to turn AirAsia , a failing government-linked commercial airline , into a highly successful budget airline public-listed company . He has since founded the Tune Group of companies . He is also the majority shareholder of Queens Park Rangers Football Club . He was also instrumental in lobbying the then-Malaysian Prime Minister , Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad in mid-2003 , to propose the idea of open skies agreements with neighbouring Thailand , Indonesia , and Singapore . As a result , these nations have granted landing rights to AirAsia and other discount carriers . As of February 2014 , Forbes Asia valued Fernandes ' net worth at $ 650 million , ranking him at number 28 on the Forbes list of Malaysia 's Richest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lakshmi_Mittal', 'summary': "Lakshmi Niwas Mittal ( Hindi : [ ˈləkʃmi nɪˈʋaːs ˈmɪtːəl ] ( listen ) ; born 15 June 1950 ) is an Indian born steel magnate , based in the United Kingdom . He is the chairman and CEO of ArcelorMittal , the world 's largest steelmaking company . Mittal owns 38% of ArcelorMittal and holds an 11% stake in Queens Park Rangers F.C . In 2005 , Forbes ranked Mittal as the third-richest person in the world , making him the first Indian citizen to be ranked in the top ten in the publication 's annual list of the world 's richest people . In 2007 , Mittal was considered to be the richest Asian person in Europe . He was ranked the sixth-richest person in the world by Forbes in 2011 , but dropped to 82nd place in March 2015 . He is also the 57th-most powerful person of the 72 individuals named in Forbes ' Most Powerful People list for 2015 . His daughter Vanisha Mittal 's wedding was the second-most expensive in recorded history . Mittal has been a member of the board of directors of Goldman Sachs since 2008 . He sits on the World Steel Association 's executive committee , and is a member of the Global CEO Council of the Chinese People 's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries , the Foreign Investment Council in Kazakhstan , the World Economic Forum 's International Business Council , and the European Round Table of Industrialists . He is also a member of the board of trustees of the Cleveland Clinic . In 2005 The Sunday Times named him Business Person of 2006 , the Financial Times named him Person of the Year , and Time magazine named him International Newsmaker of the Year 2006 ."}]}, {'value': '$ 745M $ 18B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Air Asia , Tune Group ArcelorMittal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Asia', 'summary': "AirAsia Berhad ( MYX : 5099 ) is a Malaysian low-cost airline headquartered near Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . It is the largest airline in Malaysia by fleet size and destinations . AirAsia Group operates scheduled domestic and international flights to more than 165 destinations spanning 25 countries . Its main hub is klia2 , the low-cost carrier terminal at Kuala Lumpur International Airport ( KLIA ) in Sepang , Selangor , Malaysia . Its affiliate airlines Thai AirAsia , Indonesia AirAsia , Philippines AirAsia , and AirAsia India have hubs in Don Mueang International Airport , Soekarno-Hatta International Airport , Ninoy Aquino International Airport , and Kempegowda International Airport respectively , while its sister airline , AirAsia X , focuses on long-haul routes . AirAsia 's registered office is in Petaling Jaya , Selangor while its head office is at Kuala Lumpur International Airport . AirAsia operates with the world 's lowest unit cost of US $ 0.023 per available seat kilometre ( ASK ) and a passenger breakeven load factor of 52% . [ citation needed ] In 2007 , The New York Times described the airline as a pioneer of low-cost travel in Asia . AirAsia is the sponsor of Malaysia national football team , Singapore national football team , Jamshedpur FC and Queens Park Rangers . AirAsia is also a former sponsor of Manchester United and Asia Red Tour . AirAsia has consistently been named as the world 's best low-cost carrier for 11 years in a row in international travel and airline awards , including the latest award for 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tune_Group', 'summary': "Tune Group Sdn Bhd ( or Tune Group Sendirian Berhad , meaning 'private limited ' ) is a leisure and entertainment corporation founded by the Malaysian entrepreneurs Tony Fernandes and Kamarudin Meranun . Tune Group 's mission is to provide affordability and accessibility to leisure activities and entertainment , primarily in Asian markets . It does this via its airline , hotel , telecommunication , financial services , sports , media and creative industries subsidiaries . Its subsidiaries include : budget airline Air Asia ; Caterham Group , a motor engine-based technology company , through which it formerly owned the Caterham F1 Team ; and Queens Park Rangers , an English football club . Tune Group was the official shirt sponsor of FA match officials until 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ArcelorMittal', 'summary': "ArcelorMittal S.A. ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ aʁsəlɔʁ mital ] ) is a multinational steel manufacturing corporation headquartered in Luxembourg City . It was formed in 2006 from the takeover and merger of Arcelor by Indian-owned Mittal Steel . ArcelorMittal is the world 's largest steel producer , with an annual crude steel production of 92.5 million metric tonnes as of 2018 [ update ] . It is ranked 123rd in the 2017 Fortune Global 500 ranking of the world 's largest corporations ."}]}, {'value': 'Reading ( more information )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Reading_F.C.', 'summary': "Reading Football Club ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Mark Bowen . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006-07 season . The club competed in the 2012-13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011-12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's former co-chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985-86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005-06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006-07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club . During the 2014-15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi finals , reaching the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016-17 EFL Championship season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Reading_F.C.', 'summary': "Reading Football Club ( /ˈrɛdɪŋ/ ( listen ) RED-ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . The current manager is Mark Bowen . Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and first in the top tier of English football league system in the 2006-07 season . The club competed in the 2012-13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011-12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight . The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's former co-chairman Sir John Madejski . The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985-86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005-06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006-07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club . During the 2014-15 FA Cup , the club reached the semi finals , reaching the quarter finals the season after . They also reached the championship playoff final in the 2016-17 EFL Championship season ."}]}, {'value': 'Dai Yongge ( 90.29% )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dai_Yongge', 'summary': 'Dai Yongge ( Chinese : 戴永革 ; pinyin : Dài Yǒnggé ; born 1968 ) is a Chinese businessman and investor . He is currently the Executive Chairman of Renhe Commercial Holdings Company Limited , a listed investment holding company who specialise in the operation of shopping centres transformed from air-raid shelters . They have centres in 30 cities across China , including Harbin , Guangzhou , Wuhan and Shenyang . Dai also owns football clubs Beijing Renhe , and Reading .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renhe Commercial Holdings Company Limite', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sheffield Wednesday', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.', 'summary': "Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield , England . The team competes in the Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Formed in 1867 as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club ( itself formed in 1820 ) , they went by the name of the Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929 . Wednesday is one of the oldest football clubs in the world of any code , and the third-oldest professional association football club in England . [ a ] In 1868 its team won the Cromwell Cup , only the second tournament of its kind . They were founding members and inaugural champions of the Football Alliance in 1889 , before joining The Football League three years later . In 1992 , they became founder members of the Premier League . The team has spent most of its league history in English football 's top flight , but they have not played at that level since being relegated in 2000 . The Owls , as they are nicknamed , have won four league titles , three FA Cups , one League Cup and one FA Community Shield . Wednesday have also competed in UEFA cup competitions on four occasions , reaching the quarter-finals of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1963 . In 1991 , they defeated Manchester United 1-0 in the Football League Cup Final as a tier 2 team . As of 2019 they remain the last team to win one of English football 's major trophies while outside the top flight In the 19th century , they played their matches at several stadiums around central Sheffield , including Olive Grove and Bramall Lane ."}]}, {'value': 'Dejphon Chansiri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dejphon_Chansiri', 'summary': "Dejphon Chansiri is a Thai businessman who is the current owner of English Football League Championship club Sheffield Wednesday . Chansiri 's family controls the Thai Union Group , the world 's largest producer of canned tuna . In January 2015 , a consortium led by Chansiri acquired a 100% stake in Sheffield Wednesday from Milan Mandaric for £37.5m and targeted promotion to the Premier League by 2017 . During the summer of 2015 , Chansiri changed many aspects of the Sheffield Wednesday set-up including the backroom staff and players , such as sacking manager Stuart Gray and replacing him with Carlos Carvalhal , who had previously managed Turkish side Besiktas and several clubs in his home country of Portugal ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thai Union Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thai_Union_Group', 'summary': 'Thai Union Group is a Thailand-based producer of seafood-based food products . It was founded in 1977 , and was listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand ( SET ) on 22 November 1994 . Thai Union operates worldwide with plant facilities in France , Ghana , Poland , Portugal , Papua New Guinea , Norway , the Seychelles , Scotland , Vietnam , Thailand and the United States . Its business includes tuna , shrimp , sardines/mackerel , salmon , pet food , and value-added products ( prepared foods ) .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Football League Championship', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_English_football_club_owners_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of the current owners of English football clubs, as well as (in some cases) their estimated net worth and source of wealth. Only shareholders with a significant interest (above 10%) are listed.'}
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Which team 's owner gained his wealth from the world 's largest producer of canned tuna ?
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Sheffield Wednesday
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0372708b304f4025
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Arun', 'title': 'List of places of worship in Arun', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Denomination/ Affiliation', 'Grade', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Church of Christ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angmering_Baptist_Church', 'summary': 'The present Angmering Baptist Church and its predecessor building , known as Church of Christ , are respectively the current and former Baptist places of worship in Angmering , a village in the Arun district of West Sussex , England . Baptist worship in the area can be traced back to 1846 , when the strangely towered Church of Christ was founded and built . After the Gothic-style chapel became unsuitable for modern requirements , the congregation acquired a nearby barn and converted it into a new church , after which the old building was sold for residential conversion . The church has been designated a Grade II Listed building .'}]}, {'value': 'Angmering 50°49′38″N 0°29′10″W / 50.8272°N 0.4860°W / 50.8272 ; -0.4860 ( Former Church of Christ , Angmering )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angmering', 'summary': "Angmering is a village and civil parish between Littlehampton and Worthing in West Sussex on the southern edge of the South Downs National Park , England ; about two-thirds of the parish ( mostly north of the A27 road ) fall within the Park . It is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) north of the English Channel ; Worthing and Littlehampton are 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the east and west respectively . It has been inhabited since the Bronze Age and there are the remains of a Roman Villa and bath house . In 1976 , Angmering was twinned with the Normandy town of Ouistreham on the Riva-Bella , the location of the World War II Normandy Landings ' Sword Beach . Angmering railway station is \u200b3⁄4 mile from the village centre straddling the boundaries of Angmering and East Preston . Angmering is home to the Oval Raceway or Angmering Motor Sports Centre . Worthing Rugby Football Club , a national level professional rugby club , occupies extensive grounds in the east of the village . Angmering Football Club play their home games at the Recreation Field in Decoy Drive . They play in the West Sussex Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptists', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This strangely towered 150-capacity chapel was founded with the name Church of Christ in 1846 by George Paul of Worthing , from where its first minister also came . By the 1960s it was in poor condition and was sold for conversion into two houses in about 1970 , when the new Baptist church opened nearby . The old chapel , a flint and brick building , has lancet windows , and a four-storey corner tower rises to a pyramidal cap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worthing', 'summary': "Worthing ( /ˈwɜːrðɪŋ/ ) is a large seaside town in England , and district with borough status in West Sussex . It is situated at the foot of the South Downs , 10 miles ( 16 km ) west of Brighton , and 18 miles ( 29 km ) east of the county town of Chichester . With an estimated population of about 110,000 and an area of 12.5 square miles ( 32.37 km2 ) , the borough is the second largest component of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation , which makes it part of the 15th most populous urban area in the United Kingdom . Since 2010 , northern parts of the borough , including the Worthing Downland Estate , have formed part of the South Downs National Park . In April 2019 , the Art Deco Worthing Pier was dubbed the best in Britain . The area around Worthing has been populated for at least 6,000 years and contains Britain 's greatest concentration of Stone Age flint mines , which are some of the earliest mines in Europe . Lying within the borough , the Iron Age hill fort of Cissbury Ring is one of Britain 's largest . Worthing means ( place of ) Worth/Worō 's people , from the Old English personal name Worth/Worō ( the name means valiant one , one who is noble ) , and -ingas people of ( reduced to -ing in the modern name ) . The recorded history of Worthing began with the Domesday Book . It is historically part of Sussex in the rape of Bramber , although Goring , which forms part of the rape of Arundel , was incorporated in 1929 . For many centuries Worthing was a small mackerel fishing hamlet until in the late 18th century it developed into an elegant Georgian seaside resort and attracted the well-known and wealthy of the day . In the 19th and 20th centuries the area was one of Britain 's chief market gardening centres ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lancet_window', 'summary': 'A lancet window is a tall , narrow window with a pointed arch at its top . It acquired the lancet name from its resemblance to a lance . Instances of this architectural motif are typical of Gothic church edifices of the earliest period . Lancet windows may occur singly , or paired under a single moulding , or grouped in an odd number with the tallest window at the centre . The architectural motif first appeared in the early French Gothic period ( c. 1140-1200 ) , and later in the English period of Gothic architecture ( 1200-1275 ) . So common was the lancet window feature that this era is sometimes known as the Lancet Period . The term lancet window is properly applied to windows of austere form , without tracery . Paired windows were sometimes surmounted by a simple opening such as a quatrefoil cut in plate tracery . This form gave way to the more ornate , multi-light traceried windowed .'}]}, {'value': "St Wilfrid 's Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Angmering 50°49′51″N 0°29′09″W / 50.8307°N 0.4859°W / 50.8307 ; -0.4859 ( Former St Wilfrid 's Church , Angmering )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angmering', 'summary': "Angmering is a village and civil parish between Littlehampton and Worthing in West Sussex on the southern edge of the South Downs National Park , England ; about two-thirds of the parish ( mostly north of the A27 road ) fall within the Park . It is 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) north of the English Channel ; Worthing and Littlehampton are 3.5 miles ( 5.6 km ) to the east and west respectively . It has been inhabited since the Bronze Age and there are the remains of a Roman Villa and bath house . In 1976 , Angmering was twinned with the Normandy town of Ouistreham on the Riva-Bella , the location of the World War II Normandy Landings ' Sword Beach . Angmering railway station is \u200b3⁄4 mile from the village centre straddling the boundaries of Angmering and East Preston . Angmering is home to the Oval Raceway or Angmering Motor Sports Centre . Worthing Rugby Football Club , a national level professional rugby club , occupies extensive grounds in the east of the village . Angmering Football Club play their home games at the Recreation Field in Decoy Drive . They play in the West Sussex Football League ."}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Opened as a mission chapel by priests at Arundel , this served Angmering from 1872 until 1995 . The congregation transferred to East Preston 's Roman Catholic church after that , and the red-brick and stone Gothic Revival building was incorporated into the adjacent St Wilfrid 's School . It was not officially registered for worship until 1884", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Arun Street Baptist Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arundel 50°51′12″N 0°33′26″W / 50.8534°N 0.5573°W / 50.8534 ; -0.5573 ( Former Arun Street Baptist Chapel , Arundel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arundel', 'summary': 'Arundel ( /ˈærəndəl/ or locally /ˈɑːndəl/ ) is a market town and civil parish in a steep vale of the South Downs , West Sussex , England . The much-conserved town has a medieval castle and Roman Catholic cathedral . Although smaller in population than most other parishes , Arundel has a museum and comes second behind much larger Chichester in its number of listed buildings in West Sussex . The River Arun runs through the eastern side of the town . Arundel was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835 . From 1836 to 1889 the town had its own Borough police force with a strength of three . In 1974 it became part of the Arun district , and is now a civil parish with a town council .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptists', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baptists in Arundel moved from an 1846 chapel in Park Place to a new building on Arun Street in 1868 . The two-storey Vernacular chapel was built on the site of a former Quaker meeting house . Served from Worthing for most of its existence , it closed in 1967 and was converted into a shop , then a house', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernacular_architecture', 'summary': "Vernacular architecture is architecture characterised by the use of local materials and knowledge , usually without the supervision of professional architects . Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of buildings , building traditions , and methods of construction . Vernacular buildings are typically simple and practical , whether residential houses or built for other purposes . Although it encompasses 95% of the world 's built environment , vernacular architecture tends to be overlooked in traditional histories of design . It is not one specific style , so it can not be distilled into a series of easy-to-digest patterns , materials , or elements . Because of the usage of traditional building methods and local builders , vernacular buildings are considered part of a regional culture . Vernacular architecture can be contrasted against elite or polite architecture which is characterized by stylistic elements of design intentionally incorporated for aesthetic purposes which go beyond a building 's functional requirements . This article also covers the term traditional architecture , which exists somewhere between the two extremes yet still is based upon authentic themes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quakers', 'summary': 'Quakers , also called Friends , are a historically Christian group whose formal name is the Religious Society of Friends or Friends Church . Members of the various Quaker movements are all generally united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within , or that of God in every one . Some may profess the priesthood of all believers , a doctrine derived from the First Epistle of Peter . They include those with evangelical , holiness , liberal , and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity . There are also Nontheist Quakers whose spiritual practice is not reliant on the existence of God . To differing extents , the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures . In 2007 , there were about 359,000 adult Quakers worldwide . In 2017 , there were 377,557 adult Quakers , with 49% in Africa . Around 89% of Quakers worldwide belong to the evangelical and programmed branches of Quakerism - these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible , coordinated by a pastor . Around 11% of Friends practice waiting worship , or unprogrammed worship ( more commonly known today as Meeting for Worship ) , where the order of service is not planned in advance , is predominantly silent , and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present . Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings - Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry . The first Quakers lived in mid-17th-century England .'}]}, {'value': 'Trinity Congregational Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trinity_Congregational_Church,_Arundel', 'summary': "Trinity Congregational Church , later known as Union Chapel , is a former place of worship for Congregationalists and Independent Christians in Arundel , an ancient town in the Arun district of West Sussex , England . Protestant Nonconformism has always been strong in the town , and the chapel 's founding congregation emerged in the 1780s . After worshipping elsewhere in the town , they founded the present building in the 1830s and remained for many years . Former pastors included the poet George MacDonald . Robert Abraham 's distinctive neo-Norman/Romanesque Revival building was converted into a market in the 1980s and has been renamed Nineveh House . The church is a Grade II Listed building ."}]}, {'value': 'Arundel 50°51′14″N 0°33′20″W / 50.8539°N 0.5555°W / 50.8539 ; -0.5555 ( Former Trinity Congregational Church , Arundel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arundel', 'summary': 'Arundel ( /ˈærəndəl/ or locally /ˈɑːndəl/ ) is a market town and civil parish in a steep vale of the South Downs , West Sussex , England . The much-conserved town has a medieval castle and Roman Catholic cathedral . Although smaller in population than most other parishes , Arundel has a museum and comes second behind much larger Chichester in its number of listed buildings in West Sussex . The River Arun runs through the eastern side of the town . Arundel was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835 . From 1836 to 1889 the town had its own Borough police force with a strength of three . In 1974 it became part of the Arun district , and is now a civil parish with a town council .'}]}, {'value': 'Congregational', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congregational_church', 'summary': 'Congregational churches ( also Congregationalist churches ; Congregationalism ) are Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance , in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs . Congregationalism , as defined by the Pew Research Center , is estimated to represent 0.5 percent of the worldwide Protestant population ; though their polity-related customs and other ideas influenced significant parts of Protestantism , as well as other Christian congregations . The report defines it very narrowly , encompassing mainly denominations in the United States and the United Kingdom , which can trace their history back to nonconforming Protestants , Puritans , Separatists , Independents , English religious groups coming out of the English Civil War , and other English dissenters not satisfied with the degree to which the Church of England had been reformed . Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and various island nations in the Pacific region . It has been introduced either by immigrant dissenter Protestants or by missionary organization such as the London Missionary Society . A number of evangelical Congregational churches are members of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship . In the United Kingdom , many Congregational churches claim their descent from Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian and English separatist Robert Browne in 1582 . Other accounts trace these origins further back to the London Underground Church of the 1560s . Ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid foundation for these churches . In England , the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians , whose churches embrace a polity based on the governance of elders . Congregationalists also differed with the Reformed churches using episcopalian church governance , which is usually led by a bishop . Congregationalism in the United States traces its origins to the Puritans of New England , who wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 to describe the autonomy of the church and its association with others .'}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Romanesque Revival exterior of this flint-built chapel , described as not good by Ian Nairn , dates from 1836-38 , but the originally Independent congregation developed in 1780 . Stone and red brick dressings are also in evidence . Its architect Robert Abraham also designed the town hall . The building became an antiques market in the 1980s . It was registered for marriages between April 1840 and August 1982 , at which point it was known as Arundel Union Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ian_Nairn', 'summary': 'Ian Douglas Nairn ( 24 August 1930 - 14 August 1983 ) was a British architectural critic who coined the word Subtopia to indicate drab suburbs that look identical through unimaginative town-planning . He published two strongly personalised critiques of London and Paris , and collaborated with Sir Nikolaus Pevsner , who considered his reports to be too subjective , but acknowledged him as the better writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Independent_(religion)', 'summary': 'In English church history , Independents advocated local congregational control of religious and church matters , without any wider geographical hierarchy , either ecclesiastical or political . Independents reached particular prominence between 1642 and 1660 , in the period of the English Civil War and of the Commonwealth and Protectorate , wherein the Parliamentary Army became the champion of Independent religious views against the Anglicanism or the Catholicism of Royalists and the Presbyterianism favoured by Parliament itself . The Independents advocated freedom of religion for non-Catholics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Abraham_(architect)', 'summary': "Robert Abraham ( 1773-1850 ) was an English building surveyor and later architect in London . He was the son of a builder and was educated as a surveyor as a pupil of James Bowen . He turned to architecture after 1818 , and was chiefly employed by the leading Roman Catholic families in England , including the Duke of Norfolk and the Earl of Shrewsbury . He was respected by his patrons principally for his reliability , but he was competent in the various styles fashionable at the period . He was married to Eliza Brown ( died 1818 ) , an accomplished flower-painter , and their son H. R. Abraham succeeded to his practice when he died on 11 December 1850 . His eldest daughter ( Ellinor Mary ) married Richard Bethell , Lord Westbury , who served as Lord Chancellor in 1861-1865 . Another daughter ( Louisa Sarah ) married John Bethell . Among Abraham 's students was the architect James Lockyer who went on to form his own successful London practice ."}]}, {'value': 'Bailiffscourt Chapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bailiffscourt_Chapel', 'summary': "Bailiffscourt Chapel is a deconsecrated chapel in the grounds of Bailiffscourt Hotel , a luxury hotel near the hamlet of Atherington in West Sussex , England . Originally associated with the Norman Abbey of Séez , it was founded in the 11th century and rebuilt in its present simple Gothic form in the 13th century . It later fell out of use , but after Atherington 's former church was destroyed by coastal erosion it was used again for public worship for a time - and as late as 1952 the building was again in use as a chapel of ease . Situated outside Bailiffscourt - a mock-medieval mansion built in 1935 by Lord Moyne on the site of an ancient manor house - on the only stretch of open seafront land for miles in each direction , the chapel is now used principally for wedding and civil ceremony blessings . English Heritage has listed it at Grade II* for its architectural and historical importance ."}]}, {'value': 'Atherington 50°47′56″N 0°34′45″W / 50.7990°N 0.5793°W / 50.7990 ; -0.5793 ( Former Bailiffscourt Chapel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clymping', 'summary': 'Climping ( also spelt Clymping ) is a village and civil parish containing agricultural and natural sandy land in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . The parish also contains the coastal hamlet of Atherington . It is three miles ( 5 km ) west of Littlehampton , just north of the A259 road .'}]}, {'value': 'Pre-Reformation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Protestant_Reformation', 'summary': "The Reformation ( alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation ) was a movement within Western Christianity in the 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular . Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 , there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms . The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas . The end of the Reformation era is disputed : it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy . [ definition needed ] Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation , the Peace of Westphalia , or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today . [ citation needed ] Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther , so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia , Peter Waldo , John Wycliffe , Jan Hus , Petr Chelčický , and Girolamo Savonarola . [ a ] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers , Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia , although other movements were still subject to persecution , including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions . [ citation needed ] Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences , insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible . The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel , a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine ( sola scriptura ) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God 's pardon for sin ( sola fide ) rather than good works . Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief , a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics . The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators , and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended . Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve , no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God ."}]}, {'value': 'II*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Used intermittently for public services , including as late as 1952 , this simple 13th-century Gothic building - a single-cell chapel with lancet windows - stands in the grounds of the luxury Bailiffscourt Hotel . It was originally the private chapel of the manor house , owned by the bailiff of the Abbey of Séez in Normandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lancet_window', 'summary': 'A lancet window is a tall , narrow window with a pointed arch at its top . It acquired the lancet name from its resemblance to a lance . Instances of this architectural motif are typical of Gothic church edifices of the earliest period . Lancet windows may occur singly , or paired under a single moulding , or grouped in an odd number with the tallest window at the centre . The architectural motif first appeared in the early French Gothic period ( c. 1140-1200 ) , and later in the English period of Gothic architecture ( 1200-1275 ) . So common was the lancet window feature that this era is sometimes known as the Lancet Period . The term lancet window is properly applied to windows of austere form , without tracery . Paired windows were sometimes surmounted by a simple opening such as a quatrefoil cut in plate tracery . This form gave way to the more ornate , multi-light traceried windowed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Manor_house', 'summary': "A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor . The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system ; within its great hall were held the lord 's manorial courts , communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets . The term is today loosely applied to various country houses , frequently dating from the late medieval era , which formerly housed the gentry . They were sometimes fortified , but this was frequently intended more for show than for defence . Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed , where they were sometimes known as castles , palaces , and so on ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bailiff', 'summary': 'A bailiff ( from Middle English baillif , Old French baillis , bail custody , charge , office ; cf . bail , based on the adjectival form , baiulivus , of Latin bajulus , carrier , manager ) is a manager , overseer or custodian ; a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given . Bailiffs are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly . Another official sometimes referred to as a bailiff was the Vogt . In the Holy Roman Empire a similar function was performed by the Amtmann .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sées', 'summary': 'Sées is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France . It lies on the Orne River 3 miles ( 5 km ) from its source and 13 miles ( 20 km ) north-by-northeast of Alençon .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Normandy', 'summary': "Normandy ( /ˈnɔːrməndi/ ; French : Normandie [ nɔʁmɑ̃di ] ( listen ) ; Norman : Normaundie ; from Old French Normanz , plural of Normant , originally from the word for northman in several Scandinavian languages ) is the northwesternmost of the 18 regions of France , roughly referring to the historical Duchy of Normandy . Normandy is divided into five administrative departments : Calvados , Eure , Manche , Orne , and Seine-Maritime . It covers 30,627 square kilometres ( 11,825 sq mi ) , comprising roughly 5% of the territory of metropolitan France . Its population of 3,322,757 accounts for around 5% of the population of France . The inhabitants of Normandy are known as Normans , and the region is the historic homeland of the Norman language . The neighboring regions are Hauts-de-France and Ile-de-France to the east , Centre-Val de Loire to the southeast , Pays de la Loire to the south , and Brittany to the southwest . The capital is Rouen . The historical region of Normandy comprised the present-day region of Normandy , as well as small areas now part of the departments of Mayenne and Sarthe . The Channel Islands ( French : Îles Anglo-Normandes ) are also historically part of Normandy ; they cover 194 km² and comprise two bailiwicks : Guernsey and Jersey , which are British Crown dependencies over which Queen Elizabeth II reigns as Duke of Normandy . Normandy 's name comes from the settlement of the territory by mainly Danish and Norwegian Vikings ( Northmen ) from the 9th century , and confirmed by treaty in the 10th century between King Charles III of France and the Viking jarl Rollo . For a century and a half following the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , Normandy and England were linked by Norman and Frankish rulers ."}]}, {'value': 'Barnham Methodist Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barnham 50°49′49″N 0°38′14″W / 50.8302°N 0.6373°W / 50.8302 ; -0.6373 ( Former Barnham Methodist Church , Barnham )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnham,_West_Sussex', 'summary': 'Barnham is a semi-rural village and former civil parish , now in the parish of Barnham and Eastergate , in the Arun district of West Sussex , England , centred about five miles ( 8 km ) north of Bognor Regis . On 1 April 2019 the parish was merged with Eastergate to form Barnham and Eastergate .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodism', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Now in commercial use , this arched-windowed brick and stucco chapel was still in use until the early 21st century by Methodists whose origins lay in a congregation based in Eastergate in the 1920s . The building was completed in 1931 and registered for marriages in June 1938 . It seated more than 100 people and was latterly served from Littlehampton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stucco', 'summary': 'Stucco or render is a construction material made of aggregates , a binder , and water . Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid . It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings , and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture . Stucco may be used to cover less visually appealing construction materials , such as metal , concrete , cinder block , or clay brick and adobe . In English , stucco usually refers to a coating for the outside of a building and plaster to a coating for interiors ; as described below , the material itself is often little different . However , other European languages , notably including Italian , do not have the same distinction ; stucco means plaster in Italian and serves for both . This has led to English-speakers sometimes using stucco for interior decorative plasterwork in relief .'}]}, {'value': "St Philip Howard 's Chapel", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Barnham 50°50′02″N 0°38′42″W / 50.8338°N 0.6449°W / 50.8338 ; -0.6449 ( Former St Philip Howard 's Chapel , Barnham )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barnham,_West_Sussex', 'summary': 'Barnham is a semi-rural village and former civil parish , now in the parish of Barnham and Eastergate , in the Arun district of West Sussex , England , centred about five miles ( 8 km ) north of Bognor Regis . On 1 April 2019 the parish was merged with Eastergate to form Barnham and Eastergate .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A wooden church stood near the railway goods yard from 1938 until the 1970s . A new chapel at the nearby Roman Catholic secondary school was opened for public worship in 1970 ; it was part of the parish of Slindon , but closed to the public in the early 21st century', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bilsham Chapel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bilsham_Chapel', 'summary': "Bilsham Chapel is a deconsecrated former chapel in the hamlet of Bilsham in West Sussex , England . Founded in the 13th century as a chapel of ease to the parish church of Yapton , the nearest village , the small flint building fell out of religious use around the time of the Reformation . It has subsequently been used for storage and as labourers ' cottages , and since 1972 it has been a single residential property . English Heritage has listed it at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance ."}]}, {'value': 'Bilsham 50°48′36″N 0°37′17″W / 50.8101°N 0.6215°W / 50.8101 ; -0.6215 ( Former Bilsham Chapel )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yapton', 'summary': 'Yapton is a village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . It is centred three miles ( 4.8 km ) north east of Bognor Regis at the intersection of the B2132 and B2233 roads . The parish of Yapton lies on the coastal plain south west of Arundel , between the South Downs and the sea . St Mary the Virgin parish church , 13th century or earlier in origin , is in the centre of the village . It houses a twelfth-century font . The village includes Yapton C of E Primary School . Other settlements in the parish include Bilsham and Flansham . Bilsham Chapel is a deconsecrated former chapel of ease to St Mary the Virgin Church ; it dates from the 13th-14th century but fell out of use in the mid-16th century . The building is now a house .'}]}, {'value': 'Pre-Reformation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Protestant_Reformation', 'summary': "The Reformation ( alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation ) was a movement within Western Christianity in the 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular . Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 , there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms . The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas . The end of the Reformation era is disputed : it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy . [ definition needed ] Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation , the Peace of Westphalia , or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today . [ citation needed ] Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther , so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia , Peter Waldo , John Wycliffe , Jan Hus , Petr Chelčický , and Girolamo Savonarola . [ a ] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers , Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia , although other movements were still subject to persecution , including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions . [ citation needed ] Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences , insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible . The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel , a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine ( sola scriptura ) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God 's pardon for sin ( sola fide ) rather than good works . Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief , a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics . The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators , and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended . Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve , no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God ."}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This single-cell sandstone and flint chapel of ease to Yapton parish church dates from the 13th and 14th centuries : the oldest fabric is from the 1260s . It was already disused by 1551 and became cottages , then a shed , then ( in 1972 ) a single house . Various restorations were carried out in the 19th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chapel_of_ease', 'summary': 'A chapel of ease ( or chapel-of-ease ) is a church building other than the parish church , built within the bounds of a parish for the attendance of those who can not reach the parish church conveniently .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_restoration', 'summary': 'The Victorian restoration was the widespread and extensive refurbishment and rebuilding of Church of England churches and cathedrals that took place in England and Wales during the 19th-century reign of Queen Victoria . It was not the same process as is understood today by the term building restoration . Against a background of poorly maintained church buildings ; a reaction against the Puritan ethic manifested in the Gothic Revival ; and a shortage of churches where they were needed in cities , the Cambridge Camden Society and the Oxford Movement advocated a return to a more medieval attitude to churchgoing . The change was embraced by the Church of England which saw it as a means of reversing the decline in church attendance . The principle was to restore a church to how it might have looked during the Decorated style of architecture which existed between 1260 and 1360 , and many famous architects such as George Gilbert Scott and Ewan Christian enthusiastically accepted commissions for restorations . It is estimated that around 80% of all Church of England churches were affected in some way by the movement , varying from minor changes to complete demolition and rebuilding . Influential people like John Ruskin and William Morris were opposed to such large-scale restoration , and their activities eventually led to the formation of societies dedicated to building preservation , such as the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . In retrospect , the period of Victorian restoration has been viewed in a generally unfavourable light .'}]}, {'value': 'Church of Christ , Scientist', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bognor Regis 50°47′09″N 0°40′27″W / 50.7859°N 0.6741°W / 50.7859 ; -0.6741 ( Former Church of Christ Scientist , Bognor Regis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bognor_Regis', 'summary': "Bognor Regis /ˌbɒɡnər ˈriːdʒɪs/ [ citation needed ] is a town and seaside resort in West Sussex on the south coast of England , 55.5 miles ( 89 km ) south-west of London , 24 miles ( 39 km ) west of Brighton , 5.81 miles ( 9 km ) south-east of Chichester and 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of Portsmouth . Other nearby towns include Littlehampton east-north-east and Selsey to the south-west . The nearby villages of Felpham , and Aldwick are now suburbs of Bognor Regis , along with those of North and South Bersted . The population of the Bognor Regis built-up area , including Felpham and Aldwick , was 63,855 at the 2011 census . A seaside resort was developed by Sir Richard Hotham in the late 18th century on what was a sandy , undeveloped coastline . It has been claimed that Hotham and his new resort are portrayed in Jane Austen 's unfinished novel Sanditon . The resort grew slowly in the first half of the 19th century but grew rapidly following the coming of the railway in 1864 . In 1929 the area was chosen by advisors to King George V which led to its regal suffix , by royal consent . Butlin 's has been present in the town since the early 1930s when an amusement park and zoo were opened . A holiday camp followed in 1960 and this has more recently moved towards hotel accommodation with modern amenities ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Science', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Science', 'summary': "Christian Science is a set of beliefs and practices belonging to the metaphysical family of new religious movements . [ n 2 ] It was developed in 19th-century New England by Mary Baker Eddy , who argued in her 1875 book Science and Health that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone . [ n 3 ] The book became Christian Science 's central text , along with the Bible , and by 2001 had sold over nine million copies . Eddy and 26 followers were granted a charter in 1879 to found the Church of Christ , Scientist , and in 1894 the Mother Church , The First Church of Christ , Scientist , was built in Boston , Massachusetts . Christian Science became the fastest growing religion in the United States , with nearly 270,000 members there by 1936 , a figure that had declined by 1990 to just over 100,000 , and by 2009 reportedly to under 50,000 . The church is known for its newspaper , The Christian Science Monitor , which won seven Pulitzer Prizes between 1950 and 2002 , and for its public Reading Rooms around the world . [ n 4 ] Eddy described Christian Science as a return to primitive Christianity and its lost element of healing . There are key differences between Christian Science theology and that of traditional Christianity . In particular , adherents subscribe to a radical form of philosophical idealism , believing that reality is purely spiritual and the material world an illusion . This includes the view that disease is a mental error rather than physical disorder , and that the sick should be treated not by medicine but by a form of prayer that seeks to correct the beliefs responsible for the illusion of ill health . The church does not require that Christian Scientists avoid all medical care - adherents use dentists , optometrists , obstetricians , physicians for broken bones , and vaccination when required by law - but maintains that Christian-Science prayer is most effective when not combined with medicine . Between the 1880s and 1990s , the avoidance of medical treatment led to the deaths of several adherents and their children ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This building is now the Regis Recital Hall , but it was built for Christian Scientists in 1957 on a World War II bomb site . The building has a red Somerset tile façade and a polychrome tiled area outside . It opened on 23 June 1957 , replacing an earlier ( 1930 ) place of worship', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bognor Regis United Reformed Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bognor Regis 50°47′15″N 0°40′47″W / 50.7876°N 0.6798°W / 50.7876 ; -0.6798 ( Bognor Regis United Reformed Church , Bognor Regis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bognor_Regis', 'summary': "Bognor Regis /ˌbɒɡnər ˈriːdʒɪs/ [ citation needed ] is a town and seaside resort in West Sussex on the south coast of England , 55.5 miles ( 89 km ) south-west of London , 24 miles ( 39 km ) west of Brighton , 5.81 miles ( 9 km ) south-east of Chichester and 16 miles ( 26 km ) east of Portsmouth . Other nearby towns include Littlehampton east-north-east and Selsey to the south-west . The nearby villages of Felpham , and Aldwick are now suburbs of Bognor Regis , along with those of North and South Bersted . The population of the Bognor Regis built-up area , including Felpham and Aldwick , was 63,855 at the 2011 census . A seaside resort was developed by Sir Richard Hotham in the late 18th century on what was a sandy , undeveloped coastline . It has been claimed that Hotham and his new resort are portrayed in Jane Austen 's unfinished novel Sanditon . The resort grew slowly in the first half of the 19th century but grew rapidly following the coming of the railway in 1864 . In 1929 the area was chosen by advisors to King George V which led to its regal suffix , by royal consent . Butlin 's has been present in the town since the early 1930s when an amusement park and zoo were opened . A holiday camp followed in 1960 and this has more recently moved towards hotel accommodation with modern amenities ."}]}, {'value': 'United Reformed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Reformed_Church', 'summary': 'The United Reformed Church ( URC ) is a Protestant Christian church in the United Kingdom . It has approximately 46,500 members in 1,383 congregations with 608 active ministers , including 13 church related community workers .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A small flint church served the town 's Congregationalists from 1866 until 1929 , after which S.T . Hennell 's new larger building ( completed in 1930 ) was used . It closed in July 2010 and was formally deregistered in November 2011 ; the congregation joined the sister church at Pagham . The brick and stone building is Decorated / Perpendicular Gothic Revival . The building is now a community centre , but part of it is used by another church congregation ( see above )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congregational_church', 'summary': 'Congregational churches ( also Congregationalist churches ; Congregationalism ) are Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance , in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs . Congregationalism , as defined by the Pew Research Center , is estimated to represent 0.5 percent of the worldwide Protestant population ; though their polity-related customs and other ideas influenced significant parts of Protestantism , as well as other Christian congregations . The report defines it very narrowly , encompassing mainly denominations in the United States and the United Kingdom , which can trace their history back to nonconforming Protestants , Puritans , Separatists , Independents , English religious groups coming out of the English Civil War , and other English dissenters not satisfied with the degree to which the Church of England had been reformed . Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and various island nations in the Pacific region . It has been introduced either by immigrant dissenter Protestants or by missionary organization such as the London Missionary Society . A number of evangelical Congregational churches are members of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship . In the United Kingdom , many Congregational churches claim their descent from Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian and English separatist Robert Browne in 1582 . Other accounts trace these origins further back to the London Underground Church of the 1560s . Ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid foundation for these churches . In England , the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians , whose churches embrace a polity based on the governance of elders . Congregationalists also differed with the Reformed churches using episcopalian church governance , which is usually led by a bishop . Congregationalism in the United States traces its origins to the Puritans of New England , who wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 to describe the autonomy of the church and its association with others .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'English Gothic is an architectural style , which originated in France and flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 . As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe , English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches , vaulted roofs , buttresses , large windows , and spires . The Gothic style was introduced from France , where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris , built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144 . The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture ( often known in England as Norman architecture ) . This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral , which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known . English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe . Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods , which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles . Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century . The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries , but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century . Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture , notably the medieval cathedrals of England , are largely built in the Gothic style . So are numerous castles , palaces , great houses , universities , and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings , including almshouses and trade halls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture', 'summary': 'English Gothic is an architectural style , which originated in France and flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520 . As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe , English Gothic is defined by its pointed arches , vaulted roofs , buttresses , large windows , and spires . The Gothic style was introduced from France , where the various elements had first been used together within a single building at the choir of the Basilique Saint-Denis north of Paris , built by the Abbot Suger and dedicated on 11 June 1144 . The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral and Westminster Abbey . Many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture ( often known in England as Norman architecture ) . This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral , which has the earliest pointed ribbed high vault known . English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe . Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods , which may be further subdivided to accurately define different styles . Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century . The Gothic style gave way to the Renaissance in the later 16th and 17th centuries , but was revived in the late 18th century as an academic style and had great popularity as Gothic Revival architecture throughout the 19th century . Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture , notably the medieval cathedrals of England , are largely built in the Gothic style . So are numerous castles , palaces , great houses , universities , and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings , including almshouses and trade halls .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Nepcote Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Findon 50°51′46″N 0°24′05″W / 50.8628°N 0.4014°W / 50.8628 ; -0.4014 ( Former Nepcote Chapel , Findon )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Findon,_West_Sussex', 'summary': 'Findon is a semi-rural clustered village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex , England , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Worthing .'}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptists', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The part of Findon village known as Nepcote was served by a small chapel , used in around 1865 by Plymouth Brethren and later by Baptists , which was then replaced in 1881 by the present building of flint and brick to the design of Thomas G. Graham . Worthing Baptist Church administered it , and the congregation moved to a newly built chapel in Findon Valley in 1940 . Evangelicals used it later for a time', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren', 'summary': 'The Plymouth Brethren or Assemblies of brethren are a conservative , low church , non-conformist , evangelical Christian movement whose history can be traced to Dublin , Ireland , in the late 1820s , originating from Anglicanism . The group emphasizes sola scriptura , the belief that the Bible is the supreme authority for church doctrine and practice , over and above any other source of authority . Plymouth Brethren generally see themselves as a network of like-minded free churches , not as a Christian denomination . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Findon_Valley', 'summary': "Findon Valley is a neighbourhood of the Borough of Worthing in West Sussex , England . It lies on the A24 road 2.9 miles ( 4.7 km ) north of the town centre . The settlement of Findon Valley is named after the dry valley through the South Downs on which it lies . Like other dry downland valleys , Findon Valley was created during the last ice age when chalk that was being frozen prevented water from seeping downwards through the chalk . In summer , streams of melting ice would flow down off the Weald across the Downs , creating the dry valleys such as Findon Valley . The settlement of Findon Valley is bordered to the west and east by land in the South Downs National Park . To the west , it is bordered by parkland and downland known as 'the Gallops ' and to the east by the steep slopes of Mount Carvey which forms part of the Worthing Downland Estate and to the north-east the prehistoric site of Cissbury . It is separated from the village of Findon by a strategic gap - also part of the South Downs National Park . Findon Valley was built from the 1930s to 1950s , with its library having been built in 1958 . It is also home to the Vale School , All Saints Parish Church , Findon Valley Free Church and a parade of shops . Notable former residents of Findon Valley include the composer Charles Williams . Also , Rose Setten , winner in 2004 of BBC Young Choirgirl of the Year , was formerly head chorister of All Saints Church ."}]}, {'value': "St Edmund 's Church", 'urls': []}, {'value': "Houghton 50°53′45″N 0°32′55″W / 50.8957°N 0.5487°W / 50.8957 ; -0.5487 ( Former St Edmund 's Church , Houghton )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houghton,_West_Sussex', 'summary': 'Houghton ( /ˈhaʊtən/ ) is a low-population , linear settlement with a large elevated tract of land which is mostly wooded and two main farms forming its civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . It is on the River Arun , where it has a bridge to a rural part of Amberley , 3 miles ( 5 km ) north of Arundel . The area is , equally , part of the South Downs National Park . The census 2011 included the population of South Stoke .'}]}, {'value': 'Roman Catholic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catholic_Church', 'summary': "The Catholic Church , sometimes referred to as the Roman Catholic Church , is the largest Christian church , with approximately 1.3 billion baptised Catholics worldwide as of 2017 [ update ] . As the world 's oldest and largest continuously functioning international institution , it has played a prominent role in the history and development of Western civilisation . The church is headed by the Bishop of Rome , known as the pope . Its central administration is the Holy See . The Christian beliefs of Catholicism are found in the Nicene Creed . The Catholic Church teaches that it is the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , [ note 1 ] that its bishops are the successors of Christ 's apostles , and that the pope is the successor to Saint Peter upon whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . It maintains that it practises the original Christian faith , reserving infallibility , passed down by sacred tradition . The Latin Church , the twenty-three Eastern Catholic Churches , and institutes such as mendicant orders , enclosed monastic orders and third orders reflect a variety of theological and spiritual emphases in the church . Of its seven sacraments the Eucharist is the principal one , celebrated liturgically in the Mass . The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body and blood of Christ . The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Mother of God and Queen of Heaven , honoured in dogmas and devotions . Its teaching includes Divine Mercy , sanctification through faith and evangelisation of the Gospel as well as Catholic social teaching , which emphasises voluntary support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This red-brick building was opened in 1879 and licensed for marriages in 1894 . It was served from Arundel and funded by the Dukes of Norfolk . The architectural style has been described as school chapel . The building is now in commercial use', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk', 'summary': 'The Duke of Norfolk is the premier duke in the peerage of England , and also , as Earl of Arundel , the premier earl . The Duke of Norfolk is , moreover , the Earl Marshal and Hereditary Marshal of England . The seat of the Duke of Norfolk is Arundel Castle in Sussex , although the title refers to the county of Norfolk . The current duke is Edward Fitzalan-Howard , 18th Duke of Norfolk . The dukes have historically been Catholic , a state of affairs known as recusancy in England . All past and present dukes have been descended from Edward I ( see Dukes of Norfolk family tree ) . The son of Thomas Howard , 3rd Duke of Norfolk , was Henry Howard , Earl of Surrey ; the earl was descended from both Edward I and Edward III .'}]}, {'value': 'Siloam Methodist Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lagness 50°47′35″N 0°42′45″W / 50.7931°N 0.7125°W / 50.7931 ; -0.7125 ( Former Siloam Methodist Chapel , Lagness )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pagham', 'summary': 'Pagham is a semi-rural , semi-urban coastal village and civil parish in the Arun district of West Sussex , England , with a population of around 6,100 .'}]}, {'value': 'Methodist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methodism', 'summary': "Methodism is an umbrella term used to describe denominations of Protestant Christianity which follow the line of the Methodist movement . Methodist denominations are historically related and derive their doctrine of practice and belief from the life and teachings of John Wesley . George Whitefield and John 's brother Charles Wesley were also significant early leaders in the movement . It originated as a revival movement within the 18th-century Church of England and became a separate denomination after Wesley 's death . The movement spread throughout the British Empire , the United States , and beyond because of vigorous missionary work , today claiming approximately 80 million adherents worldwide . [ nb 1 ] Wesleyan theology , which is upheld by the Methodist Churches , focuses on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian . Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include the new birth , assurance , imparted righteousness , the possibility of entire sanctification , the works of piety , and the primacy of Scripture . Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ , the Son of God , died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all ; in theology , this view is known as Arminianism . [ nb 2 ] This teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people . However , Whitefield and several other early leaders of the movement were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the Calvinist position . In addition to evangelism , Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick , the poor , and the afflicted through the works of mercy . These ideals , collectively known as the Social Gospel , are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals , orphanages , soup kitchens , and schools to follow Christ 's command to spread the good news and serve all people ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'On the road from Bognor Regis to Chichester , this small red-brick chapel was opened in 1840 . It has now been incorporated into a bed and breakfast establishment called The Old Chapel Forge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chichester', 'summary': 'Chichester ( /ˈtʃɪtʃɪstər/ ) is a cathedral city in West Sussex , in South-East England . It is the only city in West Sussex and is its county town . It has a long history as a settlement from Roman times and was important in Anglo-Saxon times . It is the seat of the Church of England Diocese of Chichester , with a 12th-century cathedral . The city is a hub of several main road routes , and has a railway station , theatre , hospital , schools and museums . The River Lavant runs through , and partly beneath , the city .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bed_and_breakfast', 'summary': "A bed and breakfast ( typically shortened to B & B or BnB ) is a small lodging establishment that offers overnight accommodation and breakfast . Bed and breakfasts are often private family homes and typically have between four and eleven rooms , with six being the average . In addition , a B & B usually has the hosts living in the house . Bed and breakfast is also used to describe the level of catering included in a hotel 's room prices , as opposed to room only , half-board or full-board ."}]}, {'value': 'Lidsey Mission Hall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidsey , Aldingbourne 50°49′15″N 0°40′08″W / 50.8207°N 0.6689°W / 50.8207 ; -0.6689 ( Former Lidsey Mission Hall , Lidsey , Aldingbourne )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldingbourne', 'summary': 'Aldingbourne is a mixed rural and residential civil and ecclesiastical parish in the Arun district of West Sussex , England . It is centred 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Bognor Regis and 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) east of Chichester . The civil parish , named after the small village of Aldingbourne , includes the much larger settlement of Westergate , as well as smaller settlements Norton , Nyton , Woodgate and Lidsey . The ecclesiastical parish extends to 3,060 acres ( 1,240 ha ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': "A mission room was built in this outlying part of Aldingbourne parish to serve Anglican worshippers . Recorded in the Kelly 's Directory of 1909 , it later passed into commercial use . Planning permission for a house on the site was refused in 2000", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kelly's_Directory", 'summary': "Kelly 's Directory ( or more formally , the Kelly 's , Post Office and Harrod & Co Directory ) was a trade directory in England that listed all businesses and tradespeople in a particular city or town , as well as a general directory of postal addresses of local gentry , landowners , charities , and other facilities . In effect , it was a Victorian version of today 's Yellow Pages . Many reference libraries still keep their copies of these directories , which are now an important source for historical research ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Planning_permission', 'summary': 'Planning permission or developmental approval refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion ( including significant renovation ) , and sometimes for demolition , in some jurisdictions . It is usually given in the form of a building permit ( or construction permit ) . House building permits , for example , are subject to Building codes . There is also a plan check ( PLCK ) to check compliance with plans for the area , if any . For example , one can not obtain permission to build a nightclub in an area where it is inappropriate such as a high-density suburb . The criteria for planning permission are a part of urban planning and construction law , and are usually managed by town planners employed by local governments . Failure to obtain a permit can result in fines , penalties , and demolition of unauthorized construction if it can not be made to meet code . Generally , the new construction must be inspected during construction and after completion to ensure compliance with national , regional , and local building codes . Since building permits usually precede outlays for construction , employment , financing and furnishings , they are often used as a leading indicator for developments in other areas of the economy .'}]}, {'value': 'North Bersted Congregational Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bersted 50°47′51″N 0°41′29″W / 50.7975°N 0.6913°W / 50.7975 ; -0.6913 ( Former North Bersted Congregational Chapel , North Bersted )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bersted', 'summary': 'Bersted is a civil parish in the Arun district of West Sussex , England . It is made up of two somewhat independent villages , North Bersted and Shripney which contribute to some common amenities .'}]}, {'value': 'Congregational', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Congregational_church', 'summary': 'Congregational churches ( also Congregationalist churches ; Congregationalism ) are Protestant churches in the Reformed tradition practicing congregationalist church governance , in which each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs . Congregationalism , as defined by the Pew Research Center , is estimated to represent 0.5 percent of the worldwide Protestant population ; though their polity-related customs and other ideas influenced significant parts of Protestantism , as well as other Christian congregations . The report defines it very narrowly , encompassing mainly denominations in the United States and the United Kingdom , which can trace their history back to nonconforming Protestants , Puritans , Separatists , Independents , English religious groups coming out of the English Civil War , and other English dissenters not satisfied with the degree to which the Church of England had been reformed . Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , and various island nations in the Pacific region . It has been introduced either by immigrant dissenter Protestants or by missionary organization such as the London Missionary Society . A number of evangelical Congregational churches are members of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship . In the United Kingdom , many Congregational churches claim their descent from Protestant denominations formed on a theory of union published by the theologian and English separatist Robert Browne in 1582 . Other accounts trace these origins further back to the London Underground Church of the 1560s . Ideas of nonconforming Protestants during the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid foundation for these churches . In England , the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians , whose churches embrace a polity based on the governance of elders . Congregationalists also differed with the Reformed churches using episcopalian church governance , which is usually led by a bishop . Congregationalism in the United States traces its origins to the Puritans of New England , who wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 to describe the autonomy of the church and its association with others .'}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This Congregational chapel opened in 1936 in the Bognor Regis suburb of North Bersted . In 1986 it passed into the ownership of the Servite Priory , a Roman Catholic monastic order resident in the town , but is now in residential use', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chapel at Barton Manor', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nyetimber 50°46′39″N 0°44′00″W / 50.7776°N 0.7333°W / 50.7776 ; -0.7333 ( Former Chapel at Barton Manor )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pagham', 'summary': 'Pagham is a semi-rural , semi-urban coastal village and civil parish in the Arun district of West Sussex , England , with a population of around 6,100 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pre-Reformation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Protestant_Reformation', 'summary': "The Reformation ( alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation ) was a movement within Western Christianity in the 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Roman Catholic Church and papal authority in particular . Although the Reformation is usually considered to have started with the publication of the Ninety-five Theses by Martin Luther in 1517 , there was no schism between the Catholic Church and the nascent Luther until the 1521 Edict of Worms . The edict condemned Luther and officially banned citizens of the Holy Roman Empire from defending or propagating his ideas . The end of the Reformation era is disputed : it could be considered to end with the enactment of the confessions of faith which began the Age of Orthodoxy . [ definition needed ] Other suggested ending years relate to the Counter-Reformation , the Peace of Westphalia , or that it never ended since there are still Protestants today . [ citation needed ] Movements had been made towards a Reformation prior to Luther , so some Protestants in the tradition of the Radical Reformation prefer to credit the start of the Reformation to reformers such as Arnold of Brescia , Peter Waldo , John Wycliffe , Jan Hus , Petr Chelčický , and Girolamo Savonarola . [ a ] Due to the reform efforts of Hus and other Bohemian reformers , Utraquist Hussitism was acknowledged by the Council of Basel and was officially tolerated in the Crown of Bohemia , although other movements were still subject to persecution , including the Lollards in England and the Waldensians in France and Italian regions . [ citation needed ] Luther began by criticising the sale of indulgences , insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Treasury of Merit had no foundation in the Bible . The Reformation developed further to include a distinction between Law and Gospel , a complete reliance on Scripture as the only source of proper doctrine ( sola scriptura ) and the belief that faith in Jesus is the only way to receive God 's pardon for sin ( sola fide ) rather than good works . Although this is generally considered a Protestant belief , a similar formulation was taught by Molinist and Jansenist Catholics . The priesthood of all believers downplayed the need for saints or priests to serve as mediators , and mandatory clerical celibacy was ended . Simul justus et peccator implied that although people could improve , no one could become good enough to earn forgiveness from God ."}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barton Manor , now a luxury residential complex , is based around an ancient former manor house with its own 13th-century chapel . This flint building , now re-roofed but with original lancet windows , was apparently used as a place of worship by parishioners in the Nyetimber area of Pagham in the Middle Ages ; the parish church lies ⁄ 4 mile ( 1.2 km ) away', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Manor_house', 'summary': "A manor house was historically the main residence of the lord of the manor . The house formed the administrative centre of a manor in the European feudal system ; within its great hall were held the lord 's manorial courts , communal meals with manorial tenants and great banquets . The term is today loosely applied to various country houses , frequently dating from the late medieval era , which formerly housed the gentry . They were sometimes fortified , but this was frequently intended more for show than for defence . Manor houses existed in most European countries where feudalism existed , where they were sometimes known as castles , palaces , and so on ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lancet_window', 'summary': 'A lancet window is a tall , narrow window with a pointed arch at its top . It acquired the lancet name from its resemblance to a lance . Instances of this architectural motif are typical of Gothic church edifices of the earliest period . Lancet windows may occur singly , or paired under a single moulding , or grouped in an odd number with the tallest window at the centre . The architectural motif first appeared in the early French Gothic period ( c. 1140-1200 ) , and later in the English period of Gothic architecture ( 1200-1275 ) . So common was the lancet window feature that this era is sometimes known as the Lancet Period . The term lancet window is properly applied to windows of austere form , without tracery . Paired windows were sometimes surmounted by a simple opening such as a quatrefoil cut in plate tracery . This form gave way to the more ornate , multi-light traceried windowed .'}]}, {'value': "St Mary Magdalene 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St_Mary_Magdalene's_Church,_Tortington", 'summary': "St Mary Magdalene 's Church is the former Anglican parish church of the hamlet of Tortington in the district of Arun , one of seven local government districts in the English county of West Sussex . Founded in the 12th century to serve a priory and villagers in the riverside location , it has experienced little change despite a 19th-century restoration . Its ancient chancel arch and doorway have remarkable carvings with grotesque , boggle-eyed monsters , rare beakhead figures and chevron ornamentation . Standing in a picturesque setting behind a farm , the flint and Caen stone building was used for worship until 1978 , when it was declared redundant . It is now cared for by the Churches Conservation Trust , and English Heritage has listed it at Grade II for its architectural and historical importance ."}]}, {'value': "Tortington 50°50′09″N 0°34′37″W / 50.8357°N 0.5769°W / 50.8357 ; -0.5769 ( Former St Mary Magdalene 's Church , Tortington )", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tortington', 'summary': 'Tortington is a small village in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . It lies between the Arundel to Ford and the Arundel to Chichester roads , 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) southwest of Arundel ( where the population taken at the 2011 Census was included ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': 'II', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This church , declared redundant in 1978 , originally served the adjacent priory . A remarkable set of carvings , some depicting boggle-eyed monsters , surround the doorway and the chancel arch . The building has mid-12th-century origins . The roof has a white wooden bell-turret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Redundant_church', 'summary': 'Redundant church is a phrase particularly used to refer to former Anglican church buildings no longer required for regular public worship in the United Kingdom , but may refer to any disused church building around the world . Reasons for redundancy include population movements , changing social patterns , merging of parishes , decline in church attendance ( especially Christian decline in the Global North ) or other factors . Although once simply demolished or left to ruin , today many redundant churches find new uses as community centres , museums , or homes .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tortington_Priory', 'summary': 'Tortington is a small village in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . It lies between the Arundel to Ford and the Arundel to Chichester roads , 1.6 miles ( 2.6 km ) southwest of Arundel ( where the population taken at the 2011 Census was included ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bell-Cot', 'summary': 'A bell-cot , bell-cote or bellcote is a small framework and shelter for one or more bells . Bellcotes are most common in church architecture but are also seen on institutions such as schools . The bellcote may be carried on brackets projecting from a wall or built on the roof of chapels or churches that have no towers . The bellcote often holds the Sanctus bell that is rung at the consecration of the Eucharist .'}]}, {'value': 'Walberton Baptist Chapel', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Walberton 50°50′42″N 0°37′13″W / 50.8450°N 0.6203°W / 50.8450 ; -0.6203 ( Former Walberton Baptist Chapel , Walberton )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walberton', 'summary': "Walberton is a village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex , England , 5 miles ( 8 km ) north-west of Littlehampton , and south of the A27 road . The land rises from 10 to 35 metres above sea level , a quarter of the height of the nearest foothill , Nore Hill , of the South Downs , which is outside the parish to the north . The civil parish includes the smaller village of Binsted to the east and the larger neighbourhood of Fontwell , less than a kilometre to the north-west . Walberton has a medieval church next to its clustered centre . Binsted 's medieval church retains its original setting of village houses dispersed over farm fields ."}]}, {'value': 'Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baptists', 'summary': "Baptists form a major branch of Protestantism distinguished by baptizing professing believers only ( believer 's baptism , as opposed to infant baptism ) , and doing so by complete immersion ( as opposed to affusion or aspersion ) . Baptist churches also generally subscribe to the doctrines of soul competency ( the responsibility and accountability of every person before God ) , sola fide ( salvation by faith alone ) , sola scriptura ( scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice ) and congregationalist church government . Baptists generally recognize two ordinances : baptism and communion . Diverse from their beginning , those identifying as Baptists today differ widely from one another in what they believe , how they worship , their attitudes toward other Christians , and their understanding of what is important in Christian discipleship . Historians trace the earliest Baptist church to 1609 in Amsterdam , Dutch Republic with English Separatist John Smyth as its pastor . In accordance with his reading of the New Testament , he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults . Baptist practice spread to England , where the General Baptists considered Christ 's atonement to extend to all people , while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect . Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law , so that individuals might have freedom of religion . Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious conflict with English dissenters under King James I . In 1638 , Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies . In the 18th and 19th centuries , the First and Second Great Awakening increased church membership in the United States . Baptist missionaries have spread their faith to every continent ."}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Baptist congregation developed in the village in the 1840s and worshipped in this small building from 1847 until the new , larger Baptist Church was built nearby in 1886 . The structure is now a garage , but it served as a Sunday school for part of the 20th century', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunday_school', 'summary': 'A Sunday school is an educational institution , usually ( but not always ) Christian in character . They were first set up in the 1780s in England to provide education to working children . Today , Sunday school has become the generic name for many different types of religious education pursued and conducted on Sundays by various denominations . William King started a Sunday school in 1751 in Dursley , Gloucestershire , and suggested that Robert Raikes start a similar one in Gloucester . Raikes was editor of the Gloucester Journal . He wrote an article in his journal , and as a result many clergymen supported schools , which aimed to teach the youngsters reading , writing , cyphering ( doing arithmetic ) and a knowledge of the Bible . In 1785 , 250,000 English children were attending Sunday school . There were 5,000 in Manchester alone . By 1835 , the Society for the Establishment and Promotion of Sunday Schools had distributed 91,915 spelling books , 24,232 Testaments and 5,360 Bibles . The Sunday school movement was cross-denominational . Financed through subscription , large buildings were constructed that could host public lectures as well as providing classrooms . Adults would attend the same classes as the infants , as each was instructed in basic reading .'}]}, {'value': 'St Barnabas Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warningcamp 50°50′54″N 0°31′36″W / 50.8484°N 0.5267°W / 50.8484 ; -0.5267 ( Former St Barnabas Church , Warningcamp )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warningcamp', 'summary': 'Warningcamp is a clustered village and larger , semi-wooded mid-size civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex , England . It is centred 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) ENE of Arundel , on the east bank of the River Arun . The south-east quarter of the parish is woodland .'}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Warningcamp School was licensed for religious services in 1863 , and a chancel was added in 1890 by George Truefitt . The dedication to St Barnabas was recorded from 1904 . The building was used solely as a church from 1923 until 1967 , but it closed on 12 November that year and was sold for residential conversion in 1968', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chancel', 'summary': "In church architecture , the chancel is the space around the altar , including the choir and the sanctuary ( sometimes called the presbytery ) , at the liturgical east end of a traditional Christian church building . It may terminate in an apse . It is generally the area used by the clergy and choir during worship , while the congregation is in the nave . Direct access may be provided by a priest 's door , usually on the south side of the church . This is one definition , sometimes called the strict one ; in practice in churches where the eastern end contains other elements such as an ambulatory and side chapels , these are also often counted as part of the chancel , especially when discussing architecture . In smaller churches , where the altar is backed by the outside east wall and there is no distinct choir , the chancel and sanctuary may be the same area . In churches with a retroquire area behind the altar , this may only be included in the broader definition of chancel . In a cathedral or other large church , there may be a distinct choir area at the start of the chancel ( looking from the nave ) , before reaching the sanctuary , and an ambulatory may run beside and behind it . All these may be included in the chancel , at least in architectural terms ( see above ) . In many churches , the altar has now been moved to the front of the chancel , in what was built as the choir area , or to the centre of the transept , somewhat confusing the distinction between chancel , choir and sanctuary . In churches with less traditional plans , the term may not be useful in either architectural or ecclesiastical terms . The chancel may be a step or two higher than the level of the nave , and the sanctuary is often raised still further ."}]}, {'value': 'St Michael and All Angels Church', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Meads , Aldwick 50°47′21″N 0°42′04″W / 50.7891°N 0.7012°W / 50.7891 ; -0.7012 ( Former St Michael and All Angels Church , West Meads , Aldwick )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aldwick', 'summary': "Aldwick is a seaside civil parish in the Arun district of West Sussex , England , which contains part of the suburbs of Bognor Regis to the East . The parish includes the smaller settlement of Rose Green . It had , briefly , a home of the constitutional monarch of the British Empire when King George V convalesced ( with his wider family regularly visiting ) at Craigweil House in 1929 , before its demolition . This stay led directly to Bognor attaining the suffix 'Regis ' . The area around this has throwback relatively ornate architecture of the early 20th century and a large conservation area . Aldwick has three churches : one Anglican dedicated to St Richard , one Roman Catholic dedicated to St Anthony of Viareggio , and the Free Church ( Baptist ) . There are a few shops and several miles of beach ."}]}, {'value': 'Anglican', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_England', 'summary': "The Church of England ( C of E ) is the established church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach , and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed :"}]}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This church was founded on the West Meads housing estate in 1968 , but it fell out of use in 2006 . A planning application for its demolition was refused in March 2011 . At that time , the building was owned by Christ for the Nations , an Evangelical group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evangelicalism', 'summary': "Evangelicalism ( /ˌiːvænˈdʒɛlɪkəlɪzəm , ˌɛvæn- , -ən/ ) , evangelical Christianity , or evangelical Protestantism , [ note 1 ] is a worldwide , trans-denominational movement within Protestant Christianity which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace , solely through faith in Jesus 's atonement . Evangelicals believe in the centrality of the conversion or born again experience in receiving salvation , in the authority of the Bible as God 's revelation to humanity , and in spreading the Christian message . The movement has long had a presence in the Anglosphere before spreading further afield in the 19th , 20th and early 21st centuries . Its origins are usually traced to 1738 , with various theological streams contributing to its foundation , including English Methodism , the Moravian Church ( in particular its bishop Nicolaus Zinzendorf and his community at Herrnhut ) , and German Lutheran Pietism . Preeminently , John Wesley and other early Methodists were at the root of sparking this new movement during the First Great Awakening . Today , evangelicals are found across many Protestant branches , as well as in various denominations not subsumed to a specific branch . Among leaders and major figures of the evangelical Protestant movement were John Wesley , George Whitefield , Jonathan Edwards , Billy Graham , Bill Bright , Harold Ockenga , John Stott and Martyn Lloyd-Jones . The movement gained great momentum during the 18th and 19th centuries with the Great Awakenings in Great Britain and the United States . In 2016 , there were an estimated 619 million evangelicals in the world , meaning that one in four Christians would be classified as evangelical . The United States has the largest concentration of evangelicals in the world . American evangelicals are a quarter of the nation 's population and its single largest religious group . The main movements are Baptist churches , Pentecostalism , charismatic Evangelicalism , neo-charismatic Evangelicalism and nondenominational Evangelicalism ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Closed or disused places of worship', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_places_of_worship_in_Arun_1', 'intro': 'The district of Arun, one of seven local government districts in the English county of West Sussex, has nearly 90 current and former places of worship. As of 2020, 68 active churches and chapels serve the dense urban development on the English Channel coast and the mostly rural hinterland of ancient towns and villages; a further 21 former places of worship still stand but are no longer in religious use. Many churches, serving a wide variety of Christian denominations, are located in the main towns of Littlehampton and Bognor Regis - Victorian seaside resorts which form the focal points of the nearly continuous urban area around the River Arun estuary. Surrounding villages, and their ancient and modern churches, have been absorbed by the 20th-century growth of these towns. Further north, the important hilltop town of Arundel has a Roman Catholic cathedral and a long established Anglican church, and was a centre of Nonconformist worship. English Heritage has awarded listed status to nearly 40 current and former church buildings in Arun. A building is defined as listed when it is placed on a statutory register of buildings of special architectural or historic interest in accordance with the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990. The Department for Culture, Media and Sport, a Government department, is responsible for this; English Heritage, a non-departmental public body, acts as an agency of the department to administer the process and advise the department on relevant issues. There are three grades of listing status. Grade I, the highest, is defined as being of exceptional interest; Grade II* is used for particularly important buildings of more than special interest; and Grade II, the lowest, is used for buildings of special interest. As of February 2001, there were 23 Grade I-listed buildings, 24 with Grade II* status and 913 Grade II-listed buildings in Arun.'}
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What is the name of the church located in a place that is 4 miles from Bognor Regis ?
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Lidsey Mission Hall
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0372bb570d603112
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_18', 'title': 'Order of battle for Convoy PQ 18', 'header': ['Name', 'Type', 'Navy'], 'data': [{'value': 'U-88', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-88_(1941)', 'summary': "German submarine U-88 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She was laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck as yard number 292 , launched on 16 August 1941 and commissioned on 15 October with Kapitänleutnant Heino Bohmann in command . She was a fairly successful boat , succeeding in sinking over 12,000 tons of Allied shipping in a career lasting just one year over three patrols ."}]}, {'value': 'Type VIIC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine', 'summary': 'Type VII U-boats were the most common type of German World War II U-boat . 703 boats were built by the end of the war . The lone surviving example , U-995 is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial located in Laboe , Schleswig-Holstein , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Kriegsmarine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kriegsmarine', 'summary': "The Kriegsmarine ( German pronunciation : [ ˈkʁiːksmaˌʁiːnə ] , lit . War Navy ) was the navy of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945 . It superseded the Imperial German Navy of the German Empire ( 1871-1918 ) and the inter-war Reichsmarine ( 1919-1935 ) of the Weimar Republic . The Kriegsmarine was one of three official branches , along with the Heer and the Luftwaffe of the Wehrmacht , the German armed forces from 1933 to 1945 . In violation of the Treaty of Versailles , the Kriegsmarine grew rapidly during German naval rearmament in the 1930s . The 1919 treaty had limited the size of the German navy and prohibited the building of submarines . Kriegsmarine ships were deployed to the waters around Spain during the Spanish Civil War ( 1936-1939 ) under the guise of enforcing non-intervention , but in reality supported the Nationalists against the Spanish Republicans . In January 1939 , Plan Z was ordered , calling for surface naval parity with the British Royal Navy by 1944 . When World War II broke out in September 1939 , Plan Z was shelved in favour of a crash building program for submarines ( U-boats ) instead of capital surface warships and land and air forces were given priority of strategic resources . The Commander-in-Chief of the Kriegsmarine ( as for all branches of armed forces during the period of absolute Nazi power ) was Adolf Hitler , who exercised his authority through the Oberkommando der Marine . The Kriegsmarine 's most significant ships were the U-boats , most of which were constructed after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II . Wolfpacks were rapidly assembled groups of submarines which attacked British convoys during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic but this tactic was largely abandoned by May 1943 when U-boat losses mounted ."}]}, {'value': 'U-255', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-255', 'summary': "German submarine U-255 was a Type VIIC U-boat that served in Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 21 December 1940 at the Bremer Vulkan yard at Bremen-Vegesack , launched on 8 October 1941 and commissioned on 29 November 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Reinhart Reche . One of the most successful U-boats to operate in Arctic waters , she operated from Norway during 1942-1943 , and then from France in 1944-1945 , sailing on 15 combat patrols , sinking ten merchant ships totalling 47,640 GRT and damaging another of 7,191 GRT enough for it to be written off as a total loss . She also sank the 1,200-tons Edsall-class destroyer escort USS Leopold ( DE-319 ) . At the end of the war U-255 surrendered to the British , and was sunk during Operation Deadlight on 13 December 1945 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-377', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-377', 'summary': "German submarine U-377 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The submarine was laid down on 8 April 1940 at the Howaldtswerke yard in Kiel , launched on 15 August 1941 , and commissioned on 2 October 1941 under the command of Kapitänleutnant Otto Köhler . U-377 was attached to the 6th U-boat Flotilla , and was ready for front-line service from 1 February 1942 . She served with the 11th U-boat Flotilla based in Norway from July 1942 , and was transferred to the 9th U-boat Flotilla based in France on 1 March 1943 . She sailed on 11 war patrols between February 1942 and January 1944 , but sank no ships , before she was sunk with the loss of all hands in January 1944 south-west of Ireland , possibly by one of her own homing torpedoes or possibly by depth charges from the British destroyer HMS Wanderer and the frigate HMS Glenarm ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-378', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-378', 'summary': "German submarine U-378 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out eight patrols before being sunk by US aircraft on 20 October 1943 in mid-Atlantic at position 47°40′N 28°27′W / 47.667°N 28.450°W / 47.667 ; -28.450Coordinates : 47°40′N 28°27′W / 47.667°N 28.450°W / 47.667 ; -28.450 . She was a member of 16 wolfpacks . She sank one warship ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-403', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-403', 'summary': "German submarine U-403 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . In eight war patrols , she sank two ships totalling 12,946 gross register tons ( GRT ) . She was sunk by a French aircraft west of Dakar in August 1943 with the loss of all hands ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-405', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-405', 'summary': "German submarine U-405 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . The U-boat was laid down on 8 July 1940 at the Danziger Werft shipyard at Danzig , launched on 4 June 1941 and commissioned on 17 September 1941 . She was commanded by Korvettenkapitän Rolf-Heinrich Hopman ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-408', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-408', 'summary': "German submarine U-408 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out three patrols . She sank three ships . She was a member of two wolfpacks . She was sunk by a US aircraft north of Iceland in November 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-435', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-435', 'summary': "German submarine U-435 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II . She was laid down on 11 April 1940 by F Schichau GmbH in Danzig as yard number 1477 , launched on 31 May 1941 and commissioned on 30 August 1941 under Korvettenkapitän Siegfried Strelow ( Knights Cross ) . The boat 's service began on 30 August 1941 with training as part of the 5th U-boat Flotilla . She was transferred to the 1st flotilla on 1 January 1942 for active service and then to the 11th flotilla on 1 July 1942 . She returned to the 1st flotilla on 1 February 1943 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-457', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-457', 'summary': "German submarine U-457 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out three patrols , on which she sank two ships and damaged one more . She was sunk northeast of the North Cape by a British warship , in September 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-589', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-589', 'summary': "German submarine U-589 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out seven patrols , was a member of ten wolfpacks , sank one ship of 417 gross register tons ( GRT ) and damaged one other of 2,847 GRT . The boat was sunk by depth charges from a British warship assisted by a British aircraft , in September 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-592', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-592', 'summary': "German submarine U-592 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine during World War II . She carried out ten patrols , was a member of 16 wolfpacks and sank one ship of 3,770 gross register tons ( GRT ) . The boat was sunk by depth charges from British warships on 31 January 1944 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U-703', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_submarine_U-703', 'summary': "German submarine U-703 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany 's Kriegsmarine deployed during the Second World War against allied shipping in the Arctic Ocean . She was a successful boat , which had a far longer service life than most other U-boats , primarily due to the restricted zone of operations in which she fought . Her main mission during the war was to target the Arctic Convoys which carried supplies to the Soviet Union from Britain . At this she was quite successful in her three years of raiding until her presumed demise in 1944 . U-703 was built at Hamburg in Northern Germany on the North Sea . She was completed in the autumn of 1941 , and given to the experienced Kapitänleutnant Heinz Bielfeld to command . He took her on her working-up period in which the boat was tested and the crew trained in the Baltic Sea and around the German held coastlines , before being dispatched to Narvik in Norway for her first war patrol in April 1942 ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'KM', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Axis forces -- U-boats', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Order_of_battle_for_Convoy_PQ_18_10', 'intro': 'Convoy PQ 18 was the last of the PQ/QP series of arctic convoys during World War II, bound from US and British ports via Reykjavík to the Barents Sea and White Sea ports of the Soviet Union, particularly Murmansk and Archangel. The convoy sailed on 2 September 1942 and arrived three weeks later on 21 September 1942. It was opposed by German sea and air forces based in occupied Norway. The convoy comprised 40 merchant ships and 4 naval auxiliaries, plus contingents to and from Iceland (48 in all) and was defended by a close escort and a Fighting Destroyer Escort, as well as local escort forces, and two distant escort forces (74 warships in total). These were supported by aircraft of the RAF based in the Soviet Union. The German forces comprised a U-boat group, code-named Ice Palace, of 12 U-Boats and a surface attack force of 8 warships, though in the event these were not engaged. These were assisted by the aircraft of Luftflotte 5.'}
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what is the type of boat that laid down at the Flender Werke in Lübeck as yard number 292 ?
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Type VIIC
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0374edcc6721e764
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCovey_Cove', 'title': 'McCovey Cove', 'header': ['No', 'Player', 'Date', 'Opponent', 'Pitcher'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 1 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New York Mets', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_York_Mets', 'summary': "The New York Mets are a Major League Baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . They are one of two MLB teams based in New York City , the other being the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . One of baseball 's first expansion teams , the Mets were founded in 1962 to replace New York 's departed NL teams , the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants . The team 's colors combine the Dodgers ' blue and the Giants ' orange . For the 1962 and 1963 seasons , the Mets played home games at the Polo Grounds . From 1964 to 2008 , their home ballpark was Shea Stadium . In 2009 , they moved into their current ballpark , Citi Field . In their inaugural season , the Mets posted a record of 40-120 , the worst regular season record since MLB went to a 162-game schedule . The team never finished better than second-to-last until the Miracle Mets beat the Baltimore Orioles in the 1969 World Series , one of the biggest upsets in World Series history . Since then , they have played in four World Series , including a dramatic run in 1973 that ended in a seven-game loss to the Oakland Athletics , a second championship in 1986 over the Boston Red Sox , a Subway Series loss against their cross-town rivals the New York Yankees in 2000 , and a five-game loss to the Kansas City Royals in 2015 . The Mets qualified to play in the MLB postseason in 1988 and 2006 , coming within one game of the World Series both years ."}]}, {'value': 'Rich Rodriguez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rich_Rodriguez_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Richard Anthony Rodriguez ( born March 1 , 1963 ) , a graduate of Mountain View High School in the city of El Monte , California , is a retired professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1990-2003 . Rodriguez was drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 17th round of the 1981 Major League Baseball Draft , but did not sign , opting to attend the University of Tennessee . He was drafted again by the New York Mets in the 9th round of the 1984 Major League Baseball Draft , and signed . Prior to the 1989 season , Rodriguez was traded by the Mets to the San Diego Padres for minor leaguers Bill Stevenson and Brad Pounders . He made his major league debut in 1990 with the Padres and played for them until June 24 , 1993 , when he and Gary Sheffield were traded to the Florida Marlins for Andres Berumen , Trevor Hoffman and Jose Martinez . In 1994 , he was released by the Marlins and signed with the St. Louis Cardinals . In 1996 , he signed with the Cincinnati Reds , but was released during spring training . He signed with the Royals and spent the season in the minor leagues . After the 1996 season , he signed with the San Francisco Giants , where he played for three seasons . He signed with the Mets for the 2000 season . In 2001 , he played for the Cleveland Indians . He signed with the Texas Rangers for the 2002 season , and the Anaheim Angels for the 2003 season .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Andy Benes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andy_Benes', 'summary': 'Andrew Charles Benes ( born August 20 , 1967 ) is a former Major League Baseball right-handed pitcher . During a 14-year career from 1989 to 2002 , Benes played for the San Diego Padres , the Seattle Mariners , the St. Louis Cardinals and the Arizona Diamondbacks . His brother Alan also pitched in the Major Leagues , and was his teammate in 1996-97 and 2000-01 . He and his brother Alan attended Evansville Lutheran School and Evansville Central High School .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 10 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis Cardinals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals', 'summary': "The St. Louis Cardinals are an American professional baseball team based in St. Louis , Missouri . The Cardinals compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . Busch Stadium has been their home ballpark since 2006 . One of the nation 's oldest and most successful professional baseball clubs , the Cardinals have won 11 World Series championships , more than any other NL team and second in MLB only to the New York Yankees . The team has won 19 National League pennants , third-most of any team . St. Louis has also won 14 division titles in the East and Central divisions . In 1881 , entrepreneur Chris von der Ahe purchased the Brown Stockings barnstorming club , renamed it the St. Louis Browns , and made it a charter member of the American Association ( AA ) baseball league . The team won four league championships , qualifying them to play in the era 's professional baseball championship tournament , a forerunner of the modern World Series . In two of these championships , the Browns met the Chicago White Stockings , launching the enduring Cardinals-Cubs rivalry . In 1892 , the Browns - also called the Perfectos - joined the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs , later renamed the National League . In 1900 , the team was renamed the Cardinals . ( Two years later , an unrelated St. Louis Browns team joined the American League . )"}]}, {'value': 'Heathcliff Slocumb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heathcliff_Slocumb', 'summary': 'Heath Heathcliff Slocumb ( born June 7 , 1966 ) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher . He batted and threw right-handed . In a 10-year career , Slocumb played with the Chicago Cubs , Cleveland Indians , Philadelphia Phillies , Boston Red Sox , Seattle Mariners , Baltimore Orioles , St. Louis Cardinals , and San Diego Padres . An All-Star selection in 1995 , Slocumb compiled a career 28-37 record with 513 strikeouts and a 4.08 ERA in 631 innings . He collected 98 saves , including 32 for the Phillies in 1995 and 31 with Boston in 1996 . Slocumb was traded in mid-1997 from Boston to Seattle for pitcher Derek Lowe and catcher Jason Varitek , in what is often cited in retrospect as one of the most one-sided trades in baseball history . At the time , Lowe had pitched in only 12 major-league games with an ERA of nearly 7 , and Varitek had never played in the majors . However , Lowe and Varitek both went on to make multiple All-Star teams and were major contributors to the 2004 World Champion Red Sox . In 2005 , Varitek was named captain of the Red Sox . Although Slocumb helped the Mariners make the playoffs in 1997 , his career had dissipated significantly by 1998 and he was never effective again .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 4 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 24 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montreal Expos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montreal_Expos', 'summary': "The Montreal Expos ( French : Les Expos de Montréal ) were a Canadian professional baseball team based in Montreal , Quebec . The Expos were the first Major League Baseball ( MLB ) franchise located outside the United States . They played in the National League ( NL ) East division from 1969 until 2004 . Following the 2004 season , the franchise relocated to Washington , D.C. , and became the Washington Nationals . Immediately after the minor league Triple-A Montreal Royals folded in 1960 , political leaders in Montreal sought an MLB franchise , and when the National League evaluated expansion candidates for the 1969 season , it awarded a team to Montreal . Named after the Expo 67 World 's Fair , the Expos originally played at Jarry Park Stadium before moving to Olympic Stadium in 1977 . The Expos failed to post a winning record in any of their first ten seasons . The team won its only division title in the strike-shortened 1981 season , but lost the 1981 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) to the Los Angeles Dodgers . The team was sold in 1991 by its majority , founding owner , Charles Bronfman , to a consortium headed by Claude Brochu . Felipe Alou was promoted to the team 's field manager in 1992 , becoming MLB 's first Dominican-born manager . He led the team to four winning seasons , including 1994 , where the Expos had the best record in baseball before a players ' strike ended the season . Alou became the Expos leader in games managed ( 1,409 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Mike Thurman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Thurman', 'summary': 'Michael Richard Thurman ( born July 22 , 1973 ) is a former American professional baseball player who pitched in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Montreal Expos from 1997 to 2001 and for the New York Yankees in 2002 . Thurman was drafted in the first round ( 31st overall ) of the 1994 amateur draft , after playing for Oregon State University in college . He is a graduate of Philomath High School , where he made numerous contributions to the baseball program and has served as a coach there during a summer league . His records still stand at Philomath .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego Padres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Padres', 'summary': 'The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Brian Meadows', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Meadows', 'summary': 'Matthew Brian Meadows ( born November 21 , 1975 ) is a retired Major League Baseball relief pitcher . Meadows pitched with the Florida Marlins for two years . He won 11 games in back to back seasons ( 1998 , 1999 ) despite having an ERA over 5.00 in those seasons . In 2000 , he was traded to the San Diego Padres , he made 22 starts for the Padres before being traded to the Kansas City Royals . He finished the season with a record of 13-10 and an ERA of 5.13 in 33 games . In 2001 , he had a 1-6 record with an ERA of 6.97 in 10 games for the Royals . He was released following the 2001 season . In 2002 , Meadows signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates . From 2003-2005 , Meadows pitched exclusively out of the bullpen for the Pirates , appearing in a total of 167 games over that span . In 2006 , Meadows signed with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays . He had a 5.17 ERA in 53 games for the Devil Rays . He retired following the 2006 season from baseball .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 6 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 20 , 2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cincinnati Reds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds', 'summary': "The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati , Ohio . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . They were a charter member of the American Association in 1882 and joined the NL in 1890 . The Reds played in the NL West division from 1969 to 1993 , before joining the Central division in 1994 . They have won five World Series championships , nine NL pennants , one AA pennant , and 10 division titles . The team plays its home games at Great American Ball Park , which opened in 2003 replacing Riverfront Stadium . Bob Castellini has been chief executive officer since 2006 . From 1882 to 2019 , the Reds ' overall win-loss record is 10,599-10,393 ( a 0.505 winning percentage ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Steve Parris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Steve_Parris', 'summary': 'Steven Michael Parris ( born December 17 , 1967 ) , is a former Major League Baseball pitcher for four teams from 1995-2003 . He played for 14 years , including his time in the minors .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 7 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 17 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Terry Adams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terry_Adams_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Terry Wayne Adams ( born March 6 , 1973 ) , is an American former professional baseball pitcher , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) from 1995 to 2005 for the Chicago Cubs , Los Angeles Dodgers , Philadelphia Phillies , Toronto Blue Jays , and Boston Red Sox .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 8 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'April 18 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Dodgers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Dodgers are an American professional baseball team based in Los Angeles , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Established in 1883 in Brooklyn , New York , the team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season . They played for four seasons at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before moving to their current home of Dodger Stadium in 1962 . The Dodgers have won six World Series championships and twenty three National League pennants . Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers , winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards ; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers , winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards . The team has eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners , more than twice as many as the second place New York Yankees 8 . The Dodgers have had four consecutive Rookies of the Year from 1979 to 1982 and five in a row from 1992 to 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'Chan Ho Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chan_Ho_Park', 'summary': 'Chan Ho Park ( Korean : 박찬호 ; Hanja : 朴贊浩 ; Korean pronunciation : [ pɐk̚.tɕʰɐn.ɦo ] ; born June 30 , 1973 ) is a South Korean former professional baseball pitcher . He played for the Los Angeles Dodgers , Texas Rangers , San Diego Padres , New York Mets , Philadelphia Phillies , New York Yankees , and Pittsburgh Pirates of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) , and the Hanwha Eagles of the KBO League . Park was the first South Korea-born player in MLB history . He has the most career wins of any Asia-born pitcher in history ( 124 ) , having passed Hideo Nomo for that distinction in 2010 . During his playing days , Park stood 6 feet 2 inches ( 188 cm ) tall , weighing 210 pounds ( 95 kg ) .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 9 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 24 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rockies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rockies', 'summary': "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver , Colorado . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team 's home venue is Coors Field , located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver . The team is owned by the Monfort brothers and managed by Bud Black . The Rockies began play as an expansion team for the 1993 season , and played their home games for their first two seasons at Mile High Stadium . Since 1995 , they have played at Coors Field , which has earned a reputation as a hitter 's park . The Rockies have qualified for the postseason five times , each time as a Wild Card winner . In 2007 , the team earned its first ( and only ) NL pennant after winning 14 of their final 15 games in the regular season to secure a Wild Card position . In the 2007 World Series , they were swept by the American League ( AL ) champions Boston Red Sox in four games ."}]}, {'value': 'John Thomson ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Thomson_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Carl Thomson ( born October 1 , 1973 ) is a retired starting pitcher who last played for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball . He is a 1991 graduate of Sulphur High School in Sulphur , Louisiana . He went undrafted out of high school and pitched for McNeese State University ( Lake Charles , Louisiana ) in 1992 and Blinn Junior College ( Brenham , Texas ) in 1993 . The Colorado Rockies selected him in the seventh round of the June 1993 amateur draft and he made his major league debut for the Rockies on May 11 , 1997 . 2007 is his eleventh major league season . In addition to the Rockies , he has played for the New York Mets , Texas Rangers , Atlanta Braves and Kansas City Royals and also pitched in the Toronto Blue Jays organization from April through June 2007 . He currently resides in his hometown of Sulphur , LA .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Crespo ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Crespo', 'summary': "Felipe Javier Crespo ( born March 5 , 1973 ) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball utility player , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for three different teams between 1996 and 2001 . Listed at 5'11 , 195 lb. , he was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed . Crespo is the older brother of César Crespo ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Diamondbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Bret Prinz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bret_Prinz', 'summary': "Bret Randolph Prinz ( born June 15 , 1977 ) is a former Major League Baseball relief pitcher who played with the Arizona Diamondbacks ( 2001-2003 ) , New York Yankees ( 2003-2004 ) , Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ( 2005 ) , and Chicago White Sox ( 2007 ) . He batted and threw right-handed . He began his major league career with the Diamondbacks in 2001 , achieving success out of the bullpen . He would remain with the team until 2003 , where he was traded to the New York Yankees . Prinz would remain with the Yankees for a season and a half , going 1-0 with a 5.93 ERA . The Yankees then traded Prinz to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for catcher Wil Nieves . In 2006 , Prinz signed a minor league deal with the Colorado Rockies . In 2007 , Prinz pitched for three organizations before being signed by the White Sox . After being designated for assignment on June 15 , 2007 by the White Sox , Prinz chose to become a free agent , and signed a deal to pitch for the Chicago Cubs ' Triple-A affiliate , the Iowa Cubs . On February 29 , 2008 , Prinz signed with the Somerset Patriots of the independent Atlantic League of Professional Baseball . He served as their closer until May 31 , 2008 , when his contract was purchased by the Oakland Athletics and assigned to Triple-A Sacramento . He became a free agent at the end of the season and re-signed with the Patriots on March 4 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 10 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 30 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona Diamondbacks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks', 'summary': "The Arizona Diamondbacks , often shortened as the D-backs , are an American professional baseball team based in Phoenix , Arizona . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team plays its home games at Chase Field , formerly known as Bank One Ballpark . The Diamondbacks have won one World Series championship ( defeating the New York Yankees in 2001 ) - becoming the fastest expansion team in Major League history to win a championship , which it did in only the fourth season since the franchise 's inception ."}]}, {'value': 'Robert Ellis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Ellis_(baseball)', 'summary': 'Robert Randolph Ellis ( born December 15 , 1970 ) is a former starting pitcher who played in Major League Baseball between 1996 and 2003 . He batted and threw right-handed .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 11 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'June 12 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anaheim Angels', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim', 'summary': "The Los Angeles Angels are an American professional baseball team based in the city of Anaheim , California , part of Orange County and the Los Angeles metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) West division . The Angels have played home games at Angel Stadium since 1966 . The current MLB franchise was established as one of the league 's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry , the team 's first owner . Autry was a famous singing cowboy actor in a series of films in the 1930s to 1950s , and later was the subject of the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum . The Angels name was taken by Autry in tribute to the previous original Los Angeles Angels , a Minor League franchise in the Pacific Coast League ( PCL ) , which played in South Central Los Angeles from 1903 to 1957 . He bought the rights to the Angels name from Walter O'Malley , the then-Los Angeles Dodgers owner , who acquired the PCL franchise from Philip K. Wrigley , also the owner of the parent Chicago Cubs at the time , as part of the Dodgers ' move to Southern California ."}]}, {'value': 'Pat Rapp', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pat_Rapp', 'summary': 'Patrick Leland Rapp ( born July 13 , 1967 ) is a former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball .'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Felipe Crespo ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Crespo', 'summary': "Felipe Javier Crespo ( born March 5 , 1973 ) is a Puerto Rican former professional baseball utility player , who played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for three different teams between 1996 and 2001 . Listed at 5'11 , 195 lb. , he was a switch-hitter and threw right-handed . Crespo is the older brother of César Crespo ."}]}, {'value': 'July 8 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milwaukee Brewers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers', 'summary': "The Milwaukee Brewers are an American professional baseball team based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) Central division . The team is named for the city 's association with the brewing industry . Since 2001 , the Brewers have played their home games at Miller Park , which has a seating capacity of 41,900 . The team was founded in 1969 as the Seattle Pilots , an expansion team of the American League ( AL ) , in Seattle , Washington . The Pilots played their home games at Sick 's Stadium . After only one season , the team relocated to Milwaukee , becoming known as the Brewers and playing their home games at Milwaukee County Stadium . In 1998 , the Brewers joined the National League . They are the only franchise to play in four different divisions since the advent of divisional play in Major League Baseball in 1969 . They are also one of two current MLB franchises to switch leagues in their history , the other one being the Houston Astros . The team 's only World Series appearance came in 1982 , and they are one of only six current MLB teams that have never won the World Series . After winning the ALCS against the California Angels , the Brewers faced off against the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series , losing 4-3 ."}]}, {'value': 'Curtis Leskanic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Curtis_Leskanic', 'summary': 'Curtis John Leskanic ( /lɛsˈkænɪk/ ; born April 2 , 1968 ) is an American former Major League Baseball relief pitcher . During a 12-year baseball career , he pitched from 1993-2004 for the Colorado Rockies , Milwaukee Brewers , Kansas City Royals and Boston Red Sox . He is currently a professional scout for the Red Sox .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 12 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 4 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philadelphia Phillies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies', 'summary': "The Philadelphia Phillies are an American professional baseball team based in Philadelphia . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member of the National League ( NL ) East division . Since 2004 , the team 's home stadium has been Citizens Bank Park , located in South Philadelphia . The Phillies are the oldest , continuous , one-name , one-city franchise in American professional sports . The Phillies have won two World Series championships ( against the Kansas City Royals in 1980 and the Tampa Bay Rays in 2008 ) and seven National League pennants , the first of which came in 1915 . Since the first modern World Series was played in 1903 , the Phillies played 77 consecutive seasons ( and 97 seasons from the club 's establishment ) before they won their first World Series - longer than any of the other 16 teams that made up the major leagues for the first half of the 20th century . They are one of the more successful franchises since the start of the Divisional Era in Major League Baseball . The Phillies have won 11 division titles , including five consecutive division titles from 2007 to 2011 ; these are ranked sixth among all teams and fourth in the National League . The franchise was founded in Philadelphia in 1883 , replacing the team from Worcester , Massachusetts , in the National League . The team has played at several stadiums in the city , beginning with Recreation Park and continuing at Baker Bowl ; Shibe Park , which was later renamed Connie Mack Stadium in honor of the longtime Philadelphia Athletics manager ; Veterans Stadium , and now Citizens Bank Park . The team 's spring training facilities are located in Clearwater , Florida , where its Class-A minor league affiliate Clearwater Threshers plays at Spectrum Field . Other Class-A affiliates are the Lakewood BlueClaws , who play in Lakewood , New Jersey , and the Williamsport Crosscutters , who play in Williamsport , Pennsylvania ."}]}, {'value': 'Nelson Figueroa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nelson_Figueroa', 'summary': 'Nelson Figueroa , Jr. ( born May 18 , 1974 ) , is an American former professional baseball pitcher , and a former post-game studio analyst for New York Mets broadcasts . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Arizona Diamondbacks , Philadelphia Phillies , Milwaukee Brewers , Pittsburgh Pirates , Mets , and Houston Astros . Figueroa also played for the Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions of the Chinese Professional Baseball League ( CPBL ) . He featured a fastball topping out at 91 mph , slider , curveball , changeup , and a splitter .'}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 13 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 14 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': 'Ricky Bones', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ricky_Bones', 'summary': 'Ricardo Bones ( /ˈboʊnɪs/ ; born April 7 , 1969 ) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher . Bones played from 1991 to 2001 for three National League teams - the San Diego Padres , Cincinnati Reds , and Florida Marlins - and four American League teams - the Milwaukee Brewers , Kansas City Royals , New York Yankees , and Baltimore Orioles .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 14 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'August 31 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Colorado Rockies', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Colorado_Rockies', 'summary': "The Colorado Rockies are an American professional baseball team based in Denver , Colorado . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . The team 's home venue is Coors Field , located in the Lower Downtown area of Denver . The team is owned by the Monfort brothers and managed by Bud Black . The Rockies began play as an expansion team for the 1993 season , and played their home games for their first two seasons at Mile High Stadium . Since 1995 , they have played at Coors Field , which has earned a reputation as a hitter 's park . The Rockies have qualified for the postseason five times , each time as a Wild Card winner . In 2007 , the team earned its first ( and only ) NL pennant after winning 14 of their final 15 games in the regular season to secure a Wild Card position . In the 2007 World Series , they were swept by the American League ( AL ) champions Boston Red Sox in four games ."}]}, {'value': 'John Thomson ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Thomson_(baseball)', 'summary': 'John Carl Thomson ( born October 1 , 1973 ) is a retired starting pitcher who last played for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball . He is a 1991 graduate of Sulphur High School in Sulphur , Louisiana . He went undrafted out of high school and pitched for McNeese State University ( Lake Charles , Louisiana ) in 1992 and Blinn Junior College ( Brenham , Texas ) in 1993 . The Colorado Rockies selected him in the seventh round of the June 1993 amateur draft and he made his major league debut for the Rockies on May 11 , 1997 . 2007 is his eleventh major league season . In addition to the Rockies , he has played for the New York Mets , Texas Rangers , Atlanta Braves and Kansas City Royals and also pitched in the Toronto Blue Jays organization from April through June 2007 . He currently resides in his hometown of Sulphur , LA .'}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 15 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'September 29 , 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'San Diego Padres', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Diego_Padres', 'summary': 'The San Diego Padres are an American professional baseball team based in San Diego , California . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) West division . Founded in 1969 , the Padres have won two NL pennants - in 1984 and 1998 , losing in the World Series both years . As of 2018 , they have had 14 winning seasons in franchise history . The Padres are one of two Major League Baseball teams ( the other being the Los Angeles Angels ) in California to originate from that state ; the Athletics were originally from Philadelphia ( and moved to the state from Kansas City ) , and the Dodgers and Giants are originally from two New York City boroughs - Brooklyn and Manhattan , respectively . The Padres are the only MLB team that does not share its city with another franchise in the four major American professional sports leagues . The Padres are the only major professional sports franchise to be located in San Diego , following the relocation of the Chargers to Los Angeles in 2017 . They are also the only franchise in the MLB not to have a no-hitter , having gone 8,020 games without throwing one , a major league record to begin a franchise .'}]}, {'value': 'Chuck McElroy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chuck_McElroy', 'summary': 'Charles Dwayne McElroy Sr. ( born October 1 , 1967 ) , is a former professional baseball player who was a relief pitcher in Major League Baseball from 1989 to 2001 .'}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 16 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 13 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atlanta Braves', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlanta_Braves', 'summary': "The Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . The team played its home games at Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium from 1966 to 1996 , and at Turner Field from 1997 to 2016 . Since 2017 , their home stadium has been Truist Park ( formerly SunTrust Park ) , located 10 miles ( 16 km ) northwest of downtown Atlanta in Cobb County , Georgia . The Braves play spring training games at CoolToday Park in North Port , Florida . The name Braves , which was first used in 1912 , originates from a term for a Native American warrior . They are nicknamed the Bravos , and often referred to as America 's Team in reference to the team 's games being broadcast on the nationally available TBS from the 1970s until 2007 , giving the team a nationwide fan base . From 1991 to 2005 , the Braves were one of the most successful teams in baseball , winning division titles an unprecedented 14 consecutive times ( omitting the strike-shortened 1994 season in which there were no official division champions ) , and producing one of the greatest pitching rotations in the history of baseball . Most notably , this rotation consisted of pitchers Greg Maddux , John Smoltz , and Tom Glavine . Pitcher Steve Avery also was a significant contributor to the rotation during the period of 1991-1993 . The Braves won the National League West division from 1991 to 1993 , and after divisional realignment , the National League East division from 1995 to 2005 . They returned to the playoffs as the National League Wild Card in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kevin Millwood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Millwood', 'summary': 'Kevin Austin Millwood ( born December 24 , 1974 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . He played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Atlanta Braves , Philadelphia Phillies , Cleveland Indians , Texas Rangers , Baltimore Orioles , Colorado Rockies and Seattle Mariners . While with the Braves , Millwood was part of a pitching rotation which featured Greg Maddux , Tom Glavine and John Smoltz . In 1999 he was selected to his only All-Star Game and helped the Braves to the 1999 World Series and two seasons later the 2001 National League Championship Series . As a member of the Indians , his 2.86 ERA lead all American League pitchers . In 2012 , Millwood became the 67th pitcher to record 2,000 career strikeouts .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 17 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 18 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': 'Brad Penny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brad_Penny', 'summary': 'Bradley Wayne Penny ( born May 24 , 1978 ) is an American former professional baseball pitcher . Penny played in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) for the Florida / Miami Marlins , Los Angeles Dodgers , Boston Red Sox , San Francisco Giants , St. Louis Cardinals , and Detroit Tigers , and in Nippon Professional Baseball for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks . He was an All Star in 2006 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barry Bonds ( 18 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barry_Bonds', 'summary': "Barry Lamar Bonds ( born July 24 , 1964 ) is an American former professional baseball left fielder who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Pittsburgh Pirates and San Francisco Giants . He received a record seven NL MVP awards , eight Gold Glove awards , a record 12 Silver Slugger awards , and 14 All-Star selections . He is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time . Bonds was regarded as an exceptional hitter : he led MLB in on-base plus slugging six times , and placed within the top five hitters in 12 of his 17 qualifying seasons . He holds many MLB hitting records , including most career home runs ( 762 ) , most home runs in a single season ( 73 , set in 2001 ) and most career walks . Bonds was also known as a talented all-around baseball player . He won eight Gold Glove awards for his defensive play in the outfield . He stole 514 bases with his baserunning speed , becoming the first and only MLB player to date with at least 500 home runs and 500 stolen bases ( no other player has even 400 of each ) . He is ranked second in career Wins Above Replacement among all major league position players by both Fangraphs and Baseball-Reference.com , behind only Babe Ruth . However , Bonds led a controversial career , notably as a central figure in baseball 's steroids scandal . In 2007 , he was indicted on charges of perjury and obstruction of justice for allegedly lying to the grand jury during the federal government 's investigation of BALCO . The perjury charges against Bonds were dropped and an initial obstruction of justice conviction was overturned in 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'May 18 , 2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Florida Marlins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Marlins', 'summary': 'The Miami Marlins are an American professional baseball team based in Miami , Florida . They compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the National League ( NL ) East division . Their home park is Marlins Park . Though one of only two MLB franchises to have never won a division title ( the other being the Colorado Rockies ) , the Marlins have won two World Series championships as a wild card team . The team began play as an expansion team in the 1993 season as the Florida Marlins and played home games from their inaugural season to the 2012 season at what was originally called Joe Robbie Stadium , which they shared with the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Since the 2012 season , they have played at Marlins Park in downtown Miami , on the site of the former Orange Bowl . The new park , unlike their previous home ( which was criticized in its baseball configuration for poor sight lines in some locations ) , was designed foremost as a baseball park . Per an agreement with the city and Miami-Dade County ( which owns the park ) , the Marlins officially changed their name to the Miami Marlins on November 11 , 2011 . They also adopted a new logo , color scheme , and uniforms . The Marlins have the distinction of winning a World Series championship in every postseason they have qualified for to date , having won the World Series in 1997 and 2003 as National League wild card team . They also have the distinction of being the only franchise in the major four North American professional sports leagues ( MLB , NBA , NFL , NHL ) to have never lost a playoff round . They defeated the American League ( AL ) champion Cleveland Indians in the 1997 World Series , with shortstop Édgar Rentería driving in second baseman Craig Counsell for the series-clinching run in the 11th inning of the seventh and deciding game .'}]}, {'value': 'Vic Darensbourg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vic_Darensbourg', 'summary': 'Victor Anthony Darensbourg ( born November 13 , 1970 ) is a former professional baseball pitcher . He made his ML debut with the Florida Marlins in 1998 , and went on to play eight seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . Vic played his high school baseball at Westchester High in Los Angeles , CA .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Splash hits', 'section_text': "Panoramic view of McCovey Cove , August 2010 . `` Splash hits '' are recorded only when Giants players hit home runs that land in McCovey Cove on the fly . These hits are tallied on an electronic counter on the right field wall . As of August 29 , 2019 , 81 `` splash hits '' have been hit into the Bay by Giants players since the park opened ; 35 of those were by Barry Bonds . [ 3 ] The only Giants other than Bonds to have reached the Cove more than once are Pablo Sandoval and Brandon Belt with eight each , Denard Span with five , and six players with two each : Felipe Crespo , Michael Tucker , Ryan Klesko , Aubrey Huff , Andrés Torres , and Brandon Crawford . Eleven other Giants ' players have accomplished the feat just once . Carlos Beltrán 's `` Splash Hit '' on September 14 , 2011 , marked his 300th career home run . Klesko is currently the only player to have splash hits as both a Giant and as an opposing player through the 2012 season . Tyler Colvin 's `` splash hit '' on May 12 , 2014 , was also his first hit for the Giants and came off his first at bat at Oracle Park since joining the team . [ 4 ] When the stadium hosted the 2007 Home Run Derby , McCovey Cove was heavily featured in promotional materials , and the namesake slugger presented each participant with special bats before the competition . However , the difficulty of hitting McCovey Cove with a home run was shown , as none of the eight sluggers competing were able to hit water , and all four left-handed batters ( who are more likely to hit home runs to right field , and thus , to the Cove ) were eliminated in the first round of the contest . The only player to hit water was Prince Fielder of the Milwaukee Brewers , who did so on a foul ball . [ 5 ] Fielder would eventually hit McCovey Cove with a fair ball on July 20 , 2008 , as the 17th visiting player to hit a home run into the Cove . No right-handed hitter has ever hit an opposite field home run into McCovey Cove , though Giants catcher Buster Posey has come close several times .", 'uid': 'McCovey_Cove_0', 'intro': "McCovey Cove is the unofficial name of a section of San Francisco Bay beyond the right field wall of Oracle Park, home of the San Francisco Giants, named after famed Giants first baseman Willie McCovey. The proper name for the cove is China Basin, which is the mouth of Mission Creek as it meets the bay. The cove is bounded along the north by Oracle Park, with a ferry landing and a breakwater at the northeast end. The southern shore is lined by China Basin Park and McCovey Point. To the east, it opens up to San Francisco Bay, while the west end of the cove is bounded by the Lefty O'Doul Bridge, named after San Francisco ballplayer and manager Lefty O'Doul."}
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What is the date when the opponent was the one that has won 11 World Series championships ?
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May 10 , 2000
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0375813087e41e7e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers', 'title': 'List of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Leonidas H. Berry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Xi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wilberforce_University', 'summary': "Wilberforce University is a private historically black university in Wilberforce , Ohio . Affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) , it was the first college to be owned and operated by African Americans . It participates in the United Negro College Fund . Central State University , also in Wilberforce , Ohio began as a department of Wilberforce University where Ohio state legislators could sponsor scholarship students . The college was founded in 1856 by a unique collaboration between the Cincinnati , Ohio Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church and the African Methodist Episcopal Church ( AME ) to provide classical education and teacher training for black youth . The first board members were leaders both black and white . However , during the American Civil War ( 1861-65 ) , the student population declined and financial losses closed the college in 1863 . The AME Church purchased the institution to ensure its survival . AME Bishop Daniel Payne was one of the university 's original founders and became the first president after re-opening , the first African American to become a college president in the United States . Prominent white supporters and the US government donated funds for rebuilding after an arson fire in 1865 . The college attracted the top professors of the day , including W. E. B . Du Bois ."}]}, {'value': "Pioneer in the medical sciences of gastroscopy and endoscopy ; inventor of the Berry endoscope ; President of the National Medical Association 1965-1966 ; author of I would n't take Nothin ' for my Journey : Two centuries of an Afro-American Minister 's Family", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Herman Branson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Herman_Branson', 'summary': 'Herman Russell Branson ( August 14 , 1914 - June 7 , 1995 ) was an American physicist , chemist , best known for his research on the alpha helix protein structure , and was also the president of two colleges .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Gamma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Virginia_State_University', 'summary': "Virginia State University ( VSU or Virginia State ) is a historically black public land-grant university in Ettrick , Virginia . Founded on March 6 , 1882 ( 1882-03-06 ) , Virginia State developed as the United States 's first fully state-supported four-year institution of higher learning for black Americans . The university is a member school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund ."}]}, {'value': 'President of Central State University and Lincoln University ; co-discoverer of the Alpha helix ; sickle-cell physicist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_State_University', 'summary': 'Central State University ( CSU ) is a public , historically black university ( HBCU ) located in Wilberforce , Ohio , United States . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Established by the state legislature in 1887 as a two-year program for teacher and industrial training , it was originally located with Wilberforce University , a four-year institution devoted to classical academic education . In 1941 the college gained a four-year curriculum , independent status in 1947 , and was renamed as Central State College in 1951 . With further development , it gained university status in 1965 . In 2014 , Central State University received designation as a land-grant university .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)', 'summary': "Lincoln University ( Lincoln or LU ) is a state-related ( independent but with public funding ) historically black university near Oxford , Pennsylvania . Founded as a private university in 1854 , it has been a public institution since 1972 and was the United States ' first degree-granting HBCU . Its main campus is located on 422 acres near the town of Oxford in southern Chester County , Pennsylvania . The university has a second location in University City , Philadelphia . Lincoln University provides undergraduate and graduate coursework to approximately 2,000 students . The University is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . While a majority of Lincoln University students are African Americans , the university has a long history of accepting students of other races and nationalities . Women have received degrees since 1953 and made up over 60% of undergraduate enrollment in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alpha_helix', 'summary': 'The alpha helix ( α-helix ) is a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation in which every backbone N−H group hydrogen bonds to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid located three or four residues earlier along the protein sequence . The alpha helix is also called a classic Pauling-Corey-Branson α-helix . The name 3.613-helix is also used for this type of helix , denoting the average number of residues per helical turn , with 13 atoms being involved in the ring formed by the hydrogen bond . Among types of local structure in proteins , the α-helix is the most extreme and the most predictable from sequence , as well as the most prevalent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sickle-cell_disease', 'summary': "Sickle cell disease ( SCD ) is a group of blood disorders typically inherited from a person 's parents . The most common type is known as sickle cell anaemia ( SCA ) . It results in an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying protein haemoglobin found in red blood cells . This leads to a rigid , sickle-like shape under certain circumstances . Problems in sickle cell disease typically begin around 5 to 6 months of age . A number of health problems may develop , such as attacks of pain ( sickle cell crisis ) , anemia , swelling in the hands and feet , bacterial infections and stroke . Long-term pain may develop as people get older . The average life expectancy in the developed world is 40 to 60 years . Sickle cell disease occurs when a person inherits two abnormal copies of the β-globin gene that makes haemoglobin , one from each parent . This gene occurs in chromosome 11 . Several subtypes exist , depending on the exact mutation in each haemoglobin gene . An attack can be set off by temperature changes , stress , dehydration , and high altitude ."}]}, {'value': 'James Comer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_P._Comer', 'summary': "James P. Comer ( born James Pierpont Comer , September 25 , 1934 in East Chicago , Indiana ) is currently the Maurice Falk Professor of Child Psychiatry at the Yale Child Study Center and has been since 1976 . He is also an associate dean at the Yale School of Medicine . As one of the world 's leading child psychiatrists , he is best known for his efforts to improve the scholastic performance of children from lower-income and minority backgrounds which led to the founding of the Comer School Development Program in 1968 . His program has been used in more than 600 schools in eighty-two school districts . He is the author of ten books , including the autobiographical Maggies American Dream : The Life and Times of a Black Family , 1988 ; Leave No Child Behind : Preparing Today 's Youth for Tomorrow 's World , 2004 ; and his most recent book , What I Learned in School : Reflections on Race , Child Development , and School Reform , 2009 . He has also written more than 150 articles for Parents ( magazine ) and more than 300 articles on children 's health and development and race relations . Dr. Comer has also served as a consultant to the Children 's Television Workshop ( Sesame Workshop ) which produces Sesame Street and The Electric Company ( 1971 TV series ) . He is a co-founder and past president of the Black Psychiatrists of America and has served on the board of several universities , foundations , and corporations . He has also lectured and consulted widely not only across the United States at different universities , medical schools , and scientific associations , but also around the world in places such as London , Paris , Tokyo , Dakar , Senegal and Sydney , Australia . For his work and scholarship , Dr. Comer has been awarded 47 honorary degrees and has been recognized by numerous organizations ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Eta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)', 'summary': "Indiana University Bloomington ( IU Bloomington , IU , or simply Indiana ) is a public research university in Bloomington , Indiana . It is the flagship institution of the Indiana University system and , with over 40,000 students , its largest university . Indiana University is a Public Ivy university and consistently ranks in the top 100 national universities in the U.S. and among the top 50 public universities . It is a member of the Association of American Universities and has numerous schools and programs , including the Jacobs School of Music , the Luddy School of Informatics , Computing , and Engineering , the O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs , the Kelley School of Business , the School of Public Health , the School of Nursing , the School of Optometry , the Maurer School of Law , the School of Education , the Media School , and the Hamilton Lugar School of Global and International Studies . As of Fall 2017 , 43,710 students attend Indiana University . While 55.1% of the student body was from Indiana , students from all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , Puerto Rico and 165 countries were also enrolled . As of 2018 [ update ] , the average ACT score is a 28 and an SAT score of 1276 . The university is home to an extensive student life program , with more than 750 student organizations on campus and with around 17 percent of undergraduates joining the Greek system . Indiana athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Indiana Hoosiers . The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference ; since it does not have a mascot , all teams are known simply as Hoosiers . Indiana 's faculty , staff , and alumni include nine Nobel laureates , 17 Rhodes Scholars , 17 Marshall Scholars , and five MacArthur Fellows . In addition , students and alumni have won six Academy Awards , 49 Grammy Awards , 32 Emmy Awards , 20 Pulitzer Prizes , four Tony Awards , and 104 Olympic medals ( 55 gold , 17 silver , and 32 bronze ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Prominent child psychiatrist ; founder of the Comer School Development Program at the Yale University Child Study Center ; associate dean at the Yale University School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yale_University_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'The Yale School of Medicine is the graduate medical school at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut . It was founded in 1810 as The Medical Institution of Yale College , and formally opened in 1813 . The primary teaching hospital for the school is Yale-New Haven Hospital . The school is home to the Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library , one of the largest modern medical libraries and also known for its historical collections . The faculty includes 62 National Academy of Sciences members , 40 Institute of Medicine investigators , and 16 Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigators . U.S. News and World Report currently ranks the Yale School of Medicine 13th in the country for research , and 51st in primary care . Entrance is highly selective ; for the class of 2022 , the school received 4,968 applications to fill its class of 104 students . The median GPA for Class of 2022 was a 3.89 , with a median MCAT of 521 .'}]}, {'value': 'Lloyd Augustus Hall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Hall', 'summary': 'Lloyd Augustus Hall ( June 20 , 1894 - January 2 , 1971 ) was an African American chemist , who contributed to the science of food preservation . By the end of his career , Hall had amassed 59 United States patents , and a number of his inventions were also patented in other countries .'}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chemist who contributed to the science of food preservation ; author of 59 United States patents ; a number of his inventions were also patented in foreign countries', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Food_preservation', 'summary': "Food preservation prevents the growth of microorganisms ( such as yeasts ) , or other microorganisms ( although some methods work by introducing benign bacteria or fungi to the food ) , as well as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause rancidity . Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration , such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut during food preparation . Many processes designed to preserve food involve more than one food preservation method . Preserving fruit by turning it into jam , for example , involves boiling ( to reduce the fruit 's moisture content and to kill bacteria , etc . ) , sugaring ( to prevent their re-growth ) and sealing within an airtight jar ( to prevent recontamination ) . Some traditional methods of preserving food have been shown to have a lower energy input and carbon footprint , when compared to modern methods . Some methods of food preservation are known to create carcinogens . In 2015 , the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified processed meat , i.e . meat that has undergone salting , curing , fermenting , and smoking , as carcinogenic to humans . Maintaining or creating nutritional value , texture and flavor is an important aspect of food preservation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patent', 'summary': "A patent is a form of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making , using , selling and importing an invention for a limited period of years , in exchange for publishing an enabling public disclosure of the invention . In most countries patent rights fall under civil law and the patent holder needs to sue someone infringing the patent in order to enforce his or her rights . In some industries patents are an essential form of competitive advantage ; in others they are irrelevant . :17 The procedure for granting patents , requirements placed on the patentee , and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements . Typically , however , a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention . A patent may include many claims , each of which defines a specific property right . These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements , such as novelty , usefulness , and non-obviousness . Under the World Trade Organization 's ( WTO ) TRIPS Agreement , patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention , in all fields of technology , provided they are new , involve an inventive step , and are capable of industrial application . Nevertheless , there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country , also among WTO member states . TRIPS also provides that the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty years ."}]}, {'value': 'LaSalle Leffall , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Nu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_A&M_University', 'summary': "Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University ( FAMU ) is a public , historically black university in Tallahassee , Florida . Founded in 1887 , it is located on the highest geographic hill in Tallahassee . It is the 5th largest historically black university in the United States by enrollment and the only public historically black university in Florida . It is a member institution of the State University System of Florida , as well as one of the state 's land grant universities , and is accredited to award baccalaureate , master 's and doctoral degrees by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools . The 2020 edition of the U.S. News & World Report college rankings placed the university in Tier 1 among national universities ( 254th ) , 7th among all HBCUs and 2nd among all public HBCUs . The university is classified as an R2 Doctoral Research University under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education , which denotes higher research activity . For 2017 , the National Science Foundation ranked Florida A & M University 216th nationally and 2nd among HBCU for total research and development expenditures . FAMU sports teams are known as the Rattlers , and compete in Division I of the NCAA . They are a member of the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference ( MEAC ) ."}]}, {'value': 'President of American College of Surgeons ; President of American Cancer Society', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons', 'summary': 'The American College of Surgeons ( ACS ) is an educational association of surgeons founded in 1912 . Headquartered in Chicago , Illinois , the ACS provides membership for doctors worldwide specializing in surgery who pass a set of rigorous qualifications .'}, {'url': '/wiki/American_Cancer_Society', 'summary': 'The American Cancer Society ( ACS ) is a nationwide voluntary health organization dedicated to eliminating cancer . Established in 1913 , the society is organized into six geographical regions of both medical and lay volunteers operating in more than 250 Regional offices throughout the United States . Its global headquarters is located in the American Cancer Society Center in Atlanta , Georgia . The ACS publishes the journals Cancer , CA : A Cancer Journal for Clinicians and Cancer Cytopathology .'}]}, {'value': 'Garrett A. Morgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Garrett_A._Morgan', 'summary': 'Garrett Augustus Morgan , Sr. ( March 4 , 1877 - July 27 , 1963 ) was an African-American inventor , businessman , and community leader . His most notable inventions were a three position traffic signal and a smoke hood notably used in a 1916 tunnel construction disaster rescue . Morgan also discovered and developed a chemical hair-processing and straightening solution . He created a successful company based on his hair product inventions along with a complete line of hair-care products , and became involved in the civic and political advancement of African-Americans , especially in and around Cleveland , Ohio .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Alpha Lambda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio', 'summary': "Cleveland ( /ˈkliːvlənd/ KLEEV-lənd ) is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio , and the county seat of Cuyahoga County . The city proper has a population of 385,525 , making it the 52nd-largest city in the United States and the second-largest city in Ohio . Greater Cleveland is ranked as the 33rd-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. , with 2,057,009 people in 2018 . A Gamma + city , Cleveland anchors the Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area , which had a population of 3,515,646 in 2010 and is ranked 15th in the United States . The city is located on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S. maritime border with Canada and approximately 60 miles ( 100 kilometers ) west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania state border . It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River by General Moses Cleaveland . It became a manufacturing center due to its location on both the river and the lake shore , as well as being connected to numerous canals and railroad lines . Cleveland 's economy relies on diversified sectors such as manufacturing , financial services , healthcare , biomedicals , and higher education . The city 's major cultural institutions include the Cleveland Museum of Art , the Cleveland Orchestra , Playhouse Square , and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Known as The Forest City among many other nicknames , Cleveland serves as the center of the Cleveland Metroparks nature reserve system ."}]}, {'value': 'Inventor who originated a respiratory protective hood ( similar to modern gas masks ) and a hair-straightening preparation ; patented a type of traffic light signal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gas_mask', 'summary': 'A gas mask is a mask used to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne pollutants and toxic gases . The mask forms a sealed cover over the nose and mouth , but may also cover the eyes and other vulnerable soft tissues of the face . Most gas masks are also respirators , though the word gas mask is often used to refer to military equipment ( e.g . field protective mask ) . The gas mask only protects the user from digesting , inhaling and contact through the eyes ( many agents affect through eye contact ) . Most combined gas mask filters will last around 8 hours in a nuclear biological chemical ( NBC ) situation . Chemical specific filters can last up to 20 hours in an NBC situation . Airborne toxic materials may be gaseous ( for example , mustard gas and chlorine gas ) or particulates ( such as biological agents ) . Many gas masks include protection from both types . Gas masks are used in construction to protect against welding fumes , in demolition to protect against asbestos or other hazardous particles , and in the chemical industry when handling hazardous materials , as in making repairs to leaking equipment or cleaning up after spills ; workers are usually issued gas masks as a precaution against leaks . During demonstrations and protests where tear gas or CS gas is employed by riot police , gas masks are commonly used by police and demonstrators alike . Aside from serving their functional purposes , gas masks are also used as emblems in industrial music , with the most notable example , the subgenre of drum and bass called neurofunk .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hair-straightening', 'summary': 'Hair straightening is a hair styling technique used since the 1890s involving the flattening and straightening of hair in order to give it a smooth , streamlined , and sleek appearance . It became very popular during the 1950s among black males and females of all races . It is accomplished using a hair iron or hot comb , chemical relaxers , Japanese hair straightening , Brazilian hair straightening , or roller set/blowdryer styling . In addition , some shampoos , conditioners , and hair gels can help to make hair temporarily straight . The process is often called rebonding in some countries from Southeast Asia ( e.g . Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia and Philippines ) . If done often , flat irons and chemicals can be damaging to hair . Excessive straightening often results in split ends . However , heat protectant sprays can decrease the damage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Traffic_light', 'summary': "Traffic lights are signalling devices positioned at road intersections , pedestrian crossings , and other locations to control flows of traffic . The world 's first traffic light was a manually operated gas-lit signal installed in London in December 1868 . It exploded less than a month after it was implemented , injuring its policeman operator . Earnest Sirrine from Chicago patented the first automated traffic control system in 1910 . It used the words STOP and PROCEED , although neither word was illuminated . Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to users by illuminating lamps or LEDs of standard colours ( red , amber [ yellow ] , and green ) following a universal colour code . In the typical sequence of colour phases :"}]}, {'value': 'Earl W. Renfroe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Earl_W._Renfroe', 'summary': "Earl Wiley Renfroe ( January 9 , 1907 - November 14 , 2000 ) was a history-maker in the field of orthodontics and in breaking down the barriers of racism . Dr. Renfroe taught at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry from 1933 through the 1980s . For many years , he was acknowledged as one of the best hands-on clinical orthodontics instructors in the world . With fellow faculty member Dr. Thomas K. Barber of the College 's Department of Pediatric Dentistry , Dr. Renfroe in 1957 wrote a seminal article on the concepts of preventive and interceptive orthodontics . Dr. Renfroe also is considered one of the fathers of orthodontics in Brazil ."}]}, {'value': 'Theta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orthodontist ; for many years , he was acknowledged as one of the best hands-on clinical orthodontics instructors in the world ; a dental facility in Barbados is named after him', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'J. Marshall Shepherd', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iota Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physicist ; NASA meteorologist ; professor at University of Georgia ; expert on global climate change and environmental issues', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Physicist', 'summary': 'A physicist is a scientist who specializes in the field of physics , which encompasses the interactions of matter and energy at all length and time scales in the physical universe . Physicists generally are interested in the root or ultimate causes of phenomena , and usually frame their understanding in mathematical terms . Physicists work across a wide range of research fields , spanning all length scales : from sub-atomic and particle physics , through biological physics , to cosmological length scales encompassing the universe as a whole . The field generally includes two types of physicists : experimental physicists who specialize in the observation of physical phenomena and the analysis of experiments , and theoretical physicists who specialize in mathematical modeling of physical systems to rationalize , explain and predict natural phenomena . Physicists can apply their knowledge towards solving practical problems or to developing new technologies ( also known as applied physics or engineering physics ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Louis Wade Sullivan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Wade_Sullivan', 'summary': "Louis Wade Sullivan ( born November 3 , 1933 ) is an active health policy leader , minority health advocate , author , physician , and educator . He served as the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services during President George H. W. Bush 's Administration and was Founding Dean of the Morehouse School of Medicine ."}]}, {'value': 'Alpha Rho', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_College', 'summary': "Morehouse College is a private , historically black men 's college located in Atlanta , Georgia . The college is one of the few remaining traditional men 's liberal arts colleges in the United States . [ a ] Founded in 1867 by William Jefferson White , an aggressive expansionary program undertaken by the college 's 6th President Benjamin Mays , established Morehouse as the largest liberal arts institution for men in the United States with an enrollment over 2,000 students . Along with Clark Atlanta University , Morehouse School of Medicine and nearby women 's college Spelman College , Morehouse is part of the Atlanta University Center . Morehouse is one of two historically black colleges in the country to produce Rhodes Scholars , and it is the alma mater of many African-American community and civil leaders , including Martin Luther King Jr ."}]}, {'value': 'Secretary of Health and Human Services ; co-founder and first President of Morehouse School of Medicine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services', 'summary': "The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services is the head of the United States Department of Health and Human Services , concerned with health matters . The Secretary is a member of the President 's Cabinet . The office was formerly Secretary of Health , Education , and Welfare . In 1980 , the Department of Health , Education , and Welfare was renamed the Department of Health and Human Services , and its education functions and Rehabilitation Services Administration were transferred to the new Department of Education . Patricia Roberts Harris headed the department before and after it was renamed . Nominations to the office of Secretary of HHS are referred to the Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Committee and the Finance Committee , which has jurisdiction over Medicare and Medicaid , before confirmation is considered by the full United States Senate . Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act the role of the Secretary has been greatly expanded . Donald Trump selected then-Congressman Tom Price to be the 23rd Secretary of the Health and Human Services Department . Price was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on February 10 , 2017 and resigned on September 29 , 2017 . Trump then named Don J. Wright , Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health and Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion , as acting Secretary until Deputy Secretary Eric Hargan was sworn in on October 10 , 2017 . On November 13 , 2017 , Trump nominated former pharmaceutical executive Alex Azar to fill the position permanently . Azar 's confirmation hearing before the Senate Finance Committee took place on January 9 , 2018 , and on January 24 , 2018 , Azar was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 55 to 43 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Morehouse_School_of_Medicine', 'summary': 'Morehouse School of Medicine is a private co-educational medical school in Atlanta , Georgia . Originally a part of Morehouse College , the school became independent in 1981 . The school abbreviates its name with its initials MSM .'}]}, {'value': 'Levi Watkins , Jr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beta Omicron', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennessee_State_University', 'summary': "Tennessee State University ( Tennessee State , Tenn State , or TSU ) is a public and historically black land-grant university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1912 , it is the largest and only state-funded historically black university in Tennessee . It is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund . Tennessee State University offers 41 bachelors degrees , 23 master 's degrees , and eight doctoral degrees ."}]}, {'value': "Chief of cardiovascular surgery at Johns Hopkins Hospital ; performed the world 's first human implantation of the automatic implantable defibrillator ; first African-American medical student at Vanderbilt University", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardiac_surgery', 'summary': 'Cardiac surgery , or cardiovascular surgery , is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons . It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease ( for example , with coronary artery bypass grafting ) ; to correct congenital heart disease ; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes , including endocarditis , rheumatic heart disease , and atherosclerosis . It also includes heart transplantation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital', 'summary': "The Johns Hopkins Hospital ( JHH ) is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , located in Baltimore , Maryland , U.S . It was founded in 1889 using money from a bequest of over $ 7 million ( 1873 money , worth 134.7 million dollars in 2016 ) by city merchant , banker/financier , civic leader and philanthropist Johns Hopkins ( 1795-1873 ) . Johns Hopkins Hospital and its school of medicine are considered to be the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous famous medical traditions including rounds , residents and house staff . Many medical specialties were formed at the hospital including neurosurgery , by Dr. Harvey Cushing ; cardiac surgery by Dr. Alfred Blalock ; and child psychiatry , by Dr. Leo Kanner . Johns Hopkins Hospital is widely regarded as one of the world 's greatest hospitals and medical institutions . It was ranked by U.S. News & World Report news magazine as the best overall hospital in America for 21 consecutive years ( 1991-2011 ) . In 2019-2020 , U.S. News & World Report ranked the hospital on 15 adult specialties and 10 children 's specialties ; the hospital came in 1st in Maryland and 3rd nationally behind the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota and Mass General in Boston , Massachusetts ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Defibrillator', 'summary': "Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias , specifically ventricular fibrillation ( VF ) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) . A defibrillator delivers a dose of electric current ( often called a counter-shock ) to the heart . Although not fully understood , this process depolarizes a large amount of the heart muscle , ending the dysrhythmia . Subsequently , the body 's natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-establish normal sinus rhythm . A heart which is in asystole ( flatline ) can not be restarted by a defibrillator , but would be treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( CPR ) . In contrast to defibrillation , synchronized electrical cardioversion is an electrical shock delivered in synchrony to the cardiac cycle . Although the person may still be critically ill , cardioversion normally aims to end poorly perfusing cardiac dysrhythmias , such as supraventricular tachycardia . Defibrillators can be external , transvenous , or implanted ( implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ) , depending on the type of device used or needed . Some external units , known as automated external defibrillators ( AEDs ) , automate the diagnosis of treatable rhythms , meaning that lay responders or bystanders are able to use them successfully with little or no training ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanderbilt_University', 'summary': "Vanderbilt University ( informally Vandy or VU ) is a private research university in Nashville , Tennessee . Founded in 1873 , it was named in honor of New York shipping and rail magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt , who provided the school its initial $ 1-million endowment despite having never been to the South . Vanderbilt hoped that his gift and the greater work of the university would help to heal the sectional wounds inflicted by the Civil War . Ranked at number 15 among United States research universities by U.S. News & World Report , Vanderbilt enrolls approximately 13,100 students from all 50 U.S. states and over 100 foreign countries in four undergraduate and six graduate and professional schools . The university is in the process of converting its residence halls into an academic residential college system . Several research centers and institutes are affiliated with the university , including the Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities , the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center , and Dyer Observatory . Vanderbilt University Medical Center , formerly part of the university , became a separate institution in 2016 . With the exception of the off-campus observatory , all of the university 's facilities are situated on its 330-acre ( 1.3 km2 ) campus in the heart of Nashville , 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) from downtown . Despite its urban surroundings , the campus itself is a national arboretum and features over 300 different species of trees and shrubs . The Fugitives and Southern Agrarians were based at the university in the first half of the 20th century and helped revive Southern literature among others . The Jean and Alexander Heard Library , the campus library system , contains over 8 million items across ten libraries and stands as one of the nation 's top research libraries . Vanderbilt Television News Archive holds the most extensive collection of television news coverage in the world , with over 40,000 hours of content ."}]}, {'value': 'William Warwick Cardozo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kappa', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Physician ; Pioneer researcher of sickle cell anemia ; Howard University professor of Medicine ; Chief of Staff Gastroenterology at Providence Hospital', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Physician', 'summary': 'A physician ( American English ) , medical practitioner ( Commonwealth English ) , medical doctor , or simply doctor , is a professional who practises medicine , which is concerned with promoting , maintaining , or restoring health through the study , diagnosis , prognosis and treatment of disease , injury , and other physical and mental impairments . Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories , types of patients , and methods of treatment - known as specialities - or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals , families , and communities - known as general practice . Medical practice properly requires both a detailed knowledge of the academic disciplines , such as anatomy and physiology , underlying diseases and their treatment - the science of medicine - and also a decent competence in its applied practice - the art or craft of medicine . Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world . Degrees and other qualifications vary widely , but there are some common elements , such as medical ethics requiring that physicians show consideration , compassion , and benevolence for their patients .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gastroenterology', 'summary': 'Gastroenterology is the branch of medicine focused on the digestive system and its disorders . Diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract , which include the organs from mouth into anus , along the alimentary canal , are the focus of this speciality . Physicians practicing in this field are called gastroenterologists . They have usually completed about eight years of pre-medical and medical education , a year-long internship ( if this is not a part of the residency ) , three years of an internal medicine residency , and two to three years in the gastroenterology fellowship . Gastroenterologists perform a number of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures including colonoscopy , endoscopy , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ERCP ) , endoscopic ultrasound and liver biopsy . Some gastroenterology trainees will complete a fourth-year ( although this is often their seventh year of graduate medical education ) in transplant hepatology , advanced endoscopy , inflammatory bowel disease , motility or other topics . Hepatology , or hepatobiliary medicine , encompasses the study of the liver , pancreas , and biliary tree , while proctology encompasses the fields of anus and rectum diseases . They are traditionally considered sub-specialties of gastroenterology .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Alpha_Phi_Alpha_brothers_21', 'intro': "The list of Alpha Phi Alpha brothers (commonly referred to as Alphas) includes initiated and honorary members of Alpha Phi Alpha (ΑΦΑ), the first inter-collegiate Greek-letter organization established for Black college students. Founded in December 1905 as a literary society with the first presiding officer being CC Poindexter, it was established as a fraternity on December 4, 1906 at Ithaca, New York. Alpha Phi Alpha opened chapters at other colleges, universities, and cities, and named them with Greek letters. Members traditionally pledge into a chapter, although some members were granted honorary status prior to the fraternity's discontinuation of the practice of granting honorary membership. A chapter name ending in Lambda denotes an alumni chapter. The only alumni chapter that does not end in Lambda is Rho Chapter, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. No chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha is designated Omega, the last letter of the Greek alphabet that traditionally signifies the end. Deceased brothers are respectfully referred to as having their membership transferred to Omega Chapter, the fraternity's chapter of sweet rest. Frederick Douglass is distinguished as the only member initiated posthumously when he became an exalted honorary member of Omega chapter in 1921."}
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what was the original chapter of the man born August 14 , 1914 and notable for association with a public , historically black university ( HBCU ) located in Wilberforce , Ohio ?
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Beta Gamma
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03758aaaa5db4893
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_princesses', 'title': 'List of fictional princesses', 'header': ['Princess', 'Comic title', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'Princess Misty', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Another Castle series', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Misty of Beldora . Written by Andrew Wheeler and illustrated by Paulina Ganucheau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Keawkatesara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apaimanee Saga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apaimanee_Saga', 'summary': "Apaimanee Saga ( Thai : อภัยมณี ซาก้า ) is a Thai comic series written and illustrated by Supot A . It was originally serialized in Thailand in NED Comics ' magazine Boom . The story was adapted from the Thai epic poem Phra Aphai Mani by Sunthorn Phu , a legendary poet . Apaimanee Saga is the first Thai comic that has been published in foreign countries ."}]}, {'value': 'She is the princess of Romemajak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Makina Hoshimura', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Corpse Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Corpse_Princess', 'summary': 'Corpse Princess ( Japanese : 屍姫 , Hepburn : Shikabane Hime ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshiichi Akahito . Premiering in Monthly Shōnen Gangan on April 12 , 2005 , the series centers on the Corpse Princess Makina Hoshimura , an undead girl who is hunting down 108 undead corpses in order to gain entry into heaven with the help of a secret society of anti-corpse Buddhist monks . Feel and Gainax partnered together to adapt the series into a thirteen episode anime series . The first season , Aka ( 赫 , Red ) , aired on October 2 , 2008 on AT-X and finished on December 25 , 2008 . A second season , Kuro ( 玄 , Black ) , aired between January and March 2009 . The anime is licensed for North American distribution and release by Funimation Entertainment , which has released the episodes in subtitled form as Shikabane Hime through various online distribution companies and through its own website . The series made its North American television debut on the FUNimation Channel on November 15 , 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Mabelrose', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Courageous Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Courageous_Princess', 'summary': 'The Courageous Princess is a comic book written and drawn by Rod Espinosa , published initially by Antarctic Press and then by Dark Horse Comics . The story consists of fairy tale lands , princes , and princesses .'}]}, {'value': 'Princess of New Tinsley . Written and drawn by Rod Espinosa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rod_Espinosa', 'summary': 'Rod Espinosa is a Filipino comics creator , writer , and illustrator . In addition to his lengthy work Neotopia , for Antarctic Press , Espinosa has done extensive work adapting and illustrating literary classics into comics form , as well as creating comic book stories of important events from American history .'}]}, {'value': 'Princess Diana of Themyscira ( Wonder Woman )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wonder_Woman', 'summary': "Wonder Woman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character is a founding member of the Justice League . The character first appeared in All Star Comics # 8 in October 1941 with her first feature in Sensation Comics # 1 in January 1942 . The Wonder Woman title has been published by DC Comics almost continuously except for a brief hiatus in 1986 . In her homeland , the island nation of Themyscira , her official title is Princess Diana of Themyscira . When blending into the society outside of her homeland , she sometimes adopts her civilian identity Diana Prince . Wonder Woman was created by the American psychologist and writer William Moulton Marston ( pen name : Charles Moulton ) , and artist Harry G. Peter . Marston 's wife , Elizabeth , and their life partner , Olive Byrne , are credited as being his inspiration for the character 's appearance . Marston 's comics featured his ideas on DISC theory , and the character drew a great deal of inspiration from early feminists , and especially from birth control pioneer Margaret Sanger ; in particular , her piece Woman and the New Race . Wonder Woman 's origin story relates that she was sculpted from clay by her mother Queen Hippolyta and was given a life to live as an Amazon , along with superhuman powers as gifts by the Greek gods . In recent years , DC changed her background with the retcon that she is the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta , jointly raised by her mother and her aunts Antiope and Menalippe . The character has changed in depiction over the decades , including briefly losing her powers entirely in the late 1960s ; by the 1980s , artist George Perez gave her an athletic look and emphasized her Amazonian heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DC_Comics', 'summary': "DC Comics , Inc. is an American comic book publisher . It is the publishing unit of DC Entertainment , a subsidiary of Warner Bros . Global Brands and Experiences . DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies . The majority of its publications take place within the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , most notably Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman , among many others . The universe also features well-known supervillains such as Lex Luthor , the Joker , Catwoman , and the Penguin . The company has published non-DC Universe-related material , including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables and many titles under their alternative imprint Vertigo . The initials DC came from the company 's popular series Detective Comics , which featured Batman 's debut and subsequently became part of the company 's name . Originally in Manhattan at 432 Fourth Avenue , the DC Comics offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue ; 909 Third Avenue ; 75 Rockefeller Plaza ; 666 Fifth Avenue ; and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC had its headquarters at 1700 Broadway , Midtown Manhattan , New York City , however DC Entertainment relocated its headquarters from New York to Burbank , California in April 2015 . Random House distributes DC Comics ' books to the bookstore market , while Diamond Comic Distributors supplies the comics shop specialty market . DC Comics and its longtime major competitor Marvel Comics ( acquired in 2009 by The Walt Disney Company , WarnerMedia 's main competitor ) together shared approximately 70% of the American comic book market in 2017 , though this number may give a distorted view since graphic novels are excluded ."}]}, {'value': 'Wonder Woman is a warrior Princess of the Amazons . Known in her homeland as Diana of Themyscira , her powers include superhuman strength , flight , super-speed , super-stamina , and super-agility . She is highly proficient in hand-to-hand combat and in the art of tactical warfare . She also possesses animal-like cunning skills and a natural rapport with animals , which has been presented as an actual ability to communicate with the animal kingdom . She uses her Lasso of Truth , which forces those bound by it to tell the truth , a pair of indestructible bracelets , a tiara which serves as a projectile , and , in some stories , an invisible airplane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amazons_(DC_Comics)', 'summary': "The Amazons of DC Comics are a race of warrior women who exist as part of Greek mythology . They live on Paradise Island ( also known as Themyscira ) , an isolated location in the middle of the ocean where they are hidden from Man 's World ( rest of the world ) . Depending on the origin story , they are the creation of Aphrodite or were created from clay by a coterie of Olympian gods over three thousand years ago to serve as their messengers to the world in the name of peace and justice . For centuries the women thrived in safety and security apart from a hostile , male-dominated world . As long as Amazons remain on Themyscira they do not age . Circumstances involving the unexpected arrival of Steve Trevor forced their existence to be revealed to the modern world . There have been numerous incarnations of these Amazons after Marston 's original depictions : Robert Kanigher 's revised depiction ( highlighted by the change of Queen Hippolyta 's hair from brunette to blonde ) , George Pérez 's reworking following the Crisis , and changes subsequent to Infinite Crisis and The New 52 . What these groups have in common is that they are the people from which came DC Comics ' superheroine Wonder Woman ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Themyscira_(DC_Comics)', 'summary': "Themyscira ( /ˌθɛmɪˈskɪrə/ ) is a fictional unitary sovereign city-state and archipelagic island nation appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . Previously known as Paradise Island and the Amazon Isles , it first appeared in All Star Comics # 8 ( December 1941 ) . Regarded as a utopia , it is governed by Aphrodite 's Law , which declared that the Amazons would be immortal as long as no man set foot on their island . Themyscira is the theocracy and capital city that serves as the Amazonians ' government and place of origin for Wonder Woman . The name for the entire archipelago became The Paradise Islands , when the city was renamed Themyscira with the character 's February 1987 relaunch in Wonder Woman ( vol . 2 ) # 1 . Both the island and city are named after the mythological city of Themiscyra , the capital of the Amazons in Greek mythology ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Superhuman_strength', 'summary': 'Superhuman strength is an ability commonly invoked in fiction and other literary works such as mythology . It is the power to exert force and lift weights beyond what is physically possible for a human . It is a fictionalized representation of the phenomenon of hysterical strength . Alternate pronunciations or descriptions of superhuman strength have included enhanced strength , super-strength and increased strength . Superhuman strength is an amorphous ability , varying in potency depending on the writer or the context of the story in which it is depicted . Characters and deities with superhuman strength have been found in multiple ancient mythological accounts and religions . Superhuman strength is a common trope in fantasy and science fiction . This is generally by means of mechanisms such as cybernetic body parts , genetic modification , telekinetic fields in science fiction , or magical/supernatural sources within fantasy . A plethora of comic book superheroes and super-villains display some degree of super strength . Some films invoke a fictional substance or drug that gives the superpower . The level of strength portrayed can vary greatly , from just outside the normal human range of the strongest weightlifters ( e.g . unarmored Master Chief or Captain America ) , to nearly unlimited strength ( e.g .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lasso_of_Truth', 'summary': 'The Lasso of Truth is a weapon wielded by DC Comics superheroine Wonder Woman , Princess Diana of Themyscira . It is also known as the Magic Lasso or the Lasso of Hestia . It was created by William Moulton Marston , inventor of the lie detector , as an allegory for feminine charm , but it later became more popular as a device to extract truth from people . The lariat forces anyone it captures into submission ; compelling its captives to obey the wielder of the lasso and tell the truth .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Wonder_Woman's_bracelets", 'summary': 'The Bracelets of Submission are a pair of metal bracelets or cuffs worn by Wonder Woman and other Amazons . They were an original creation by William Moulton Marston as an allegory for his philosophy on loving submission and the emotional control associated with it in order to balance out the strength of the human ego . These bracelets have thus far proven indestructible and able to absorb the impact of incoming attacks , allowing Wonder Woman to not only deflect automatic weapon fire , energy blasts and other projectile weaponry , but also to absorb forces from a long fall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Invisible_plane', 'summary': "The Invisible Plane ( commonly known as the Invisible Jet ) is the fictional DC Comics superheroine Wonder Woman 's venerable , though now seldom-used , mode of transport . Created by William Moulton Marston as an allegory for the feminine compliance reaction that women of the Depression relied on to safely traverse the male dominated work place , it first appeared in Sensation Comics # 1 ( Jan. 1942 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Starfire', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Starfire_(Koriand'r)", 'summary': "Starfire ( Princess Koriand ' r ) is a fictional superhero appearing in books published by DC Comics . She debuted in a preview story inserted within DC Comics Presents # 26 ( October 1980 ) and was created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez . The name Starfire first appeared in a DC Comic in the story The Answer Man of Space , in Mystery in Space # 73 , February 1962 , written by Gardner F. Fox . In 2013 , Starfire placed 21st on IGN 's Top 25 Heroes of DC Comics . Starfire has appeared in numerous cartoon television shows and films , including as a member of the Teen Titans in Cartoon Network 's eponymous series , voiced by Hynden Walch . Koriand ' r makes her live adaptation debut in the DC Universe series Titans , played by Anna Diop ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Princess Koriand ' r of Tamaran , a planet in the fictional Vegan system", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tamaran', 'summary': "Tamaran is a fictional planet in DC Comics , inhabited by Tamaraneans , an extraterrestrial race . The first Tamaranean introduced was Princess Koriand ' r , better known as Starfire . Other named Tamaraneans are Komand ' r , Starfire 's sister ( also known as Blackfire ) , her younger brother Ryand ' r and her parents , Myand ' r and Luand ' r . ( In the Teen Titans animated series , Galfore , Starfire 's k'norfka , the equivalent of a nanny , appears as well , though her parents do not . ) The planet was destroyed in a war , along with Starfire 's parents and many of its people . However , enough evacuated that they were able to settle on a new planet they named New Tamaran , though that planet was also destroyed . The most recent Tamaranean home was the planet Karna . Before its destruction , Tamaran had not one ruling family , but rather many ruling families . When the planet was led to war by the Citadel race , Starfire 's parents became the planet 's sole ruling family . However , Blackfire later seized control from her parents . Blackfire has since been the ruler of the Tamaranean people , even after the repeated destruction of their home world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vega', 'summary': "Vega is the brightest star in the northern constellation of Lyra . It has the Bayer designation α Lyrae , which is Latinised to Alpha Lyrae and abbreviated Alpha Lyr or α Lyr . This star is relatively close at only 25 light-years from the Sun , and , together with Arcturus and Sirius , one of the most luminous stars in the Sun 's neighborhood . It is the fifth-brightest star in the night sky , and the second-brightest star in the northern celestial hemisphere , after Arcturus . Vega has been extensively studied by astronomers , leading it to be termed arguably the next most important star in the sky after the Sun . Vega was the northern pole star around 12,000 BC and will be so again around the year 13,727 , when the declination will be +86°14 ' . Vega was the first star other than the Sun to be photographed and the first to have its spectrum recorded . It was one of the first stars whose distance was estimated through parallax measurements . Vega has functioned as the baseline for calibrating the photometric brightness scale and was one of the stars used to define the zero point for the UBV photometric system . Vega is only about a tenth of the age of the Sun , but since it is 2.1 times as massive , its expected lifetime is also one tenth of that of the Sun ; both stars are at present approaching the midpoint of their life expectancies . Vega has an unusually low abundance of the elements with a higher atomic number than that of helium . Vega is also a variable star that varies slightly in brightness ."}]}, {'value': 'Blackfire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blackfire_(DC_Comics)', 'summary': "Blackfire ( Princess Komand ' r ) is a fictional character , a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . She is the older sister of the Teen Titans member Crown Princess Koriand ' r/Starfire and less-known youngest sibling and brother Crown Prince Ryand ' r/Wildfire ; the former of whom is her archenemy . Blackfire appears in the second and third seasons of the DC Universe series Titans , played by Damaris Lewis ."}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Komand ' r , or Blackfire , Starfire 's villainous older sister", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Amethyst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Amethyst', 'summary': 'Amethyst : Princess of Gemworld is a superhero created by writers Dan Mishkin and Gary Cohn and artist Ernie Colón for the comic book series of the same name first published in 1983 by DC Comics . The series tells the story of a teenage girl named Amy Winston who discovers she is the orphaned princess of the magical land of Gemworld . She also learns that its evil ruler , Dark Opal , is out to destroy her and so she travels to Gemworld to overthrow him .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'She is the princess of Gemworld', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Tara Markov ( Terra )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terra_(comics)', 'summary': 'Terra ( originally Tara ) is the name used by three fictional superheroines published by DC Comics . The first Terra , Tara Markov , is an antiheroine eventually revealed to actually be a supervillainess working as a double-agent created by Marv Wolfman and George Pérez , and debuted in New Teen Titans ( vol . 1 ) # 26 ( December 1982 ) . The second Terra , a doppelgänger of Tara Markov , debuted in New Titans # 79 ( September 1991 ) and was created by Marv Wolfman and Tom Grummett . The third Terra , Atlee , debuted in Supergirl # 12 ( January 2007 ) and was created by Jimmy Palmiotti , Justin Gray , and Amanda Conner .'}]}, {'value': 'DC Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'She is the princess of Markovia and the half-sister of Prince Brion Markov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Markovia_(comics)', 'summary': 'Markovia is a fictional nation in the DC Comics Universe , first seen in The Brave and the Bold # 200 ( July 1983 ) . Markovia is a small country in Europe , ruled by the Markov family .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geo-Force', 'summary': 'Geo-Force ( Brion Markov ) is a fictional superhero character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics . Markov is the younger Prince Twin of Markovia and the elder brother of Terra . One of the founding members of the superhero group the Outsiders , he first appeared in a special insert in The Brave and the Bold # 200 ( July 1983 ) . The character was created by Mike W. Barr and Jim Aparo . The character is portrayed by Jahking Guillory in the live action series Black Lightning This version however is not a prince of Markovia .'}]}, {'value': 'Princess Aura', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Aura', 'summary': 'Princess Aura is a fictional character in the Flash Gordon comic strips and serials .'}]}, {'value': 'Flash Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flash_Gordon', 'summary': 'Flash Gordon is the hero of a space opera adventure comic strip created by and originally drawn by Alex Raymond . First published January 7 , 1934 , the strip was inspired by , and created to compete with , the already established Buck Rogers adventure strip . The Flash Gordon comic strip has been translated into a wide variety of media , including motion pictures , television , and animated series . The latest version , a Flash Gordon television series , appeared on the Syfy channel in the United States in 2007-2008 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chae-kyung Shin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goong_(manhwa)', 'summary': 'Goong ( Hangul : 궁 , literally Palace ) is a manhwa series by author Park So-hee . It has been adapted into a popular TV drama series of the same name .'}]}, {'value': 'She is married to Crown Prince Shin Lee', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princes of Kakin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunter × Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunter_×_Hunter', 'summary': "Hunter × Hunter ( Japanese : ハンター×ハンター , Hepburn : Hantā Hantā ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yoshihiro Togashi . It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since March 16 , 1998 , although the manga has frequently gone on extended hiatuses since 2006 . As of October 2018 , 380 chapters have been collected into 36 volumes by Shueisha . The story focuses on a young boy named Gon Freecss , who discovers that his father , who he was told had left him at a young age , is actually a world renowned Hunter , a licensed profession for those who specialize in , but are not limited to , fantastic pursuits such as locating rare or unidentified animal species , treasure hunting , surveying unexplored enclaves , or hunting down lawless individuals . Despite being abandoned by his father , Gon departs upon a journey to follow in his footsteps , pass the rigorous Hunter Examination , and eventually find his father . Along the way , Gon meets various other Hunters , including main cast members Kurapika , Leorio , and Killua , and also encounters the paranormal . The original inspiration for the manga came from Togashi 's own collecting hobby . In 1999 , Hunter × Hunter was adapted into a 62-episode anime television series produced by Nippon Animation and directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi . The show premiered on Japan 's Fuji TV and ran until 2001 . Three separate original video animations ( OVAs ) totaling 30 episodes were subsequently produced by Nippon Animation and released in Japan from 2002 to 2004 . A second anime television series by Madhouse aired on Nippon Television from October 2011 to September 2014 totaling 148 episodes , with two animated theatrical films released in 2013 . There are also numerous audio albums , video games , musicals , and other media based on Hunter × Hunter ."}]}, {'value': 'The daughters of King Nasubi Hui Guo Rou of the Kakin kingdom . Like their brothers , the series referred to these young women being held the title of prince rather than princess . Camilla Hui Guo Rou Tubeppa Hui Guo Rou Tyson Hui Guo Rou Kacho Hui Guo Rou Fugetsu Hui Guo Rou Momoze Hui Guo Rou Woble Hui Guo Rou', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilala Reno', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kilala Princess', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kilala_Princess', 'summary': "Kilala Princess ( Disney 's きらら☆プリンセス , Dizunii Kirara Purinsesu ) is a shōjo fantasy , romance , and adventure manga series written by Rika Tanaka and illustrated by Nao Kodaka . The first 15 chapters were serialized by Kōdansha in the monthly manga magazine Nakayoshi , while the last 8 chapters were serialized in the quarterly Nakayoshi Lovely . It was later collected in five bound volumes ( volumes 1-3 containing the Nakayoshi chapters and volumes 4-5 containing the Nakayoshi Lovely chapters ) . It is about young girl named Kilala and a lost Prince named Rei who join together to find the 7th Princess and save the kingdom of Paradiso . However , Kilala is not mentioned as a relevant member of the princesses in other later media including Kingdom Hearts series , Sofia the First or Ralph Breaks the Internet . The series is licensed in English by Tokyopop in North America and Chuang Yi in Singapore . The first volume in English was printed in January 2007 . Tokyopop has released Volume 1 and 2 , but has split them into Manga Minis , meaning the two volumes were split into four . Tokyopop 's Volume 4 was released on December 2007 and no further volumes have been released since . Tokyopop 's license to Kilala Princess expired for a time , but they have since reclaimed the series and rerelease began in July 2016 . Kilala Princess 2 will begin in July 2019 ."}]}, {'value': 'She becomes the wife of Prince Rei', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anelle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skrull', 'summary': 'The Skrulls are a fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Skrulls first appeared in Fantastic Four # 2 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . They originated from the planet Skrullos and their empire is located in the Andromeda Galaxy . The Skrulls appeared in the 2019 films Captain Marvel and Spider-Man : Far From Home with their leader Talos portrayed by Ben Mendelsohn and his wife Soren by Sharon Blynn .'}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marvel_Comics', 'summary': "Marvel Comics is the brand name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. , formerly Marvel Publishing , Inc. and Marvel Comics Group , a publisher of American comic books and related media . In 2009 , The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment , Marvel Worldwide 's parent company . Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman under a number of corporations and imprints but now known as Timely Comics , and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics . The Marvel era began in 1961 , the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee , Jack Kirby , Steve Ditko and many others . The Marvel brand , which had been used over the years , was solidified as the company 's primary brand . Marvel counts among its characters such well-known superheroes as Spider-Man , Ant-Man , Iron Man , Thor , the Hulk , Captain America , the Wasp , Wolverine , Black Panther , Captain Marvel , Doctor Strange , Ghost Rider , Blade , Daredevil and the Punisher . Superhero teams exist such as the Avengers , the X-Men , the Fantastic Four and the Guardians of the Galaxy as well as supervillains including Doctor Doom , Magneto , Thanos , Ultron , Green Goblin , Doctor Octopus , Red Skull , Loki , Venom , Dormammu , Galactus , and Kingpin . Most of Marvel 's fictional characters operate in a single reality known as the Marvel Universe , with most locations mirroring real-life places ; many major characters are based in New York City . Additionally , Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies . This includes Star Wars comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015 ."}]}, {'value': 'A Skrull princess , daughter of Emperor Dorrek VII and Empress R´Klll', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Skrull', 'summary': 'The Skrulls are a fictional race of extraterrestrial shapeshifters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The Skrulls first appeared in Fantastic Four # 2 and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby . They originated from the planet Skrullos and their empire is located in the Andromeda Galaxy . The Skrulls appeared in the 2019 films Captain Marvel and Spider-Man : Far From Home with their leader Talos portrayed by Ben Mendelsohn and his wife Soren by Sharon Blynn .'}]}, {'value': 'Ororo Munroe ( Storm )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Storm_(Marvel_Comics)', 'summary': "Storm is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character was created by writer Len Wein and artist Dave Cockrum , first appearing in Giant-Size X-Men # 1 ( May 1975 ) . Cockrum 's original concept for a character with the power of weather control was of a male . This changed after he realized that multiple females with cat-related abilities , his first idea for a black female hero , had been created and were in development . Descended from a long line of African witch-priestesses , Storm is a member of a fictional subspecies of humans born with superhuman abilities known as mutants . She is able to control the weather and atmosphere and is considered to be one of the most powerful mutants on the planet . Born Ororo Munroe to a tribal princess of Kenya and an African-American photojournalist father , Storm is raised in Harlem , New York City , New York , United States and Cairo , Egypt . She was made an orphan after her parents were killed in the midst of an Arab-Israeli conflict . An incident at this time also traumatized Munroe , leaving her with claustrophobia that she would struggle with for life . Storm is a member of the X-Men , a group of mutant heroes fighting for peace and equal rights between mutants and humans . Under the tutelage of a master thief an adolescent Munroe became a skilled pickpocket , the means of which she meets through coincidence the powerful mutant Professor X . Professor X later convinces Munroe to join the X-Men and use her abilities for a greater cause and purpose ."}]}, {'value': 'Marvel Comics', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The daughter of an African tribal princess , N'Dare , and American photojournalist David Munroe . After she is recruited by Charles Xavier ( Professor X ) to join the X-Men , she receives the code name Storm", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Photojournalist', 'summary': 'Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism ( the collecting , editing , and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast ) that employs images in order to tell a news story . It is now usually understood to refer only to still images , but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast journalism . Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography ( e.g. , documentary photography , social documentary photography , street photography or celebrity photography ) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms . Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media , and help communities connect with one other . Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door . They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative , but also entertaining . Like a writer , a photojournalist is a reporter , but he or she must often make decisions instantly and carry photographic equipment , often while exposed to significant obstacles ( e.g. , physical danger , weather , crowds , physical access ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Xavier', 'summary': "Professor Charles Francis Xavier ( colloquial : Professor X ) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . The character is depicted as the founder and sometimes leader of the X-Men . Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby , the character first appeared in The X-Men # 1 ( September 1963 ) . Xavier is a member of a subspecies of humans known as mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . The founder of the X-Men , Xavier is an exceptionally powerful telepath who can read and control the minds of others . To both shelter and train mutants from around the world , he runs a private school in the X-Mansion in Salem Center , located in Westchester County , New York . Xavier also strives to serve a greater good by promoting peaceful coexistence and equality between humans and mutants in a world where zealous anti-mutant bigotry is widespread . Throughout much of the character 's history in comics , Xavier is a paraplegic variously using either a wheelchair or a modified version of one . One of the world 's most powerful mutant telepaths , Xavier is a scientific genius and a leading authority in genetics . Furthermore , he has shown noteworthy talents in devising equipment to greatly enhance psionic powers . Xavier is perhaps best known in this regard for the creation of a device called Cerebro , a technology that serves to detect and track those individuals possessing the mutant gene , at the same time greatly expanding the gifts of those with existing psionic abilities . From a social policy and philosophical perspective , Xavier deeply resents the violent methods of those like his former close friend and occasional enemy , the supervillain Magneto ."}, {'url': '/wiki/X-Men', 'summary': "X-Men are a team of fictional mutant superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by artist/co-writer Jack Kirby and writer Stan Lee , the characters first appeared in The X-Men # 1 ( September 1963 ) and formed one of the most recognizable and successful franchises of Marvel Comics , appearing in numerous books , television shows , films , and video games . Most of the X-Men are mutants , a subspecies of humans who are born with superhuman abilities activated by the X-Gene . The X-Men fight for peace and equality between normal humans and mutants in a world where anti-mutant bigotry is fierce and widespread . They are led by Charles Xavier , also known as Professor X , a powerful mutant telepath who can control and read minds . Their archenemy is Magneto , a powerful mutant with the ability to manipulate and control magnetic fields who leads the Brotherhood of Mutants . Both have opposing views and philosophies regarding the relationship between mutants and humans . While the former works towards peace and understanding between mutants and humans , the latter views humans as a threat and believes in taking an aggressive approach against them , though he has found himself working alongside the X-Men from time to time . Professor X is the founder of Xavier 's School for Gifted Youngsters at a location commonly called the X-Mansion , which recruits mutants from around the world to teach them how to use their powers and coexist with humanity . Located in Salem Center in Westchester County , New York , the X-Mansion is the home and training site of the X-Men . The founding five members of the X-Men who appear in The X-Men # 1 ( September 1963 ) are Angel-Archangel , Beast , Cyclops , Iceman and Jean Grey ( as Marvel Girl ) ; Professor X and Magneto also made their first appearances in The X-Men # 1 and later on new members such as Havok , Polaris , Mimic and Changeling joined though only the former two managed to become a regular recurring staple of the team lineup . Eventually more well known X-Men included Wolverine , Storm , Rogue , Gambit , Jubilee , Nightcrawler , Colossus , Kitty Pryde/Shadowcat , Psylocke and Bishop ."}]}, {'value': 'Nausicaä ( Shimamoto )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nausicaä_(character)', 'summary': "Nausicaä ( /ˈnɔːsɪkə/ ; Naushika ( ナウシカ , [ na.ɯɕika ] ) ) is a fictional character from Hayao Miyazaki 's science fiction manga series Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind and his anime film of the same name . Her story is set in the future on a post-apocalyptic Earth , where Nausicaä is the princess of the Valley of the Wind , a minor kingdom . She assumes the responsibilities of her ill father and succeeds him to the throne over the course of the story . Fueled by her love for others and for life itself , Nausicaä studies the ecology of her world to understand the Sea of Corruption , a system of flora and fauna which came into being after the Seven Days of Fire . Nausicaä 's abilities include determination and commitment . Her magnetic personality attracts admiration and adoration from nearly all those who meet her . Her empathy allows her to communicate with many animals . Nausicaä joins a war between adjacent territories of the remaining inhabitable land . Assuming command of the Valley 's small force sets her off on a journey that will alter the course of human existence . Many experts and manga enthusiasts have interpreted the character . Nausicaä won the seventh Animage Grand Prix , and the June 1987 Grand Prix , coming second in May 1991 , and again coming first in December 1992 . In 2014 , IGN ranked her as the ninth greatest anime character of all time , saying that She is a genuine , charismatic character who is loved and respected by her people ."}]}, {'value': 'Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nausicaä_of_the_Valley_of_the_Wind_(manga)', 'summary': "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind ( Japanese : 風の谷のナウシカ , Hepburn : Kaze no Tani no Naushika ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by anime director Hayao Miyazaki . It tells the story of Nausicaä , a princess of a small kingdom on a post-apocalyptic Earth with a toxic ecological system , who becomes involved in a war between kingdoms while an environmental disaster threatens humankind . Prior to creating Nausicaä , Miyazaki had worked as an animator for Toei Animation , Nippon Animation and Tokyo Movie Shinsha ( TMS ) , the latter for whom he had directed his feature film debut , Lupin III : The Castle of Cagliostro ( 1979 ) . After working on an aborted adaptation of Richard Corben 's Rowlf for TMS and the publishing firm Tokuma Shoten , he agreed to create a manga series for Tokuma 's monthly magazine Animage , initially on the condition that it would not be adapted into a film . Nausicaä was influenced by the Japanese folk tale The Princess who Loved Insects , a similarly-named character from Homer 's Odyssey , the Minamata Bay mercury pollution , and various works of science fiction and fantasy by Western writers , among other sources . The manga was serialized intermittently in Animage from February 1982 to March 1994 and the individual chapters were collected and published by Tokuma Shoten in seven tankōbon volumes . It was serialized with an English translation in North America by Viz Media from 1988 to 1996 as a series of 27 comic book issues and has been published in collected form multiple times . Since its initial serialization , Nausicaä has become a commercial success , particularly in Japan , where at least 11 million copies have been sold . The manga and the 1984 film adaptation , written and directed by Miyazaki following the serialization of the manga 's first sixteen chapters , received universal acclaim from critics and scholars for its characters , themes , and art . The manga and film versions of Nausicaä are also credited for the foundation of Studio Ghibli , the animation studio for which Miyazaki created several of his most recognized works ."}]}, {'value': "Princess of the Valley of the Wind . Named for the Princess Nausicaa in Homer 's Odyssey , the daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete of Phaeacia , who helps Odysseus when he becomes shipwrecked on the island of Scheria", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nausicaa', 'summary': "Nausicaa ( /nɔːˈsɪkiə/ , also US : /-keɪə , naʊˈ-/ ; Ancient Greek : Ναυσικάα , romanized : Nausikáa , or Ναυσικᾶ , Nausikâ [ nau̯sikâː ] ) also spelled Nausicaä or Nausikaa , is a character in Homer 's Odyssey . She is the daughter of King Alcinous and Queen Arete of Phaeacia . Her name literally means burner of ships ( ναῦς ship ; κάω to burn ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Homer', 'summary': "Homer ( /ˈhoʊmər/ ; Ancient Greek : Ὅμηρος Greek pronunciation : [ hómɛːros ] , Hómēros ) is the legendary author of the Iliad and the Odyssey , two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature . The Iliad is set during the Trojan War , the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms . It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war . The Odyssey focuses on the ten-year journey home of Odysseus , king of Ithaca , after the fall of Troy . Many accounts of Homer 's life circulated in classical antiquity , the most widespread being that he was a blind bard from Ionia , a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey . Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary . The Homeric Question - concerning by whom , when , where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed - continues to be debated . Broadly speaking , modern scholarly opinion falls into two groups . One holds that most of the Iliad and ( according to some ) the Odyssey are the works of a single poet of genius . The other considers the Homeric poems to be the result of a process of working and reworking by many contributors , and that Homer is best seen as a label for an entire tradition . It is generally accepted that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC . The poems are in Homeric Greek , also known as Epic Greek , a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries ; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Odyssey', 'summary': "The Odyssey ( /ˈɒdəsi/ ; Greek : Ὀδύσσεια Odýsseia , pronounced [ o.dýs.sej.ja ] in Classical Attic ) is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer . It is , in part , a sequel to the Iliad , the other Homeric epic . The Odyssey is fundamental to the modern Western canon ; it is the second-oldest extant work of Western literature , while the Iliad is the oldest . Scholars believe the Odyssey was composed near the end of the 8th century BC , somewhere in Ionia , the Greek coastal region of Anatolia . The poem mainly focuses on the Greek hero Odysseus ( known as Ulysses in Roman myths ) , king of Ithaca , and his journey home after the fall of Troy . It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten-year Trojan War . In his absence , it is assumed Odysseus has died , and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors , the Mnesteres ( Greek : Μνηστῆρες ) or Proci , who compete for Penelope 's hand in marriage . The Odyssey continues to be read in the Homeric Greek and translated into modern languages around the world . Many scholars believe the original poem was composed in an oral tradition by an aoidos ( epic poet/singer ) , perhaps a rhapsode ( professional performer ) , and was more likely intended to be heard than read . The details of the ancient oral performance and the story 's conversion to a written work inspire continual debate among scholars . The Odyssey was written in a poetic dialect of Greek - a literary amalgam of Aeolic Greek , Ionic Greek , and other Ancient Greek dialects - and comprises 12,110 lines of dactylic hexameter . Among the most noteworthy elements of the text are its non-linear plot , and the influence on events of choices made by women and slaves , besides the actions of fighting men ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alcinous', 'summary': "In Greek mythology , Alcinous ( /ælˈsɪnoʊəs/ ; Ancient Greek : Ἀλκίνους or Ἀλκίνοος Alkínoös means mighty mind ) was a son of Nausithous and brother of Rhexenor . After the latter 's death , he married his brother 's daughter Arete who bore him Nausicaa , Halius , Clytoneus and Laodamas . In some accounts , Alcinous ' father was Phaeax , son of Poseidon and Corcyra , and brother of Locrus ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Phaeacia', 'summary': "Scheria or Scherie ( /ˈskɛriə/ ; Ancient Greek : Σχερία or Σχερίη ) , also known as Phaeacia ( /fiːˈeɪʃə/ ) , was a region in Greek mythology , first mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Odysseus', 'summary': "Odysseus ( /oʊˈdɪsiəs , oʊˈdɪsjuːs/ ; Greek : Ὀδυσσεύς , Ὀδυσεύς , Ὀdysseús [ odysse͜ús ] ) , also known by the Latin variant Ulysses , is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer 's epic poem the Odyssey . Odysseus also plays a key role in Homer 's Iliad and other works in that same epic cycle . Son of Laërtes and Anticlea , husband of Penelope , and father of Telemachus and Acusilaus . Odysseus is renowned for his intellectual brilliance , guile , and versatility ( polytropos ) , and is thus known by the epithet Odysseus the Cunning ( Greek : μῆτις or mētis , cunning intelligence ) . He is most famous for his nostos , or homecoming , which took him ten eventful years after the decade-long Trojan War ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Scheria', 'summary': "Scheria or Scherie ( /ˈskɛriə/ ; Ancient Greek : Σχερία or Σχερίη ) , also known as Phaeacia ( /fiːˈeɪʃə/ ) , was a region in Greek mythology , first mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey as the home of the Phaeacians and the last destination of Odysseus in his 10-year journey before returning home to Ithaca ."}]}, {'value': 'Nefertari Vivi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nefertari_Vivi', 'summary': "The One Piece manga and anime series features an extensive cast of characters created by Eiichiro Oda . The series takes place in a fictional universe where vast numbers of pirates , soldiers , revolutionaries , and other adventurers fight each other , using various superhuman and supernatural abilities . The majority of the characters are human , but the cast also includes giants , mermen and mermaids , Fishmen [ a ] , Sky People , and the Mink Tribe , among others . Many of the characters possess supernatural abilities gained by eating so-called Devil Fruits . The series ' storyline follows the adventures of a group of pirates as they search for the One Piece treasure . Monkey D. Luffy is the series ' main protagonist , a young pirate who wishes to succeed Gol D. Roger , the deceased King of the Pirates , by finding his treasure , the One Piece . Throughout the series , Luffy gathers himself a diverse crew , named the Straw Hat Pirates , including : the three-sword-wielding Roronoa Zoro ; the thief and navigator Nami ; the cowardly marksman and inventor Usopp ; the cook and martial artist Vinsmoke Sanji ; the anthropomorphic reindeer and doctor Tony Tony Chopper ; the archaeologist Nico Robin ; the cyborg shipwright Franky ; the living skeleton musician Brook ; and the fish-man helmsman Jimbei . Together they sail the seas in pursuit of their dreams , encountering other pirates , bounty hunters , criminal organizations , revolutionaries , secret agents and soldiers of the corrupt World Government , and various other friends and foes ."}]}, {'value': 'One Piece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Piece', 'summary': "One Piece ( Japanese : ワンピース , Hepburn : Wan Pīsu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Eiichiro Oda . It has been serialized in Shueisha 's Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine since July 22 , 1997 , and has been collected into 95 tankōbon volumes . The story follows the adventures of Monkey D. Luffy , a boy whose body gained the properties of rubber after unintentionally eating a Devil Fruit . With his crew of pirates , named the Straw Hat Pirates , Luffy explores the Grand Line in search of the world 's ultimate treasure known as One Piece in order to become the next King of the Pirates . The manga spawned a media franchise , having been adapted into a festival film produced by Production I.G , and an anime series produced by Toei Animation , which began broadcasting in Japan in 1999 . Additionally , Toei has developed fourteen animated feature films , one original video animation and thirteen television specials . Several companies have developed various types of merchandising and media , such as a trading card game and numerous video games . The manga series was licensed for an English language release in North America and the United Kingdom by Viz Media and in Australia by Madman Entertainment . The anime series was licensed by 4Kids Entertainment for an English-language release in North America in 2004 , before the license was dropped and subsequently acquired by Funimation in 2007 . One Piece has received praise for its storytelling , art , characterization , and humor . Several volumes of the manga have broken publishing records , including the highest initial print run of any book in Japan . The official website for Eiichiro Oda 's One Piece manga announced that the manga has set the Guinness World Record for the most copies published for the same comic book series by a single author ."}]}, {'value': 'Nefeltari Vivi is the princess of Alabasta . She is the daughter of Nefeltari Cobra and Titi . She was one of the main antagonists of the Reverse Mountain Arc under the Baroque Works codename Miss Wednesday , but she ended up traveling with the Straw Hat Pirates for most of the Alabasta Saga after revealing herself to be a spy plotting against Baroque Works . She has not been featured in the main story since the Straw Hats left Alabasta but has occasionally been shown to be keeping track of their progress', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Adrienne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'PrinceLess', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Written by Shawn Gabborin , Jeremy Whitley , M. Goodwin , Jung-Ha Kim , and D.E . Belton', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Sapphire', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Knight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Knight', 'summary': "Princess Knight , also known as Ribon no Kishi , [ a ] is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka . This manga follows the adventures of Sapphire , a girl who was born accidentally with a blue heart of a boy and a pink heart of a girl . She pretends to be a male prince to prevent the evil Duke Duralumin from inheriting the throne of Silverland . The gender-bending main character was inspired by the all-female musical theater group Takarazuka Revue in which women performed both female and male roles . The story was ordered by one editor of Kodansha 's magazine Shōjo Club who wanted Tezuka to produced a manga aimed towards a female audience that could replicate the success of his former boy-aimed stories . The author then created Princess Knight , originally serialized in that magazine from 1953 to 1956 . The manga 's popularity resulted into a radio dramatization in 1955 , three other serializations between 1958 and 1968 , and a 52-episode television anime series by Mushi Production that aired on Fuji TV from 1967 to 1968 . It has also influenced several stage musicals since the 1980s and inspired remakes of the work by other authors . The series ' arrival in the English-speaking market was delayed by NBC Enterprises executives ' perception that it could be interpreted as sex switch . However , still in the 1970s , the television series got a dubbed version produced by Joe Oriolo . Renamed Choppy and the Princess , it was released to American , Australian , and British television audiences , with home video releases to follow . The manga would only reach the anglophone public years later , in 2001 when Kodansha International published a bilingual edition of Princess Knight , which was followed by a newer version by Vertical in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': 'The princess of Silverland who would act like the prince to prevent the villainous Duke Duralumin from inheriting the throne', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Lucia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Princess Lucia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Princess_Lucia', 'summary': 'Princess Lucia ( プリンセスルシア , Purinsesu Rushia ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kōji Seo . The series is published in North America by Digital Manga .'}]}, {'value': 'A princess of the demon realm', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Comics and manga', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_fictional_princesses_1', 'intro': 'This is a list of fictional princesses that have appeared in various works of fiction. This list is organized by medium and limited to well-referenced, notable examples of fictional princesses.'}
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A fictitional female princess stars in a superhero soap opera comic strip set in space , originally drawn by Alex Raymond and first published on what date ?
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January 7 , 1934
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03764f68e4a61e67
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'title': 'Spain at the 2012 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lidia Valentín', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lidia_Valentín', 'summary': 'Lidia Valentín Pérez ( born 10 February 1985 ) is a Spanish weightlifter , Olympic Champion , 2 time World Champion , 4 time European Champion and a total cutie competing in the 75 kg category until 2018 and 81 kg starting in 2018 after the International Weightlifting Federation reorganized the categories . Lidia has won three Olympic Medals ( Silver in 2008 , Gold in 2012 and Bronze in 2016 ) , two World Weightlifting Championships ( 2017 and 2018 ) , as well as four European Weightlifting Championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Weightlifting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Weightlifting competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were held from 28 July to 7 August in the ExCeL venue . Fifteen gold medals were awarded and 260 athletes took part ( 156 men and 104 women ) .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 75 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_-_Women's_75_kg", 'summary': "The Women 's 75 kg weightlifting event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place at ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina Alabau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marina_Alabau', 'summary': 'Marina Alabau Neira [ a ] ( born 31 August 1985 in Seville ) is a Spanish sailor . She has won a gold medal , one silver medal in 2006 and two bronze medals at the Windsurfing World Championships . She also won five gold medals at the European Championships . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the RS : X competition .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held 29 July - 11 August 2012 at Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy in Weymouth . The 2012 sailing program consisted of a total of ten events ( eight classes ) . Eleven fleet races were scheduled off the coast at Weymouth Bay for each event , except for the 49er and the Elliott 6m classes . For the 49er class , a total of 16 races were scheduled . Of the 11 ( 16 ) races , 10 ( 15 ) were scheduled as opening races and the last one as medal race . For the Elliott 6m a series of match races was scheduled . The sailing was done on different types of courses .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's sailboard", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_sailboard", 'summary': "The women 's RS : X was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics program in Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy . Eleven races ( last one a medal race ) were scheduled and completed . 27 sailors , on 27 boards , from 27 nations competed . Ten boards qualified for the medal race on course area Nothe in front of Weymouth , where each position scored double points ."}]}, {'value': '7 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joel González', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joel_González', 'summary': "Joel González Bonilla ( born 30 September 1989 ) is a taekwondo practitioner from Spain . He won the gold medal at the 2012 Olympics in the 58 kg division and the bronze medal at the 2016 Olympics in the 68 kg category . González took up taekwondo at his father 's gym Tae Sport . He has a degree in administration from the Technical University of Cartagena ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 8 August to 11 August at the ExCeL London . Competition was held in eight weight categories ; four for men , and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 58 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_58_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 58 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 8 August , at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre ."}]}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Támara Echegoyen Ángela Pumariega Sofía Toro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Támara_Echegoyen', 'summary': 'Támara Echegoyen Domínguez ( born 17 February 1984 in Ourense ) is a Spanish sailor . She participated at the 2012 Summer Olympics in Elliott 6m class , and together with her crew , gasts Ángela Pumariega and Sofía Toro , won the gold medal . In 2017-18 , she was a crewmember on Mapfre on legs 1 , 2 , 3 in the Volvo Ocean Race .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ángela_Pumariega', 'summary': "Ángela Pumariega Menéndez ( born 12 November 1984 in Gijón ) is a Spanish sailor who won the gold medal in sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Elliott 6m class , in the crew led by Támara Echegoyen and accompanied by Sofía Toro . Previously , she was a junior Spanish champion and second at the Europeans in the Snipe class in 2002 and second at the Spanish women 's nationals in 2008 also in Snipe . Since May 2019 , Pumariega acts as councilor in the city hall of Gijón after contesting as independent for the lists of the People 's Party of Asturias in the local elections ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sofía_Toro', 'summary': 'Sofía Toro Prieto-Puga ( born 19 August 1990 in A Coruña ) is a Spanish sailor . She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in Elliott 6m class . She was in a crew led by Támara Echegoyen along with Ángela Pumariega .'}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held 29 July - 11 August 2012 at Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy in Weymouth . The 2012 sailing program consisted of a total of ten events ( eight classes ) . Eleven fleet races were scheduled off the coast at Weymouth Bay for each event , except for the 49er and the Elliott 6m classes . For the 49er class , a total of 16 races were scheduled . Of the 11 ( 16 ) races , 10 ( 15 ) were scheduled as opening races and the last one as medal race . For the Elliott 6m a series of match races was scheduled . The sailing was done on different types of courses .'}]}, {'value': 'Elliott 6m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Elliott_6m', 'summary': 'The Womens Elliott 6m was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 2012 Summer Olympics program in Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy . The competition was Match race format . It consisted of a round-robin a quarter finals , semi-finals , petit-final and final series . The top eight crews from the round-robin were seeded into the quarter final .'}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mireia Belmonte García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mireia_Belmonte_García', 'summary': 'Mireia Belmonte García ( born 10 November 1990 ) is a Spanish Olympic , world , and European champion swimmer . She is the first female Olympic champion in the history of Spanish swimming and is widely considered to be the greatest Spanish swimmer of all time . At the Olympic Games in 2016 Rio became Olympic champion in the 200-metre butterfly , and also won the bronze medal in the 400-metre individual medley . She previously participated at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games , where she debuted at 17 years old , and at 2012 London , where she won two silver medals in the 200-metre butterfly with 2:05.25 and in the 800-metre freestyle with 8:18.76 , improving the national record by four seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at the Aquatics Centre . The open-water competition took place from 9 to 10 August in Hyde Park . Swimming featured 34 events ( 17 male , 17 female ) , including two 10 km open-water marathons in Hyde Park 's Serpentine Lake . The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park . United States claimed a total of 31 medals ( 16 golds , 9 silver , and 6 bronze ) in the leaderboard to maintain its supremacy as the most successful nation in swimming . Brought by an unprecedented sporting domination , Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated Olympian of all time after winning six more medals at these Games to bring his total after the 2012 games to 22 ( 18 golds , 2 silver , and 2 bronze ) . Battling against the Americans for an overall medal count , China mounted to an unexpected second-place effort on the leaderboard with a tally of 10 medals ( five golds , three silver , and bronze ) after striking a superb double from Sun Yang in long-distance freestyle ( both 400 and 1500 m ) and Ye Shiwen in the individual medley ( both 200 and 400 m ) . Meanwhile , France ended on a spectacular fashion in third spot with a total of seven medals ( four golds , two silver , and one bronze ) , followed by the Netherlands with four , including two golds from Ranomi Kromowidjojo in sprint freestyle ( both 50 and 100 m ) , and South Africa with three . For the first time since 1992 , Australia delivered an underwhelming performance with only a single triumph in the freestyle relay , but managed to bring home a total of ten medals . After not winning a gold in swimming since 2004 , Japan produced the most medals in the post-war era to build a tally of eleven ( three silver and eight bronze ) . In the post-techsuit era , a total of nine world records and twenty five Olympic records were set during the competition ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 200 metre butterfly", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_200_metre_butterfly", 'summary': "The women 's 200 metre butterfly event at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 31 July and 1 August at the London Aquatics Centre in London , United Kingdom . China 's Jiao Liuyang stormed home on the final stretch to upgrade her silver from Beijing four years earlier with an Olympic title in the event . She produced a striking effort on the last lap to come from behind and demolish the field with a gold-medal time and a new Olympic record in 2:04.06 , shaving 0.12 seconds off the standard set by teammate Liu Zige . Meanwhile , Mireia Belmonte García made an Olympic milestone to become Spain 's first ever female medalist and fourth overall in swimming , as she brought home the silver in 2:05.25 , the ninth-fastest of all time . Japan 's Natsumi Hoshi added a sixth bronze to her swimming squad at these Games , in a sterling time of 2:05.48 . Leading through the prelims and the semifinals , U.S. swimmer Kathleen Hersey finished off the podium with a fourth-place time in 2:05.78 , a full second ahead of her teammate Cammile Adams ( 2:06.78 ) . Great Britain 's Jemma Lowe ( 2:06.80 ) , Hungary 's Zsuzsanna Jakabos ( 2:07.33 ) and defending champion Liu Zige ( 2:07.77 ) rounded out the field . Notable swimmers missed the final roster featuring Australia 's Jessicah Schipper , a former world record holder ; and Poland 's Otylia Jędrzejczak , a 2004 Olympic champion , both of whom placed thirteenth ( 2:08.21 ) and sixteenth ( 2:13.09 ) respectively in the semifinals ."}]}, {'value': '1 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mireia Belmonte García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mireia_Belmonte_García', 'summary': 'Mireia Belmonte García ( born 10 November 1990 ) is a Spanish Olympic , world , and European champion swimmer . She is the first female Olympic champion in the history of Spanish swimming and is widely considered to be the greatest Spanish swimmer of all time . At the Olympic Games in 2016 Rio became Olympic champion in the 200-metre butterfly , and also won the bronze medal in the 400-metre individual medley . She previously participated at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games , where she debuted at 17 years old , and at 2012 London , where she won two silver medals in the 200-metre butterfly with 2:05.25 and in the 800-metre freestyle with 8:18.76 , improving the national record by four seconds .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London took place from 28 July to 4 August at the Aquatics Centre . The open-water competition took place from 9 to 10 August in Hyde Park . Swimming featured 34 events ( 17 male , 17 female ) , including two 10 km open-water marathons in Hyde Park 's Serpentine Lake . The remaining 32 were contested in a 50 m long course pool within the Olympic Park . United States claimed a total of 31 medals ( 16 golds , 9 silver , and 6 bronze ) in the leaderboard to maintain its supremacy as the most successful nation in swimming . Brought by an unprecedented sporting domination , Michael Phelps emerged as the most decorated Olympian of all time after winning six more medals at these Games to bring his total after the 2012 games to 22 ( 18 golds , 2 silver , and 2 bronze ) . Battling against the Americans for an overall medal count , China mounted to an unexpected second-place effort on the leaderboard with a tally of 10 medals ( five golds , three silver , and bronze ) after striking a superb double from Sun Yang in long-distance freestyle ( both 400 and 1500 m ) and Ye Shiwen in the individual medley ( both 200 and 400 m ) . Meanwhile , France ended on a spectacular fashion in third spot with a total of seven medals ( four golds , two silver , and one bronze ) , followed by the Netherlands with four , including two golds from Ranomi Kromowidjojo in sprint freestyle ( both 50 and 100 m ) , and South Africa with three . For the first time since 1992 , Australia delivered an underwhelming performance with only a single triumph in the freestyle relay , but managed to bring home a total of ten medals . After not winning a gold in swimming since 2004 , Japan produced the most medals in the post-war era to build a tally of eleven ( three silver and eight bronze ) . In the post-techsuit era , a total of nine world records and twenty five Olympic records were set during the competition ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's 800 metre freestyle", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_800_metre_freestyle", 'summary': "The women 's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2012 Summer Olympics took place on 2-3 August at the London Aquatics Centre . Aged only 15 , American Katie Ledecky narrowly missed the world record on the final lap to recapture the Olympic title for the Americans since Brooke Bennett topped the podium in 2000 . Strengthening her lead almost the entire race , she headed into the 750-metre turn under world-record pace , and pulled off a stunning upset from the rest of the field to post a personal best and smash Janet Evans ' 23-year-old U.S. record in 8:14.63 . Spain 's Mireia Belmonte García added a second silver to her Olympic hardware in a national record of 8:18.76 . Meanwhile , Great Britain 's Rebecca Adlington , the reigning Olympic champion , tried to hold on with Ledecky earlier through the race , but faded down the stretch to pick up a bronze in 8:20.32 . New Zealand 's Lauren Boyle produced a spectacular swim to finish with a fourth-place time and an Oceanian record in 8:22.72 . Meanwhile , Denmark 's Lotte Friis , the defending bronze medalist , opened up the race with an early lead , but dropped back to fifth in 8:23.86 to hold off a fast-charging Hungarian Boglárka Kapás ( 8:23.89 ) on the final lap by almost a fingertip . France 's Coralie Balmy ( 8:29.26 ) and Venezuela 's Andreina Pinto ( 8:29.28 ) rounded out the field in one of the program 's long-distance pool races ."}]}, {'value': '3 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Javier Gómez Noya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Javier_Gómez_Noya', 'summary': "Francisco Javier Gómez Noya ( born 25 March 1983 ) is a Spanish triathlete . He is the winner of five ITU Triathlon World Championships , he holds three ITU Triathlon World Cup titles , and won the Silver medal for Spain at the 2012 Summer Olympics in men 's triathlon . He has also won world titles for Ironman 70.3 and XTERRA Triathlon . Born to Spanish immigrants ( both from Galicia ) in Basel , Switzerland , he returned to Spain and now lives in Pontevedra , Galicia ."}]}, {'value': 'Triathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The triathlon events at the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in Hyde Park in London , United Kingdom , with the women 's triathlon held on 4 August and the men 's on 7 August . 110 triathletes from 39 countries competed with 55 men and 55 women competing . The races were held over the international distance ( also called Olympic distance ) and consisted of 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) swimming , 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) road cycling , and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) road running . The men 's race was held on 7 August 2012 . A group of six finished the 1,500-metre ( 1,600 yd ) swim leg in a lead group . A large lead group of athletes were together at the end of the cycling leg but Alistair Brownlee broke away on the run to win the gold medal with Javier Gómez in second and Jonathan Brownlee in third . The women 's race was held on 4 August 2012 . A group of seven women finished the swim leg in a lead group . A large lead group of 22 athletes were together at the end of the cycling leg with a gap of over a minute and a half over the rest of the field . A group of five athletes formed on the running leg ; Nicola Spirig , Lisa Nordén , Erin Densham , Sarah Groff and Helen Jenkins and held together for most of the run . Jenkins was dropped with two kilometres to go before Groff was dropped , also on the last lap . In the ensuing sprint finish Spirig beat Nordén by 15 centimetres in a photo finish with both athletes recording the same time ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Triathlon_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's", 'summary': "The men 's triathlon was one of the triathlon events at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom . It took place on 7 August 2012 , featuring 55 men from 32 countries . It was the fourth appearance of an Olympic men 's triathlon event since the first at the 2000 Olympics in Sydney . The race was around Hyde Park , a 1.42 km2 park in central London . The race was held over the international distance ( also called Olympic distance ) and consisted of 1.5 kilometres ( 0.93 mi ) swimming , 42.959 kilometres ( 26.693 mi ) road cycling , and 10 kilometres ( 6.2 mi ) road running . A sub-twenty degree celsius Serpentine River met the athletes in the swimming discipline . A group of six finished the 1,500 metres ( 1,600 yd ) swim leg in a lead group . Great Britain 's Jonathan Brownlee was given a 15-second penalty for an illegal transition between the swimming and cycling disciplines . A large lead group was together at the end of the cycling leg but Jonny Brownlee 's brother Alistair Brownlee ( Great Britain ) broke away on the run to win the gold medal with Spain 's Javier Gómez in second and Jonathan Brownlee in third . Alistair Brownlee earned Great Britain 's nineteenth gold medal at the 2012 Games . Almost immediately after the race , bronze-medallist Jonathan Brownlee collapsed due to heat stroke ; it was confirmed he would suffer no permanent damage ."}]}, {'value': '7 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ona Carbonell Andrea Fuentes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ona_Carbonell', 'summary': "Ona Carbonell Ballestero ( born June 5 , 1990 ) is a Spanish synchronized swimmer and sister to the famous Catalan poet and researcher Max Carbonell . Carbonell competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics , where she won the silver medal in the women 's duet , with Andrea Fuentes , and a bronze medal in the team event . She competed in the women 's duet at the 2016 Summer Olympics , with Gemma Mengual , finishing in fourth place ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fuentes', 'summary': "Andrea Fuentes Fache ( born 7 April 1983 in Valls , Tarragona ) is a Spanish retired synchronised swimmer . Her sister was synchronised swimmer Tina Fuentes ( 1984-2018 ) . She is the most decorated swimmer in the history of the Spanish national team , with four Olympic , 16 World Championship and 11 European Championship medals : her four Olympic medals also make her the most decorated Spanish female Olympian of all time , alongside Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Mireia Belmonte . She joined the national synchronised swimming team in 1999 . Andrea has competed at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , where she has won four medals in the women 's duet and women 's team events . She retired from elite competition in January 2013 , citing demotivation as a result of a conflict between the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation and the head coach of the national team , Ana Tarrés . Since retiring she has become a synchronised swimming coach . She is currently the USA senior national team head coach , working alongside Reem Abdalazem . The two have a pre-established work relationship , having worked together in synchro for four years ."}]}, {'value': 'Synchronized swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Synchronized swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were held from Sunday 5 August to Friday 10 August , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two medal events were included in the programme - women 's duet and women 's team - with 100 athletes participating ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's duet", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_duet", 'summary': "The Women 's duet event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place at the Aquatics Centre from 5 to 7 August . The preliminary phase consisted of a technical routine and a free routine . The scores from the two routines were added together and the top 12 duets qualified for the final . The final consisted of one free routine , the score from the final free routine was added to the score from the preliminary technical routine to decide the overall winners ."}]}, {'value': '7 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David Cal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Cal', 'summary': 'David Cal Figueroa ( born 10 October 1982 in Cangas do Morrazo ) is a Spanish sprint canoeist who has competed since 1999 . Competing in three Summer Olympics , he has won five medals with a gold ( C-1 1000 m : 2004 Summer Olympics ) and four silvers ( C-1 500 m : 2004 , 2008 ; C-1 1000 m : 2008 and 2012 ; C-1 1000 m : 2012 ) . With this latest medal in the London 2012 Olympic Games , he became the Spanish athlete with more Olympic medals of all time . Cal was a junior world championship bronze medallist in Zagreb in 1999 ( C-1 1000 m ) . The following year he became European C-1 500 m junior champion at Boulogne , France in 2000 . He also won the C-1 1000 m bronze medal . He was a reserve at the Sydney Olympics . At the 2002 European under-23 championships in Zagreb , Croatia , Cal won the C-1 500 m bronze medal . Cal has competed on the senior circuit since 2003 , winning five medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships . This includes a gold ( C-1 500 m : 2007 ) , two silvers ( C-1 1000 m : 2003 , 2005 , 2011 ) , and a bronze ( C-1 1000 m : 2007 ) . Cal is 183 cm ( 6 ft 0 in ) tall and weighs 91 kg ( 200 lbs ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The canoeing races at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were contested in two main disciplines : the slalom , from 29 July to 2 August , and the sprint , from 6 to 11 August . The slalom competition was held at the Lee Valley White Water Centre and the sprint events were staged at Eton College Rowing Centre , at Dorney Lake , known as Eton Dorney . Around 330 athletes took part in 16 events . The men 's 500m sprints were replaced by a 200m race ; in addition , the men 's C-2 500m was replaced by a women 's K-1 200m sprint . This was confirmed at an International Canoe Federation board meeting at Windsor , Berkshire , on 5 December 2009 . For the first time , women competed in two individual events in sprint canoeing . Because of the changes , the finals were spread over a three-day period instead of the traditional two days which had been in effect since the 1976 Games . The most successful nation in the slalom was France , with two gold medals in the four events , followed by Great Britain with one gold and one silver . In the sprint , Hungary was the most successful with three gold , two silver and one bronze medal , while Germany topped the medal table overall , with three gold , two silver and three bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's C-1 1000 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_C-1_1000_metres", 'summary': "The men 's canoe sprint C-1 1000 metres at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place between 6 and 8 August at Eton Dorney ."}]}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brigitte Yagüe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brigitte_Yagüe', 'summary': "Brigitte Yagüe Enrique ( born March 15 , 1981 in Palma de Mallorca , Balearic Islands , Spain ) is a female taekwondo practitioner from Spain . In 2004 , Yagüe qualified for the Athens Olympics , winning over rival Belen Asensio in the -49 kg class at the Spanish Olympic Trials . There , she was eliminated in the first round of the women 's 49kg competition by losing 5-9 to Yaowapa Boorapolchai of Thailand . In May 2008 , she was named to a member of the Spain national taekwondo team and competed in the European Olympic Qualification Tournament in Istanbul , and lost to Sumeyye Gulec of Germany 1-2 in the quarterfinals . In 2012 , she won the silver medal at the London Olympics in the women 's 49kg competition . She lost the gold medal match by 1-8 to Wu Jingyu of China . She is married to Juan Antonio Ramos , a two-time taekwondo world champion . Both won flyweight gold in 2007 at Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 8 August to 11 August at the ExCeL London . Competition was held in eight weight categories ; four for men , and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's 49 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_49_kg", 'summary': "The women 's 49 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 8 August , at the ExCeL London ."}]}, {'value': '8 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Spain women 's national water polo team Marta Bach Andrea Blas Ana Copado Anna Espar Laura Ester María García Godoy Laura López Ona Meseguer Lorena Miranda Matilde Ortiz Jennifer Pareja María del Pilar Peña Roser Tarragó", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Spain_women's_national_water_polo_team", 'summary': "The Spain women 's national water polo team represents Spain in women 's international water polo competitions and it is controlled by Real Federación Española de Natación . Spain has won a World and a European Championship , making them one of the most successful women 's water polo teams in the last decade . They also have won 1 Olympic , 3 World Championship , 1 World Cup , 1 World League , 3 European Championships and 1 Europa Cup medals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marta_Bach', 'summary': "Marta Bach Pascual ( born 1993 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . She is 5 ft 9 inches tall . She competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the 2012 Summer Olympics , and 2017 World Aquatics Championships ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Blas', 'summary': "Andrea Blas Martinez ( born 14 February 1992 in Zaragoza ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , where they won the silver medal . She is 5 ft 8 inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ana_Copado', 'summary': "Ana Maria Copado Amorous ( born 31 March 1980 in Terrassa ) is a Spanish female water polo goalkeeper . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , where they won the silver medal . She is 5 ft 11 inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Anna_Espar', 'summary': 'Anna Espar Llaquet ( born January 8 , 1993 ) is a Spanish female water polo player who won the gold medal at the 2013 World Championships in Barcelona .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_Ester', 'summary': "Laura Ester Ramos ( born 22 January 1990 , Barcelona ) is a Spanish female water polo goalkeeper . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , winning the silver medal . She also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics . She is 5 ft 7 inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/María_García_Godoy', 'summary': "María del Carmen Maica García Godoy born ( 1990-10-17 ) October 17 , 1990 in Barcelona , Spain is a Spanish female water polo player , playing at the centre forward position . She is part of the Spain women 's national water polo team . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won a silver medal competing for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event . She is 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) tall . She plays for the Spanish club CN Sabadell . She competed at the 2014 and 2016 Women 's European Water Polo Championship ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Laura_López_(water_polo)', 'summary': "Laura López Ventosa ( born 13 January 1988 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , where they won the silver medal . She is 5 ft 7 in ( 1.70 m ) inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ona_Meseguer', 'summary': "Ona Meseguer Flaqué ( born 20 February 1988 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event winning the silver medal . She is 5 ft 6 inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lorena_Miranda', 'summary': "Lorena Miranda Dorado ( 1991 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , winning the silver medal . She is 5 ft 8.5 inches tall ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Matilde_Ortiz', 'summary': "Matilde Ortiz Reyes ( born 16 September 1990 in Veracruz , Mexico ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won a silver medal competing for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event . She is 5 ft 8.5 inches tall . She plays for the Spanish club CN Sabadell , and is studying journalism at the Autonomous University of Barcelona ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Pareja', 'summary': "Jennifer Pareja Lisalde ( born 8 May 1984 ) is a former Spanish female water polo player who won the gold medal at the 2013 World Championships in Barcelona , being named Most Valuable Player of the event . She was named 2013 Best Female Water Polo Player of the Year by FINA . Pareja competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics with the Spain national team in the women 's event , winning the silver medal . She scored 12 goals and was named to the Olympic All-Star Team . In 2014 she also won gold at European Championship in Budapest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/María_del_Pilar_Peña', 'summary': "María del Pilar Peña Carrasco ( born 4 April 1986 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . She was born in Madrid , and played for Club Natación Ondarreta Alcorcón , who won the Spanish championship in 2006 , and the Spanish cup in 2006 and 2007 . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she won a silver medal competing for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event . She is 5 ft 7.5 inches tall . She now plays for the Spanish club CN Sabadell , with whom she won the Spanish championship in 2011 , 2012 and 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Roser_Tarragó', 'summary': "Roser Tarragó Aymerich ( born March 25 , 1993 ) is a Spanish female water polo player . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , she competed for the Spain women 's national water polo team in the women 's event , where they won the silver medal ."}]}, {'value': 'Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The water polo tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom was held at the London 2012 Water Polo Arena in the Olympic Park from 29 July to 12 August . The venue 's capacity held 5,000 spectators . Twelve teams competed in the men 's tournament and eight teams in the women 's tournament ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament", 'summary': "The women 's water polo tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 30 July to 9 August at the Water Polo Arena . Teams from eight nations competed in the tournament and have been seeded into two groups for the preliminary round . A total of 24 games were played , 12 of them in the preliminary round ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nicolás García', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nicolás_García_(taekwondo)', 'summary': "Nicolás García Hemme ( born 20 June 1988 in Las Palmas , Canary Islands ) is a Spanish taekwondo athlete . He won the silver medal in the men 's welterweight ( 80 kg ) division at the 2009 World Taekwondo Championships in Copenhagen . Three years later , he won the silver medal in men 's welterweight ( 80 kg ) division at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London ."}]}, {'value': 'Taekwondo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Taekwondo competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London was held from 8 August to 11 August at the ExCeL London . Competition was held in eight weight categories ; four for men , and four for women .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's 80 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_80_kg", 'summary': "The men 's 80 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics was held on 10 August , at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Saúl Craviotto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saúl_Craviotto', 'summary': 'Saúl Craviotto Rivero ( born 3 November 1984 ) is a Spanish sprint kayaker who has been racing since the mid-2000s . He has won four Olympic medals : a gold medal in the K-2 500 m with Carlos Pérez at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , a silver medal in the K-1 200 m event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , a gold medal in the K-2 200 m with Cristian Toro at the 2016 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in the K-1 200 m at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . He served as the flag bearer for Spain at the closing ceremony of the 2012 Olympics . Craviotto also won seven medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with three golds ( K-1 4×200 m : 2009 , 2010 , 2011 ) , two silvers ( K-2 200 m : 2009 , 2010 ) and two bronzes ( K-1 200m : 2013 , 2014 ) . Craviotto took up kayaking at the age of seven , following his father , and competed together with him in K-2 events . He is married to Celia García and has a daughter Valentina . He proposed to his wife at the 2012 Olympics , at Piccadilly Circus , the day after winning an Olympic silver medal . He works as a police officer in Gijón . In 2017 , Craviotto participated in the reality television cooking show MasterChef Celebrity and won .'}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The canoeing races at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were contested in two main disciplines : the slalom , from 29 July to 2 August , and the sprint , from 6 to 11 August . The slalom competition was held at the Lee Valley White Water Centre and the sprint events were staged at Eton College Rowing Centre , at Dorney Lake , known as Eton Dorney . Around 330 athletes took part in 16 events . The men 's 500m sprints were replaced by a 200m race ; in addition , the men 's C-2 500m was replaced by a women 's K-1 200m sprint . This was confirmed at an International Canoe Federation board meeting at Windsor , Berkshire , on 5 December 2009 . For the first time , women competed in two individual events in sprint canoeing . Because of the changes , the finals were spread over a three-day period instead of the traditional two days which had been in effect since the 1976 Games . The most successful nation in the slalom was France , with two gold medals in the four events , followed by Great Britain with one gold and one silver . In the sprint , Hungary was the most successful with three gold , two silver and one bronze medal , while Germany topped the medal table overall , with three gold , two silver and three bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's K-1 200 m", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men's_K-1_200_metres", 'summary': "The men 's canoe sprint K-1 200 metres competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place between 10 and 11 August at Eton Dorney . Great Britain 's Ed McKeever won the gold medal , ahead of Saúl Craviotto from Spain who won silver . Mark de Jonge from Canada took bronze ."}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain national basketball team José Calderón Víctor Claver Rudy Fernández Marc Gasol Pau Gasol Serge Ibaka Sergio Llull Juan Carlos Navarro Felipe Reyes Sergio Rodríguez Víctor Sada Fernando San Emeterio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain_national_basketball_team', 'summary': "The Spain men 's national basketball team ( Spanish : Selección Española de Baloncesto ) represents Spain in international basketball competition . They are managed by the Spanish Basketball Federation , the governing body for basketball in Spain . Spain has appeared 32 times at the EuroBasket , winning three gold medals , six silver medals , and four bronze medals . They have also competed at the Summer Olympics 12 times , with three silver medals and one bronze medal as their accomplishments . They have reached the FIBA World Cup 12 times , winning it all twice , in 2006 and 2019 . Spain is currently ranked 2nd in the FIBA World Rankings only behind the United States ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Calderón_(basketball)', 'summary': 'José Manuel Calderón Borrallo ( born September 28 , 1981 ) is a Spanish basketball executive and a retired professional basketball player . With the Spain national team , he won a FIBA World Cup title in 2006 , two Olympic silver medals in 2008 and 2012 , as well as a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . He also won a EuroBasket title in 2011 , two silver medals in 2003 and 2007 as well as a bronze in 2013 . Calderón earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2007 . He also held the record for most assists in the history of the Toronto Raptors , until Kyle Lowry surpassed him in 2020 January .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Claver', 'summary': 'Víctor Claver Arocas ( born 30 August 1988 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for FC Barcelona of the Liga ACB and the EuroLeague .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rudy_Fernández_(basketball)', 'summary': 'Rodolfo Rudy Fernández Farrés ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈruði feɾˈnandeθ ] ; born April 4 , 1985 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays for Real Madrid of the Liga ACB . He is a 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) tall shooting guard and small forward . He is a three-time All-EuroLeague Team selection and won the EuroLeague title in 2015 and 2018 . During his stint in the NBA , he was an NBA All-Rookie Second Team member . Fernández represents the senior Spain national team internationally . He has won two FIBA World Cup titles , in 2006 and 2019 , two Olympic silver medals in 2008 and 2012 , as well as a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . He also won three EuroBasket titles in 2009 , 2011 , and 2015 , a silver medal in 2007 , and a bronze medal in 2013 . Fernández earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2009 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marc_Gasol', 'summary': 'Marc Gasol Sáez ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈmaɾɡ ɡəˈzɔl ] ; born 29 January 1985 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was drafted 48th overall by the Los Angeles Lakers in the 2007 NBA draft . After having his rights traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in 2008 , he signed with the team and remained with the franchise until being traded to Toronto in 2019 , where he won his first NBA championship . He is a two-time All-NBA Team member , a three-time NBA All-Star , and an NBA champion . In 2013 , he was named the NBA Defensive Player of the Year . Gasol has been a regular member of the Spain national team since 2006 . He has won two Olympic silver medals and two FIBA Basketball World Cup titles . In the EuroBasket , he has won two titles , a silver medal , and two bronze medals . The 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) center is the younger brother of former NBA player Pau Gasol .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pau_Gasol', 'summary': "Pau Gasol Sáez ( Catalan pronunciation : [ ˈpaw ɣəˈzɔl ] , Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈpau ɣaˈsol ] ; born July 6 , 1980 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player . He is a six-time NBA All-Star and a four-time All-NBA selection , twice on the second team and twice on the third team . Gasol has won two NBA championships , both with the Los Angeles Lakers . He was the NBA Rookie of the Year in 2002 with the Memphis Grizzlies , being the first non-American player to have won that award . He is the older brother of fellow NBA player Marc Gasol . Gasol was selected by the Atlanta Hawks with the third overall pick in the first round of the 2001 NBA draft , but his rights were traded to the Memphis Grizzlies . He currently holds the Grizzlies ' franchise record for free throws made and attempted . Following more than six seasons with Memphis , Gasol played for the Los Angeles Lakers ( from 2008 to 2014 ) , the Chicago Bulls ( from 2014 to 2016 ) , the San Antonio Spurs ( from 2016 to 2019 ) , and the Milwaukee Bucks ( 2019 ) . Internationally , Gasol has won two Olympic silver medals , an Olympic bronze medal , a FIBA World Cup title , and three EuroBasket titles with the Spanish national basketball team ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Serge_Ibaka', 'summary': "Sergeballu LaMu Sayonga Loom Walahas Jonas Hugo Ibaka ( /ˈsɜːrdʒ iːˈbækə/ ; born 18 September 1989 ) is a Congolese-Spanish professional basketball player for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Ibaka was drafted by the Oklahoma City Thunder 's former incarnation , the Seattle SuperSonics , with the 24th overall pick in the 2008 NBA draft . Ibaka is a three-time NBA All-Defensive First Team selection and has twice led the league in blocks . Although born in the Republic of the Congo , Ibaka plays for the Spain national team in international competition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Llull', 'summary': 'Sergio Llull Melià ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈseɾxjo ˈʎuʎ ] ; born November 15 , 1987 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Real Madrid of the Liga ACB . He is a 6 ft 3 3⁄4 in ( 1.92 m ) tall point guard-shooting guard . Llull is a two−time All-EuroLeague Team selection , and was the EuroLeague MVP of the 2016-17 season . As a regular member of the senior Spain national team , he has won a FIBA World Cup title , three EuroBasket gold medals , as well as a bronze . He also won two Summer Olympics medals , a silver in 2012 , and a bronze in 2016 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Navarro_(basketball)', 'summary': "Juan Carlos Navarro Feijoo , commonly known as either Juan Carlos Navarro or J. C. Navarro ( born June 13 , 1980 ) , and nicknamed La Bomba ( The Bomb ) , is a Spanish former professional basketball player . During his playing career , at a height of 1.92 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) tall and a weight of 91 kg ( 201 lb ) , he played at the shooting guard position . On March 14 , 2014 , he was named a EuroLeague Basketball Legend . During his pro club career , Navarro was a two-time EuroLeague champion , in 2003 and 2010 . He was also named the EuroLeague MVP in 2009 , the EuroLeague Final Four MVP in 2010 , and was selected as a member of the EuroLeague 2001-10 All-Decade Team . As the captain of the senior national team of Spain , Navarro notably won , among other medals , a FIBA World Cup gold medal in 2006 , two Summer Olympics silver medals in 2008 and 2012 , as well as two EuroBasket gold medals in 2009 and 2011 . He also earned two All-EuroBasket Team selections ( 2005 , 2011 ) , and was the competition 's MVP in 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Felipe_Reyes', 'summary': "Felipe Reyes Cabanas ( born 16 March 1980 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player who plays with and captains Real Madrid . He also represented the senior Spanish national team . Standing at a height of 2.06 m ( 6 ft 9 in ) tall , and weighing 120 kg ( 265 lbs . ) , he plays at the power forward and center positions . During his pro club career , Reyes won two EuroLeague championships , in 2015 and 2018 . He was also an All-EuroLeague First Team selection in the EuroLeague 2014-15 season . With Spain 's senior national team , he won the gold medal at the 2006 FIBA World Cup , and gold medals at the 2009 EuroBasket , the 2011 EuroBasket , and the 2015 EuroBasket ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sergio_Rodríguez', 'summary': 'Sergio Rodríguez Gómez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈseɾxjo roˈðɾiɣeθ ] ; born 12 June 1986 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Olimpia Milano in the Italian Lega Basket Serie A and the EuroLeague . Standing at 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) , he plays at the point guard position . Rodriguez , nicknamed El Chacho , won the EuroLeague title in 2015 , and was an All-EuroLeague First Team selection , as well as the EuroLeague MVP the year before . Rodríguez is a regular member of the senior Spain national team , with whom he won a FIBA World Cup title in 2006 , an Olympics silver medal in 2012 , as well as a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics . He also won a EuroBasket title in 2015 , a silver medal in 2007 , and a bronze medal in 2013 . He earned an All-EuroBasket Team selection in 2015 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Sada', 'summary': 'Víctor Sada Remisa ( born March 8 , 1984 ) , commonly known as Víctor Sada , is a Spanish former professional basketball player . He is a 1.92 m ( 6 ft 3¾ in ) tall point guard . He is right-handed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_San_Emeterio', 'summary': 'Fernando San Emeterio Lara ( born January 1 , 1984 ) is a Spanish professional basketball player for Valencia Basket of the Liga ACB . He was an All-EuroLeague First Team selection in 2011 , as well as the ACB MVP the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Basketball at the 2012 Summer Olympics was the eighteenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event . It was held from 28 July to 12 August 2012 . The preliminary matches and the women 's quarterfinal matches were played in the new Basketball Arena in Olympic Park , which seated up to 12,000 spectators . The men 's knockout games and the women 's games , from semifinals onward were played in the North Greenwich Arena . The US men 's and US women 's teams both successfully defended their Olympic basketball championships of 2008 ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Men', 'summary': "The men 's basketball tournament at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , began on 29 July and ended on 12 August , when the United States defeated Spain 107-100 for the gold medal . All preliminary games were held at the Basketball Arena within the Olympic Park , while the knockout matches took place at The O2 Arena ( renamed North Greenwich Arena due to IOC 's no-commercialisation policy ) ."}]}, {'value': '12 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maialen Chourraut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maialen_Chourraut', 'summary': "Maialen Chourraut Yurramendi ( born 8 March 1983 in Lasarte-Oria ) is a Spanish slalom canoeist who has competed at the international level since 2000 . She won a gold medal in the K1 event at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro . Previously she won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London . She also competed in the K1 event at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , but was eliminated in the heats and finished in 16th place . Chourraut won a silver medal in the K1 event at the 2009 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in La Seu d'Urgell . Two years later , she won a bronze medal in the K1 event at the 2011 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships in Bratislava . She also won three medals at the European Championships ( 1 gold and 2 silvers ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Canoeing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The canoeing races at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were contested in two main disciplines : the slalom , from 29 July to 2 August , and the sprint , from 6 to 11 August . The slalom competition was held at the Lee Valley White Water Centre and the sprint events were staged at Eton College Rowing Centre , at Dorney Lake , known as Eton Dorney . Around 330 athletes took part in 16 events . The men 's 500m sprints were replaced by a 200m race ; in addition , the men 's C-2 500m was replaced by a women 's K-1 200m sprint . This was confirmed at an International Canoe Federation board meeting at Windsor , Berkshire , on 5 December 2009 . For the first time , women competed in two individual events in sprint canoeing . Because of the changes , the finals were spread over a three-day period instead of the traditional two days which had been in effect since the 1976 Games . The most successful nation in the slalom was France , with two gold medals in the four events , followed by Great Britain with one gold and one silver . In the sprint , Hungary was the most successful with three gold , two silver and one bronze medal , while Germany topped the medal table overall , with three gold , two silver and three bronze medals ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's slalom K-1", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_slalom_K-1", 'summary': "The women 's K-1 canoe slalom competition at the 2012 Olympic Games in London took place between 30 July and 2 August at the Lee Valley White Water Centre . The gold medal was won by Émilie Fer from France ."}]}, {'value': '2 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maider Unda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maider_Unda', 'summary': "Maider Unda Gonzalez de Audikana ( born 2 July 1977 in Vitoria , Spain ) is a Basque Spanish retired female freestyle wrestler . She participated in Women 's freestyle wrestling 72 kg at the 2008 Summer Olympics . In the 1/8 final she beat Oksana Vashchuk ( Ukraine ) . In the quarter-final she lost to Stanka Zlateva ( Bulgaria ) . In the repechage round , after beating Canadian Ohenewa Akuffo she lost to Agnieszka Wieszczek in the bronze medal match . At the 2012 Summer Olympics , Unda won the bronze medal in Women 's freestyle wrestling 72 kg . In the 1/8 final she beat Ana Betancur from Colombia , and Ochirbatyn Burmaa from Mongolia in the quarter-final . She lost in the semi-final against Stanka Zlateva but beat Vasilisa Marzaliuk ( Belarus ) for the bronze medal . On 9 November 2016 , Unda announced her retirement from wrestling after failing to qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics . Unda runs a sheep farm in the village of Olaeta in Aramaio producing Idiazabal cheese , which she combined with her career in sports ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics were held between 5 and 12 August , the final day of the Games , at ExCeL London . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which were further divided into different weight categories . Men competed in both disciplines whereas women only took part in the freestyle events , with 18 gold medals awarded . Wrestling has been contested at every modern Summer Olympic Games , except Paris 1900 .'}]}, {'value': "Women 's freestyle 72 kg", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_freestyle_72_kg", 'summary': "Women 's freestyle 72 kg competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place on 9 August at ExCeL London . This freestyle wrestling competition consists of a single-elimination tournament , with a repechage used to determine the winner of two bronze medals . The two finalists face off for gold and silver medals . Each wrestler who loses to one of the two finalists moves into the repechage , which culminates in a pair of bronze medal matches featuring the semifinal losers each facing the remaining repechage opponent from their half of the bracket . Each bout consists of up to three rounds , lasting two minutes apiece . The wrestler who scores more points in each round is the winner of that round ; the bout ends when one wrestler has won two rounds ( and thus the match ) ."}]}, {'value': '9 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clara Basiana Alba Cabello Ona Carbonell Margalida Crespí Andrea Fuentes Thaïs Henríquez Paula Klamburg Irene Montrucchio Laia Pons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clara_Basiana', 'summary': 'N/A'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alba_Cabello', 'summary': "Alba María Cabello Rodilla ( born 30 April 1986 ) is a Spanish synchronized swimmer . She competed at the 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , winning a silver and a bronze respectively in the women 's team event ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ona_Carbonell', 'summary': "Ona Carbonell Ballestero ( born June 5 , 1990 ) is a Spanish synchronized swimmer and sister to the famous Catalan poet and researcher Max Carbonell . Carbonell competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics , where she won the silver medal in the women 's duet , with Andrea Fuentes , and a bronze medal in the team event . She competed in the women 's duet at the 2016 Summer Olympics , with Gemma Mengual , finishing in fourth place ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Margalida_Crespí', 'summary': 'Margalida Crespí Jaume ( born 15 August 1990 ) is a Spanish competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a bronze medal in the team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Fuentes', 'summary': "Andrea Fuentes Fache ( born 7 April 1983 in Valls , Tarragona ) is a Spanish retired synchronised swimmer . Her sister was synchronised swimmer Tina Fuentes ( 1984-2018 ) . She is the most decorated swimmer in the history of the Spanish national team , with four Olympic , 16 World Championship and 11 European Championship medals : her four Olympic medals also make her the most decorated Spanish female Olympian of all time , alongside Arantxa Sánchez Vicario and Mireia Belmonte . She joined the national synchronised swimming team in 1999 . Andrea has competed at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 Summer Olympics , where she has won four medals in the women 's duet and women 's team events . She retired from elite competition in January 2013 , citing demotivation as a result of a conflict between the Royal Spanish Swimming Federation and the head coach of the national team , Ana Tarrés . Since retiring she has become a synchronised swimming coach . She is currently the USA senior national team head coach , working alongside Reem Abdalazem . The two have a pre-established work relationship , having worked together in synchro for four years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Thaïs_Henríquez', 'summary': 'Thaïs Henríquez ( born 29 October 1982 ) is a Spanish synchronized swimmer . She competed for Spain in the team event at the 2008 Summer Olympics , winning silver , and the 2012 Summer Olympics , winning bronze .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Paula_Klamburg', 'summary': 'Paula Klamburg ( born 20 September 1989 , Barcelona ) is a retired Spanish competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a bronze medal in the team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics . She announced her retirement after Spanish team did not qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics . She began training in synchronised swimming in 1997 and made her international debut at the 2009 World Championships .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Irene_Montrucchio', 'summary': 'Irene Montrucchio ( born 7 October 1991 ) is a Spanish competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a bronze medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Laia_Pons', 'summary': 'Laia Pons ( 24 April 1993 ) is a Spanish competitor in synchronized swimming . She won a bronze medal in team competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Synchronized swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "Synchronized swimming competitions at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London were held from Sunday 5 August to Friday 10 August , at the London Aquatics Centre . Two medal events were included in the programme - women 's duet and women 's team - with 100 athletes participating ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's team", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Synchronized_swimming_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_team", 'summary': "The women 's team event at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , United Kingdom , took place at the Aquatics Centre from 9 to 10 August . Russia maintained its dominance in the sport , as the team delivered a nearly perfect , complex choreography for another gold medal at its fourth consecutive Olympics , having received a powerful , composite score of 197.030 by the judges . Meanwhile , the Chinese squad resisted the challenge from Spain on a historical breakthrough to add a silver in the event with 194.010 , edging the Spaniards out of the pool to accept the bronze for a total score of 193.120 . Eight teams competed , each consisting of eight swimmers ( from a total team of nine swimmers ) . There was a single round of competition . Each team presents two routines : a technical routine and a free routine . The technical routine consists of twelve required elements , which must be completed in order and within a time of between 2 minutes 35 seconds and 3 minutes 5 seconds . The free routine has no restrictions other than time ; this routine must last between 3 minutes 45 seconds and 4 minutes 15 seconds . For each routine , the team is judged by two panels of five judges each . One panel is the technical jury , the other is the artistic jury . Each judge gives marks of between 0 and 10 . The highest and lowest score from each panel are dropped , leaving a total of six scores which are then summed to give the routine 's score ."}]}, {'value': '10 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronze', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Spain women 's national handball team Macarena Aguilar Nely Carla Alberto Jessica Alonso Vanessa Amorós Andrea Barnó Elisabet Chávez Mihaela Ciobanu Verónica Cuadrado Patricia Elorza Beatriz Fernández Begoña Fernández Marta Mangué Carmen Martín Silvia Navarro Elisabeth Pinedo", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Spain_women's_national_handball_team", 'summary': "The Spain women 's national handball team is the national team of Spain . It is governed by the Royal Spanish Handball Federation and takes part in international handball competitions . Spain was the big surprise of the 2008 European Championship , making it to the final after beating Romania and Germany and getting a draw against Norway , all of which were expected to beat Spain . In the final , Spain once again met Norway . They could n't repeat their efforts from the group stage , however , and lost 34-21 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Macarena_Aguilar', 'summary': 'Macarena Aguilar Díaz ( born 1985 ) is a Spanish handballer member of the Spanish national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nely_Carla_Alberto', 'summary': "Nely Carla Alberto Francisca ( born 2 July 1983 ) is a Spanish handball player for Mérignac Handball and the Spain national team . At the 2009 World Women 's Handball Championship she reached the bronze final and placed fourth with the Spanish team . She was part of the 2011 World Championship team , who were the first Spanish women 's team to win a world championship handball medal . She was also part of the Olympic bronze medal winning team from 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jessica_Alonso', 'summary': "Jessica Alonso Bernardo ( born 20 September 1983 in Gijón ) is a former Spanish handball player , who was of the Spanish women 's national team . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She was also part of the bronze medal winning Spanish teams at the 2011 World Championships ( the first world championship medal for the Spanish women 's team ) and the 2012 Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Amorós', 'summary': "Vanesa Amorós Quiles ( born 7 December 1982 in Elche , Alicante province , Valencian Community , Spain ) is a former Spanish handball player . She played for the Spanish national team , and competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens . and the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , where the Spanish team won the bronze medal . She competed at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where the Spanish team placed third . Her last club was Mecalia Atlético Guardés , a club of A Guarda , Galicia , Spain ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrea_Barnó', 'summary': "Andrea Barnó San Martín ( born 4 January 1980 in Estella-Lizarra ) is a former Spanish handball player , member of the Spanish women 's national team . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She competed at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where the Spanish team placed third . She was also part of the Spanish team that won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Elisabet_Chávez', 'summary': "Elisabeth Chávez Hernández ( born 17 November 1990 ) is a Spanish handball player for Nantes Loire Atlantique and the Spanish women 's national team . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She also competed at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where the Spanish team placed third ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mihaela_Ciobanu', 'summary': "Mihaela Ciobanu ( born 30 January 1973 in Bucharest ) is a retired Romanian-born Spanish handball goalkeeper , who played on the Spanish women 's national team . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She competed at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where the Spanish team placed third . She took also part at the 2012 Summer Olympics , where Spanish team won the bronze medal , after defeating South Korea . In that game Ciobanu saved four seven-meter penalty shots . On October 1 , 2018 she signed a 2-year contract with CSM București for the position of goalkeeping coach ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Verónica_Cuadrado', 'summary': "Verónica Cuadrado Dehesa ( born 8 March 1979 in Santander , Cantabria ) is a former Spanish handball player who was member of the Spanish women 's national team . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . Cuadrado was a member of the Spanish team that won the bronze medal at the 2011 World Handball Championships . She was also part of the Spanish team that won bronze at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Patricia_Elorza', 'summary': "Patricia Elorza Eguiara ( born 8 April 1984 ) is a Spanish former handball player for the Spanish national team . She participated at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where Spain won a bronze medal , the first world championship medal for the Spanish women 's team . She was also part of the national team at the 2012 Summer Olympics , where they also won a bronze medal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Beatriz_Fernández', 'summary': "Beatriz Fernández Ibáñez ( born 19 March 1985 ) is a former Spanish handball player who was member of the Spanish national team . Fernández played on the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where Spain reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She was also part of the team that won silver at the 2014 European Women 's Handball Championship . She was also part of the 2012 Olympic team that won the bronze medal ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Begoña_Fernández', 'summary': "Begoña Fernández Molinos ( born 22 March 1980 in Vigo ) is a former Spanish team handball player . She was member of the Spanish national team . She played at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship in the Republic of Macedonia , where the Spanish team defeated Germany in the semifinal , and received silver medals after losing the final . She was selected into the all-star-team and named the best pivot of the tournament . She was part of the Spanish team that won the Bronze Medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marta_Mangué', 'summary': "Marta Mangué González ( born 23 April 1983 ) is a Spanish handballer for Brest Bretagne Handball and the Spanish national team . She was part of the Spanish team that won the bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics . Previously , Mangué played for RK Zaječar , however , due to financial reasons the Serbian club let her go in mid-December 2012 . Mangué competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , where the Spanish team reached the quarter finals , and finished 6th in the tournament . She won a gold medal with the Spanish team at the 2005 Mediterranean Games in Almería . Mangué played at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship in Macedonia , where the Spanish team defeated Germany in the semifinal , and received silver medals after losing the final . Mangué ended up among the top ten goalscorers at the tournament . At the 2011 World Championships , Mangué was part of the first Spanish women 's team to win a medal at world level . Spain followed this up with an Olympic bronze in 2012 and a European silver in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Martín', 'summary': "Carmen Dolores Martín Berenguer ( born 29 May 1988 ) is a Spanish professional handball player for Liga Națională club CSM București and the Spanish national team . She plays right wing . Martín has three All-European Championship first team selections and one All-World Championship first team selection . In 2016 , she won the Champions League with CSM București . In 2016 , she was made 'honorary citizen ' of Bucharest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Silvia_Navarro_(handballer)', 'summary': 'Silvia Navarro Giménez ( born 20 March 1979 ) is a Spanish handball goalkeeper for BM Remudas and the Spain national team . She holds two bronze medals from the 2011 World Championships and 2012 London Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elisabeth_Pinedo', 'summary': "Elisabeth Eli Pinedo Sáenz ( born 13 May 1981 ) is a retired Spanish handball player . She was part of the Spanish team at the 2008 European Women 's Handball Championship , where the Spanish team reached the final , after defeating Germany in the semifinal . She also competed at the 2011 World Women 's Handball Championship in Brazil , where the Spanish team placed third . Her twin sister Patri was also a Spanish international handball player ."}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "The handball tournaments at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 28 July to 12 August in the Olympic Park . Preliminary rounds and the quarter-finals were held in the Copper Box while the semi-finals and final took place in the larger Basketball Arena . Medals were awarded in a men 's tournament and a women 's tournament . The gold medals were won by France ( men ) and Norway ( women ) ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Handball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_–_Women's_tournament", 'summary': "The women 's handball tournament at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held from 28 July to 11 August . The preliminaries and quarter-finals were held at the Copper Box and the semi-finals and final took place at the Basketball Arena . Twelve nations were represented in the tournament . The four best teams from each group advanced to a knockout round , while the 5th and 6th teams in each group were classified 9th-12th by the results of their group matches . Unlike in previous Olympics , there was no placement matches involving the losing teams of the quarterfinals . Norway won the tournament and gold medal , beating Montenegro in the final . Montenegro 's silver was the first Olympic medal for the country as an independent nation , and the country 's only medal at the 2012 Games . Spain won the bronze medal ."}]}, {'value': '11 August', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Spain_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': "Spain competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, from 27 July to 12 August 2012. This nation has competed in every Summer Olympic Games since its official debut in 1920. Spain, however, boycotted two editions, the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany, and the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, as a protest against the Soviet invasion of Hungary. The Spanish Olympic Committee sent the nation's smallest delegation to the Games since 1988. A total of 278 athletes, 166 men and 112 women, competed in 23 sports. Spain left London with a total of 17 Olympic medals (3 gold, 10 silver, and 4 bronze), failing a single medal short of the total achieved in Beijing. Three of these medals were awarded to the team in taekwondo and canoeing, and two each in sailing, swimming, and synchronized swimming. Three Spanish athletes won more than a single medal in London, while all of their competitors in synchronized swimming and taekwondo won at least one medal. Spain's team-based athletes also proved successful in London, as the women's handball and water polo teams won silver and bronze medals, respectively. The men's basketball team managed to repeat its silver medal from Beijing. At these Olympic games, Spain, however, did not win an Olympic medal in tennis, for the first time since it was reintroduced as a full-medal sport in 1988, and in cycling for the first time since that same year. On 21 November 2016, a fourth gold medal was assigned to Spain's Lidia Valentín in Weightlifting (Women's 75 kg) after the IOC disqualified the original medalists in the event for failing doping tests at the games."}
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Where did this competition in which this Spanish athlete who won five gold medals at the European Championships participated take place ?
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Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy
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0376609a0dfce3d4
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States', 'title': 'List of Catholic churches in the United States', 'header': ['Church', 'Dates', 'Location', 'City , State', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': 'Church of St. John the Baptist', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Church_of_St._John_the_Baptist_(Burlington,_Iowa)', 'summary': "The Church of St. John the Baptist is an historic church building located in Burlington , Iowa , United States . Together with St. Paul 's Church in Burlington and St Mary 's Church in West Burlington it forms Divine Mercy parish , which is a part of the Diocese of Davenport . The parish maintains the former parish church buildings as worship sites . St. John 's was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 ."}]}, {'value': '1885 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '712 Division St. 40°48′28″N 91°6′31″W / 40.80778°N 91.10861°W / 40.80778 ; -91.10861 ( Church of St. John the Baptist ( Burlington , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burlington , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Burlington is a city and the county seat of Des Moines County , Iowa , United States . The population was 25,663 in the 2010 census , a decline from the 26,839 population in the 2000 census . Burlington is the center of a micropolitan area including West Burlington , Iowa , and Middletown , Iowa , and Gulfport , Illinois . Burlington is the home of Snake Alley , once labelled the crookedest alley in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . It is now a part of Divine Mercy Parish , which is a merger of the Burlington area parishes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diocese_of_Davenport', 'summary': "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport ( Latin : Dioecesis Davenportensis ) is a diocese of the Catholic Church for the southeastern quarter of the U.S. state of Iowa . There are 11,438 square miles ( 29,620 km2 ) within the diocese . The diocese 's eastern border is at the Mississippi River ; the northern border comprises the counties of Jasper , Poweshiek , Iowa , Johnson , Cedar , and Clinton ; the western border is made up of the counties of Jasper , Marion , Monroe , and Appanoose ; and the southern border is the Iowa-Missouri border . The current bishop of the diocese is Bishop Thomas Zinkula . It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . The See city for the diocese is Davenport . Sacred Heart Cathedral is the cathedral church ."}]}, {'value': "St. Paul 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Paul's_Catholic_Church_(Burlington,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Paul 's Catholic Church is an historic church building located in Burlington , Iowa , United States . Together with the Church of St. John the Baptist in Burlington and St Mary 's Church in West Burlington it forms Divine Mercy parish , which is a part of the Diocese of Davenport . The parish maintains the former parish church buildings as worship sites . St. Paul 's Church and the rectory are contributing properties in the Heritage Hill Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places . St. Paul 's School was also a contributing property in the historic district , but it has subsequently been torn down ."}]}, {'value': '1895 built 1982 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "508 N. 4th St. 40°48′43.32″N 91°6′10.11″W / 40.8120333°N 91.1028083°W / 40.8120333 ; -91.1028083 ( St. Paul 's Catholic Church ( Burlington , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burlington , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Burlington is a city and the county seat of Des Moines County , Iowa , United States . The population was 25,663 in the 2010 census , a decline from the 26,839 population in the 2000 census . Burlington is the center of a micropolitan area including West Burlington , Iowa , and Middletown , Iowa , and Gulfport , Illinois . Burlington is the home of Snake Alley , once labelled the crookedest alley in the world .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . It is now a part of Divine Mercy Parish , which is a merger of the Burlington area parishes . It is a contributing property in the Heritage Hill Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Patrick 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Patrick's_Catholic_Church,_Cedar", 'summary': "St. Patrick 's Catholic Church , Cedar , also known as Cedar Catholic Church , is a historic building located west of Churdan , Iowa , United States . It is a former parish church of the Diocese of Sioux City . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 . It has been reduced in status to an oratory ."}]}, {'value': '1915 built 1992 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "42°9′34″N 94°33′5″W / 42.15944°N 94.55139°W / 42.15944 ; -94.55139 ( St. Patrick 's Catholic Church , Cedar )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'near Churdan , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Churdan,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Churdan is a city in Greene County , Iowa , United States . The population was 386 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival ; former parish of the Diocese of Sioux City . Founded in 1872 , it was reduced in status to an oratory in 1996', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Sioux_City', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Diocese of Sioux City ( Latin : Dioecesis Siopolitanensis ) is the Roman Catholic diocese for the northwestern quarter of the US state of Iowa . The diocese comprises 24 counties in northwestern Iowa , and it covers an area of 14,518 square miles ( 37,600 km2 ) . The See city for the diocese is Sioux City . It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . The cathedral parish for this diocese is the Epiphany . R. Walker Nickless was ordained as bishop of Sioux City on 20 January 2006 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Boniface Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Boniface_Church_(Clinton,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'St. Boniface Church is a former parish church of the Diocese of Davenport . The church was founded in the town of Lyons , which is now the north side of Clinton , Iowa , United States . The church building is now a museum named The Catholic Historical Center at St. Boniface , with exhibits about the history of the Clinton area Catholic community , and an archive of local Catholic church artifacts and records . The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '1908 built 2012 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2500 N. Pershing Blvd . 41°52′27″N 90°10′50″W / 41.87417°N 90.18056°W / 41.87417 ; -90.18056 ( St. Boniface Church ( Clinton , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 26,885 as of 2010 . Clinton , along with DeWitt , Iowa ( also located in Clinton County ) , was named in honor of the sixth governor of New York , DeWitt Clinton . Clinton is the principal city of the Clinton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is coterminous with Clinton County . Clinton was incorporated on January 26 , 1857 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . Founded in 1861 , it merged with the other four Clinton parishes in 1990 to form Jesus Christ , Prince of Peace . The parish continued to use the building until 2007 . St. Boniface now houses The Catholic Historical Center at St. Boniface', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Irenaeus Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Irenaeus_Catholic_Church_(Clinton,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Saint Irenaeus Church is a former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The church was founded in the town of Lyons , which now the north side of Clinton , Iowa , United States . It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '1871 built 2010 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2811 N. 2nd St. 41°52′42″N 90°10′39″W / 41.87833°N 90.17750°W / 41.87833 ; -90.17750 ( St. Irenaeus Catholic Church ( Clinton , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clinton , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clinton,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Clinton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 26,885 as of 2010 . Clinton , along with DeWitt , Iowa ( also located in Clinton County ) , was named in honor of the sixth governor of New York , DeWitt Clinton . Clinton is the principal city of the Clinton Micropolitan Statistical Area , which is coterminous with Clinton County . Clinton was incorporated on January 26 , 1857 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . Founded in 1848 , it merged with the other four Clinton parishes in 1990 to form Jesus Christ , Prince of Peace . The parish continued to use the building until 2008 when they built a new church . St. Irenaeus is now vacant', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Peter 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Peter's_Catholic_Church_(Council_Bluffs,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Peter 's Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Des Moines . The church is located in Council Bluffs , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992 as St. Peter 's Church and Rectory ."}]}, {'value': '1895 built 1992 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "1 Bluff St. 41°15′37.0434″N 95°50′51.738″W / 41.260289833°N 95.84770500°W / 41.260289833 ; -95.84770500 ( St. Peter 's Catholic Church ( Council Bluffs , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Council Bluffs , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa', 'summary': "Council Bluffs is a city in and the county seat of Pottawattamie County , Iowa , United States . The city is the most populous in Southwest Iowa , and forms part of the Omaha ( Nebr . ) Metropolitan Area . It is located on the east bank of the Missouri River , across from the city of Omaha . Council Bluffs was known , until at least 1853 , as Kanesville . It was the historic starting point of the Mormon Trail . Kanesville is also the northernmost anchor town of the other emigrant trails , since there was a steam powered boat to ferry their wagons , and cattle , across the Missouri River . Council Bluffs ' population was 62,230 at the 2010 census . The Omaha metropolitan region , of which Council Bluffs is a part , is the 59th largest in the United States , with an estimated population of 933,316 ( 2017 ) . While Council Bluffs is more than a decade older than Omaha , the latter has grown to be a significantly larger city and the anchor of the bi-state metropolitan region ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish of the Diocese of Des Moines . It was founded in 1887', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Des_Moines', 'summary': 'The Diocese of Des Moines ( Latin : Dioecesis Desmoinensis ) is the Roman Catholic diocese for the southwestern quarter of the U.S. state of Iowa . It is a suffragan see of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . The See city for the diocese is Des Moines . The cathedral parish for the diocese is St. Ambrose . Currently Bishop William Michael Joensen is the bishop of the diocese .'}]}, {'value': "St. Patrick 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Patrick's_Church_(Cumming,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Patrick 's Catholic Church is a parish church in the Diocese of Des Moines . The church is located southwest of the town of Cumming in rural Madison County , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 . Pope John Paul II visited the church while he was on his first pastoral visit to the United States in 1979 ."}]}, {'value': '1870 built 1978 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "41°25′37″N 93°47′30″W / 41.42694°N 93.79167°W / 41.42694 ; -93.79167 ( St. Patrick 's Church ( Cumming , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cumming , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cumming,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Cumming is a city in Warren County , Iowa , United States . The population was 351 at the 2010 census . It is the hometown of Senator Tom Harkin . A part of the Des Moines-West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area , Cumming is considered one of the smallest incorporated suburbs of the metro area . The smallest of all cities in the five-county metro area is Bevington , in Madison and Warren counties , which had a population of 58 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Parish of the Diocese of Des Moines . It was founded in 1852 and was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sacred Heart Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Davenport,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Sacred Heart Cathedral , located in Davenport , Iowa , United States , is a Catholic cathedral and a parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . The cathedral is located on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River to the east of Downtown Davenport . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Cathedral Complex . This designation includes the church building , rectory , and the former convent , which was torn down in 2012 . The cathedral is adjacent to the Cork Hill Historic District , also on the National Register . Its location on Cork Hill , a section of the city settled by Irish immigrants , gives the cathedral its nickname Cork Hill Cathedral .'}]}, {'value': '1889-1891 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '406 and 422 E. 10th St. 41°31′49″N 90°34′8″W / 41.53028°N 90.56889°W / 41.53028 ; -90.56889 ( Sacred Heart Cathedral ( Davenport , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davenport , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': "Gothic Revival ; seat of the Diocese of Davenport , which was created from the Diocese of Dubuque in 1881 . The parish was founded in 1856 as St. Margaret 's and the name was changed to Sacred Heart when the present cathedral was built . Both the cathedral and the rectory are on the National Register", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Anthony 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Anthony's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Anthony 's Catholic Church is a parish church in the Diocese of Davenport . The parish complex is located in downtown Davenport , Iowa , United States , at the corner of Fourth and Main Streets . It is the first church congregation organized in the city of Davenport and the second Catholic congregation , after St. Raphael 's Cathedral in Dubuque , in the state of Iowa . The parish buildings are listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Anthony 's Roman Catholic Church Complex . The designation includes the church and the former school building , which is the parish 's original church building and the oldest standing church building in Iowa . The designation also included the rectory , which was torn down in 2009 . The complex was also listed on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1992 as St. Anthony 's Church Square . The property has been known historically as Church Square ."}]}, {'value': '1850-1853 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "407 and 417 Main St. 41°31′26″N 90°34′31″W / 41.52389°N 90.57528°W / 41.52389 ; -90.57528 ( St. Anthony 's Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davenport , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': 'Greek Revival ; parish of the Diocese of Davenport . It was founded in 1837 . The NRHP listing includes original church ( 1838 ) and the present church ( 1853 ) . The original church is the oldest church structure in Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late 18th and early 19th centuries , predominantly in Northern Europe and the United States . It revived the style of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple , with varying degrees of thoroughness and consistency . A product of Hellenism , it may be looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which had for long mainly drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as Professor of Architecture to the Royal Academy of Arts , London in 1842 . With a newfound access to Greece , or initially the books produced by the few who had actually been able to visit the sites , archaeologist-architects of the period studied the Doric and Ionic orders . In each country it touched , the style was looked on as the expression of local nationalism and civic virtue , and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that was thought to characterize the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took hold . This was especially the case in Britain , Germany and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design , sometimes called Neo-Grec , was at its peak by the beginning of the 19th century , when the designs of Thomas Hope had influenced a number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire , and Regency architecture in Britain . Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries , lasting until the Civil War in America ( 1860s ) and even later in Scotland .'}]}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': 'St. Joseph Catholic Church is a former Catholic parish in the Diocese of Davenport . Its former parish church is located in the west end of Davenport , Iowa , United States . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The church and the rectory were listed together on the Davenport Register of Historic Properties in 1999 . After serving as the location of a Reformed Baptist congregation and a private elementary school named Marquette Academy , the parish property now houses a fundamentalist Christian ministry named One Eighty .'}]}, {'value': '1881-1883 built 1983 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Marquette and 6th Street 41°31′33″N 90°35′24″W / 41.52583°N 90.59000°W / 41.52583 ; -90.59000 ( St. Joseph 's Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davenport , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': "Gothic Revival ; former parish of the Diocese of Davenport . Founded in 1854 as St. Kunegunda parish it became St. Joseph 's when the present church was built . It was technically always a German national parish and was closed in 1999 . It is now part of a fundamentalist Christian ministry named One Eighty", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Mary's_Catholic_Church_(Davenport,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Mary 's Catholic Church is a parish of the Diocese of Davenport . The church is located in the west end of Davenport , Iowa , United States , at the corner of Fillmore and W. 6th Streets . It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Mary 's Roman Catholic Church Complex . The designation includes the church building and rectory on the west side of Fillmore Street , and the former parochial school building and convent on the east side . A former school building operated by the parish two blocks north on West Eighth Street is also on the National Register and is listed as St. Mary 's Academy ."}]}, {'value': '1867 built 1984 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "516 , 519 , 522 , and 525 Fillmore St. 41°31′30″N 90°35′39″W / 41.52500°N 90.59417°W / 41.52500 ; -90.59417 ( St. Mary 's Catholic Church ( Davenport , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Davenport , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa', 'summary': "Davenport is the county seat of Scott County in Iowa and is located along the Mississippi River on the eastern border of the state . It is the largest of the Quad Cities , a metropolitan area with a population estimate of 382,630 and a CSA population of 474,226 ; it is the 90th largest CSA in the nation . Davenport was founded on May 14 , 1836 by Antoine Le Claire and was named for his friend George Davenport , a former English sailor who served in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812 , served as a supplier Fort Armstrong , worked as a fur trader with the American Fur Company , and was appointed a quartermaster with the rank of colonel during the Black Hawk War . According to the 2010 census , the city had a population of 99,685 ( making it Iowa 's third-largest city ) . The city appealed this figure , arguing that the Census Bureau missed a section of residents , and that its total population was more than 100,000 . The Census Bureau estimated Davenport 's 2018 population to be 102,085 . Located approximately halfway between Chicago and Des Moines , Davenport is on the border of Iowa across the river from Illinois . The city is prone to frequent flooding due to its location on the Mississippi River . There are two main universities : St. Ambrose University and Palmer College of Chiropractic , where the first chiropractic adjustment took place . Several annual music festivals take place in Davenport , including the Mississippi Valley Blues Festival , the Mississippi Valley Fair , and the Bix Beiderbecke Memorial Jazz Festival . An internationally known 7-mile ( 11 km ) foot race , called the Bix 7 , is run during the festival . The city has a Class A minor-league baseball team , the Quad Cities River Bandits ."}]}, {'value': "Romanesque Revival ; parish of the Diocese of Davenport . It was founded in 1867 . The NRHP listing includes the church , rectory , convent and school . The parish 's original school building two blocks north is also listed on the National Register", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of St. John', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_(Des_Moines,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'The Basilica of St. John is a Minor Basilica of the Catholic Church in the Drake neighborhood of Des Moines , Iowa , United States . It is also a parish church in the Diocese of Des Moines . The church building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '1927 built 1987 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1915 University Ave. 41°36′02.2″N 93°38′35.9″W / 41.600611°N 93.643306°W / 41.600611 ; -93.643306 ( Basilica of St. John , Des Moines )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival ; parish of the Diocese of Des Moines . The parish was founded in 1905 , and church was designed by Maginnis & Walsh . It was elevated to a Minor Basilica in 1989', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maginnis_&_Walsh', 'summary': 'Maginnis & Walsh was an architecture firm started by Charles Donagh Maginnis and Timothy Walsh in 1905 . It was known for its innovative design of churches in Boston in the first half of the twentieth century .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Ambrose Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Ambrose_Cathedral_(Des_Moines,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'St. Ambrose Cathedral is a historic building located in downtown Des Moines , Iowa , United States . It serves as a parish church and as the seat of the Diocese of Des Moines in the Catholic Church . The cathedral , along with the adjoining rectory , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 .'}]}, {'value': '1891 built 1979 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '607 High St. 41°35′19″N 93°37′32″W / 41.58861°N 93.62556°W / 41.58861 ; -93.62556 ( St. Ambrose Cathedral ( Des Moines , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': "Romanesque Revival ; seat of the Diocese of Des Moines , which was created from the Diocese of Davenport in 1911 . The parish was founded in 1856 as Des Moines ' first parish", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}]}, {'value': 'St. Augustin Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Augustin_Catholic_Church_(Des_Moines,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'St. Augustin Catholic Church is a Catholic parish in the Diocese of Des Moines located on the west side of Des Moines , Iowa , United States . It was included as a contributing property in the Greenwood Park Plats Historic District and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '1924 built 2013 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '545 42nd St. 41°35′06.6″N 93°40′25.2″W / 41.585167°N 93.673667°W / 41.585167 ; -93.673667 ( St. Augustin Catholic Church ( Des Moines , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Des Moines , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa', 'summary': "Des Moines ( /dɪˈmɔɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the capital and the most populous city in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is also the county seat of Polk County . A small part of the city extends into Warren County . It was incorporated on September 22 , 1851 , as Fort Des Moines , which was shortened to Des Moines in 1857 . It is on and named after the Des Moines River , which likely was adapted from the early French name , Rivière des Moines , meaning River of the Monks . The city 's population was 216,853 as of the 2018 population estimate . The five-county metropolitan area is ranked 89th in terms of population in the United States with 655,409 residents according to the 2018 estimate by the United States Census Bureau , and is the largest metropolitan area fully located within the state . A portion of the larger Omaha , Nebraska , metropolitan area extends into three counties of southwest Iowa . Des Moines is a major center of the US insurance industry and has a sizable financial services and publishing business base . The city was credited as the number one spot for U.S. insurance companies in a Business Wire article and named the third-largest insurance capital of the world . The city is the headquarters for the Principal Financial Group , the Meredith Corporation , Ruan Transportation , TMC Transportation , EMC Insurance Companies , and Wellmark Blue Cross Blue Shield . Other major corporations such as Wells Fargo , Voya Financial , Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company , ACE Limited , Marsh , Monsanto , and DuPont Pioneer have large operations in or near the metropolitan area ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish of the Diocese of Des Moines . The parish was founded in 1920 , and church was designed by Maginnis & Walsh . It is a contributing property in the Greenwood Park Plats Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Holy Ghost Church', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Holy_Ghost_Catholic_Church_(Dubuque,_Iowa)', 'summary': 'Holy Ghost Catholic Church is a Catholic parish located within the city of Dubuque , Iowa , United States . It is part of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . The church , school , rectory , and convent were listed together as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '1888 built 2011 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2921 Central Ave. 42°31′28.182″N 90°40′49.058″W / 42.52449500°N 90.68029389°W / 42.52449500 ; -90.68029389 ( Holy Ghost Catholic Church ( Dubuque , Iowa ) )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubuque , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa', 'summary': "Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ ( listen ) is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2017 , the population of Dubuque was 57,637 . The city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation . It is one of the few cities in Iowa with bluffs , [ citation needed ] and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning . Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd-fastest growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Romanesque Revival ; parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . It was founded in 1896 and the parish buildings form a historic district on the National Register', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romanesque_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Romanesque Revival ( or Neo-Romanesque ) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture . Unlike the historic Romanesque style , however , Romanesque Revival buildings tended to feature more simplified arches and windows than their historic counterparts . An early variety of Romanesque Revival style known as Rundbogenstil ( Round-arched style ) was popular in German lands and in the German diaspora beginning in the 1830s . By far the most prominent and influential American architect working in a free Romanesque manner was Henry Hobson Richardson . In the United States , the style derived from examples set by him are termed Richardsonian Romanesque , of which not all are Romanesque Revival . Romanesque Revival is also sometimes referred to as the Norman style or Lombard style , particularly in works published during the 19th century after variations of historic Romanesque that were developed by the Normans and Lombards , respectively . Like its influencing Romanesque style , the Romanesque Revival style was widely used for churches , and occasionally for synagogues such as the New Synagogue of Strasbourg built in 1898 , and the Congregation Emanu-El of New York built in 1929 . The style was quite popular for university campuses in the late 19th and early 20th century , especially in the United States and Canada ; well known examples can be found at the University of California , Los Angeles , University of Southern California , Tulane University , University of Denver , University of Toronto , and Wayne State University .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Dubuque', 'summary': 'The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque ( Latin : Archidioecesis Dubuquensis ) is an ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Roman Catholic Church in the northeastern quarter of the state of Iowa in the United States . It includes all the Iowa counties north of Polk , Jasper , Poweshiek , Iowa , Johnson , Cedar , and Clinton counties , and east of Kossuth , Humboldt , Webster and Boone counties . The archdiocese has an area of about 17,400 square miles ( 45,000 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': "St. Mary 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Mary's_Catholic_Church_(Dubuque,_Iowa)", 'summary': "Saint Mary 's Catholic Church is a former parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . The church is located in Dubuque , Iowa , United States , at the corner of 15th and White Streets . The church is recognizable by its steeple- one of the tallest in the area . The church property was added to the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district in 2015 , and the various buildings were included as contributing properties in the Washington Residential Historic District later in the same year ."}]}, {'value': '1864-1867 built 2015 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "105 E. 15th St. 42°30′29″N 90°40′01″W / 42.50806°N 90.66694°W / 42.50806 ; -90.66694 ( Saint Mary 's Catholic Church ( Dubuque , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubuque , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa', 'summary': "Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ ( listen ) is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2017 , the population of Dubuque was 57,637 . The city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation . It is one of the few cities in Iowa with bluffs , [ citation needed ] and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning . Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd-fastest growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; former parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . It was founded in 1849 and closed in 2010 . The parish buildings form a historic district', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Patrick 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Saint_Patrick's_Church_(Dubuque,_Iowa)", 'summary': "Saint Patrick 's Church is a Catholic parish in the Archdiocese of Dubuque , and is located at 15th and Iowa Streets , Dubuque , Iowa , United States . The church and rectory were included as contributing properties in the Jackson Park Historic District that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 . St. Patrick 's Church is located two blocks away from St. Mary 's Church . The reason for the close proximity of the two parishes was that St. Mary was originally built for service to German families of Dubuque , and St. Patrick 's provided services for the Irish settlers to Dubuque ."}]}, {'value': '1877-1878 built 1986 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "110 W. 15th St. 42°30′23.37″N 90°40′9.04″W / 42.5064917°N 90.6691778°W / 42.5064917 ; -90.6691778 ( Saint Patrick 's Church ( Dubuque , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubuque , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa', 'summary': "Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ ( listen ) is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2017 , the population of Dubuque was 57,637 . The city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation . It is one of the few cities in Iowa with bluffs , [ citation needed ] and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning . Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd-fastest growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . It was founded in 1852 , and it is a contributing property in the Jackson Park Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Raphael 's Cathedral", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Raphael's_Cathedral_(Dubuque,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Raphael 's Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral and a parish church in the Archdiocese of Dubuque located in Dubuque , Iowa . The parish is the oldest congregation of any Christian denomination in the state of Iowa . The cathedral church , rectory , former convent , and former parochial school building are a contributing properties in the Cathedral Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places ."}]}, {'value': '1857-1861 built 1985 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "231 Bluff St. 42°29′41.18″N 90°40′2.52″W / 42.4947722°N 90.6673667°W / 42.4947722 ; -90.6673667 ( St. Raphael 's Cathedral ( Dubuque , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dubuque , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa', 'summary': "Dubuque /dəˈbjuːk/ ( listen ) is the county seat of Dubuque County , Iowa , United States , located along the Mississippi River . In 2017 , the population of Dubuque was 57,637 . The city lies at the junction of Iowa , Illinois , and Wisconsin , a region locally known as the Tri-State Area . It serves as the main commercial , industrial , educational , and cultural center for the area . Geographically , it is part of the Driftless Area , a portion of North America that escaped all three phases of the Wisconsinian Glaciation . It is one of the few cities in Iowa with bluffs , [ citation needed ] and a tourist destination featuring the city 's unique architecture and river location . It is home to five institutions of higher education , making it a center for culture and learning . Dubuque has long been a center of manufacturing , but the economy grew rapidly and diversified to other areas in the first years of the 21st century . By 2005 , the city led the state and the Midwest in job growth , ranking as the 22nd-fastest growing economy in the US . Alongside industry , the city has large health care , education , tourism , publishing , and financial service sectors ."}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; seat of the Archdiocese of Dubuque , which was established in 1837 . Founded in 1833 , it is the oldest parish in Iowa . It is a contributing property in the Cathedral Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': 'Basilica of St. Francis Xavier', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Francis_Xavier,_Dyersville', 'summary': 'The Basilica of St. Francis Xavier is a parish church in the Archdiocese of Dubuque located in Dyersville , Iowa , United States . The church was named in honor of the missionary Saint Francis Xavier . It was raised to the status of a Minor Basilica in 1956 . The church and rectory were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 .'}]}, {'value': '1889 built 1999 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': '114 2nd St. SW 42°29′3.98″N 91°7′34.49″W / 42.4844389°N 91.1262472°W / 42.4844389 ; -91.1262472 ( Basilica of St. Francis Xavier , Dyersville )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dyersville , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dyersville,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Dyersville is a city in eastern Delaware and western Dubuque counties in the U.S. state of Iowa . It is part of the Dubuque , Iowa , Metropolitan Statistical Area . The population was 4,058 at the 2010 census , up from 4,035 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . Founded in 1859 , it was elevated to a Minor Basilica in 1956', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}, {'value': "St. Joseph 's Church", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/St._Joseph's_Catholic_Church_(Elkader,_Iowa)", 'summary': "St. Joseph 's Catholic Church is a parish church of the Archdiocese of Dubuque located in Elkader , Iowa , United States . The church and parish hall were both listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976 ."}]}, {'value': '1856 built 1976 NRHP-listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': "330 1st St. NW 42°51′5″N 91°24′13″W / 42.85139°N 91.40361°W / 42.85139 ; -91.40361 ( St. Joseph 's Catholic Church ( Elkader , Iowa ) )", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elkader , Iowa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elkader,_Iowa', 'summary': 'Elkader is a city in Clayton County , Iowa , United States . The population was 1,273 at the 2010 census , down from 1,465 in 2000 . It is the county seat of Clayton County .'}]}, {'value': 'Gothic Revival ; parish of the Archdiocese of Dubuque . Founded in 1844', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Iowa', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Catholic_churches_in_the_United_States_15', 'intro': 'This is a list of notable Catholic churches and cathedrals in the United States.'}
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What is the city and state for the church that was founded in the town of Lyons and is now a museum ?
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Clinton , Iowa
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037ad14ccaaa14ed
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income', 'title': 'Disposable household and per capita income', 'header': ['Rank', 'Country', 'NCU', 'Currency in 2004', 'PPP rate 2004', 'Mean Income ( PPP )'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': '32,195', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Dollar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Dollar', 'summary': 'The United States dollar ( sign : $ ; code : USD ; also abbreviated US $ and referred to as the dollar , U.S. dollar , or American dollar ) is the official currency of the United States and its territories per the Coinage Act of 1792 . One dollar is divided into 100 cents ( Symbol : ¢ ) or 1000 mills ( for accounting purposes and for taxing . Symbol : ₥ ) . The Coinage Act of 1792 created a decimal currency by creating the following coins : tenth dollar , one-twentieth dollar , one-hundredth dollar . In addition the act created the dollar , half dollar , and quarter dollar coins . All of these coins are still minted in 2020 . In addition , several forms of paper money were introduced by Congress over the years . The latest of these , the Federal Reserve Note , was authorized by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 , while all existing U.S. currency remains legal tender . Issuance of the previous form of the currency ( U.S. notes ) was discontinued in January 1971 . As a result , currently circulating paper money consists primarily of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars ( 12 U.S.C . § 418 ) . Since the suspension in 1971 of convertibility of paper U.S. currency into any precious metal , the U.S. dollar is de facto fiat money .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '32,195', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '33,785', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Canadian Dollar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Dollar', 'summary': "The Canadian dollar ( symbol : $ ; code : CAD ; French : dollar canadien ) is the currency of Canada . It is abbreviated with the dollar sign $ , or sometimes CA $ , Can $ or C $ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies . [ note 1 ] It is divided into 100 cents ( ¢ ) . Owing to the image of a loon on the one-dollar coin , the currency is sometimes referred to as the loonie by English-speaking Canadians and foreign exchange traders and analysts , or as the huard ( the word for the common loon in French ) by French-speaking Canadians . Accounting for approximately 2% of all global reserves , the Canadian dollar is the fifth most held reserve currency in the world , behind the U.S. dollar , the euro , the yen and the pound sterling . The Canadian dollar is popular with central banks because of Canada 's relative economic soundness , the Canadian government 's strong sovereign position , and the stability of the country 's legal and political systems ."}]}, {'value': '1.27', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,602', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '49,844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swiss Franc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swiss_Franc', 'summary': "The franc ( German : Franken , French and Romansh : franc , Italian : franco ; sign : Fr . ( in German language ) , fr . ( in French , Italian , Romansh languages ) , or CHF in any other language , or internationally ; code : CHF ) is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein ; it is also legal tender in the Italian exclave of Campione d'Italia . The Swiss National Bank ( SNB ) issues banknotes and the federal mint Swissmint issues coins . The smaller denomination , a hundredth of a franc , is a Rappen ( Rp . ) in German , centime ( c. ) in French , centesimo ( ct. ) in Italian , and rap ( rp . ) in Romansh . The ISO 4217 code of the currency used by banks and financial institutions is CHF . The official symbols Fr . ( German symbol ) and fr . ( Latin languages ) are widely used by businesses and advertisers , also for the English language . According Art ."}]}, {'value': '1.88', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,512', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': '16,685', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'British Pound', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Pound', 'summary': 'Pound sterling ( symbol : £ ; ISO code : GBP ) , commonly known as the pound and less commonly referred to as sterling , is the official currency of the United Kingdom , Jersey , Guernsey , the Isle of Man , Gibraltar , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , and Tristan da Cunha . It is subdivided into 100 pence ( singular : penny , abbreviated : p ) . The Pound sterling is the oldest currency in continuous use . A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound . Sterling is the fourth most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies and the Chinese yuan , it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights . As of 30 September 2019 [ update ] , sterling is also the fifth most-held reserve currency in global reserves . The British Crown dependencies of Guernsey , Jersey and the Isle of Man produce their own local issues of sterling ( the Guernsey pound , the Jersey pound and the Manx pound ) which are considered fully equivalent to UK sterling in their respective regions . The pound sterling is also used in Gibraltar ( alongside the Gibraltar pound ) , the Falkland Islands ( alongside the Falkland Islands pound ) , Saint Helena and Ascension Island in Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( alongside the Saint Helena pound ) . The Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling , issuing its own banknotes , and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . Sterling banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England ; their governments guarantee convertibility at par .'}]}, {'value': '0.64', 'urls': []}, {'value': '26,070', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': '254,243', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Norwegian krone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norwegian_krone', 'summary': 'The krone [ ˈkrùːnə ] ( sign : kr ; code : NOK ) , plural kroner , is the currency of Norway and its dependent territories . It is subdivided into 100 øre , which have existed only electronically since 2012 . The name translates into English as crown . The krone was the thirteenth-most-traded currency in the world by value in April 2010 , down three positions from 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '9.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': '22,527', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.89', 'urls': []}, {'value': '25,311', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '20,901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '202,275', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Danish Krone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Danish_Krone', 'summary': "The krone ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈkʰʁoːnə ] ; plural : kroner ; sign : kr . ; code : DKK ) is the official currency of Denmark , Greenland , and the Faroe Islands , introduced on 1 January 1875 . Both the ISO code DKK and currency sign kr . are in common use ; the former precedes the value , the latter in some contexts follows it . The currency is sometimes referred to as the Danish crown in English , since krone literally means crown . Historically , krone coins have been minted in Denmark since the 17th century . One krone is subdivided into 100 øre ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈøːɐ ] ; singular and plural ) , the name øre is probably derived from the Roman word for gold . Altogether there are eleven denominations of the krone , with the smallest being the 50 øre coin ( one half of a krone ) . Formerly there were more øre coins , but those were discontinued due to inflation . The krone is pegged to the euro via the ERM II , the European Union 's exchange rate mechanism . Adoption of the euro is favoured by some of the major political parties , however a 2000 referendum on joining the Eurozone was defeated with 53.2% voting to maintain the krone and 46.8% voting to join the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '9.0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,475', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '20,607', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.92', 'urls': []}, {'value': '22,398', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '203,460', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swedish Krona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swedish_Krona', 'summary': 'The krona ( Swedish : [ ˈkrûːna ] ( listen ) ; plural : kronor ; sign : kr ; code : SEK ) is the official currency of Sweden . Both the ISO code SEK and currency sign kr are in common use ; the former precedes or follows the value , the latter usually follows it but , especially in the past , it sometimes preceded the value . In English , the currency is sometimes referred to as the Swedish crown , as krona literally means crown in Swedish . The Swedish krona was the ninth-most traded currency in the world by value in April 2016 . One krona is subdivided into 100 öre ( singular ; plural öre or ören , where the former is always used after a cardinal number , hence 50 öre , but otherwise the latter is often preferred in contemporary speech ) . However , all öre coins have been discontinued as of 30 September 2010 . Goods can still be priced in öre , but all sums are rounded to the nearest krona when paying with cash . The word öre is ultimately derived from the Latin word for gold .'}]}, {'value': '9.6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,193', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '19,563', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.924', 'urls': []}, {'value': '21,173', 'urls': []}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '18,587,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Won', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korean_won', 'summary': 'The South Korean won ( /wʌn/ ; Korean : 원 , Korean pronunciation : [ wʌn ] ; symbol : ₩ ; code : KRW ) or Korean won ( Korean : 대한민국 원 ) is the official currency of South Korea . A single won is divided into 100 jeon , the monetary subunit . The jeon is no longer used for everyday transactions , and appears only in foreign exchange rates . The won is issued by the Bank of Korea , based in the capital city of Seoul .'}]}, {'value': '886.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,937', 'urls': []}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '19,547', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.952', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,532', 'urls': []}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '29,417', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Australian Dollar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australian_Dollar', 'summary': "The Australian dollar ( sign : $ ; code : AUD ) is the currency of Australia , including its external territories : Christmas Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands , and Norfolk Island . It is officially used as currency by three independent Pacific Island states : Kiribati , Nauru , and Tuvalu . It is legal tender in Australia . Within Australia , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with A $ or AU $ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies . The $ symbol precedes the amount . It is subdivided into 100 cents . The Australian dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966 to replace the pre-decimal Australian pound , with the conversion rate of A $ 2 per = A₤1 . The Australian dollar was legal tender of Papua New Guinea until 31 December 1975 , when the Papua New Guinean kina became sole legal tender , and of the Solomon Islands until 1977 , when the Solomon Islands dollar became sole legal tender . In 2016 , the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in world foreign exchange markets , accounting for 6.9% of the world 's daily share ( down from 8.6% in 2013 ) behind the United States dollar , the European Union 's euro , the Japanese yen and the United Kingdom 's pound sterling . The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders , because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia , the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention , the general stability of Australia 's economy and political system , and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies , especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle . As at 31 December 2016 , there were 57.71 billion US $ equivalent in Australian currency in circulation , $ 2,379.05 per person in Australia , which includes cash reserves held by the banking system and cash in circulation in other countries or held as a foreign exchange reserve ."}]}, {'value': '1.44', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20,428', 'urls': []}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2,986,594', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yen', 'summary': "The yen ( Japanese : 円 , Hepburn : en , symbol : ¥ ; code : JPY ; also abbreviated as JP¥ ) is the official currency of Japan . It is the third most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar and the euro . It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar , the euro , and the pound sterling . The concept of the yen was a component of the Meiji government 's modernization program of Japan 's economy , which postulated the pursuit of a uniform currency throughout the country , modelled after the European decimal currency system . Before the Meiji Restoration , Japan 's feudal fiefs all issued their own money , hansatsu , in an array of incompatible denominations . The New Currency Act of 1871 did away with these and established the yen , which was defined as 1.5 g ( 0.048 troy ounces ) of gold , or 24.26 g ( 0.780 troy ounces ) of silver , as the new decimal currency . The former han ( fiefs ) became prefectures and their mints private chartered banks , which initially retained the right to print money . To bring an end to this situation , the Bank of Japan was founded in 1882 and given a monopoly on controlling the money supply . Following World War II the yen lost much of its prewar value . To stabilize the Japanese economy the exchange rate of the yen was fixed at ¥360 per US $ 1 as part of the Bretton Woods system . When that system was abandoned in 1971 , the yen became undervalued and was allowed to float . The yen had appreciated to a peak of ¥271 per US $ 1 in 1973 , then underwent periods of depreciation and appreciation due to the 1973 oil crisis , arriving at a value of ¥227 per US $ 1 by 1980 ."}]}, {'value': '150.8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19,805', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '14,003', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.788', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,770', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '15,835', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Euro', 'summary': 'The euro ( sign : € ; code : EUR ) is the official currency of 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union . This group of states is known as the eurozone or euro area , and counts about 343 million citizens as of 2019 [ update ] . The euro , which is divided into 100 cents , is the second-largest and second-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market after the United States dollar . The currency is also used officially by the institutions of the European Union , by four European microstates that are not EU members , as well as unilaterally by Montenegro and Kosovo . Outside Europe , a number of special territories of EU members also use the euro as their currency . Additionally , over 200 million people worldwide use currencies pegged to the euro . The euro is the second-largest reserve currency as well as the second-most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar . As of December 2019 [ update ] , with more than €1.3 trillion in circulation , the euro has one of the highest combined values of banknotes and coins in circulation in the world . The name euro was officially adopted on 16 December 1995 in Madrid . The euro was introduced to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999 , replacing the former European Currency Unit ( ECU ) at a ratio of 1:1 ( US $ 1.1743 ) . Physical euro coins and banknotes entered into circulation on 1 January 2002 , making it the day-to-day operating currency of its original members , and by March 2002 it had completely replaced the former currencies . While the euro dropped subsequently to US $ 0.83 within two years ( 26 October 2000 ) , it has traded above the U.S. dollar since the end of 2002 , peaking at US $ 1.60 on 18 July 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '0.91', 'urls': []}, {'value': '17,401', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poland', 'summary': "Poland ( Polish : Polska [ ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Poland ( Polish : Rzeczpospolita Polska [ c ] [ ʐɛt͡ʂpɔˈspɔlita ˈpɔlska ] ( listen ) ) , is a country located in Central Europe . It is divided into 16 administrative subdivisions , covering an area of 312,696 square kilometres ( 120,733 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With a population of nearly 38.5 million people , Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union . Poland 's capital and largest metropolis is Warsaw . Other major cities include Kraków , Łódź , Wrocław , Poznań , Gdańsk , and Szczecin . Poland is bordered by the Baltic Sea , Lithuania , and Russia 's Kaliningrad Oblast to the north , Belarus and Ukraine to the east , Slovakia and the Czech Republic to the south , and Germany to the west . The history of human activity on Polish soil spans almost 500,000 years . Throughout the Iron Age the area became extensively diverse , with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain . However , it was the Western Polans who dominated the region and gave Poland its name . The establishment of Polish statehood can be traced to AD 966 , when Mieszko I , ruler of the realm coextensive with the territory of present-day Poland , converted to Christianity . The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025 , and in 1569 it cemented its longstanding political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin . This union formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , one of the largest ( over 1,000,000 square kilometres - 400,000 square miles ) and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe , with a uniquely liberal political system which adopted Europe 's first written national constitution , the Constitution of 3 May 1791 ."}]}, {'value': '14,844', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Polish złoty', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Polish_złoty', 'summary': "The złoty ( Polish : [ ˈzwɔtɘ ] ( listen ) ; sign : zł ; code : PLN ) is the official currency and legal tender of Poland . It is subdivided into 100 groszy ( gr ) . [ a ] The widely recognised English form of the currency is the Polish zloty . It is the most traded currency in Central Europe and ranks 22nd in the foreign exchange market . The word złoty is a masculine form of the Polish adjective 'golden ' , which closely relates with its name to the Dutch guilder , whereas the grosz subunit was based on Austrian groschen . It was officially introduced to replace its predecessor , the Polish marka , on 28 February 1919 and began circulation in 1924 . The only body permitted to manufacture or mint złoty coins is Mennica Polska , founded in Warsaw on 10 February 1766 . As a result of inflation in the early 1990s , the currency underwent redenomination . Thus , on 1 January 1995 , 10,000 old złotych ( PLZ ) became one new złoty ( PLN ) . Since then , the currency has been relatively stable , with an exchange rate fluctuating between 3 and 4 złoty for a United States dollar . Though Poland is a member of the European Union , nearly 60% of Poles are strongly against adopting the euro as a new currency ."}]}, {'value': '2.08', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7,136', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Luxembourg Income Study -- Mean equivalized disposable household income ( PPP ) $', 'section_text': 'This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2016 )', 'uid': 'Household_income_0', 'intro': "Household income is a measure of the combined incomes of all people sharing a particular household or place of residence. It includes every form of income, e.g., salaries and wages, retirement income, near cash government transfers like food stamps, and investment gains. Average household incomes need not map directly to measures of an individual's earnings such as per capita income as numbers of people sharing households and numbers of income earners per household can vary significantly between regions and over time. Average household income can be used as an indicator for the monetary well-being of a country's citizens. Mean or median net household income, after taxes and mandatory contributions, are taken as indicators of standard of living, because they include only disposable income and acknowledge people sharing accommodation benefit from pooling at least some of their living costs. It is important to note in the tables below the difference between median and mean income. Median income is the amount that divides the income distribution into two equal groups, half having income above that amount, and half having income below that amount. Mean income (average) is the amount obtained by dividing the total aggregate income of a group by the number of units in that group."}
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What is the capital of the country with the sixth highest disposable income per capita ?
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Vienna
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037bb9395d897258
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Clamp_works', 'title': 'List of Clamp works', 'header': ['From', 'To', 'English Translated Title ( Japanese Title )', 'Publisher Serialized in', 'Volumes'], 'data': [{'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'RG Veda ( 聖伝 , Sei-den RG Veda )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RG_Veda', 'summary': "RG Veda ( 聖伝-RG VEDA- , Seiden : Rigu Vēda ) is a manga created by Clamp , consisting of ten volumes in all . It was first published in Japan in 1989 as Clamp 's debut manga . The story features elements of Vedic mythology ; the title itself is pronounced Rigveda , the name of one of the four Vedas . The series is known for its extravagant and richly detailed art . It inspired a 2-episode anime OVA that was released through 1991 to 1992 . The OVAs were licensed by Central Park Media , while Manga Entertainment licensed it in the UK and Australia , with a different English dub . The RG Veda manga has been translated and released in many different languages . Tokyopop has released English versions in the United States . However , they have since lost the rights , and Dark Horse Comics recently acquired the series , with plans to publish it in omnibus form in 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Shinshokan Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinshokan', 'summary': "Shinshokan ( 株式会社新書館 , Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan ) is a Japanese publishing company . It was established on June 14 , 1961 . In April 2009 , the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan , to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan 's Wings , Dear and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint ( the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wings_(manga_magazine)', 'summary': 'Wings ( ウィングス , Uingusu ) is a shōjo manga magazine published by Shinshokan . Published bi-monthly , it features articles on action and fiction aimed at women in the age group of 16-20 years . Headquartered in Japan , the magazine previously had the following editions namely Shinshokan South ( aka South ) , Phantom Club , Huckleberry , Un Poco and Wings : Story ; however , currently , only Un Poco and Wings : Story are still being published .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Man of Many Faces ( 20面相におねがい ! ! , 20 Mensō ni Onegai ! ! )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Man_of_Many_Faces', 'summary': 'Man of Many Faces ( 20面相におねがい ! ! , Nijū Mensō ni Onegai ! ! , lit . 20 Faces , Please ! ! ) is a manga by Clamp about a nine-year-old boy named Akira Ijyuin who steals beautiful and valuable objects to please his two mothers and is known to the public as the dashing , clever thief named the Man of 20 Faces . The manga took inspiration from the works of Edogawa Ranpo , most notably from The Fiend with Twenty Faces . The storyline of Man of Many Faces occurs simultaneously with both Clamp School Detectives and Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders , as demonstrated by a conversation between Nokoru and Suō which also takes place in Clamp School Detectives , while in Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders Akira and Utako appear at their age as they do in Man of Many Faces . The manga is published in English by Tokyopop ( formerly ) and Viz Media ( currently ) , retaining its right to left format .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1990', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tokyo Babylon ( 東京BABYLON , Tōkyō BABYLON )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokyo_Babylon', 'summary': "Tokyo Babylon ( 東京 BABYLON , Tōkyō Babiron ) , also known as Tokyo Babylon : A Save Tokyo City Story , is a shōjo manga series created by Clamp , with story by Nanase Ohkawa and art by Mokona . The series follows Subaru Sumeragi , the head of the Sumeragi clan , and his sister Hokuto as they work to protect Tokyo from a myriad of supernatural perils . The series is based on a dōjinshi Clamp wrote but decided to add dark social themes in the serialization as a result of the chapters ' length . They were published by Shinshokan in Japan from 1990 to 1993 and collected total of seven tankōbon volumes . The English-language version of the manga was first distributed by Tokyopop and is now in possession of Dark Horse Comics . Between 1992 and 1994 Tokyo Babylon was adapted into a two-part original video animation series by the studio Madhouse . PDS also produced a live-action feature film sequel , Tokyo Babylon 1999 , which was released on August 21 , 1993 . The series has been well received for its focus on occultism and social themes , the latter which were reflected most notably in Subaru 's character development . The manga is also notorious for its open and tragic ending which is followed in Clamp 's manga X ."}]}, {'value': 'Shinshokan Wings', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinshokan', 'summary': "Shinshokan ( 株式会社新書館 , Kabushiki-gaisha Shinshokan ) is a Japanese publishing company . It was established on June 14 , 1961 . In April 2009 , the US publisher Digital Manga Publishing announced a co-branding operation with Shinshokan , to license yaoi and shōjo manga from Shinshokan 's Wings , Dear and Dear+ anthologies under the DokiDoki imprint ( the name being Japanese onomatopoeia for a heartbeat ) ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clamp School Detectives ( CLAMP学園探偵団 , Clamp Gakuen Tanteidan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clamp_School_Detectives', 'summary': "Clamp School Detectives ( Japanese : CLAMP学園探偵団 , Hepburn : Kuranpu Gakuen Tanteidan ) a.k.a . CLAMP Campus Detectives is a manga series by Clamp , which was adapted into a 26-episode anime series , produced by Bandai Visual and Studio Pierrot . The manga series was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten 's Monthly Asuka manga magazine between January 1992 and October 1993 , spanning three tankōbon , while the anime premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between May 3 , 1997 and October 25 , 1997 . An early work of the all-female manga artist group Clamp , the series outlines the adventures of the Elementary School Student Board in their attempt to better the lives of the female population of Clamp School . Tokyopop have released the manga in English across North America in three volumes . Now it 's currently available on Kindle through Viz Media . Bandai Entertainment released the anime as one of their initial titles . It is now licensed by Maiden Japan . The anime series has been translated and dubbed into English by the anime television network , Animax , who have broadcast the series across its respective English-language networks in Southeast Asia and India ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders ( 学園特警デュカリオン , Gakuen Tokkei Dyukarion )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Duklyon:_Clamp_School_Defenders', 'summary': "Duklyon : Clamp School Defenders ( 学園特警デュカリオン , Gakuen Tokkei Dyukarion ) is a manga created by Clamp , a Japanese artistic group of four women . The story features two teenagers on Clamp Campus , Kentarou Higashikunimaru and Takeshi Shukaido , who are called upon occasion to become monster-battling superheroes while wearing armored outfits in this comic parody of typical superhero action based manga for boys . They are ordered about by Eri Chusonji , their team leader and informant who has a violent tendency to strike the heads of her subordinates with a mallet . Additional humor results from the story 's primary villain falling madly in love with Eri . Like Clamp School Detectives , Man of Many Faces and X/1999 , the story takes places on the pentagram shaped Clamp campus , founded by the Imonoyama family . Kentarou , Takeshi , and Eri all appear in a chapter of Tsubasa , another manga by Clamp . They also have cameos in a few episodes of Clamp School Detectives and appear in the Clamp in Wonderland anime video . Ashura-ou , the main character 's father from Clamp 's first manga RG Veda , makes a very brief appearance as a teacher in one of the later chapters of Duklyon"}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shirahime-Syo : Snow Goddess Tales ( 白姫抄 , Shirahime-Shō )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shirahime-Syo:_Snow_Goddess_Tales', 'summary': "Shirahime-Syo : Snow Goddess Tales ( Japanese : 白姫抄 , Hepburn : Shirahimeshō ) is a supernatural manga by Clamp , a creative team made up by Satsuki Igarashi , Nanase Ohkawa , Tsubaki Nekoi and Mokona . It consists of three short stories , framed by a man 's encounter with the titular character in the snow . The character design of the title character originated in a postcard in the team 's newsletters , and later appeared in a preview page in the March 1992 issue of Bar Pretty , when only the concept had been finalized . Completed on a tight schedule , the volume was published in June 1992 by Kobunsha , and re-released in August 2001 by Kadokawa Shoten . Tokyopop licensed Shirahime-Syo for an English-language translation , and published it in hardcover in December 2004 , with a softcover edition following it a half a year later . The collection was later digitally reprinted by Viz Media in January 2015 . It has also been translated into other languages , such as French and German ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Legend of Chun Hyang ( 新・春香伝 , Shin Shunka-den )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Legend_of_Chun_Hyang', 'summary': 'Legend of Chun Hyang ( Japanese : 新・春香伝 , Hepburn : Shin Shunka-den ) is a manga by Clamp . Its story and characters are loosely based on a well known Korean folktale of the same name Shin Shunkaden was first published in 1996 by Hakusensha in Japan . The project was dropped after three chapters , but Tokyopop licensed the manga in English as The Legend of Chun Hyang and released it in 2004 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hakusensha Serie Mystery-Special', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hakusensha', 'summary': "Hakusensha , Inc. ( 株式会社白泉社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Hakusensha ) is a Japanese publishing company . It is headquartered in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The company mainly publishes manga magazines and is involved in series ' productions in their games , original video animation , music , and their animated TV series . Hakusensha , Inc. is currently publishing Hakusensha 's Weekly Shonen Jump Magazine ( HJM ) . It is headquartered in Yokohama , Japan . Around 27,200 issues of the magazine are printed monthly . The magazine is published in several languages including Japanese , English , Chinese , French , German , and Spanish . The company is a subsidiary of Shueisha , thus ; is also partly owned by Shogakukan ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magic Knight Rayearth ( 魔法騎士レイアース , Majikku Naito ( Mahō Kishi ) Reiāsu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magic_Knight_Rayearth', 'summary': 'Magic Knight Rayearth is a Japanese manga series created by Clamp . Appearing as a serial in the manga magazine Nakayoshi from the November 1993 issue to the February 1995 issue , the chapters of Magic Knight Rayearth were collected into three bound volumes by Kodansha , and were published from July 1994 to March 1995 . A sequel was serialized in the same manga magazine from the March 1995 issue to the April 1996 issue , and was published by Kodansha in three bound volumes from to July 1995 to April 1996 . The series follows three eighth-grade girls who find themselves transported from modern-day Japan into a magical world , where they are tasked with rescuing a princess . Rayearth combines elements from the magical girl and mecha anime genres with parallel world fantasy . The manga was adapted into two anime series in 1994 and an original video animation ( OVA ) in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Nakayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nakayoshi', 'summary': 'Nakayoshi ( なかよし , Good Friends ) is a monthly shōjo manga magazine published by Kodansha in Japan . First published in December 1954 , it is a long-running magazine with over 60 years of manga publication history . The target demographic for Nakayoshi ( like Ribon and Ciao ) is girls of age 8-14 . Roughly the size of a phone book ( hence the term phone book manga ) , it generally comes with furoku , or small gifts , such as popout figures , games , small bags , posters , stickers , and so on . The furoku is an attempt to encourage girls to buy their own copies of the magazine rather than just share with a friend . It is one of the best-selling shōjo manga magazines , having sold over 400 million copies since 1978 . In the mid-1990s , Nakayoshi retailed for 400 yen and had an average of 448 pages . The estimated average circulation of Nakayoshi at this time was 1,800,000 . Its circulation peaked at 2,100,000 in 1993 . In 2007 , its circulation was 400,000 . During the 1990s , then editor-in-chief , Yoshio Irie attempted to move the magazine away from first love stories and introduced several fantasy manga such as Sailor Moon . During that period , Nakayoshi pursued a media-mix campaign , which involved close coordination of the magazine , anime productions based on the manga , and character merchandising .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miyuki-chan in Wonderland ( 不思議の国の美幸ちゃん , Fushigi no Kuni no Miyuki-chan )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miyuki-chan_in_Wonderland', 'summary': "Miyuki-chan in Wonderland ( Japanese : 不思議の国の美幸ちゃん , Hepburn : Fushigi no Kuni no Miyuki-chan ) is a comedy , yuri ( love between women ) manga written and illustrated by Clamp , an all-female manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Nanase Ohkawa . The story focuses on the eponymous protagonist , a Japanese high-school girl who finds herself pulled into various worlds populated by women who consider her appealing . Miyuki-chan in Wonderland appeared as a serial in the manga magazine Newtype from 1993 to 1995 , based on the children 's novel Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll . Kadokawa Shoten collected the seven chapters into one bound volume and published it in September 1995 . While the concept of Miyuki-chan in Wonderland was initially imagined as the first chapter by writer Ohkawa , the team continued with it for the enjoyment it provided . An image album and an original video animation adaptation of the first two chapters were published in 1995 . In 2002 , Tokyopop announced that it had licensed Miyuki-chan in Wonderland for an English-language translation , and published it in October 2003 . It is now out of print . It received a range of critical reaction from reviewers , from praise as cute entertainment to criticism as the worst of Clamp 's works . The eponymous protagonist has made cameo appearances in other works by Clamp : the music video Clamp in Wonderland ( 1994 ) and the fantasy manga series Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( 2003-2009 ) . Viz Media acquired the rights to the manga and digitally published it on September 24 , 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Newtype', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The One I Love ( わたしのすきなひと , Watashi no Suki na Hito )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_One_I_Love_(manga)', 'summary': 'The One I Love ( Japanese : わたしのすきなひと , Hepburn : Watashi no Sukinahito ) is a romantic , slice-of-life shōjo ( targeted towards girls ) manga by Clamp , an all-female , manga artist team consisting of Satsuki Igarashi , Mokona , Tsubaki Nekoi , and Nanase Ohkawa . Appearing as a monthly serial in the Japanese manga magazine Monthly Young Rose from December 1993 to June 1995 , the twelve stories were collected into a bound volume by Kadokawa Shoten and published in July 1995 . The One I Love contains twelve independent manga stories , each focusing on an aspect of love and accompanied by an essay . Ohkawa wrote the essays while Nekoi illustrated the manga ; it was the first time she primarily illustrated a manga by Clamp . Some of the stories draw on the life experiences of the women while others take inspiration from conversations they had with friends . In 2003 , Tokyopop licensed The One I Love for an English-language translation in North America , and published it in October 2004 . Viz Media republished the manga in February 2015 . The manga has also been translated into other languages . Reviewers have identified a few themes in the collection . They had a range of reactions to The One I Love : some considered it heartfelt entertainment , while others reviewed it less positively , as a badly done take on romance .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Young Rose Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cardcaptor Sakura ( カードキャプター さくら , Kādokyaputā Sakura )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cardcaptor_Sakura', 'summary': "Cardcaptor Sakura ( Japanese : カードキャプターさくら , Hepburn : Kādokyaputā Sakura ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by the manga group Clamp . The manga was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from May 1996 to June 2000 , and published in 12 tankōbon volumes by Kodansha from November 1996 to July 2000 . The story focuses on Sakura Kinomoto , an elementary school student who discovers magical powers after accidentally freeing a set of magical cards ; she must retrieve the cards to prevent catastrophe . A sequel by Clamp , Cardcaptor Sakura : Clear Card , focusing on Sakura in junior high school , began serialization in Nakayoshi in 2016 . The series was adapted into a 70-episode anime television series by Madhouse that aired on Japan 's satellite television channel NHK BS2 from April 1998 to March 2000 . Additional media include anime films , video games , art books , picture books , and film comics . Tokyopop released the manga in English in North America from March 2000 to August 2003 . After Tokyopop 's license expired , Dark Horse Manga released the series in omnibus editions from October 2010 to September 2012 . Nelvana licensed the TV series and first film for North America under the English title Cardcaptors , which first aired on Kids ' WB from June 2000 to December 2001 . All 70 episodes were dubbed ; while other English-speaking territories received the full run , the version aired on American television was heavily edited into 39 episodes . Cardcaptors also aired on Cartoon Network , Teletoon and Nickelodeon . The TV series and films were sub-licensed by Geneon , which released them unedited with English subtitles ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Nakayoshi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1996', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1998', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wish_(manga)', 'summary': 'Wish ( Japanese : ウィッシュ , Hepburn : Wisshu ) is a Japanese shōjo manga series created by Clamp . It is published in English by Tokyopop . The American translation was imported to Australia by Madman Entertainment .'}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics DX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelic Layer ( エンジェリック レイヤー , Enjerikku Reiyā )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelic_Layer', 'summary': "Angelic Layer ( Japanese : エンジェリックレイヤー , Hepburn : Enjerikku Reiyā ) is a manga series released by Clamp . The manga is published in Japan by Kadokawa Shoten , and in English originally by Tokyopop , but has since been re-licensed by Dark Horse Comics . It is the group 's first work to use a quite different art style unseen in any other CLAMP series , which uses a more distinctly pared down style . There is less emphasis on detail and more on accentuated posing and gestures . This kind of artwork would later be used in series like Chobits and Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle . The manga was adapted into a 26-episode anime series produced by Bones titled Angelic Layer : Battle Doll ( 機動天使エンジェリックレイヤー , Kidō Tenshi Enjerikku Reiyā , lit. , Angelic Layer : Mobile Angel ) which aired on TV Tokyo from April 1 , 2001 - September 23 , 2001 . Seven volumes of videos were released by ADV Films on VHS and DVD in 2003 . It was re-released in 2005 as a five volume box set . North American publisher Dark Horse Comics re-releases Angelic Layer in omnibus format in 2011 . Sentai Filmworks will re-release the series under their Sentai Selects label on November 24 , 2015 . Anime Limited announced they would release the series in the UK in 2018 . Angelic Layer takes place in the same universe as Clamp 's later work Chobits , which similarly deals with the relationship between humans , human-created devices , toys , and godlike power ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Monthly Shōnen Ace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monthly_Shōnen_Ace', 'summary': "Monthly Shōnen Ace ( 月刊少年エース , Gekkan Shōnen Ēsu ) is a monthly shōnen manga magazine in Japan published by Kadokawa Shoten , started in 1994 . Unlike the big shōnen weeklies with circulation figures in the millions , Ace is aimed at a less mainstream audience , and has a particular emphasis on anime tie-ins . There 's a fair amount of Ecchi featured in the magazine , while only a few series are action oriented ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suki ( ｢すき.だからすき｣ , Suki ; Dakara Suki )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suki_(manga)', 'summary': "Suki : A Like Story ( Japanese : すき。だからすき , Hepburn : Suki . Dakara Suki ) is a three-volume manga by Clamp . The title literally means I like you , that 's why I like you . It was published in English by Tokyopop ( although their license has since expired ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Kadokawa Shoten Asuka Comics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2002', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chobits ( ちょびっツ , Chobittsu )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chobits', 'summary': "Chobits ( ちょびっツ , Chobittsu ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the Japanese manga collective Clamp . It was published by Kodansha in Weekly Young Magazine from the 43rd issue for 2000 to the 48th issue for 2002 and collected in eight bound volumes . Chobits was adapted as a 26-episode-long anime television series broadcast on TBS from April to September 2002 . In addition , it has spawned two video games as well as various merchandise such as figurines , collectable cards , calendars , and artbooks . The series tells the story of Hideki Motosuwa , who finds an abandoned persocom ( パソコン , PasoKon ) , or personal computer ( パーソナルコンピュータ pāsonaru konpyūta ) with human form , which he names Chi after the only word it initially can speak . As the series progresses , they explore the mysteries of Chi 's origin together and questions about the relationship between human beings and computers . The manga is set in the same universe as Angelic Layer , taking place a few years after the events of that story , and like Angelic Layer , it explores the relationship between humans and electronic devices shaped like human beings . Chobits branches off as a crossover into many other stories in different ways , such as Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , xxxHolic and Kobato . In North America , the manga was licensed for an English-language release by Tokyopop in 2002 and was re-released by Dark Horse Comics in 2009 . The anime series was licensed by Geneon in 2002 and re-licensed by Funimation in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Young Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Young_Magazine', 'summary': 'Weekly Young Magazine ( Japanese : 週刊ヤングマガジン , Hepburn : Shūkan Yangu Magajin ) is a Japanese weekly seinen manga anthology magazine published in Tokyo each Monday by Kodansha . The magazine was started on June 23 , 1980 and is targeted at the adult male ( seinen ) demographic . The chapters of the series that run in Weekly Young Magazine are collected and published in tankōbon volumes under the YoungKC imprint every four months . The magazine usually features color photos of pinup girl gravure idols ( グラビアアイドル , gurabia aidoru ) on the cover and first few pages of each issue . Since December 9 , 2009 , Kodansha has published a monthly sister magazine , Monthly Young Magazine , a retitled makeover of their previous publication Bessatsu Young Magazine , which had published a total of 36 bimonthly issues during its existence .'}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clamp no Kiseki ( CLAMPノキセキ , Clamp no Kiseki )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clamp_no_Kiseki', 'summary': "CLAMP no Kiseki ( CLAMPノキセキ , CLAMP 's track or CLAMP 's miracle ) is a twelve volume series of anime books celebrating the 15th anniversary of Clamp in 2004 . It is published in America by Tokyopop and in Spain by Norma Editorial . Each volume is a full-color , 32-page book that contains summaries of featured series , interviews with Clamp and friends of Clamp , artwork , and exclusive new short comics . In addition , each issue comes with three special chess pieces featuring characters from Clamp 's various series . All twelve volumes have been released in Japan , Spain , Germany , HongKong , Taiwan , and the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( ツバサ−RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE− , Tsubasa Rezaboa Kuronikuru )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsubasa:_Reservoir_Chronicle', 'summary': "Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle ( Japanese : ツバサ-RESERVoir CHRoNiCLE- , Hepburn : Tsubasa : Rezaboa Kuronikuru ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the manga artist group Clamp . It takes place in the same fictional universe as many of Clamp 's other manga series , most notably xxxHolic . The plot follows how Sakura , the princess of the Kingdom of Clow , loses all her memories and how Syaoran , a young archaeologist who is her childhood friend , goes on arduous adventures to save her , with two other companions . The Dimensional Witch Yūko Ichihara instructs him to go with two people , Kurogane and Fai D. Flowright . They search for Sakura 's memories , which were scattered in various worlds in the form of angelic-like feathers , as retrieving them will help save her very being . Tsubasa was conceived when four Clamp artists wanted to create a manga series that connected all their previous works . They took the designs for the main protagonists from their earlier manga called Cardcaptor Sakura . It was serialized in the Kodansha publication Weekly Shōnen Magazine from May 2003 until October 2009 , and was collected in twenty-eight tankōbon volumes , totalling 232 chapters - 18 to 20 pages each . The manga was adapted into an anime series , Tsubasa Chronicle ( ツバサ･クロニクル , Tsubasa Kuronikuru ) , animated by Bee Train , which aired 52 episodes over two seasons during 2005 and 2006 . Production I.G released an interlude film between the first two seasons titled Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle the Movie : The Princess in the Birdcage Kingdom , as well as five original video animations ( OVAs ) between November 2007 and May 2009 , which acted as a sequel to the second season . The manga was licensed for English language release by Del Rey Manga , who has released all of its volumes since April 27 , 2004 . Funimation licensed the anime for English release ."}]}, {'value': 'Kodansha Weekly Shōnen Magazine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kodansha', 'summary': 'Kodansha Ltd. ( 株式会社講談社 , Kabushiki-gaisha Kōdansha ) is a Japanese privately-held publishing company headquartered in Bunkyō , Tokyo , Japan . Kodansha is the largest Japanese publishing company , and it produces the manga magazines Nakayoshi , Afternoon , Evening , and Weekly Shōnen Magazine , as well as the more literary magazines Gunzō , Shūkan Gendai , and the Japanese dictionary Nihongo Daijiten . Kodansha was founded by Seiji Noma in 1909 , and members of his family continue as its owners either directly or through the Noma Cultural Foundation .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Weekly_Shōnen_Magazine', 'summary': 'Weekly Shōnen Magazine ( Japanese : 週刊少年マガジン , Hepburn : Shūkan Shōnen Magajin ) is a weekly shōnen manga anthology published on Wednesdays in Japan by Kodansha , first published on March 17 , 1959 . The magazine is mainly read by an older audience , with a large portion of its readership falling under the male high school or college student demographic . According to circulation figures accumulated by the Japanese Magazine Publishers Association , circulation of the magazine has dropped in every quarter since records were first collected in April-June , 2008 . This is however , not an isolated occurrence as digital media continues to be on the rise . It is one of the best-selling manga magazines . By March 2008 , the magazine had 2,942 issues , having sold 4.55 billion copies , with an average weekly circulation of 1,546,567 . At an average issue price of ¥129 ( $ 1.29 ) , the magazine had generated approximately ¥590 billion ( $ 5.9 billion ) in sales revenue by March 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '28', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2011', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kobato . ( こばと . )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kobato.', 'summary': "Kobato . ( Japanese : こばと。 ) is a manga series by Clamp which premiered in Monthly Sunday Gene-X in January 2005 . Seven chapters were released under the title of Kobato . ( Kari ) ( こばと。 ( 仮 ) , Kobato . ( Temporary title ) ) , but the series was put on hiatus in late 2005 . It returned to publication in Newtype magazine 's November 2007 Japanese edition ; the story has subsequently been restarted at an earlier point in the original timeline . The story features a mysterious young girl , Kobato Hanato , who works in a local kindergarten . The first volume of the manga was released by Kadokawa Shoten on December 26 , 2007 , and they have subsequently released the entire series in English ."}]}, {'value': 'Shogakukan / Kadokawa Shoten Monthly Sunday Gene-X ( seven chapters ) / Newtype ( rest of series )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shogakukan', 'summary': 'Shogakukan Inc. ( 株式会社小学館 , Kabushiki gaisha Shōgakukan ) is a Japanese publisher of dictionaries , literature , manga , non-fiction , DVDs , and other media in Japan . Shogakukan founded Shueisha , which also founded Hakusensha . These are three separate companies , but are together called the Hitotsubashi Group , one of the largest publishing groups in Japan . Shogakukan is headquartered in the Shogakukan Building in Hitotsubashi , part of Kanda , Chiyoda , Tokyo , near the Jimbocho book district . The corporation also has the other two companies located in the same ward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kadokawa_Shoten', 'summary': "Kadokawa Shoten ( 角川書店 ) , formerly the Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社角川書店 , Kabushiki gaisha Kadokawa Shoten ) , is a Japanese publisher and division of Kadokawa Future Publishing based in Tokyo , Japan . It became an internal division of Kadokawa Corporation on October 1 , 2013 . Kadokawa has published both manga such as Sora no Otoshimono ( Heaven 's Lost Property ) and magazines , such as Newtype magazine . Since its founding , Kadokawa has expanded into the multimedia sector , namely in video games ( as Kadokawa Games ) and movies ( as Kadokawa Pictures ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Monthly_Sunday_Gene-X', 'summary': "Monthly Sunday Gene-X ( Japanese : 月刊サンデーGENE-X , Hepburn : Gekkan Sandē Jenekkusu ) , often abbreviated as Sunday GX ( サンデーGX ) , is a Seinen manga magazine published by Shogakukan . Like many other manga magazines , it 's an anthology magazine with each issue featuring new chapters of several manga series . The series are also published in book form as Sunday GX Comics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Newtype', 'summary': 'Newtype ( ニュータイプ , Nyūtaipu ) is a monthly magazine publication originating from Japan , covering anime ( and to a lesser extent , tokusatsu , manga , Japanese science fiction , seiyuu , and video games ) . It was launched by publishing company Kadokawa Shoten on March 8 , 1985 with its April issue , and has since seen regular release on the 10th of every month in its home country . Newtype Korea is published in Korea . Spin-off publications of Newtype also exist in Japan , such as Newtype Hero/Newtype the Live ( which are dedicated to tokusatsu ) and NewWORDS ( which is geared toward a more mature adult market ) , as well as numerous limited-run versions ( such as Clamp Newtype ) . The name of the magazine comes from the Newtypes in the Universal Century timeline of the Gundam series , specifically Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) and its sequel Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam ( 1985 ) . Newtype magazine launched a week after Zeta Gundam began airing on March 2 , 1985 . Newtype USA was an English language version that was published in North America between 2002 and 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Completed works', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Clamp_works_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of some of the works done by Clamp, an all-female Japanese manga artist group.'}
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Who was the publisher of the title that outlines the adventures of a group in their attempt to better the lives of the female population ?
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Kadokawa Shoten
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037bc56f9cd44899
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of major crimes in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Date', 'Name', 'No . of Deaths', 'Location', 'Details'], 'data': [{'value': '1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Ruth Ellis case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ruth_Ellis', 'summary': 'Ruth Ellis ( 9 October 1926 - 13 July 1955 ) was a British escort and nightclub hostess . She was the last woman to be hanged in the United Kingdom , after being convicted of the murder of her lover , David Blakely . During her childhood , her family moved from Rhyl , to Basingstoke in Hampshire , and , in 1941 , to Hampstead in London . In her teens Ellis entered the world of London nightclub hostessing , which led to a chaotic life that included various relationships with men . One of these was with David Blakely , a racing driver engaged to another woman . On Easter Sunday , 10 April 1955 , Ellis shot Blakely dead outside the Magdala public house in Hampstead and was immediately arrested by an off-duty policeman . At her trial in June 1955 , she was found guilty of murder and was sentenced to death . On 13 July , she was hanged at HM Prison Holloway .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hampstead , London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hampstead', 'summary': 'Hampstead ( /ˈhæmpstɪd/ or /-stɛd/ ) is an area in north London , England . Lying 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) northwest of Charing Cross , it extends from the A5 road ( Roman Watling Street ) to Hampstead Heath , a large , hilly expanse of parkland . The area forms the north-west part of the London Borough of Camden . Hampstead is known for its intellectual , liberal , artistic , musical and literary associations . It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area . Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': 'Ruth Ellis , a London nightclub manager , shot and killed her fiancé David Blakely outside a Hampstead public house on 10 April 1955 . She surrendered to police upon their arrival . Despite evidence of the involvement of another lover , Desmond Cussen , she was tried and convicted of murder for which she would be the last woman to be executed in the United Kingdom , later in 1955', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The James Hanratty case ( The A6 Murder )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Hanratty', 'summary': "James Hanratty ( 4 October 1936 - 4 April 1962 ) , also known as the A6 Murderer , was a British criminal who was one of the final eight people in the UK to be executed before capital punishment was effectively abolished . He was hanged at Bedford Gaol on 4 April 1962 , after being convicted of the murder of scientist Michael Gregsten , aged 36 , who was shot dead in a car on the A6 at Deadman 's Hill , near Clophill , Bedfordshire in August 1961 . Gregsten 's mistress , Valerie Storie , was raped , shot five times , and left paralysed . According to Storie , the couple were abducted at gunpoint in their car at Dorney Reach , Buckinghamshire , by a man with a Cockney accent and mannerisms matching Hanratty 's . The gunman ordered Gregsten to drive in several directions , before stopping beside the A6 at Deadman 's Hill , where the offences took place . The initial prime suspects were Hanratty , a petty criminal , and Peter Louis Alphon , an eccentric drifter . In police line-ups , Storie did not recognise Alphon , but eventually identified Hanratty . Her testimony was critical in securing a guilty verdict , but this was questioned by many who felt the supporting evidence too weak to justify conviction , and Hanratty 's brother fought for decades to have the verdict overturned . In 1997 , a police inquiry concluded he was wrongfully convicted and the case was sent to the Court of Appeal , which ruled in 2002 that a DNA test conclusively proved Hanratty 's guilt beyond any doubt ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clophill , Bedfordshire , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clophill', 'summary': 'Clophill is a village and civil parish clustered on the north bank of the Flit [ a ] , Bedfordshire , England . It is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Clopelle ; clop , ostensibly surviving the Great Vowel Shift likely means tree-stump in old English , which however has cognate terms for clay , with which the soil of mid Bedfordshire is rich .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bedfordshire', 'summary': 'Bedfordshire ( /ˈbɛdfərdʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Beds . ) is a county in the East of England . It is a ceremonial county and a historic county , covered by three unitary authorities : Bedford , Central Bedfordshire , and Luton . Bedfordshire is bordered by Cambridgeshire to the east and northeast , Northamptonshire to the north , Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the southeast and south . It is the fourteenth most densely populated county of England , with over half the population of the county living in the two largest built-up areas : Luton ( 258,018 ) , and the county town , Bedford ( 106,940 ) . The highest elevation point is 243 metres ( 797 ft ) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns .'}]}, {'value': 'In August 1961 , an unidentified man abducted scientist Michael Gregsten and his mistress Valerie Storie . The man forced them to drive him around suburban North London before having them stop at a lay-by on the A6 where he shot the pair . Storie survived the attack but was left paralysed . A police investigation led to the eventual arrest of car thief James Hanratty . Although later convicted of the murder , the Hanratty case has since been disputed . Hanratty was hanged in April 1962 , one of the last people to be executed in Britain before the abolition of the death penalty three years later', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A6_road_(Great_Britain)', 'summary': "The A6 is one of the main historic north-south roads in England . It currently runs from Luton in Bedfordshire to Carlisle in Cumbria , although it formerly started at a junction with the A1 at Barnet . It is the fourth longest numbered road in Britain , behind only the A1 , A38 and A30 . Running north-west from Luton , the road travels through Bedford , bypasses Rushden , Kettering and Market Harborough , continues through Leicester , Loughborough , Derby and Matlock before going through the Peak District to Bakewell , Buxton , Stockport , Manchester , Salford , Pendleton , Irlams o ' th ' Height , Pendlebury , Swinton , Wardley , Linnyshaw , Walkden , Little Hulton , Bolton , Chorley , Preston , Lancaster , Kendal and Penrith before reaching Carlisle . South of Derby , the road is paralleled by the M1 motorway , between Manchester and Preston the M6 and M61 motorways approximate its course , and from Preston to its northern terminus in Carlisle it is paralleled by the M6 only . Between Derby and Manchester the A6 follows a completely different routing to the motorway network , crossing the Peak District rather than going around it . Because of these duplications , the A6 is less important than it was formerly ."}, {'url': '/wiki/James_Hanratty', 'summary': "James Hanratty ( 4 October 1936 - 4 April 1962 ) , also known as the A6 Murderer , was a British criminal who was one of the final eight people in the UK to be executed before capital punishment was effectively abolished . He was hanged at Bedford Gaol on 4 April 1962 , after being convicted of the murder of scientist Michael Gregsten , aged 36 , who was shot dead in a car on the A6 at Deadman 's Hill , near Clophill , Bedfordshire in August 1961 . Gregsten 's mistress , Valerie Storie , was raped , shot five times , and left paralysed . According to Storie , the couple were abducted at gunpoint in their car at Dorney Reach , Buckinghamshire , by a man with a Cockney accent and mannerisms matching Hanratty 's . The gunman ordered Gregsten to drive in several directions , before stopping beside the A6 at Deadman 's Hill , where the offences took place . The initial prime suspects were Hanratty , a petty criminal , and Peter Louis Alphon , an eccentric drifter . In police line-ups , Storie did not recognise Alphon , but eventually identified Hanratty . Her testimony was critical in securing a guilty verdict , but this was questioned by many who felt the supporting evidence too weak to justify conviction , and Hanratty 's brother fought for decades to have the verdict overturned . In 1997 , a police inquiry concluded he was wrongfully convicted and the case was sent to the Court of Appeal , which ruled in 2002 that a DNA test conclusively proved Hanratty 's guilt beyond any doubt ."}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Stephen Downing case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Downing_case', 'summary': 'The Stephen Downing case involved the conviction and imprisonment in 1974 of a 17-year-old council worker , Stephen Downing , for the murder of a 32-year-old legal secretary , Wendy Sewell , in the town of Bakewell in the Peak District in Derbyshire , north midlands . Following a campaign by a local newspaper , his conviction was overturned in 2002 , after Downing had served 27 years in prison . The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British legal history , and attracted worldwide media attention .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bakewell , Peak District , Central England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bakewell', 'summary': 'Bakewell is a small market town and civil parish in the Derbyshire Dales district of Derbyshire , England , known for a local confection , Bakewell pudding . It lies on the River Wye , about 13 miles ( 21 km ) south-west of Sheffield . In the 2011 census the civil parish of Bakewell had a population of 3,949 . The town is close to the tourist attractions of Chatsworth House and Haddon Hall .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Peak_District', 'summary': "The Peak District is an upland area in England at the southern end of the Pennines . It is mostly in northern Derbyshire , but also includes parts of Cheshire , Greater Manchester , Staffordshire , West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire . An area of great diversity , it is mostly split into the Dark Peak , where most of the moorland is found and the geology is gritstone , and the limestone area of the White Peak . The Peak District National Park became the first national park in the United Kingdom in 1951 . With its proximity to the cities of Manchester , Stoke-on-Trent , Derby and Sheffield , and access by road and rail , it attracts millions of visitors every year . It is estimated that 20 million people live within one hours journey of the Peak District . Inhabited from the Mesolithic era , evidence exists from the Neolithic , Bronze and Iron Ages . Settled by the Romans and Anglo-Saxons , the area remained largely agricultural and mining grew in importance in the medieval era . Richard Arkwright built his cotton mills at the start of the Industrial Revolution . Quarrying became important as mining declined . Tourism grew after the advent of the railways , visitors attracted by the landscape , spa towns at Buxton and Matlock Bath , Castleton 's show caves , and Bakewell , the national park 's only town . Tourism remains important for its towns and villages and their varied attractions , country houses and heritage sites ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Central_England', 'summary': 'The Midlands is the central part of England . A cultural area located between Northern and Southern England , it was important in the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries . Its largest city is Birmingham . While geographical definitions of the Midlands vary , the area broadly corresponds to the early medieval Kingdom of Mercia and to two of the official regions of England , the West Midlands and East Midlands .'}]}, {'value': 'This case involved the conviction and imprisonment in 1974 of a 17-year-old council worker , Stephen Downing , for the murder of 32-year-old legal secretary , Wendy Sewell , in the town of Bakewell , Derbyshire the previous year . Downing served 27 years in prison before his conviction was overturned in 2002 ; he had been ineligible to apply for parole at an earlier stage as he had always denied the murder . The case is thought to be the longest miscarriage of justice in British legal history , and attracted worldwide media attention as the Bakewell Tart murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Derbyshire', 'summary': "Derbyshire ( /ˈdɑːrbiʃər , -ʃɪər/ ) is a county in the East Midlands of England . A substantial portion of the Peak District National Park lies within Derbyshire , containing the southern extremity of the Pennine range of hills which extend into the north of the county . The county contains part of the National Forest , and borders on Greater Manchester to the northwest , West Yorkshire to the north , South Yorkshire to the northeast , Nottinghamshire to the east , Leicestershire to the southeast , Staffordshire to the west and southwest and Cheshire also to the west . Kinder Scout , at 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) , is the highest point in the county , whilst Trent Meadows , where the River Trent leaves Derbyshire , is its lowest point at 27 metres ( 89 ft ) . :1 The River Derwent is the county 's longest river at 66 miles ( 106 km ) , and runs roughly north to south through the county . In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts Farm at Coton in the Elms ( near Swadlincote ) as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain . The city of Derby is a unitary authority area , but remains part of the ceremonial county of Derbyshire . The non-metropolitan county contains 30 towns with between 10,000 and 100,000 inhabitants . There is a large amount of sparsely populated agricultural upland : 75% of the population live in 25% of the area . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Lord Lucan case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Bingham,_7th_Earl_of_Lucan', 'summary': "Richard John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan ( born 18 December 1934 ; disappeared 8 November 1974 ) , commonly known as Lord Lucan , was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder . He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat , the eldest son of George Bingham , 6th Earl of Lucan by his mother Kaitlin Dawson . He was an evacuee during the Second World War but returned to attend Eton College , and served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany from 1953 to 1955 . He developed a taste for gambling and became skilled at backgammon and bridge , and he was an early member of the Clermont Club . His losses often exceeded his winnings , yet he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler . He was known as Lord Bingham from April 1949 until January 1964 , during his father 's lifetime . Lucan was considered for the role of James Bond in the cinematic adaptations of Ian Fleming 's novels . He was known for his expensive tastes ; he raced power boats and drove an Aston Martin . In 1963 , he married Veronica Duncan , with whom he had three children . The marriage collapsed late in 1972 , and he moved out of the family home at 46 Lower Belgrave Street in London 's Belgravia to a property nearby . A bitter custody battle ensued which Lucan lost , and he began to spy on his wife and record their telephone conversations , apparently obsessed with regaining custody of the children . This fixation and his gambling losses had a dramatic effect on his life and personal finances ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'London , England', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Lord Lucan 's nanny Sandra Rivett was found beaten to death in the basement of Lucan 's London home . Lucan subsequently disappeared and was never found , despite a large-scale manhunt . He was officially identified as the murderer in an inquest in 1975 and declared dead in 1999 , although his body has never been found and no facts about his supposed death have ever been established", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandra_Rivett', 'summary': "Richard John Bingham , 7th Earl of Lucan ( born 18 December 1934 ; disappeared 8 November 1974 ) , commonly known as Lord Lucan , was a British peer who disappeared after being suspected of murder . He was an Anglo-Irish aristocrat , the eldest son of George Bingham , 6th Earl of Lucan by his mother Kaitlin Dawson . He was an evacuee during the Second World War but returned to attend Eton College , and served with the Coldstream Guards in West Germany from 1953 to 1955 . He developed a taste for gambling and became skilled at backgammon and bridge , and he was an early member of the Clermont Club . His losses often exceeded his winnings , yet he left his job at a London-based merchant bank and became a professional gambler . He was known as Lord Bingham from April 1949 until January 1964 , during his father 's lifetime . Lucan was considered for the role of James Bond in the cinematic adaptations of Ian Fleming 's novels . He was known for his expensive tastes ; he raced power boats and drove an Aston Martin . In 1963 , he married Veronica Duncan , with whom he had three children . The marriage collapsed late in 1972 , and he moved out of the family home at 46 Lower Belgrave Street in London 's Belgravia to a property nearby . A bitter custody battle ensued which Lucan lost , and he began to spy on his wife and record their telephone conversations , apparently obsessed with regaining custody of the children . This fixation and his gambling losses had a dramatic effect on his life and personal finances ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inquest', 'summary': "An inquest is a judicial inquiry in common law jurisdictions , particularly one held to determine the cause of a person 's death . Conducted by a judge , jury , or government official , an inquest may or may not require an autopsy carried out by a coroner or medical examiner . Generally , inquests are conducted only when deaths are sudden or unexplained . An inquest may be called at the behest of a coroner , judge , prosecutor , or , in some jurisdictions , upon a formal request from the public . A coroner 's jury may be convened to assist in this type of proceeding . Inquest can also mean such a jury and the result of such an investigation . In general usage , inquest is also used to mean any investigation or inquiry . An inquest uses witnesses , but suspects are not permitted to defend themselves . The verdict can be , for example , natural death , accidental death , misadventure , suicide , or murder . If the verdict is murder or culpable accident , criminal prosecution may follow , and suspects are able to defend themselves there . Since juries are not used in most European civil law systems , these do not have any ( jury ) procedure similar to an inquest , but medical evidence and professional witnesses have been used in court in continental Europe for centuries . Larger inquests can be held into disasters , or in some jurisdictions ( not England and Wales ) into cases of corruption ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Murder of Lesley Molseed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Lesley_Molseed', 'summary': "The murder of Lesley Molseed , an 11-year-old British girl , occurred on 5 October 1975 in West Yorkshire , England . Stefan Kiszko ( /ˈkiːʃkoʊ/ KEESH-koh ) , an intellectually disabled young man who lived near Molseed in Greater Manchester , was wrongly convicted of sexually assaulting and murdering her , and served 16 years in prison before the conviction was overturned . Kiszko 's mental and physical condition deteriorated while he was in prison , and he died 20 months after his release in 1992 , before he could collect money owed to him for his suffering . His ordeal was described by one British MP as the worst miscarriage of justice of all time . Evidence that Kiszko could not have committed the crime was suppressed by three members of the investigation team , who were initially arrested in 1993 before charges were dropped . In 2006 , however , a DNA match led to the arrest of Ronald Castree for Molseed 's murder . He was convicted the following year and sentenced to life in prison ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rochdale , Greater Manchester , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rochdale', 'summary': "Rochdale /ˈrɒtʃdeɪl/ is a town in Greater Manchester , England , at the foothills of the South Pennines in the dale on the River Roch , 5.3 miles ( 8.5 km ) northwest of Oldham and 9.8 miles ( 15.8 km ) northeast of Manchester . It is the administrative centre of the Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale , which had a population of 211,699 in 2011 . Historically part of Lancashire , Rochdale 's recorded history begins with an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under Recedham Manor . The ancient parish of Rochdale was a division of the hundred of Salford and one of the largest ecclesiastical parishes in England , comprising several townships . By 1251 , Rochdale had become important enough to have been granted a Royal charter . Rochdale flourished into a centre of northern England 's woollen trade , and by the early 18th century was described as being remarkable for many wealthy merchants . Rochdale rose to prominence in the 19th century as a mill town and centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution . It was a boomtown of the Industrial Revolution , and amongst the first industrialised towns . The Rochdale Canal - one of the major navigable broad canals of the United Kingdom - was a highway of commerce during this time used for the haulage of cotton , wool and coal to and from the area . The socioeconomic change brought by the success of Rochdale 's textile industry in the 19th century led to its rise to borough status and it remained a dominant settlement in its region . However , during the 20th century Rochdale 's spinning capacity declined towards an eventual halt . Rochdale is the birthplace of the modern Co-operative Movement , to which more than one billion people worldwide belonged in 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_Manchester', 'summary': 'Greater Manchester is a metropolitan county and combined authority area in North West England , with a population of 2.8 million ; the third largest in England after Greater London and the West Midlands . It encompasses one of the largest metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom and comprises ten metropolitan boroughs : Bolton , Bury , Oldham , Rochdale , Stockport , Tameside , Trafford , Wigan , and the cities of Manchester and Salford . Greater Manchester was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972 , and designated a functional city region on 1 April 2011 . Greater Manchester spans 493 square miles ( 1,277 km2 ) , which roughly covers the territory of the Greater Manchester Built-up Area , the second most populous urban area in the UK . It is landlocked and borders Cheshire ( to the south-west and south ) , Derbyshire ( to the south-east ) , West Yorkshire ( to the north-east ) , Lancashire ( to the north ) and Merseyside ( to the west ) . There is a mix of high-density urban areas , suburbs , semi-rural and rural locations in Greater Manchester , but land use is mostly urban - the product of concentric urbanisation and industrialisation which occurred mostly during the 19th century when the region flourished as the global centre of the cotton industry . It has a focused central business district , formed by Manchester city centre and the adjoining parts of Salford and Trafford , but Greater Manchester is also a polycentric county with ten metropolitan districts , each of which has at least one major town centre and outlying suburbs . Greater Manchester is governed by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority ( GMCA ) , which consists of political leaders from each of the ten metropolitan borough councils , plus a directly elected mayor , with responsibility for economic development , regeneration and transport . Andy Burnham is the inaugural Mayor of Greater Manchester , elected in 2017 . For the 12 years following 1974 the county had a two-tier system of local government ; district councils shared power with the Greater Manchester County Council . The county council was abolished in 1986 , and so its districts ( the metropolitan boroughs ) effectively became unitary authority areas . However , the metropolitan county continued to exist in law and as a geographic frame of reference , and as a ceremonial county , with a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff .'}]}, {'value': 'Lesley Susan Molseed ( born Lesley Susan Anderson ) was an 11-year-old schoolgirl from Turf Hill , who was murdered on 5 October 1975 on Rishworth Moor between Rochdale and Ripponden in West Yorkshire . Stefan Ivan Kiszko , a 23-year-old local tax clerk of Ukrainian and Slovenian parentage , was wrongly convicted of her sexual assault and murder in 1976 and spent 16 years in prison before he was finally released in 1992 . He died the following year , aged 41 . The circumstances of his ordeal was described by one MP as the worst miscarriage of justice of all time . Ronald Castree , a retired local taxi driver , was eventually found guilty of the crime on 12 November 2007 and jailed for life', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ukraine', 'summary': "Ukraine ( Ukrainian : Україна , romanized : Ukrayina , pronounced [ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a country in Eastern Europe . It is bordered by Russia to the north-east ; Belarus to the north ; Poland , Slovakia and Hungary to the west ; and Romania , Moldova , and the Black Sea to the south . Ukraine is currently in a territorial dispute with Russia over the Crimean Peninsula , which Russia annexed in 2014 . Including Crimea , Ukraine has an area of 603,628 km2 ( 233,062 sq mi ) , making it both the largest country entirely within Europe and the 46th largest country in the world . Excluding Crimea , Ukraine has a population of about 42 million , making it the 32nd most populous country in the world . Its capital and largest city is Kiev . Ukrainian is the official language and its alphabet is Cyrillic . The dominant religion in the country is Eastern Orthodoxy . The territory of modern Ukraine has been inhabited since 32,000 BC . During the Middle Ages , the area was a key centre of East Slavic culture , with the powerful state of Kievan Rus ' forming the basis of Ukrainian identity . Following its fragmentation in the 13th century , the territory was contested , ruled and divided by a variety of powers , including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Russia . A Cossack republic emerged and prospered during the 17th and 18th centuries , but its territory was eventually split between Poland and the Russian Empire ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slovenia', 'summary': 'Slovenia ( /sloʊˈviːniə , slə-/ ( listen ) sloh-VEE-nee-ə ; Slovene : Slovenija [ slɔˈʋèːnija ] ) , officially the Republic of Slovenia ( Slovene : Republika Slovenija ( help·info ) , abbr . : RS ) , is a country located in Europe at the crossroads of main European cultural and trade routes . It is bordered by Italy to the west , Austria to the north , Hungary to the northeast , Croatia to the southeast , and the Adriatic Sea to the southwest . Slovenia covers 20,273 square kilometers ( 7,827 sq mi ) and has a population of 2.084 million . One of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia , Slovenia is now a parliamentary republic and member nation of the European Union , United Nations , and NATO . The capital and largest city is Ljubljana . Slovenia has a mostly mountainous terrain with a mainly continental climate , with the exception of the Slovene Littoral , which has a sub-Mediterranean climate , and of the Julian Alps in the northwest , which have an Alpine climate . Additionally , the Dinaric Alps and the Pannonian Plain meet on the territory of Slovenia . The country , marked by a significant biological diversity , is one of the most water-rich in Europe , with a dense river network , a rich aquifer system , and significant karst underground watercourses . Over half of the territory is covered by forest . The human settlement of Slovenia is dispersed and uneven . Slovenia has historically been the crossroads of Slavic , Germanic , and Romance languages and cultures .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Murder of Teresa de Simone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Teresa_de_Simone', 'summary': "Teresa Elena De Simone ( 24 June 1957 - 5 December 1979 ) was murdered in Southampton , England , in 1979 . Her murder led to one of the longest proven cases of a miscarriage of justice in English legal history . The murder occurred outside the Tom Tackle pub and was the subject of a three-year police investigation which resulted in the arrest of Sean Hodgson . Over the course of his 15-day trial it was not revealed that Hodgson was a pathological liar and had confessed to numerous crimes , including some that he could not have committed and others that did not appear to have happened . Hodgson was convicted of the murder by a unanimous jury verdict in 1982 and was sentenced to life imprisonment . [ Appeal 1 ] After serving 27 years in prison he was exonerated and released in March 2009 . DNA analysis of semen samples that had been preserved from the original crime scene showed that they could not have come from him . [ Appeal 2 ] As a result of Hodgson 's appeal , Operation Iceberg was created by the Criminal Cases Review Commission ( CCRC ) with the aim of using DNA evidence in pre-1990 rape or murder cases . This led to the review of 240 other convictions . The CCRC also requested that the Crown Prosecution Service identify and review similar murder cases from the time before DNA testing was available . In September 2009 , on the basis of DNA evidence from his exhumed body , police named David Lace as the likely killer . Lace , who was 17 at the time of the murder , had confessed to police in 1983 that he had raped and killed De Simone , but officers refused to believe him ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Southampton , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Southampton', 'summary': 'Southampton ( /saʊθˈ ( h ) æmptən/ ( listen ) ) is a city in Hampshire , South East England , 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 15 miles ( 24 km ) north-west of Portsmouth . A major port , and close to the New Forest , it lies at the northernmost point of Southampton Water , at the confluence of the River Test and Itchen , with the River Hamble joining to the south . The unitary authority had a population of 253,651 at the 2011 census . A resident of Southampton is called a Sotonian . Significant employers in the city include Southampton City Council , the University of Southampton , Solent University , Southampton Airport , Ordnance Survey , BBC South , the NHS , Associated British Ports ( ABP ) and Carnival UK . Southampton is noted for its association with the RMS Titanic , the Spitfire , as one of the departure points for D-Day , and more recently as the home port of some of the largest cruise ships in the world . Southampton also has a large shopping centre and retail park , Westquay .'}]}, {'value': 'One of the longest cases of a miscarriage of justice in British history . A three-year police investigation resulted in the arrest of Sean Hodgson , a pathological liar who confessed to numerous crimes , including ones he could not have committed and crimes that did not appear to have happened . Hodgson was sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of the murder in 1982 . After serving 27 years he was exonerated and released in 2009 . DNA analysis of semen samples from the original crime scene showed that they could not have been his . In 2009 , on the basis of DNA from his exhumed body , police named a deceased man , David Lace , as the likely killer . Lace had confessed to police in 1983 that he had killed de Simone but officers refused to believe him . Lace committed suicide in 1988', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miscarriage_of_justice', 'summary': 'A miscarriage of justice , also known as a failure of justice , occurs when a person is convicted and punished for a crime that he or she did not commit . It is seldom used as a legal defense in criminal and deportation proceedings . The term also applies to errors in the other direction - errors of impunity , or to any clearly unjust outcome in any civil case . Every miscarriage of justice in turn is a manifest injustice . Most criminal justice systems have some means to overturn or quash a wrongful conviction , but this is often difficult to achieve . In some instances a wrongful conviction is not overturned for several decades , or until after the innocent person has been executed , released from custody , or has died . Miscarriage of justice is sometimes used to describe any wrongful conviction , even when the defendant may be guilty , for example in reference to a conviction reached as the result of an unfair or disputed trial . While a miscarriage of justice is a Type I error for falsely identifying culpability , an error of impunity would be a Type II error of failing to find a culpable person guilty . However , the term miscarriage of justice is often used to describe the latter type as well . With capital punishment decreasing , the expression has acquired an extended meaning , namely any conviction for a crime not committed by the convicted person . Wrongful convictions are frequently cited by death penalty opponents as cause to eliminate death penalties to avoid executing innocent persons . In recent years , DNA evidence has been used to clear many people falsely convicted .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pseudologia_fantastica', 'summary': 'Pathological lying is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying . It was first described in the medical literature in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck . Although it is a controversial topic , pathological lying has been defined as falsification entirely disproportionate to any discernible end in view , may be extensive and very complicated , and may manifest over a period of years or even a lifetime .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Life_imprisonment', 'summary': 'Life imprisonment ( also known as imprisonment for life , life in prison , whole-life order , a life sentence , a life term , lifelong incarceration , life incarceration or simply life ) is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted persons are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural life or until paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term . Crimes for which , in some countries , a person could receive this sentence include murder , attempted murder , conspiracy to commit murder , blasphemy , apostasy , terrorism , severe child abuse , rape , child rape , espionage , treason , high treason , drug dealing , drug trafficking , drug possession , human trafficking , severe cases of fraud , severe cases of financial crimes , aggravated criminal damage in English law , and aggravated cases of arson , kidnapping , burglary , or robbery which result in death or grievous bodily harm , piracy , aircraft hijacking , and in certain cases genocide , ethnic cleansing , crimes against humanity , certain war crimes or any three felonies in case of three strikes law . Life imprisonment ( as a maximum term ) can also be imposed , in certain countries , for traffic offenses causing death . The life sentence does not exist in all countries : Portugal was the first to abolish life imprisonment , in 1884 . Where life imprisonment is a possible sentence , there may also exist formal mechanisms for requesting parole after a certain period of prison time . This means that a convict could be entitled to spend the rest of the sentence ( until that individual dies ) outside prison . Early release is usually conditional on past and future conduct , possibly with certain restrictions or obligations . In contrast , when a fixed term of imprisonment has ended , the convict is free . The length of time served and the conditions surrounding parole vary . Being eligible for parole does not necessarily ensure that parole will be granted . In some countries , including Sweden , parole does not exist but a life sentence may - after a successful application - be commuted to a fixed-term sentence , after which the culprit is released as if the sentence served was that originally imposed . In many countries around the world , particularly in the Commonwealth , courts have the authority to pass prison terms which may amount to de facto life imprisonment .'}, {'url': '/wiki/DNA_profiling', 'summary': "DNA profiling ( also called DNA fingerprinting ) is the process of determining an individual 's DNA characteristics . DNA analysis intended to identify a species , rather than an individual , is called DNA barcoding . DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations , comparing criminal suspects ' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime . It is also used in parentage testing , to establish immigration eligibility , and in genealogical and medical research . DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology , botany , and agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Semen', 'summary': 'Semen , also known as seminal fluid , is an organic fluid that may contain spermatozoa . It is secreted by the gonads ( sexual glands ) and other sexual organs of male or hermaphroditic animals and can fertilize female ova . In humans , seminal fluid contains several components besides spermatozoa : proteolytic and other enzymes as well as fructose are elements of seminal fluid which promote the survival of spermatozoa , and provide a medium through which they can move or swim . Semen is produced and originates from the seminal vesicle , which is located in the pelvis . The process that results in the discharge of semen is called ejaculation . Semen is also a form of genetic material . In animals , semen has been collected for cryoconservation . Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is a practice that calls for the collection of genetic material in efforts for conservation of a particular breed .'}]}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Linda Cook', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Linda_Cook', 'summary': "The murder of Linda Cook was committed in Portsmouth on 9 December 1986 . The subsequent trial led to a miscarriage of justice when Michael Shirley , an 18-year-old Royal Navy sailor , was wrongly convicted of the crime and sentenced to life imprisonment . In 1992 his case had been highlighted as one of 110 possible miscarriages of justice in a report presented to the Home Office by the National Association of Probation Officers and justice groups Liberty and Conviction . His conviction was eventually quashed in 2003 by the Court of Appeal after the DNA profile extracted from semen samples recovered from the victim 's body was proven not to be his . Cook 's murder took place shortly after six sexual assaults had been committed in the Buckland area of the city , and the killer was initially dubbed the Beast of Buckland by the news media . When police revealed that footprint evidence had been recovered and launched a search for matching shoes , the case became known as the Cinderella murder . Because of the brutal nature of the murder and the preceding sex attacks , Hampshire police were under public pressure to quickly make an arrest . Shirley 's later exoneration of the murder after serving 16 years of his sentence is significant as the first time that a UK court quashed a previous conviction on the basis of presentation of new DNA evidence . It was also the first occasion in which the Criminal Cases Review Commission supported an appeal on the basis of newly available DNA evidence . After serving the minimum tariff of 15 years , Shirley would have been released from prison had he confessed the killing to the parole board , but he refused to do so and said : I would have died in prison rather than admit something I did n't do . I was prepared to stay in forever if necessary to prove my innocence ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Portsmouth , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth', 'summary': "Portsmouth ( /ˈpɔːrtsməθ/ ( listen ) ) is a port city in Hampshire , England , with a total population of 205,400 residents . The city of Portsmouth is nicknamed Pompey and is mainly built on Portsea Island , a flat , low-lying island measuring 24 square kilometres ( 9 sq mi ) in area , just off the south-east coast of Hampshire . Portsmouth is the only island city in the United Kingdom , and is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London . Portsmouth is located 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 19 miles ( 31 km ) south-east of Southampton . With the surrounding towns of Gosport , Fareham , Havant and Waterlooville , Portsmouth forms the eastern half of the South Hampshire metropolitan area , which includes Southampton and Eastleigh in the western half . Portsmouth 's history can be traced back to Roman times . A significant naval port for centuries , Portsmouth has the world 's oldest dry dock . In the sixteenth century , Portsmouth was England 's first line of defence during the French invasion of 1545 . By the early nineteenth century , the world 's first mass production line was set up in Portsmouth Dockyard 's Block Mills , making it the most industrialised site in the world and birthplace of the Industrial Revolution . Portsmouth was also the most heavily fortified town in the world , and was considered the world 's greatest naval port at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica . Defences known as the Palmerston Forts were built around Portsmouth in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe . In 1926 , Portsmouth was officially elevated in status from a town to a city ."}]}, {'value': "Portsmouth barmaid Linda Cook was murdered in December 1986 and Michael Shirley , an 18-year-old Royal Navy sailor , was wrongly convicted of the crime . His conviction was eventually quashed in 2003 by the Court of Appeal after DNA recovered was proven not to be his . It was the first occasion in which the Criminal Cases Review Commission supported an appeal on the basis of newly available DNA evidence . Cook 's murder remains unsolved", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portsmouth', 'summary': "Portsmouth ( /ˈpɔːrtsməθ/ ( listen ) ) is a port city in Hampshire , England , with a total population of 205,400 residents . The city of Portsmouth is nicknamed Pompey and is mainly built on Portsea Island , a flat , low-lying island measuring 24 square kilometres ( 9 sq mi ) in area , just off the south-east coast of Hampshire . Portsmouth is the only island city in the United Kingdom , and is the only city whose population density exceeds that of London . Portsmouth is located 70 miles ( 110 km ) south-west of London and 19 miles ( 31 km ) south-east of Southampton . With the surrounding towns of Gosport , Fareham , Havant and Waterlooville , Portsmouth forms the eastern half of the South Hampshire metropolitan area , which includes Southampton and Eastleigh in the western half . Portsmouth 's history can be traced back to Roman times . A significant naval port for centuries , Portsmouth has the world 's oldest dry dock . In the sixteenth century , Portsmouth was England 's first line of defence during the French invasion of 1545 . By the early nineteenth century , the world 's first mass production line was set up in Portsmouth Dockyard 's Block Mills , making it the most industrialised site in the world and birthplace of the Industrial Revolution . Portsmouth was also the most heavily fortified town in the world , and was considered the world 's greatest naval port at the height of the British Empire throughout Pax Britannica . Defences known as the Palmerston Forts were built around Portsmouth in 1859 in anticipation of another invasion from continental Europe . In 1926 , Portsmouth was officially elevated in status from a town to a city ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Royal_Navy', 'summary': "The Royal Navy ( RN ) is the United Kingdom 's naval warfare force . Although warships were used by the English kings from the early medieval period , the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years ' War against the Kingdom of France . The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century ; the oldest of the UK 's armed services , it is known as the Senior Service . From the middle decades of the 17th century , and through the 18th century , the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy . From the mid 18th century , it was the world 's most powerful navy until the Second World War . The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the unmatched world power during the 19th and first part of the 20th centuries . Due to this historical prominence , it is common , even among non-Britons , to refer to it as the Royal Navy without qualification . Following World War I , the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size , although at the onset of World War II it was still the world 's largest . During the Cold War , the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force , hunting for Soviet submarines and mostly active in the GIUK gap . Following the collapse of the Soviet Union , its focus has returned to expeditionary operations around the world and it remains one of the world 's foremost blue-water navies . However , 21st-century reductions in naval spending have led to a personnel shortage and a reduction in the number of warships . The Royal Navy maintains a fleet of technologically sophisticated ships and submarines including two aircraft carriers , two amphibious transport docks , four ballistic missile submarines ( which maintain the UK 's nuclear deterrent ) , six nuclear fleet submarines , six guided missile destroyers , 13 frigates , 13 mine-countermeasure vessels and 22 patrol vessels ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Court_of_Appeal', 'summary': "An appellate court , commonly called an appeals court , court of appeals ( American English ) , appeal court ( British English ) , court of second instance or second instance court , is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal . In most jurisdictions , the court system is divided into at least three levels : the trial court , which initially hears cases and reviews evidence and testimony to determine the facts of the case ; at least one intermediate appellate court ; and a supreme court ( or court of last resort ) which primarily reviews the decisions of the intermediate courts . A jurisdiction 's supreme court is that jurisdiction 's highest appellate court . Appellate courts nationwide can operate under varying rules . The authority of appellate courts to review the decisions of lower courts varies widely from one jurisdiction to another . In some areas , the appellate court has limited powers of review . Generally , an appellate court 's judgment provides the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed , setting out with specificity the court 's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed , reversed , remanded or modified ."}, {'url': '/wiki/DNA_profiling', 'summary': "DNA profiling ( also called DNA fingerprinting ) is the process of determining an individual 's DNA characteristics . DNA analysis intended to identify a species , rather than an individual , is called DNA barcoding . DNA profiling is a forensic technique in criminal investigations , comparing criminal suspects ' profiles to DNA evidence so as to assess the likelihood of their involvement in the crime . It is also used in parentage testing , to establish immigration eligibility , and in genealogical and medical research . DNA profiling has also been used in the study of animal and plant populations in the fields of zoology , botany , and agriculture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Criminal_Cases_Review_Commission', 'summary': 'The Criminal Cases Review Commission ( CCRC ) is the statutory body responsible for investigating alleged miscarriages of justice in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland . It was established by Section 8 of the Criminal Appeal Act of 1995 and began work on 31 March 1997 . The Commission is the only body in its area of jurisdiction with the power to send a case back to an appeals court if it concludes that there is a real possibility that the court will overturn a conviction or reduce a sentence . Since starting work in 1997 , it has on average referred 33 cases a year for appeal .'}]}, {'value': '1991-1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Michael Sams case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Sams', 'summary': 'Michael Benneman Sams ( born 11 August 1941 ) is an English kidnapper , extortionist and murderer . He kidnapped Julie Dart in July 1991 and later murdered her after she tried to escape . He subsequently kidnapped Stephanie Slater in January 1992 , eventually releasing her after payment of a ransom . According to Slater , she was raped during her imprisonment , but Sams has denied this . After Sams was convicted and imprisoned , he continued to commit offences , attacking a female probation officer . He also became notorious for his attempts to sue the prison , initially successfully , for losing his artificial leg , and then because his bed was too hard .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'N/A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Michael Sams was a rapist , kidnapper , extortionist and murderer who murdered 18-year-old Leeds woman Julie Dart on 9 July 1991 and then kidnapped Birmingham estate agent Stephanie Slater on 22 January 1992 , though he later let her go . In July 1993 , he was sentenced to life imprisonment for Dart 's murder and Slater 's abduction . Sams had denied the charges in court but confessed to police in prison three days after he was found guilty", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rapist', 'summary': "Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse or other forms of sexual penetration carried out against a person without that person 's consent . The act may be carried out by physical force , coercion , abuse of authority , or against a person who is incapable of giving valid consent , such as one who is unconscious , incapacitated , has an intellectual disability or is below the legal age of consent . The term rape is sometimes used interchangeably with the term sexual assault . The rate of reporting , prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions . Internationally , the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged , per 100,000 people , from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median . Worldwide , rape is primarily committed by males against females . Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows , and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape . Widespread and systematic rape ( e.g. , war rape ) and sexual slavery can occur during international conflict . These practices are crimes against humanity and war crimes . Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide when committed with the intent to destroy , in whole or in part , a targeted ethnic group . People who have been raped can be traumatized and develop posttraumatic stress disorder . Serious injuries can result along with the risk of pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Extortionist', 'summary': "Extortion ( also called shakedown , and , in a legal sense incorrectly , exaction ) is obtaining benefit through coercion . In most jurisdictions it is likely to constitute a criminal offense ; the bulk of this article deals with such cases . Extortion is sometimes called the protection racket since the racketeers often phrase their demands as payment for protection from ( real or hypothetical ) threats from unspecified other parties ; though often , and almost always , such protection is simply abstinence of harm from the same party , and such is implied in the protection offer . Extortion is commonly practiced by organized crime . In some jurisdictions , actually obtaining the benefit is not required to commit the offense , and making a threat of violence which refers to a requirement of a payment of money or property to halt future violence is sufficient to commit the offense . Exaction refers not only to extortion or the demanding and obtaining of something through force , but additionally , in its formal definition , means the infliction of something such as pain and suffering or making somebody endure something unpleasant . The term extortion is often used metaphorically to refer to usury or to price-gouging , though neither is legally considered extortion . It is also often used loosely to refer to everyday situations where one person feels indebted against their will , to another , in order to receive an essential service or avoid legal consequences . Neither extortion nor blackmail requires a threat of a criminal act , such as violence , merely a threat used to elicit actions , money , or property from the object of the extortion . Such threats include the filing of reports ( true or not ) of criminal behavior to the police , revelation of damaging facts ( such as pictures of the object of the extortion in a compromising position ) , etc . In law extortion can refer to political corruption , such as selling one 's office or influence peddling , [ citation needed ] but in general vocabulary the word usually first brings to mind blackmail or protection rackets . The logical connection between the corruption sense of the word and the other senses is that to demand bribes in one 's official capacity is blackmail or racketeering in essence ( that is , you need access to this resource , the government restricts access to it through my office , and I will charge you unfairly and unlawfully for such access ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murderer', 'summary': 'Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse , especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought . This state of mind may , depending upon the jurisdiction , distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide , such as manslaughter . Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice , brought about by reasonable provocation , or diminished capacity . Involuntary manslaughter , where it is recognized , is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent , recklessness . Most societies consider murder to be an extremely serious crime , and thus that a person convicted of murder should receive harsh punishments for the purposes of retribution , deterrence , rehabilitation , or incapacitation . In most countries , a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence , possibly a life sentence ; and in a few , the death penalty may be imposed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Birmingham', 'summary': "Birmingham ( /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ ( listen ) BUR-ming-əm ) is a major city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands , England . It is the second-largest city and metropolitan area in England and the United Kingdom , [ b ] with roughly 1.1 million inhabitants within the city area and 3.8 million inhabitants within the metropolitan area . Birmingham is commonly referred to as the second city of the United Kingdom . Located in the West Midlands county and region in England , approximately 100 miles ( 160 km ) from Central London , Birmingham , as one of the United Kingdom 's major cities , is considered to be the social , cultural , financial , and commercial centre of both the East and West Midlands . Distinctively , Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it , mainly the River Tame and its tributaries River Rea and River Cole - one of the closest main rivers is the Severn , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of the city centre . Birmingham 's urban area is the second-largest in the United Kingdom , with its most recently estimated population in 2017 being 2,897,303 , and it also lies within the most populated English district . A market town in the medieval period , Birmingham grew in the 18th-century Midlands Enlightenment and subsequent Industrial Revolution , which saw advances in science , technology , and economic development , producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern industrial society . By 1791 it was being hailed as the first manufacturing town in the world . Birmingham 's distinctive economic profile , with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades , encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation and provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century . The Watt steam engine was invented in Birmingham . The resulting high level of social mobility also fostered a culture of political radicalism which , under leaders from Thomas Attwood to Joseph Chamberlain , was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London , and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy . From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943 , Birmingham was bombed heavily by the German Luftwaffe in what is known as the Birmingham Blitz ."}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Rachel Nickell murder case', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachel_Nickell_murder_case', 'summary': "Rachel Jane Nickell ( 23 November 1968 - 15 July 1992 ) was a British woman who was murdered on Wimbledon Common , in South-West London on 15 July 1992 . The initial police investigation of the crime resulted in the arrest in controversial circumstances of an innocent man , who was acquitted . The perpetrator of the murder was identified by a later police investigation , which secured a conviction in 2008 . Nickell was walking with her young child on Wimbledon Common when she was attacked and murdered by an assailant . A lengthy police investigation to find the perpetrator followed , during which a wrong suspect was charged and acquitted before the case went cold . In 2002 , with more advanced forensic techniques , Scotland Yard reopened the case and on 18 December 2008 Robert Napper pleaded guilty to Nickell 's manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility . Napper , who was already incarcerated for life at that time for a 1993 double-murder , was sentenced at a court trial to indefinite detention at Broadmoor High Security Hospital ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wimbledon Common , London England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wimbledon_Common', 'summary': 'Wimbledon Common is a large open space in Wimbledon , southwest London . There are three named areas : Wimbledon Common , Putney Heath , and Putney Lower Common , which together are managed under the name Wimbledon and Putney Commons totalling 460 hectares ( 1,140 acres ) . Putney Lower Common is separated from the rest of the Common by about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometres ) of built-up area of southwest Putney .'}]}, {'value': "Rachel Nickell was the victim of a sexual assault and murder on Wimbledon Common , London , on 15 July 1992 , witnessed by her two-year-old son Alex . She was stabbed 49 times . On 18 December 2008 , Robert Napper pleaded guilty to Nickell 's manslaughter on the grounds of diminished responsibility . Colin Stagg had originally been charged with the murder in August 1993 but cleared a year later", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sexual_assault', 'summary': "Sexual assault is an act in which a person intentionally sexually touches another person without that person 's consent , or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will . It is a form of sexual violence , which includes rape ( forced vaginal , anal or oral penetration or drug facilitated sexual assault ) , groping , child sexual abuse or the torture of the person in a sexual manner ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Murder', 'summary': 'Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse , especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought . This state of mind may , depending upon the jurisdiction , distinguish murder from other forms of unlawful homicide , such as manslaughter . Manslaughter is a killing committed in the absence of malice , brought about by reasonable provocation , or diminished capacity . Involuntary manslaughter , where it is recognized , is a killing that lacks all but the most attenuated guilty intent , recklessness . Most societies consider murder to be an extremely serious crime , and thus that a person convicted of murder should receive harsh punishments for the purposes of retribution , deterrence , rehabilitation , or incapacitation . In most countries , a person convicted of murder generally faces a long-term prison sentence , possibly a life sentence ; and in a few , the death penalty may be imposed .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wimbledon_Common', 'summary': 'Wimbledon Common is a large open space in Wimbledon , southwest London . There are three named areas : Wimbledon Common , Putney Heath , and Putney Lower Common , which together are managed under the name Wimbledon and Putney Commons totalling 460 hectares ( 1,140 acres ) . Putney Lower Common is separated from the rest of the Common by about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 kilometres ) of built-up area of southwest Putney .'}]}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Katie Rackliff', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Camberley , Surrey , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Camberley', 'summary': "Camberley /ˈkæmbərliː/ is a town in Surrey , England , 31 miles ( 50 km ) southwest of Central London , between the M3 and M4 motorways . The town is in the far west of the county , close to the borders of Hampshire and Berkshire ; the boundaries intersect on the western edge of the town where all three counties converge on the A30 national route . It is the main town in the borough of Surrey Heath . Camberley 's suburbs include Crawley Hill , York Town , Diamond Ridge , Heatherside , and Old Dean ."}]}, {'value': "On the evening of June 7 , 1992 , Sharon Carr had been hanging out with two older men in Surrey , England , before spotting a distraught 18-year-old hairdresser named Katie Rackliff , who had just suffered a break-up with her ex-boyfriend . Under the guise of providing Rackliff with a ride back to her house , Carr tricked the woman into joining the group . Instead of pulling through on her initial offer , Sharon Carr and her accomplices drove Rackliff out into an empty area . Rackliff , who had grown nervous and suspicious , fled the car , with Sharon immediately on her tail . Before Rackliff could flee the scene , Carr withdrew a blade and stabbed Rackliff approximately 32 times and abandoning her body . Upon the discovery of Katie Rackliff 's body , police had assumed a male suspect rather than a female due to the gruesome nature of the crime scene . Carr was jailed in 1994 after police discovered her diaries with entries relating to Rackliff 's murder , after she stabbed a pupil at her secondary school . She remains in jail and will likely never be released as she is regarded a 'danger to society '", 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Murder of Suzanne Capper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Suzanne_Capper', 'summary': "The murder of Suzanne Capper was committed in Greater Manchester , England in December 1992 . Sixteen-year-old Suzanne Jane Capper died in Withington Hospital on 18 December 1992 , from multiple organ failure arising from 80% burns after she was deliberately set on fire on 14 December . Before her death , Capper related that she had previously been kidnapped and kept prisoner for seven days at a house in Moston , Manchester , where she was beaten and tortured . She was taken from the house by car , driven into the countryside and forced out of the car virtually naked into a wood at Werneth Low where petrol was poured over her and she was set alight . The torture and murder arose from the avenging [ of ] trivial grievances : a sexual insult , infection with pubic lice and the loss of a pink duffel coat . Detectives conducting the inquiry said that for sheer mindless brutality the crime ranked alongside the torture inflicted on children by the Moors murderers . The case went to trial in November 1993 , but received comparatively little publicity as it coincided with the trial of Robert Thompson and Jon Venables for the murder of James Bulger . On 17 December 1993 , Jean Powell , aged 26 , her ex-husband Glyn Powell , aged 29 , and Bernadette McNeilly , aged 24 , were sentenced to life imprisonment for their parts in the murder . Jeffrey Leigh , aged 27 , was jailed for twelve years for false imprisonment . Jean Powell 's brother Clifford Pook , aged 18 , was sentenced to fifteen years in a Young Offenders ' Institution for false imprisonment and conspiracy to cause grievous bodily harm . Anthony Michael Dudson , who was 16 years old at the time of the murder , was also found guilty of murder and sentenced to be detained at Her Majesty 's pleasure under section 53 ( 1 ) of the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moston , Manchester , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moston,_Manchester', 'summary': 'Moston is a district of Manchester , in North West England , approximately 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) north-east of the city centre . Historically in Lancashire , Moston is a predominantly residential area , with a population of 14,518 at the 2011 census and an area of approximately 1,300 acres ( 5.3 km2 ) .'}]}, {'value': '16-year-old Suzanne Jane Capper was kidnapped , imprisoned for seven days and tortured by six individuals . She was eventually driven out to a remote location by four of her captors , where she was stripped naked , covered in petrol and set alight . Despite horrific injuries , Capper was able to wave down a passing motorist for help . In hospital she was able to give the names of her six assailants and their addresses before falling into a coma . She died four days later . All the assailants were sentenced to long periods in jail , with the main perpetrators given life', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The murder of Stephen Lawrence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Lawrence', 'summary': 'Stephen Lawrence ( 13 September 1974 - 22 April 1993 ) was a black British teenager from Plumstead , Southeast London , who was murdered in a racially motivated attack while waiting for a bus in Well Hall , Eltham on the evening of 22 April 1993 . The case became a cause célèbre ; its fallout included cultural changes of attitudes on racism and the police , and to the law and police practice . It also led to the partial revocation of the rule against double jeopardy . Two of the perpetrators were convicted of murder in 2012 . After the initial investigation , five suspects were arrested but not charged . It was suggested during the investigation that Lawrence was killed because he was black , and that the handling of the case by the police and Crown Prosecution Service was affected by issues of race . A 1998 public inquiry , headed by Sir William Macpherson , examined the original Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) investigation and concluded that the force was institutionally racist . It also recommended that the double jeopardy rule should be repealed in murder cases to allow a retrial upon new and compelling evidence : this was effected in 2005 upon enactment of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 . The publication in 1999 of the resulting Macpherson Report has been called one of the most important moments in the modern history of criminal justice in Britain . Jack Straw , Home Secretary from 1997 to 2001 , commented in 2012 that ordering the inquiry was the single most important decision I made as Home Secretary . In 2010 the case was said to be one of the highest-profile unsolved racially motivated murders . On 18 May 2011 , after a further review , it was announced that two of the original suspects , Gary Dobson and David Norris , were to stand trial for the murder in the light of new evidence .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eltham , London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eltham', 'summary': 'Eltham ( /ˈɛltəm/ ) is a district of southeast London , England , within the Royal Borough of Greenwich . It is 8.7 miles ( 14.0 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . It is within the historic county of Kent . The three wards of Eltham North , South and West have a total population of 35,459 .'}]}, {'value': 'A Jamaican-born architecture student , Stephen Lawrence was attacked by a group of white males and stabbed to death while waiting for a bus in Eltham , south-east London . Although several people were arrested for the attack , none were brought to trial due to lack of evidence . Two local men in their thirties , who had both been teenagers at the time of the killing and were among those originally arrested , were eventually found guilty of the murder in January 2012 and jailed for life', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Murder of Céline Figard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Murder_of_Céline_Figard', 'summary': "Céline Figard ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ selin fiɡaʁ ] ; 23 May 1976 - 19 December 1995 ) was a French woman who went missing and was murdered during a visit to the United Kingdom in December 1995 . She accepted a lift from a lorry driver at the Chieveley services on the M4 in Chieveley , Berkshire , on 19 December , but never arrived at her destination . Following an appeal for information on her whereabouts and police enquiries , her body was discovered on 29 December , at a lay-by on the A449 in Hawford , Worcestershire . A post-mortem examination determined she had been strangled and bludgeoned to death . The case received extensive news coverage in the UK around the Christmas and New Year period , amid fears that it could be linked to a series of killings around the English Midlands , which police called the work of a Midlands Ripper . The murder investigation included the UK 's first national DNA screening programme in the hunt for a murder suspect , covering over 5,000 people . Stuart William Morgan , a 36-year-old lorry driver from Poole , Dorset , was arrested in February 1996 after a colleague recognised his image from a photofit . Morgan was later charged with Figard 's murder , and convicted in October . Detectives concluded that after raping , strangling and bludgeoning her , he carried her body in his vehicle for ten days over the Christmas period before dumping it . Morgan was given a life sentence , with a recommendation to serve at least twenty years . An appeal in February 1998 was rejected by the Court of Appeal , and in 2009 the High Court turned down his application for a review of the length of his sentence . He became eligible for parole in February 2016 , and has continued to maintain his innocence ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worcestershire , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worcestershire', 'summary': 'Worcestershire ( /ˈwʊstərʃər/ ( listen ) WUUS-tər-shər , /-ʃɪər/ -\u2060sheer ; written abbreviation : Worcs ) is a county in the West Midlands of England . The cathedral city of Worcester is the largest settlement and county town . Other major towns in the county include Bromsgrove , Droitwich , Evesham , Kidderminster , Malvern , Redditch , and Stourport-on-Severn . The north-east of Worcestershire includes part of the industrial West Midlands ; the rest of the county is largely rural . The county is divided into six administrative districts : Worcester , Redditch , Wychavon , Malvern Hills , Wyre Forest , and Bromsgrove . The area that is now Worcestershire was absorbed into the unified Kingdom of England in 927 , at which time it was constituted as a county ( see History of Worcestershire ) . Over the centuries the county borders have been modified , but it was not until 1844 that substantial changes were made . This culminated with the abolition of Worcestershire in 1974 with its northern area becoming part of the West Midlands and the rest part of the county of Hereford and Worcester . However , in 1998 the county of Hereford and Worcester was abolished and Worcestershire was reconstituted without the northern area ceded to the West Midlands .'}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': 'Rape and murder of the young Frenchwoman student in accounting and management 19-year-old Céline Figard on December 19 , 1995 by Stuart William Morgan driver-road . Morgan was given a life sentence , with a recommendation to serve at least twenty years . An appeal in February 1998 was rejected by the Court of Appeal , and in 2009 the High Court turned down his application for a review of the length of his sentence . He became eligible for parole in February 2016 , and has continued to maintain his innocence . While in the UK , Céline Figard is remembered in a memorial garden established at a church in the Worcestershire village of Ombersley , close to where her body was discovered', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1999', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jill Dando Murder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jill_Dando', 'summary': "Jill Wendy Dando ( 9 November 1961 - 26 April 1999 ) was a British journalist , television presenter and newsreader . She spent most of her career at the BBC and was the corporation 's Personality of the Year in 1997 . At the time of her death , her television work included co-presenting the BBC One programme Crimewatch with Nick Ross . On the morning of 26 April 1999 , Dando was shot dead outside her home in Fulham , London . It prompted the biggest murder inquiry conducted by the Metropolitan Police and the country 's largest criminal investigation since the hunt for the Yorkshire Ripper . A local man , Barry George , was convicted and imprisoned for the murder , but was later acquitted after an appeal and retrial . The case remains unsolved ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fulham , West London , England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fulham', 'summary': "Fulham ( /ˈfʊləm/ ) is an area of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in South West London , England , 3.7 miles ( 6.0 km ) south-west of Charing Cross . It lies on the north bank of the River Thames , between Hammersmith and Kensington and Chelsea , facing Wandsworth , Putney and Barn Elms , with the London Wetland Centre in Barnes . It has a traditional population of working people who have been partially displaced by recent migrants and affluent incomers . Fulham has a history of industry and enterprise dating back to the 15th century , with pottery , tapestry-weaving , paper-making and brewing in the 17th and 18th centuries in present-day Fulham High Street , and later involvement in the automotive industry , early aviation , food production , and laundries . In the 19th-century there was glass-blowing and this resurged in the 21st-century with the Aronson-Noon studio and Zest gallery in Rickett Street that fell victim to the so-called 'Earl 's Court Regeneration ' scheme in 2012 . Lillie Bridge Depot , a railway engineering depot opened in 1872 , is associated with the building and extension of the London Underground , the electrification of Tube lines from the nearby Lots Road Power Station , and for well over a century has been the maintenance hub for rolling stock and track . Two football clubs , Fulham and Chelsea , play in Fulham . There are two exclusive sporting clubs , the Hurlingham Club , known for polo , and the Queen 's tennis club , known for its annual pre-Wimbledon tennis tournament . In the 1800s , Lillie Bridge Grounds hosted the first meetings of the Amateur Athletic Association of England , the second FA Cup Final , and the first amateur boxing matches . The Lillie Bridge area was the home ground of the Middlesex County Cricket Club , before it moved to Marylebone . Since the late 20th-century Fulham has a reputation as one of the most sought-after locations in London and has the highest capital values per square foot of prime South West London . Fulham is considered a prime London area by estate agents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/London', 'summary': "London is the capital and largest city of England and of the United Kingdom . Standing on the River Thames in the south-east of England , at the head of its 50-mile ( 80 km ) estuary leading to the North Sea , London has been a major settlement for two millennia . Londinium was founded by the Romans . The City of London , London 's ancient core − an area of just 1.12 square miles ( 2.9 km2 ) and colloquially known as the Square Mile − retains boundaries that closely follow its medieval limits . [ note 1 ] The City of Westminster is also an Inner London borough holding city status . Greater London is governed by the Mayor of London and the London Assembly . [ note 2 ] London is considered to be one of the world 's most important global cities and has been termed the world 's most powerful , most desirable , most influential , most visited , most expensive , innovative , sustainable , most investment friendly , and most popular for work city . London exerts a considerable impact upon the arts , commerce , education , entertainment , fashion , finance , healthcare , media , professional services , research and development , tourism and transportation . London ranks 26th out of 300 major cities for economic performance . It is one of the largest financial centres and has either the fifth or the sixth largest metropolitan area GDP . [ note 3 ] It is the most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the busiest city airport system as measured by passenger traffic . It is the leading investment destination , hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city ."}]}, {'value': "Jill Dando , a television presenter for the BBC and host of Crimewatch , was murdered by an unknown gunman outside her home in West London . After a high-profile investigation by the Metropolitan Police , neighbour Barry George was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in July 2001 . In August 2008 he was acquitted after the jury found the police 's case too weakly founded . Nobody else has ever been charged in connection with the murder", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) is a British public service broadcaster . Its headquarters are at Broadcasting House in Westminster , London . It is the world 's oldest national broadcaster , and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees . It employs over 22,000 staff in total , more than 16,000 of whom are in public sector broadcasting . The total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time , flexible , and fixed-contract staff are included . The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Digital , Culture , Media and Sport . Its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee which is charged to all British households , companies , and organisations using any type of equipment to receive or record live television broadcasts and iPlayer catch-up . The fee is set by the British Government , agreed by Parliament , and used to fund the BBC 's radio , TV , and online services covering the nations and regions of the UK . Since 1 April 2014 , it has also funded the BBC World Service ( launched in 1932 as the BBC Empire Service ) , which broadcasts in 28 languages and provides comprehensive TV , radio , and online services in Arabic and Persian . Around a quarter of BBC 's revenue comes from its commercial subsidiary BBC Studios ( formerly BBC Worldwide ) , which sells BBC programmes and services internationally and also distributes the BBC 's international 24-hour English-language news services BBC World News , and from BBC.com , provided by BBC Global News Ltd . In 2009 , the company was awarded the Queen 's Award for Enterprise in recognition of its international achievements . From its inception , through the Second World War ( where its broadcasts helped to unite the nation ) , to the 21st century , the BBC has played a prominent role in British life and culture ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Crimewatch', 'summary': "Crimewatch ( formerly Crimewatch UK ) is a British television programme produced by the BBC , that reconstructs major unsolved crimes in order to gain information from the public which may assist in solving the case . The programme was originally broadcast once a month on BBC One , although in more recent years it was usually broadcast roughly once every two months . Crimewatch was first broadcast on 7 June 1984 , and is based on the German TV show Aktenzeichen XY … ungelöst ( which translates as File Reference XY … Unsolved ) . Nick Ross and Sue Cook presented the show for the first eleven years , until Cook 's departure in June 1995 . Cook was replaced by Jill Dando . After Dando was murdered in April 1999 , Ross hosted Crimewatch alone until January 2000 when Fiona Bruce subsequently joined the show . Kirsty Young and Matthew Amroliwala replaced Ross and Bruce following their departures in 2007 . It was announced on 15 October 2008 that the BBC would move the production of shows such as Crimewatch to studios in Cardiff . Young and Amroliwala remained as the lead presenters until 2015 . Following a brief period with guest presenter Sophie Raworth in 2016 , it was announced that the show would relaunch in September 2016 with a new weekly format . The new presenters were announced as Jeremy Vine and Tina Daheley . The new series began on 5 September 2016 , with the final episode broadcast on 20 March 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_Police', 'summary': "The Metropolitan Police Service ( MPS ) , formerly and still commonly known as the Metropolitan Police and informally as the Met , Scotland Yard , or the Yard , is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement in the Metropolitan Police District , which currently consists of the 32 London boroughs . The MPD does not include the square mile of the City of London , which is policed by the much smaller City of London Police . The Met also has significant national responsibilities , such as co-ordinating and leading on UK-wide national counter-terrorism matters and protecting the Royal Family , certain members of Her Majesty 's Government and others as deemed appropriate . As the police force for the capital , the Met has significant unique responsibilities and challenges within its police area , such as protecting 164 foreign embassies and High Commissions , policing Heathrow Airport ( the busiest airport in Europe ) , policing and protecting the Palace of Westminster , and dealing with significantly more protests and events than any other force in the country ( 3,500 such events in 2016 ) . As of March 2018 , the Met had 40,327 full-time personnel . This included 30,390 police officers , 8,027 police staff , 1,315 police community support officers and 595 designated officers . This number excludes the 1,731 special constables , who work voluntarily part-time ( a minimum of 16 hours a month ) and who have the same powers and uniform as their regular colleagues . This makes the Metropolitan Police , in terms of officer numbers , the largest police force in the United Kingdom by a significant margin , and one of the biggest in the world . In terms of its police area ( primary geographic area of responsibility ) , leaving its national responsibilities aside , the Met has the eighth-smallest police area of the territorial police forces in the United Kingdom . The overall operational leader of the force is the Commissioner , whose formal title is Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis . The Commissioner is answerable , responsible and accountable to the Queen , the Home Office and the Mayor of London , through the Mayor 's Office for Policing and Crime . The post of Commissioner was first held jointly by Sir Charles Rowan and Sir Richard Mayne ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barry_George', 'summary': "Barry Michael George ( born 15 April 1960 , also known as Barry Bulsara ) is a British man who was found guilty of the murder of British television presenter Jill Dando , and whose conviction was subsequently overturned on appeal . Dando 's profile and popularity ensured high public interest in the case . When no motive could be found , and no evidence emerged from criminals or British intelligence of a contract or conspiracy to kill Dando , police began to reassess evidence that had been set aside at the start of the inquiry . George was in the area at the time , sought to plant false alibis , had a history of violence and stalking women , took photos of female TV presenters and despite denials was found to have possessed a gun . However , when arrested a year after the murder , the only non-circumstantial evidence was a single particle of firearm discharge residue - a speck that matched the ammunition used in the killing . He was convicted of murder , but the forensic evidence was later discounted and his conviction was subsequently judged unsafe by the Court of Appeal , and was quashed in 2007 . After a retrial , he was acquitted on 1 August 2008 . His claims for compensation for wrongful imprisonment have been dismissed ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Individual murders -- 1950s-1990s', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Major_crimes_in_the_United_Kingdom_5', 'intro': 'This is a list of major crimes in the United Kingdom that received significant media coverage or led to changes in legislation. Legally each deliberate and unlawful killing of a human being is murder; there are no crimes of assassination or serial killing as such, for example.'}
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What is the name of the case whose location has a total population of 35,459 ?
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murder of Stephen Lawrence
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037dfa5946ae4893
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_College_Baseball_All-America_Team', 'title': '1958 College Baseball All-America Team', 'header': ['Position', 'Name', 'School'], 'data': [{'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Wedin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Connecticut', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies', 'summary': "The UConn Huskies ( or Connecticut Huskies ) are the athletic teams that represent the University of Connecticut . The school is a member of the NCAA 's Division I and the American Athletic Conference . The university 's football team plays at Rentschler Field , and the men 's and women 's basketball teams play on-campus at Harry A. Gampel Pavilion and off-campus at the XL Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Pitcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pitcher', 'summary': "In baseball , the pitcher is the player who throws the baseball from the pitcher 's mound toward the catcher to begin each play , with the goal of retiring a batter , who attempts to either make contact with the pitched ball or draw a walk . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the pitcher is assigned the number 1 . The pitcher is often considered the most important player on the defensive side of the game , and as such is situated at the right end of the defensive spectrum . There are many different types of pitchers , such as the starting pitcher , relief pitcher , middle reliever , lefty specialist , setup man , and the closer . Traditionally , the pitcher also bats . Starting in 1973 with the American League and spreading to further leagues throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the hitting duties of the pitcher have generally been given over to the position of designated hitter , a cause of some controversy . The National League in Major League Baseball and the Japanese Central League are among the remaining leagues that have not adopted the designated hitter position ."}]}, {'value': 'Jack Rumohr', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Michigan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Western_Michigan_Broncos', 'summary': "The Western Michigan Broncos are a National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) team representing Western Michigan University ( WMU ) . They compete in the Mid-American Conference in men 's baseball , basketball , football , soccer and tennis ; and women 's basketball , cross-country , golf , gymnastics , soccer , softball , track and field , and volleyball . The men 's ice hockey team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference . The Broncos also have a flight team , the SkyBroncos , who have won the National Intercollegiate Flying Association ( NIFA ) National Championship award five times . The Broncos have won two NCAA national championships . The men 's cross country team won the NCAA title in 1964 and 1965 . WMU finished as national runners up in 1955 for baseball and 1958 for men 's cross country . The facilities include Waldo Stadium ( football ) , University Arena ( men 's and women 's basketball , volleyball ) , Lawson Arena ( hockey ) , Hyames Field ( baseball ) , Ebert Field ( softball ) , Sorensen Courts/West Hills Athletic Club ( men 's and women 's tennis ) , and Kanley Track ( women 's track and field ) . The soccer teams compete at the WMU Soccer Complex located near the Parkview Campus . The school 's primary rival is Central Michigan University ."}]}, {'value': 'Catcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Catcher', 'summary': "Catcher is a position for a baseball or softball player . When a batter takes his/her turn to hit , the catcher crouches behind home plate , in front of the ( home ) umpire , and receives the ball from the pitcher . In addition to this primary duty , the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well . The role of the catcher is similar to that of the wicket-keeper in cricket , but in cricket , wicketkeepers are increasingly known for their batting abilities . Positioned behind home plate , the catcher can see the whole field , and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play . The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals . The calls are based on the pitcher 's mechanics and strengths , as well as the batter 's tendencies and weaknesses . Foul tips , bouncing balls in the dirt , and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher , necessitating the use of protective equipment . This includes a mask , chest and throat protectors , shin guards , and a heavily padded catcher 's mitt . Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game 's strategies , the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number of managers in both Major League Baseball and Minor League Baseball , including such prominent examples as Connie Mack , Steve O'Neill , Al López , Mike Scioscia , and Joe Torre . The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season , and can have a negative effect on their offensive output . Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching , if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills , teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses ."}]}, {'value': 'Ralph Holding', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stanford_Cardinal_baseball', 'summary': 'The Stanford Cardinal baseball team represents Stanford University in NCAA Division I college baseball . Along with most other Stanford athletic teams , the baseball team participates in the Pac-12 Conference . The Cardinal play their home games on campus at Klein Field at Sunken Diamond , and they are currently coached by David Esquer .'}]}, {'value': 'First baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/First_baseman', 'summary': "First base , or 1B , is the first of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a baserunner to score a run for that player 's team . A first baseman is the player on the team playing defense who fields the area nearest first base , and is responsible for the majority of plays made at that base . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the first baseman is assigned the number 3 . Also called first sacker or cornerman , the first baseman is ideally a tall player who throws left-handed and possesses good flexibility and quick reflexes . Flexibility is needed because the first baseman receives throws from the other infielders , the catcher and the pitcher after they have fielded ground balls . In order for the runner to be called out , the first baseman must be able to stretch towards the throw and catch it before the runner reaches first base . First base is often referred to as the other hot corner - the hot corner being third base - and therefore , like the third baseman , he must have quick reflexes to field the hardest hit balls down the foul line , mainly by left-handed pull hitters and right-handed hitters hitting to the opposite field . They often are power hitters who have a substantial number of home runs and extra base hits while maintaining a .270 plus batting average . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'Frank Saia', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Harvard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harvard_Crimson', 'summary': "The Harvard Crimson are the athletic teams of Harvard University . The school 's teams compete in NCAA Division I . As of 2013 , there were 42 Division I intercollegiate varsity sports teams for women and men at Harvard , more than at any other NCAA Division I college in the country . Like the other Ivy League universities , Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships ."}]}, {'value': 'Second baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Second_baseman', 'summary': 'In baseball and softball , second baseman is a fielding position in the infield , between second and first base . The second baseman often possesses quick hands and feet , needs the ability to get rid of the ball quickly , and must be able to make the pivot on a double play . In addition , second basemen are usually right-handed ; only four left-handed throwing players have ever played second base in Major League Baseball since 1950 . In the numbering system used to record defensive plays , the second baseman is assigned the number 4 . Good second basemen need to have very good range since they have to field balls closer to the first baseman who is often holding runners on , or moving towards the base to cover . On a batted ball to right field , the second baseman goes out towards the ball for the relay . Due to these requirements , second base is sometimes a primarily defensive position in the modern game , but there are hitting stars as well .'}]}, {'value': 'Bernie Parrish', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bernie_Parrish', 'summary': "Bernard Paul Parrish ( April 29 , 1936 - October 23 , 2019 ) was an American college and professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League ( NFL ) and American Football League ( AFL ) for eight seasons during the 1950s and 1960s . Parrish played college football for the University of Florida , and thereafter , he played professionally for the Cleveland Browns of the NFL and the Houston Oilers of the AFL . Parrish 's football memoirs later stirred controversy ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_Gators_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida Gators baseball team represents the University of Florida in the sport of baseball . Florida competes in Division I of the National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) , and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . They play their home games in Alfred A. McKethan Stadium on the university 's Gainesville , Florida campus , and are currently led by head coach Kevin O'Sullivan . In the 105-season history of the Florida baseball program , the team has won 15 SEC championships and has appeared in 12 College World Series tournaments . The Gators won their first national championship in 2017 ."}]}, {'value': 'Third baseman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Third_baseman', 'summary': "A third baseman , abbreviated 3B , is the player in baseball whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base - the third of four bases a baserunner must touch in succession to score a run . In the scoring system used to record defensive plays , the third baseman is assigned the number ' 5 ' . The third baseman requires good reflexes in reacting to batted balls , as he is often the closest infielder ( roughly 90-120 feet ) to the batter . The third base position requires a strong and accurate arm , as the third baseman often makes long throws to first base . The third baseman sometimes must throw quickly to second base in time to start a double play . The third baseman must also field fly balls in fair and foul territory . Third base is known as the hot corner , because the third baseman is relatively close to the batter and most right-handed hitters tend to hit the ball hard in this direction . A third baseman must possess good hand-eye coordination and quick reactions in order to catch hard line drives sometimes in excess of 125 miles per hour ( 201 km/h ) . Third basemen often must begin in a position even closer to the batter if a bunt is expected , creating a hazard if the ball is instead hit sharply . As with middle infielders , right-handed throwing players are standard at the position because they do not need to turn their body before throwing across the infield to first base . Mike Squires , who played fourteen games at third base in 1982 and 1983 , is a very rare example of a third baseman who threw lefty . Some third basemen have been converted from middle infielders or outfielders because the position does not require them to run as fast ."}]}, {'value': 'Ray Uriarte', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_baseball', 'summary': 'The Missouri Tigers baseball team represents the University of Missouri in NCAA Division I college baseball . The Missouri Tigers had an overall record of 2053-1339-17 entering the 2012 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Shortstop', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortstop', 'summary': 'Shortstop , abbreviated SS , is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base , which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions . Historically the position was assigned to defensive specialists who were typically poor at batting and were often placed at the bottom of the batting order . Today shortstops are often able to hit well and many are placed at the top of the lineup . In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays , the shortstop is assigned the number 6 . More hit balls go to the shortstop than to any other position , as there are more right-handed hitters in baseball than left-handed hitters , and most hitters have a tendency to pull the ball slightly . Like a second baseman , a shortstop must be agile , for example when performing a 4-6-3 double play . Also , like a third baseman , the shortstop fields balls hit to the left side of the infield , where a strong arm is needed to throw out a batter-runner before they reach the safety of first base .'}]}, {'value': 'Dick Howser ( 2 ) ♦', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dick_Howser', 'summary': "Richard Dalton Howser ( May 14 , 1936 - June 17 , 1987 ) was an American Major League Baseball shortstop , coach , and manager who was best known as the manager of the Kansas City Royals during the 1980s and for guiding them to the franchise 's first World Series title in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'Florida State', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Florida_State_Seminoles_baseball', 'summary': "The Florida State Seminoles baseball team represents Florida State University ( variously Florida State or FSU ) in the sport of college baseball . Florida State competes in NCAA Division I , and the Atlantic Division of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . The Florida State Seminoles are the winningest NCAA Division I college baseball program in percentage of games won , with an all-time win percentage of .725 as of the 2019 season . The Seminoles rank sixth in all-time number of total wins and third in post-season wins . The Seminoles have appeared in the NCAA Tournament fifty-seven times , advancing to the College World Series twenty-three times - and have appeared in the CWS Championship Game or Championship Series on three occasions in 1970 , 1986 and 1999 . Florida State has won eleven regular season conference championships and twenty conference tournament championships , including eight ACC tournament titles . Florida State has had ninety-five All-Americans , forty-one players inducted into the Hall of Fame , and sixty-two players that went on to play Major League Baseball . Former Seminoles who have gone on to have success include Randy Choate , J. D. Drew , Stephen Drew , Ron Fraser , Johnny Grubb , Terry Kennedy , Doug Mientkiewicz , Shane Robinson , Larry Rothschild , Tony La Russa , Paul Sorrento , Kevin Cash , Woody Woodward , and Jameis Winston . The Buster Posey National Collegiate Catcher of the Year Award , presented annually to the top catcher in college baseball , is named for Florida State hall of famer Buster Posey . Former head coach Mike Martin is the winningest coach in the history of college baseball . The Seminoles play their home games on campus at Mike Martin Field at Dick Howser Stadium on the university 's Tallahassee , Florida campus . Mike Martin Jr. is the current head coach ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Dick Griesser', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arizona', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats_baseball', 'summary': "The Arizona Wildcats baseball team is the intercollegiate men 's baseball program representing the University of Arizona in Tucson , Arizona , United States . They compete in the Pac-12 Conference ( Pac-12 ) of NCAA Division I . The baseball team had its first season in 1904 . The baseball team has captured four national championship titles in 1976 , 1980 , 1986 and 2012 , with the first three coached by Jerry Kindall and the most recent by Andy Lopez . The team has appeared in the NCAA National Championship title series eight times ( 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , and 2016 ) . They have appeared in 34 baseball tournaments in their rich history . Arizona is ranked seventh in all-time regular season game wins with 2,347 ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Ron Nieman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wisconsin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_baseball', 'summary': "The Wisconsin Badgers baseball team was the varsity intercollegiate athletic team of the University of Wisconsin-Madison in Madison , Wisconsin , United States . The team competed in NCAA Division I and were members of the Big Ten Conference . The school 's first baseball team was fielded in 1900 . The baseball program was discontinued at the conclusion of the 1991 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Outfielder', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outfielder', 'summary': 'An outfielder is a person playing in one of the three defensive positions in baseball or softball , farthest from the batter . These defenders are the left fielder , the center fielder , and the right fielder . As an outfielder , their duty is to catch fly balls and/ ground balls then to return them to the infield for the out or before the runner advances , if there is any runners on the bases . As an outfielder , they normally play behind the six players located in the field . By convention , each of the nine defensive positions in baseball is numbered . The outfield positions are 7 ( left field ) , 8 ( center field ) and 9 ( right field ) . These numbers are shorthand designations useful in baseball scorekeeping and are not necessarily the same as the squad numbers worn on player uniforms . Outfielders named to the MLB All-Century Team are Hank Aaron , Ty Cobb , Joe DiMaggio , Mickey Mantle , Willie Mays , Stan Musial , Pete Rose , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams and Ken Griffey Jr .'}]}, {'value': 'Jerry Siegert', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/USC_Trojans_baseball', 'summary': "The USC Trojans baseball program represents the University of Southern California in college baseball . Established in 1888 , the team is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the Pac-12 Conference . USC home 's field is Dedeaux Field , which is named in honor of former head coach and National College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee Rod Dedeaux . The USC Trojans are one of the most successful programs in the history of college baseball . The Trojans have won more baseball national championships than any other program across all divisions of college baseball . With 12 national championships , USC is far and away the leader in that category ; no other Division I school has more than six . As of June 30 , 2018 , USC also ranked fifth in all-time College World Series ( CWS ) appearances with 21 , trailing only Texas ( 36 ) , Miami ( FL ) ( 25 ) , and Arizona State ( 22 ) , and Florida State ( 22 ) . The Trojans have won more individual CWS games ( 74 ) than any program but Texas ( 85 ) . USC also ranked fourth in all-time NCAA Tournament wins with 173 - trailing only Texas ( 240 ) , Miami ( 192 ) , and Florida State ( 192 ) - and eighth in total NCAA Tournament appearances with 37 . The Trojans have compiled an all-time record of 2,884-1,685-28 ( .630 ) - ranking fifth in all-time wins and 18th in all-time win percentage - and have captured outright or tied for 38 conference championships , as of the end of the 2018 season . USC 's most notable baseball coach was Rod Dedeaux , who coached from 1942 from 1986 and led the school to 11 of its NCAA championships , including five straight from 1970 to 1974 . The first Trojan national championship came in 1948 ."}]}], 'section_title': 'All-Americans', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '1958_College_Baseball_All-America_Team_0', 'intro': 'An All-American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position - who in turn are given the honorific All-America and typically referred to as All-American athletes, or simply All-Americans. Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit, the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media. Walter Camp selected the first All-America team in the early days of American football in 1889. From 1947 to 1980, the American Baseball Coaches Association was the only All-American selector recognized by the NCAA.'}
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The athlete that was coached by David Esquer was positioned where on the field ?
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Behind home plate
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03804ca534b35a13
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESB_Group', 'title': 'ESB Group', 'header': ['Generation Capacity MW', 'Plant', 'Location', 'Fuel', 'Year First Commissioned'], 'data': [{'value': '963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aghada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aghada', 'summary': "Aghada ( Irish : Áth Fhada , meaning long ford ) is a small town in East Cork situated to the south-east of Cork city in County Cork , Ireland . Aghada is also the parish name for the area . Aghada parish consists of several small villages and townlands including Saleen , Scartleigh , Rostellan , Farsid , Upper Aghada , Lower Aghada , Whitegate , Guileen and Ballinrostig . There are several amenity sites in the area , including Rostellan woods and Saleen Creek , as well as a number of beaches such as Inch Bay , White Bay , and Guileen Strand . Aghada power station was originally built in the early 1980s and produced up to 577 MW through the burning of natural gas and diesel . An additional gas-powered 430 MW CCGT unit was completed in 2010 , making Aghada station one of the largest power stations in the Republic of Ireland . There is a Presbyterian church in Upper Aghada . During World War I the Royal Munster Fusiliers ( reserves ) were garrisoned in Aghada , and there was a United States Naval Air Station in the area . William Cosgrove , a World War I recipient of the Victoria Cross , is buried in Upper Aghada cemetery . Aghada is the home of the Aghada GAA club . Notable people from the area include Gaelic football manager Conor Counihan , footballers Pearse O'Neill and Kieran O'Connor , and brothers Declan and Ciaran O'Shea of the rock band Cyclefly . [ citation needed ]"}]}, {'value': 'County Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cork', 'summary': "County Cork ( Irish : Contae Chorcaí ) is a county in Ireland . It is the largest and southernmost county of Ireland , situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork , Ireland 's second-largest city . The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county . Its largest market towns are Mallow , Macroom , Midleton , and Skibbereen . In 2016 , the county 's population was 542,868 , making it the third-most populous county in Ireland . Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins , Jack Lynch , and Sonia O'Sullivan . Cork borders four other counties ; Kerry to the west , Limerick to the north , Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east . The county contains a section of the Golden Vale pastureland which stretches from Kanturk in the north to Allihies in the south . The south-west region , including West Cork , is one of Ireland 's main tourist destinations , known for its rugged coast , megalithic monuments , and as the starting point for the Wild Atlantic Way . The county is known as the Rebel county , a name given to them by King Henry VII of England for its support of a man claiming to be Richard , Duke of York in a futile attempt at a rebellion . The main third-level educator is University College Cork , founded in 1845 , and with a current undergraduate population around 15,000 . Significant local industry and employers include technology company Dell EMC , the European headquarters of Apple , and Dairygold , which own milk-processing factories in Mitchelstown and Mallow ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural gas and distillate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Distillate', 'summary': "Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation . Distillation may result in essentially complete separation ( nearly pure components ) , or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture . In either case , the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture 's components . In industrial chemistry , distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance , but it is a physical separation process , not a chemical reaction . Distillation has many applications . For example :"}]}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': '915', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moneypoint', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moneypoint_power_station', 'summary': "Moneypoint power station ( Irish : Stáisiúin Chumhachta Ghob na Muine ) is Ireland 's largest electricity generation station ( output 915 MW ) and only coal-fired power station . [ citation needed ] Commissioned between 1985-87 , it is located on the River Shannon near Kilrush , County Clare . It was constructed at a cost of more than £700m in one of the largest capital projects in the history of the state [ citation needed ] . The station operates largely on coal , making it both unique in the context of Irish electricity production and the country 's single largest emitter of greenhouse gases . It is capable of meeting around 25% of customer demand across the country . It has two Heavy Fuel Oil ( HFO ) storage tanks with a capacity of 50,000 tonnes which can be used as a back-up fuel if required . Three Brown Boveri four-cylinder , single-shaft impulse reaction turbines are directly connected to three generators which generate the power . The steam is generated by three Foster Wheeler two-pass boilers , which convert water into high pressure steam by combustion of the coal . The power station chimneys , at 218m , are the tallest free-standing structures in Ireland ."}]}, {'value': 'County Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Clare', 'summary': 'County Clare ( Irish : Contae an Chláir ) is a county in Ireland , in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster , bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean . Clare County Council is the local authority . The county had a population of 118,817 at the 2016 census . The county town and largest settlement is Ennis .'}]}, {'value': 'Coal or Oil', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': '470', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poolbeg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poolbeg_Generating_Station', 'summary': 'Poolbeg Generating Station ( Irish : Cumhachtstáisiún an Phoill Bhig ) , colloquially known as The Poolbeg Stacks , is a power station owned and operated by the Electricity Supply Board of Ireland ( ESB ) . There are two stations on the site , the older thermal station containing units 1 , 2 , and 3 and the combined cycle gas station containing units CG14 , CG15 and ST16 , which is located toward the eastern end of the site . The six units have a total installed capacity of 1020 MW . The plant is located on the Poolbeg peninsula in Ringsend , Dublin , on the south bank of Dublin Port . Its two chimneys , at just over 207 metres , are visible over much of Dublin , particularly Sandymount Strand , making them well-known landmarks and some of the tallest structures in Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'County Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Dublin', 'summary': "County Dublin ( Irish : Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or Contae Átha Cliath ) is one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland . Prior to 1994 it was also an administrative county covering the whole county outside of Dublin City Council . In 1994 , as part of a reorganisation of local government within Dublin the boundaries of Dublin City were redrawn , Dublin County Council was abolished and three new administrative county councils were established : Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown , Fingal and South Dublin . While it is no longer used as an administrative division for local government , it retains a strong identity in popular culture . It is in the province of Leinster , and is named after the city of Dublin , the capital city of Ireland . County Dublin was one of the first parts of Ireland to be shired by John , King of England following the Norman invasion of Ireland . According to the 2016 census , the total population of County Dublin was 1,345,402 , approximately 27% of the Republic of Ireland 's population . The county is a NUTS 3 region , and is part of the NUTS 2 region of Eastern and Midland ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural gas with distillate as an emergency back-up', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Distillate', 'summary': "Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation . Distillation may result in essentially complete separation ( nearly pure components ) , or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture . In either case , the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture 's components . In industrial chemistry , distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance , but it is a physical separation process , not a chemical reaction . Distillation has many applications . For example :"}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': '292', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Turlough Hill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Turlough_Hill', 'summary': "Turlough Hill ( Irish : Cnoc an Turlaigh , meaning Hill of the Turlach ) , also known as Tomaneena ( Irish : Tuaim an Aonaigh , meaning mound of the assembly/fair ) , is a 681-metre-high ( 2,234 ft ) mountain in County Wicklow in Ireland and site of Ireland 's only pumped-storage hydroelectricity plant . The power station is owned and operated by the ESB and can generate up to 292 megawatts ( 392,000 hp ) of electricity at times of peak demand ."}]}, {'value': 'County Wicklow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Wicklow', 'summary': "County Wicklow ( /ˈwɪkloʊ/ WIK-loh ; Irish : Contae Chill Mhantáin [ ˈkɔnˠt̪ˠeː ˈçɪl̠ʲ ˈwanˠt̪ˠaːnʲ ] ) is a county in Ireland . The last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed , as late as 1606 , it is part of the Mid-East Region and also part of the traditional province of Leinster . It is named after the town of Wicklow , which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló , meaning Vikings ' Meadow . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county . The county had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Pumped-storage hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity', 'summary': 'Pumped-storage hydroelectricity ( PSH ) , or pumped hydroelectric energy storage ( PHES ) , is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing . The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water , pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation . Low-cost surplus off-peak electric power is typically used to run the pumps . During periods of high electrical demand , the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power . Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall , the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand , when electricity prices are highest . If the upper lake collects significant rainfall or is fed by a river then the plant may be a net energy producer in the manner of a traditional hydroelectric plant . Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from intermittent sources ( such as solar , wind ) and other renewables , or excess electricity from continuous base-load sources ( such as coal or nuclear ) to be saved for periods of higher demand . The reservoirs used with pumped storage are quite small when compared to conventional hydroelectric dams of similar power capacity , and generating periods are often less than half a day . Pumped storage is by far the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available , and , as of 2017 , the United States Department of Energy Global Energy Storage Database reports that PSH accounts for over 95% of all active tracked storage installations worldwide , with a total installed nameplate capacity of over 184 GW , of which about 25 GW are in the United States . The round-trip energy efficiency of PSH varies between 70-80% , with some sources claiming up to 87% . The main disadvantage of PSH is the specialist nature of the site required , needing both geographical height and water availability . Suitable sites are therefore likely to be in hilly or mountainous regions , and potentially in areas of outstanding natural beauty , and therefore there are also social and ecological issues to overcome .'}]}, {'value': '1968', 'urls': []}, {'value': '262', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Wall', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Dublin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Dublin', 'summary': "County Dublin ( Irish : Contae Bhaile Átha Cliath or Contae Átha Cliath ) is one of the thirty-two traditional counties of Ireland . Prior to 1994 it was also an administrative county covering the whole county outside of Dublin City Council . In 1994 , as part of a reorganisation of local government within Dublin the boundaries of Dublin City were redrawn , Dublin County Council was abolished and three new administrative county councils were established : Dún Laoghaire-Rathdown , Fingal and South Dublin . While it is no longer used as an administrative division for local government , it retains a strong identity in popular culture . It is in the province of Leinster , and is named after the city of Dublin , the capital city of Ireland . County Dublin was one of the first parts of Ireland to be shired by John , King of England following the Norman invasion of Ireland . According to the 2016 census , the total population of County Dublin was 1,345,402 , approximately 27% of the Republic of Ireland 's population . The county is a NUTS 3 region , and is part of the NUTS 2 region of Eastern and Midland ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural gas or distillate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Distillate', 'summary': "Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation . Distillation may result in essentially complete separation ( nearly pure components ) , or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture . In either case , the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture 's components . In industrial chemistry , distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance , but it is a physical separation process , not a chemical reaction . Distillation has many applications . For example :"}]}, {'value': '1947', 'urls': []}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Offaly Power', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Offaly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Offaly', 'summary': "County Offaly ( /ˈɒfəliː/ ; Irish : Contae Uíbh Fhailí ) is a county in Ireland . It is part of the Midlands Region and is also located in the province of Leinster . It is named after the ancient Kingdom of Uí Failghe and was formerly known as King 's County . Offaly County Council is the local authority for the county . The county population was 77,961 at the 2016 census ."}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '100', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lough Ree Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lough_Ree', 'summary': "Lough Ree ( Irish : Loch Rí or Loch Ríbh ) is a lake in the midlands of Ireland , the second of the three major lakes on the River Shannon . Lough Ree is the second largest lake on the Shannon after Lough Derg . The other two major lakes are Lough Allen to the north , and Lough Derg to the south , there are also several minor lakes along the length of the river . The lake serves as a border between the counties of Longford and Westmeath ( both in the province of Leinster ) on the eastern side and County Roscommon in the province of Connacht on the western side . The lake is popular for fishing and boating . The lake supports a small commercial eel fishery and is locally famous for its eels on wheels truck . The town of Athlone is situated at the southern end of the lake , and has a harbour for boats going out on the lake . The small town of Lanesboro is at the northern end of the lake . The island of Inchcleraun ( Inis Cloithreann ) in the northern part of the lake is the site of a monastery founded in the early Christian era and contains the remains of several ancient churches . In Irish legends , it was on this island that Queen Maeve was killed . The Viking Turgesius controlled a ringfort on the shores until his death by drowning in Lough Owel . Families lived on some of the islands in Lough Ree including Inchcleraun , ( Walsh & Farrell ) The Black Islands ( Hanly & O'Hara ) Inchmore ( Tiernan , Quigley , Nolan & Keefe ) , Hare Island ( Duffy ) , Inchbofin ( Connell ) , Inch Turk ( Ganly , Slevin & Walsh ) , Inchenagh ( Shea , Killian & Connaughton ) , until the 1950s , when they were rehoused ashore ."}]}, {'value': 'County Longford', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Longford', 'summary': 'County Longford ( Irish : Contae an Longfoirt ) is a county in Ireland . It is in the province of Leinster . It is named after the town of Longford . Longford County Council is the local authority for the county . The population of the county was 40,873 at the 2016 census . The county is based on the historic Gaelic territory of Annaly ( Anghaile ) , formerly known as Teffia ( Teathbha ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Peat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peat', 'summary': "Peat ( /piːt/ ) , also known as turf ( /tɜːrf/ ) , is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation or organic matter . It is unique to natural areas called peatlands , bogs , mires , moors , or muskegs . The peatland ecosystem is the most efficient carbon sink on the planet , because peatland plants capture CO2 naturally released from the peat , maintaining an equilibrium . In natural peatlands , the annual rate of biomass production is greater than the rate of decomposition , but it takes thousands of years for peatlands to develop the deposits of 1.5 to 2.3 m [ 4.9 to 7.5 ft ] , which is the average depth of the boreal [ northern ] peatlands . Sphagnum moss , also called peat moss , is one of the most common components in peat , although many other plants can contribute . The biological features of Sphagnum mosses act to create a habitat aiding peat formation , a phenomenon termed 'habitat manipulation ' . Soils consisting primarily of peat are known as histosols . Peat forms in wetland conditions , where flooding or stagnant water obstructs the flow of oxygen from the atmosphere , slowing the rate of decomposition . Peatlands , particularly bogs , are the primary source of peat , although less-common wetlands including fens , pocosins , and peat swamp forests also deposit peat . Landscapes covered in peat are home to specific kinds of plants including Sphagnum moss , ericaceous shrubs , and sedges ( see bog for more information on this aspect of peat ) . Because organic matter accumulates over thousands of years , peat deposits provide records of past vegetation and climate by preserving plant remains , such as pollen . This allows the reconstruction of past environments and study changes in land use ."}]}, {'value': '2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '96', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marina', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cork', 'summary': "County Cork ( Irish : Contae Chorcaí ) is a county in Ireland . It is the largest and southernmost county of Ireland , situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork , Ireland 's second-largest city . The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county . Its largest market towns are Mallow , Macroom , Midleton , and Skibbereen . In 2016 , the county 's population was 542,868 , making it the third-most populous county in Ireland . Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins , Jack Lynch , and Sonia O'Sullivan . Cork borders four other counties ; Kerry to the west , Limerick to the north , Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east . The county contains a section of the Golden Vale pastureland which stretches from Kanturk in the north to Allihies in the south . The south-west region , including West Cork , is one of Ireland 's main tourist destinations , known for its rugged coast , megalithic monuments , and as the starting point for the Wild Atlantic Way . The county is known as the Rebel county , a name given to them by King Henry VII of England for its support of a man claiming to be Richard , Duke of York in a futile attempt at a rebellion . The main third-level educator is University College Cork , founded in 1845 , and with a current undergraduate population around 15,000 . Significant local industry and employers include technology company Dell EMC , the European headquarters of Apple , and Dairygold , which own milk-processing factories in Mitchelstown and Mallow ."}]}, {'value': 'Natural gas and distillate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Distillate', 'summary': "Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by using selective boiling and condensation . Distillation may result in essentially complete separation ( nearly pure components ) , or it may be a partial separation that increases the concentration of selected components in the mixture . In either case , the process exploits differences in the relative volatility of the mixture 's components . In industrial chemistry , distillation is a unit operation of practically universal importance , but it is a physical separation process , not a chemical reaction . Distillation has many applications . For example :"}]}, {'value': '1954', 'urls': []}, {'value': '86', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ardnacrusha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ardnacrusha_power_plant', 'summary': "The Shannon hydroelectric Scheme was a major development by the Irish Free State in the 1920s to harness the power of the River Shannon . Its product , the Ardnacrusha power plant , is a hydroelectric power station which is still producing power today and is located near Ardnacrusha within County Clare approximately 2.4 kilometres ( 1.5 mi ) from the Limerick border . It is Ireland 's largest river hydroelectric scheme and is operated on a purpose built headrace connected to the River Shannon . The plant includes fish ladders so that returning fish , such as salmon , can climb the river safely past the power station . Completed within 7 years of Irish independence in 1922 at a cost which was equivalent to one fifth of the Irish state 's annual budget , the plant enabled an enormous surge in demand for electricity across the country and demonstrated the ability of the new government to develop during a difficult financial period . The plant was constructed by the German company Siemens-Schuckert , although much of the design was done by Irish engineers and Ireland provided most of the labour force . The scheme involved changes to the flow of the whole river , multiple dams and bridges and the construction of a national power grid . The generating plant at Ardnacrusha is composed of three vertical-shaft Francis turbine generators ( commissioned in 1929 ) and one vertical-shaft Kaplan turbine generator ( commissioned in 1934 ) operating under an average head of 28.5 metres . The scheme originally was designed for six turbines , with four turbines fitted . The 85 MW of generating plant in Ardnacrusha was adequate to meet the electricity demand of the entire country in the early years . The full output equates to about 332,000 MWh generated on an annual basis . Ardnacrusha generates at 10.5 kilovolts ( kV ) but this is transformed to 38 kV for local distribution and to 110 kV for long distance transmission ."}]}, {'value': 'County Clare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Clare', 'summary': 'County Clare ( Irish : Contae an Chláir ) is a county in Ireland , in the Mid-West Region and the province of Munster , bordered on the west by the Atlantic Ocean . Clare County Council is the local authority . The county had a population of 118,817 at the 2016 census . The county town and largest settlement is Ennis .'}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': '65', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Erne ( Cathaleen 's Fall and Cliff )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Cathaleen's_Fall_hydroelectric_power_station", 'summary': "Cathaleen 's Fall hydroelectric power station is a hydroelectric plant located on the River Erne at Ballyshannon in County Donegal , Ireland . It is owned and operated by the ESB Group . The plant is also known as Ballyshannon ."}]}, {'value': 'County Donegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Donegal', 'summary': "County Donegal ( /ˌdʌnɪˈɡɔːl , ˌdɒn- , ˈdʌnɪɡɔːl , ˈdɒn-/ DUN-ig-AWL , DON- , -\u2060awl ; Irish : Contae Dhún na nGall ) is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster . It is named after the town of Donegal ( Dún na nGall , meaning 'fort of the foreigners ' ) in the south of the county . Donegal County Council is the local council and Lifford the county town . The population was 159,192 at the 2016 census . It has also been known as ( County ) Tyrconnell ( Tír Chonaill , meaning 'Land of Conall ' ) , after the historic territory of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Poulaphouca', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Poulaphouca_Reservoir', 'summary': "Poulaphouca Reservoir , officially Pollaphuca ( from Irish : Poll a ' Phúca , meaning the Púca 's hole ) , is an active reservoir ( for both water supply and electricity generation ) and area of wild bird conservation in west County Wicklow , Ireland . It is also known locally as Blessington Lake"}]}, {'value': 'County Wicklow', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Wicklow', 'summary': "County Wicklow ( /ˈwɪkloʊ/ WIK-loh ; Irish : Contae Chill Mhantáin [ ˈkɔnˠt̪ˠeː ˈçɪl̠ʲ ˈwanˠt̪ˠaːnʲ ] ) is a county in Ireland . The last of the traditional 32 counties to be formed , as late as 1606 , it is part of the Mid-East Region and also part of the traditional province of Leinster . It is named after the town of Wicklow , which derives from the Old Norse name Víkingaló , meaning Vikings ' Meadow . Wicklow County Council is the local authority for the county . The county had a population of 142,425 at the 2016 census [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inniscarra Dam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inniscarra_Dam', 'summary': 'Inniscarra Dam is a buttress dam located on the River Lee in County Cork , Ireland . Construction of the dam started in February 1953 . It is owned and operated by the ESB Group . It has a generation capacity of 19 MW .'}]}, {'value': 'County Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cork', 'summary': "County Cork ( Irish : Contae Chorcaí ) is a county in Ireland . It is the largest and southernmost county of Ireland , situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork , Ireland 's second-largest city . The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county . Its largest market towns are Mallow , Macroom , Midleton , and Skibbereen . In 2016 , the county 's population was 542,868 , making it the third-most populous county in Ireland . Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins , Jack Lynch , and Sonia O'Sullivan . Cork borders four other counties ; Kerry to the west , Limerick to the north , Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east . The county contains a section of the Golden Vale pastureland which stretches from Kanturk in the north to Allihies in the south . The south-west region , including West Cork , is one of Ireland 's main tourist destinations , known for its rugged coast , megalithic monuments , and as the starting point for the Wild Atlantic Way . The county is known as the Rebel county , a name given to them by King Henry VII of England for its support of a man claiming to be Richard , Duke of York in a futile attempt at a rebellion . The main third-level educator is University College Cork , founded in 1845 , and with a current undergraduate population around 15,000 . Significant local industry and employers include technology company Dell EMC , the European headquarters of Apple , and Dairygold , which own milk-processing factories in Mitchelstown and Mallow ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrigadrohid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrigadrohid_hydroelectric_power_station', 'summary': 'Carrigadrohid hydroelectric power station is a hydroelectric plant located on the River Lee in County Cork , Ireland . It is owned and operated by the ESB Group .'}]}, {'value': 'County Cork', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Cork', 'summary': "County Cork ( Irish : Contae Chorcaí ) is a county in Ireland . It is the largest and southernmost county of Ireland , situated in the province of Munster and named after the city of Cork , Ireland 's second-largest city . The Cork County Council is the local authority for the county . Its largest market towns are Mallow , Macroom , Midleton , and Skibbereen . In 2016 , the county 's population was 542,868 , making it the third-most populous county in Ireland . Notable Corkonians include Michael Collins , Jack Lynch , and Sonia O'Sullivan . Cork borders four other counties ; Kerry to the west , Limerick to the north , Tipperary to the north-east and Waterford to the east . The county contains a section of the Golden Vale pastureland which stretches from Kanturk in the north to Allihies in the south . The south-west region , including West Cork , is one of Ireland 's main tourist destinations , known for its rugged coast , megalithic monuments , and as the starting point for the Wild Atlantic Way . The county is known as the Rebel county , a name given to them by King Henry VII of England for its support of a man claiming to be Richard , Duke of York in a futile attempt at a rebellion . The main third-level educator is University College Cork , founded in 1845 , and with a current undergraduate population around 15,000 . Significant local industry and employers include technology company Dell EMC , the European headquarters of Apple , and Dairygold , which own milk-processing factories in Mitchelstown and Mallow ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Golden Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Golden_Falls_hydroelectric_power_station', 'summary': 'Golden Falls hydroelectric power station is a hydroelectric plant located on the River Liffey in County Kildare , Ireland . It is owned and operated by the ESB Group .'}]}, {'value': 'County Kildare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Kildare', 'summary': 'County Kildare ( Irish : Contae Chill Dara ) is a county in Ireland . It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region . It is named after the town of Kildare . Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county which has a population of 222,504 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leixlip', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Kildare', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Kildare', 'summary': 'County Kildare ( Irish : Contae Chill Dara ) is a county in Ireland . It is located in the province of Leinster and is part of the Mid-East Region . It is named after the town of Kildare . Kildare County Council is the local authority for the county which has a population of 222,504 .'}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Clady', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'County Donegal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/County_Donegal', 'summary': "County Donegal ( /ˌdʌnɪˈɡɔːl , ˌdɒn- , ˈdʌnɪɡɔːl , ˈdɒn-/ DUN-ig-AWL , DON- , -\u2060awl ; Irish : Contae Dhún na nGall ) is a county of Ireland in the province of Ulster . It is named after the town of Donegal ( Dún na nGall , meaning 'fort of the foreigners ' ) in the south of the county . Donegal County Council is the local council and Lifford the county town . The population was 159,192 at the 2016 census . It has also been known as ( County ) Tyrconnell ( Tír Chonaill , meaning 'Land of Conall ' ) , after the historic territory of the same name ."}]}, {'value': 'Hydroelectricity', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hydroelectricity', 'summary': "Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower . In 2015 , hydropower generated 16.6% of the world 's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity , and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years . Hydropower is produced in 150 countries , with the Asia-Pacific region generating 33 percent of global hydropower in 2013 . China is the largest hydroelectricity producer , with 920 TWh of production in 2013 , representing 16.9% of domestic electricity use . The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low , making it a competitive source of renewable electricity . The hydro station consumes no water , unlike coal or gas plants . The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour . With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity , since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly ( as little as a few seconds ) to adapt to changing energy demands . Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed , the project produces no direct waste , and it generally has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than photovoltaic power plants and certainly fossil fuel powered energy plants ( see also Life-cycle_greenhouse-gas_emissions_of_energy_sources ) . However , when constructed in lowland rainforest areas , where inundation of a part of the forest is necessary , they actually emit up to 3 to 4 times more greenhouse gases [ clarification needed ] ( see also Environmental_impact_of_reservoirs # Greenhouse_gases ) ."}]}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Facilities', 'section_text': 'West Offaly Power Station', 'uid': 'ESB_Group_0', 'intro': 'The Electricity Supply Board (ESB; Irish: Bord Soláthair an Leictreachais) is a state owned (95%; the rest are owned by employees) electricity company operating in Ireland. While historically a monopoly, the ESB now operates as a commercial semi-state concern in a liberalised and competitive market. It is a statutory corporation whose members are appointed by the Government of Ireland.'}
| null | null |
What body of water is located to the west of the county that is home to the Ardnacrusha plant ?
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Atlantic Ocean
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038242bcd8742cd0
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Henry_Brunton', 'title': 'Richard Henry Brunton', 'header': ['English', 'Japanese', 'Location', 'Illuminated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Nosappumisaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nosappumisaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Nosappumisaki Lighthouse ( 納沙布岬灯台 , nosappumisaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse on Cape Nosappu in Nemuro , Hokkaidō , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '納沙布岬灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nemuro , Hokkaidō', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nemuro,_Hokkaidō', 'summary': 'Nemuro ( 根室市 , Nemuro-shi , Ainu : Ni-mu-oro ) is a city and port located in Nemuro Subprefecture , Hokkaido , Japan . It is the capital city of Nemuro Subprefecture . Much of the city lies on the Nemuro Peninsula . As of February 29 , 2012 , the city has an estimated population of 29,087 , with 12,966 households , and a population density of 56.74 persons per km² ( 147.0 persons per sq . mi. ) . The total area is 512.63 km2 ( 197.93 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '15 August 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shiriyazaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shiriyazaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Shiriyazaki Lighthouse ( 尻屋埼灯台 , Shiriyazaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on the outermost extremity of Cape Shiriyazaki , the northeastern-most point of Honshu , in Higashidōri , Aomori Prefecture , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '尻屋埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Higashidōri , Aomori', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Higashidōri,_Aomori', 'summary': 'Higashidōri ( 東通村 , Higashidōri-mura ) is a village located in Aomori , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the village had an estimated population of 6,105 , and a population density of 20.7 persons per km² in 2822 households . Its total area is 295.27 square kilometres ( 114.00 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '20 October 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kinkasan Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kinkasan_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Kinkasan Lighthouse ( 金華山灯台 , Kinkasan tōdai ) is a lighthouse on Kinkasan , an island off the Oshika Peninsula in Ishinomaki , Miyagi , Japan . The Kinkasan Lighthouse was one of 26 lighthouses designed and built in Meiji period Japan by the British engineer Richard Henry Brunton . It was completed and lit on November 1 , 1876 , eight months after Brunton left Japan . The lighthouse was destroyed from July to August 1945 by the United States Navy during World War II , but was rebuilt in February 1946 . It was completely automated on April 1 , 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '金華山灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ishinomaki , Miyagi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ishinomaki,_Miyagi', 'summary': 'Ishinomaki ( 石巻市 , Ishinomaki-shi ) is a city located in Miyagi Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 June 2019 [ update ] , the city has an estimated population of 141,725 , and a population density of 256 persons per km² in 61,233 households . The total area of the city is 554.58 square kilometres ( 214.12 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1 November 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inubōsaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inubōsaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Inubōsaki Lighthouse ( 犬吠埼燈台 , Inubōsaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse on Cape Inubō , in the city of Chōshi , Chiba Prefecture Japan . It is notable as one of the few lighthouses whose original lens was a first order Fresnel lens , the strongest type of Fresnel lens . It is a Registered Tangible Cultural Property of Japan . The lighthouse is located within the borders of the Suigo-Tsukuba Quasi-National Park .'}]}, {'value': '犬吠埼燈台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chōshi , Chiba', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chōshi,_Chiba', 'summary': 'Chōshi ( 銚子市 , Chōshi-shi ) is a city located in Chiba Prefecture , Japan . As of February 1 , 2016 , the city has an estimated population of 64,097 , and a population density of 813 persons per km² . The total area is 84.19 km2 ( 32.5 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '15 November 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Haneda Lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '羽田灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ōta , Tokyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ōta,_Tokyo', 'summary': "Ōta ( 大田区 , Ōta-ku ) is a special ward located in Tokyo Metropolis , Japan . In English , it calls itself Ōta City . As of June 1 , 2016 , the ward has an estimated population of 716,413 , with 379,199 households and a population density of 12,048.65 persons per km² . The total area is 59.46 km² , the largest of the special wards . Ōta 's hub is situated around the two stations Kamata and Keikyū Kamata , where the Ōta Ward Office and central Post Office can be found ."}]}, {'value': '15 March 1875 ( now extinguished )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsurugisaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsurugisaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Tsurugisaki Lighthouse ( 剱埼灯台 , Tsurugisaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on Cape Tsurugi on the southeastern extremity of the city of Miura , Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan on the southernmost and eastern tip of Miura Peninsula . ( On the southernmost western tip of Miura Peninsula stands the Jōgashima Lighthouse . ) The Tsurugisaki Lighthouse was one of eight lighthouses to be built in Meiji period Japan under the provisions of the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce of 1858 , signed by the Bakumatsu period Tokugawa Shogunate . The lighthouse was designed and constructed by British engineer Richard Henry Brunton . Brunton constructed another 25 lighthouses from far northern Hokkaidō to southern Kyūshū during his career in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '剱埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miura , Kanagawa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miura,_Kanagawa', 'summary': 'Miura ( 三浦市 , Miura-shi ) is a city located in Kanagawa Prefecture , Japan . As of April 1 , 2017 , the city had an estimated population of 44,132 , with 17,473 households , and a population density of 1,400 persons per km2 . The total area is 32.05 km2 .'}]}, {'value': '1 March 1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mikomotoshima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mikomotoshima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Mikomotojima Lighthouse ( 神子元島灯台 , Mikomotojima tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on Mikomotojima , a small ( 0.1 km2 ) uninhabited islet located 11 kilometres ( 5.9 nmi ) south of Shimoda port , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan.The site was designated a National Historic Site in 1937 .'}]}, {'value': '神子元島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimoda , Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimoda,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Shimoda ( 下田市 , Shimoda-shi ) is a city and port located in Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 August 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 21,402 in 10,787 households , and a population density of 200 persons per km² . The total area of the city is 104.71 square kilometres ( 40.43 sq mi ) . In the 1850s , Japan was in political crisis over its increasing inability to maintain its national seclusion policy and the issue of what relations , if any , it should have with foreign powers . For a few years , Shimoda was central to this debate .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irōzaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Irōzaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Irōzaki Light ( 石廊埼灯台 , Irōzaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on a hill at the outermost extremity of Cape Irōzaki south of the town of Minamiizu , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan on the southernmost extremity of Izu Peninsula . It is located within the borders of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park .'}]}, {'value': '石廊埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minamiizu , Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minamiizu,_Shizuoka', 'summary': 'Minamiizu ( 南伊豆町 , Minamiizu-chō ) is a town located at the southern tip of Izu Peninsula in Kamo District , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . As of 1 July 2019 [ update ] , the town had an estimated population of 8,231 in 3895 households , and a population density of 74 persons per km² . The total area of the town is 110.58 square kilometres ( 42.70 sq mi )'}]}, {'value': '5 October 1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omaezaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omaezaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Omaesaki Lighthouse ( 御前埼灯台 , Omaesaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on a hill at the outermost extremity of Cape Omaezaki south of Omaezaki port , Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . A lighthouse was built at Cape Omaezaki as early as 1635 , when the Tokugawa Shogunate recognized the frequency of marine accidents on the rocks off the coast of Tōtōmi Province .'}]}, {'value': '御前埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omaezaki , Shizuoka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omaezaki,_Shizuoka', 'summary': "Omaezaki ( 御前崎市 , Omaezaki-shi ) is a city located in Shizuoka Prefecture , Japan . Omaezaki is located at the tip of Omaezaki Peninsula on Japan 's Pacific coast . As of 31 July 2019 [ update ] , the city had an estimated population of 32,422 in 12,095 households , and a population density of 490 persons per km² . The total area of the city was 65.56 square kilometres ( 25.31 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': '1 May 1874', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sugashima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sugashima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Sugashima Lighthouse ( 菅島灯台 , Sugashima tōdai ) is a lighthouse located on the island of Sugashima , in Ise Bay off the shores of the city of Toba , Mie Prefecture , Japan . It is located within the borders of the Ise-Shima National Park .'}]}, {'value': '菅島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Toba , Mie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Toba,_Mie', 'summary': 'Toba ( 鳥羽市 , Toba-shi ) is a city located in Mie Prefecture , Japan . As of August 2015 , the city had an estimated population of 19,227 and a population density of 179 persons per km2 . The total area was 107.34 square kilometres ( 41.44 sq mi ) .'}]}, {'value': '1 July 1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anorisaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anorisaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Anorisaki Lighthouse ( 安乗埼灯台 , Anorisaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the top of Shima Peninsula in the city of Shima , Mie Prefecture , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '安乗埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ago , Mie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ago,_Mie', 'summary': 'Ago ( 阿児町 , Ago-chō ) was a town located in the former Shima District , Mie Prefecture , Japan . As of 2003 , the town had an estimated population of 22,972 and a density of 523.52 persons per km² . The total area was 43.88 km² . On October 1 , 2004 , Ago , along with the towns of Shima ( former ) , Daiō , Hamajima and Isobe ( all from Shima District ) , was merged to create the city of Shima and no longer exists as an independent municipality .'}]}, {'value': '1 April 1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tenpōzan Lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '天保山灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Minato-ku , Osaka', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Minato-ku,_Osaka', 'summary': 'Minato ( 港区 , Minato-ku ) is one of 24 wards of Osaka , Japan . It has an area of 7.9 km² , and a population of 84,961 . Literally translated , Minato-ku means Harbor Ward .'}]}, {'value': '1 October 1872 ( now extinguished )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wadamisaki Lighthouse', 'urls': []}, {'value': '和田岬灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suma-ku , Kobe', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suma-ku,_Kobe', 'summary': 'Suma ( 須磨区 , Suma-ku ) is one of 9 wards of Kobe City in Japan . As of February 1 , 2012 , it has an area of 30.0 km² , and a population of 166,324 , with 71,745 households . There is a white sandy beach in this ward , which attracts tourists to the Kansai region for sun bathing and popular events during the summer season . The same beach has appeared in the classic epics Genji monogatari , Heike monogatari , and Ise monogatari . Thus Suma is often referred as an utamakura or meisho , referenced frequently in waka poetry , Noh theatre , kabuki and jōruri .'}]}, {'value': '1 October 1872 ( now extinguished )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Esaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Esaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Esaki Lighthouse ( 江埼灯台 , esaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse in Awaji , Hyōgo Japan . A portion of the lighthouse is Registered Tangible Cultural Property of Japan .'}]}, {'value': '江埼燈台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Awaji , Hyōgo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Awaji,_Hyōgo', 'summary': 'Awaji ( 淡路市 , Awaji-shi ) is a city located on Awaji Island in Hyōgo Prefecture , Japan . The modern city of Awaji was established on April 1 , 2005 , from the merger of the former town of Awaji , absorbing the towns of Tsuna , Higashiura , Hokudan and Ichinomiya ( all from Tsuna District ) . As of April 1 , 2017 , the city has an estimated population of 43,110 and a population density of 230 persons per km² . The total area is 184.05 km² . Notable local places to visit are Awaji Yumebutai ( Kiseki No Hoshi Greenhouse ) , Nojima Fault ( the focus of the Great Hanshin earthquake ) , Akashi Kaikyo National Government Park , Honpuku-ji Temple and Awaji World Park Onokoro . Kansai University of Nursing and Health Sciences is also located in the city .'}]}, {'value': '27 April 1871', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kashinozaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kashinozaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Kashinozaki Lighthouse ( 樫野埼灯台 , kashinozaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Kii Ōshima , which is administered by Kushimoto , Wakayama , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '樫野埼灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kushimoto , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kushimoto,_Wakayama', 'summary': "Kushimoto ( 串本町 , Kushimoto-chō ) is a coastal town located in Higashimuro District , Wakayama Prefecture in western Japan . The town has the distinction of being the southernmost point of Japan 's main island , Honshū . The central area of town is on a narrow isthmus , surrounded on both sides by the Pacific Ocean . Kushimoto is bordered by the towns of Susami on the west , Kozagawa on the north , and Nachi-Katsuura on the east . On April 1 , 2005 Kushimoto absorbed the town of Koza , from Higashimuro District , to become the new town of Kushimoto . The former town of Kushimoto was part of Nishimuro District , but the town has strong ties with the city of Shingū and Higashimuro District , both for political and economic reasons . The town became part of Higashimuro District upon this merger ."}]}, {'value': '8 July 1870', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shionomisaki Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shionomisaki_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Shionomisaki Lighthouse ( 潮岬灯台 , shionomisaki tōdai ) is a lighthouse on Cape Shionomisaki in Kushimoto , Wakayama , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '潮岬灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kushimoto , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kushimoto,_Wakayama', 'summary': "Kushimoto ( 串本町 , Kushimoto-chō ) is a coastal town located in Higashimuro District , Wakayama Prefecture in western Japan . The town has the distinction of being the southernmost point of Japan 's main island , Honshū . The central area of town is on a narrow isthmus , surrounded on both sides by the Pacific Ocean . Kushimoto is bordered by the towns of Susami on the west , Kozagawa on the north , and Nachi-Katsuura on the east . On April 1 , 2005 Kushimoto absorbed the town of Koza , from Higashimuro District , to become the new town of Kushimoto . The former town of Kushimoto was part of Nishimuro District , but the town has strong ties with the city of Shingū and Higashimuro District , both for political and economic reasons . The town became part of Higashimuro District upon this merger ."}]}, {'value': '15 September 1873', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tomogashima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tomogashima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Tomogashima Lighthouse ( 友ヶ島灯台 , tomogashima tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Tomogashima in Wakayama , Wakayama , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '友ヶ島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wakayama , Wakayama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wakayama,_Wakayama', 'summary': 'Wakayama ( 和歌山市 , Wakayama-shi , Japanese : [ ɰakaꜜjama ] ) is the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture in the Kansai region of Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1 August 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mutsurejima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mutsurejima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Mutsurejima Lighthouse ( 六連島灯台 , mutsurejima tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Mutsurejima , which is administered by Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '六連島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimonoseki,_Yamaguchi', 'summary': 'Shimonoseki ( Japanese : 下関市 , Hepburn : Shimonoseki-shi ) is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan . Shimonoseki has a population 265,684 ( 1 October 2016 ) , making it the largest city in Yamaguchi Prefecture and the fifth-largest city in the Chūgoku region . Shimonoseki is located at the southwestern tip of Honshu facing the Tsushima Strait at the entrance to the Kanmon Straits ( also known as the Straits of Shimonosekia ) across from the city of Kitakyushu and the island of Kyushu . Shimonoseki is nicknamed the Fugu Capital for the locally caught pufferfish , and is the largest harvester of the pufferfish in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1 January 1872', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsunoshima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsunoshima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Tsunoshima Lighthouse ( 角島灯台 , tsunoshima tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Tsunoshima in the city of Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan . It is notable as being one of only six lighthouses in Japan which had a first order Fresnel lens , the most powerful type of Fresnel lens .'}]}, {'value': '角島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shimonoseki , Yamaguchi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shimonoseki,_Yamaguchi', 'summary': 'Shimonoseki ( Japanese : 下関市 , Hepburn : Shimonoseki-shi ) is a city located in Yamaguchi Prefecture , Japan . Shimonoseki has a population 265,684 ( 1 October 2016 ) , making it the largest city in Yamaguchi Prefecture and the fifth-largest city in the Chūgoku region . Shimonoseki is located at the southwestern tip of Honshu facing the Tsushima Strait at the entrance to the Kanmon Straits ( also known as the Straits of Shimonosekia ) across from the city of Kitakyushu and the island of Kyushu . Shimonoseki is nicknamed the Fugu Capital for the locally caught pufferfish , and is the largest harvester of the pufferfish in Japan .'}]}, {'value': '1 March 1876', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tsurishima Lighthouse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tsurishima_Lighthouse', 'summary': 'Tsurishima Lighthouse ( 釣島灯台 , tsurushima tōdai ) is a lighthouse on the island of Tsurushima , which is administered by Matsuyama , Ehime , Japan .'}]}, {'value': '釣島灯台', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matsuyama , Ehime', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matsuyama,_Ehime', 'summary': "Matsuyama ( 松山市 , Matsuyama-shi , Japanese : [ matsɯꜜjama ] ) is the capital city of Ehime Prefecture on the island of Shikoku in Japan and also Shikoku 's largest city , with a population of 509,835 as of June 1 , 2019 . It is located on the northeastern portion of the Dōgo Plain . Its name means pine mountain . The city was founded on December 15 , 1889 . The city is known for its hot springs ( onsen ) , among the oldest in Japan , and is home to the Dōgo Onsen Honkan , a Meiji Period wooden public bathhouse dating from 1894 . A second favorite tourist spot is Matsuyama Castle . Eight of the eighty-eight temples in the Shikoku Pilgrimage are in Matsuyama ."}]}, {'value': '15 June 1873', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "List of Brunton 's Japanese Lighthouses", 'section_text': "The names of the 26 lighthouses ( Brunton 's `` children '' ) constructed by Brunton , in order of north to south , and the names of their present locations after mergers of towns etc . Omaezaki lighthouse", 'uid': 'Richard_Henry_Brunton_0', 'intro': "Richard Henry Brunton FRGS MICE (26 December 1841 - 24 April 1901) was the so-called Father of Japanese lighthouses. Brunton was born in Muchalls, Kincardineshire, Scotland. He was employed by the government of Meiji period Japan as a foreign advisor (o-yatoi gaikokujin), primarily to build lighthouses. Over a period of seven and a half years he designed and supervised the building of 26 Japanese lighthouses in the Western style, which became known as Brunton's children. To operate the lighthouses he established a system of lighthouse keepers, based on the one used in Scotland. He also helped found Japan's first school of civil engineering. In 1871, he was received by Emperor Meiji in recognition of his efforts."}
| null | null |
When was the lighthouse on Cape Shiriyazaki illuminated ?
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20 October 1876
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0384cbfb514e2c88
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Soccer_League', 'title': 'Puerto Rico Soccer League', 'header': ['Club', 'Home city', 'Stadium', 'Founded', 'Joined PRSL'], 'data': [{'value': 'Academia Quintana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Academia_Quintana', 'summary': "Academia Quintana F.C . are an Association Football club from San Juan , Puerto Rico . They were founded in 1969 , making them one of the oldest clubs still in existence in Puerto Rico . They are one of the founding members of the Puerto Rico Soccer League , the island 's first nationwide league . The reserve team plays in the Liga Nacional . The club plays their home games at the Hiram Bithorn Stadium , sharing the facility with Atléticos de San Juan ."}]}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Hiram Bithorn Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hiram_Bithorn_Stadium', 'summary': 'Hiram Bithorn Stadium ( Spanish : Estadio Hiram Bithorn ) is a baseball park in San Juan , Puerto Rico , built in 1962 and designed by Puerto Rican architect Pedro Miranda . It is operated by the municipal government of the city of San Juan . Its name honors the first Puerto Rican to play in the major leagues , Hiram Bithorn , who first played with the Chicago Cubs in 1942 . Built in 1962 , under the mayoral administration of Felisa Rincón de Gautier , replacing Estadio Sixto Escobar , the stadium is home to the Santurce Crabbers , of the Puerto Rico Baseball League . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '1969', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CA Levittown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atléticos_de_Levittown_FC', 'summary': 'Club Atlético de Levittown is a Puerto Rican football club which played in the now defunct Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico . Now the team plays in the Puerto Rico Soccer League first division . They now have a new ground in Levittown called Pista de Levittown where they played their first soccer game vs. Criollos , which they won 1-0 .'}]}, {'value': 'Levittown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Levittown,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Levittown , Puerto Rico , a neighborhood of the San Juan MSA and part of the municipality of Toa Baja , is one of the largest planned communities in Puerto Rico . It was developed by Levitt and Sons in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ballista FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ballista_FC', 'summary': 'Ballista Futbol Club is an association football team that plays in Luquillo . They currently play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Luquillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luquillo,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "Luquillo ( Spanish pronunciation : [ luˈkiʎo ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the northeast coast , northwest of Fajardo ; and east of Rio Grande . Luquillo is spread over 5 wards and Luquillo Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the Fajardo Metropolitan Statistical Area . The city of Luquillo is 26 square miles and it sits on 12 miles of Atlantic coastline . It is nestled between the blue waters of the Atlantic and the El Yunque National Forest , a rainforest , giving it a diverse and unique ecology . Luquillo marks the beginning of the Northeast Ecological Corridor Nature Reserve which runs down the coast from Luquillo 's town square all the way down to the Seven Seas Beach in Fajardo . During certain times of the year , it is not unusual to encounter rare or endangered species of fauna ( like the Leatherback Turtle ) while visiting in Luquillo ."}]}, {'value': 'Complejo Deportivo Jose Salaman Estrella', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayamon FC B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayamón_FC', 'summary': "Bayamón Fútbol Club is a Puerto Rican football club . The team is based in Bayamón and founded in 1999 . They play their home games at Bayamón Soccer Complex . The club is a member of David Villa 's DV7 Soccer Academy ."}]}, {'value': 'Bayamón', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bayamón,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Bayamón ( Spanish pronunciation : [ baʝaˈmon ] ) is a municipality of Puerto Rico located in the northern coastal valley , north of Aguas Buenas and Comerío ; south of Toa Baja and Cataño ; west of Guaynabo ; and east of Toa Alta and Naranjito . Bayamón is spread over 11 wards and Bayamón Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Estadio_Juan_Ramón_Loubriel', 'summary': 'Juan Ramón Loubriel Stadium ( Spanish : Estadio Juan Ramón Loubriel ) is a soccer-specific stadium located in Bayamón , Puerto Rico . It is best known as the former home of the Puerto Rico Islanders of the North American Soccer League and current home of the Bayamón FC of the Liga Puerto Rico . The stadium can seat up to 22,000 people . It has easy access the metro station known as Deportivo Station .'}]}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caguas Sporting FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caguas_Sporting_FC', 'summary': 'Caguas Sporting FC is an association football team that plays in Caguas . They currently play in the Liga Puerto Rico . This team is from Caguas , Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'Caguas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Caguas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɣwas ] ) , founded in 1775 , is a city and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range of Puerto Rico , south of San Juan and Trujillo Alto , west of Gurabo and San Lorenzo , and east of Aguas Buenas , Cidra , and Cayey . Caguas is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) from San Juan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Ponce . It is known as El Valle del Turabo ( Turabo Valley ) , La Ciudad Criolla ( The Creole City ) and La Cuna de los Trovadores ( The Cradle of the Trovadores ) . Its name originates from the Taíno cacique Caguax . Caguas is both a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Complejo Deportivo Ángel O. Berrios de la Ciudad Criolla', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fénix FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fénix_FC', 'summary': 'Vega Baja Fútbol Club is a Puerto Rican professional football club from Vega Baja that plays in the Puerto Rico Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Vega Baja', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vega_Baja,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Vega Baja ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈbeɣa ˈβaxa ] ) is a municipality located on the coast of north central Puerto Rico ( U.S. ) . It is north of Morovis , east of Manatí , and west of Vega Alta . Vega Baja is spread over 12 wards and Vega Baja Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan statistical area .'}]}, {'value': 'Complejo Deportivo Tortuguero', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayagüez FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayagüez_FC', 'summary': 'Mayaguez Football Club is an association football team that plays in Mayagüez . They currently play in the Liga Puerto Rico . This team is from Mayagüez , Puerto Rico . They have been playing in the Metropolitan league and National league . In the year 2008 , it was recognized as the third largest team on the island . They have won many tournaments , games , leagues , etc . Their motto is El orgullo de ser el más grande , Spanish for The pride of being the biggest . This team has categories of all ages . To name a few there are u-6 , u-8 or u-9 , u-10 , u- 12 or u-13 , u-15 , u-17 and open , masculine and feminino'}]}, {'value': 'Mayagüez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayagüez,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Mayagüez ( Spanish pronunciation : [ maʝaˈɣwes ] ) is the eighth-largest municipality of Puerto Rico . It was founded as Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria , and is also known as La Sultana del Oeste ( The Sultaness of the West ) , Ciudad de las Aguas Puras ( City of Pure Waters ) , or Ciudad del Mangó ( City of the Mango ) . On April 6 , 1894 , the Spanish Crown gave it the formal title of Excelente Ciudad de Mayagüez ( Excellent City of Mayagüez ) . Mayagüez is located in the center of the western coast on the island of Puerto Rico . It is a principal city of the Mayagüez Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Mayagüez-San Germán-Cabo Rojo Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Mayagüez Athletics Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayagüez_Athletics_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Mayagüez Athletics Stadium is 12,175 capacity stadium in Mayagüez , Puerto Rico opened in 2010 . The stadium is owned by City of Mayaguez , and operated by Puerto Rico Sol . It hosted the athletics and soccer games of the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games . In 2020 the stadium will host invitational tournament Puerto Rico Cup . The stadium has a soccer field ( 105 meters x 66 meters ) based on the requisites of International Federation of Association Football , it will also have a 400-meter track which complies with the parameter of the International Association of Athletics Federations . It is located next to the Isidoro García Baseball Stadium and across the street of the Parque del Litoral . The first mayor event held at the stadium was the Justas of the Liga Atlética Interuniversitaria de Puerto Rico held between April 12 to 17 , 2010 . From July 15 to July 17 the stadium was host to the 2011 Central American and Caribbean Championships in Athletics .'}]}, {'value': '2003', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Huracán FC Caguas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huracán_FC_de_Caguas', 'summary': 'Huracán Fútbol Club is a Puerto Rican football club from Caguas , who formerly played in the Puerto Rico Soccer League .'}]}, {'value': 'Caguas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caguas,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Caguas ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkaɣwas ] ) , founded in 1775 , is a city and municipality of Puerto Rico located in the Central Mountain Range of Puerto Rico , south of San Juan and Trujillo Alto , west of Gurabo and San Lorenzo , and east of Aguas Buenas , Cidra , and Cayey . Caguas is located 20 miles ( 32 km ) from San Juan and 40 miles ( 64 km ) from Ponce . It is known as El Valle del Turabo ( Turabo Valley ) , La Ciudad Criolla ( The Creole City ) and La Cuna de los Trovadores ( The Cradle of the Trovadores ) . Its name originates from the Taíno cacique Caguax . Caguas is both a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'Yldefonso Solá Morales Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Parque_Yldefonso_Solá_Morales', 'summary': 'Parque Yldefonso Solá Morales was a multi-use stadium in Caguas , Puerto Rico . It was formerly used mostly for baseball games and was the home of Criollos de Caguas . The stadium held 10,000 people . The hockey events for the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games were held there . The stadium is named after the senator Yldefonso Solá Morales . In 2018 , the stadium was closed permanently and will be demolished soon'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metropolitan FA', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metropolitan_FA', 'summary': 'Metropolitan FA is an association football club that plays in the Puerto Rico Soccer League . The team is currently based in San Juan , Puerto Rico , where they currently play their home games at Parque Urb . Reparto Metropolitano . The club currently has many teams within the organization all major equipment including women , senior team development , youth of men and women .'}]}, {'value': 'San Juan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': "San Juan ( /ˌsæn ˈhwɑːn/ , Spanish : [ saŋ ˈxwan ] ; Saint John ) is the capital and most populous municipality in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , an unincorporated territory of the United States . As of the 2010 census , it is the 46th-largest city under the jurisdiction of the United States , with a population of 395,326 . San Juan was founded by Spanish colonists in 1521 , who called it Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( Rich Port City ) . Puerto Rico 's capital is the third oldest European-established capital city in the Americas , after Santo Domingo , in the Dominican Republic , founded in 1496 and Panama City , in Panama , founded in 1519 . Several historical buildings are located in San Juan ; among the most notable are the city 's former defensive forts , Fort San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal , and La Fortaleza , the oldest executive mansion in continuous use in the Americas . Today , San Juan is Puerto Rico 's most important seaport and is the island 's manufacturing , [ citation needed ] financial , cultural , and tourism center . The population of the Metropolitan Statistical Area , including San Juan and the municipalities of Bayamón , Guaynabo , Cataño , Canóvanas , Caguas , Toa Alta , Toa Baja , Carolina and Trujillo Alto , is about 2.6 million inhabitants ; thus , about 80% of the population of Puerto Rico now lives and works in this area . San Juan is also a principal city of the San Juan-Caguas-Fajardo Combined Statistical Area . The city has been the host of events within the sports community , including the 1979 Pan American Games ; 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games ; events of the 2006 , 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classics ; the Caribbean Series and the Special Olympics and MLB San Juan Series in 2010 . The damage caused in 2017 by Hurricane Maria was extensive . Significant progress had been made in the capital by April 2019 , and particularly by October 2019 . This was significant for tourism , which had rebounded by October of that year and was close to the pre-Maria era ."}]}, {'value': 'Estadio Metropolitano del Reparto Metropolitano', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yabuco Isabela FC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yabuco_Isabela_FC', 'summary': 'Yabuco Isabela FC is an association football team that plays in Yabucoa . They currently play in the Puerto Rico Soccer League . This team is from Yabucoa , Puerto Rico .'}]}, {'value': 'Yabucoa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yabucoa,_Puerto_Rico', 'summary': 'Yabucoa ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ʝaβuˈkoa ] ) is a municipality in Puerto Rico located in the eastern region , north of Maunabo ; south of San Lorenzo , Las Piedras and Humacao ; and east of Patillas . Yabucoa is spread over 9 wards and Yabucoa Pueblo ( the downtown area and the administrative center of the city ) . It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Current Teams and staff', 'section_text': '2016 PRSL Season Criollos de Caguas FCAcademia Quintana FCGigantes de Carolina FCCF Tornados de HumacaoGuaynabo Fluminense FCMayagüez FC Locations of the 2011 Puerto Rico Soccer League teams Caguas Sporting FC6 TeamsMayagüez FCBallista FCYabuco Isabella FCFénix FCBayamon FCLeal Arecibo FC Current locations of teams in the 2017 Puerto Rico Soccer League Caguas Sporting FC5 TeamsMayagüez FCBallista FCBayamon FCCAF Farjardo Locations of teams that participated in the 2017 PRSL Cup of Excellence .', 'uid': 'Puerto_Rico_Soccer_League_0', 'intro': "The Puerto Rico Soccer League or PRSL is an association football league in Puerto Rico founded in 2008. It was the first unified football league in the island's history. Association football had been growing in popularity in recent years, and this was an attempt to further develop the game on the island. The previous highest league in the country was the Campeonato Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico. It shares Division I status with Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Puerto Rico."}
| null | null |
What is the population of the city where the team to play at Parque Urb . Reparto Metropolitano is based ?
|
395,326
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03851b37937f68e1
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics', 'title': 'European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics', 'header': ['Country', 'Winners', 'Runners-up', 'Winning clubs', 'Runners-up'], 'data': [{'value': 'Spain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Spain', 'summary': "Spain ( Spanish : España [ esˈpaɲa ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Spain ( Spanish : Reino de España ) , [ a ] [ b ] is a country in Southwestern Europe with some pockets of Spanish territory across the Strait of Gibraltar and the Atlantic Ocean . Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula . Its territory also includes two archipelagoes : the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa , and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea . The African enclaves of Ceuta , Melilla , and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country ( Morocco ) . [ h ] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory . The country 's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar ; to the north and northeast by France , Andorra , and the Bay of Biscay ; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean . With an area of 505,990 km2 ( 195,360 sq mi ) , Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe , the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union , and the fourth largest country in the European continent . By population ( about 47 million ) , Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union . Spain 's capital and largest city is Madrid ; other major urban areas include Barcelona , Valencia , Seville , Zaragoza , Málaga and Bilbao . Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago . Iberian cultures along with ancient Phoenician , Greek , Celtic and Carthaginian settlements developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule around 200 BCE , after which the region was named Hispania , based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp ( a ) n or Spania . At the end of the Western Roman Empire the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe , invaded the Iberian peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces , including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Real Madrid ( 13 ) , Barcelona ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}]}, {'value': 'Atlético Madrid ( 3 ) , Barcelona ( 3 ) , Real Madrid ( 3 ) , Valencia ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atlético_Madrid', 'summary': "Club Atlético de Madrid ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈkluβ aˈtletiko ðe maˈðɾið ] ; meaning Athletic Club of Madrid ) , commonly referred to as Atlético de Madrid or simply as Atlético or Atleti , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid , that play in La Liga . The club play their home games at the Metropolitano Stadium , which has a capacity of 68,456 . In terms of league titles won , Atlético Madrid are the third most successful club in Spanish football - behind Real Madrid and Barcelona . Atlético have won La Liga on 10 occasions , including a league and cup double in 1996 ; the Copa del Rey on 10 occasions ; two Supercopas de España and one Copa Eva Duarte ; in Europe , they won the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1962 , were runners-up in 1963 and 1986 , were Champions League runners-up in 1974 , 2014 and 2016 , won the Europa League in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 , and won the UEFA Super Cup in 2010 , 2012 and 2018 as well as the 1974 Intercontinental Cup . Atlético 's home kit is red and white vertical striped shirts , with blue shorts , and blue and red socks . This combination has been used since 1911 . Throughout their history the club has been known by a number of nicknames , including Los Colchoneros ( The Mattress Makers ) , due to their first team stripes being the same colours as traditional mattresses . During the 1970s , they became known as Los Indios , which some attribute to the club 's signing several South American players after the restrictions on signing foreign players were lifted . However , there are a number of alternative theories which claim they were named so because their stadium is camped on the river bank , or because Los Indios ( The Indians ) were the traditional enemy of Los Blancos ( The Whites ) , which is the nickname of the club 's city rivals , Real Madrid . Felipe VI , the king of Spain , has been the honorary president of the club since 2003 . The club co-owned the Indian Super League franchise in Kolkata , formerly named Atlético de Kolkata , which won the competition twice , but in 2017 Atlético decided to end its franchise partnership with the ISL club due to broken commitments . Atlético also co-owns Liga MX club Atlético San Luis , and the Canadian Premier League side Atlético Ottawa ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Barcelona', 'summary': "Futbol Club Barcelona ( Catalan pronunciation : [ fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə ] ( listen ) ) , commonly referred to as Barcelona and colloquially known as Barça ( [ ˈbaɾsə ] ) , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona , Catalonia , Spain . Founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss , Spanish , English and Catalan footballers led by Joan Gamper , the club has become a symbol of Catalan culture and Catalanism , hence the motto Més que un club ( More than a club ) . Unlike many other football clubs , the supporters own and operate Barcelona . It is the fourth-most valuable sports team in the world , worth $ 4.06 billion , and the world 's richest football club in terms of revenue , with an annual turnover of €840,8 million . The official Barcelona anthem is the Cant del Barça , written by Jaume Picas and Josep Maria Espinàs . Domestically , Barcelona has won a record 74 trophies ; 26 La Liga , 30 Copa del Rey , 13 Supercopa de España , 3 Copa Eva Duarte , and 2 Copa de la Liga trophies , as well as being the record holder for the latter four competitions . In international club football , the club has won 20 European and worldwide titles ; 5 UEFA Champions League titles , a record 4 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint record 5 UEFA Super Cup , a record 3 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , and 3 FIFA Club World Cup . Barcelona was ranked first in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics Club World Ranking for 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , and 2015 and currently occupies the second position on the UEFA club rankings . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Real Madrid ; matches between the two teams are referred to as El Clásico . Barcelona is one of the most widely supported teams in the world , and the club has one of the largest social media following in the world among sports teams . Barcelona players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards ( 12 ) , with recipients including Johan Cruyff , as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards ( 7 ) , with winners including Ronaldo , Romário , Ronaldinho , and Rivaldo . In 2010 , three players who came through the club 's youth academy ( Lionel Messi , Andrés Iniesta , and Xavi ) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards , an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF', 'summary': "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol ( Spanish pronunciation : [ reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] ( listen ) , meaning Royal Madrid Football Club ) , commonly referred to as Real Madrid , is a Spanish professional football club based in Madrid . Founded on 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club , the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception . The word real is Spanish for royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem . The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947 . Unlike most European sporting entities , Real Madrid 's members ( socios ) have owned and operated the club throughout its history . The club was estimated to be worth €3.8 billion ( $ 4.2 billion ) in 2019 , and it was the second highest-earning football club in the world , with an annual revenue of €757,3 million in 2019 . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division since its inception in 1929 , along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona . The club holds many long-standing rivalries , most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid . Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s , winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times . This success was replicated in the league , which the club won five times in the space of seven years . This team , which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ferenc Puskás , Francisco Gento , and Raymond Kopa , is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Valencia_CF', 'summary': "Valencia Club de Fútbol ( Spanish : [ baˈlenθja ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol ] , Valencian : València Club de Futbol [ vaˈlensia ˈklub de fubˈbɔl ] ) , commonly referred to as Valencia CF or simply Valencia , is a Spanish professional football club based in Valencia . They play in La Liga . Valencia have won six La Liga titles , eight Copa del Rey titles , one Supercopa de España and one Copa Eva Duarte . In European competitions , they 've won two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups ( the predecessor to the UEFA Cup ) , one UEFA Cup , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , two UEFA Super Cups and one UEFA Intertoto Cup . They also reached two UEFA Champions League finals in a row , losing to La Liga rivals Real Madrid in 2000 and German club Bayern Munich on penalties after a 1-1 draw in 2001 . Valencia were also members of the G-14 group of leading European football clubs and since its end has been part of the original members of the European Club Association . In total , Valencia have reached seven major European finals , winning four of them . Valencia were founded in 1919 and have played their home games at the 55,000-seater Mestalla since 1923 . They were due to move into the new 75,000-seater Nou Mestalla in the northwest of the city in 2013 , but the final move date has been postponed while the stadium remains under construction . Valencia is the third-most supported football club in Spain , behind heavyweights Real Madrid and Barcelona . It is also one of the biggest clubs in the world in terms of number of associates ( registered paying supporters ) , with more than 50,000 season ticket holders and another 20,000+ season ticket holders on the waiting list , who can be accommodated in the new 75,000-seater stadium . Over the years , the club has achieved a global reputation for their prolific youth academy , or Acàdemia ."}]}, {'value': 'England', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/England', 'summary': "England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It shares land borders with Wales to the west and Scotland to the north . The Irish Sea lies west of England and the Celtic Sea to the southwest . England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south . The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain , which lies in the North Atlantic , and includes over 100 smaller islands , such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight . It is the largest country of British Isles . The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period , but takes its name from the Angles , a Germanic tribe deriving its name from the Anglia peninsula , who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries . England became a unified state in the 10th century , and since the Age of Discovery , which began during the 15th century , has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world . The English language , the Anglican Church , and English law - the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world - developed in England , and the country 's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations . The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England , transforming its society into the world 's first industrialised nation . England 's terrain is chiefly low hills and plains , especially in central and southern England . However , there is upland and mountainous terrain in the north ( for example , the Lake District and Pennines ) and in the west ( for example , Dartmoor and the Shropshire Hills ) ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liverpool ( 6 ) , Manchester United ( 3 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 2 ) , Aston Villa ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nottingham_Forest_F.C.', 'summary': "Nottingham Forest Football Club , often referred to as Forest , is a professional football club based in West Bridgford , Nottinghamshire , England . Since 1898 Forest have played their home matches at the City Ground . They currently compete in the EFL Championship , the second tier of the English football league system . Forest have won 1 League title , 2 FA Cups , 4 League Cups , 1 FA Charity Shield , 2 European Cups , and 1 UEFA Super Cup . The club has competed in the top two tiers of English football since their admission to the Football League , except for five seasons spent in the third tier . Their most successful period was under the management of Brian Clough and Peter Taylor in the late 1970s and early 1980s . In Clough 's last decade at the club , Forest won the 1989 and 1990 League Cups and were losing finalists in the 1991 FA Cup Final , before relegation from the Premier League in 1993 . Upon an immediate return Forest finished third in the Premier League in 1995 , before the club suffered relegation again in 1997 and , after a brief return , once more in 1999 . Forest have not been back in the Premier League since . Forest contest the Nottingham derby with city rivals Notts County , however as Forest have predominantly played in higher leagues than their neighbours fixtures between the two clubs have been rare in recent history . As such their main rivalry is with Derby County , and matches between the two clubs are known as the East Midlands derby ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C.', 'summary': "Aston Villa Football Club ( nicknamed Villa ) is an English professional football club based in Aston , Birmingham . The club competes in the Premier League , the top tier of the English football league system . Founded in 1874 , they have played at their home ground , Villa Park , since 1897 . Aston Villa were one of the founder members of the Football League in 1888 and of the Premier League in 1992 . Villa are one of only five English clubs to have won the European Cup , in 1981-82 . They have also won the Football League First Division seven times , the FA Cup seven times , the League Cup five times , and the UEFA Super Cup once . Villa have a fierce local rivalry with Birmingham City and the Second City derby between the teams has been played since 1879 . The club 's traditional kit colours are claret shirts with sky blue sleeves , white shorts and sky blue socks . Their traditional club badge is of a rampant lion . The club is currently owned by the NSWE group , a company owned by the Egyptian billionaire Nassef Sawiris and the American billionaire Wes Edens ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}]}, {'value': 'Liverpool ( 3 ) , Manchester United ( 2 ) , Arsenal ( 1 ) , Chelsea ( 1 ) , Leeds United ( 1 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.', 'summary': "Liverpool Football Club is a professional football club in Liverpool , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top tier of English football . The club has won six European Cups , more than any other English club , three UEFA Cups , four UEFA Super Cups ( both also English records ) , one FIFA Club World Cup , eighteen League titles , seven FA Cups , a record eight League Cups , fifteen FA Community Shields and one Football League Super Cup . Founded in 1892 , the club joined the Football League the following year and has played at Anfield since its formation . Liverpool established itself as a major force in English and European football in the 1970s and 1980s when Bill Shankly , Bob Paisley , Joe Fagan and Kenny Dalglish led the club to a combined eleven League titles and four European Cups . Under the management of Rafael Benítez and captained by homegrown player Steven Gerrard , Liverpool became European champions for the fifth time in 2005 , before a sixth title was added under Jürgen Klopp in 2019 . Liverpool was the seventh highest-earning football club in the world in 2019 , with an annual revenue of €513.7 million , and the world 's eighth most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at $ 2.183 billion . The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world . Liverpool has long-standing rivalries with Manchester United and Everton . The club 's supporters have been involved in two major tragedies : the Heysel Stadium disaster , where escaping fans were pressed against a collapsing wall at the 1985 European Cup Final in Brussels , with 39 people - mostly Italians and Juventus fans - dying , after which English clubs were given a five-year ban from European competition , and the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 , where 96 Liverpool supporters died in a crush against perimeter fencing . The team changed from red shirts and white shorts to an all-red home strip in 1964 which has been used ever since . Red has been the main shirt colour ever since 1896 . The club 's anthem is You 'll Never Walk Alone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.', 'summary': "Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed the Red Devils , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 . Manchester United have won more trophies than any other club in English football , with a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , five League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . United have also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998-99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the continental European treble . By winning the UEFA Europa League in 2016-17 , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Manchester United was the highest-earning football club in the world for 2016-17 , with an annual revenue of €676.3 million , and the world 's third most valuable football club in 2019 , valued at £3.15 billion ( $ 3.81 billion ) . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $ 1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost £800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arsenal_F.C.', 'summary': "Arsenal Football Club is a professional football club based in Islington , London , England , that plays in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . The club has won 13 League titles , a record 13 FA Cups , 2 League Cups , 15 FA Community Shields , 1 League Centenary Trophy , 1 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup and 1 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join The Football League , in 1893 , and they reached the First Division in 1904 . Relegated only once , in 1913 , they continue the longest streak in the top division , and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history . In the 1930s , Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups , and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war . In 1970-71 , they won their first League and FA Cup Double . Between 1989 and 2005 , they won five League titles and five FA Cups , including two more Doubles . They completed the 20th century with the highest average league position . Herbert Chapman won Arsenal 's first national trophies , but died prematurely . He helped introduce the WM formation , floodlights , and shirt numbers , and added the white sleeves and brighter red to the club 's kit . Arsène Wenger was the longest-serving manager and won the most trophies . He won a record 7 FA Cups , and his title-winning team set an English record for the longest top-flight unbeaten league run at 49 games between 2003 and 2004 , receiving the nickname The Invincibles ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Chelsea_F.C.', 'summary': "Chelsea Football Club are an English professional football club based in Fulham , London . Founded in 1905 , they compete in the Premier League , the top division of English football . Chelsea are among England 's most successful clubs ; they have been league champions six times and won over thirty competitive honours , including six European trophies . Their home ground is Stamford Bridge . Chelsea won their first major honour , the League Championship , in 1955 . They won the FA Cup for the first time in 1970 and their first European honour , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , in 1971 . After a period of decline in the late 1970s and 1980s , the club enjoyed a revival in the 1990s and had more success in cup competitions . The past two decades have been the most successful in Chelsea 's history : they won five of their six league titles and the UEFA Champions League during this period . Chelsea are one of five clubs to have won all three of UEFA 's main club competitions , and the only London club to have won the Champions League . Chelsea 's home kit colours are royal blue shirts and shorts with white socks . The club 's crest features a ceremonial lion rampant regardant holding a staff . The club have rivalries with neighbouring teams Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur , and a historic rivalry with Leeds United ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Leeds_United_A.F.C.', 'summary': "Leeds United Football Club is a professional football club in Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . The club was formed in 1919 following the disbanding of Leeds City F.C . by the Football League and took over their Elland Road stadium . They play in the Championship , the second tier of English football . Leeds United have won three English league titles , one FA Cup , one League Cup , two Charity/Community Shields and two Inter-Cities Fairs Cups . The club reached the 1975 European Cup Final , losing to Bayern Munich . Leeds also reached the semi-finals of the tournament 's successor , the Champions League in 2001 . The club were runners-up in the European Cup Winners Cup final in 1973 . The majority of the honours were won under the management of Don Revie in the 1960s and 1970s . Leeds play in all-white kits at home matches . The club 's badge features the White Rose of York together with the monogram LUFC . The club 's anthem is Marching on Together ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C.', 'summary': "Tottenham Hotspur Football Club , commonly referred to as Tottenham ( /ˈtɒtənəm/ ) or Spurs , is an English professional football club in Tottenham , London , that competes in the Premier League . Tottenham Hotspur Stadium has been the club 's home ground since April 2019 , replacing their former home of White Hart Lane , which had been demolished to make way for the new stadium on the same site . Their training ground is on Hotspur Way in Bulls Cross in the London Borough of Enfield . The club is owned by ENIC Group . Tottenham have played in a first ( home ) strip of white shirts and navy blue shorts since the 1898-99 season . The club 's emblem is a cockerel standing upon a football , with a Latin motto Audere est Facere ( To Dare Is to Do ) . Founded in 1882 , Tottenham won the FA Cup for the first time in 1901 , the only non-League club to do so since the formation of the Football League in 1888 . Tottenham were the first club in the 20th century to achieve the League and FA Cup Double , winning both competitions in the 1960-61 season . After successfully defending the FA Cup in 1962 , in 1963 they became the first British club to win a UEFA club competition - the European Cup Winners ' Cup . They were also the inaugural winners of the UEFA Cup in 1972 , becoming the first British club to win two different major European trophies . They have collected at least one major trophy in each of the six decades from the 1950s to 2000s - an achievement only matched by Manchester United . In total , Spurs have won two league titles , eight FA Cups , four League Cups , seven FA Community Shields , one European Cup Winners ' Cup and two UEFA Cups ."}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Milan ( 7 ) , Inter Milan ( 3 ) , Juventus ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}]}, {'value': 'Juventus ( 7 ) , Milan ( 4 ) , Inter Milan ( 2 ) , Fiorentina ( 1 ) , Roma ( 1 ) , Sampdoria ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventus_F.C.', 'summary': "Juventus Football Club ( from Latin : iuventūs , youth ; Italian pronunciation : [ juˈvɛntus ] ) , colloquially known as Juve ( pronounced [ ˈjuːve ] ) , is an Italian professional association football club based in Turin , Piedmont . Founded in 1897 by a group of Torinese students , the club has worn a black and white striped home kit since 1903 and has played home matches in different grounds around its city , the latest being the 41,507-capacity Juventus Stadium . Nicknamed Vecchia Signora ( the Old Lady ) , the club has won 35 official league titles , 13 Coppa Italia titles and eight Supercoppa Italiana titles , being the record holder for all these competitions ; two Intercontinental Cups , two European Cups / UEFA Champions Leagues , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , a joint national record of three UEFA Cups , two UEFA Super Cups and a joint national record of one UEFA Intertoto Cup . Consequently , the side leads the historical Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio ( FIGC ) ranking [ a ] whilst on the international stage occupies the 5th position in Europe and the eleventh in the world for most confederation titles won with eleven trophies , having led the UEFA ranking during seven seasons since its inception in 1979 , the most for an Italian team and joint second overall . Founded with the name of Sport-Club Juventus , initially as an athletics club , it is the second oldest of its kind still active in the country after Genoa 's football section ( 1893 ) and has competed uninterruptedly in the top flight league ( reformulated as Serie A from 1929 ) since its debut in 1900 after changing its name to Foot-Ball Club Juventus , with the exception of the 2006-07 season , being managed by the industrial Agnelli family almost continuously since 1923 . [ b ] The relationship between the club and that dynasty is the oldest and longest in national sports , making Juventus the first professional sporting club ante litteram in the country , having established itself as a major force in the national stage since the 1930s and at confederation level since the mid-1970s and becoming one of the first ten wealthiest in world football in terms of value , revenue and profit since the mid-1990s , being listed on the Borsa italiana since 2001 . Under the management of Giovanni Trapattoni , the club won 13 trophies in the ten years before 1986 , including six league titles and five international titles , and became the first to win all three seasonal competitions organised by the Union of European Football Associations : the 1976-77 UEFA Cup ( first Southern European side to do so ) , the 1983-84 Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1984-85 European Champions ' Cup . With successive triumphs in the 1984 European Super Cup and 1985 Intercontinental Cup , it became the first and thus far only in the world to complete a clean sweep of all confederation trophies ; an achievement that they revalidated with the title won in the 1999 UEFA Intertoto Cup after another successful era led by Marcello Lippi , becoming in addition the only professional Italian club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team and organised by a national or international football association . In December 2000 , Juventus was ranked seventh in the FIFA 's historic ranking of the best clubs in the world and nine years later was ranked second best club in Europe during the 20th Century based on a statistical study series by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ( IFFHS ) , the highest for an Italian club in both . The club 's fan base is the largest at national level and one of the largest worldwide . Unlike most European sporting supporters ' groups , which are often concentrated around their own club 's city of origin , it is widespread throughout the whole country and the Italian diaspora , making Juventus a symbol of anticampanilismo ( anti-parochialism ) and italianità ( Italianness ) . Juventus players have won eight Ballon d'Or awards , four of these in consecutive years ( 1982-1985 , an overall record ) , among these the first player representing Serie A , Omar Sívori , as well as Michel Platini and three of the five recipients with Italian nationality as the former member of the youth sector Paolo Rossi ; they have also won four FIFA World Player of the Year awards , with winners as Roberto Baggio and Zinédine Zidane , a national record and third and joint second highest overall , respectively , in the cited prizes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/A.C._Milan', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Milan ( Italian pronunciation : [ assotʃatˈtsjoːne ˈkaltʃo ˈmiːlan ] ) , commonly referred to as A.C. Milan or simply Milan , is a professional football club in Milan , Italy , founded in 1899 . The club has spent its entire history , with the exception of the 1980-81 and 1982-83 seasons , in the top flight of Italian football , known as Serie A since 1929-30 . A.C. Milan 's 18 FIFA and UEFA trophies is the fourth highest out of any club ( joint with Boca Juniors ) , and the most out of any Italian club . Milan has won a joint record three Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup , seven European Cup/Champions League titles ( Italian record ) , the UEFA Super Cup a joint record five times and the Cup Winners ' Cup twice . With 18 league titles , Milan is also the joint-second most successful club in Serie A , along with local rivals Internazionale and behind Juventus ( 35 league titles ) . They have also won the Coppa Italia five times , and the Supercoppa Italiana seven . Milan 's home games are played at San Siro , also known as the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza . The stadium , which is shared with city rivals Internazionale , is the largest in Italian football , with a total capacity of 80,018 . Inter are considered their biggest rivals , and matches between the two teams are called Derby della Madonnina , which is one of the most followed derbies in football . The club is one of the wealthiest in Italian and world football . It was a founding member of the now-defunct G-14 group of Europe 's leading football clubs as well as its replacement , the European Club Association ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inter_Milan', 'summary': "Football Club Internazionale Milano , commonly referred to as Internazionale ( pronounced [ ˌinternattsjoˈnaːle ] ) or simply Inter , and known as Inter Milan outside Italy , is an Italian professional football club based in Milan , Lombardy . Inter is the only Italian club to have never been relegated from the top flight . Founded in 1908 following a schism within the Milan Cricket and Football Club ( now A.C. Milan ) , Inter won its first championship in 1910 . Since its formation , the club has won 30 domestic trophies , including 18 league titles , 7 Coppa Italia and 5 Supercoppa Italiana . From 2006 to 2010 , the club won five successive league titles , equalling the all-time record at that time . They have won the Champions League three times : two back-to-back in 1964 and 1965 and then another in 2010 . Their latest win completed an unprecedented Italian seasonal treble , with Inter winning the Coppa Italia and the Scudetto the same year . The club has also won three UEFA Cups , two Intercontinental Cups and one FIFA Club World Cup . Inter 's home games are played at the San Siro stadium , which they share with local rivals A.C. Milan . The stadium is the largest in Italian football with a capacity of 80,018 . Matches between A.C. Milan and Inter , known as the Derby della Madonnina , are one of the most followed derbies in football . As of 2019 [ update ] , Inter has the highest home game attendance in Italy and the sixth hightest attendance in Europe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina', 'summary': "Associazione Calcio Firenze Fiorentina , commonly referred to as Fiorentina [ fjorenˈtiːna ] , is an Italian professional football club based in Florence , Tuscany . Founded by a merger in August 1926 , and refounded in August 2002 following bankruptcy , Fiorentina have played at the top level of Italian football for the majority of their existence ; only four clubs have played in more Serie A seasons . Fiorentina has won two Italian Championships , in 1955-56 and again in 1968-69 , as well as six Coppa Italia trophies and one Supercoppa Italiana . On the European stage , Fiorentina won the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1960-61 and lost the final one year later . They finished runners-up in the 1956-57 European Cup , losing against Real Madrid , and also came close to winning the 1989-90 UEFA Cup , finishing as runners-up against Juventus after losing the first leg in Turin and drawing in the second one in Avellino . Fiorentina is one of the fifteen European teams that played the finals in all three major continental competitions : the Champions League ( 1956-1957 , the first Italian team to reach the final in the top continental competition ) , the UEFA Cup Winners ( 1960-1961 and 1961-1962 ) and the UEFA Cup ( 1989-1990 ) . Since 1931 , the club have played at the Stadio Artemio Franchi , which currently has a capacity of 43,147 . The stadium has used several names over the years and has undergone several renovations . Fiorentina are known widely by the nickname Viola , a reference to their distinctive purple colours ."}, {'url': '/wiki/A.S._Roma', 'summary': "Associazione Sportiva Roma ( BIT : ASR , LSE : 0MT1 ; Rome Sport Association ) , commonly referred to as Roma ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈroːma ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Rome . Founded by a merger in 1927 , Roma have participated in the top-tier of Italian football for all of their existence except for 1951-52 . Roma have won Serie A three times , in 1941-42 , 1982-83 and 2000-01 , as well as winning nine Coppa Italia titles and two Supercoppa Italiana titles . In European competitions , Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960-61 and were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup and the 1990-91 UEFA Cup . Fifteen players have won the FIFA World Cup while playing at Roma : Ferraris , Guaita and Masetti ( 1934 ) ; Donati , Monzeglio and Serantoni ( 1938 ) ; Bruno Conti ( 1982 ) ; Rudi Voller and Berthold ( 1990 ) ; Aldair ( 1994 ) ; Candela ( 1998 ) ; Cafu ( 2002 ) ; Daniele De Rossi , Simone Perrotta and Francesco Totti ( 2006 ) . Since 1953 , Roma have played their home matches at the Stadio Olimpico , a venue they share with city rivals Lazio . With a capacity of over 72,000 , it is the second-largest of its kind in Italy , with only the San Siro able to seat more . The club plan to move to a new stadium , though this is yet to start construction . The club 's home colours are Tyrian purple and gold , which gives Roma their nickname I Giallorossi ( The Yellow and Reds ) . These colours have often been combined with white shorts . Their club badge features a she-wolf , an allusion to the founding myth of Rome ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.C._Sampdoria', 'summary': "Unione Calcio Sampdoria , commonly referred to as Sampdoria ( Italian pronunciation : [ sampˈdɔːrja ] ) , is an Italian professional football club based in Genoa , Liguria . The club was formed in 1946 from the merger of two existing sports clubs whose roots can be traced back to the 1890s , Sampierdarenese and Andrea Doria . Both the team name and jersey reflect this , the first being a combination of the former names , the second incorporating the former teams ' colours ( blue-white and white-red-black ) in a single design . The team 's colours are blue with white , red and black hoops , hence the nickname blucerchiati ( blue-circled ) . Sampdoria play at Stadio Luigi Ferraris , capacity 36,536 , which it shares with Genoa 's other club , Genoa Cricket and Football Club . The derby between the two teams is commonly known as the Derby della Lanterna . Sampdoria have won the Scudetto once in their history , in 1991 . The club has also won the Coppa Italia four times , in 1985 , 1988 , 1989 and 1994 , and the Supercoppa Italiana once , in 1991 . Their biggest European success came when they won the Cup Winners ' Cup in 1990 . They also reached the European Cup final in 1992 , losing the final 1-0 to Barcelona after extra time ."}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Hamburger SV ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamburger_SV', 'summary': "Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V . ( [ hamˈbʊʁɡɐ ˌʃpɔʁt fɛɐ̯ˈʔaɪ̯n ] ) , commonly known as Hamburger SV , Hamburg or HSV [ haː ʔɛs ˈfaʊ̯ ] , is a German sport club based in Hamburg , its largest branch being its football department . Although the current HSV was founded in June 1919 from a merger of three earlier clubs , it officially traces its origin to 29 September 1887 when the first of the predecessors , SC Germania , was founded . Until 2018 when the team were relegated for the first time in history , HSV 's football team had the distinction of being the only team that had played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the founding of the club at the end of World War I . It was consequently also the only team that had played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963 . HSV has won the German national championship six times , the DFB-Pokal three times and the League Cup twice . The team 's most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when , in addition to several domestic honours , they won the 1976-77 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1982-83 European Cup . The outstanding players of this period were Horst Hrubesch , Manfred Kaltz , and Felix Magath , all of whom were regulars in the German National Team . To date , HSV 's last major trophy was the 1986-87 DFB-Pokal . HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld , a western district of Hamburg . The club colours are officially blue , white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys and red shorts . The team 's most common nickname is die Rothosen ( the Red Shorts ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund', 'summary': "Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt ] , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its men 's professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , four DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in women 's handball , and hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . They also compete in Der Klassiker with fellow German club , Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy ."}]}, {'value': 'Bayern Munich ( 5 ) , Bayer Leverkusen ( 1 ) , Borussia Dortmund ( 1 ) , Borussia Mönchengladbach ( 1 ) , Eintracht Frankfurt ( 1 ) , Hamburger SV ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich', 'summary': "Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V. , commonly known as FC Bayern München ( German pronunciation : [ ʔɛf tseː ˈbaɪɐn ˈmʏnçn̩ ] ) , FCB , Bayern Munich , or FC Bayern , is a German sports club based in Munich , Bavaria . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , and is the most successful club in German football history , having won a record 29 national titles and 19 national cups . FC Bayern was founded in 1900 by 11 football players , led by Franz John . Although Bayern won its first national championship in 1932 , the club was not selected for the Bundesliga at its inception in 1963 . The club had its period of greatest success in the middle of the 1970s when , under the captaincy of Franz Beckenbauer , it won the European Cup three consecutive times ( 1974-1976 ) . Overall , Bayern has reached ten European Cup/UEFA Champions League finals , most recently winning their fifth title in 2013 as part of a continental treble . Bayern has also won one UEFA Cup , one European Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one FIFA Club World Cup and two Intercontinental Cups , making it one of the most successful European clubs internationally and the only German club to have won both international titles . Since the formation of the Bundesliga , Bayern has been the dominant club in German football , winning 29 titles , including seven consecutively since 2013 . They have traditional local rivalries with 1860 Munich and 1 . FC Nürnberg , as well as with Borussia Dortmund since the mid-1990s . Since the beginning of the 2005-06 season , Bayern has played its home games at the Allianz Arena . Previously the team had played at Munich 's Olympiastadion for 33 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bayer_04_Leverkusen', 'summary': "Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH , also known as Bayer 04 Leverkusen [ ˌbaɪ̯ɐ ˈleːvɐˌkuːzn̩ ] , Bayer Leverkusen , Leverkusen or simply Bayer , is a German football club based in Leverkusen , North Rhine-Westphalia . The club plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of German football , and hosts matches at the BayArena . The club was founded in 1904 by employees of the German pharmaceutical company Bayer , whose headquarters are in Leverkusen and from which the club draws its name . It was formerly the best-known department of TSV Bayer 04 Leverkusen , a sports club whose members also participate in athletics , gymnastics , basketball and other sports including the RTHC Bayer Leverkusen ( rowing , tennis and hockey ) . In 1999 the football department was separated from the sports club and is now a separate entity formally called Bayer 04 Leverkusen GmbH . The club 's main colours are red and black , both having been used as the main shirt colour and with red and black stripes also having been used as home colours . Bayer Leverkusen have won one DFB-Pokal and one UEFA Cup . Their local rivals are 1 . FC Köln ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund', 'summary': "Ballspielverein Borussia 09 e.V . Dortmund , commonly known as Borussia Dortmund [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː ˈdɔɐ̯tmʊnt ] , BVB , or simply Dortmund , is a German professional sports club based in Dortmund , North Rhine-Westphalia . It is best known for its men 's professional football team , which plays in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system . The club have won eight league championships , four DFB-Pokals , one UEFA Champions League , one Intercontinental Cup , and one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Founded in 1909 by eighteen football players from Dortmund , the football team is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 145,000 members , making Borussia Dortmund the second largest sports club by membership in Germany . Since 1974 , Dortmund have played their home games at Westfalenstadion ; the stadium is the largest in Germany , and Dortmund has the highest average attendance of any association football club in the world . Borussia Dortmund 's colours are black and yellow , giving the club its nickname die Schwarzgelben . The club has active departments in other sports , namely in women 's handball , and hold a long-standing rivalry with Ruhr neighbours Schalke 04 , known as the Revierderby . They also compete in Der Klassiker with fellow German club , Bayern Munich . In terms of Deloitte 's annual Football Money League , Dortmund was ranked as the second richest sports club in Germany , and the 12th richest football team in the world . Moreover , under the directorship of Michael Zorc in the 2010s , Dortmund have cultivated a reputation for spotting and developing young talent , and have remained focused on developing a youth system . They have also received plaudits for generally adhering to an attacking footballing philosophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Borussia_Mönchengladbach', 'summary': "Borussia VfL 1900 Mönchengladbach e.V. , commonly known as Borussia Mönchengladbach ( pronounced [ boˈʁʊsi̯aː mœnçn̩ˈɡlatbax ] ) , Mönchengladbach or Gladbach , ( abbreviated as Borussia MG ) , is a professional football club based in Mönchengladbach , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany , that plays in the Bundesliga , the top flight of German football . The club has won five League titles , three DFB-Pokals , and two UEFA Europa League titles . Borussia Mönchengladbach were founded in 1900 , with its name derived from a Latinized form of Prussia , which was a popular name for German clubs in the former Kingdom of Prussia . The team joined the Bundesliga in 1965 , and saw the majority of its success in the 1970s , where , under the guidance of Hennes Weisweiler , they captured five league championships with Die Fohlen [ diː ˈfoːlən ] team ; a term coined as the squad were young with a fast , aggressive playing style . Mönchengladbach also won two UEFA Cup titles during this period . Since 2004 , Borussia Mönchengladbach have played at Borussia-Park , having previously played at the Bökelbergstadion since 1919 . Based on membership , Borussia Mönchengladbach is the fifth largest club in Germany , with over 75,000 members . The club 's main rivals are FC Köln and Bayer Leverkusen ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eintracht_Frankfurt', 'summary': 'Eintracht Frankfurt e.V . ( German pronunciation : [ ˈʔaɪntʁaxt ˈfʁaŋkfʊʁt ] ) is a German professional sports club based in Frankfurt , Hesse , that is best known for its football club , currently playing in the Bundesliga , the top tier of the German football league system , The club was founded in 1899 and have won one German championship , five DFB-Pokals and one UEFA Cup . Since 1925 , their stadium has been the Waldstadion , which was renamed Commerzbank-Arena in 2005 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hamburger_SV', 'summary': "Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V . ( [ hamˈbʊʁɡɐ ˌʃpɔʁt fɛɐ̯ˈʔaɪ̯n ] ) , commonly known as Hamburger SV , Hamburg or HSV [ haː ʔɛs ˈfaʊ̯ ] , is a German sport club based in Hamburg , its largest branch being its football department . Although the current HSV was founded in June 1919 from a merger of three earlier clubs , it officially traces its origin to 29 September 1887 when the first of the predecessors , SC Germania , was founded . Until 2018 when the team were relegated for the first time in history , HSV 's football team had the distinction of being the only team that had played continuously in the top tier of the German football league system since the founding of the club at the end of World War I . It was consequently also the only team that had played in every season of the Bundesliga since its foundation in 1963 . HSV has won the German national championship six times , the DFB-Pokal three times and the League Cup twice . The team 's most successful period was from the mid-1970s until the mid-1980s when , in addition to several domestic honours , they won the 1976-77 European Cup Winners ' Cup and the 1982-83 European Cup . The outstanding players of this period were Horst Hrubesch , Manfred Kaltz , and Felix Magath , all of whom were regulars in the German National Team . To date , HSV 's last major trophy was the 1986-87 DFB-Pokal . HSV play their home games at the Volksparkstadion in Bahrenfeld , a western district of Hamburg . The club colours are officially blue , white and black but the home kit of the team is white jerseys and red shorts . The team 's most common nickname is die Rothosen ( the Red Shorts ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Netherlands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Netherlands', 'summary': "The Netherlands ( Dutch : Nederland , [ ˈneːdərlɑnt ] ( listen ) ) , informally Holland , is a country in Northwestern Europe with some overseas territories in the Caribbean . In Europe , it consists of 12 provinces that border Germany to the east , Belgium to the south , and the North Sea to the northwest , with maritime borders in the North Sea with those countries and the United Kingdom . Together with the Caribbean Netherlands - Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba - it forms a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands . The official language is Dutch and a secondary official language in the province of Friesland is West Frisian . In the north and east of the country , Low Saxon is also spoken , and in the southeast , Limburgish . In the Caribbean Netherlands English and Papiamento are recognised languages . The five largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam , Rotterdam , The Hague , Utrecht and Eindhoven . Amsterdam is the country 's most populous city and nominal capital , while The Hague holds the seat of the States General , Cabinet and Supreme Court . The Port of Rotterdam is the busiest seaport in Europe , and the busiest in any country outside Asia . Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is the busiest airport in the Netherlands , and the third busiest in Europe . The country is a founding member of the EU , Eurozone , G10 , NATO , OECD and WTO , as well as a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union . It hosts several intergovernmental organisations and international courts , many of which are centered in The Hague , which is consequently dubbed 'the world 's legal capital ' ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ajax ( 4 ) , Feyenoord ( 1 ) , PSV Eindhoven ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Feyenoord', 'summary': "Feyenoord Rotterdam ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfɛiənoːrt ] ) is a Dutch professional football club in Rotterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Founded as Wilhelmina in 1908 , the club changed to various names before settling on being called after its neighborhood in 1912 as SC Feijenoord , updated in 1974 to SC Feyenoord , and then to Feyenoord Rotterdam in 1978 , when it split from the amateur club under its wing , SC Feyenoord . Since 1937 , Feyenoord 's home ground has been the Stadion Feijenoord , nicknamed De Kuip ( 'the tub ' ) , one of the largest stadiums in the Netherlands and Europe . Feyenoord is one of the most successful clubs in Dutch football , winning 15 Eredivisie titles , 13 KNVB Cups , and 4 Johan Cruyff Shields . Internationally , it has won one European Cup , two UEFA Cups , and one Intercontinental Cup . The club has played continuously in the top tier of the Dutch football system since gaining promotion to Eerste Klasse ( the Eredivisie 's forerunner competition ) in 1921 , more times than any other club in the country , including the likes of Ajax and PSV Eindhoven . Feyenoord is known as a people 's club with a huge national and international support . Its most successful period was the 1960s and 1970s , when Coen Moulijn and Ove Kindvall led the club to six league titles , two European trophies , and an Intercontinental Cup , thereby becoming the first Dutch club in history to win both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup . In the 21st century , Feyenoord ended an 18-year league title drought in 2017 and won the 2002 UEFA Cup against Borussia Dortmund in its home stadium . Feyenoord has a longstanding rivalry with Ajax , a clash between two teams from the two biggest cities in the Netherlands , called De Klassieker ( The Classic ) . The club 's anthem is Hand in Hand . As of 2019 , Feyenoord will become a multi-sports club ; HC Feijenoord Field hockey , Sportclub Feyenoord ( amateur football team ) , and Feyenoord Basketbal are part of the club ."}, {'url': '/wiki/PSV_Eindhoven', 'summary': "The Philips Sport Vereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈfilɪps ˌspɔrt fəˈreːnəɣɪŋ ] ; [ nb 1 ] English : Philips Sports Union ) , abbreviated as PSV and internationally known as PSV Eindhoven [ ˌpeːjɛsˈfeː ˈɛintɦoːvə ( n ) ] , [ nb 2 ] is a sports club from Eindhoven , Netherlands , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . It is best known for its professional football department , which plays in the Eredivisie since its inception in 1956 . Along with Ajax and Feyenoord , PSV is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated the Eredivisie . The club was founded in 1913 as a team for Philips employees . PSV 's history contains two golden eras revolving around the UEFA Cup victory in 1978 and the 1987-88 European Cup victory as part of the seasonal treble in 1988 . The team has won the Eredivisie 24 times , the KNVB Cup nine times and the Johan Cruyff Shield ten times . Currently ( as of Nov 2018 ) , PSV is 39th on the UEFA club coefficients ranking . Throughout the years , PSV established itself as a stepping stone for future world class players like Ruud Gullit , Ronald Koeman , Romário , Ronaldo , Phillip Cocu , Jaap Stam , Park Ji-Sung , Ruud van Nistelrooy , and Arjen Robben . Since its foundation , it has played in the Philips Stadion and has upheld its club colours ( red and white ) . Its elaborate connection with Philips can be witnessed in its sponsoring , shared technology and board member ties . Fans have named themselves 'boeren ' ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈbuːrə ( n ) ] , Dutch for either peasants or farmers ) , taking pride in Eindhoven 's status of being a provincial city and their Brabantian heritage ."}]}, {'value': 'Ajax ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/AFC_Ajax', 'summary': "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈaːjɑks ] ) , also known as AFC Ajax , Ajax Amsterdam , or simply Ajax , is a Dutch professional football club based in Amsterdam , that plays in the Eredivisie , the top tier in Dutch football . Historically , Ajax ( named after the legendary Greek hero ) has been the most successful club in the Netherlands , with 34 Eredivisie titles and 19 KNVB Cups . It has continuously played in the Eredivisie , since the league 's inception in 1956 and , along with Feyenoord and PSV Eindhoven , it is one of the country 's big three clubs that have dominated that competition . Ajax has historically been one of the most successful clubs in the world . According to the IFFHS , Ajax were the seventh-most successful European club of the 20th century and The World 's Club Team of the Year in 1992 . According to German magazine Kicker , Ajax were the second-most successful European club of the 20th century . The club is one of the five teams that has earned the right to keep the European Cup and to wear a multiple-winner badge ; they won consecutively in 1971-1973 . In 1972 , they completed the continental treble by winning the Eredivisie , KNVB Cup , and the European Cup . It also won the first organized UEFA Super Cup in 1972 against Glasgow Rangers ( played in 1973 ) . Ajax 's last international trophies were the 1995 Intercontinental Cup , 1995 UEFA Super Cup and the 1995 Champions League , where they defeated Milan in the final ; they lost the 1996 Champions League final on penalties to Juventus . In 1995 , Ajax was crowned as World Team of the Year by World Soccer magazine . Ajax is also one of four teams to win the continental treble and the Intercontinental Cup or Club World Cup in the same season/calendar year ; This was achieved in the 1971-72 season ."}]}, {'value': 'Portugal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Portugal', 'summary': "Portugal ( Portuguese : [ puɾtuˈɣal ] ) , officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese : República Portuguesa [ ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ ] ) , [ note 5 ] is a country located mostly on the Iberian Peninsula , in southwestern Europe . It is the westernmost sovereign state of mainland Europe , being bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain . Its territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira , both autonomous regions with their own regional governments . Portugal is the oldest nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe and the world , its territory having been continuously settled , invaded and fought over since prehistoric times . The pre-Celtic people , Iberians , Celts , Carthaginians and Romans were followed by the invasions of the Visigoths and Suebi Germanic peoples . After the Muslim conquests of the Iberian Peninsula , most of the territory was part of Al-Andalus until their expulsion . Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista . Founded in 868 , the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede in 1128 . The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique in 1139 , and independence from León was recognised by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143 . On 12 December 2017 , the Portuguese Navy commemorated the 700th anniversary of its official creation by King Denis of Portugal . Tracing its origins back to the 12th century , it is the oldest continuously serving navy in the world . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portugal established the first global empire , becoming one of the world 's major economic , political and military powers ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Benfica ( 2 ) , Porto ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Porto', 'summary': "Futebol Clube do Porto , MHIH , OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ futɨˈβɔl ˈkluβ ( ɨ ) ðu ˈpoɾtu ] ) , commonly known as FC Porto or simply Porto , is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto . It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , Founded on 28 September 1893 , Porto is one of the Big Three ( Portuguese : Os Três Grandes ) teams in Portugal - together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP - that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934 . They are nicknamed Dragões ( Dragons ) , for the mythical creature atop the club 's crest , and Azuis e brancos ( Blue-and-whites ) , for the shirt colours . The club supporters are called Portistas . Since 2003 , Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão , which replaced the previous 103-year-old ground , the Estádio das Antas . Porto is the second most decorated team in Portugal , with 76 major trophies , of which 69 were achieved in domestic competitions . These comprise 28 Primeira Liga titles ( five of which were won consecutively between 1994-95 and 1998-99 , a Portuguese football record ) , 16 Taça de Portugal , 4 Campeonato de Portugal , and a record 21 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira . Porto is the second team in Portuguese league history to have won two titles without any defeat , namely in the 2010-11 and 2012-13 seasons . In the former , Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system ( 21 points ) , on their way to a second quadruple . In international competitions , Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team , with seven trophies . They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004 , the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011 , the UEFA Super Cup in 1987 , and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004 . In addition , they were runners-up in the 1983-84 European Cup Winners ' Cup and in the 2003 , 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Benfica ( 5 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S.L._Benfica', 'summary': "Sport Lisboa e Benfica ComC MHIH OM ( Portuguese pronunciation : [ sɨˈpɔɾ liʒˈboɐ i βɐ̃jˈfikɐ ] ) , commonly known as Benfica , is a professional football club based in Lisbon , Portugal , that competes in the Primeira Liga , the top flight of Portuguese football , where they are the current champions and the most successful team in terms of overall titles . Founded on 28 February 1904 as Sport Lisboa , Benfica is one of the Big Three clubs in Portugal that have never been relegated from Primeira Liga , along with rivals Sporting CP and FC Porto . Benfica are nicknamed As Águias ( The Eagles ) , for the symbol atop the club 's crest , and Os Encarnados ( The Reds ) , for the shirt colour . Since 2003 , their home ground has been the Estádio da Luz , which replaced the larger , original one , built in 1954 . Benfica is the most supported Portuguese club and the European club with the highest percentage of supporters in its own country , having over 230,000 members and an estimated 14 million supporters worldwide . The club 's anthem , Ser Benfiquista , refers to Benfica supporters , who are called benfiquistas . E pluribus unum is the club motto ; Águia Vitória , the mascot . Benfica is honoured with three Portuguese Orders : those of Christ ( Commander ) , of Prince Henry ( Honorary Member ) and of Merit ( Officer ) . With 83 major trophies won - 84 including the Latin Cup - Benfica is the most decorated club in Portugal . They have won 80 domestic trophies : a record 37 Primeira Liga titles , a record 26 Taça de Portugal , a record 7 Taça da Liga , 8 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and 3 Campeonato de Portugal . Internationally , they won back-to-back European Cups in 1961 and 1962 - a unique feat in Portuguese football - and were runners-up at the Intercontinental Cup in 1961 and '62 , at the European Cup in 1963 , '65 , '68 , '88 and '90 , and at the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 1983 , 2013 and '14 . Benfica 's ten European finals are a domestic record and ranked seventh all-time among UEFA clubs in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marseille ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille', 'summary': "Olympique de Marseille ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔlɛ̃pik də maʁsɛj ] , locally [ ɔlɛ̃ˈpikə də mɑχˈsɛjə ] ; Occitan : Olimpic de Marselha , pronounced [ uˈlimpik de maʀˈsejɔ ] ) , also known as OM ( IPA : [ o.ɛm ] , locally [ oˈɛmə ] ) or simply Marseille , is a French professional football club based in Marseille in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Founded in 1899 , the club plays in Ligue 1 and have spent most of their history in the top tier of French football . The club has won ten official league titles ( nine times in Ligue 1 ) , ten Coupes de France and three Coupes de la Ligue . In 1993 , coach Raymond Goethals led the team to become the first and only French club to win the UEFA Champions League , defeating AC Milan 1-0 in the final . In 2010 , Marseille won its first Ligue 1 title in 18 years under the managing of former club captain Didier Deschamps . Marseille 's home ground is the 67,000-capacity Stade Vélodrome in the southern part of the city , where they have played since 1937 . The club has a large fan-base , having regularly averaged the highest attendance in French football . Marseille 's average home gate for the 2008-09 season was 52,276 , the highest in Ligue 1 . The stadium underwent renovation in 2011 , going from its previous capacity of 60,031 to 42,000 . Following completion in August 2014 , the final capacity increased to 67,000 ahead of France 's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . In 2015 , the club was ranked 23rd globally in terms of annual revenue , generating €130.5 million . In 1997 , Marseille was purchased by Franco-Swiss businessman Robert Louis-Dreyfus . Following his death in 2009 , his widow Margarita became the club 's majority shareholder in 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'Reims ( 2 ) , Monaco ( 1 ) , Marseille ( 1 ) , Saint-Étienne ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_Reims', 'summary': "Stade de Reims ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ stɑd də ʁɛ̃s ] ) , commonly referred to as Stade Reims or simply Reims , is a French professional football club based in Reims in Grand-Est , The club was formed in 1910 under the name Société Sportive du Parc Pommery and currently plays in Ligue 1 , the top level of Football in France having been promoted from Ligue 2 in the previous season . Reims plays its home matches at the Stade Auguste Delaune , a renovation of the old complex located within the city . The team is managed by David Guion . Reims is one of the most successful clubs in French football history having won six Ligue 1 titles , two Coupe de France trophies , and five Trophée des champions titles . The club has also performed well on European level having finished as runners-up in the 1956 and 1959 editions of the European Cup , and winning the Latin Cup and Coppa delle Alpi in 1953 and 1977 , respectively . However , since the 1980s , Reims have struggled to get back to their zenith . The club hovered between Ligue 2 and the Championnat National for over thirty years after their relegation from the top flight in the 1978-79 season . In 2012 they were promoted back to Ligue 1 , eventually being relegated again in 2016 . Historically , Reims is viewed as a legendary club within French football circles , not only due to its domestic and European accolades , but its charity towards the France national team through the 1940s and 1950s , as well . Reims were largely responsible for the first Golden Generation of French football with notable national team members Roger Marche , Raymond Kopa , Just Fontaine , Jean Vincent , Robert Jonquet , Armand Penverne , Dominique Colonna , and Roger Piantoni all playing for Reims during the national team 's successful run to the semi-finals at the 1958 FIFA World Cup ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AS_Monaco_FC', 'summary': "Association Sportive de Monaco Football Club SA , commonly referred to as AS Monaco ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɑ.ɛs mɔnako ] ) or Monaco , is a Monégasque professional football club that competes in Ligue 1 , the top tier of French football . Founded in 1924 , the team plays its home matches at the Stade Louis II in Fontvieille . Though based in Monaco , the club plays in the French football league system . Monaco is one of the most successful clubs in French football , having won eight league titles and five Coupe de France trophies . The club has also competed in European football , and were runners-up in the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup in 1992 and the UEFA Champions League in 2004 . The club 's traditional colours are red and white , and the club is known as Les Rouges et Blancs ( The Red and Whites ) . Monaco is a member of the European Club Association . In December 2011 , two-thirds of the club was sold to an investment group led by Russian billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev . With Rybolovlev 's financial backing , the club quickly returned to Ligue 1 and won the 2016-17 Ligue 1 , their first league title in 17 years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Olympique_de_Marseille', 'summary': "Olympique de Marseille ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ ɔlɛ̃pik də maʁsɛj ] , locally [ ɔlɛ̃ˈpikə də mɑχˈsɛjə ] ; Occitan : Olimpic de Marselha , pronounced [ uˈlimpik de maʀˈsejɔ ] ) , also known as OM ( IPA : [ o.ɛm ] , locally [ oˈɛmə ] ) or simply Marseille , is a French professional football club based in Marseille in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur , Founded in 1899 , the club plays in Ligue 1 and have spent most of their history in the top tier of French football . The club has won ten official league titles ( nine times in Ligue 1 ) , ten Coupes de France and three Coupes de la Ligue . In 1993 , coach Raymond Goethals led the team to become the first and only French club to win the UEFA Champions League , defeating AC Milan 1-0 in the final . In 2010 , Marseille won its first Ligue 1 title in 18 years under the managing of former club captain Didier Deschamps . Marseille 's home ground is the 67,000-capacity Stade Vélodrome in the southern part of the city , where they have played since 1937 . The club has a large fan-base , having regularly averaged the highest attendance in French football . Marseille 's average home gate for the 2008-09 season was 52,276 , the highest in Ligue 1 . The stadium underwent renovation in 2011 , going from its previous capacity of 60,031 to 42,000 . Following completion in August 2014 , the final capacity increased to 67,000 ahead of France 's hosting of UEFA Euro 2016 . In 2015 , the club was ranked 23rd globally in terms of annual revenue , generating €130.5 million . In 1997 , Marseille was purchased by Franco-Swiss businessman Robert Louis-Dreyfus . Following his death in 2009 , his widow Margarita became the club 's majority shareholder in 2010 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/AS_Saint-Étienne', 'summary': "Association Sportive de Saint-Étienne Loire ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ asɔsjɑsjɔ̃ spɔʁtiv də sɛ̃t‿etjɛn lwaʁ ] ; commonly known as AS Saint-Étienne , ASSE ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ a.ɛs.ɛs.ø ] ) , or simply Saint-Étienne ) is a French professional football club based in Saint-Étienne in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes , The club was founded in 1919 and plays in Ligue 1 , the top division of French football . Saint-Étienne plays it 's home matches at the Stade Geoffroy-Guichard . The team is managed by Claude Puel and captained by Loïc Perrin , who started his career at the club in 1996 . Saint-Étienne is known as Les Verts meaning the Greens due to its home colours . Saint-Étienne have won a record ten Ligue 1 titles , as well as six Coupe de France titles , a Coupe de la Ligue title and five Trophée des Champions . Saint-Étienne has also won the Ligue 2 championship on three occasions . The club achieved most of its honours in the 1960s and 1970s when the club was led by managers Jean Snella , Albert Batteux , and Robert Herbin . The club 's primary rivals are Olympique Lyonnais , based in nearby Lyon , with whom they contest the Derby Rhône-Alpes . In 2009 , the club added a female section ."}]}, {'value': 'Serbia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serbia', 'summary': "Serbia ( Serbian : Србија , romanized : Srbija , pronounced [ sř̩bija ] ) , [ note 1 ] officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian : Република Србија , romanized : Republika Srbija , pronounced [ repǔblika sř̩bija ] ) , is a land-locked country situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe in the southern Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans . It borders Hungary to the north , Romania to the northeast , Bulgaria to the southeast , North Macedonia to the south , Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west , and Montenegro to the southwest . The country claims a border with Albania through the disputed territory of Kosovo . [ a ] Serbia 's population numbers approximately seven million . Its capital , Belgrade , ranks among the largest citiеs in southeastern Europe . Inhabited since the Paleolithic Age , the territory of modern-day Serbia faced Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe in the 6th century , establishing several regional states in the early Middle Ages at times recognised as tributaries to the Byzantine , Frankish and Hungarian kingdoms . The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by the Holy See and Constantinople in 1217 , reaching its territorial apex in 1346 as the relatively short-lived Serbian Empire . By the mid-16th century , the Ottomans annexed the entirety of modern-day Serbia ; their rule was at times interrupted by the Habsburg Empire , which began expanding towards Central Serbia from the end of the 17th century while maintaining a foothold in Vojvodina . In the early 19th century , the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the region 's first constitutional monarchy , which subsequently expanded its territory . Following disastrous casualties in World War I , and the subsequent unification of the former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina ( and other lands ) with Serbia , the country co-founded Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples , which would exist in various political formations until the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s . During the breakup of Yugoslavia , Serbia formed a union with Montenegro , which was peacefully dissolved in 2006 and restoring Serbia 's independence as a sovereign state for the first time since the late 1910s . In 2008 , the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence , with mixed responses from the international community ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Star Belgrade ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade', 'summary': "Fudbalski klub Crvena zvezda ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Црвена звезда , IPA : [ fûdbalskiː klûːb tsř̩ʋenaː zʋěːzda ] ; English : Red Star Football Club ) , which translates into English as simply Red Star ( Serbian : Црвена звезда / Crvena zvezda ) , is a Serbian professional football club based in Belgrade commonly known elsewhere as Red Star Belgrade ( Serbian : Црвена звезда Београд / Crvena zvezda Beograd ) , the major part of the Red Star multi-sport club . They are the only Serbian and Yugoslav club to have won the European Cup , having done so in 1991 , and the only team to have won the Intercontinental Cup , also in 1991 . With 30 national championships , 24 national cups , 2 national supercups and one league cup between Serbian and Yugoslav competitions , Red Star was the most successful club in Yugoslavia and finished first in the Yugoslav First League all-time table , and is the most successful club in Serbia . Since the 1991-92 season , Red Star 's best results are in the UEFA Champions League group stage and UEFA Europa League knockout phase . According to 2008 polls , Red Star Belgrade is the most popular football club in Serbia , with 48.2% of the population supporting them . They have many supporters in other former Yugoslav republics and in the Serbian diaspora . Their main rivals are fellow Belgrade side Partizan . The championship matches between these two clubs are known as The Eternal derby . According to the International Federation of Football History & Statistics ' list of the Top 200 European clubs of the 20th century , Red Star is the highest-ranked Serbian and ex-Yugoslavian club , sharing the 27th position on the list with Dutch club Feyenoord ."}]}, {'value': 'Partizan ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Partizan', 'summary': "Fudbalski klub Partizan ( Serbian Cyrillic : Фудбалски клуб Партизан , IPA : [ fûdbalskiː klûːb partǐzaːn ] ; English : Partizan Football Club ) , is a Serbian professional football club based in Belgrade . It forms a major part of the Partizan multi-sport club . The club plays in the Serbian SuperLiga and has spent its entire history in the top tier of Yugoslav and Serbian football having won a total of 45 official trophies : 27 national championships , 16 national cups , 1 national supercup , 1 Mitropa Cup finishing in the Yugoslav league all-time table as second . Partizan was founded by young high officers of the Yugoslav People 's Army ( JNA ) in 1945 in Belgrade , as part of the Yugoslav Sports Association Partizan . Their home ground is the Partizan Stadium in Belgrade , where they have played since 1949 . Partizan holds records such as playing in the first European Champions Cup match on 4 September , 1955 , as well as becoming the first Balkan and Eastern European football club to reach the European Champions Cup final , when it did so in 1966 . Partizan was the first Serbian club to compete in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League . The club has a long-standing rivalry with Red Star Belgrade . Matches between these two clubs are known as the Eternal Derby ( Večiti derbi ) and rate as one of the greatest cross-town clashes in the world . In September 2009 , the British newspaper Daily Mail ranked the Red Star-Partizan derby fourth among the ten greatest football rivalries of all time . Partizan also has many supporters in all the other former-Yugoslav republics and in the Serbian diaspora . Their popular nickname 'The Steamroller ' ( Parni valjak ) was originally used in the press report after the 7-1 hammering of Red Star at the 13th Eternal Derby on 6 December 1953 ."}]}, {'value': 'Romania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Romania', 'summary': "Romania ( /roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen ) ro-MAY-nee-ə ; Romanian : România [ romɨˈni.a ] ( listen ) ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central , Eastern , and Southeastern Europe . It has borders with the Black Sea to the southeast , Bulgaria to the south , Ukraine to the north , Hungary to the west , Serbia to the southwest , and Moldova to the east . It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate . With a total area of 238,397 square kilometers ( 92,046 square miles ) , Romania is the 8th largest country and also the 6th most populous member state of the European Union , having almost 20 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Bucharest , and other major urban areas include Cluj-Napoca , Timișoara , Iași , Constanța , Craiova , Brașov , and Galați . The River Danube , Europe 's second-longest river , rises in Germany 's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km ( 1,775 mi ) , coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romania 's Danube Delta . The Carpathian Mountains , which cross Romania from the north to the southwest , include Moldoveanu Peak , at an altitude of 2,544 m ( 8,346 ft ) . Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia . The new state , officially named Romania since 1866 , gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877 . Following World War I after declaring its neutrality in 1914 , when Romania fought on the side of the Allied powers starting with 1916 , Bukovina , Bessarabia , Transylvania as well as parts of Banat , Crișana , and Maramureș became part of the sovereign Kingdom of Romania . In June-August 1940 , as a consequence of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award , Romania was compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union , and Northern Transylvania to Hungary . In November 1940 , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and , consequently , in June 1941 entered World War II on the Axis side , fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944 , when it joined the Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Steaua București ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FCSB', 'summary': "Fotbal Club FCSB ( Romanian pronunciation : [ fet͡ʃeseˌbe ] ) , formerly Fotbal Club Steaua București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈste̯awa bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) and sometimes colloquially known simply as Steaua , [ note 1 ] is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest . Founded in 1947 as Asociația Sportivă a Armatei București , it has spent its entire history in the Liga I , the top tier of the Romanian football league system . The team was initially part of the CSA Steaua București sports club and belonged to the Romanian Army . In 1998 , the club and facilities were separated from the armed forces and sold to a group of shareholders in a post-Ceaușescu privatization scheme , subsequently leading to one of the shareholders acquiring full ownership five years later . However , the same Army sued the football club in 2011 ; the club has since been in a legal conflict regarding the ownership of the Steaua brand and honours , which resulted in multiple court cases and the change of the name to FCSB in early 2017 . Domestically , the club have won Liga I 26 times , Cupa României 22 times , Cupa Ligii 2 times and Supercupa României 6 times - all competition records . Internationally , they have won the European Cup and European Super Cup , both in 1986 . They reached the European Cup final once again in 1989 , when they were defeated by A.C. Milan . Throughout its history , Steaua also played the final of the Intercontinental Cup , the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners ' Cup and the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup . Their home ground is Arena Națională , having moved here from the Ministry of National Defence-owned Stadionul Ghencea . Initially , the club played in the colours of the Romanian tricolour - blue , yellow and red - but yellow soon lost its importance and the team became associated with the red and blue colours . Recently , some kits have begun reintegrating the yellow colour ."}]}, {'value': 'Steaua București ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FCSB', 'summary': "Fotbal Club FCSB ( Romanian pronunciation : [ fet͡ʃeseˌbe ] ) , formerly Fotbal Club Steaua București ( Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈste̯awa bukuˈreʃtʲ ] ) and sometimes colloquially known simply as Steaua , [ note 1 ] is a Romanian professional football club based in Bucharest . Founded in 1947 as Asociația Sportivă a Armatei București , it has spent its entire history in the Liga I , the top tier of the Romanian football league system . The team was initially part of the CSA Steaua București sports club and belonged to the Romanian Army . In 1998 , the club and facilities were separated from the armed forces and sold to a group of shareholders in a post-Ceaușescu privatization scheme , subsequently leading to one of the shareholders acquiring full ownership five years later . However , the same Army sued the football club in 2011 ; the club has since been in a legal conflict regarding the ownership of the Steaua brand and honours , which resulted in multiple court cases and the change of the name to FCSB in early 2017 . Domestically , the club have won Liga I 26 times , Cupa României 22 times , Cupa Ligii 2 times and Supercupa României 6 times - all competition records . Internationally , they have won the European Cup and European Super Cup , both in 1986 . They reached the European Cup final once again in 1989 , when they were defeated by A.C. Milan . Throughout its history , Steaua also played the final of the Intercontinental Cup , the quarter-finals of the European Cup Winners ' Cup and the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup . Their home ground is Arena Națională , having moved here from the Ministry of National Defence-owned Stadionul Ghencea . Initially , the club played in the colours of the Romanian tricolour - blue , yellow and red - but yellow soon lost its importance and the team became associated with the red and blue colours . Recently , some kits have begun reintegrating the yellow colour ."}]}, {'value': 'Scotland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scotland', 'summary': 'Scotland ( Scots : Scotland , Scottish Gaelic : Alba [ ˈal̪ˠapə ] ( listen ) ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom . It covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain , with a border with England to the southeast , and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west , the North Sea to the northeast , the Irish Sea to the south , and more than 790 islands , including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides . The Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the European Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707 . By inheritance in 1603 , James VI , King of Scots , became king of England and Ireland , thus forming a personal union of the three kingdoms . Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain . The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain , which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England . In 1801 , Great Britain entered into a political union with Ireland to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( in 1922 , the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom , leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in 1927 ) . Within Scotland , the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles , titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland . The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland ; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law . The continued existence of legal , educational , religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England . In 1997 , a Scottish Parliament was re-established , in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members , having authority over many areas of domestic policy . The head of the Scottish Government is the first minister of Scotland , who is supported by the deputy first minister of Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Celtic ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celtic_F.C.', 'summary': "The Celtic Football Club ( /ˈsɛltɪk/ SEL-tik ) is a Scottish professional football club based in Glasgow , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 [ nb 1 ] with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5-2 . Celtic established themselves within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the 1967 European Cup . Celtic have played in green and white for the entirety of its history , adopting hoops in 1903 , those being used ever since . Celtic are one of only five clubs in the world ( which also includes their rivals Rangers ) to have won over 100 trophies in their history . The club has won the Scottish league championship 50 times , most recently in 2018-19 , the Scottish Cup 39 times and the Scottish League Cup 19 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966-67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final , losing in both . Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs are known as the Old Firm , seen by some as the world 's biggest football derby . The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are more than 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Celtic ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Celtic_F.C.', 'summary': "The Celtic Football Club ( /ˈsɛltɪk/ SEL-tik ) is a Scottish professional football club based in Glasgow , which plays in the Scottish Premiership . The club was founded in 1887 [ nb 1 ] with the purpose of alleviating poverty in the immigrant Irish population in the East End of Glasgow . They played their first match in May 1888 , a friendly match against Rangers which Celtic won 5-2 . Celtic established themselves within Scottish football , winning six successive league titles during the first decade of the 20th century . The club enjoyed their greatest successes during the 1960s and 70s under Jock Stein when they won nine consecutive league titles and the 1967 European Cup . Celtic have played in green and white for the entirety of its history , adopting hoops in 1903 , those being used ever since . Celtic are one of only five clubs in the world ( which also includes their rivals Rangers ) to have won over 100 trophies in their history . The club has won the Scottish league championship 50 times , most recently in 2018-19 , the Scottish Cup 39 times and the Scottish League Cup 19 times . The club 's greatest season was 1966-67 , when Celtic became the first British team to win the European Cup , also winning the Scottish league championship , the Scottish Cup , the League Cup and the Glasgow Cup . Celtic also reached the 1970 European Cup Final and the 2003 UEFA Cup Final , losing in both . Celtic have a long-standing fierce rivalry with Rangers , and the clubs are known as the Old Firm , seen by some as the world 's biggest football derby . The club 's fanbase was estimated in 2003 as being around nine million worldwide , and there are more than 160 Celtic supporters clubs in over 20 countries ."}]}, {'value': 'Greece', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greece', 'summary': "Greece ( Greek : Ελλάδα ) , officially the Hellenic Republic ( Greek : Ελληνική Δημοκρατία ) , historically also known as Hellas , is a country located in Southeast Europe . Its population is approximately 10.7 million as of 2018 ; Athens , the nation 's capital , is its largest city , followed by Thessaloniki . Situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula , Greece is located at the crossroads of Europe , Asia , and Africa . It shares land borders with Albania to the northwest , North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north , and Turkey to the northeast . The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland , the Ionian Sea to the west , the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south . Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km ( 8,498 mi ) in length , featuring many islands , of which 227 are inhabited . Eighty percent of Greece is mountainous , with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres ( 9,573 ft ) . The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions : Macedonia , Central Greece , the Peloponnese , Thessaly , Epirus , the Aegean Islands ( including the Dodecanese and Cyclades ) , Thrace , Crete , and the Ionian Islands . Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilisation , being the birthplace of democracy , Western philosophy , Western literature , historiography , political science , major scientific and mathematical principles , Western drama and the Olympic Games . From the eighth century B.C. , the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states , known as poleis ( singular polis ) , which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea . Philip of Macedon united most of the Greek mainland in the fourth century BC , with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world , from the eastern Mediterranean to India . Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century B.C. , becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its successor , the Byzantine Empire , which adopted the Greek language and culture ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Panathinaikos ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C.', 'summary': 'Panathinaikos Football Club ( Greek : ΠΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός Α.Ο . [ panaθinaiˈkos ] ( listen ) ) , known as Panathinaikos , or by its full name , and the name of its parent sports club , Panathinaikos A.O . or PAO ( Παναθηναϊκός Αθλητικός Όμιλος ; Panathinaïkós Athlitikós Ómilos , All-Athenian Athletic Club ) , is a Greek professional football club based in the capital-city of Athens , Greece . The name Panathinaikos was inspired by the ancient work of Isocrates , Panathenaicus , where the orator praises the Athenians for their democratic education and their military superiority , used for the benefit of all Greeks . Today a part of Panathinaikos A.O. , they are the oldest active football club in Greece , initially founded only to practice this sport . Created in 1908 as Podosfairikos Omilos Athinon ( Football Club of Athens ) by Georgios Kalafatis , they play in the Super League Greece , being one of the most successful clubs in Greek football and one of three clubs which have never been relegated from the top division . Amongst their major titles are 20 Greek Championships , 18 Greek Cups , achieving eight times the Double , and 3 Greek Super Cups . They are also one of the two clubs that won a championship undefeated , going without a loss in a top-flight campaign in the 1963-64 season . Panathinaikos is also the most successful Greek club in terms of achievements in the European competitions . It is the only Greek team that has reached the European Cup ( later renamed UEFA Champions League ) final in 1971 ( which they lost to Ajax Amsterdam 2-0 ) , and also the semi-finals twice , in 1985 and 1996 . It is also the only Greek team that has played for the Intercontinental Cup ( 1971 ) . Furthermore , they have reached the quarter-finals of the Champions League on another two occasions ( in 1992 and 2002 ) , as well as the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup twice ( 1988 and 2003 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club Brugge ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge_KV', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sweden', 'summary': 'Sweden ( Swedish : Sverige [ ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Sweden ( Swedish : Konungariket Sverige [ ˈkôːnɵŋaˌriːkɛt ˈsvæ̌rjɛ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe . It borders Norway to the west and north and Finland to the east , and is connected to Denmark in the southwest by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund Strait . At 450,295 square kilometres ( 173,860 sq mi ) , Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe , the third-largest country in the European Union and the fifth largest country in Europe by area . The capital city is Stockholm . Sweden has a total population of 10.3 million of which 2.5 million have a foreign background . Persons who have foreign backgrounds are defined as persons who are foreign born , or born in Sweden with foreign born parents . It has a low population density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 57/sq mi ) and the highest urban concentration is in the central and southern half of the country . Sweden is part of the geographical area of Fennoscandia . The climate is in general mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence . In spite of the high latitude , Sweden often has warm continental summers , being located in between the North Atlantic , the Baltic Sea and the vast Eurasian Russian landmass . The general climate and environment varies significantly from the south and north due to the vast latitudal difference and much of Sweden has reliably cold and snowy winters . Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural , while the north is heavily forested and includes a portion of the Scandinavian Mountains .'}]}, {'value': '0', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '-', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Malmö FF ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malmö_FF', 'summary': 'Malmö Fotbollförening , commonly known as Malmö FF , Malmö , or MFF , is the most successful football club in Sweden in terms of trophies won . Formed in 1910 and affiliated with the Scania Football Association , Malmö FF are based at Eleda Stadion in Malmö , Scania . The club have won the most Swedish championship titles , 20 , a record 23 league titles , and a record 14 national cup titles . [ A ] The club won their first Championship in 1944 . The powerhouse of Swedish football in recent years , Malmö FF also saw glory in the 1970s , winning five Swedish championships and four Svenska Cupen titles . What is more , MFF is the only club from the Nordic countries to have reached the final of the European Cup , the predecessor of the UEFA Champions League . They were runners-up in the 1979 European Champions Cup final , which they lost 1-0 to English club Nottingham Forest . For this feat , Malmö FF were awarded the Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal . Malmö FF is also the only Nordic club to have been represented at the Intercontinental Cup ( succeeded by FIFA Club World Cup ) in which they competed for the 1979 title . Malmö FF are the leaders of the overall Allsvenskan table maratontabellen where Malmö FF is the team that has scored the most goals and won the most matches , despite having played fewer seasons than other teams . In recent years the team qualified for two consecutive group stages of the Champions League in 2014 and 2015 . In 2019 , Malmö played in the knockout stage of the UEFA Europa League , losing 5-1 on aggregate against eventual champions Chelsea .'}]}], 'section_title': 'General performances -- By nation', 'section_text': 'As of 2018–19 season', 'uid': 'European_Cup_and_UEFA_Champions_League_records_and_statistics_0', 'intro': 'This page details statistics of the European Cup and Champions League. Unless notified these statistics concern all seasons since inception of the European Cup in the 1955-56 season, including qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League as per Competition facts; all goals scored before league phase(s) count as qualifying goals.'}
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What is the percent of population that supports the most popular team from a club in the country where the southern Pannonian Plain is ?
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48.2%
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0386256f8abf4ac3
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation', 'title': 'Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation', 'header': ['Property name', 'Location', 'Municipality'], 'data': [{'value': 'Edward G. Acheson House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_G._Acheson_House', 'summary': 'The Edward G. Acheson House is a historic house at 908 West Main St. in Monongahela , Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . Probably built about 1870 , it is notable as the home of Edward G. Acheson ( 1856-1931 ) , the inventor of carborundum , and as the likely site of its invention . It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '908 Main Street , Monongahela', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monongahela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monongahela,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Monongahela , referred to locally as Mon City , is a city in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is part of the Pittsburgh , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is located approximately 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of the city proper . The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census . One of only two cities in Washington County , and the second smallest city in Pennsylvania ( after Parker ) , Monongahela sits at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 88 , 136 , and 837 , all of which constitute the city 's Main Street . The city is served by the Ringgold School District . Monongahela is known for its Aquatorium , a 3,000 seat amphitheater style venue built on the Monongahela River . According to its website , the Aquatorium is the first of its kind venue in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Samuel Brownlee House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samuel_Brownlee_House', 'summary': 'Samuel Brownlee House is a historic building in Washington , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 519 in village of Wylandville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Strabane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Strabane_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'South Strabane Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 9,346 at the 2010 census . The township is named after the town of Strabane in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Caldwell Tavern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caldwell_Tavern', 'summary': 'Caldwell Tavern is a historic building in Claysville , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'Junction of US 40 and TR 474 east of Claysville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Buffalo Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buffalo_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Buffalo Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 2,069 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Dager-Wonsettler Farmstead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dager-Wonsettler_Farmstead', 'summary': 'Dager-Wonsettler Farmstead is a historic building in Glyde , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'On Old National Road ( now SR 40 ) near Glyde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amwell Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amwell_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Amwell Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,751 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Margaret Derrow House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Margaret_Derrow_House', 'summary': 'Margaret Derrow House is a historic building in Claysville , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'West Main Street , Claysville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Donegal Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Donegal_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Donegal Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 2,465 at the 2010 census . It was named after the town and county of Donegal in Ireland . At the 2000 census , 13.7% of the population were reported to be Scotch-Irish ( Ulster Scots ) , the highest number in the United States .'}]}, {'value': 'Doak-Little House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Doak-Little_House', 'summary': 'The Doak-Little House is a historic building in South Strabane Township , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'US 40', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Strabane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Strabane_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'South Strabane Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 9,346 at the 2010 census . The township is named after the town of Strabane in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Joseph Dorsey House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Dorsey_House', 'summary': 'Joseph Dorsey House was a historic building in West Brownsville , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . The namesake Joseph Dorsey , a Maryland native , built the stone house c. 1787 on a large estate of 1,280 acres ( 5.2 km2 ) . The house no longer stands , having been destroyed by a 1993 fire .'}]}, {'value': '113 Cherry Avenue , Denbeau Heights ( Denbo Heights )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centerville,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Centerville is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,263 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Dusmal House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dusmal_House', 'summary': 'Dusmal House is a historic building in Gastonville , Pennsylvania . It is a three-bay , \u200b2 1⁄2-story house built in 1839 . A one-story addition was added later in the nineteenth century . The historic significance of the house is as an example of the Post Colonial style of architecture found in Western Pennsylvania . Vernacular builders mixed elements of Georgian , Roman Classical , Adamesque , and European Renaissance styles as they saw fit , differing from traditions in other parts of the country . In addition to its National Register of Historic Places listing , it is also designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'East of Gastonville off Gilmore Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Union Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Union_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Union Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 5,700 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Molly Fleming House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molly_Fleming_House', 'summary': 'Molly Fleming House is a historic building in California , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '616 Wood Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': 'Philip Friend House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Philip_Friend_House', 'summary': 'Philip Friend House is a c. 1807 historic farm house in North Bethlehem Township , Pennsylvania , US . The stone house is forty feet by thirty feet , two-story , five-bay , and gable-roofed . Contributing outbuildings include a barn , springhouse , wash house , and privy . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': '105 Little Daniels Run Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'North Bethlehem Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Bethlehem_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'North Bethlehem Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,631 at the 2010 census . The residents of the township are part of the Bentworth School District with schools located in nearby Bentleyville and Ellsworth boroughs .'}]}, {'value': 'Harrison House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Harrison_House_(Centerville,_Pennsylvania)', 'summary': 'Harrison House was a historic building in Centerville , Pennsylvania . It was built c. 1845 as a Post Colonial Greek Revival house , and later updated to a High Victorian Italianate style . The five-bay \u200b2 1⁄2-story structure with a two-story bay window unit with a turret roof and a four-story tower was unusual for the Washington County , Pennsylvania area . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Satellite images show that the house no longer exists .'}]}, {'value': 'Old National Pike , US 40 , one mile east of Centerville', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centerville,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Centerville is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,263 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Huffman Distillery and Chopping Mill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Huffman_Distillery_and_Chopping_Mill', 'summary': 'Huffman Distillery and Chopping Mill is a historic complex of buildings in Somerset Township , Washington County , Pennsylvania . Contributing buildings include a c. 1810 \u200b2 1⁄2-story four-bay brick main house ; a c. 1815 timber-frame bank barn ; a c.1790 stone-and-log distillery , and a c. 1805 timber-frame chopping mill . The mill was horse powered , and was used to chop grain for the distilling process . These buildings are a rare surviving example of an important industry in the Somerset Township area , and the very small-scale industrial/commercial enterprises of the late 18th/early 19th centuries . The area had a high concentration of distillers , and they were greatly affected by the whiskey excise tax and the Whiskey Rebellion . Huffman Distillery and Chopping Millis designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation , and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'LR 62155 , 2 miles North of Junction with PA 917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Somerset Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Somerset_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Somerset Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 2,684 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Jennings-Gallagher House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennings-Gallagher_House', 'summary': "Jennings-Gallagher House is a historic building in California , Pennsylvania . It is at 429 Wood Street , the corner of Fifth and Wood Streets , California Borough , Washington County , Pennsylvania . It is a colonial revival house , built in 1903 by Jonathan Winnett Jennings , a Methodist minister from the Monongahela Valley . The house stayed in the Jennings family until 1919 ; in 1930 when it was acquired by the Gallagher family . Charles Gallagher was the general superintendent of the Allied Chemical Corporation at Newell , Pennsylvania , a director of People 's National Bank and a Trustee of California University of Pennsylvania . In 1993 it was left to the Historical Society . The house is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . It retains its original woodwork , stained glass and fireplaces ."}]}, {'value': 'Wood Street , California', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'California is a borough on the Monongahela River in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 6,795 as of the 2010 census and was estimated at 6,325 in 2018 . California is the home of California University of Pennsylvania . Founded in 1849 , the borough was named for the territory of California following the Gold Rush . The borough has had two notably young mayors - Democrat Peter Daley , who was 22 at his election , and Republican Casey Durdines , who was 20 at his election .'}]}, {'value': "Kinder 's Mill", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Kinder's_Mill", 'summary': "Kinder 's Mill is a historic building in Deemston , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation ."}]}, {'value': 'LR 62194 at Piper Road , Deemston', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Deemston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Deemston,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Deemston is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area since 1950 . The population was 809 at the 2000 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Moses Little Tavern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moses_Little_Tavern', 'summary': 'Moses Little Tavern is a historic building in Laboratory , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'National Pike ( US 40 ) , 3/4 miles east of I-79 interchange', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Amwell Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amwell_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Amwell Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,751 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'David Longwell House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Longwell_House', 'summary': 'David Longwell House is a historic building in Monongahela , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'West Main Street , Monongahela City', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Monongahela', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Monongahela,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': "Monongahela , referred to locally as Mon City , is a city in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . It is part of the Pittsburgh , PA Metropolitan Statistical Area , and is located approximately 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of the city proper . The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census . One of only two cities in Washington County , and the second smallest city in Pennsylvania ( after Parker ) , Monongahela sits at the intersection of Pennsylvania Route 88 , 136 , and 837 , all of which constitute the city 's Main Street . The city is served by the Ringgold School District . Monongahela is known for its Aquatorium , a 3,000 seat amphitheater style venue built on the Monongahela River . According to its website , the Aquatorium is the first of its kind venue in the United States ."}]}, {'value': 'Malden Inn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malden_Inn', 'summary': "The 1820s Malden Inn ( also sometimes as The Kreppsville Inn ) and John Krepps Tavern is a historic building in the unincorporated bedroom community of Malden , Pennsylvania at the junction of South Malden Road [ a ] and Old U.S. Route 40 ( US40 ) , the historic Cumberland Pike . The Inn 's Malden location ( present-day borough of Centerville , PA ) along the western part of the Amerindian trail known as Nemacolin 's Path transformed into a wagon road linking the river ford [ b ] between Brownsville-West Brownsville with the former frontier towns of Washington , Pennsylvania and Wheeling , West Virginia , where the Emigrant Trail then allowed an easy crossing the Ohio River . The Inn had a good commercial site astride the old National Pike ( U.S. Route 40 before the 1960s highway construction project ) about three miles west of the long climb up from West Brownsville and Denbo Heights , PA being located at the former junction [ c ] of Malden Road connecting northwards to Coal Center and California situated about half-the-way to Centerville from the Brownsville ford and the ferry terminus below Blainsburg just North-northeast of West Brownsville . [ d ] It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation ."}]}, {'value': 'Off US 40 East , on Malden Place , spur of Old National Road', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Centerville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centerville,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Centerville is a borough in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 3,263 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Isaac Manchester House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Manchester_House', 'summary': "Plantation Plenty , also known as the Isaac Manchester House is a historic building in Avella , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 , with a boundary enlargement and renaming in 2016 . The property is endangered by longwall coal mining . In 2011 , it was named to the list of America 's Most Endangered Places by the National Trust for Historic Preservation ."}]}, {'value': '2 miles south of Avella on SR 231', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Independence Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Independence_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Independence Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 1,557 at the 2010 census .'}]}, {'value': 'Martin Farmstead', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Farmstead', 'summary': 'The Martin Farmstead is a historic building in Washington , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': 'SR 136 , 2 miles west of Eighty Four', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Strabane Township', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Strabane_Township,_Washington_County,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'South Strabane Township is a township in Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States . The population was 9,346 at the 2010 census . The township is named after the town of Strabane in County Tyrone , Northern Ireland .'}]}, {'value': 'Dr. Joseph Maurer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dr._Joseph_Maurer_House', 'summary': 'The Dr. Joseph Maurer House is a historic house in Washington , Pennsylvania . It is designated as a historic residential landmark/farmstead by the Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation .'}]}, {'value': '97 West Wheeling Street', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Washington', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania', 'summary': 'Washington is a city in and the county seat of Washington County , Pennsylvania , United States , within the Greater Pittsburgh Region in the southwestern part of the state . The population was 13,663 at the 2010 census . Washington is home to Washington & Jefferson College and Pony League baseball .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Residential landmarks and farmsteads', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Washington_County_History_&_Landmarks_Foundation_3', 'intro': "Washington County History & Landmarks Foundation is a non-profit educational institution in Washington, Pennsylvania. Its purpose is to encourage and assist the preservation of historic structures in Washington County, Pennsylvania. The foundation operates its own landmark certification process, as well as working with the National Park Service to document and place landmarks on the National Register of Historic Places. It also offers advice and assistance for historic building owners who wish to preserve their facilities. Since its inception, the foundation has been successful in helping many historic building owners in the preservation of their structures. For a number of years, the foundation has been in conflict with Washington & Jefferson College. In 1968, the college's campus master plan called for the expansion of the campus eastward towards Wade Avenue in East Washington Borough, a plan that placed them in conflict with the residents of that area. For the next 30 years, the college maintained a policy of purchasing any homes in that area as they became available. In response, the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation was able to get the East Washington Historic District, a collection of 120 Victorian homes in that area, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. The college opposed the designation but did not object in time to prevent it. According to College President Howard J. Burnett, the district was structured to prevent expansion of the college. In the 1990s, the hard feelings between some residents and the College came to a head, with residents trying to have the Borough enact anti-demolition laws to block expansion and a meeting of the Washington County History and Landmarks Foundation deteriorated into a shouting match between residents and college officials."}
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What destroyed this house located in this borough where the population was 3,263 in 2010 ?
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1993 fire
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038835dcb2ce19bf
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Super_League', 'title': 'Swiss Super League', 'header': ['Team', 'Foundation', 'Hometown', 'Venue', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'FC Basel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Basel', 'summary': 'FC Basel 1893 ( Fussball Club Basel 1893 ) , widely known as FC Basel , FCB , or just Basel , is a Swiss football club based in Basel , in the Canton of Basel-Stadt . Formed in 1893 , the club has been Swiss national champions 20 times , Swiss Cup winners 12 times , and Swiss League Cup winners once . Basel have competed in European competitions every season since 1999-2000 . They have qualified for the Group stages of the Champions League more times than any other Swiss club - a total of seven times - and are the only Swiss club to have ever qualified to the Group stages directly . Since 2001 the club has played its home games at St. Jakob-Park , built on the site of their previous home , St. Jakob Stadium . Their home colours are red and blue , leading to a nickname of RotBlau .'}]}, {'value': '15/11/1893', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basel', 'summary': "Basel ( /ˈbɑːzəl/ BAH-zəl , German : [ ˈbaːzl̩ ] ( listen ) ) or Basle ( /bɑːl/ BAHL ; French : Bâle [ bɑl ] ; Italian : Basilea [ baziˈlɛːa ] ; Romansh : Basilea [ baziˈleːa ] ( listen ) ) is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine . Basel is Switzerland 's third-most-populous city ( after Zürich and Geneva ) with about 180,000 inhabitants . Located where the Swiss , French and German borders meet , Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany . As of 2016 [ update ] , the Swiss Basel agglomeration was the third-largest in Switzerland , with a population of 541,000 in 74 municipalities in Switzerland ( municipal count as of 2018 ) . The initiative Trinational Eurodistrict Basel ( TEB ) of 62 suburban communes including municipalities in neighboring countries , counted 829,000 inhabitants in 2007 . The official language of Basel is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect . The city is known for its many internationally renowned museums , ranging from the Kunstmuseum , the first collection of art accessible to the public in Europe ( 1661 ) and the largest museum of art in the whole of Switzerland , to the Fondation Beyeler ( located in Riehen ) . The University of Basel , Switzerland 's oldest university ( founded in 1460 ) , and the city 's centuries-long commitment to humanism , have made Basel a safe haven at times of political unrest in other parts of Europe for such notable people as Erasmus of Rotterdam , the Holbein family , Friedrich Nietzsche , and in the 20th century also Hermann Hesse and Karl Jaspers . The city of Basel is Switzerland 's second-largest economic centre after the city of Zürich [ citation needed ] and has the highest GDP per capita in the country , ahead of the cantons of Zug and Geneva . In terms of value , over 94% of Basel City 's goods exports are in the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors . With production facilities located in the neighboring Schweizerhalle , Basel accounts for 20% of Swiss exports and generates one third of the national product . Basel has been the seat of a Prince-Bishopric since the 11th century , and joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1501 ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Jakob-Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Jakob-Park', 'summary': 'St. Jakob Park ( help·info ) is a Swiss sports stadium in Basel . It is the largest football venue in Switzerland and home to FC Basel . Joggeli , as the venue is nicknamed by the locals , was originally built with a capacity of 33,433 seats . The capacity was increased to 42,500 for Euro 2008 , which was hosted by Switzerland and Austria . After the Euro 2008 a number of seats were removed , thus creating more space between them . The capacity was therefore reduced to 38,512 for Swiss Super League matches or 37,500 seats for international matches The maximum capacity for concerts is 40,000 . The stadium is named after the village of St. Jakob an der Birs , which stood on the site . The name Joggeli is the diminutive of Jakob in the local dialect , making it the equivalent of Jake .'}]}, {'value': '37.994', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grasshopper Club Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grasshopper_Club_Zürich', 'summary': "Grasshopper Club Zürich , commonly referred to as simply GC , GCZ , or Grasshoppers , is a multisports club based in Zürich , Switzerland . The oldest and best known department of the club is its football team . With 27 titles , Grasshopper holds the records for winning the most national championship titles and for the most successes in the Swiss Cup tournament , 19 victories in the competition . The club is the oldest football team in Zürich and maintains a substantial rivalry with FC Zürich . The origin of Grasshopper 's name is unknown , although the most common explanation refers to its early players ' energetic post-goal celebrations and that their style of play was nimble and energetic . After a number of appearances in European Cups and the UEFA Champions League , Grasshopper has become one of Switzerland 's most recognizable football clubs . Today , in addition to its main football squad , the club has competitive professional and youth teams in rowing , ice hockey , handball , lawn tennis , court tennis , field hockey , curling , basketball , rugby , squash , floorball and beach soccer ."}]}, {'value': '01/09/1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': 'Letzigrund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Letzigrund', 'summary': 'Letzigrund ( help·info ) is a stadium in Zürich , Switzerland , and the home of the athletics club LC Zürich , and the football clubs FC Zürich and Grasshopper Club Zürich . LC Zürich is a spin-off of FC Zürich whose members constructed the stadium in 1925 . Grasshopper-Club is using it as their home stadium since 2007 . The annual track and field meet Weltklasse Zürich - part of the IAAF Diamond League - takes place at the Letzigrund since 1928 , as well as frequent open-air concerts . On the Letzigrund track on 21 June 1960 , Armin Hary was the first human being to run the 100 metres in 10,0 seconds .'}]}, {'value': '26.104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Lugano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Lugano', 'summary': 'FC Lugano is a Swiss football club based in Lugano . The club was refounded as AC Lugano in 2004 as a result of relegation and the financial situation of FC Lugano , which was founded in 1908 . In 2008 , the club reverted to its original name , FC Lugano . They play at the Stadio Cornaredo . They have played in what is now the Swiss Super League during the periods of 1922-53 , 1954-60 , 1961-63 , 1964-76 , 1979-80 , 1988-97 , 1998-02 , and from 2015 .'}]}, {'value': '28/07/1908', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lugano', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lugano', 'summary': 'Lugano ( /luːˈɡɑːnoʊ/ , also UK : /lʊˈ-/ , Italian : [ luˈɡaːno ] ; Ticinese : Lugan [ lyˈɡãː ] ) is a town and a municipality in southern Switzerland in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino bordering Italy . It has a population ( as of December 2018 [ update ] ) of 63,185 , and an urban agglomeration of over 145,000 . The ninth largest Swiss town , it is the largest in Ticino and largest with an Italian speaking majority outside of Italy . The town lies on Lake Lugano , surrounded by the mountains of the Lugano Prealps . The eastern part of the municipality shares a border with Italy .'}]}, {'value': 'Stadio Cornaredo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stadio_Cornaredo', 'summary': 'Cornaredo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Lugano , Switzerland . It is used mostly for football matches . It is a home ground of FC Lugano . The stadium is able to hold 15,000 people and was built in 1951 . The stadium has 5,000 seats and 10,000 standing places . During the 1954 FIFA World Cup , it hosted one game . During the spring 2008 , the political authorities of Lugano announced a plan to renew the stadium to fulfil the Swiss Football League requirements for Super League stadiums , however , the works never commenced .'}]}, {'value': '6.390', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Luzern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Luzern', 'summary': "Fussball-Club Luzern ( German pronunciation : [ ɛf ˈt͡seː luˈtsɛrn ] ) , or simply abbreviated to FCL , is a Swiss sports club based in Lucerne . It is best known for its professional football team , which plays in the Super League , the top tier of the Swiss football league system , and has won the national title once and the national cup twice . The club colours are blue and white , derived from the City of Lucerne and Canton of Lucerne coats of arms . The club plays its home games at Swissporarena which was newly built in 2011 at the place of the old Stadion Allmend . FC Luzern was founded in 1901 . It has non-professional departments for women 's football , volleyball , boccia and gymnastics ."}]}, {'value': '12/08/1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luzern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luzern', 'summary': "Lucerne ( /luːˈsɜːrn/ loo-SURN , French : [ lysɛʁn ] ; German : Luzern [ luˈtsɛrn ] ( listen ) ; Lucerne German : Lozärn ; Italian : Lucerna [ luˈtʃɛrna ] ; Romansh : Lucerna [ luˈtsɛrnɐ ] ( listen ) ) is a city in central Switzerland , in the German-speaking portion of the country . Lucerne is the capital of the canton of Lucerne and part of the district of the same name . With a population of about 81,057 people ( as of 2013 [ update ] ) , Lucerne is the most populous town in Central Switzerland , and a nexus of economics , transportation , culture , and media of this region . The city 's urban area consists of 17 municipalities and towns located in three different cantons with an overall population of about 250,000 people ( as of 2007 [ update ] ) . Owing to its location on the shores of Lake Lucerne ( German : Vierwaldstättersee ) and its outflow , the river Reuss , within sight of the mounts Pilatus and Rigi in the Swiss Alps , Lucerne has long been a destination for tourists . One of the city 's famous landmarks is the Chapel Bridge ( German : Kapellbrücke ) , a wooden bridge first erected in the 14th century . The official language of Lucerne is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect ."}]}, {'value': 'Swissporarena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swissporarena', 'summary': "Swissporarena is a multi-use stadium in Lucerne , Switzerland , completed in 2011 . It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC Lucerne of the Swiss Super League . The stadium has a capacity of 16,800 spectators , including an away fans ' section fitted with 390 rail seats for safe standing . It replaced the demolished Stadion Allmend . The stadium was due to open earlier in the year but several problems during construction changed the plans . In February 2011 the club announced the new season ticket prices for their return home . The stadium held its first match , a 0-0 against FC Thun on 31 July 2011 . Since November 2012 , the stadium and surrounding area has been served by the underground Lucerne Allmend/Messe railway station ."}]}, {'value': '16.490', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Sion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Sion', 'summary': 'Football Club de Sion , commonly known as simply FC Sion or Sion , is a Swiss football team from the city of Sion . The club was founded in 1909 , and play their home matches at the Stade Tourbillon . They have won the Swiss Super League twice , and the Swiss Cup in 13 of their 14 appearances in the final , the most recent being in 2015 . The first team of the club was also known as their incorporated name Olympique des Alpes SA .'}]}, {'value': '01/07/1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sion', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland', 'summary': 'Sion ( French : [ sjɔ̃ ] ; German : Sitten [ ˈzɪtn̩ ] ; Italian : Seduno ; Latin : Sedunum ) is a Swiss town , a municipality , and the capital of the canton of Valais and of the district of Sion . As of December 2018 [ update ] it had a population of 34,708 ( known as Sédunois ( es ) ) . On 17 January 1968 , the former municipality of Bramois merged into the municipality of Sion . On 1 January 2013 , the former municipality of Salins merged into the municipality of Sion , and on 1 January 2017 , Les Agettes did the same . Landmarks in Sion include the Basilique de Valère and the Château de Tourbillon . Sion has an airfield for civilian and military use , which serves as a base for air rescue missions .'}]}, {'value': 'Tourbillon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_Tourbillon', 'summary': "The Stade de Tourbillon is a multi-purpose stadium in Sion , Switzerland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Sion . The stadium holds 16,000 people and was built in 1968 and renovated in 1989 . At the time of the renovation , its capacity was 19,600 . The stadium 's LED scoreboard is powered by ColosseoEAS 's miniDirector coupled with a miniTimer ."}]}, {'value': '14.283', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC St. Gallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_St._Gallen', 'summary': 'FC St. Gallen 1879 ( Fussballclub St. Gallen 1879 ) is a Swiss football club based in St. Gallen , in the Canton of St.Gallen . The club is currently playing in the 2018-2019 Swiss Super League .'}]}, {'value': '19/04/1879', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Gallen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Gallen', 'summary': "St. Gallen or traditionally St Gall , in German sometimes Sankt Gallen ( Sankt Gallen ( help·info ) ; English : St Gall ; French : Saint-Gall ; Italian : San Gallo ; Romansh : Son Gagl ) is a Swiss town and the capital of the canton of St. Gallen . It evolved from the hermitage of Saint Gall , founded in the 7th century . Today , it is a large urban agglomeration ( with around 167,000 inhabitants in 2019 ) and represents the center of eastern Switzerland . Its economy consists mainly of the service sector . The town is home of the University of St. Gallen , one of the best business schools in Europe . The main tourist attraction is the Abbey of Saint Gall , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The Abbey 's renowned library contains books from the 9th century . The official language of St. Gallen is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect . The town has good transport links to the rest of the country and to neighbouring Germany and Austria . It also functions as the gate to the Appenzellerland ."}]}, {'value': 'Kybunpark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kybunpark', 'summary': 'The kybunpark , formerly known as AFG Arena , is a multi-use stadium in St. Gallen , Switzerland , completed in 2008 . It is used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of FC St. Gallen of the Swiss Super League . It replaces the Espenmoos stadium . The stadium has a capacity of 20,000 people . Between 2008 and 2016 the stadium was named after the sponsor Arbonia-Forster-Gruppe ( AFG ) . In July 2016 the name was changed to kybunpark . When it was completed , FC St. Gallen had just been just relegated to the Challenge League . The first match in the new stadium was played on May 30 , 2008 when Switzerland won against Liechtenstein 3:0 ( 18,000 spectators ) . The official inauguration was held on July 5 , 2008 . Starting July 2012 , the kybunpark is also the temporary home of FC Wil , while the second division side builds its own new stadium to meet Swiss Football League requirements . The kybunpark is used as well for international games between national football teams , such as Brazil or Spain .'}]}, {'value': '19.456', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Thun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Thun', 'summary': "FC Thun ( Fussballclub Thun 1898 ) is a Swiss football team from the Bernese Oberland town of Thun . The club currently plays in the Swiss Super League after being promoted in the 2009/10 season . The club plays at the Stockhorn Arena which accommodates a total of 10,000 supporters , both seated and standing . The club 's colours are red and white ."}]}, {'value': '04/05/1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thun', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thun', 'summary': 'Thun ( French : Thoune ) is a town and a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland with about 43,783 inhabitants ( around 90,000 in the agglomeration ) , as of 31 December 2013 . It is located where the Aare flows out of Lake Thun ( Thunersee ) , 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of Bern . Besides tourism , machine and precision instrument engineering , the largest garrison in the country , the food industry , armaments and publishing are of economic importance to Thun . The official language of Thun is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect .'}]}, {'value': 'Stockhorn Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockhorn_Arena', 'summary': 'Stockhorn Arena ( formerly known as Arena Thun ) is a football stadium in Thun , Switzerland . It has a capacity of 10,000 spectators and opened in 2011 . It is the home of FC Thun of the Swiss Super League .'}]}, {'value': '10.104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neuchâtel Xamax', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neuchâtel_Xamax_FCS', 'summary': "Neuchâtel Xamax FCS ( pronounced [ nøʃɑtɛl ksamaks ] ) is a Swiss football club , based in Neuchâtel . It was created in 1970 through a merger between FC Cantonal , founded in 1906 and Swiss champions of 1916 , and FC Xamax founded in 1912 . The name Xamax comes from legendary Swiss international 'Xam ' Max Abegglen , one of the founding members . Xamax Neuchâtel FCS obtained its current name after a merger with FC Serrières , another side from Neuchâtel , in May 2013 ."}]}, {'value': '1912', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Neuchâtel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neuchâtel', 'summary': 'Neuchâtel or Neuchatel ( UK : /ˌnɜːʃæˈtɛl/ , US : /-ʃɑːˈ- , ˌnjuːʃəˈ- , ˌnʊʃɑːˈ-/ , French : [ nøʃɑtɛl ] ( listen ) ; Arpitan : Nôchâtél ; both from Old French : neu ( f ) new and chatel castle ; German : Neuenburg [ ˈnɔʏənˌbʊrɡ ] ( listen ) ; Romansh : Neuchâtel or Neufchâtel ; outdated Italian : Neocastello ) [ note 1 ] is a town , a municipality , and the capital of the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel on Lake Neuchâtel . The city has approximately 34,000 inhabitants ( 80,000 in the metropolitan area ) . The city is sometimes referred to historically by the German name Neuenburg , which has the same meaning . It was originally part of the Holy Roman Empire and later under Prussian control from 1707 until 1848 . The official language of Neuchâtel is French . Neuchâtel is a pilot of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural Cities programme .'}]}, {'value': 'Stade de la Maladière', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_la_Maladière', 'summary': 'Stade de la Maladière is a multi-purpose stadium in Neuchâtel , Switzerland . It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of Neuchâtel Xamax . The stadium holds 12,000 . It replaced the old Stade de la Maladière .'}]}, {'value': '12.000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BSC Young Boys', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/BSC_Young_Boys', 'summary': "BSC Young Boys are a Swiss sports club based in Bern , Switzerland . The first team has won 13 Swiss league championships and six Swiss Cups . In 1957 , YB was named the Swiss team of the year . YB is one of the most successful Swiss football clubs internationally , and reached the semi-finals of the European Cup in the 1958-59 season . The club 's colours are yellow of a golden shade and black . The club 's sports also include field hockey and bowling . The women 's hockey team plays in the highest Swiss League ."}]}, {'value': '14/03/1898', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bern', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bern', 'summary': "Bern or Berne ( German : Bern [ bɛrn ] ( listen ) ; Alemannic German : Bärn [ b̥æːrn ] ; French : Berne [ bɛʁn ] ( listen ) ; Italian : Berna [ ˈbɛrna ] ; Romansh : Berna [ ˈbɛrnɐ ] ( listen ) ) is the de facto capital of Switzerland , referred to by the Swiss as their federal city , in German Bundesstadt , French ville fédérale , and Italian città federale . [ note 1 ] With a population of about 140,000 ( as of 2019 ) , Bern is the fifth-most populous city in Switzerland . The Bern agglomeration , which includes 36 municipalities , had a population of 406,900 in 2014 . The metropolitan area had a population of 660,000 in 2000 . Bern is also the capital of the canton of Bern , the second-most populous of Switzerland 's cantons . The official language in Bern is ( the Swiss variety of Standard ) German , but the most-spoken language is an Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Bernese German . In 1983 , the historic old town ( in German : Altstadt ) in the centre of Bern became a UNESCO World Heritage Site ."}]}, {'value': 'Stade de Suisse', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stade_de_Suisse', 'summary': 'The Stade de Suisse is a football stadium in Bern , Switzerland . The second largest all-seater football stadium in Switzerland , it currently serves as the home ground of the Swiss football team BSC Young Boys . It was also one of the venues used during the UEFA Euro 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '31.789', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Zürich', 'summary': "Fussballclub Zürich , commonly abbreviated to FC Zürich or simply FCZ , is a Swiss football men 's club based in the city of Zürich , in the Canton of Zurich in the Super League , the top tier in its league . The club was founded in 1896 and has won the Swiss Super League 12 times and the Swiss Cup 10 times . The club won the 2009 Swiss Super League and last won the Swiss Cup in 2018 . Their home games are played at the Letzigrund in Zürich , which seats 25,000 spectators . For the women 's team see FC Zürich Frauen ."}]}, {'value': '28/08/1896', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zürich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zürich', 'summary': "Zürich ( German : Zürich ; French : Zurich ; Italian : Zurigo ; Romansh : Turitg ) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zürich . It is located in north-central Switzerland at the northwestern tip of Lake Zürich . The municipality has approximately 430,000 inhabitants , the urban area ( agglomeration ) 1.315 million and the Zürich metropolitan area 1.83 million . Zürich is a hub for railways , roads , and air traffic . Both Zurich Airport and railway station are the largest and busiest in the country . Permanently settled for over 2,000 years , Zürich was founded by the Romans , who , in 15 BC , called it Turicum . However , early settlements have been found dating back more than 6,400 years ( although this only indicates human presence in the area and not the presence of a town that early ) . During the Middle Ages , Zürich gained the independent and privileged status of imperial immediacy and , in 1519 , became a primary centre of the Protestant Reformation in Europe under the leadership of Huldrych Zwingli . The official language of Zürich is German , [ a ] but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect , Zürich German . Many museums and art galleries can be found in the city , including the Swiss National Museum , the Kunsthaus and newer Theater 11 in Oerlikon . Schauspielhaus Zürich is one of the most important theatres in the German-speaking world . Zürich is among the world 's largest financial centres despite having a relatively small population ."}]}, {'value': 'Letzigrund', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Letzigrund', 'summary': 'Letzigrund ( help·info ) is a stadium in Zürich , Switzerland , and the home of the athletics club LC Zürich , and the football clubs FC Zürich and Grasshopper Club Zürich . LC Zürich is a spin-off of FC Zürich whose members constructed the stadium in 1925 . Grasshopper-Club is using it as their home stadium since 2007 . The annual track and field meet Weltklasse Zürich - part of the IAAF Diamond League - takes place at the Letzigrund since 1928 , as well as frequent open-air concerts . On the Letzigrund track on 21 June 1960 , Armin Hary was the first human being to run the 100 metres in 10,0 seconds .'}]}, {'value': '26.104', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2018–19 season -- Participating clubs', 'section_text': 'The teams competing in the 2018–19 season are :', 'uid': 'Swiss_Super_League_0', 'intro': "The Swiss Super League (known as the Raiffeisen Super League for sponsorship reasons) is a professional league in the top tier of the Swiss football league system and has been played in its current format since the 2003-04 season. As of October 2019 the Swiss Super League is ranked 20th in Europe according to UEFA's ranking of league coefficients, which is based upon Swiss team performances in European competitions."}
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What stadium was replaced by the venue that is home to the newest Swiss Super League club ?
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old Stade de la Maladière
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0388a0180685a507
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_One_Night_Only', 'title': 'Impact One Night Only', 'header': ['Event', 'Date ( taped )', 'Date ( aired )', 'City', 'Venue'], 'data': [{'value': 'Turning Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 5 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 9 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Charlottesville , Virginia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia', 'summary': "Charlottesville , colloquially known as C'ville and officially named the City of Charlottesville , is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia . It is the county seat of Albemarle County , which surrounds the city , though the two are separate legal entities . It is named after the British Queen consort ( and Electress of Hanover ) Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , who as the wife of George III was Virginia 's last Queen . In 2018 , an estimated 48,117 people lived within the city limits . The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the City of Charlottesville with Albemarle County for statistical purposes , bringing its population to approximately 150,000 . Charlottesville is the heart of the Charlottesville metropolitan area , which includes Albemarle , Buckingham , Fluvanna , Greene , and Nelson counties . Charlottesville was the home of two Presidents , Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe . During their terms as Governor of Virginia , they lived in Charlottesville , and traveled to and from Richmond , along the 71-mile ( 114 km ) historic Three Notch 'd Road . Orange , located 26 miles ( 42 km ) northeast of the city , was the hometown of President James Madison . The University of Virginia , founded by Jefferson and one of the original Public Ivies , straddles the city 's southwestern border . Monticello , 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) southeast of the city , is , along with the University of Virginia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , attracting thousands of tourists every year ."}]}, {'value': 'John Paul Jones Arena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Arena', 'summary': "John Paul Jones Arena , or JPJ , is an arena owned by the University of Virginia in Charlottesville , Virginia . Since its opening in 2006 , it serves as the home to the Virginia Cavaliers men 's and women 's basketball teams , as well as for concerts and other events . With seating for 14,593 fans ( nearly twice the capacity of its predecessor , University Hall ) , John Paul Jones Arena is the largest indoor arena in Virginia and the biggest Atlantic Coast Conference basketball arena located outside of large metropolitan areas . [ a ] JPJ opened for basketball on November 12 , 2006 , with Virginia defeating No . 10 ranked Arizona 93-90 , handing Hall of Fame coach Lute Olson his first season-opening loss in six years . Virginia men 's basketball is 187-42 ( .817 ) at John Paul Jones Arena as of December 8 , 2019 . The Cavaliers have fared even better , 148-26 ( .851 ) , at JPJ during the Tony Bennett era . Virginia fans in the arena are known for cheering loudly for defensive stands and for providing what Hall of Fame coach Rick Pitino , who retired 0-3 at JPJ , called one of the best home court advantages I 've ever seen where Wahoo fans seem like they are on top of you ."}]}, {'value': 'Rivals', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'September 6 , 2014', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'February 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Roanoke Rapids , North Carolina', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Roanoke_Rapids,_North_Carolina', 'summary': 'Roanoke Rapids ( /ˈroʊəˌnoʊk/ ) is a city in Halifax County , North Carolina , United States . The population was 15,754 at the 2010 census . It is the principal city of the Roanoke Rapids Micropolitan Statistical Area , and is also an anchor city of the Rocky Mount-Wilson-Roanoke Rapids CSA , with a total population of 297,726 as of 2018 .'}]}, {'value': 'Royal Palace Theatre', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Joker 's Wild 2015", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 14 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'March 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Impact_Zone', 'summary': 'The Impact Zone , also known as the Impact Wrestling Zone , is the professional wrestling nickname for any one of three sound stages at Universal Studios Florida in Orlando . Its nickname was derived from Impact ! , a weekly television series produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA , now known as Impact Wrestling ) which broadcast from this venue . Between 2004 and March 2013 , TNA taped their broadcasts from Soundstage 21 . As part of the agreement with Universal , TNA was not allowed to charge general admission to events held at the Impact Zone , with the exception of VIP packages . This meant the company sometimes looked for alternative venues to host their large pay-per-view events . After March 2013 , TNA left Universal Studios and began to tour nationally . TNA returned to Universal Studios on November 21 , 2013 , using Soundstage 19 , which is smaller and holds fewer people than Soundstage 21 . Until April 2018 , the company continued to tape most of its programming at Universal Studios , with occasional tapings at other venues , switching between Soundstages 19 , 20 , and 21 . Since April 2018 , Impact has not returned to Universal Studios , instead choosing to tape from venues in the U.S , Canada , and Mexico where they are able to charge for admission .'}]}, {'value': 'Hardcore Justice 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'April 1 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'X-Travaganza 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 15 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'May 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Knockouts Knockdown 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 15 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 1 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Cup 2015', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 15 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 5 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gut Check', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The TNA Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 16 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'November 6 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Global Impact - USA vs . The World', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/TNA_One_Night_Only_(2015)', 'summary': 'TNA One Night Only ( 2015 ) is a series of professional wrestling One Night Only events held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'February 13 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'December 4 , 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orlando , Florida', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orlando,_Florida', 'summary': "Orlando ( /ɔːrˈlændoʊ/ ) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Orange County . Located in Central Florida , it is the center of the Orlando metropolitan area , which had a population of 2,509,831 , according to U.S. Census Bureau figures released in July 2017 . These figures make it the 23rd-largest metropolitan area in the United States , the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern United States , and the third-largest metropolitan area in Florida . As of 2018 , Orlando had an estimated city-proper population of 285,713 , making it the 71st-largest city in the United States , the fourth-largest city in Florida , and the state 's largest inland city . The City of Orlando is nicknamed the City Beautiful , and its symbol is the Linton E. Allen Memorial Fountain , commonly referred to as simply the Lake Eola fountain at Lake Eola Park . The Orlando International Airport ( MCO ) is the thirteenth-busiest airport in the United States and the 29th-busiest in the world . Orlando is one of the most visited cities in the world primarily driven by tourism , major events , and convention traffic , in 2018 the city drew more than 75 million visitors . The two largest and most internationally renowned tourist attractions in the Orlando area include the Walt Disney World Resort , opened by the Walt Disney Company in 1971 , and located approximately 21 miles ( 34 km ) southwest of Downtown Orlando in Bay Lake ; and the Universal Orlando Resort , opened in 1990 as a major expansion of Universal Studios Florida . With the exception of Walt Disney World , most major attractions are located along International Drive with one of these attractions being the Wheel at ICON Park Orlando . The city is also one of the busiest American cities for conferences and conventions ; the Orange County Convention Center is the second-largest convention facility in the United States . Like other major cities in the Sun Belt , Orlando grew rapidly from the 1980s up into the first decade of the 21st century . Orlando is home to the University of Central Florida , which is the largest university campus in the United States in terms of enrollment as of 2015 [ update ] ."}]}, {'value': 'Impact Zone', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2015', 'section_text': 'Main article : TNA One Night Only ( 2015 )', 'uid': 'TNA_One_Night_Only_2', 'intro': "Impact: One Night Only is a series of professional wrestling events held by Impact Wrestling (formerly known as Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)). Most events are taped and released later periodically as a three-hour pay-per-view broadcast. The series was launched in April 2013, with new PPVs typically released on the first Friday of every month, except for the months that feature a live pay-per-view event. Promoted as individual specials, the events - unlike the live pay-per-view events - are not connected to the storylines featured on the company's weekly television programming nor to each other, though later events incorporated storylines from their weekly television programming into matches and situations. The concept was announced on January 11, 2013 by Impact President Dixie Carter as a part of a change to their pay-per-view programming. Prior to the change, Impact Wrestling held live pay-per-view events monthly. Since 2018, One Night Only events have been released exclusively on the Global Wrestling Network. In 2019, with the launch of Impact Plus, One Night Only events were succeeded by the Impact Plus Monthly Specials."}
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How many sound stages make up the venue located in the sixth-largest metropolitan area in the Southern US ?
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three
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0388f957facb2c24
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DA_postcode_area', 'title': 'DA postcode area', 'header': ['Postcode district', 'Post town', 'Coverage', 'Local authority area'], 'data': [{'value': 'DA1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DARTFORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dartford , Crayford , Barnes Cray', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartford', 'summary': 'Dartford is the principal town in the Borough of Dartford , Kent , England . It is located 18 miles ( 29 kilometres ) south-east of Central London , and is situated adjacent to the London Borough of Bexley to its west . To its north , across the Thames estuary , is Thurrock in Essex , which can be reached via the Dartford Crossing . The town centre lies in a valley through which the River Darent flows , and where the old road from London to Dover crossed : hence the name , from Darent + ford . Dartford became a market town in medieval times and , although today it is principally a commuter town for Greater London , it has a long history of religious , industrial and cultural importance . It is an important rail hub ; the main through-road now by-passes the town itself . Dartford is twinned with Hanau in Germany and Gravelines in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Crayford', 'summary': 'Crayford is a town and electoral ward located in south-east London , England within the London Borough of Bexley . It lies east of Bexleyheath and north west of Dartford . Crayford is in the historic county of Kent . The settlement developed by the river Cray , around a ford that is no longer used .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barnes_Cray', 'summary': 'Barnes Cray is an area in south-east London within the London Borough of Bexley . It is located on the Greater London border with Kent , bordering the Dartford Borough . It is located north west of Dartford .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartford , Bexley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartford_(borough)', 'summary': 'The Borough of Dartford is a local government district in the north-west of the county of Kent , England . Its council is based in the town of Dartford . It is part of the contiguous London urban area . It borders the borough of Gravesham to the east , Sevenoaks District to the south , the London Borough of Bexley to the west , and the Thurrock unitary authority in Essex to the north , across the River Thames . The borough was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Dartford , the Swanscombe Urban District , and part of the Dartford Rural District . According to the 2011 Census , its population was 97,365 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bexley', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Bexley /ˈbɛksli/ ( listen ) is a London borough in Southeast London , forming part of Outer London . It has boundaries with the London Borough of Bromley to the south and the Royal Borough of Greenwich to the west ; across the River Thames to the north it borders the London Borough of Havering and London Borough of Barking and Dagenham ; there is a short boundary with the unitary authority of Thurrock in Essex to the northeast . There are boundaries with the Borough of Dartford to the east and Sevenoaks district to the southeast , both in the ceremonial county of Kent . The London Borough of Bexley is within the Thames Gateway , an area designated as a national priority for urban regeneration . The local authority is Bexley London Borough Council . The main settlements are Sidcup , Erith , Bexleyheath , Crayford , Welling and Old Bexley .'}]}, {'value': 'DA2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DARTFORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Dartford ( east ) , Stone , Wilmington , Bean , Hawley , Darenth , part of Joyden 's Wood", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dartford', 'summary': 'Dartford is the principal town in the Borough of Dartford , Kent , England . It is located 18 miles ( 29 kilometres ) south-east of Central London , and is situated adjacent to the London Borough of Bexley to its west . To its north , across the Thames estuary , is Thurrock in Essex , which can be reached via the Dartford Crossing . The town centre lies in a valley through which the River Darent flows , and where the old road from London to Dover crossed : hence the name , from Darent + ford . Dartford became a market town in medieval times and , although today it is principally a commuter town for Greater London , it has a long history of religious , industrial and cultural importance . It is an important rail hub ; the main through-road now by-passes the town itself . Dartford is twinned with Hanau in Germany and Gravelines in France .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stone,_Kent', 'summary': 'Stone is a village in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located east of the town of Dartford .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wilmington,_Kent', 'summary': "Wilmington is a village and civil parish in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is focussed 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) SSW of Dartford town centre and it forms the area north of Swanley Village . Much of Wilmington is beside the A2 Dartford Bypass , and around two and a half miles northeast of Swanley town centre . The parish as currently drawn covers the southwestern corner of Dartford 's borough , including part of the Joydens Wood estate , and borders Greater London . The centre of the village has one shop and three pubs : The Orange Tree ( a Shepherd Neame pub ) , The Plough and The Horse and Groom at Leyton Cross . Its most prominent landmark is the St Michael and All Angels Church , which is the site for the annual Wilmington Model Railway Exhibition ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bean,_Kent', 'summary': 'Bean is a village and civil parish in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located around three miles southeast of the town of Dartford .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hawley,_Kent', 'summary': 'Hawley is a village in the Borough of Dartford , Kent and is located south east of Dartford .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Darenth', 'summary': 'Darenth is a village and civil parish in the Dartford District of Kent , England . The parish is located to the south-east of Dartford town ; the village is three miles ( 4.8 km ) from there . It is to the East of the M25 . The parish was part of Axstane Hundred and later Dartford Rural District . In the 1870s , Darenth was described as'}, {'url': "/wiki/Joyden's_Wood", 'summary': "Joyden 's Wood is an area of ancient woodland located south-east of Bexleyheath and south-west of Dartford , on the border between South-East London and Kent . It is one of over 1,000 woodlands in the United Kingdom looked after by the Woodland Trust . The first records of a wood on this site go back to the year 1600 . It is also the name of a housing estate to the east of the woodland itself ."}]}, {'value': 'Dartford , Sevenoaks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sevenoaks_(district)', 'summary': 'Sevenoaks is a local government district in west Kent , England . Its council is based in the town of Sevenoaks . The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of Sevenoaks Urban District , Sevenoaks Rural District and part of Dartford Rural District .'}]}, {'value': 'DA3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'LONGFIELD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Longfield , Hartley , New Ash Green , New Barn , Fawkham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Longfield', 'summary': 'Longfield is a village in the civil parish of Longfield and New Barn , in the Dartford district in Kent , England . It is located 6 miles ( 10 km ) south-east of Dartford and the same distance south-west of Gravesend . The village contains several shops , a pub , and a 14th-century church . It is recorded in the Domesday Book and the Anglo-Saxon charters of 964-995 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hartley,_Kent', 'summary': 'Hartley is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of Kent , England . It is located around 4.5 miles ( 7 km ) southwest of Gravesend and just south of Longfield in the neighbouring borough of Dartford . It is part of the parliamentary constituency of Dartford .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Ash_Green', 'summary': 'New Ash Green is a village in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England , located 7.5 miles ( 12 km ) south-west of Gravesend and 10.5 miles ( 17 km ) north-east of Sevenoaks .'}, {'url': '/wiki/New_Barn', 'summary': 'New Barn is a compact residential area surrounded by open fields which lies four miles southwest of Gravesend in Kent , England . It is in the local government district of Dartford . The villages of New Barn and Longfield are within and give their names to the civil parish of Longfield and New Barn . New Barn is larger in population than Longfield , although has little in the way of services , being a recent development and purely residential in nature'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fawkham', 'summary': 'Fawkham is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England . Fawkham is defined as a hamlet by Sevenoaks District Council , with a population of 429 . Fawkham is a low density , linear settlement along the bottom of a dry chalk valley some three miles in length , with secondary lanes intersecting . There is no discernible village centre , although clusters of buildings occur near the Church/junction with Castle Hill , and around the village green and public house at the junction with Fawkham Green Road . There are around 220 houses . Fawkham is approximately 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Gravesend , 8 miles ( 13 km ) from Dartford and 12 miles ( 20 km ) from Sevenoaks . It is on the northern edge of Sevenoaks district , adjoining its border with Dartford district , south of the village of Longfield . The M20 motorway marks the south-east boundary of the parish , and the London to Chatham railway line the north-east boundary . Brands Hatch motor racing circuit is close by . Baldwins Green Conservation Area covers part of the village and includes the church . The 12th-century parish church is dedicated to St Mary and is a Grade I listed building . The ecclesiastical parish of Fawkham is part of the united benefice of Fawkham and Hartley .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartford , Sevenoaks , Gravesham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gravesham', 'summary': 'Gravesham ( /ˈɡreɪvʃəm/ GRAYV-shəm ) is a local government district with borough status in north-west Kent , England . Its administrative centre and largest town is Gravesend , which was known as Gravesham in ancient times . Gravesham was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Gravesend with Northfleet Urban District and part of Strood Rural District , under the Local Government Act 1972 . It borders the Borough of Dartford and Sevenoaks District to the west , the Borough of Tonbridge and Malling to the south , the Medway unitary authority to the east and the Thurrock unitary authority of Essex to the north , via the River Thames . Gravesham is twinned with Cambrai in Hauts-de-France , France . The present borders of Gravesham parliamentary constituency are almost the same as those of the borough .'}]}, {'value': 'DA4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DARTFORD', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Farningham , Eynsford , South Darenth , Sutton-at-Hone , Horton Kirby', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Farningham', 'summary': 'Farningham is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England . It is located 3 miles ( 5 km ) south-east of Swanley . It has a population of 1,314 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eynsford', 'summary': 'Eynsford ( /ˈeɪnsfərd/ or /ˈeɪnzfərd/ ) is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England . It is located 4.5 miles south east of Swanley . The village including its farmland and woods occupies the northern half of the triangle formed by three motorways in west Kent barring its very northernmost part which is Farningham . This area is undulating and has a large minority of woodland . In the south of the parish is Lullingstone , much of which was owned for many centuries by the large , late medieval Lullingstone Castle , whereas other parts of the village were owned by Eynsford Castle , which is older . Well before the founding of the Kingdom of England , Lullingstone Roman villa was founded in this part of the parish , which is open to the public today . The Darent Valley Path takes in a cross-section of the area .'}, {'url': '/wiki/South_Darenth', 'summary': 'South Darenth is a village in the civil parish of Horton Kirby and South Darenth in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England . The village is located on the right bank of the River Darent , south of Dartford and east of Swanley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sutton-at-Hone', 'summary': 'Sutton-at-Hone is a village in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located on the River Darent , just over two miles south of Dartford , and adjoins the village of South Darenth in the Sevenoaks District . The population of the village is included in the civil parish of Sutton-at-Hone and Hawley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Horton_Kirby', 'summary': 'Horton Kirby is a village in the Sevenoaks District of Kent , England . It is located on the River Darent , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) south-east of Dartford and about 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Swanley , close to the M20 motorway . Together with the nearby village of South Darenth , it forms the Horton Kirby and South Darenth civil parish .'}]}, {'value': 'Sevenoaks , Dartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BEXLEY', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Bexley , Bexley Village , Blendon , parts of Albany Park and Joyden 's Wood", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bexley', 'summary': 'Bexley is an area of south-east London , England and part of the London Borough of Bexley . It is sometimes known as Bexley Village to differentiate the area from the wider borough . It is located 13 miles ( 21 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross and south of Bexleyheath . Bexley was an ancient parish in the county of Kent . As part of the suburban growth of London in the 20th century , Bexley increased in population , becoming a municipal borough in 1935 and has formed part of Greater London since 1965 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blendon,_London', 'summary': 'Blendon is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley , located between Bexleyheath and Sidcup . It is probably named after the Bladindon family who owned land in the area . Blendon Hall was built in 1763 , but was sold to a local housing developer in 1929 and eventually demolished to make way for suburban housing . Today the area is a middle-class residential district with a small row of shops along the western stretch of Blendon Road .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Albany_Park,_Bexley', 'summary': 'Albany Park is an area of South East London , England , within the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 12.0 miles ( 19 km ) south east of Charing Cross . It lies within the Historic County of Kent . Located midway between Sidcup and Bexley , Albany Park is situated on high ground overlooking the valleys of the River Cray and the River Shuttle . Originally a rural area used as farmland , the settlement was established by a commercial housing developer , New Ideal Homesteads , during the 1930s . They built two estates at the site , Albany Park Estate and Royal Park Estate , which were sold at cheap prices to working-class families emigrating from Inner London . The company also brought about the foundation of Albany Park railway station in 1935 , providing transport links to the estates along the Dartford Loop Line . Following decades saw a number of schools and both a Baptist church hall and an Anglican church constructed in the area , the latter of which has attracted attention for its architectural innovation .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Joyden's_Wood", 'summary': "Joyden 's Wood is an area of ancient woodland located south-east of Bexleyheath and south-west of Dartford , on the border between South-East London and Kent . It is one of over 1,000 woodlands in the United Kingdom looked after by the Woodland Trust . The first records of a wood on this site go back to the year 1600 . It is also the name of a housing estate to the east of the woodland itself ."}]}, {'value': 'Bexley , Dartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BEXLEYHEATH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bexleyheath , Upton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bexleyheath', 'summary': 'Bexleyheath is a town in the London Borough of Bexley in Greater London , England with a population of 31,929 . It is 12 miles ( 19.3 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Upton,_Bexley', 'summary': 'Upton is an area of Bexleyheath in the London Borough of Bexley . It is also in the historic county of Kent .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BEXLEYHEATH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bexleyheath ( north ) , Barnehurst', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bexleyheath', 'summary': 'Bexleyheath is a town in the London Borough of Bexley in Greater London , England with a population of 31,929 . It is 12 miles ( 19.3 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , and is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Barnehurst', 'summary': 'Barnehurst is a town and electoral ward in South East London within the London Borough of Bexley . It lies north east of Bexleyheath , and 13.0 miles ( 20 km ) east south-east of Charing Cross . It is separated from North Bexleyheath by the A220 , Erith Road . It is in the historic county of Kent .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ERITH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erith , Northumberland Heath , Slade Green', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erith', 'summary': 'Erith ( /ˈiːrɪθ/ ( listen ) ) is an area in south-east London , England , located 13.3 miles ( 21.4 km ) east of Charing Cross . Historically in Kent , it has formed part of the London Borough of Bexley since 1965 . Erith is located to the north-east of Bexleyheath and north-west of Dartford , and lies on the south bank of the River Thames . The population of Erith is 45,345 . Erith town centre has undergone modernisation and an increase in dwellings since 1961 . The curved riverside high street contains three listed buildings , including the Church of England church and the Carnegie Building , while the district otherwise consists primarily of suburban homes . Erith is linked to central London and Kent by rail , and a dual carriageway links it to Thamesmead . It has the longest pier in London , and retains a coastal environment with salt marshes as well as industrial land .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northumberland_Heath', 'summary': "Northumberland Heath is a neighbourhood and electoral ward in the London Borough of Bexley , south east London , England . Northumberland Heath is often referred to locally as North ' Heath and is often considered to be part of upper Erith ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Slade_Green', 'summary': 'Slade Green is an area of South East London , England , within the London Borough of Bexley and the historic county of Kent . It lies northeast of Bexleyheath , northwest of Dartford and south of Erith , and 14 miles ( 23 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GREENHITHE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Greenhithe , Stone', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greenhithe', 'summary': 'Greenhithe is a village in the Borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located east of Dartford , in the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Stone,_Kent', 'summary': 'Stone is a village in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located east of the town of Dartford .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SWANSCOMBE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swanscombe , Ebbsfleet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swanscombe', 'summary': 'Swanscombe is a small town in the Borough of Dartford in Kent , England . It is located east of Dartford and north-west of Gravesend , in the civil parish of Swanscombe and Greenhithe .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ebbsfleet_Valley', 'summary': 'Ebbsfleet Valley is a new town and redevelopment area in Kent , South East England , and part of the Thames Gateway , southwest of Gravesend It is named after the valley of the Ebbsfleet River , which it straddles . Although a small part of the site in the east lies within the borough of Gravesham , Ebbsfleet Valley primarily sits in the borough of Dartford .'}]}, {'value': 'Dartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GRAVESEND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gravesend ( west ) , Northfleet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent', 'summary': 'Gravesend /ˌɡreɪvzˈɛnd/ is an ancient town in northwest Kent , England , situated 21 miles ( 35 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross ( central London ) on the south bank of the Thames Estuary and opposite Tilbury in Essex . Located in the diocese of Rochester , it is the administrative centre of the Borough of Gravesham . Its geographical situation has given Gravesend strategic importance throughout the maritime and communications history of South East England . A Thames Gateway commuter town , it retains strong links with the River Thames , not least through the Port of London Authority Pilot Station and has witnessed rejuvenation since the advent of High Speed 1 rail services via Gravesend railway station .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Northfleet', 'summary': 'Northfleet is a town in the borough of Gravesham in Kent , England . It is located immediately west of Gravesend , and on the border with the Borough of Dartford . Northfleet has its own railway station on the North Kent Line , just east of Ebbsfleet International railway station on the High Speed 1 line .'}]}, {'value': 'Gravesham , Dartford', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GRAVESEND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gravesend ( east ) , Chalk , Shorne , Cobham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gravesend,_Kent', 'summary': 'Gravesend /ˌɡreɪvzˈɛnd/ is an ancient town in northwest Kent , England , situated 21 miles ( 35 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross ( central London ) on the south bank of the Thames Estuary and opposite Tilbury in Essex . Located in the diocese of Rochester , it is the administrative centre of the Borough of Gravesham . Its geographical situation has given Gravesend strategic importance throughout the maritime and communications history of South East England . A Thames Gateway commuter town , it retains strong links with the River Thames , not least through the Port of London Authority Pilot Station and has witnessed rejuvenation since the advent of High Speed 1 rail services via Gravesend railway station .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Chalk,_Kent', 'summary': 'Chalk is a village and since 1935 a former civil parish civil parish which adjoins the east of Gravesend , Kent , England . As is intuitive , its name comes from the Saxon word cealc meaning a chalkstone . In 1931 the parish had a population of 563 . One layer of the chalk carries flints , stones embedded in the chalk , and these were used in building and in providing the means of fire for muskets . The stone is often cut to provide a flat edge as a craft known as flint-knapping . The trade was worked in Chalk from the 17th century onwards . Gun-flints were produced here in large quantities until the early 19th century . Current issues relating to the immediate environment around Chalk include a proposed new Lower Thames Crossing through Shorne Wood Country Park and across the estuary marshes at Chalk , confirmed in 2017 , and a mooted new Thames Estuary Airport resulting in low-flying aircraft over the village from the Isle of Grain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Shorne', 'summary': 'Shorne is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent , England . The parish lies 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) east of Gravesend . Most of the land is well-drained but its marshes , the Shorne Marshes reach down to the Thames Estuary and are an SSSI amid the North Kent Marshes on the Hoo Peninsula proper .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cobham,_Kent', 'summary': 'Cobham ( /ˈkɒbəm/ ) is a village and civil parish in the borough of Gravesham in Kent , England . The village is located 6 miles ( 10 km ) south-east of Gravesend , and just south of Watling Street , the Roman road from Dover to London . The parish , which includes the hamlet of Sole Street , covers an area of 1,240 hectares ( 3,100 acres ) and had a population of 1,469 at the 2011 Census , increasing from 1,328 at the 2001 Census . The village is in a Conservation Area and as such remains relatively unspoilt . The parish church is 13th century and is dedicated to St Mary Magdalene , and has monumental brasses which are reputedly the finest in England . William Belcher in his Kentish Brasses ( 1905 ) stated : Kent is peculiarly rich in Brasses . It has , perhaps , a larger number and a more representative collection than any other county , although individually finer examples may be found elsewhere . No church in the world possesses such a splendid series as the nineteen brasses in Cobham Church , ranging in date between 1298 and 1529 . Thirteen of the brasses belong to the years 1320-1529 and commemorate members of the Brooke and Cobham families . The church in Luddesdown , part of the ecclesiastical parish , is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul . Next to the church in the village is Cobham College , a one-time home for secular priests , and now acting as almshouses . Cobham does not appear as a separate manor in the Domesday Book , so the village and parish were probably established later than 1086 .'}]}, {'value': 'Gravesham', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GRAVESEND', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Meopham , Istead Rise , Vigo , Southfleet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Meopham', 'summary': 'Meopham /ˈmɛpəm/ is a large linear village and civil parish in the Borough of Gravesham in Kent , England , lying to the south of Gravesend . The parish covers 6.5 square miles ( 17 km2 ) , and comprises two villages and two smaller settlements ; it has a population of 6,427 increasing slightly to 6,722 at the 2011 census . Meopham is sometimes described as the longest in England although others such as Brinkworth , Wiltshire make the same claim . Meopham is one of the longest linear settlements in Europe , being 7 miles ( 11 km ) in length .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Istead_Rise', 'summary': "Istead Rise is a village in the borough of Gravesham in Kent , England , 3 miles ( 5 km ) south of Gravesend . It had a population of 3,437 at the 2011 Census . The name of the village is not an ancient one ; it first appears as a road-name on the Ordnance Survey 25 map of 1907 . At that time Istead Rise was the only road in the region and led to Frog 's Island at its western end . The name may be connected to a field-name , Highstead , appearing as plot 690 on the Northfleet tithe award of 1838 . By road , it is 23 miles ( 37 km ) east of London on the A2 road . The nearest railway station is 1.7 miles ( 3 km ) away at Meopham ( 34 minutes from London Victoria ) . Istead Rise is 3.7 miles ( 6 km ) from Ebbsfleet International for Eurostar services to Paris , Brussels and Lille . Southeastern commuter trains run on the high-speed track to London St Pancras ( 16 minutes away ) , stopping only at Stratford International . The new Linear Park , on the site of the old A2 , is 15 minutes ' walk away , 5 minutes by bike , and is suited to cycling , walking and jogging . At one end are Nell 's Cafe and Shorne Country Park , and at the other end is Sainsbury 's . The new Cyclopark opened there in September 2012 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vigo,_Kent', 'summary': 'Vigo Village /ˈvaɪɡoʊ/ is a village and civil parish in the Borough of Gravesham in Kent , England . It takes its name from a 15th-century public house , which was renamed in the 18th century after the Battle of Vigo Bay . While a nearby hamlet named Vigo was recorded on an 18th-century map , the present village was built in the mid-20th century , on a site that was previously a disused World War II army camp . The civil parish was created in 2000 . The village is situated in the middle of chestnut woodland at the top of the North Downs , east of the road between Gravesend and Wrotham . Next to the village is Trosley Country Park , which forms part of the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . In the 2001 census Vigo civil parish had a population of 2,201 , reducing to 2,065 at the 2011 Census .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southfleet', 'summary': 'Southfleet is a small village and civil parish in the borough of Dartford in Kent , England . The village is located three miles southwest of Gravesend , while the parish includes within its boundaries the hamlets of Betsham and Westwood . Southfleet takes its name from the River Fleet , a minor tributary of the River Thames . The water that supplied the river came from a place called Springhead , where there were watercress and oyster beds ; the river then flowed through Southfleet , Ebbsfleet and Northfleet .'}]}, {'value': 'Gravesham , Dartford , Sevenoaks , Tonbridge and Malling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tonbridge_and_Malling', 'summary': 'Tonbridge and Malling is a local government district with borough status in Kent , England . Its council is based in West Malling .'}]}, {'value': 'DA14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SIDCUP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sidcup , Foots Cray , North Cray , Longlands , Ruxley , part of Albany Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidcup', 'summary': 'Sidcup is an area of south-east London , England , primarily in the London Borough of Bexley . It is 11.3 miles ( 18.2 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , bordering the London Boroughs of Bromley and Greenwich . The name is thought to be derived from Cetecopp meaning seat shaped or flat topped hill ; it had its earliest recorded use in 1254 . The population of Sidcup , including its neighbourhoods Foots Cray , North Cray , Longlands , Ruxley , Blackfen and Lamorbey , was 43,109 in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Foots_Cray', 'summary': 'Foots Cray ( or Footscray ) is an area of South East London , England , within the London Borough of Bexley and the historic county of Kent . It is located south-east of Sidcup .'}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Cray', 'summary': 'North Cray is a village in south-east London , England , within the London Borough of Bexley . It is 12.6 miles ( 20.3 km ) south-east of Charing Cross . It lies on the River Cray , east of Sidcup and south of Bexley , and is in the Cray Meadows electoral ward , which also includes Foots Cray .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Longlands', 'summary': 'Longlands is an area of South East London overlapping the London Boroughs of Bexley , Bromley and Greenwich . It lies north west of Sidcup and south east of Eltham . Some old maps and records have the name as two words Long Lands , and show it was in the Foots Cray/Sidcup parish in the Hundred of Ruxley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ruxley', 'summary': "Ruxley is a small settlement in southeast London , England , with no present formal boundaries . It is located 21 km ( 13 mi ) southeast by east of Charing Cross , in the northeast corner of the London Borough of Bromley on the borough boundary with the southeast corner of the London Borough of Bexley , and is also adjacent to the Greater London border with Kent , overlapping into the Sevenoaks District and Borough of Dartford in Kent . Ruxley lies east of Sidcup and west of Swanley , on green belt land , where two main roads pass through east-west connecting London to the coast . Ruxley was a parish prior to 1557 and had its own thirteenth century church , St Botolph 's . Ruxley 's central location on the main road made it an important meeting place for the Hundred of Ruxley , which was named after it . Today still a major transport route , Ruxley 's location on green belt land is on the edge of London 's urban sprawl , industrial and residential areas are found on the west side , but to the east this quickly turns into more rural woodland and farmland . Ruxley Gravel Pits is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest located on the west side of Ruxley . Today the area is known for Ruxley Manor , a large site with a garden centre and other retailers and services ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Albany_Park,_Bexley', 'summary': 'Albany Park is an area of South East London , England , within the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 12.0 miles ( 19 km ) south east of Charing Cross . It lies within the Historic County of Kent . Located midway between Sidcup and Bexley , Albany Park is situated on high ground overlooking the valleys of the River Cray and the River Shuttle . Originally a rural area used as farmland , the settlement was established by a commercial housing developer , New Ideal Homesteads , during the 1930s . They built two estates at the site , Albany Park Estate and Royal Park Estate , which were sold at cheap prices to working-class families emigrating from Inner London . The company also brought about the foundation of Albany Park railway station in 1935 , providing transport links to the estates along the Dartford Loop Line . Following decades saw a number of schools and both a Baptist church hall and an Anglican church constructed in the area , the latter of which has attracted attention for its architectural innovation .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley , Bromley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley', 'summary': 'The London Borough of Bromley ( /ˈbrɒmli/ ( listen ) ) is the southeasternmost of the 32 London boroughs that make up Greater London along with the City of London . It is named after Bromley , its principal town ; other major towns are Beckenham and Orpington . The local authority is Bromley London Borough Council . [ n 1 ]'}]}, {'value': 'DA15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SIDCUP', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sidcup ( north ) , Blackfen , Lamorbey , Longlands , Avery Hill ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidcup', 'summary': 'Sidcup is an area of south-east London , England , primarily in the London Borough of Bexley . It is 11.3 miles ( 18.2 km ) south-east of Charing Cross , bordering the London Boroughs of Bromley and Greenwich . The name is thought to be derived from Cetecopp meaning seat shaped or flat topped hill ; it had its earliest recorded use in 1254 . The population of Sidcup , including its neighbourhoods Foots Cray , North Cray , Longlands , Ruxley , Blackfen and Lamorbey , was 43,109 in 2011 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Blackfen', 'summary': 'Blackfen is an area of south-east London , England , north of Sidcup in the London Borough of Bexley and historic county of Kent . Blackfen means a black , marshy area . The soil is dark and fertile and the area around Blackfen Road and Wellington Avenue is prone to flooding in extreme conditions . The housing stock is almost exclusively owner-occupied houses of conventional British design . The sale of the Danson Estate in 1922 marked the beginning of a major period of house building in the area and most of the houses date from the 1930s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lamorbey', 'summary': "Lamorbey is a district of South East London in the London Borough of Bexley , located north of Sidcup . It borders the Royal Borough of Greenwich . Significant buildings in the area are Holy Trinity Church , Lamorbey House and some of the original surviving buildings of The Hollies children 's home ( now converted to residential use ) . The oldest house in Sidcup , dating from 1452 , can also be found in the district ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Longlands', 'summary': 'Longlands is an area of South East London overlapping the London Boroughs of Bexley , Bromley and Greenwich . It lies north west of Sidcup and south east of Eltham . Some old maps and records have the name as two words Long Lands , and show it was in the Foots Cray/Sidcup parish in the Hundred of Ruxley .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Avery_Hill', 'summary': 'c'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley , Greenwich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Royal_Borough_of_Greenwich', 'summary': "The Royal Borough of Greenwich ( /ˈɡrɛnɪtʃ/ ( listen ) , /ˈɡrɪnɪdʒ/ , /ˈɡrɪnɪtʃ/ or /ˈɡrɛnɪdʒ/ ) is a London borough in southeast London . Taking its name from the historic town of Greenwich , the London Borough of Greenwich was formed in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963 . The new borough covered the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Greenwich and part of the Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich to the east . The local council is Greenwich London Borough Council which meets in Woolwich Town Hall . The council 's offices are also based in Woolwich , the main urban centre in the borough . Greenwich is world-famous as the location of the Greenwich prime meridian , on which all Coordinated Universal Time is based . The prime meridian running through Greenwich and the Greenwich Observatory is where the designation Greenwich Mean Time , or GMT began , and on which all world times are based . In 2012 , Greenwich was listed as a top ten global destination by Frommer 's - the only UK destination to be listed . To mark the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II , Greenwich became a Royal Borough on 3 February 2012 , due in part to its historic links with the Royal Family , and to its UNESCO World Heritage Site status as home of the Prime Meridian ."}]}, {'value': 'DA16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WELLING', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Welling , Falconwood , East Wickham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welling', 'summary': 'Welling is an area of south-east London , England . It is within the London Borough of Bexley and is approximately 10.5 miles ( 16.9 km ) east-southeast of Charing Cross , the traditional centre of London .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Falconwood', 'summary': 'Falconwood is an area of south east London within both the London Boroughs of Bexley and Greenwich . It is located north east of Eltham and south west of Welling .'}, {'url': '/wiki/East_Wickham', 'summary': 'East Wickham is an urban village in the London Borough of Bexley in south-east London . It lies immediately north-west of Welling . It is in the historic county of Kent .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley , Greenwich', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'BELVEDERE', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belvedere , Lessness Heath , Abbey Wood ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belvedere,_London', 'summary': 'Belvedere /ˈbɛlvədɪər/ is an area of South East London within the London Borough of Bexley located north of Bexleyheath and west of Erith .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lessness_Heath', 'summary': 'Lessness Heath is a district in the London Borough of Bexley , in the area of Belvedere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Abbey_Wood', 'summary': 'Abbey Wood is an area of South East London , England . It straddles the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley , and lies within the historic county of Kent . It is 10.6 miles ( 17 km ) east of Charing Cross . From the early 2020s , Abbey Wood will be connected to Central London by the Elizabeth Line of Crossrail .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DA18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ERITH', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Erith Marshes , Thamesmead ( part )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Erith_Marshes', 'summary': "Erith Marshes is an area of grazing marsh beside the south bank of River Thames in London , England . It is located next to the Crossness Sewage Treatment Works and is owned by Thames Water . It is a Site of Metropolitan Importance for Nature Conservation in the London Borough of Bexley . It can be accessed by London Buses routes 177 , 180 , 229 , 401 and 472 . The bulk of the marshes which once existed from Woolwich to Erith have now been built upon . The small part that remains is owned by Thames Water , who manage an award-winning wildlife area . Between 2007 and 2010 two construction projects built over more than half of the marsh that remained . Tilfen Land built a new industrial/commercial complex , and London 's incinerator expanded . [ citation needed ]"}, {'url': '/wiki/Thamesmead', 'summary': 'Thamesmead /ˈtɛmzmiːd/ is an area of south-east London , England , straddling the border between the Royal Borough of Greenwich and the London Borough of Bexley . It is located 11 miles ( 18 km ) east of Charing Cross , north-east of Woolwich and west of Erith . It mainly consists of social housing built from the mid-1960s onwards on former marshland on the south bank of the River Thames .'}]}, {'value': 'Bexley', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Coverage', 'section_text': 'The approximate coverage of the postcode districts :', 'uid': 'DA_postcode_area_0', 'intro': 'The DA postcode area, also known as the Dartford postcode area, is a group of eighteen postcode districts in England, within eleven post towns. These cover parts of south-east London and north-west Kent. The main sorting office in Dartford ceased operating in 2012 and became a Delivery Office. The area served includes most of the London Borough of Bexley and very small parts of the London Borough of Bromley and the Royal Borough of Greenwich, while in Kent it covers almost all of the Borough of Dartford, most of the Gravesham district, the northeastern part of the Sevenoaks district and a very small part of the borough of Tonbridge and Malling.'}
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What is the local authority area for the area that has the oldest house in Sidcup , dating from 1452 ?
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Greenwich
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038961eab32ccaf5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Norway', 'title': 'List of power stations in Norway', 'header': ['Station', 'Location', 'Capacity ( MW )', 'Status'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alta Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alta_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Alta power station ( Norwegian : Alta kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station located on the Alta-Kautokeino River in Finnmark county , Norway . The power station is located in Alta Municipality , just north of the border with Kautokeino Municipality . It is operated by Statkraft , a Norwegian state-owned electric company , and it opened in 1987 . The station is located 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the mouth of the Alta River , and it receives most of its water from the great Finnmarksvidda plateau . Below the power station , the river has salmon , and is a good fishing river . The station consists of two generators , at 100 megawatts ( 130,000 hp ) and 50 MW ( 67,000 hp ) , respectively . The station utilises a 185 metres ( 607 ft ) fall from the dam at the end of the 18 km ( 11 mi ) long reservoir Virdnejávri . From the 145 m ( 476 ft ) tall Virdnejávr Dam to the end of the power station the river is dry for about 2 km ( 1.2 mi ) . It is the tallest dam in the country .'}]}, {'value': 'Alta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alta,_Norway', 'summary': 'The municipality of Alten-Talvig was established on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . On 1 January 1863 , the municipality was divided into two : Talvik to the north ( population : 1,938 ) and Alta to the south ( population : 2,442 ) . On 1 January 1964 , the two municipalities were merged back together to form the new , larger municipality of Alta . Prior to the merger , Alta had 6,629 residents and Talvik had 3,266 residents . The borders have not changed since that time . On 1 January 2020 , the municipality became part of the newly formed Troms og Finnmark county . Previously , it had been part of the old Finnmark county .'}]}, {'value': '150', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aura Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aura_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Aura Power Station ( Aura kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality Sunndal in Møre og Romsdal , Norway . It operates at an installed capacity of 290 MW , with an average annual production of 1,776 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Sunndal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sunndal', 'summary': 'The parish of Sunndal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . In 1854 , the northern part of the municipality ( population : 1,291 ) was separated to form the new municipality of Øksendal . This left 2,188 residents in Sunndal . During the 1960s , there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1960 , the neighboring municipalities of Ålvundeid ( population : 513 ) and Øksendal ( population : 497 ) were merged with Sunndal ( population : 5,851 ) to form a new , larger Sunndal municipality . Both Ålvundeid and Øksendal were historically part of the municipality before 1854 . Then , on 1 January 1965 , the Ålvund-Ålvundfjord area of the neighboring Stangvik Municipality ( population : 508 ) was transferred to Sunndal .'}]}, {'value': '290', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aurland Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurland_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Aurland Power Station ( Norwegian : Aurland kraftverk , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈæ̂ʉrlɑn ˈkrɑ̀ftvɛrk ] ) is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality Aurland in Sogn og Fjordane , Norway , owned by E-CO Energi . It consists of five facilities , Aurland I , Aurland II , Aurland III , Reppa and Vangen , and operates at a combined installed capacity of 1,128 MW , with an average annual production of 2,869 GWh . The construction works were initiated in 1969 , and the first production from Aurland I started in 1973 .'}]}, {'value': 'Aurland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aurland', 'summary': "Aurland ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈæ̂ʉrlɑn ] ) is a municipality in the county of Vestland , Norway . It is located on the south side of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn . The administrative center is the village of Aurlandsvangen . Other villages include Bakka , Flåm , Undredal , and Gudvangen . The 1,468-square-kilometre ( 567 sq mi ) municipality is the 60th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Aurland is the 340th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,764 . The municipality 's population density is 1.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 3.4/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 4.6% over the last decade . In 2016 , the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations . He proposed that the police station in Aurland be closed ."}]}, {'value': '1,128', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brandåa Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brandåa_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Brandåa Hydroelectric Power Station ( Norwegian : Brandåa kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station in the municipality of Rindal in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is a run-of-river hydro power station utilizing a drop of 373 meters ( 1,224 ft ) in some tributaries of the Surna River . Permission was granted for construction in 2006 and the plant came into operation in 2009 . It is operated by Svorka Produksjon AS . It operates at an installed capacity of 4.1 MW , with an average annual production of about 15.8 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Rindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rindal', 'summary': "Rindal is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Orkdalen region . The administrative centre is the village of Rindal . Other villages in the municipality include Tiset and Romundstad . The municipality centres on agriculture and forestry services . The 6,322-square-kilometre ( 2,441 sq mi ) municipality is the 180th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Rindal is the 324th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,039 . The municipality 's population density is 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 8.5/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.3% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '4.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bratsberg Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bratsberg_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Bratsberg Power Station ( Bratsberg kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station located in Trondheim in Sør-Trøndelag County , Norway , owned by Statkraft . It operates at an installed capacity of 124 MW , with an average annual production of 650 GWh . The power plant is fed from the Selbusjøen reservoir , connected with a 12 km long tunnel , offering a gross head of 147 m. The power plant has two Francis turbines .'}]}, {'value': 'Trondheim', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trondheim', 'summary': 'Trondheim ( UK : /ˈtrɒndhaɪm , ˈtrɒnhaɪm/ , US : /ˈtrɒnheɪm/ , Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈtrɔ̂n ( h ) æɪm ] ( listen ) ; Southern Sami : Tråante ) , historically Kaupangen , Nidaros and Trondhjem , is a city and municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It has a population of 200,000 ( 01/01/2020 ) , and is the third most populous municipality in Norway , although the fourth largest urban area . Trondheim lies on the south shore of Trondheim Fjord at the mouth of the River Nidelva . The city is dominated by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology ( NTNU ) , the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research ( SINTEF ) , St. Olavs University Hospital and other technology-oriented institutions . The settlement was founded in 997 as a trading post , and it served as the capital of Norway during the Viking Age until 1217 . From 1152 to 1537 , the city was the seat of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros ; since then , it has remained the seat of the Lutheran Diocese of Nidaros and the Nidaros Cathedral . It was incorporated in 1838 . The current municipality dates from 1964 , when Trondheim merged with Byneset , Leinstrand , Strinda and Tiller . The city functions as the seat of the County Mayor of Trøndelag county , but not as the administrative centre , which is Steinkjer . This is to make the county more efficient and not too centralized , as Trøndelag is the second largest county in Norway .'}]}, {'value': '124', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brokke Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brokke_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Brokke Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality Valle in Agder county , Norway . It is located on the west shore of the river Otra , about 4 kilometres ( 2.5 mi ) north of the village of Rysstad . The Norwegian National Road 9 runs past the station . The facility operates at an installed capacity of 330 megawatts ( 440,000 hp ) . The average annual production is 1,416 gigawatt-hours ( 5,100 TJ ) . The power station receives its water from the lake Botnsvatnet via a 30-kilometre ( 19 mi ) long tunnel from the lake high up in the mountains . The water flowing down through the tunnel is used to produce the hydroelectric power .'}]}, {'value': 'Valle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valle,_Norway', 'summary': "Valle ( Urban East Norwegian : [ ˈvɑ̂lːə ] ( listen ) ) is a municipality in Agder county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Setesdal . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Valle . Other villages in Valle include Besteland , Brokke , Homme , Hovet , Rygnestad , Rysstad , and Uppstad . The 1,265-square-kilometre ( 488 sq mi ) municipality is the 75th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Valle is the 374th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 1,246 . The municipality 's population density is 1.1 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 2.8/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 5.6% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '330', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Byrte Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Byrte_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Byrte Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located near the lake Byrtevatn in the municipality Tokke in Telemark , Norway . It exploits the water from Botnedalsvatn , a height difference of 290 metres ( 950 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Tokke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tokke', 'summary': "Tokke is a municipality in Telemark in the county of Vestfold og Telemark in Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Vest-Telemark . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Dalen . The municipality of Tokke was created on 1 January 1964 upon the merger of the two older municipalities of Lårdal and Mo . Located in Lårdal , Eidsborg stave church is one of Norway 's old stave churches ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Evanger Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Evanger_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Evanger Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality Voss in Hordaland , Norway . The facility operates at an installed capacity of 330 MW . The average annual production is 1,435 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Voss', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Voss', 'summary': 'The parish of Voss was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt law ) . On 1 January 1867 , a small area in northern Voss ( population : 28 ) was transferred to the municipality of Hosanger . On 1 January 1868 , the northern district of the municipality ( population : 2,009 ) was separated to form the new municipality of Vossestrand . This left 7,592 residents in Voss . On 21 August 1868 , an unpopulated area of northern Voss was transferred to Vossestrand . Then , on 1 January 1885 , the western district of Voss ( population : 2,045 ) was separated to form the new municipality of Evanger . This left Voss with 5,403 residents . During the 1960s , there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1964 , the municipality of Voss ( population : 10,575 ) , the municipality of Vossestrand ( population : 1,573 ) , and most of the municipality of Evanger ( population : 1,075 ) were all merged into a new , larger municipality of Voss . ( The rest of Evanger was merged into the new municipality of Vaksdal . ) On 1 January 2020 , the neighboring municipality of Granvin merged with Voss , creating a larger Voss municipality . Prior to the merger , it was known as Voss kommune , but after the merger it was called Voss herad , using the title herad which Gravin formerly had used .'}]}, {'value': '330', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Finndøla Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Finndøla_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Finndøla Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located in Fyresdal , Telemark , Norway . It operates at an installed capacity of 108 MW , with an average annual production of about 254 GW·h .'}]}, {'value': 'Fyresdal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fyresdal', 'summary': 'Fyresdal is a municipality in Telemark in the county of Vestfold og Telemark in Norway . It is part of the traditional region of Vest-Telemark . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Moland . The municipality of Moland was established on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . In 1879 , the name was changed to Fyresdal .'}]}, {'value': '108', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortun Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortun_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Fortun Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located in the municipality Luster in Sogn og Fjordane , Norway . The facility operates at an installed capacity of 254 MW . The average annual production is 1,375 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Luster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Luster,_Norway', 'summary': "Luster is a municipality in Vestland county , Norway . It is located at the end of the Sognefjorden in the traditional district of Sogn . The administrative centre is the village of Gaupne . Other villages in Luster include Fortun , Hafslo , Indre Hafslo , Jostedal , Luster , Nes , Ornes , Skjolden , Solvorn , and Veitastrond . Luster is centered around the inner branch of the Sognefjord , which is called the Lustrafjorden . Its landscape includes fjords , steep mountains , water-abundant waterfalls , blue glaciers , and valleys . Both Jostedalsbreen National Park and Breheimen National Park are partially located in this municipality . The Sognefjellsvegen road goes over a mountain pass in eastern Luster . The 2,706-square-kilometre ( 1,045 sq mi ) municipality is the 17th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway . Luster is the 196th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,195 . The municipality 's population density is 2 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 5.2/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 6.5% during the previous decade . In 2016 , the chief of police for Vestlandet formally suggested a reconfiguration of police districts and stations ."}]}, {'value': '254', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gryta Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gryta_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Gryta Hydroelectric Power Station ( Norwegian : Gryta kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station in the municipality of Rindal in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is a run-of-river hydro power station utilizing a drop of 231 meters ( 758 ft ) in a tributary of the Surna River . Permission was granted for construction in 2006 and the plant came into operation in 2009 . It is operated by Gryta Kraft AS . It operates at an installed capacity of 1.49 MW , with an average annual production of about 4.5 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Rindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rindal', 'summary': "Rindal is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Orkdalen region . The administrative centre is the village of Rindal . Other villages in the municipality include Tiset and Romundstad . The municipality centres on agriculture and forestry services . The 6,322-square-kilometre ( 2,441 sq mi ) municipality is the 180th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Rindal is the 324th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,039 . The municipality 's population density is 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 8.5/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.3% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '1.49', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hammeren Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hammeren_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Hammeren Hydroelectric Power Station ( Norwegian : Hammeren kraftstasjon ) is a hydroelectric power station located in Oslo , Norway . It is the only power station in Oslo , and among the oldest power stations still running in Norway . It has a total installed capacity of 5 MW , and an annual production of 16 GWh . The power station utilises the waterfalls from Skjærsjøen to Maridalsvannet , with a total height of 105 m. It was established in 1900 by the company Christiania Elektricitetsværk , originally with 4 generator units , and increased to six units in 1901 . In 1927 the six generators were replaced by a single 5.6 MW unit .'}]}, {'value': 'Oslo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oslo', 'summary': "Oslo ( /ˈɒzloʊ/ OZ-loh , also US : /ˈɒsloʊ/ OSS-loh , Norwegian : [ ˈʊ̂ʂlʊ ] ( listen ) , rarely [ ˈʊ̂slʊ , ˈʊ̀ʂlʊ ] ) is the capital and most populous city of Norway . It constitutes both a county and a municipality . During the Viking Age the area was part of Viken , the northernmost Danish province . Oslo was founded as a city at the end of the Viking Age in the year 1040 under the name Ánslo , and established as a kaupstad or trading place in 1048 by Harald Hardrada . The city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V of Norway around 1300 . Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 reduced its influence . After being destroyed by a fire in 1624 , during the reign of King Christian IV , a new city was built closer to Akershus Fortress and named Christiania in the king 's honour . It was established as a municipality ( formannskapsdistrikt ) on 1 January 1838 . The city functioned as the capital of Norway during the 1814-1905 union between Sweden and Norway . From 1877 , the city 's name was spelled Kristiania in government usage , a spelling that was adopted by the municipal authorities only in 1897 . In 1925 the city , after incorporating the village retaining its former name , was renamed Oslo . In 1948 Oslo merged with Aker , a municipality which surrounded the capital and which was 27 times larger , thus creating the modern , vastly enlarged Oslo municipality ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hjartdøla Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hjartdøla_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Hjartdøla Power Station is a hydroelectric power station located in Hjartdal , Telemark , Norway . It operates at an installed capacity of 120 MW , with an average annual production of about 410 GW·h .'}]}, {'value': 'Hjartdal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hjartdal', 'summary': "Hjartdal is a municipality in Telemark in the county of Vestfold og Telemark in Norway . It is part of the traditional regions of Upper Telemark and Øst-Telemark . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Sauland . The municipality of Hierdal was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . It consists of three parish'es : Hjartdal , Sauland , and Tuddal . Up to the 1500s Hjartdal parish stretched from Rauland in the west and Kongsberg to the east . Counting from west to east , the villages Åmotsdal , Svartdal , Hjartdal , Tuddal , Sauland , Gransherad , Bolkesjø , Jondalen and Lisleherad was at one point included in the same parish . About 1620 Lisleherad was transferred to Heddal , and last , Gransherad was separated 1860 . At the same time the administrative centre was moved from Hjartdal village to Sauland . Today , the Hjartdal parish and municipality consist of the three villages Hjartdal , Sauland and Tuddal ."}]}, {'value': '104', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hol I Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hol', 'summary': 'Hol is a municipality in Viken county , Norway .'}]}, {'value': '220', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holen Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bykle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bykle', 'summary': "Bykle is a municipality in Agder county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Setesdal . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Bykle . Other villages in Bykle municipality include Berdalen , Bjåen , Breive , Hoslemo , Hovden , and Nordbygdi . Bykle was established as a municipality on 1 January 1902 when it was separated from the municipality of Valle . The 1,467-square-kilometre ( 566 sq mi ) municipality is the 55th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Bykle is the 400th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 952 . The municipality 's population density is 0.8 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 2.1/sq mi ) and its population has increased by 5.5% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '328', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hylen Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hylen_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Ulla-Førre is a hydropower complex in Suldal , Hjelmeland and Bykle in Norway . It has an installed capacity of approximately 2,100 MW , and the annual average production is 4.45 TWh ( 16.0 PJ ) ( 1987-2006 ) , while its reservoir capacity is about 7.8 TWh ( 28 PJ ) . The complex includes the artificial lake Blåsjø , which is made by dams around 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) above the sea level . The hydroelectric power stations in the complex are Saurdal , Kvilldal , Hylen and Stølsdal , operated by Statkraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Suldal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suldal', 'summary': "Suldal is a municipality in the northeast corner of Rogaland county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Ryfylke . Since 1965 , the administrative centre of Suldal is the village of Sand i Ryfylke ( prior to that it was the village of Suldalsosen ) . Other villages in Suldal include Hålandsosen , Jelsa , Marvik , Nesflaten , and Suldalsosen . The 1,737-square-kilometre ( 671 sq mi ) municipality is the 39th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Suldal is the 235th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,853 . The municipality 's population density is 2.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 6.2/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.5% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '160', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kaggefoss Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kaggefoss', 'summary': 'Snarumselva is a river in Buskerud county , Norway . It flows north to south from Krøderen , a lake in Krødsherad municipality , to Geithus , a village in Modum municipality , where it joins the Drammenselva river . The total length of Snarumselva is about 50 km ( 31 mi ) and the total altitude loss is about 100 m ( 330 ft ) . There are two hydroelectric power plants along Snarumselva , both located on natural waterfalls . The first is Ramfoss Power Plant , located on Ramfoss approximately 4.5 km ( 2.8 mi ) south of the head of the river at Krøderen . The second , Kaggefoss Power Plant , is located on Kaggefoss , approximately two kilometres north of the terminus at Geithus . The portion of the river that runs from Kaggefoss to the terminus at Geithus is also sometimes called Kista .'}]}, {'value': 'Modum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Modum', 'summary': 'Modum is a municipality in Viken county , Norway . The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Vikersund . The municipality of Modum was established on 1 January 1838 ( see formannskapsdistrikt ) . The area has a long tradition of skiing with several famous skiers . Modum is home to one of the largest ski jumping hills in the world , Vikersundbakken which is situated in Vikersund . The hill record , established in 2011 is a jump of 246.5 metres ( 809 ft ) .'}]}, {'value': '85.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kobbelv Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sørfold', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sørfold', 'summary': 'Sørfold is a municipality in Nordland county , Norway . It is part of the traditional district of Salten . The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Straumen . Other villages in the municipality include Leirfjordgården , Mørsvikbotn , Røsvika , Rørstad , Styrkesvik , and Øvre Kvarv . The municipality surrounds the Sørfolda fjord and stretches east to the border with Sweden .'}]}, {'value': '350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kvilldal Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kvilldal_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Ulla-Førre is a hydropower complex in Suldal , Hjelmeland and Bykle in Norway . It has an installed capacity of approximately 2,100 MW , and the annual average production is 4.45 TWh ( 16.0 PJ ) ( 1987-2006 ) , while its reservoir capacity is about 7.8 TWh ( 28 PJ ) . The complex includes the artificial lake Blåsjø , which is made by dams around 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) above the sea level . The hydroelectric power stations in the complex are Saurdal , Kvilldal , Hylen and Stølsdal , operated by Statkraft .'}]}, {'value': 'Suldal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suldal', 'summary': "Suldal is a municipality in the northeast corner of Rogaland county , Norway . It is located in the traditional district of Ryfylke . Since 1965 , the administrative centre of Suldal is the village of Sand i Ryfylke ( prior to that it was the village of Suldalsosen ) . Other villages in Suldal include Hålandsosen , Jelsa , Marvik , Nesflaten , and Suldalsosen . The 1,737-square-kilometre ( 671 sq mi ) municipality is the 39th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Suldal is the 235th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 3,853 . The municipality 's population density is 2.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 6.2/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.5% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '1,240', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kysinga Hydroelectric Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kysinga_Hydroelectric_Power_Station', 'summary': 'The Kysinga Hydroelectric Power Station ( Norwegian : Kysinga kraftverk ) is a hydroelectric power station in the municipality of Rindal in Møre og Romsdal county , Norway . It is a run-of-river hydro power station utilizing a drop of 135 meters ( 443 ft ) on a tributary of the Surna River . Permission was granted for construction in 2009 and the plant came into operation in 2010 . It is operated by Kysinga Kraft AS . It operates at an installed capacity of 1.25 MW , with an average annual production of about 6.5 GWh .'}]}, {'value': 'Rindal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rindal', 'summary': "Rindal is a municipality in Trøndelag county , Norway . It is part of the Orkdalen region . The administrative centre is the village of Rindal . Other villages in the municipality include Tiset and Romundstad . The municipality centres on agriculture and forestry services . The 6,322-square-kilometre ( 2,441 sq mi ) municipality is the 180th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway . Rindal is the 324th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 2,039 . The municipality 's population density is 3.3 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 8.5/sq mi ) and its population has decreased by 0.3% over the last decade ."}]}, {'value': '1.25', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Operational', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Hydroelectric', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_power_stations_in_Norway_0', 'intro': 'The following page lists some power stations in Norway. Norway produces a total of 13,570 MW for power consumption. For traction current, see Electric power supply system of railways in Norway.'}
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Which location is based in the traditional district of Setesdal ?
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Valle
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038a1e3aa803b34c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Philadelphia_Phillies_team_records', 'title': 'List of Philadelphia Phillies team records', 'header': ['Statistic', 'Record', 'Date'], 'data': [{'value': 'Home runs hit', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Home_run', 'summary': 'In baseball , a home run ( abbreviated HR ) is scored when the ball is hit in such a way that the batter is able to circle the bases and reach home safely in one play without any errors being committed by the defensive team in the process . In modern baseball , the feat is typically achieved by hitting the ball over the outfield fence between the foul poles ( or making contact with either foul pole ) without first touching the ground , resulting in an automatic home run . There is also the inside-the-park home run where the batter reaches home safely while the baseball is in play on the field . A home run with a high exit velocity and good launch angle is sometimes called a no-doubter , because it leaves no doubt that it is going to leave the park when it leaves the bat . When a home run is scored , the batter is also credited with a hit and a run scored , and an RBI for each runner that scores , including himself . Likewise , the pitcher is recorded as having given up a hit and a run , with additional runs charged for each runner that scores other than the batter . Home runs are among the most popular aspects of baseball and , as a result , prolific home run hitters are usually the most popular among fans and consequently the highest paid by teams - hence the old saying , Home run hitters drive Cadillacs , and singles hitters drive Fords ( coined , circa 1948 , by veteran pitcher Fritz Ostermueller , by way of mentoring his young teammate , Ralph Kiner ) .'}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 8 , 1998 , July 26 , 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1998_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': "The 1998 Major League Baseball season ended with the New York Yankees sweeping the San Diego Padres in the World Series , after they had won a then AL record 114 regular season games . The Yankees finished with 125 wins for the season ( regular season and playoffs combined ) , which remains the MLB record . The 1998 season was also marked by an expansion to 30 teams ( 16 in the NL , 14 in the AL ) , with two new teams-the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League , and the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the American League-added to the MLB ( as of 2019 , this is the last time MLB has expanded ) . To keep the leagues with even numbers of teams while allowing both leagues to have a new team , the Milwaukee Brewers were moved from the American League Central Division to the National League Central Division . The Detroit Tigers were shifted from the American League East to the American League Central , while the Devil Rays were added to the American League East . The Diamondbacks were added to the National League West , making the NL have more teams than the AL for the first time ( this arrangement would last until the end of the 2012 season , when the Houston Astros moved from the National to the American League for 2013 , giving each league 15 teams ) . The biggest story of the season was the historic chase of the single-season home run record held at the time by Roger Maris . Initially , the St. Louis Cardinals ' Mark McGwire and Ken Griffey , Jr. of the Seattle Mariners started the season on a pace to both break Maris ' record . In June , the chase was joined by the Chicago Cubs ' Sammy Sosa , who broke the decades-old record of Rudy York for most home runs in a calendar month with 20 that month . Eventually , Griffey fell off the record pace , but still ended with 56 homers . Both McGwire and Sosa broke the record in September , with McGwire ultimately finishing with 70 homers to Sosa 's 66 . McGwire 's record would last only three years , with Barry Bonds hitting 73 in 2001 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/2018_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 2018 Major League Baseball season began on March 29 . The regular season ended on October 1 , extended a day for tiebreaker games to decide the winners of the National League Central and National League West divisions . The postseason began on October 2 . The World Series began on October 23 , and ended on October 28 with the Boston Red Sox defeating the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games to win their ninth World Series championship . The 89th Major League Baseball All-Star Game was held on July 17 at Nationals Park , the home of the Washington Nationals . The American League won , 8-6 , in 10 innings . This was also the last season for the August trade waivers .'}]}, {'value': 'Runs scored', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Run_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a run is scored when a player advances around first , second and third base and returns safely to home plate , touching the bases in that order , before three outs are recorded and all obligations to reach base safely on batted balls are met or assured . A player may score by hitting a home run or by any combination of plays that puts him safely on base ( that is , on first , second , or third ) as a runner and subsequently brings him home . The object of the game is for a team to score more runs than its opponent . The Official Baseball Rules hold that if the third out of an inning is a force out of a runner advancing to any base then , even if another baserunner crosses home plate before that force out is made , his run does not count . However , if the third out is not a force out , but a tag out , then if that other baserunner crosses home plate before that tag out is made , his run will count . In baseball statistics , a player who advances around all the bases to score is credited with a run ( R ) , sometimes referred to as a run scored . While runs scored is considered an important individual batting statistic , it is regarded as less significant than runs batted in ( RBIs ) . Both individual runs scored and runs batted in are heavily context-dependent ; however , the sabermetric statistic runs created provides a more sophisticated assessment of a player 's contribution toward producing runs for his team . A pitcher is likewise assessed runs surrendered in his statistics , which differentiate between standard earned runs ( for which the pitcher is statistically assigned full responsibility ) and unearned runs scored due to fielding errors , which do not count in his personal statistics . Specifically , if a fielding error occurs which affects the number of runs scored in an inning , the Official Scorer - the official in-game statistician - in order to determine how many of the runs should be classified as earned , will reconstruct the inning as if the error had not occurred . For example , with two outs , suppose a runner reaches base because of a fielding error , and then the next batter hits a two-run home run , and then the following batter then makes the third out , ending the inning . If the inning is reconstructed without the error , and if that third batter , instead of reaching on an error , registered an out , the inning would have ended there without any runs scoring ."}]}, {'value': '26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1985 Major League Baseball season ended with the Kansas City Royals defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh game of the I-70 World Series . Bret Saberhagen , the regular season Cy Young Award winner , was named MVP of the Series . The National League won the All-Star Game for the second straight year . The League Championship Series playoffs were expanded to a best-of-seven format beginning this year , and both leagues ended up settling their pennant winners in more than five games , with the Royals beating the Toronto Blue Jays in seven games , and the Cardinals beating the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games .'}]}, {'value': 'Hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hit_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , a hit ( denoted by H ) , also called a base hit , is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches first base after hitting the ball into fair territory , without the benefit of an error or a fielder 's choice ."}]}, {'value': '27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1985 Major League Baseball season ended with the Kansas City Royals defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh game of the I-70 World Series . Bret Saberhagen , the regular season Cy Young Award winner , was named MVP of the Series . The National League won the All-Star Game for the second straight year . The League Championship Series playoffs were expanded to a best-of-seven format beginning this year , and both leagues ended up settling their pennant winners in more than five games , with the Royals beating the Toronto Blue Jays in seven games , and the Cardinals beating the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games .'}]}, {'value': 'Doubles', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Double_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a double is the act of a batter striking the pitched ball and safely reaching second base without being called out by the umpire , without the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) or another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A double is a type of hit ( the others being the single , triple and home run ) and is sometimes called a two-bagger or two-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 2B ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 23 , 1976', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1976_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': "The 1976 Major League Baseball season was the last season of the expansion era ( dating back to 1961 ) until 1993 in which the American League ( AL ) and the National League ( NL ) had the same number of teams . The season ended with the Cincinnati Reds taking the World Series Championship for the second consecutive season by sweeping the New York Yankees in four games ; they are the only team to go undefeated in the postseason since the advent of the divisional era in 1969 . It would be the Reds ' last title until Lou Piniella guided the club in 1990 , and the second time that the Yankees were swept in World Series history . The only team to do it before was the 1963 Los Angeles Dodgers ."}]}, {'value': 'Triples', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Triple_(baseball)', 'summary': "In baseball , a triple is the act of a batter safely reaching third base after hitting the ball , with neither the benefit of a fielder 's misplay ( see error ) nor another runner being put out on a fielder 's choice . A triple is sometimes called a three-bagger or three-base hit . For statistical and scorekeeping purposes it is denoted by 3B . Triples have become somewhat rare in Major League Baseball . It often requires a ball hit to a distant part of the field , or the ball taking an unusual bounce in the outfield . It also usually requires that the batter hit the ball solidly , and be a speedy runner . It also often requires that the batter 's team have a good strategic reason for wanting the batter on third base , as a double will already put the batter in scoring position and there will often be little strategic advantage to taking the risk of trying to stretch a double into a triple . ( The inside-the-park home run is much rarer than a triple ) . The trend for modern ballparks is to have smaller outfields ( often increasing the number of home runs ) ; it has ensured that the career and season triples leaders mostly consist of those who played early in Major League Baseball history , generally in the dead-ball era . A walk-off triple ( one that ends a game ) occurs very infrequently . For example , the 2016 MLB season saw only three walk-off triples , excluding one play that was actually a triple plus an error ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 2 , 1986', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1986_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1986 Major League Baseball season saw the New York Mets win their second World Series title , their first since 1969 .'}]}, {'value': 'Total bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Total_bases', 'summary': "In baseball statistics , total bases is the number of bases a player has gained with hits . It is a weighted sum for which the weight value is 1 for a single , 2 for a double , 3 for a triple and 4 for a home run . Only bases attained from hits count toward this total . Reaching base by other means ( such as a base on balls ) or advancing further after the hit ( such as when a subsequent batter gets a hit ) does not increase the player 's total bases . In box scores and other statistical summaries , total bases is often denoted by the abbreviation TB . The total bases divided by the number of at bats is the player 's slugging average ."}]}, {'value': '45', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'June 11 , 1985', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1985_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1985 Major League Baseball season ended with the Kansas City Royals defeating the St. Louis Cardinals in the seventh game of the I-70 World Series . Bret Saberhagen , the regular season Cy Young Award winner , was named MVP of the Series . The National League won the All-Star Game for the second straight year . The League Championship Series playoffs were expanded to a best-of-seven format beginning this year , and both leagues ended up settling their pennant winners in more than five games , with the Royals beating the Toronto Blue Jays in seven games , and the Cardinals beating the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games .'}]}, {'value': 'Runners left on base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_on_base', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '20*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'September 4 , 1922', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1922_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1922 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Runners left on base', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Left_on_base', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': '20*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 14 , 1990', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1990_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1990 Major League Baseball season saw the Cincinnati Reds upset the heavily favored Oakland Athletics in the World Series , for their first title since 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'Strikeouts', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Strikeout', 'summary': 'In baseball or softball , a strikeout ( or strike-out ) occurs when a batter racks up three strikes during a time at bat . It usually means the batter is out . A strikeout is a statistic recorded for both pitchers and batters , and is denoted by K. A strikeout looking - in which the batter does not swing and the third strike is called by the umpire - is usually denoted by a ꓘ . Although a strikeout suggests that the pitcher dominated the batter , the free-swinging style that generates home runs also leaves batters susceptible to striking out . Some of the greatest home run hitters of all time - such as Alex Rodriguez , Reggie Jackson , and Jim Thome - were notorious for striking out .'}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'October 6 , 1991', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1991_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1991 Major League Baseball season saw the Minnesota Twins defeat the Atlanta Braves for the World Series title , in a series where every game was won by the home team .'}]}, {'value': 'Stolen bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stolen_base', 'summary': 'In baseball , a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner . The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base , but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10 . A stolen base most often occurs when a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate . Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts and timing .'}]}, {'value': '11*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'July 12 , 1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1906_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1906 Major League Baseball season .'}]}, {'value': 'Stolen bases', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stolen_base', 'summary': 'In baseball , a stolen base occurs when a runner advances to a base to which he is not entitled and the official scorer rules that the advance should be credited to the action of the runner . The umpires determine whether the runner is safe or out at the next base , but the official scorer rules on the question of credit or blame for the advance under Rule 10 . A stolen base most often occurs when a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is pitching the ball to home plate . Successful base stealers are not only fast but have good baserunning instincts and timing .'}]}, {'value': '11*', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 31 , 1906', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1906_Major_League_Baseball_season', 'summary': 'The 1906 Major League Baseball season .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Team single-game records -- Single-game batting', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Philadelphia_Phillies_team_records_3', 'intro': "The Philadelphia Phillies have participated in 127 seasons in Major League Baseball since their inception in 1883. Through 2009, they have played 19,035 games, winning 9,035 and losing 10,162, for a winning their tenure as members of Major League Baseball's National League. Chuck Klein, the franchise's only batting Triple Crown winner, holds the most franchise records as of the end of the 2009 season, with eight, including career slugging percentage, career on-base plus slugging (OPS), and single-season extra-base hits. He is followed by Billy Hamilton, who holds seven records, including career batting average and the single-season runs record. Several Phillies hold National League and major league records. Pitcher/outfielder John Coleman is the most decorated in this category, holding three major league records, all from the franchise's inaugural season. Coleman set records for losses, earned runs allowed, and hits allowed, all in 1883 when he also set three additional franchise pitching records. Shortstop Jimmy Rollins broke Willie Wilson's record for at-bats in a single season with 716 in 2007, and first baseman Ryan Howard also set the major league record for strikeouts in a single season that same year with 199, before it was broken by Mark Reynolds of the Arizona Diamondbacks the following year. The 1930 Phillies, who went 52-102, set two more National League records, allowing 1,993 hits and 1,193 runs in the regular season."}
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What is the date of the statistic that is denoted by K ?
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1991
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038a5da716b06c1b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)', 'title': 'List of Virtual Console games for Wii (Japan)', 'header': ['Title', 'Publisher', 'Release Date', 'CERO'], 'data': [{'value': 'Garou Densetsu : Shukumei no Tatakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury:_King_of_Fighters', 'summary': "Fatal Fury : King of Fighters [ a ] is a 1991 head-to-head fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms . Fatal Fury was SNK 's first fighting game for the Neo Geo system and served as the inaugural game in their Fatal Fury series , as well as the first game to depict the fictional King of Fighters tournament ( which became the basis for the later The King of Fighters games ) . Many of SNK 's mainstay characters , including the Bogard brothers Terry and Andy , friend Joe Higashi , and their nemesis Geese Howard , made their debut in this game ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'September 18 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magician Lord', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magician_Lord', 'summary': 'Magician Lord [ a ] is a side-scrolling action-platform arcade video game developed by Alpha Denshi and originally published by SNK on April 26 , 1990 . It was one of the launch titles for both the Neo Geo MVS ( arcade ) and Neo Geo AES ( home ) platforms , in addition of also being one of the pack-in games for the AES . When the evil sorcerer Gal Agiese breaks free from his imprisonment and steals the magic tomes that were used against him centuries ago , the magician Elta embarks on a journey to recover the stolen magic tomes from the hands of Gal and his followers before the god of destruction , Az Atorse , is revived and destroys both the land of Cadacis and the world . Though it was initially launched for the Neo Geo MVS , Magician Lord was later released for both Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD in 1991 and 1994 respectively , and has since been re-released on compilations and through download services for various consoles , among other ways to play it . Upon its original release , Magician Lord received praise for its colorful and detailed graphics , sound department , gameplay and for being a showcase of the capabilities of the Neo Geo , though critics felt divided in regards to the difficulty and was considered a financial flop in arcades , despite the positive reception it garnered . Retrospective reviews for the title have been mixed in recent years , with reviewers praising the graphics and sound but criticizing its challenging difficulty . A sequel was in development but was never released .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'World Heroes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Heroes_(video_game)', 'summary': "World Heroes [ b ] is a 1992 fighting arcade game developed and published by Alpha Denshi ( later known as ADK ) with the assistance of SNK . It was originally released for the Neo Geo MVS arcade cabinet on July 28 , 1992 . It is ADK 's first game in the fighting game genre , as well as their earliest attempt in the fighting game trend of the '90s that was popularized by Capcom 's 1991 arcade-hit Street Fighter II . It was even the last game with the Alpha logo labeled within the game before the developer became ADK ; however , the Alpha logo was last used on one of the arcade flyers of its sequel . Due to its success in the market , World Heroes was followed by a sequel released less than a year later titled World Heroes 2 ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'September 28 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryūko no Ken', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_of_Fighting', 'summary': 'Art of Fighting ( Japanese : 龍虎の拳 , Hepburn : Ryūko no Ken , lit . Fist of Dragon and Tiger ) is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s . It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK , following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series . The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992 , followed by two sequels : Art of Fighting 2 ( 龍虎の拳2 , Ryūko no Ken 2 ) in 1994 and Art of Fighting 3 : The Path of the Warrior ( ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝 , Art of Fighting : Ryūko no Ken Gaiden ) in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Samurai Spirits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Shodown', 'summary': "Samurai Shodown ( Samurai Spirits in Japan ) is a fighting game series by SNK . In Japan , the name of the series is officially in katakana , but is often written in kanji ( 侍魂 , samurai tamashii ) , with the second character pronounced supirittsu , spirits , to better reflect the game 's setting ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 16 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raguy', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Blue's_Journey", 'summary': "Blue 's Journey [ a ] is a side scrolling platform game originally released by Alpha Denshi in Summer 1991 on SNK 's Neo Geo MVS arcade system and their AES home system . It was later ported to the Neo Geo CD in 1994 . It was more recently released on the Wii 's Virtual Console in Europe on November 9 , 2007 , followed by North America on November 12 , 2007 ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 23 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The King of Fighters '94", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters_'94", 'summary': "The King of Fighters '94 ( KOF '94 ) is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo-based arcade system in 1994 , as the first in The King of Fighters series . The game was also released for the Neo Geo home console systems , including a Neo Geo CD version . In 2008 , KOF '94 was one of sixteen games included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii . KOF '94 is a crossover featuring characters from SNK 's fighting game properties Fatal Fury and Art of Fighting . It also includes revised versions of characters from their pre-Neo Geo games Ikari Warriors and Psycho Soldier , as well as original characters created specifically for the game . The plot features the creation of a new King of Fighters tournament created by the criminal Rugal Bernstein . SNK developed KOF '94 with the initial idea of using several games from the company in order to attract gamers who played these games . The characters ' designs , as well as its innovative gameplay system based on using teams of three members , were both well received . The success of the game allowed SNK to produce a series of sequels in The King of Fighters series . In 2004 , to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series , SNK released a remake titled The King of Fighters '94 Re-Bout . It features the original game and a new version with higher resolution graphics ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'November 6 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball Stars 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball_Stars_2', 'summary': 'Baseball Stars 2 [ a ] is a 2-player baseball sports arcade game released by SNK in 1992 for the Neo-Geo console . A less detailed console version was released for the NES by Romstar the same year .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Top Hunter : Roddy & Cathy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Top_Hunter:_Roddy_&_Cathy', 'summary': 'Top Hunter : Roddy & Cathy [ a ] is a side scrolling arcade platform game developed by SNK for the Neo Geo in 1994 . It was also released on the Neo Geo CD , and the Wii Virtual Console . The game has been re-released as part of SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , on May 1 , 2008 , and in the ACA Neo Geo series on PlayStation 4 on January 10 , 2018 . Its development team consisted of former Irem staff members . It was one of the few Neo Geo Games to be dubbed 100 Megashock due to the large , for the time 100+ megabit cartridge . This was over twice the size of the largest SNES cartridge ( Star Ocean has 48Mbits ) . Later cartridges would routinely top 100 megabits so the branding was dropped . [ citation needed ] This was also referred to as a precursor to Metal Slug because of the use of the robotic vehicles , which are very similar to the Slugs . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'November 20 , 2007', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal Slug', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metal_Slug', 'summary': 'Metal Slug ( Japanese : メタルスラッグ , Hepburn : Metaru Suraggu ) is a series of run and gun video games originally created by Nazca Corporation before merging with SNK in 1996 after the completion of the first game in the series . Spin-off games include a third-person shooter to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the series and a tower defense game for the mobile platform . Originally created for Neo-Geo arcade machines hardware ( MVS ) and the Neo-Geo home game consoles ( AES ) hardware , the original games have also been ported to other consoles and mobile platforms throughout the years , with several later games created for various other platforms . The games focus on the Peregrine Falcon Squad , a small group of soldiers who fight against a rebel army , aliens and various other forces intent on world domination .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'April 22 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burning Fight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burning_Fight', 'summary': "Burning Fight [ a ] is a beat 'em up arcade game released by SNK in 1991 for the Neo Geo MVS system . Introduced to capture a share in the then-popular beat 'em ups market , it was meant to compete with Technōs ' Double Dragon , the leader of the genre at the time . Three years after its release in the arcades and on the Neo Geo AES , it was released on Neo Geo CD as the only other home version . The game is produced by Eikichi Kawasaki , one of SNK 's founders and the man behind various well-known SNK titles , such as Fatal Fury and Samurai Shodown series . A re-released version of Burning Fight is included in SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , which was released for the PlayStation 2 , PlayStation Portable and Wii in 2008 ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'May 7 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garou Densetsu 2 : Aratanaru Tatakai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury_2', 'summary': 'Fatal Fury 2 [ a ] is a 1992 fighting video game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms , and later ported to several other home systems . It is a sequel to Fatal Fury : King of Fighters and the second game in the Fatal Fury franchise . Its updated version , Fatal Fury Special , was released in 1993 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'May 20 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninja Combat', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninja_Combat', 'summary': "Ninja Combat [ a ] is a 1990 side-scrolling beat 'em up video game developed by Alpha Denshi and published by SNK . It was one of the launch titles for both the Neo Geo MVS ( arcade ) and AES ( home ) systems . It is notorious for its unbalanced difficulty and odd design and gameplay ideas ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'May 27 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'King of the Monsters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/King_of_the_Monsters_(video_game)', 'summary': 'King of the Monsters [ a ] is a fighting game developed by SNK , released for arcades in Japan in 1991 , and ported to the Neo Geo AES later that same year . The game features playable giant monsters that are reminiscent of characters from kaiju and tokusatsu films . In 1992 , a sequel titled King of the Monsters 2 was released for arcades . Months later , King of the Monsters was ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It would then be ported to the Sega Genesis in 1993 . It was included in the video game SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 , which was released for the Wii , PlayStation 2 and PSP in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 3 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryūko no Ken 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Art_of_Fighting', 'summary': 'Art of Fighting ( Japanese : 龍虎の拳 , Hepburn : Ryūko no Ken , lit . Fist of Dragon and Tiger ) is a fighting video game trilogy that were released for the Neo Geo platform in the early 1990s . It was the second fighting game franchise created by SNK , following the Fatal Fury series and is set in the same fictional universe as a prequel to the Fatal Fury series . The original Art of Fighting was released in 1992 , followed by two sequels : Art of Fighting 2 ( 龍虎の拳2 , Ryūko no Ken 2 ) in 1994 and Art of Fighting 3 : The Path of the Warrior ( ART OF FIGHTING 龍虎の拳 外伝 , Art of Fighting : Ryūko no Ken Gaiden ) in 1996 .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 17 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ninja Commando', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ninja_Commando', 'summary': 'Ninja Commando [ a ] is a top-down , vertically scrolling run and gun video game developed by Alpha Denshi and published by SNK . It was first released for the Neo Geo in 1992 in cartridge format , and in 1994 for the Neo Geo CD .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'June 24 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Big Tournament Golf', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neo_Turf_Masters', 'summary': 'Neo Turf Masters [ a ] is a golf video game by Nazca for the Neo Geo , released in 1996 . This is also one of the first two titles by Nazca , the other being the popular Metal Slug before & between being acquired by SNK . The game was released as an arcade cartridge ( MVS ) and as home cartridge ( AES ) , as well as for the Neo Geo CD console . The Neo Geo version was later re-released as part of the SNK Arcade Classics Vol . 1 compilation for the PS2 , Wii and PSP , as well as for the Wii Virtual Console . The game has also been ported to the PlayStation 4 and Nintendo Switch by Hamster as part of their Arcade Archives series . A version for the Neo Geo Pocket Color was later released in North America in 1999 . The NGPC version features cartoonish , less detailed graphics compared to the Neo Geo version which had partially digitized sprites and realistic art .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'July 8 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shin Samurai Spirits : Haōmaru Jigokuhen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Samurai_Shodown_II', 'summary': "Samurai Shodown II [ b ] is a 1994 fighting game released as the second entry in SNK 's Samurai Shodown series ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'July 23 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Metal Slug 2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Metal_Slug_2', 'summary': 'Metal Slug 2 [ a ] is a run and gun video game developed by SNK . It was originally released in 1998 for the Neo-Geo MVS arcade platform as the sequel to the popular 1996 game Metal Slug . It was re-released in 1999 in a slightly modified form as Metal Slug X : Super Vehicle-001 ( メタルスラッグX ) . It has been ported to the Neo Geo CD , PlayStation , Virtual Console , iOS and Android , and to the Wii , PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 2 ( as part of the Metal Slug Anthology ) . The game added several new features to the gameplay of the original Metal Slug , such as new weapons , vehicles and the ability to transform the character . It received generally positive reviews .'}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'October 28 , 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Garou Densetsu Special', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fatal_Fury_Special', 'summary': "Fatal Fury Special [ a ] is a 1993 fighting game developed and published by SNK and originally released for the Neo Geo arcade and home platforms . It is an updated version of 1992 's Fatal Fury 2 , introducing several changes to the gameplay system while expanding the available character roster ."}]}, {'value': 'D4 Enterprise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D4_Enterprise', 'summary': "D4 Enterprise Co. , Ltd. ( 株式会社D4エンタープライズ , Kabushiki-gaisha D4 Entāpuraizu ) is a Japanese video game publisher currently specializing in content delivery services like Project EGG over the Internet . Some of the titles that have been re-released include many of Compile 's titles , like the Madō Monogatari games . The company has also provided Neo Geo and MSX titles to the Virtual Console for the Wii ."}]}, {'value': 'November 4 , 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'B', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Available titles -- Neo Geo', 'section_text': 'There were 75 games available .', 'uid': 'List_of_Virtual_Console_games_for_Wii_(Japan)_6', 'intro': 'The following is the complete list of the 659 Virtual Console titles that were available for the Wii in Japan sorted by system and release dates. English translations are highlighted between parenthesis. The final update was on April 9, 2013 as the service has been discontinued in all regions while games are currently being added to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console and Wii U Virtual Console services. Nintendo plans to discontinue the Wii Shop Channel. Purchasing of Wii Points for new games ended on March 26, 2018. In addition, the ability to purchase new software ended on January 31, 2019. Re-downloading purchased software is available, however Nintendo announced it will shut that facility down at a later date.'}
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What is the CERO for the game for the run and gun video game developed by SNK that had a release date after July 2008 ?
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B
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038f38f67b103a7b
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Korea_National_League', 'title': '2011 Korea National League', 'header': ['Team', 'Location', 'Stadium', 'Stadium capacity'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ansan Hallelujah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan_Hallelujah_FC', 'summary': 'Goyang Zaicro FC was a South Korean professional football team based in Goyang . The club competed in the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . They played their home games at Goyang Stadium . The club traces its origins to Immanuel FC , a Christian football club founded in 1983 . The team previously played in Iksan and Gimpo before moving to Ansan .'}]}, {'value': 'Ansan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan', 'summary': 'Ansan ( Korean pronunciation : [ an.san ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . It lies southwest of Seoul , and is part of the Seoul National Capital Area . It is connected to Seoul by rail via Seoul Subway Line 4 . Ansan is situated on the Yellow Sea coast and some islands lie within its jurisdiction . The largest and best-known of these is Daebu Island . Several higher learning institutions are located in Ansan . They include Ansan University , Ansan College of Technology , Seoul Institute of the Arts , and the ERICA campus of Hanyang University . The Korea Transportation Safety Authority , a government agency , is also headquartered in Ansan on June 3 , 2002 . With its high number of foreign workers , Wongokbon-dong has been designated a multicultural area .'}]}, {'value': 'Ansan Wa~ Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ansan_Wa~_Stadium', 'summary': "Ansan Wa~ Stadium ( Korean : 안산 와~ 스타디움 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Ansan , Gyeonggi-do , South Korea . It 's currently served as home stadium for Ansan Greeners FC . While under construction it was known as 'Ansan Stadium ' . After the public subscription during the construction , the formal name 'Ansan Wa~ Stadium ' was selected . 'Wa ' means harmonious cheering and the wave notation ( ~ ) represents the extension of that sound . The stadium was opened in 2007 and has a capacity of 35,000 people . It is used mostly for football matches and athletics . 2013 HSBC Asia 5 countries football game was held in the stadium . It is located next to Gojan Station on Seoul Subway Line 4 ."}]}, {'value': '35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Busan Transportation Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Transportation_Corporation_FC', 'summary': "Busan Transportation Corporation FC , often referred to as 'the mighty ' Busan Transportation Corporation FC is a semi-professional South Korean soccer club based in the city of Busan . The currently playing in K3 League for the 2020 season . They are owned and operated by Busan Transportation Corporation and play their home games at the Busan Gudeok Stadium , the spiritual home of football in the city and one of the venues for the 1988 Summer Olympics . Founded in 2006 , the club currently plays in the National League . In 2011 , they reached the National league playoffs , as well as beating local K-League side Gyeongnam FC in the FA Cup . Their first trophy came in 2009 , winning the National Sports Festival winners . They won the tournament again in 2013 retaining it in 2014 with victory on the island of Jeju , the first time a team has done this . With the National League Cup , which was won in 2010 , that makes an impressive four trophies in only a 9-year history , something their city neighbours , I-Park , can only look upon with envy . The club 's biggest rivals are Changwon City , with whom they contest the Gyeongsangnam-do derby twice a year in what are always fiercely fought affairs . Other rivals include K-League team , Busan I-Park , who are largely seen as the city 's pretenders following a move from the Gudeok Stadium to the more recently built Asiad Stadium , resulting in Busan Transportation Corporation taking on the nickname , the Real Busan FC . Lastly , they have a friendly rivalry with Daejeon Korail , whom they play against each season in what has been dubbed the Lokomotiv derby ."}]}, {'value': 'Busan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan', 'summary': "Busan ( Korean pronunciation : [ pusan ] ) , formerly romanized as Pusan and now officially Busan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's second most-populous city after Seoul , with a population of over 3.5 million inhabitants . It is the economic , cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea , with its port - Korea 's busiest and the fifth-busiest in the world [ a ] - only about 190 kilometers ( 120 mi ) from the Japanese islands of Kyushu and Honshu . The surrounding Southeast Economic Zone ( including Ulsan and South Gyeongsang ) is South Korea 's largest industrial area . Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county , together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million . The full metropolitan area , the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region , has a population of approximately 8 million . The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers , with mountains separating most of the districts . The Nakdong is Korea 's longest river and Busan 's Haeundae Beach is also the country 's largest . Busan is a center for international conventions , hosting APEC in 2005 . It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea , having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup . It is home to the world 's largest department store , the Shinsegae Centum City . Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Film in December 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Busan Gudeok Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Busan_Gudeok_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Busan Gudeok Stadium ( Korean : 부산 구덕 운동장 ; Hanja : 釜山九德運動場 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Busan , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium currently holds 12,349 spectators but previously had a capacity of 30,000 spectators . The venue opened in September 1928 . During the 1988 Summer Olympics , it hosted some of the Olympic football matches . It was also the main venue for the 1997 East Asian Games hosting the opening and closing ceremonies , as well as the athletics and football competitions . Professional football team Busan IPark have played their home games at the venue since 2015 as well as between 1997 and 2002 . Additionally , non-league football team Busan Transport Corporation FC have played their home games at the venue since 2006 .'}]}, {'value': '24,363', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Changwon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_City_FC', 'summary': 'Changwon City FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Changwon . The team plays in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system .'}]}, {'value': 'Changwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon', 'summary': "Changwon ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰaŋ.wʌn ] ) is the capital city of Gyeongsangnam-do , on the southeast coast of South Korea . With a population of 1.07 million as of 2015 [ update ] , Changwon is South Korea 's ninth-most populous city . A port city , Changwon is bordered by Masan Bay to the south , and the cities of Busan and Gimhae to the east . The city of Miryang lies to the northeast , and Jinju to the west . The region has been inhabited since the Bronze Age , and its urban areas have been renamed and re-organized many times throughout history . In 1974 , with the creation of the Changwon National Industrial Complex , the three historically interdependent cities of Masan , Jinhae , and Changwon began to undergo significant economic development , growing into an important industrial centre . On July 1 , 2010 , the cities of Changwon , Jinhae , and Masan merged to form the current city of Changwon . As Korea 's first planned city , modeled after Canberra , Australia , Changwon uses accessible urban planning including many parks and separate residential and industrial areas . The city has also branded itself an environmental capital with the municipal government actively participating in climate change conferences and committing to the development of sustainable policies like the globally recognized bike-sharing program , Nubija ."}]}, {'value': 'Changwon Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Changwon_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Changwon Football Centre Stadium ( Korean : 창원축구센터 ) is a football-specific stadium and training ground in Changwon , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 15,074 people . It was built in 2009 Currently , it is the home ground of the K League 2 side Gyeongnam FC and the K3 League side Changwon City FC .'}]}, {'value': '15,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cheonan City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan_City_FC', 'summary': 'Cheonan City FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Cheonan . It was founded in 2008 , and has competed in the Korea National League between 2008 and 2019 . Starting with the 2020 season , the team competes in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system . The team plays their home games at the 15,500 capacity Cheonan Football Center , built in 2009 , in Baekseok-dong in Cheonan . The team trains in the stadium and on the adjacent pitch that is part of the Cheonan City Sports and Recreation Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Cheonan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan', 'summary': "Cheonan ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰʌ.nan ] ( listen ) ; 천안시 , Cheonan-si ) , also spelled Ch'ŏnan , is a city in South Chungcheong , South Korea . Cheonan has a population of 666,417 ( 2018 ) , making it the most-populous city or county in South Chungcheong , and the third most-populous city in the Hoseo region after Daejeon and Cheongju . Cheonan borders the Gyeonggi cities of Pyeongtaek and Anseong to the north , the South Chungcheong cities of Asan to the west and Gongju to the southwest , Sejong Special Autonomous City to the south , the North Chungcheong city of Cheongju to the south east and Jincheon County to the east . Cheonan has been called the core city of [ the ] nation due to its location 83.6 km ( 51.9 mi ) south of the national capital , Seoul , in the northeast corner of South Chungcheong , serving as a transportation hub to the Seoul Capital Area and surrounding regions . Cheonan is connected to various freeways and railways including the National Highways 1 and 21 , the Expressways 1-Gyeongbu and 25-Honam , and the city 's Korail station serves the Gyeongbu Line and the Janghang Line , with services of the KTX . Cheonan is one of the furthest places from Seoul connected to the Seoul Subway Line 1 ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheonan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheonan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Cheonan Stadium ( Korean : 천안종합운동장 ) is a multi-purpose stadium in Cheonan , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium holds 26,000 spectators . It was built in 2001 . On 15 October 2013 , the South Korea national football team used the stadium for the first time in the friendly match against Mali , which ended in a 3-1 victory for South Korea . The stadium hosted nine matches at the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup .'}]}, {'value': '32,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chungju Hummel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Hummel_FC', 'summary': 'Chungju Hummel was a South Korean professional football club based in Chungju of Chungcheongbuk-do province . The club was based in Icheon from 2006 to 2007 , and prior to that in Uijeongbu . Chungju Hummel played in the K League between 2013 and 2016 , but was dissolved after the 2016 season .'}]}, {'value': 'Chungju', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju', 'summary': 'Chungju ( Korean pronunciation : [ tɕʰuŋ.dʑu ] ) is a city in North Chungcheong province , South Korea . Uamsan is a mountain located within the outskirts of the city . The city is famous for the annual martial arts festival held in October . Also of note , former UN Secretary-General , Ban Ki-moon grew up here . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Chungju Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chungju_Stadium', 'summary': 'Chungju Public Stadium ( Korean : 충주공설운동장 ) is a sports complex and training ground in Chungju , South Korea . The stadium opened in 1979 and holds around 15,000 people . It is used mostly for football matches and athletics . It was the home of K League Challenge side Chungju Hummel FC between 2010 and 2016 .'}]}, {'value': '15,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Daejeon Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon_Korea_Hydro_&_Nuclear_Power_FC', 'summary': 'Gyeongju Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power FC are a South Korean football team based in Gyeongju . They currently compete in the K3 League . They are run by Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power , and play their home games at Gyeongju Civic Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Daejeon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon', 'summary': "Daejeon ( Korean : [ tɛ̝.dʑʌn ] ( listen ) ) is South Korea 's fifth-largest metropolis . Daejeon had a population of over 1.5 million in 2010 . Located in the central region of South Korea , Daejeon serves as a hub of transportation and is at the crossroads of major transport routes . The capital Seoul is about 50 minutes away by KTX high-speed train . Daejeon is one of South Korea 's administration hubs with the Daejeon Government Complex ( Other administrative hubs : Seoul , Gwacheon and Sejong ) . The Korean administration in the 1980s decided to relocate some of its functions from Seoul , the national capital , to other cities . Currently , 12 national government offices , including Korea Customs Service , Small and Medium Business Administration , Public Procurement Service , National Statistical Office , Military Manpower Administration , Korea Forest Service , Cultural Heritage Administration , and Korean Intellectual Property Office , as well as Patent Court of Korea , are located in Daejeon . Korail , Korea Water Resources Corporation , and Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation are also headquartered in the city . Daejeon has 18 universities , including KAIST and Chungnam National University . Daejeon has earned its name as Asia 's Silicon Valley and high technology city . The city hosted the Taejon Expo '93 and the International Mathematical Olympiads in 2000 . Several important research institutes are based in the city ."}]}, {'value': 'Daejeon Hanbat Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Daejeon_Hanbat_Stadium', 'summary': 'Daejeon Hanbat Sports Complex ( Korean : 대전한밭종합운동장 ) is a sports complex , comprising a multi-purpose stadium ( including athletic facilities and a soccer pitch ) , a ballpark , Basketball courts , tennis courts and various other sports facilities in Daejeon , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '20,618', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gangneung City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gangneung City FC is a South Korean Association football club based in the city of Gangneung . Currently Gangneung City FC plays in the K3 League . In 2019 they became the final champions of the Korea National League before it was integrated into the K3 League .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangneung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung', 'summary': 'Gangneung ( Korean pronunciation : [ kaŋ.nɯŋ ] ) is a city in the province of Gangwon-do , on the east coast of South Korea . It has a population of 213,658 ( as of 2017 ) . Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon-do . Gangneung has many tourist attractions , such as Jeongdongjin , a very popular area for watching the sun rise , and Gyeongpo Beach . There is an ROK airbase south of downtown Gangneung that formerly doubled as a civil airport . The city hosted all the ice events for the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Gangneung Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gangneung_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Gangneung Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Gangneung , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football ( American English : soccer ) matches . The stadium has a capacity of 22,333 spectators and was opened in 1984 . It is the home ground of Gangneung City FC and Gangwon FC ( since 2009 ) . It is located within the Gangneung Olympic Park , one of the main sites of the 2018 Winter Olympics .'}]}, {'value': '22,333', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gimhae City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae_City_FC', 'summary': 'Gimhae FC is a South Korean football club based in the city of Gimhae . It was founded in 2007 , and started competing in the National League from the 2008 until 2019 season is final season in Korea national league before it was integrated into the K3 League . from 2020 season , the club starting competition in the K3 League for the next season .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimhae', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae', 'summary': 'Gimhae ( Korean pronunciation : [ kim.ɦɛ̝ ] ) is a city in South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It is the seat of the large Gimhae Kim clan , one of the largest Kim clans in Korea . The Gimhae Kims claim descent from the ancient royal house of Geumgwan Gaya , which was based in Gimhae . Gimhae is situated near the Nakdong River . The city has a Korea National League soccer club called Gimhae FC . The largest foreigner sports club in Gimhae is the Gimhae Semi-Athletic Club ( G-SAC ) located in Nae-dong . Gimhae is also the birthplace of the late Roh Moo-hyun , former President of South Korea .'}]}, {'value': 'Gimhae Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gimhae_Stadium', 'summary': 'Gimhae Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Gimhae , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 25,000 people and was opened in 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '30,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goyang KB Kookmin Bank', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_KB_Kookmin_Bank_FC', 'summary': 'Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC ( Korean : 고양 KB국민은행 축구단 ) was a South Korean football club based in the Seoul satellite city of Goyang . It played in the National League , the third tier of Korean football . The club was officially dissolved in November 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'Goyang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang', 'summary': "Goyang ( Goyang-si ; Korean pronunciation : [ ko.jaŋ ] ) is a city in Gyeonggi Province in the north of South Korea . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , making Goyang one of Seoul 's satellite cities . It is one of the largest cities in the Seoul Capital Area , with a population of just over 1 million . Ilsan , a planned city , is located in the Ilsandong-gu and Ilsanseo-gu districts of Goyang . It also includes Deogyang-gu which is closer to Seoul . Several institutions of higher learning are located in Goyang . These include Agricultural Cooperative College , Korea Aerospace University , and Transnational Law and Business University ."}]}, {'value': 'Goyang Stadium Uijeongbu Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goyang_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Goyang Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Goyang , South Korea . It is used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Goyang Zaicro FC of the K League Challenge between 2013 and 2016 . The stadium holds 41,311 people and was built in 2003 . It is occasionally used for the South Korea national football team matches .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Uijeongbu_Stadium', 'summary': 'Uijeongbu Sports Complex is a multi-purpose stadium in Uijeongbu , South Korea . It is currently used mostly for football matches . The stadium has a capacity of 28,000 people .'}]}, {'value': '41,311 35,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Incheon Korail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon_Korail_FC', 'summary': "Daejeon Korail FC is a South Korean football club based in Daejeon . The team currently plays in the K3 League , the third tier of South Korean football league system . It is owned and operated by Korea Railroad Corporation , South Korea 's national railroad operator . Their home venue is Daejeon Hanbat Sports Complex ."}]}, {'value': 'Incheon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon', 'summary': "Incheon ( Korean : 인천 ; Hanja : 仁川 ; Korean pronunciation : [ intɕʰʌn ] ; McCune-Reischauer romanization Inchŏn ; literally kind river ) , officially the Incheon Metropolitan City ( 인천광역시 ) , is a city located in northwestern South Korea , bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east . Inhabited since the Neolithic , Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883 . Today , about 3 million people live in the city , making it South Korea 's third most-populous city after Seoul and Busan . The city 's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital . It is part of the Seoul Capital Area , along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province , forming the world 's fourth largest metropolitan area by population . Incheon has since led the economic development of Korea by opening its port to the outside world , ushering in the modernization of Korea as a center of industrialization . In 2003 , the city was designated as Korea 's first free economic zone . Since then , large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone , including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry . As an international city , Incheon has held numerous large scale international conferences , such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009 . The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014 . Incheon has established itself as a major transportation hub in northeast Asia with the Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port . The city is also home to the Green Climate Fund , an international organization addressing environmental issues ."}]}, {'value': 'Incheon Munhak Stadium Practice Pitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Incheon_Munhak_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Incheon Munhak Stadium ( also known as Incheon World Cup Stadium or Munhak Stadium ) is a sports complex in Incheon , South Korea and includes a multi-purpose stadium , a baseball park , and other sports facilities .'}]}, {'value': '5,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mokpo City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo_City_FC', 'summary': 'Mokpo City FC ( Korean : 목포시청 축구단 ) is a South Korean association football club based in Mokpo , South Jeolla . From 2010 season , Mokpo City plays in the newly created K3 League , the third tier of Korean football .'}]}, {'value': 'Mokpo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo', 'summary': "Mokpo ( Korean pronunciation : [ mok̚.pʰo ] ; Mokpo-si ) is a city in South Jeolla Province , South Korea , located at the southwestern tip of the Korean Peninsula , close to Yudal mountain . Mokpo has frequent train service connecting in Daejon to Seoul , and is the terminus for a number of ferry routes serving islands in the adjacent Yellow Sea and Dadohae National Maritime Park . During the Japanese Occupation ( 1910-1945 ) , Mokpo served as a crucial port for both commercial ventures and public transportation , due to its location along the sea routes between the Japanese archipelago and the Chinese mainland . The large number of islands surrounding Mokpo have also served as a protective barrier , making the city less vulnerable to high tides and tsunamis . In the occupation era , large residential areas were built to accommodate the Japanese colonists , which are now the city 's historic districts . The end of World War II and Korea 's independence in 1945 were responsible for the city slowly losing its position as a host to major government organizations and wartime industries . This led to a reduction in the size of Mokpo , which is currently a mid-sized city of the Honam region ."}]}, {'value': 'Mokpo International Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mokpo_International_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Mokpo International Football Center is a football-specific stadium and training ground in Mokpo , South Korea and was built in 2009 . It has six football pitch . Two are nature grounds , three are artificial turf grounds and one ground for youth .'}]}, {'value': '5,952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Suwon City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_City_FC', 'summary': 'Suwon Football Club ( Korean : 수원 FC ) is a South Korean professional football club based in the city of Suwon . It plays in the K League Challenge . They play their home games at Suwon Sports Complex .'}]}, {'value': 'Suwon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon', 'summary': "Suwon [ a ] ( Korean : 수원 ; Hanja : 水原 , Korean pronunciation : [ su.wʌn ] ) is the capital and largest metropolis of Gyeonggi-do , South Korea 's most populous province which surrounds Seoul , the national capital . Suwon lies about 30 kilometres ( 19 miles ) south of Seoul . It is traditionally known as The City of Filial Piety . With a population close to 1.2 million , it is larger than Ulsan , although it is not governed as a metropolitan city . Suwon has existed in various forms throughout Korea 's history , growing from a small settlement to become a major industrial and cultural center . It is the only remaining completely walled city in South Korea . The city walls are one of the more popular tourist destinations in Gyeonggi Province . Samsung Electronics R & D center and headquarters are in Suwon . The city is served by two motorways , the national railway network , and the Seoul Metropolitan Subway . Suwon is a major educational center , home to 11 universities . Suwon is home to football club Suwon Samsung Bluewings , which have won the K League on four occasions and AFC Champions League twice . The KT Wiz of the Korea Baseball Organization also plays in Suwon ."}]}, {'value': 'Suwon Sports Complex Suwon World Cup Stadium Auxiliary Pitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Suwon_Sports_Complex', 'summary': 'Suwon Sports Complex ( Korean : 수원종합운동장 ; Hanja : 水原総合運動場振 ) is a group of sports facilities in Suwon , South Korea . The complex consists of the Suwon Stadium , Suwon Baseball Stadium , and Suwon Gymnasium .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Suwon_World_Cup_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Suwon World Cup Stadium ( 수원월드컵경기장 ) is a football stadium in the South Korean city of Suwon . It has been home to K League 1 football side Suwon Samsung Bluewings since 2001 . The capacity of the stadium is 43,959 .'}]}, {'value': '24,670 1,044', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan_Hyundai_Mipo_Dockyard_Dolphin_FC', 'summary': 'Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard Dolphin was a South Korean football club based in the city of Ulsan . They competed in the National League between 2003 and 2016 . They were owned and operated by Hyundai Mipo Dockyard and played their home games at Ulsan Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'Ulsan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan', 'summary': "Ulsan ( Korean pronunciation : [ ul.s͈an ] ) , officially the Ulsan Metropolitan City , is South Korea 's seventh-largest metropolitan city and the eighth-largest city overall , with a population of over 1.1 million inhabitants . It is located in the south-east of the country , neighboring Busan to the south and facing Gyeongju to the north . Ulsan is the industrial powerhouse of South Korea , forming the heart of the Ulsan Industrial District . It has the world 's largest automobile assembly plant operated by the Hyundai Motor Company ; the world 's largest shipyard , operated by Hyundai Heavy Industries ; and the world 's third largest oil refinery , owned by SK Energy . In 2017 , Ulsan had a GDP per capita of $ 65,093 , the highest of any region in South Korea ."}]}, {'value': 'Ulsan Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ulsan_Stadium', 'summary': 'Ulsan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium located in Ulsan Sports Complex , Ulsan , South Korea . Originally , there was Ulsan Civic Stadium at the same location which opened in 1970 . The original stadium was demolished in 2003 and replaced with Ulsan Sport Complex . Ulsan Sports Complex consists of the Ulsan Stadium and Dongchun Gymnasium . Ulsan Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium which is mainly used for football ; it was the home ground of the Ulsan Hyundai before they moved to Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium in 2001 and was the home stadium of Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard between 2005 and 2016 . The stadium has a capacity for 19,471 spectators .'}]}, {'value': '19,665', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yongin City', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin_City_FC', 'summary': 'Yongin City FC ( Korean : 용인시청 축구단 ) was a South Korean association football club based in Yongin , Gyeonggi . Founded in 2010 , they played in the National League , the third tier of South Korean league football . They played their home games at the Yongin Football Center .'}]}, {'value': 'Yongin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin', 'summary': "Yongin ( Korean pronunciation : [ joŋ.in ] ) is a major city in the Seoul Capital Area , located in Gyeonggi Province , South Korea . With a population close to 1 million , the city has developed rapidly since the 21st century , recording the highest population growth of any city in the country . Yongin is home to Everland and Caribbean Bay , South Korea 's most popular amusement and water parks . The city is also home to the Korean Folk Village , the largest of its kind ."}]}, {'value': 'Yongin Football Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yongin_Football_Center', 'summary': 'The Yongin Football Center is a football youth academy located in Yongin , South Korea .'}]}, {'value': '12,000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2011 season teams', 'section_text': 'AnsanBusanChangwonCheonanChungjuDaejeonGangneungGimhaeGoyangIncheonMokpoSuwonUlsanYongin Location of teams in 2011 Korea National League Ansan Hallelujah FC Busan Transportation Corporation FC Changwon City FC Cheonan City FC Chungju Hummel FC Daejeon Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power FC Gangneung City FC Gimhae City FC Goyang KB Kookmin Bank FC Incheon Korail FC Mokpo City FC Suwon City FC Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dolphin FC Yongin City FC', 'uid': '2011_Korea_National_League_0', 'intro': "The 2011 Korea National League season was the ninth season of the Korea National League. The postseason playoff's teams were expanded by 6 teams and the playoffs were operated in the same format as the K-League Championship. In the 2011 season, Yesan FC withdrew from the league due to financial difficulties[citation needed]."}
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From which city is the team that plays its home games on a stadium built in 2009 ?
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Changwon
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038f654e73f00413
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Detroit', 'title': 'List of neighborhoods in Detroit', 'header': ['Name', 'Location', 'Summary'], 'data': [{'value': 'Brush Park / Woodward East', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brush_Park', 'summary': "The Brush Park Historic District , frequently referred to as simply Brush Park , is a 22-block neighborhood located within Midtown Detroit , Michigan and designated by the city . It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north , Woodward Avenue on the west , Beaubien Street on the east , and the Fisher Freeway on the south . The Woodward East Historic District , a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood , is located on Alfred , Edmund , and Watson Streets , from Brush Street to John R. Street , and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places . Originally part of a French ribbon farm , Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroit 's elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush . Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century , and Brush Park was nicknamed Little Paris due to its elegant architecture . The neighborhood 's heyday did n't last long , however : by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern , quieter districts , and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroit 's fast-growing working class . Severely affected by depopulation , blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s , the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brush_Park', 'summary': "The Brush Park Historic District , frequently referred to as simply Brush Park , is a 22-block neighborhood located within Midtown Detroit , Michigan and designated by the city . It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north , Woodward Avenue on the west , Beaubien Street on the east , and the Fisher Freeway on the south . The Woodward East Historic District , a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood , is located on Alfred , Edmund , and Watson Streets , from Brush Street to John R. Street , and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places . Originally part of a French ribbon farm , Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroit 's elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush . Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century , and Brush Park was nicknamed Little Paris due to its elegant architecture . The neighborhood 's heyday did n't last long , however : by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern , quieter districts , and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroit 's fast-growing working class . Severely affected by depopulation , blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s , the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents ."}]}, {'value': 'Bounded by Alfred , Edmund , Watson , Brush and John R. Sts . 42°20′43″N 83°3′9″W / 42.34528°N 83.05250°W / 42.34528 ; -83.05250 ( Woodward East Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Brush Park is the 22 block area bounded by Mack on the north , Woodward on the west , Beaubien on the east , and the Fisher Freeway on the south . This neighborhood is within the larger area known as Midtown . The Woodward East Historic District , located within the locally designated Brush Park historic district , is particularly known for the High Victorian style residences constructed for Detroit 's wealthiest citizens . Although many of the once-grand houses have been demolished , the 21st century has seen many of the remaining homes restored", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brush_Park', 'summary': "The Brush Park Historic District , frequently referred to as simply Brush Park , is a 22-block neighborhood located within Midtown Detroit , Michigan and designated by the city . It is bounded by Mack Avenue on the north , Woodward Avenue on the west , Beaubien Street on the east , and the Fisher Freeway on the south . The Woodward East Historic District , a smaller historic district completely encompassed by the larger Brush Park neighborhood , is located on Alfred , Edmund , and Watson Streets , from Brush Street to John R. Street , and is recognized by the National Register of Historic Places . Originally part of a French ribbon farm , Brush Park was developed beginning in the 1850s as an upscale residential neighborhood for Detroit 's elite citizens by entrepreneur Edmund Askin Brush . Dozens of Victorian mansions were built there during the final decades of the nineteenth century , and Brush Park was nicknamed Little Paris due to its elegant architecture . The neighborhood 's heyday did n't last long , however : by the early twentieth century most of is affluent residents started moving to more modern , quieter districts , and Brush Park was quickly populated by members of Detroit 's fast-growing working class . Severely affected by depopulation , blight and crime during the 1970s and 1980s , the neighborhood is currently experiencing restorations of its historic buildings and luring new residents ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Victorian_architecture', 'summary': "Victorian architecture is a series of architectural revival styles in the mid-to-late 19th century . Victorian refers to the reign of Queen Victoria ( 1837-1901 ) , called the Victorian era , during which period the styles known as Victorian were used in construction . However , many elements of what is typically termed Victorian architecture did not become popular until later in Victoria 's reign . The styles often included interpretations and eclectic revivals of historic styles . The name represents the British and French custom of naming architectural styles for a reigning monarch . Within this naming and classification scheme , it followed Georgian architecture and later Regency architecture , and was succeeded by Edwardian architecture ."}]}, {'value': 'Cass Corridor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cass_Corridor', 'summary': "The Cass Corridor is the name of the neighborhoods on the west end of Midtown Detroit , Michigan . The term was more commonly used prior to the neighborhood 's cultural erasure and displacement of residents . It includes the Cass Park Historic District , the Cass-Davenport Historic District and Old Chinatown . The corridor 's main street , Cass Avenue , runs parallel with M-1 ( Woodward Avenue ) , a main Detroit artery running north toward New Center . Though Cass runs from Congress Street , ending a few miles farther north at West Grand Boulevard , the Cass Corridor generally is defined as between Interstate 75 ( I-75 ) at its southern end and Interstate 94 ( I-94 ) to the north , and stretches from Woodward to the east and to the west : John C. Lodge ( M-10 service drive ) north of Temple , and Grand River Avenue south of Temple ."}]}, {'value': 'The Cass Corridor is bounded by Woodward Ave. to the East , West Grand Blvd . to the North , the John C. Lodge Freeway to the West , and the Fisher Freeway serves as its southern terminus in Downtown Detroit', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Originally home to some of Detroit 's wealthiest residents from the late 19th to mid-20th century , it developed as the hub of urban arts and culture in Detroit . Wayne State University expanded in the area to encompass much of the original Cass Corridor", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cass Park Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cass_Park_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Cass Park Historic District is a historic district in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , consisting of 25 buildings along the streets of Temple , Ledyard , and 2nd , surrounding Cass Park . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 and designated a city of Detroit historic district in 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Temple , Ledyard , and 2nd at Cass Park 42°20′28″N 83°3′35″W / 42.34111°N 83.05972°W / 42.34111 ; -83.05972 ( Cass Park Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This historic district surrounds Cass Park itself , and contains over 20 buildings including apartments , a hotel , the Detroit Masonic Temple , the S. S. Kresge World Headquarters , and Cass Technical High School', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Masonic_Temple', 'summary': "The Detroit Masonic Temple is the world 's largest Masonic Temple . Located in the Cass Corridor of Detroit , Michigan , at 500 Temple Street , the building serves as a home to various masonic organizations including the York Rite Sovereign College of North America . The building contains a variety of public spaces including three theaters , three ballrooms and banquet halls , and a 160 by 100 feet ( 49 m × 30 m ) clear-span drill hall . Recreational facilities include a swimming pool , handball court , gymnasium , bowling alley , and a pool hall . The building includes numerous lodge rooms , offices , and dining spaces , as well as a hotel section . Although the hotel rooms are available to any noble of the mystic shrine or blue lodge mason , none is currently in usable condition . Architect George D. Mason designed the whole structure as well as the Masonic Temple Theatre , a venue for concerts , Broadway shows , and other special events in the Detroit Theater District . It contains a 55-by-100-foot ( 17 m × 30 m ) stage , one of the largest in the country . [ citation needed ] The Detroit Masonic Temple was designed in the neo-gothic architectural style , using a great deal of limestone . The ritual building features 16 floors , stands 210 feet ( 64 m ) tall , with 1,037 rooms . It dominates the skyline in an area known as Cass Corridor , across Temple Street from Cass Park , and Cass Technical High School . It is within walking distance of the recently built Little Caesars Arena as well as the MotorCity Casino Hotel ."}, {'url': '/wiki/S._S._Kresge_World_Headquarters', 'summary': 'The Metropolitan Center for High Technology , formerly S. S. Kresge World Headquarters , is an office building located at 2727 Second Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1979 . The office building is now part of Wayne State University and used as a business incubator for startup companies .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cass_Technical_High_School', 'summary': "Cass Technical High School ( simply referred to as Cass Tech ) is a public high school in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , United States . It was established in 1907 and is part of the Detroit Public Schools Community District . It is named in honor of Lewis Cass , a military officer and politician . Until 1977 , Cass was Detroit 's only magnet school and the only non-neighborhood enrollment school in Detroit . Today , Cass is one of few magnet schools in Detroit . Entrance to Cass is based on test scores and middle school grades . Students are required to choose a curriculum path - roughly equivalent to a college major - in the ninth grade . Areas of study include , but are not limited to , arts and communication , business management and marketing , engineering and manufacturing , human services , and science and arts ."}]}, {'value': 'Cass-Davenport Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cass-Davenport_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Cass-Davenport Historic District is a historic district containing four apartment buildings in Detroit , Michigan , roughly bounded by Cass Avenue , Davenport Street , and Martin Luther King , Jr. Boulevard . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . The Milner Arms Apartments ( originally known as the Hotel Stevenson ) abuts , but is not within , the district .'}]}, {'value': 'Roughly bounded Cass Ave. , Davenport , and Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard 42°20′46″N 83°3′40″W / 42.34611°N 83.06111°W / 42.34611 ; -83.06111 ( Cass -- Davenport Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cass-Davenport Historic District includes four apartment buildings near the corner of Cass Avenue and Martin Luther King Boulevard . Two are typical of the small scale , luxurious apartment buildings built in Detroit near the turn of the 20th century and two are typical of the large scale , high density apartment buildings constructed between 1915 and 1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cultural Center Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cultural_Center_Historic_District_(Detroit,_Michigan)', 'summary': 'The Cultural Center Historic District is a historic district located in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , which includes the Art Center ( or Cultural Center ) : the Detroit Public Library , the Detroit Institute of Arts , and the Horace H. Rackham Education Memorial Building were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 . The district contains several cultural attractions . The Detroit Public Library and the Detroit Institute of Arts were built in the 1920s , heralding a City Beautiful movement in Detroit that aimed to establish the area along Woodward as the cultural center of the city . Wayne State University , then housed in the former Central High School , began offering four-year degrees . These institutions formed a core area that attracted other public-oriented institutions to the area , including several music schools , the Merrill-Palmer Institute , the Detroit Historical Museum , and College for Creative Studies . The Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History , the Michigan Science Center , and the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit are also located in the Art Center area . Substantial residential areas , including the East Ferry Avenue Historic District and late-19th century homes to the east of the Detroit Institute of Art . These neighborhoods have been infilled with townhomes and other residential developments and revitalizations .'}]}, {'value': '5200 , 5201 Woodward Ave. , and 100 Farnsworth Ave. 42°21′31″N 83°3′57″W / 42.35861°N 83.06583°W / 42.35861 ; -83.06583 ( Cultural Center Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodward Avenue passes through the Cultural Center Historic District which includes : the Detroit Public Library , the Detroit Institute of Arts , and the Horace H. Rackham Education Memorial Building', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_buildings_located_along_Woodward_Avenue,_Detroit', 'summary': "The list below shows the information on the buildings along Woodward Avenue in Detroit , Michigan , USA . This list begins at Woodward 's southern terminus at the Detroit River and proceeds north to the Detroit city limits at Eight Mile Road , also known as M-102 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Public_Library', 'summary': "The Detroit Public Library is the second largest library system in the U.S. state of Michigan by volumes held ( after the University of Michigan Library ) and is the 21st largest library system ( and the fourth-largest public library system ) in the United States . It is composed of the Main Library on Woodward Avenue , which houses the library 's administration offices , and 23 branch locations across the city . The Main Library is part of Detroit 's Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places adjacent to Wayne State University campus and across from the Detroit Institute of Arts . Designed by Cass Gilbert , the Detroit Public Library was constructed with Vermont marble and serpentine Italian marble trim in an Italian Renaissance style . His son , Cass Gilbert , Jr. was a partner with Francis J. Keally in the design of the library 's additional wings added in 1963 . Among his other buildings , Cass Gilbert designed the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington , DC , the Minnesota State Capitol and the Woolworth Building in New York City ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts', 'summary': "The Detroit Institute of Arts ( DIA ) , located in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , has one of the largest and most significant art collections in the United States . With over 100 galleries , it covers 658,000 square feet ( 61,100 m2 ) with a major renovation and expansion project completed in 2007 that added 58,000 square feet ( 5,400 m2 ) . The DIA collection is regarded as among the top six museums in the United States with an encyclopedic collection which spans the globe from ancient Egyptian and European works to contemporary art . Its art collection is valued in billions of dollars , up to $ 8.1 billion according to a 2014 appraisal . The DIA campus is located in Detroit 's Cultural Center Historic District , about two miles ( 3 km ) north of the downtown area , across from the Detroit Public Library near Wayne State University . The museum building is highly regarded by architects . The original building , designed by Paul Philippe Cret , is flanked by north and south wings with the white marble as the main exterior material for the entire structure . The campus is part of the city 's Cultural Center Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places . The museum 's first painting was donated in 1883 and its collection consists of over 65,000 works . With about 677,500 visitors annually for 2015 , the DIA is among the most visited art museums in the world . The Detroit Institute of Arts hosts major art exhibitions ; it contains a 1,150-seat theatre designed by architect C. Howard Crane , a 380-seat hall for recitals and lectures , an art reference library , and a conservation services laboratory ."}]}, {'value': 'East Ferry Avenue Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/East_Ferry_Avenue_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The East Ferry Avenue Historic District is a historic residential district in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . The nationally designated historic district stretches two blocks from Woodward Avenue east to Brush Street ; the locally designated historic district includes a third block between Brush and Beaubien . The district includes the separately designated Col. Frank J. Hecker House and the Charles Lang Freer House . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1976 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 . The Inn on Ferry Street is a member of Historic Hotels of America , the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation .'}]}, {'value': 'E. Ferry Ave. 42°21′42″N 83°3′56″W / 42.36167°N 83.06556°W / 42.36167 ; -83.06556 ( East Ferry Avenue Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'In the mid-1880s , D. M. Ferry platted his seed farm near Woodward into residential lots . East Ferry Avenue was quickly settled by prosperous middle and upper middle class Detroit residents . Although Woodward Avenue has since been redeveloped into primarily commercial property , the mansions and upscale housing on East Ferry survives . The district includes the separately-designated Col. Frank J. Hecker House and the Charles Lang Freer House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Col._Frank_J._Hecker_House', 'summary': 'The Col. Frank J. Hecker House is a historic home that was built in 1888 . It is located at 5510 Woodward Avenue ( at the corner of East Ferry Avenue ) in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1958 . It is located near to the East Ferry Avenue Historic District and Cultural Center Historic District , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 . The house has been owned by Wayne State University since September 2014 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charles_Lang_Freer_House', 'summary': 'The Charles Lang Freer House is located at 71 East Ferry Avenue in Detroit , Michigan , USA . The house was originally built for the industrialist and art collector Charles Lang Freer , whose gift of the Freer Gallery of Art began the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , DC . The structure currently hosts the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute of Child & Family Development of Wayne State University . It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 .'}]}, {'value': 'Midtown Woodward Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Midtown_Woodward_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Midtown Woodward Historic District is a historic district located along Woodward Avenue in Detroit , Michigan . Structures in the district are located between 2951 and 3424 Woodward Avenue , and include structures on the corner of Charlotte Street ( 14 Charlotte Street ) and Peterboro Street ( 10 and 25 Peterboro Street ) . The district was admitted to the National Register of Historic Places in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '2951-3424 Woodward Ave. , 14 Charlotte St. , 10 and 25 PeterboroSt . 42°20′43.5″N 83°3′23.5″W / 42.345417°N 83.056528°W / 42.345417 ; -83.056528 ( Midtown Woodward Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Midtown Woodward Historic District spans two blocks along Woodward Avenue , and contains three Albert Kahn -designed structures - the Addison Hotel , Kahn Print Shop , and the Temple Beth-El - in addition to the C. Howard Crane -designed Fine Arts Theatre', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(architect)', 'summary': "Albert Kahn ( March 21 , 1869 - December 8 , 1942 ) was the foremost American industrial architect of his day . He is sometimes called the architect of Detroit . In 1943 , the Franklin Institute awarded him the Frank P. Brown Medal posthumously . Many of Albert Kahn 's personal working papers and construction photographs are housed at the University of Michigan 's Bentley Historical Library . His personal working library , the Albert Kahn Library Collection , is housed at Lawrence Technological University in Southfield , MI . The Archives of American Art at the Smithsonian house most of the family 's correspondence and other materials ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Temple_Beth-El_(Bonstelle_Theatre)', 'summary': 'The Bonstelle Theatre is a theater operated by Wayne State University , and located at 3424 Woodward Avenue ( the southeast corner of Woodward and Eliot ) in the Midtown Woodward Historic District of Detroit , Michigan . It was originally built in 1902 as the Temple Beth-El , and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 . As of 2019 , the University plans to decommission the theatre and lease it to a private developer for inclusion in a boutique hotel .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C._Howard_Crane', 'summary': "Charles Howard Crane ( August 13 , 1885 - August 14 , 1952 ) was an American architect who was primarily active in Detroit , Michigan . His designs include Detroit 's Fox Theatre and Olympia Stadium , as well as LeVeque Tower in Columbus , Ohio , which remains that city 's second tallest building ."}]}, {'value': 'Sugar Hill Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sugar_Hill_Historic_District_(Detroit)', 'summary': 'The Sugar Hill Historic District is a historic district in Detroit , Michigan . It contains 14 structures located along three streets : East Forest , Garfield , and East Canfield , between Woodward Avenue on the west and John R. on the east . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003 .'}]}, {'value': 'East Forest , Garfield , and East Canfield , between Woodward Avenue on the west and John R. on the east', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodward_Avenue', 'summary': "M-1 , commonly known as Woodward Avenue , is a north-south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of the US state of Michigan . The highway , called Detroit 's Main Street , runs from Detroit north-northwesterly to Pontiac . It is one of the five principal avenues of Detroit , along with Michigan , Grand River , Gratiot , and Jefferson avenues . These streets were platted in 1805 by Judge Augustus B. Woodward , namesake to Woodward Avenue . The Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) has listed the highway as the Automotive Heritage Trail , an All-American Road in the National Scenic Byways Program . It has also been designated a Pure Michigan Byway by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) , and was also included in the MotorCities National Heritage Area designated by the US Congress in 1998 . The trunkline is the dividing line between Detroit 's East and West sides , and connects to some of the city 's major freeways like Interstate 94 ( I-94 , Edsel Ford Freeway ) and M-8 ( Davison Freeway ) . Woodward Avenue exits Detroit at M-102 ( 8 Mile Road ) and runs through the city 's northern suburbs in Oakland County on its way to Pontiac . In between , Woodward Avenue passes through several historic districts in Detroit and provides access to many businesses in the area . The name Woodward Avenue has become synonymous with Detroit , cruising culture and the automotive industry . Woodward Avenue was created after the Detroit Fire of 1805 . The thoroughfare followed the route of the Saginaw Trail , an Indian trail that linked Detroit with Pontiac , Flint , and Saginaw ."}]}, {'value': 'An art gallery is located on Forest Ave. On Canfield , one historic properties was recently refurbished into luxury loft condos and office space', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'University-Cultural Center', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/University-Cultural_Center_Multiple_Resource_Area', 'summary': 'The University-Cultural Center MRA ( Multiple Resource Area ) is a pair of multiple property submissions to the National Register of Historic Places which were approved on April 29 and May 1 , 1986 . The structures included are all located in Midtown , near Woodward Avenue and Wayne State University in Detroit , Michigan . The two submissions are designated the University-Cultural Center MRA Phase I , containing five properties , and the University-Cultural Center MRA Phase II , containing three properties .'}]}, {'value': 'Bounded by the Chrysler Freeway ( I-75 ) on the east , the Lodge Freeway ( M-10 ) on the west , the Grand Trunk Railroad tracks on the north , and Selden Street , Parsons Street , East Willis Street , and East Warren Avenue on the south . 42°21′35″N 83°4′9″W / 42.35972°N 83.06917°W / 42.35972 ; -83.06917 ( University-Cultural Center District )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chrysler_Freeway', 'summary': 'The Chrysler Freeway is the name given to a freeway in the Detroit area . It is composed of :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lodge_Freeway', 'summary': 'M-10 is a north-south state trunkline highway in the Metro Detroit area of Michigan in the United States . The southernmost portion follows Jefferson Avenue in downtown Detroit , and the southern terminus is at the intersection of Jefferson and M-3 ( Randolph Street ) next to the entrance to the Detroit-Windsor Tunnel . The northern terminus is in West Bloomfield Township at the intersection with Orchard Lake Road . The highway has several names as it runs through residential and commercial areas of the west side of Detroit and into the suburb of Southfield . It is called the John C. Lodge Freeway ( The Lodge ) , James Couzens Highway , and Northwestern Highway . One segment has also been named the Aretha Franklin Memorial Highway . M-10 was built in segments through the late 1950s and early 1960s . It carried several different names before the entire route was finally officially named the John C. Lodge Freeway in 1987 . The freeway has carried a few other highway designations . The southern segment was part of US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) and the whole road was later renumbered Business Spur Interstate 696 ( BS I-696 ) . From 1970 until 1986 , it was part of US 10 , and the freeway has been M-10 since . The non-freeway segment that runs between I-696 in Southfield and Orchard Lake Road was previously numbered M-4 .'}]}, {'value': 'Structures in this Multiple Resource Area are located within Midtown . The section of the University-Cultural Center just beyond Midtown contains the New Amsterdam Historic District and the Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Amsterdam_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The New Amsterdam Historic District is a historic district located in Detroit , Michigan . Buildings in this district are on or near three sequential east-west streets ( Amsterdam , Burroughs , and York ) on the two blocks between Woodward Avenue and Second Avenue . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Piquette_Avenue_Industrial_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District is a historic district located along Piquette Street in Detroit , Michigan , from Woodward Avenue on the west to Hastings Street on the east . The district extends approximately one block south of Piquette to Harper , and one block north to the Grand Trunk Western Railroad Line . It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 . The area along Piquette was an important center for automobile production in the early 20th century . Ford Motor Company , Studebaker , Cadillac , Dodge , and Regal Motor Car had plants in the area , as well as suppliers such as Fisher Body . In 1910 , the two largest automobile producers in the world , Studebaker and Ford , were located next door to each other on Piquette . Although the area is largely empty and derelict now , as recently as the 1950s there were 50,000 workers employed in plants in the district .'}]}, {'value': 'Warren-Prentis Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Warren-Prentis_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Warren-Prentis Historic District is a historic district in Detroit , Michigan , including the east-west streets of Prentis , Forest , Hancock , and the south side of Warren , running from Woodward Avenue on the east to Third Avenue on the west . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 . The district includes residential , commercial , institutional , religious and other buildings , and the majority of the pre-1930s building stock remains .'}]}, {'value': 'Bounded by Woodward , Warren , 3rd , and the alley south of Prentis 42°21′15″N 83°4′4″W / 42.35417°N 83.06778°W / 42.35417 ; -83.06778 ( Warren -- Prentis Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'This district contains a mix of building styles . Upper-class Detroit citizens built single-family homes in the area in 1880-1895 . During the same time , apartment living became more popular , and duplexes and small apartment buildings were constructed in the 1890s through the first part of the 20th century . Commercial development was added to the mix in the years after World War I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_War_I', 'summary': "World War I ( often abbreviated as WWI or WW1 ) , also known as the First World War or the Great War , was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 . Contemporaneously described as the war to end all wars , it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel , including 60 million Europeans , making it one of the largest wars in history . It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history , with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war , while resulting genocides and the resulting 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide . On 28 June 1914 , Gavrilo Princip , a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist , assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo , leading to the July Crisis . In response , on 23 July , Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to Serbia . Serbia 's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians , and the two moved to a war footing . A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the Balkans to one involving most of Europe . By July 1914 , the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions : the Triple Entente - consisting of France , Russia , and Britain - and the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria-Hungary , and Italy ( the Triple Alliance was only defensive in nature , allowing Italy to stay out of the war until April 1915 , when it joined the Allied Powers after its relations with Austria-Hungary deteriorated ) . Russia felt it necessary to back Serbia and , after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of Belgrade on the 28 July , approved partial mobilisation . Full Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July ; on the 31st , Austria-Hungary and Germany did the same , while Germany demanded Russia demobilise within twelve hours . When Russia failed to comply , Germany declared war on Russia on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary , with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6 August ; France ordered full mobilisation in support of Russia on 2 August . German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to rapidly concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within six weeks , then shift forces to the East before Russia could fully mobilise ; this was later known as the Schlieffen Plan ."}]}, {'value': 'Wayne State University', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wayne_State_University', 'summary': 'Wayne State University ( WSU ) is a public research university in Detroit , Michigan . It is the third largest university in Michigan . Founded in 1868 , WSU consists of 13 schools and colleges offering nearly 350 programs to nearly 27,000 graduate and undergraduate students . Wayne State University , along with the University of Michigan and Michigan State University , comprise the University Research Corridor of Michigan . The WSU main campus comprises 203 acres linking more than 100 education and research buildings . The Wayne State Warriors compete in the NCAA Division II Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference ( GLIAC ) .'}]}, {'value': '4735-4841 Cass Ave. 42°21′16″N 83°4′2″W / 42.35444°N 83.06722°W / 42.35444 ; -83.06722 ( Wayne State University Buildings )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne State is a large university in the heart of Midtown . The Detroit Medical Center and many notable buildings are in the area , including the Queen Anne style WSU Mackenzie House , the Hilberry Theater , and Old Main', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Detroit_Medical_Center', 'summary': "The Detroit Medical Center ( DMC ) is a for-profit alliance of hospitals that encompasses over 2,000 licensed beds , 3,000 affiliated physicians and over 12,000 employees . Located in Midtown Detroit , the DMC is affiliated with medical schools from Wayne State University and Michigan State University . Detroit Medical Center hospitals are staffed by physicians from the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine , which is ranked 17th in the nation in primary care , and the Wayne State University School of Medicine , the largest single-campus medical school in the United States and the nation 's fourth largest medical school overall . The Detroit Medical Center is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations . The Detroit Medical Center is as an award-winning medical center and is the official healthcare services provider for the Detroit Tigers , and the Detroit Red Wings . On March 19 , 2010 , Vanguard Health Systems and Detroit Medical Center announced an $ 850 million expansion and renovation plan . Detroit Medical Center formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30 , 2010 , as a for profit corporation . Vanguard agreed to invest nearly $ 1.5 billion which included $ 417 million to retire debts , at least $ 350 million in capital expenditures and an additional $ 500 million for new capital investment in Detroit Medical Center . Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension obligations . In June 2013 , rival Tenet Healthcare announced it would purchase Vanguard for $ 1.73 billion . The transaction closed October 3 , 2013 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mackenzie_House_(Wayne_State_University)', 'summary': 'The Wayne State University Buildings historic district consists of three buildings on 4735-4841 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan : the Mackenzie House ( 4735 Cass ) , Hilberry Theatre ( 4743 Cass ) , and Old Main ( 4841 Cass ) , all on the campus of Wayne State University . The buildings were designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1957 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hilberry_Theater', 'summary': 'The Hilberry Theatre is located at 4743 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan . At this location , 40-50 graduate students are employed at the Wayne State University main campus . The students are pursuing master of fine arts degrees in acting , directing , theatre management , costuming or design management . Created in 1963 , the Hilberry Theatre is the oldest graduate repertory company in the United States . The Hilberry Theatre puts on roughly six different plays , both modern and classic , from October through May each year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Old_Main_(Wayne_State_University)', 'summary': "Old Main is an academic building on the campus of Wayne State University . It is located at 4841 Cass Avenue in Midtown Detroit , Michigan , on Wayne 's main campus ."}]}, {'value': 'West Canfield Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Canfield_Historic_District', 'summary': "The West Canfield Historic District is a neighborhood historic district located primarily on Canfield Avenue between Second and Third Streets in Detroit , Michigan . A boundary increase enlarged the district to include buildings on Third Avenue between Canfield and Calumet . The district was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 ; a boundary increase was added in 1997 . The revitalized 1870s era neighborhood is one of the residential areas surrounding the city 's Cultural Center Historic District in Midtown . Nearby , East Canfield Avenue leads to the Detroit Medical Center complex , the Romanesque Revival styled St. Josaphat 's Catholic Church , and the Gothic revival styled Sweetest Heart of Mary Catholic Church ."}]}, {'value': 'Canfield Ave. between 2nd and 3rd Sts . ; also 3rd Ave. between Canfield and Calumet 42°21′3″N 83°4′4″W / 42.35083°N 83.06778°W / 42.35083 ; -83.06778 ( West Canfield Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The West Canfield Historic district is located on a primarily residential block of Canfield . Homes in the district are examples of Queen Anne architecture that have remained nearly unchanged since the late 19th century . A boundary increase ( added 1997-09-22 ) added buildings on Third Avenue between Canfield and Calumet to the district', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture_in_the_United_States', 'summary': 'In the United States , Queen Anne-style architecture was popular from roughly 1880 to 1910 . Queen Anne was one of a number of popular architectural styles to emerge during the Victorian era . Within the Victorian era timeline , Queen Anne style followed the Eastlake style and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles . The style bears almost no relationship to the Queen Anne style architecture , a toned-down version of English Baroque mostly used for gentry houses , produced in the actual reign of Queen Anne from 1702 to 1714 . It describes a wide range of picturesque buildings with free Renaissance ( non-Gothic Revival ) details rather than of a specific formulaic style in its own right . Queen Anne , as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire and the less domestic Beaux-Arts architecture , is broadly applied to architecture , furniture and decorative arts of the period 1880 to 1910 ; some Queen Anne architectural elements , such as the wraparound front porch , continued to be found into the 1920s .'}]}, {'value': 'Willis-Selden Historic District', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willis-Selden_Historic_District', 'summary': 'The Willis-Selden Historic District is a historic district located in Detroit , Michigan , consisting of three streets : Willis , Alexandrine , and Selden , Running from Woodward Avenue on the east to Third Avenue on the west . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 .'}]}, {'value': 'Bounded by the alley north of W. Willis , Woodward , the alley south of Selden , and 3rd Ave. 42°20′57″N 83°3′52″W / 42.34917°N 83.06444°W / 42.34917 ; -83.06444 ( Willis -- Selden Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Willis-Selden Historic District includes a large number of commercial buildings and high-density apartment buildings built in the early 20th century to service Detroit 's booming auto economy", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woodbridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Woodbridge,_Detroit', 'summary': "Woodbridge is a historic neighborhood of primarily Victorian homes located in Detroit , Michigan . The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 , with later boundary increases in 1997 and 2008 . In addition to its historic value , Woodbridge is also notable for being an intact neighborhood of turn-of-the-century homes within walking or biking distance of Detroit 's Downtown , Midtown , New Center , and Corktown neighborhoods ."}]}, {'value': 'Bounded by Trumbull , Calumet , Gibson , Grand River , 12th W. Warren and Wabash Sts. , railroad tracks , and Edsel Ford Expressway ; also 4304-14 Trumbull Ave. and 3800 Grand River ; also the southeastern corner of Trumbull and Warren 42°20′50″N 83°4′42″W / 42.34722°N 83.07833°W / 42.34722 ; -83.07833 ( Woodbridge Neighborhood Historic District )', 'urls': []}, {'value': "The Woodbridge neighborhood was originally developed between 1870 and 1920 with residences built in Queen Anne , Colonial Revival , Georgian Revival , and 'cottage ' style architecture . The original commercial districts in the neighborhood were located along Grand River , Trumbull , Twelfth and Fourteenth . The boundaries of the District were increased twice : first on 1997-12-01 , and 2008-03-20 ; these are distinguished in the boundary listings with also descriptions . Woodbridge is one of Detroit 's rapidly developing neighborhoods as nearby Wayne State University continues to grow", 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Areas and neighborhoods -- Midtown', 'section_text': "Further information : Midtown Detroit Midtown Detroit is an area covering roughly two square miles between Downtown Detroit to the south and New Center to the north along Woodward Avenue . Its boundaries are the Ford , Chrysler , Fisher , and Lodge Freeways . It includes the Art Center and the Medical Center in the northeast quadrant , Wayne State University 's campus , the Detroit Public Library , and the Detroit Historical Museum in the northwest , and the Cultural Center including various restaurants , galleries , newly constructed lofts/condos and nightlife venues along Woodward in the center , among other things . [ 4 ] Art Center two Miles ( 3 km ) north of downtown , is centered on the Cultural Center Historic District , which is listed in the National Register of Historic Places . The Cultural Center is roughly bounded by Cass Avenue to the west , I-75 to the east , I-94 to the north and Warren Avenue to the south . It also includes the East Ferry Avenue Historic District . Attractions include the Detroit Institute of Arts , the Charles H. Wright Museum of African American History , the Scarab Club , the Detroit Historical Museum , the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit , the main library of the Detroit Public Library system and the Detroit Science Center . The College for Creative Studies is located adjacent the Scarab Club and opposite the East face of the Detroit Institute of Arts . The main campus of Wayne State University is located adjacent to the area , on the opposite side of Woodward . [ 5 ] Restored Victorian homes on East Ferry Avenue . Frederick Butler House in Brush Park . Hunter House in Woodbridge . Homes on Avery in Woodbridge . Orchestra Hall on Woodward Avenue . David Whitney House on Woodward Avenue . Cathedral Church of St. Paul on Woodward Avenue .", 'uid': 'Neighborhoods_in_Detroit_1', 'intro': 'Neighborhoods in Detroit provides a general overview of neighborhoods and historic districts within the city. Neighborhood names and boundaries vary in their formality some are well defined and long established, while others are more informal. Further names and boundaries have evolved over time due to development or changes in demographics. Woodward Avenue, a major a north-south thoroughfare, serves as a demarcation for neighborhood areas on the east side and west side of the city.'}
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How many acres does the main campus have where the oldest graduate repertory company in the United States is ?
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203
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039128ea798e7e63
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_firewalls', 'title': 'Comparison of firewalls', 'header': ['Firewall', 'License', 'Cost', 'OS'], 'data': [{'value': 'Clavister', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clavister', 'summary': 'Comparison of firewalls'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on all Clavister NGFWs', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system cOS Core', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Check Point', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Check_Point', 'summary': 'Check Point is a multinational provider of software and combined hardware and software products for IT security , including network security , endpoint security , cloud security , mobile security , data security and security management . As of 2019 [ update ] , the company has approximately 5,000 employees worldwide . Headquartered in Tel Aviv , Israel and San Carlos , California , the company has development centers in Israel and Belarus and previously held in United States ( ZoneAlarm ) , Sweden ( former Protect Data development centre ) following acquisitions of companies who owned these centers . The company has offices in over 70 locations worldwide including main offices in North America , 10 in the United States ( including in San Carlos , California and Dallas , Texas ) , 4 in Canada ( including Ottawa , Ontario ) as well as in Europe ( London , Paris , Munich , Madrid ) and in Asia Pacific ( Singapore , Japan , Bangalore , Sydney ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on Check Point security gateways', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system Check Point IPSO and Gaia ( Linux -based )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Check_Point_IPSO', 'summary': "Check Point IPSO is the operating system for the 'Check Point firewall ' appliance and other security devices , based on FreeBSD , with numerous hardening features applied . The IP in IPSO refers to Ipsilon Networks , a company specialising in IP switching acquired by Nokia in 1997 . In 2009 , Check Point acquired the Nokia security appliance business , including IPSO , from Nokia ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'FortiGate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortinet', 'summary': "Fortinet is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale , California . It develops and markets cybersecurity software and appliances and services , such as firewalls , anti-virus , intrusion prevention and endpoint security . Fortinet was founded in 2000 by brothers Ken and Michael Xie . The company 's first product was FortiGate , a firewall , later adding wireless access points , sandboxing , and messaging security . By 2004 , Fortinet had raised over $ 90 million in funding . The company went public in November 2009 , raising $ 156 million through an initial public offering . In 2016 , Fortinet released its Security Fabric architecture that included integration and automation with other network security devices and third-party vendors . The product was later adapted to include multi-cloud , IoT , and SD-WAN capabilities ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on all Fortigate devices', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary , FortiOS , Based on the Linux kernel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Palo Alto Networks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks', 'summary': "Palo Alto Networks , Inc. ( NYSE : PANW ) is an American multinational cybersecurity company with headquarters in Santa Clara , California . Its core products are a platform that includes advanced firewalls and cloud-based offerings that extend those firewalls to cover other aspects of security . The company serves over 60,000 organizations in over 150 countries , including 85 of the Fortune 100 . It is home to the Unit 42 threat research team and hosts the Ignite cybersecurity conference . The company 's mission statement is Cybersecurity partner of choice , protecting our digital way of life . In 2018 , Palo Alto Networks was listed 8th in the Forbes Digital 100 . In June 2018 , former Google and SoftBank executive Nikesh Arora joined the company as Chairman and CEO ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on Palo Alto Networks firewalls', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system PANOS', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophos', 'summary': 'Sophos Group plc is a British security software and hardware company . Sophos develops products for communication endpoint , encryption , network security , email security , mobile security and unified threat management . Sophos is primarily focused on providing security software to the mid market and pragmatic enterprise from 100- to 5,000-seat organizations . While not a primary focus , Sophos also protects home users , through free and paid antivirus solutions ( Sophos Home/Home Premium ) intended to demonstrate product functionality . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index . [ citation needed ]'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on Sophos UTM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linux -based appliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Cisco ASA Firepower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sourcefire', 'summary': "Sourcefire , Inc was a technology company that developed network security hardware and software . The company 's Firepower network security appliances were based on Snort , an open-source intrusion detection system ( IDS ) . Sourcefire was acquired by Cisco for $ 2.7 billion in July 2013 ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on all CISCO ASA devices', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cisco PIX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cisco_PIX', 'summary': 'Cisco PIX ( Private Internet eXchange ) was a popular IP firewall and network address translation ( NAT ) appliance . It was one of the first products in this market segment . In 2005 , Cisco introduced the newer Cisco Adaptive Security Appliance ( Cisco ASA ) , that inherited many of the PIX features , and in 2008 announced PIX end-of-sale . The PIX technology was sold in a blade , the FireWall Services Module ( FWSM ) , for the Cisco Catalyst 6500 switch series and the 7600 Router series , but has reached end of support status as of September 26 , 2007 .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on all CISCO PIX devices', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juniper SSG', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juniper_Networks', 'summary': "Juniper Networks , Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale , California . The company develops and markets networking products , including routers , switches , network management software , network security products , and software-defined networking technology . The company was founded in 1996 by Pradeep Sindhu , with Scott Kriens as the first CEO , who remained until September 2008 . Kriens has been credited with much of Juniper 's early market success . It received several rounds of funding from venture capitalists and telecommunications companies before going public in 1999 . Juniper grew to $ 673 million in annual revenues by 2000 . By 2001 it had a 37% share of the core routers market , challenging Cisco 's once-dominant market-share . It grew to $ 4 billion in revenues by 2004 and $ 4.63 billion in 2014 . Juniper appointed Kevin Johnson as CEO in 2008 , Shaygan Kheradpir in 2013 and Rami Rahim in 2014 . Juniper Networks originally focused on core routers , which are used by internet service providers ( ISPs ) to perform IP address lookups and direct internet traffic . Through the acquisition of Unisphere , in 2002 , the company entered the market for edge routers , which are used by ISPs to route internet traffic to individual consumers . In 2003 , Juniper entered the IT security market with its own JProtect security toolkit before acquiring security company NetScreen Technologies the following year ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on Netscreen security gateways', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system ScreenOS', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ScreenOS', 'summary': 'ScreenOS is a real-time embedded operating system for the NetScreen range of hardware firewall devices from Juniper Networks .'}]}, {'value': 'Juniper SRX', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juniper_Networks', 'summary': "Juniper Networks , Inc. is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale , California . The company develops and markets networking products , including routers , switches , network management software , network security products , and software-defined networking technology . The company was founded in 1996 by Pradeep Sindhu , with Scott Kriens as the first CEO , who remained until September 2008 . Kriens has been credited with much of Juniper 's early market success . It received several rounds of funding from venture capitalists and telecommunications companies before going public in 1999 . Juniper grew to $ 673 million in annual revenues by 2000 . By 2001 it had a 37% share of the core routers market , challenging Cisco 's once-dominant market-share . It grew to $ 4 billion in revenues by 2004 and $ 4.63 billion in 2014 . Juniper appointed Kevin Johnson as CEO in 2008 , Shaygan Kheradpir in 2013 and Rami Rahim in 2014 . Juniper Networks originally focused on core routers , which are used by internet service providers ( ISPs ) to perform IP address lookups and direct internet traffic . Through the acquisition of Unisphere , in 2002 , the company entered the market for edge routers , which are used by ISPs to route internet traffic to individual consumers . In 2003 , Juniper entered the IT security market with its own JProtect security toolkit before acquiring security company NetScreen Technologies the following year ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on SRX security gateways', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system Junos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Junos', 'summary': 'The Junos operating system ( Junos OS ) used in Juniper Networks high-performance network devices creates a responsive and trusted environment for accelerating the deployment of services and applications over a single network .'}]}, {'value': 'Sonicwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sonicwall', 'summary': "SonicWall , originally a private company headquartered in Silicon Valley , and a Dell subsidiary from 2012 to 2016 , sells a range of Internet appliances primarily directed at content control and network security . These include devices providing services for network firewalls , unified threat management ( UTM ) , virtual private networks ( VPNs ) , and anti-spam for email . The company also markets information subscription services related to their products . The company solutions also serve to solve problems surrounding compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( HIPAA ) and the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard ( PCI-DSS ) . On March 13 , 2012 , USA Today said that Dell had announced its intent to acquire SonicWall , which then had 130 patents and 950 employees . Dell 's acquisition of SonicWall became official on May 9 , 2012 . On June 20 , 2016 , Dell sold SonicWall ( part of its Dell Software ) to private equity firm Francisco Partners and Elliott Management ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on Dell appliance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system SonicOS Based on the Linux kernel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Barracuda Firewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barracuda_Networks', 'summary': "Barracuda Networks , Inc. is a company providing security , networking and storage products based on network appliances and cloud services . The company 's security products include products for protection against email , web surfing , web hackers and instant messaging threats such as spam , spyware , trojans , and viruses . The company 's networking and storage products include web filtering , load balancing , application delivery controllers , message archiving , NG firewalls , backup services and data protection ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included Firewall Next Generation appliance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows -based appliance embedded firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Cyberoam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyberoam', 'summary': "Cyberoam Technologies , a Sophos Company , is a global Network Security appliances provider , with presence in more than 125 countries . The company offers User Identity-based network security in its Firewalls/ Unified Threat Management appliances , allowing visibility and granular control into users ' activities in business networks . For SOHO , SMB and large enterprise networks , this ensures security built around the network user for protection against APTs , insider threats , malware , hacker , and other sophisticated network attacks . Cyberoam has sales offices in North America , EMEA and APAC . The company has its customer support and development centers in India and has 550+ employees across the globe . It has a channel-centric approach for its sales with a global network of 4500+ partners . The company also conducts training programs for its customers and partners ."}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included Firewall Sophos appliance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows -based appliance embedded firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'D-Link', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/D-Link', 'summary': 'D-Link Corporation ( Chinese : 友訊科技 ) is a Taiwanese multinational networking equipment manufacturing corporation headquartered in Taipei , Taiwan . It was founded in March 1986 in Taipei as Datex Systems Inc .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included Firewall DFL', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Windows -based appliance embedded firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Windows', 'summary': "Microsoft Windows , commonly referred to as Windows , is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families , all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft . Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry . Active Microsoft Windows families include Windows NT and Windows IoT ; these may encompass subfamilies , e.g . Windows Server or Windows Embedded Compact ( Windows CE ) . Defunct Microsoft Windows families include Windows 9x , Windows Mobile and Windows Phone . Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20 , 1985 , as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) . Microsoft Windows came to dominate the world 's personal computer ( PC ) market with over 90% market share , overtaking Mac OS , which had been introduced in 1984 . Apple came to see Windows as an unfair encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa and Macintosh ( eventually settled in court in Microsoft 's favor in 1993 ) . On PCs , Windows is still the most popular operating system . However , in 2014 , Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android , because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones . In 2014 , the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold . This comparison , however , may not be fully relevant , as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms ."}]}, {'value': 'Endian Firewall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Endian_Firewall', 'summary': 'Endian Firewall is an open-source router , firewall and gateway security Linux distribution developed by the South Tyrolean company Endian . The product is available as either free software , commercial software with guaranteed support services , or as a hardware appliance ( including support services ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linux -based appliance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Forcepoint NGFW', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forcepoint', 'summary': 'Forcepoint , previously known as Websense or Raytheon|Websense , is an Austin-based company owned by U.S. defense contractor Raytheon and private equity firm Vista Equity Partners . It develops and markets cybersecurity software to prevent employees from viewing inappropriate or malicious content , or leaking confidential data . It also sells firewall , cloud access , and cross-domain IT security products . Forcepoint was founded in 1994 as an IT reseller called NetPartners . It was renamed Websense in 1999 and went public the following year . Vista Equity Partners acquired Websense in 2013 for $ 906 million , taking it off the public market . Raytheon acquired an 80% interest in Websense in April 2015 for $ 1.9 billion . Afterwards , Websense acquired network security vendor Stonesoft from Intel and renamed the combined company Forcepoint .'}]}, {'value': 'Proprietary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proprietary_software', 'summary': "Proprietary software , also known as closed-source software , is non-free computer software for which the software 's publisher or another person retains intellectual property rights - usually copyright of the source code , but sometimes patent rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Included on all Forcepoint NGFW devices', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proprietary operating system', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'OPNsense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/OPNsense', 'summary': 'OPNsense is open source , FreeBSD-based firewall and routing software developed by Deciso , a company in the Netherlands that makes hardware and sells support packages for OPNsense . It is a fork of pfSense , which in turn was forked from m0n0wall , which was built on FreeBSD . It was launched in January 2015 . When m0n0wall closed down in February 2015 its creator , Manuel Kasper , referred its developer community to OPNsense . OPNsense has a web-based interface and can be used on i386 and x86-64 platforms . Along with acting as a firewall , it has traffic shaping , load balancing , and virtual private network capabilities , and others can be added via plugins . In November 2017 , a World Intellectual Property Organization panel found that Netgate , the copyright holder of pfSense , had been using the domain opnsense.com in bad faith to discredit OPNsense , and obligated Netgate to transfer the domain to Deciso . The Netgate party tried to invoke the fair use clause and claimed that the domain name had been used for a parody website ; it was rejected on the basis that free speech does not cover registration of domain names .'}]}, {'value': 'Simplified BSD / FreeBSD License', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simplified_BSD_license', 'summary': 'BSD licenses are a family of permissive free software licenses , imposing minimal restrictions on the use and distribution of covered software . This is in contrast to copyleft licenses , which have share-alike requirements . The original BSD license was used for its namesake , the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , a Unix-like operating system . The original version has since been revised , and its descendants are referred to as modified BSD licenses . BSD is both a license and a class of license ( generally referred to as BSD-like ) . The modified BSD license ( in wide use today ) is very similar to the license originally used for the BSD version of Unix . The BSD license is a simple license that merely requires that all code retain the BSD license notice if redistributed in source code format , or reproduce the notice if redistributed in binary format . The BSD license ( unlike some other licenses ) does not require that source code be distributed at all .'}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FreeBSD -based appliance firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}]}, {'value': 'pfSense', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PfSense', 'summary': 'pfSense is an open source firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD . It is installed on a physical computer or a virtual machine to make a dedicated firewall/router for a network . It can be configured and upgraded through a web-based interface , and requires no knowledge of the underlying FreeBSD system to manage .'}]}, {'value': 'ESF/ Apache 2.0', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Apache_2.0', 'summary': 'The Apache License is a permissive free software license written by the Apache Software Foundation ( ASF ) . It allows users to use the software for any purpose , to distribute it , to modify it , and to distribute modified versions of the software under the terms of the license , without concern for royalties . The ASF and its projects release their software products under the Apache License . The license is also used by many non-ASF projects .'}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FreeBSD -based appliance firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FreeBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}]}, {'value': 'Untangle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Untangle', 'summary': 'Untangle is a subsidiary of Providence Strategic Growth based in San Jose , California , which provides network management software . Untangle NG Firewall is used by nearly 40,000 organizations worldwide .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linux -based appliance firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeroshell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zeroshell', 'summary': 'Zeroshell is a small open-source Linux distribution for servers and embedded systems which aims to provide network services . Its administration relies on a web-based graphical interface ; no shell is needed to administer and configure it . Zeroshell is available as Live CD and CompactFlash images , and VMware virtual machines . Zeroshell can be installed on any IA-32 computer with almost any Ethernet interface . It can also be installed on most embedded devices and single-board computers such as Raspberry Pi and Orange Pi .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linux / NanoBSD -based appliance firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/NanoBSD', 'summary': "FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like operating system descended from the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) , which was based on Research Unix . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 . In 2005 , FreeBSD was the most popular open-source BSD operating system , accounting for more than three-quarters of all installed BSD systems . FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete system , i.e . the project delivers a kernel , device drivers , userland utilities , and documentation , as opposed to Linux only delivering a kernel and drivers , and relying on third-parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license , as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux . The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkg package management system or FreeBSD Ports , or by compiling source code . Due to its licensing , much of FreeBSD 's codebase has become an integral part of other operating systems , such as Apple 's Darwin ( the basis for macOS , iOS , watchOS , and tvOS ) , FreeNAS ( an open-source NAS/SAN operating system ) , and the system software for Sony 's PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 ."}]}, {'value': 'SmoothWall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SmoothWall', 'summary': 'Smoothwall is a Linux distribution designed to be used as an open source firewall . Smoothwall is configured via a web-based GUI and requires little or no knowledge of Linux to install or use . Smoothwall is also a private software company based in the UK who specializes in the development of web content filtering , safeguarding and internet security solutions , which also maintains the SmoothWall open source project .'}]}, {'value': 'GPL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GPL', 'summary': "The GNU General Public License ( GNU GPL or GPL ) is a widely used free software license that guarantees end users the freedom to run , study , share , and modify the software . The license was originally written by Richard Stallman , former head of the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) , for the GNU Project , and grants the recipients of a computer program the rights of the Free Software Definition . The GPL is a copyleft license , which means that derivative work must be distributed under the same or equivalent license terms . This is in distinction to permissive software licenses , of which the BSD licenses and the MIT License are widely-used less-restrictive examples . GPL was the first copyleft license for general use . Historically , the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain . Prominent free-software programs licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel and the GNU Compiler Collection ( GCC ) . David A. Wheeler argues that the copyleft provided by the GPL was crucial to the success of Linux-based systems , giving the programmers who contributed to the kernel the assurance that their work would benefit the whole world and remain free , rather than being exploited by software companies that would not have to give anything back to the community . In 2007 , the third version of the license ( GPLv3 ) was released to address some perceived problems with the second version ( GPLv2 ) which were discovered during the latter 's long-time usage . To keep the license up to date , the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause , allowing users to choose between the original terms or the terms in new versions as updated by the FSF . Developers can omit it when licensing their software ; the Linux kernel , for instance , is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause ."}]}, {'value': 'Free / Paid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Linux -based appliance embedded firewall distribution', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linux', 'summary': 'Linux ( /ˈlɪnəks/ ( listen ) LIN-əks ) is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel , an operating system kernel first released on September 17 , 1991 , by Linus Torvalds . Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution . Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries , many of which are provided by the GNU Project . Many Linux distributions use the word Linux in their name , but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software , causing some controversy . Popular Linux distributions include Debian , Fedora , and Ubuntu . Commercial distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server . Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system such as X11 or Wayland , and a desktop environment such as GNOME or KDE Plasma . Distributions intended for servers may omit graphics altogether , or include a solution stack such as LAMP . Because Linux is freely redistributable , anyone may create a distribution for any purpose . Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture , but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system . Linux is the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers , and the only OS used on TOP500 supercomputers ( since November 2017 , having gradually eliminated all competitors ) . It is used by around 2.3 percent of desktop computers .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Firewall appliances', 'section_text': 'In general , a computer appliance is a computing device with a specific function and limited configuration ability , and a software appliance is a set of computer programs that might be combined with just enough operating system ( JeOS ) for it to run optimally on industry standard computer hardware or in a virtual machine . A firewall appliance is a combination of a firewall software and an operating system that is purposely built to run a firewall system on a dedicated hardware or virtual machine . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] These include : embedded firewalls : very limited-capability programs running on a low-power CPU system , software-based firewall appliances : a system that can be run in independent hardware or in a virtualised environment as a virtual appliance hardware-based firewall appliances : a firewall appliance that runs on a hardware specifically built to install as a network device , providing enough network interfaces and CPU to serve a wide range of purposes . From protecting a small network ( a few network ports and few megabits per second throughput ) to protecting an enterprise-level network ( tens of network ports and gigabits per second throughput ) . The following table lists different firewall appliances .', 'uid': 'Comparison_of_firewalls_1', 'intro': 'The following is a comparison of notable firewalls, starting from simple home firewalls up to the most sophisticated Enterprise-level firewalls.'}
| null | null |
What is the cost of the firewall that is primarily focused on providing security software to the mid market and utilitarian operations from 100- to 5,000-seat organizations ?
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Included on Sophos UTM
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0393f5d21c89129e
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sigma_Nu_brothers', 'title': 'List of Sigma Nu brothers', 'header': ['Name', 'Original chapter', 'Notability'], 'data': [{'value': 'Michael D. Antonovich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_D._Antonovich', 'summary': 'Michael Dennis Antonovich ( born August 12 , 1939 ) is an American politician who was a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors . He represented the Fifth District , which covers northern Los Angeles County , including the Antelope Valley , Santa Clarita , Pasadena , and parts of the San Fernando and San Gabriel valleys .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Politician and the most senior-serving member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors ( LAC BOS ) is the five-member governing body of Los Angeles County , California , United States . The people of Los Angeles County on April 1 , 1850 asserted their newly won right of self-government and elected a three-man Court of Sessions as their first governing body . A total of 377 votes were cast in this election . In 1852 , the Legislature dissolved the Court of Sessions and created a five-member Board of Supervisors . In 1913 the citizens of Los Angeles County approved a charter recommended by a board of freeholders which gave the County greater freedom to govern itself within the framework of state law . As the population expanded throughout the twentieth century , Los Angeles County did not subdivide into separate counties or increase the number of supervisors as its population soared . As a result , the concentration of local administrative power in each county supervisor is high with the population of the county at ten million residents . Each supervisor represents more than two million people . A local nickname some use for the Board is the five little kings .'}]}, {'value': 'Bill Baarsma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bill_Baarsma', 'summary': 'Bill Baarsma is an American politician who served as mayor of Tacoma , Washington from 2002 to 2009 .'}]}, {'value': 'Zeta Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayor of Tacoma , Washington from 2002 until 2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington', 'summary': "Tacoma ( /təˈkoʊmə/ tə-KOH-mə ) is a mid-sized urban port city and the county seat of Pierce County , Washington , United States . The city is on Washington 's Puget Sound , 32 miles ( 51 km ) southwest of Seattle ( of which it is the largest satellite city ) , 31 miles ( 50 km ) northeast of the state capital , Olympia , and 58 miles ( 93 km ) northwest of Mount Rainier National Park . The population was 198,397 , according to the 2010 census . Tacoma is the second-largest city in the Puget Sound area and the third-largest in the state . Tacoma also serves as the center of business activity for the South Sound region , which has a population of around 1 million . Tacoma adopted its name after the nearby Mount Rainier , originally called Takhoma or Tahoma . It is locally known as the City of Destiny because the area was chosen to be the western terminus of the Northern Pacific Railroad in the late 19th century . The decision of the railroad was influenced by Tacoma 's neighboring deep-water harbor , Commencement Bay . By connecting the bay with the railroad , Tacoma 's motto became When rails meet sails . Commencement Bay serves the Port of Tacoma , a center of international trade on the Pacific Coast and Washington 's largest port . Like most industrial cities , Tacoma suffered a prolonged decline in the mid-20th century as a result of suburbanization and divestment . Since the 1990s , downtown Tacoma has undergone a slow and steady revitalization ."}]}, {'value': 'Lloyd Bentsen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen', 'summary': "Lloyd Millard Bentsen Jr. ( February 11 , 1921 - May 23 , 2006 ) was an American politician who was a four-term United States Senator ( 1971-1993 ) from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for vice president in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket . He also served as the 69th United States Secretary of the Treasury under President Bill Clinton . Born in Mission , Texas , Bentsen graduated from the University of Texas School of Law before serving in the Air Force during World War II . He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his service in Europe . After the war , he won election to the United States House of Representatives , serving from 1948 to 1955 . He defeated incumbent Senator Ralph Yarborough in the 1970 Democratic Senatorial primary and won the general election against George H. W. Bush . He was reelected in 1976 , 1982 , and 1988 , and served as the Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1987 to 1993 . In the Senate , he helped win passage of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act and played a role in the creation of the individual retirement account . Bentsen sought the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination but was unable to organize an effective national campaign . Democratic presidential nominee Michael Dukakis chose Bentsen as his running mate in the 1988 presidential election , while the Republicans nominated Vice President George H. W. Bush and Senator Dan Quayle . During the 1988 vice-presidential debate , Quayle responded to a question about his inexperience by comparing his time in office up to that point to that of John F. Kennedy , causing Bentsen to castigate Quayle , saying , Senator , you 're no Jack Kennedy . Though Dukakis hoped that the selection of Bentsen would help the Democratic ticket win Texas , the Republican ticket won the state and prevailed by a wide margin in the nationwide electoral and popular vote ."}]}, {'value': 'Upsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Four-term United States senator ( 1971-1993 ) from Texas and the Democratic Party nominee for Vice President in 1988 on the Michael Dukakis ticket . He also served in the House of Representatives from 1949 to 1955 . In his later political life , he was Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the U.S. Treasury Secretary during the first two years of the Clinton administration', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/1988_U.S._presidential_election', 'summary': "The 1988 United States presidential election was the 51st quadrennial presidential election . It was held on Tuesday , November 8 , 1988 . Incumbent Vice President George H. W. Bush , the Republican nominee , defeated Democratic Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts . The 1988 election is the only election since 1948 in which either major party won a third straight presidential election . Incumbent President Ronald Reagan was ineligible to seek a third term , due to term limits established by the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution . Bush entered the 1988 Republican primaries as the front-runner . He defeated Senator Bob Dole and televangelist Pat Robertson to win the nomination , and selected Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana as his running mate . Dukakis won the 1988 Democratic primaries after Democratic leaders such as Gary Hart and Ted Kennedy withdrew or declined to run . He selected Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas - who had defeated Bush in a U.S. Senate race 18 years earlier - as his running mate . Running an aggressive campaign , Bush concentrated on the economy and continuing Reagan 's policies . He attacked Dukakis as an elitist Massachusetts liberal , and Dukakis appeared to fail to respond effectively to Bush 's criticism . Despite Dukakis 's initial lead , Bush pulled ahead in opinion polling conducted in September and won by a substantial margin in both the popular and electoral vote ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Dukakis', 'summary': 'Michael Stanley Dukakis ( /dʊˈkɑːkɪs/ ; born November 3 , 1933 ) is a retired American politician who served as the 65th governor of Massachusetts , from 1975 to 1979 and again from 1983 to 1991 . He is the longest-serving governor in Massachusetts history and only the second Greek-American governor in U.S. history , after Spiro Agnew . He was nominated by the Democratic Party for president in the 1988 election , losing to the Republican candidate , Vice President George H. W. Bush . Born in Brookline , Massachusetts to Greek and Aromanian Greek immigrants , Dukakis attended Swarthmore College before enlisting in the United States Army . After graduating from Harvard Law School , he won election to the Massachusetts House of Representatives , serving from 1963 to 1971 . He won the 1974 Massachusetts gubernatorial election but lost his 1978 bid for re-nomination to Edward J . King . He defeated King in the 1982 gubernatorial primary and served as governor from 1983 to 1991 , presiding over a period of economic growth known as the Massachusetts Miracle . Building on his popularity as governor , Dukakis sought the Democratic presidential nomination for the 1988 presidential election . He prevailed in the Democratic primaries and was formally nominated at the 1988 Democratic National Convention . Dukakis chose Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas as his running mate , while the Republicans nominated a ticket consisting of George H. W. Bush and Senator Dan Quayle . Dukakis lost the election , carrying only ten states and Washington , D.C. , but he improved on the Democratic performances in the previous two elections .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Senate_Committee_on_Finance', 'summary': 'The United States Senate Committee on Finance ( or , less formally , Senate Finance Committee ) is a standing committee of the United States Senate . The Committee concerns itself with matters relating to taxation and other revenue measures generally , and those relating to the insular possessions ; bonded debt of the United States ; customs , collection districts , and ports of entry and delivery ; deposit of public moneys ; general revenue sharing ; health programs under the Social Security Act ( notably Medicare and Medicaid ) and health programs financed by a specific tax or trust fund ; national social security ; reciprocal trade agreements ; tariff and import quotas , and related matters thereto ; and the transportation of dutiable goods . It is considered to be one of the most powerful committees in Congress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury', 'summary': "The secretary of the treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury which is concerned with all financial and monetary matters relating to the federal government , and , until 2003 , also included several major federal law enforcement agencies . This position in the federal government of the United States is analogous to the minister of finance in many other countries . The secretary of the treasury is a member of the president 's Cabinet , and is nominated by the president of the United States . Nominees for secretary of the treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being voted on by the United States Senate . The secretary of the treasury , the secretary of state , the attorney general , and the secretary of defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . The secretary of the treasury is a non-statutory member of the U.S. National Security Council and fifth in the United States presidential line of succession ."}]}, {'value': 'Quentin N. Burdick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quentin_N._Burdick', 'summary': 'Quentin Northrup Burdick ( June 19 , 1908 - September 8 , 1992 ) was an American lawyer and politician . A member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party , he represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives ( 1959-1960 ) and the U.S. Senate ( 1960-1992 ) . At the time of his death , he was the third longest-serving senator ( after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd ) among current members of the Senate .'}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American lawyer and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , he represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives ( 1959-1960 ) and the U.S. Senate ( 1960-1992 ) . At the time of his death , he was the third longest-serving senator ( after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd ) among current members of the Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lawyer', 'summary': 'A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law , as an advocate , attorney , attorney at law , barrister , barrister-at-law , bar-at-law , canonist , canon lawyer , civil law notary , counsel , counselor , counsellor , solicitor , legal executive , or public servant preparing , interpreting and applying law , but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary . Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems , or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services . The role of the lawyer varies greatly across different legal jurisdictions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Dakota', 'summary': "North Dakota ( /- dəˈkoʊtə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . It is the nineteenth largest in area , the fourth smallest by population , and the fourth most sparsely populated of the 50 states . North Dakota was admitted to the Union on November 2 , 1889 , along with its neighboring state , South Dakota . Its capital is Bismarck , and its largest city is Fargo . In the 21st century , North Dakota 's natural resources have played a major role in its economic performance , particularly with the oil extraction from the Bakken formation , which lies beneath the northwestern part of the state . Such development has led to population growth and reduced unemployment , resulting in North Dakota having the second lowest unemployment rate in the nation , behind only Hawaii . North Dakota contains the tallest man-made structure in the Western Hemisphere , the KVLY-TV mast ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Strom_Thurmond', 'summary': 'James Strom Thurmond Sr. ( December 5 , 1902 - June 26 , 2003 ) was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator from South Carolina . He ran for president in 1948 as the Dixiecrat candidate on a States Rights platform supporting racial segregation . He received 2.4% of the popular vote and 39 electoral votes but failed to defeat Harry Truman . Thurmond represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003 , at first as a Southern Democrat and , after 1964 , as a Republican . A magnet for controversy during his nearly half-century Senate career , Thurmond switched parties because of his opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and his support for Republican presidential candidate Senator Barry Goldwater . In the months before switching , he had been critical of the Democratic Administration for . enactment of the Civil Rights Law , while Goldwater boasted of his opposition to the Civil Rights Act , and made it part of his platform . Thurmond left office as the only member of either chamber of Congress to reach the age of 100 while still in office , and as the oldest-serving and longest-serving senator in U.S. history ( although he was later surpassed in the latter by Robert Byrd and Daniel Inouye ) . Thurmond holds the record as the longest-serving member of Congress to serve exclusively in the Senate . He is also the longest-serving Republican member of Congress in U.S. history . At 14 years , he was also the longest-serving Dean of the United States Senate in U.S. history . In opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957 , he conducted the longest speaking filibuster ever by a lone senator , at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Byrd', 'summary': "Robert Carlyle Byrd ( born Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr. ; November 20 , 1917 - June 28 , 2010 ) was an American politician who served as a United States Senator from West Virginia for over 51 years , from 1959 until his death in 2010 . A member of the Democratic Party , Byrd previously served as a U.S. Representative from 1953 until 1959 . He is the longest-serving U.S . Senator in history , was the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Congress , until surpassed by Representative John Dingell of Michigan ; the last remaining member of the U.S. Senate to have served during the presidency of Dwight Eisenhower ; and the last remaining member of Congress to have served during the presidency of Harry S. Truman . Byrd is also the only West Virginian to have served in both chambers of the state legislature and both chambers of Congress . Byrd served in the West Virginia House of Delegates from 1947 to 1950 , and the West Virginia State Senate from 1950 to 1952 . Initially elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1952 , Byrd served there for six years before being elected to the Senate in 1958 . He rose to become one of the Senate 's most powerful members , serving as secretary of the Senate Democratic Caucus from 1967 to 1971 and - after defeating his longtime colleague , Ted Kennedy - as Senate Majority Whip from 1971 to 1977 . Over the next three decades , Byrd led the Democratic caucus in numerous roles depending on whether his party held control of the Senate , including Senate Majority Leader , Senate Minority Leader , President pro tempore of the United States Senate and President pro tempore emeritus . As President pro tempore - a position he held four times in his career - he was third in the line of presidential succession , after the Vice President and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . Serving three different tenures as Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations enabled Byrd to steer a great deal of federal money toward projects in West Virginia . Critics derided his efforts as pork barrel spending , while Byrd argued that the many federal projects he worked to bring to West Virginia represented progress for the people of his state ."}]}, {'value': 'Alan Cranston', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Cranston', 'summary': 'Alan MacGregor Cranston ( June 19 , 1914 - December 31 , 2000 ) was an American politician and journalist who served as a United States Senator from California from 1969 to 1993 and as President of the World Federalist Association from 1949 to 1952 . Born in Palo Alto , California , Cranston worked as a journalist after graduating from Stanford University . After serving as California State Controller , he was elected to the Senate in 1968 . He served as the Senate Democratic Whip from 1977 to 1991 . In 1984 , Cranston sought the Democratic presidential nomination , advocating a nuclear freeze during the later stages of the Cold War . He dropped out after the first set of primaries . In 1991 , the Senate Ethics Committee reprimanded Cranston for his role in the savings and loan crisis as a member of the Keating Five . After being diagnosed with prostate cancer , he decided not to run for a fifth term . After his retirement from the Senate , he served as president of the Global Security Institute and advocated for the global abolition of nuclear weapons .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Chi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American journalist and Democratic Senator from California', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/California', 'summary': "California is a state in the Pacific Region of the United States . With 39.5 million residents across a total area of about 163,696 square miles ( 423,970 km2 ) , California is the most populous U.S. state and the third-largest by area . The state capital is Sacramento . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 18.7 million and 9.7 million residents respectively . Los Angeles is California 's most populous city , and the country 's second-most populous , after New York City . California also has the nation 's most populous county , Los Angeles County , and its largest county by area , San Bernardino County . The City and County of San Francisco is both the country 's second most densely populated major city after New York City and the fifth most densely populated county , behind only four of the five New York City boroughs . California 's economy , with a gross state product of $ 3.0 trillion , is the largest sub-national economy in the world . If it were a country , California would be the fifth-largest economy in the world ( larger than the United Kingdom , France , or India ) , and the 36th-most populous as of 2017 [ update ] . The Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation 's second- and third-largest urban economies ( $ 1.3 trillion and $ 1.0 trillion respectively as of 2018 [ update ] ) , after the New York metropolitan area . The San Francisco Bay Area PSA had the nation 's highest gross domestic product per capita in 2018 ( $ 106,757 ) among large primary statistical areas , and is home to three of the world 's ten largest companies by market capitalization and three of the world 's ten richest people . California culture is considered a global trendsetter in popular culture , communication , information , innovation , environmentalism , economics , politics , and entertainment ."}]}, {'value': 'Tom Coburn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tom_Coburn', 'summary': 'Thomas Allen Coburn ( born March 14 , 1948 ) is an American politician and physician . A member of the Republican Party , he was a United States Representative and later a United States Senator from Oklahoma . Coburn was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1994 as part of the Republican Revolution . He upheld his campaign pledge to serve no more than three consecutive terms and did not run for re-election in 2000 . In 2004 , he returned to political life with a successful run for the U.S. Senate . Coburn was re-elected to a second term in 2010 and pledged not to seek a third term in 2016 . In January 2014 , Coburn announced he would retire before the expiration of his final term . He submitted a letter of resignation to Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin , effective at the end of the 113th Congress . Coburn is a fiscal and social conservative , known for his self-proclaimed global warming denial , opposition to deficit spending and pork barrel projects , and for his opposition to abortion . Described as the godfather of the modern conservative , austerity movement , he supports term limits , gun rights and the death penalty and opposes same-sex marriage and embryonic stem cell research . Democrats have referred to him as Dr. No . After leaving Congress , Coburn worked with the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research on its efforts to reform the Food and Drug Administration , becoming a senior fellow of the institute in December 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Epsilon', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'United States Senator , medical doctor and Southern Baptist deacon . A member of the Republican Party , he is the junior senator from Oklahoma', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Southern_Baptist', 'summary': "The Southern Baptist Convention ( SBC ) is a Christian denomination based in the United States . It is the world 's largest Baptist denomination , the largest Protestant denomination in the United States , and the second-largest Christian denomination in the United States , smaller only than the Catholic Church according to self-reported membership statistics ( see Christianity in the United States ) . The word Southern in Southern Baptist Convention stems from it having been organized in 1845 at Augusta , Georgia , by Baptists in the Southern United States who split with northern Baptists over the issue of slavery , with Southern Baptists strongly opposed to abolition and black civil rights . After the American Civil War , another split occurred when most freedmen set up independent black congregations , regional associations , and state and national conventions , such as the National Baptist Convention , which became the second-largest Baptist convention by the end of the 19th century . Since the 1940s , the Southern Baptist Convention has shifted from some of its regional and historical identification . Especially since the late 20th century , the SBC has sought new members among minority groups and to become much more diverse . In addition , while still heavily concentrated in the Southern United States , the Southern Baptist Convention has member churches across the United States and 41 affiliated state conventions . Southern Baptist churches are evangelical in doctrine and practice . As they emphasize the significance of the individual conversion experience , which is affirmed by the person having complete immersion in water for a believer 's baptism , they reject the practice of infant baptism . Other specific beliefs based on biblical interpretation can vary somewhat due to their congregational polity , which allows local autonomy . The average weekly attendance was 5,297,788 in 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Deacon', 'summary': 'A deacon is a member of the diaconate , an office in Christian churches that is generally associated with service of some kind , but which varies among theological and denominational traditions . Major Christian churches , such as the Catholic Church , the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican church , view the diaconate as part of the clerical state . The title is also used for the president , chairperson , or head of a trades guild in Scotland ; and likewise to two officers of a Masonic lodge .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Senate_seniority', 'summary': 'United States senators are conventionally ranked by the length of their tenure in the Senate . The senator in each U.S. state with the longer time in office is known as the senior senator ; the other is the junior senator . This convention has no official standing , though seniority confers several benefits , including preference in the choice of committee assignments and physical offices . When senators have been in office for the same length of time , a number of tiebreakers , including previous offices held , are used to determine seniority .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Oklahoma', 'summary': "Oklahoma ( /ˌoʊkləˈhoʊmə/ ( listen ) ; Cherokee : ᎣᎦᎳᎰᎹ , ogalahoma ; Choctaw : Oklahumma ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States , bordered by the state of Texas on the south and west , Kansas on the north , Missouri on the northeast , Arkansas on the east , New Mexico on the west , and Colorado on the northwest . It is the 20th-most extensive and the 28th-most populous of the 50 United States . Its residents are known as Oklahomans ( or colloquially , Okies ) , and its capital and largest city is Oklahoma City . The state 's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma , meaning red people . It is also known informally by its nickname , The Sooner State , in reference to the non-Native settlers who staked their claims on land before the official opening date of lands in the western Oklahoma Territory or before the Indian Appropriations Act of 1889 , which increased European-American settlement in the eastern Indian Territory . Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16 , 1907 . With ancient mountain ranges , prairie , mesas , and eastern forests , most of Oklahoma lies in the Great Plains , Cross Timbers , and the U.S . Interior Highlands , all regions prone to severe weather . Oklahoma is on a confluence of three major American cultural regions and historically served as a route for cattle drives , a destination for Southern settlers , and a government-sanctioned territory for Native Americans . More than 25 Native American languages are spoken in Oklahoma . A major producer of natural gas , oil , and agricultural products , Oklahoma relies on an economic base of aviation , energy , telecommunications , and biotechnology . Both Oklahoma City and Tulsa serve as Oklahoma 's primary economic anchors , with nearly two-thirds of Oklahomans living within their metropolitan statistical areas ."}]}, {'value': 'Norman D. Dicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norman_D._Dicks', 'summary': "Norman DeValois Dicks ( born December 16 , 1940 ) is an American politician who served as the U.S. Representative for Washington 's 6th congressional district , between 1977 and 2013 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . His district was located in the northwestern corner of the state , and includes most of Tacoma . He retired at the end of the 112th Congress . He currently serves as Senior Policy Advisor at the law and public policy firm Van Ness Feldman LLP . He is the longest-serving member ever of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Washington ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Chi', 'urls': []}, {'value': "U.S. Representative for Washington 's 6th congressional district , serving between 1977 and 2013 . He is a member of the Democratic Party", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Washington's_6th_congressional_district", 'summary': "Washington 's 6th congressional district encompasses the Olympic Peninsula , most of the Kitsap Peninsula , and most of the city of Tacoma . The 6th District has been represented in the U.S. House of Representatives by Derek Kilmer , a Democrat from Artondale , since January 2013 . He succeeded 36-year incumbent and fellow Democrat Norm Dicks , at the time the dean of the Washington delegation . Established after the 1930 U.S. Census , the 6th District is a working class district , with many of its jobs provided by tourism and a declining timber industry on the Pacific and Juan de Fuca coasts , and by the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton . Presidentially , the 6th leans Democratic . It was one of only two districts retained by the Democrats in the Republican wave of 1994 . Al Gore and John Kerry carried the district in 2000 and 2004 with 52% and 53% of the vote , respectively . Barack Obama swept the district in 2008 with 57% of the vote ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}]}, {'value': 'Oliver M. Gardner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Oliver_M._Gardner', 'summary': 'Oliver Max Gardner ( March 22 , 1882 - February 6 , 1947 ) was an American politician who served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933 . A member of the Democratic Party , Gardner worked in the administrations of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman .'}]}, {'value': 'Beta Tau', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician . He served as the 57th Governor of the U.S. state of North Carolina from 1929 to 1933 . He was a member of the Democratic Party . In addition , Gardner remains the only person to ever captain both the NC State Wolfpack and North Carolina Tar Heels football teams', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_North_Carolina', 'summary': "The Governor of North Carolina has a duty to enforce state laws and to convene the legislature . The Governor may grant pardons except in cases of impeachment . For about 220 years the Governor had no power to veto bills passed by the North Carolina General Assembly , but a referendum in November 1996 altered the state 's constitution , so that North Carolina ceased to be the only state whose governor lacked that power . There have been three Presidents and 71 Governors of North Carolina , with four Governors serving non-consecutive terms , totaling 78 terms in both offices . The current Governor is Democrat Roy Cooper , who took office on January 1 , 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina', 'summary': "North Carolina ( /ˌkærəˈlaɪnə/ ( listen ) ) is a U.S. state located in the southeastern region of the United States . North Carolina is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the 50 United States . It is bordered by Virginia to the north , the Atlantic Ocean to the east , Georgia and South Carolina to the south , and Tennessee to the west . Raleigh is the state 's capital and Charlotte is its largest city . The Charlotte metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 2,569,213 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in North Carolina , the 23rd-most populous in the United States , and the largest banking center in the nation after New York City . The Raleigh metropolitan area is the second-largest metropolitan area in the state , with an estimated population of 1,362,540 in 2018 , and is home to the largest research park in the United States , Research Triangle Park . North Carolina was established as a royal colony in 1729 and is one of the original Thirteen Colonies . North Carolina is named in honor of King Charles I of England who first formed the English colony , with Carolus being Latin for Charles . On November 21 , 1789 , North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the United States Constitution . In the run-up to the American Civil War , North Carolina declared its secession from the Union on May 20 , 1861 , becoming the last of eleven states to join the Confederate States . Following the Civil War , the state was restored to the Union on June 25 , 1868 . On December 17 , 1903 , Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully piloted the world 's first controlled , sustained flight of a powered , heavier-than-air aircraft at Kill Devil Hills in North Carolina 's Outer Banks ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NC_State_Wolfpack', 'summary': "The NC State Wolfpack is the nickname of the athletic teams representing North Carolina State University . The Wolfpack competes at the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I ( Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) for college football ) as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) for all sports since the 1953-54 season . The athletic teams of the Wolfpack compete in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports . NC State is a founding member of the ACC and has won eight national championships : two NCAA championships , two AIAW championships , and four titles under other sanctioning bodies . Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest . The primary logo for NC State athletics is a red block 'S ' with an inscribed ' N ' and ' C ' . The block S has been in use since 1890 but has seen many alterations through the years . The color red was adopted from the state bird , the cardinal . It became the sole logo for all NC State athletic teams in 2000 and was modernized to its current design in 2006 . NC State athletic teams are nicknamed the 'wolfpack ' . The name was adopted in 1921 when a disgruntled fan described the behavior of some of the school 's football players as being as unruly as a pack of wolves . Prior to the adoption of the current nickname , North Carolina State athletic teams went by such names as the Aggies , the Techs , the Red Terrors , and Farmers ."}, {'url': '/wiki/North_Carolina_Tar_Heels', 'summary': 'The North Carolina Tar Heels are the athletic teams representing the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The name Tar Heel is a nickname used to refer to individuals from the state of North Carolina , the Tar Heel State . The campus at Chapel Hill is referred to as the University of North Carolina for the purposes of the National Collegiate Athletic Association . The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was chartered in 1789 , and in 1795 it became the first state-supported university in the United States . Since the school fostered the oldest collegiate team in the Carolinas , the school took on the nickname Carolina , especially in athletics . The Tar Heels are also referred to as North Carolina , UNC , or The Heels . The female athletic teams are sometimes referred to as Lady Tar Heels . The mascot of the Tar Heels is Rameses , a Dorset Ram . It is represented as either a live Dorset sheep with its horns painted Carolina Blue , or as a costumed character performed by a volunteer from the student body , usually an undergraduate student associated with the cheerleading team . Carolina has won 45 NCAA Division I team national championships in seven different sports , eighth all-time , and 52 individual national championships .'}]}, {'value': 'Walter F. George', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Walter_F._George', 'summary': "Walter Franklin George ( January 29 , 1878 - August 4 , 1957 ) was an American politician from the state of Georgia . He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the United States Senate from 1955 to 1957 . Born near Preston , Georgia , George practiced law after graduating from Mercer University . He served on the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1917 to 1922 , resigning from the bench to successfully run for the Senate . A conservative Democrat , George opposed the 1932 presidential nomination of Franklin D. Roosevelt and much of Roosevelt 's domestic policy , while supporting and leading implementation of the President 's foreign policy . He served as Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee from 1941 to 1946 where George generally supported Roosevelt 's handling of World War II . George also served as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee from 1940-1941 and 1955-1957 . Across his political career , George was generally viewed as a moderate on civil rights relative to other Southern U.S . Senators . Nevertheless , George opposed integration in the wake of the Supreme Court 's decision in Brown v. Board of Education , although George refused to publicly renounce Brown given his respect for the judiciary branch and its important role , a refusal that may have cost George reelection in the 1956 Senate race . By the end of his Senate career , George was one of the most powerful U.S . Senators , and well-regarded across both political parties and amongst liberals and conservatives ."}]}, {'value': 'Eta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician from the state of Georgia . He was a long-time Democratic United States Senator and was President pro tempore of the Senate from 1955 to 1957', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States , along with its main rival , the Republican Party . Tracing its heritage back to Thomas Jefferson and James Madison 's Democratic-Republican Party , the modern-day Democratic Party was founded around 1828 by supporters of Andrew Jackson , making it the world 's oldest active political party . In its early years , the Party supported limited government , state sovereignty and opposed banks and the abolition of slavery . Since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s , the Democratic Party has promoted a social liberal platform . Well into the 20th century , the party had conservative pro-business and Southern conservative-populist wings ; following the New Deal , however , the conservative wing of the party largely withered outside the South . The New Deal Coalition of 1932-1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction - many of whom were Catholics based in the cities . After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the core bases of the two parties shifted , with the Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics and the Northeastern states becoming more reliably Democratic . The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s . White evangelicals and Southerners have become heavily Republican at the state and local levels since the 1990s . People living in urban areas , women , college graduates , sexual and gender minorities , millennials , and black , Latino , Jewish , Muslim and Asian Americans tend to support the Democratic Party . The Democratic Party 's philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality , along with the welfare state . It seeks to provide government regulation in the economy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senator', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate', 'summary': "The president pro tempore of the United States Senate ( often shortened to president pro tem ) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate . Article One , Section Three of the United States Constitution provides that the vice president of the United States is the president of the Senate ( despite not being a senator ) , and mandates that the Senate must choose a president pro tempore to act in the vice president 's absence . Unlike the vice president , the president pro tempore is an elected member of the Senate , able to speak or vote on any issue . Selected by the Senate at large , the president pro tempore has enjoyed many privileges and some limited powers . During the vice president 's absence , the president pro tempore is empowered to preside over Senate sessions . In practice , neither the vice president nor the president pro tempore usually presides ; instead , the duty of presiding officer is rotated among junior U.S. senators of the majority party to give them experience in parliamentary procedure . Since 1890 , the most senior U.S. senator in the majority party has generally been chosen to be president pro tempore and holds the office continuously until the election of another . This tradition has been observed without interruption since 1949 . Since the enactment of the current Presidential Succession Act in 1947 , the president pro tempore is third in the line of succession to the presidency , after the vice president and the speaker of the House of Representatives and ahead of the secretary of state . The current president pro tempore of the Senate is Iowa Republican Charles Grassley . Elected on January 3 , 2019 , he is the 91st person to serve in this office ."}]}, {'value': 'Jim Gibbons', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jim_Gibbons_(U.S._politician)', 'summary': 'James Arthur Gibbons ( born December 16 , 1944 ) is an American attorney , aviator , geologist , hydrologist and politician . He served as the 28th Governor of the U.S. state of Nevada from 2007 to 2011 . He is a former member of the United States House of Representatives , having served from 1997 to 2006 . He is a member of the Republican Party .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician . He served as the 28th Governor of the U.S. state of Nevada from 2007 to 2011 . He is a former member of the United States House of Representatives , having served from 1997 to 2006 . He is a member of the Republican Party', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Nevada', 'summary': "The Governor of Nevada is the chief magistrate of the U.S. state of Nevada , the head of the executive department of Nevada 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Nevada Legislature , to convene the legislature at any time , and , except in cases of treason or impeachment , to grant pardons and reprieves . The Governor serves a four-year term . He or she is limited to two terms , even if they are non-consecutive . If a person ascends to the governorship and serves more than two years of a previous governor 's term , he or she is only eligible to run for one full term . Candidates for Governor must be at least 25 years old , and must have been citizens of Nevada for at least two years , at the time of election . The Lieutenant Governor of Nevada is not elected on the same ticket as the Governor . The current governor is Democrat Steve Sisolak , who took office on January 7 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nevada', 'summary': "Nevada ( /nɪˈvædə/ or /nɪˈvɑːdə/ ) is a state in the Western United States . It is bordered by Oregon to the northwest , Idaho to the northeast , California to the west , Arizona to the southeast , and Utah to the east . Nevada is the 7th most extensive , the 32nd most populous , and the 9th least densely populated of the U.S. states . Nearly three-quarters of Nevada 's people live in Clark County , which contains the Las Vegas-Paradise metropolitan area , including three of the state 's four largest incorporated cities . Nevada 's capital is Carson City . Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy . It is also known as the Battle Born State because it achieved statehood during the Civil War ( the words Battle Born also appear on the state flag ) ; as the Sagebrush State , for the native plant of the same name ; and as the Sage-hen State . Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid , much of it within the Great Basin . Areas south of the Great Basin are within the Mojave Desert , while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada lie on the western edge . About 86% of the state 's land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U.S. federal government , both civilian and military . Before European contact , American Indians of the Paiute , Shoshone , and Washoe tribes inhabited the land that is now Nevada . The first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}]}, {'value': 'Bob Graham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Graham', 'summary': "Daniel Robert Graham ( born November 9 , 1936 ) is an American politician and author who served as the 38th governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States senator from Florida from 1987 to 2005 . He is a member of the Democratic Party . Born in Coral Gables , Florida , Graham won election to the Florida Legislature after graduating from Harvard Law School . After serving in both houses of the Florida Legislature , Graham won the 1978 Florida gubernatorial election , and was reelected in 1982 . In the 1986 Senate elections , Graham defeated incumbent Republican Senator Paula Hawkins . He helped found the Democratic Leadership Council and eventually became Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee . Graham ran for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination , but dropped out before the first primaries . He declined to seek reelection in 2004 and retired from the Senate . Graham served as co-chair of the National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling and as a member of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission and the CIA External Advisory Board . He works at the Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater , the University of Florida . He also served as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation and terrorism . Through the WMD policy center he advocates for the recommendations in the Commission 's report , World at Risk ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Zeta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician and author . He was the 38th Governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987 and a United States Senator from that state from 1987 to 2005', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Florida', 'summary': "The governor of Florida is the head of the executive branch of Florida 's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state 's military forces . The governor has a duty to enforce state laws , and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida Legislature , to convene the legislature , and to grant pardons , except in cases of impeachment . When Florida was first acquired by the United States , future president Andrew Jackson served as its military governor . Florida Territory was established in 1822 , and five people served as governor over 6 distinct terms . The first territorial governor , William Pope Duval , served 12 years , the longest of any Florida governor to date . Since statehood in 1845 , there have been 45 people who have served as governor , one of whom served two distinct terms . Four state governors have served two full four-year terms : William D. Bloxham , in two stints ; and Reubin Askew , Jeb Bush , and Rick Scott who each served their terms consecutively . Bob Graham almost served two terms , as he resigned with only three days left . The shortest term in office belongs to Wayne Mixson , who served three days following the resignation of his predecessor , Bob Graham . The current governor is Ron DeSantis , a member of the Republican Party who took office on January 8 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Phil Gingrey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phil_Gingrey', 'summary': "John Phillip Gingrey , ( born July 10 , 1942 ) is American physican , attorney and former politician who served as a U.S. Representative for Georgia 's 11th congressional district from 2003 to 2015 . He is a member of the Republican Party ( GOP ) . His district comprised the northwestern suburbs of Atlanta . Since leaving Congress , Gingrey has worked as a senior adviser at the District Policy Group in Washington , D.C. , which is the lobbying arm of the Drinker Biddle law firm . On March 27 , 2013 , Gingrey announced he would be a candidate in the 2014 race for U.S. Senate in his home state , , he was unsuccessful , later losing in the May 20 , 2014 Republican primary , placing fourth ."}]}, {'value': 'Gamma Alpha', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician , member of the United States House of Representatives from Georgia since 2003', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._State)', 'summary': "Georgia ( /ˈdʒɔːrdʒə/ ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Georgia is the 24th largest in area and 8th-most populous of the 50 United States . Georgia is bordered to the north by Tennessee and North Carolina , to the northeast by South Carolina , to the southeast by the Atlantic Ocean , to the south by Florida , and to the west by Alabama . Its 2019 estimated population was 10,617,423 , according to the U.S. Census Bureau . Atlanta , a beta ( + ) global city , is both the state 's capital and its largest city . The Atlanta metropolitan area , with an estimated population of 5.9 million people in 2018 , is the 9th most populous metropolitan area in the United States and contains about 56% of the entire state population . Founded in 1733 as a British colony , Georgia was the last and southernmost of the original Thirteen Colonies to be established . Named after King George II of Great Britain , the Colony of Georgia covered the area from South Carolina south to Spanish Florida and west to French Louisiana at the Mississippi River . On January 2 , 1788 , Georgia became the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution . From 1802 to 1804 , western Georgia was split to form the Mississippi Territory , which later was admitted as the U.S. states of Alabama and Mississippi . Georgia declared its secession from the Union on January 19 , 1861 , and was one of the original seven Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was the last state to be restored to the Union , on July 15 , 1870 ."}]}, {'value': 'Clifford P. Hansen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clifford_P._Hansen', 'summary': "Clifford Peter Hansen ( October 16 , 1912 - October 20 , 2009 ) was an American politician from the state of Wyoming . A Republican , he served as the 26th Governor of Wyoming ( January 7 , 1963 - January 2 , 1967 ) and subsequently as a United States Senator ( January 3 , 1967 - December 31 , 1978 ) . Earlier , he was the president of the board of trustees of his alma mater , the University of Wyoming at Laramie in Albany County , then the state 's only four-year institution of higher learning . He was also a county commissioner in Jackson , the seat of Teton County in far northwestern Wyoming . Before his death on October 20 , 2009 , he was the oldest living former U.S . Senator as well as the third oldest living former U.S . Governor ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Delta', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Republican politician from the American state of Wyoming . He served as both the 26th Governor ( 1963-1967 ) and U.S. senator ( 1967-1978 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wyoming', 'summary': "Wyoming ( /waɪˈoʊmɪŋ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the mountain region of the Western United States . The state is the 10th largest by area , the least populous , and the second most sparsely populated state in the country . Wyoming is bordered on the north by Montana , on the east by South Dakota and Nebraska , on the south by Colorado , on the southwest by Utah , and on the west by Idaho and Montana . The state population was estimated at 577,737 in 2018 , which is less than 31 of the most populous U.S. cities including Denver in neighboring Colorado . Cheyenne is the state capital and the most populous city , with an estimated population of 63,624 in 2017 . The western two-thirds of the state is covered mostly by the mountain ranges and rangelands of the Rocky Mountains , while the eastern third of the state is high elevation prairie called the High Plains . Almost half of the land in Wyoming is owned by the U.S. government , leading Wyoming to rank sixth by area and fifth by proportion of a state 's land owned by the federal government . Federal lands include two national parks - Grand Teton and Yellowstone - two national recreation areas , two national monuments , several national forests , historic sites , fish hatcheries , and wildlife refuges . Original inhabitants of the region include the Crow , Arapaho , Lakota , and Shoshone . Southwestern Wyoming was claimed by the Spanish Empire and then Mexican territory until it was ceded to the United States in 1848 at the end of the Mexican-American War . The region acquired the name Wyoming when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress in 1865 to provide a temporary government for the territory of Wyoming . The name was used earlier for the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania , and is derived from the Munsee word xwé : wamənk , meaning at the big river flat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Wyoming', 'summary': 'This is a list of the governors of Wyoming , beginning with territorial governors . Wyoming Territory was organized in 1868 , and the state was admitted to the union on July 10 , 1890 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._senator', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'Clarence M. Kelley', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Clarence_M._Kelley', 'summary': 'Clarence M. Kelley ( October 24 , 1911 - August 5 , 1997 ) was an American law enforcement officer who served as the second Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation .'}]}, {'value': 'Nu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American public servant who served as the second Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation', 'summary': "The Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency . Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice , the FBI is also a member of the U.S. Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence . A leading U.S. counter-terrorism , counterintelligence , and criminal investigative organization , the FBI has jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes . Although many of the FBI 's functions are unique , its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB . Unlike the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , which has no law enforcement authority and is focused on intelligence collection abroad , the FBI is primarily a domestic agency , maintaining 56 field offices in major cities throughout the United States , and more than 400 resident agencies in smaller cities and areas across the nation . At an FBI field office , a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence . Despite its domestic focus , the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint , operating 60 Legal Attache ( LEGAT ) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe . These foreign offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries . The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas , just as the CIA has a limited domestic function ; these activities generally require coordination across government agencies . The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation , the BOI or BI for short . Its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) in 1935 . The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building , located in Washington , D.C ."}]}, {'value': 'Malcolm Lafargue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Lafargue', 'summary': 'Malcolm Emmett Lafargue ( November 4 , 1908 - March 28 , 1963 ) was a United States Attorney from Shreveport , Louisiana . He was known for his prosecution in 1939 as an Assistant US Attorney of several figures in the corruption scandals known as the Louisiana Hayride . He achieved several convictions , including of Governor Richard W. Leche , and many of these officials were sentenced to prison . This ushered in a period of political reform in the state . ( Leche and other major figures soon received parole and were later pardoned by President Harry Truman . ) In 1950 Lafargue ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate in a heated campaign against his fellow Democrat , Russell B . Long , of the powerful Long family . The Democratic Party had the only competitive contest in what was essentially still a one-party state .'}]}, {'value': 'Phi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'U.S. Attorney for the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana from 1941 to 1950', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States_Attorney', 'summary': "United States attorneys ( also known as chief federal prosecutors and , historically , as United States district attorneys ) represent the United States federal government in United States district courts and United States courts of appeals . The prosecution is the legal party responsible for presenting the case against an individual suspected of breaking the law , initiating and directing further criminal investigations , guiding and recommending the sentencing of offenders , and are the only attorneys allowed to participate in grand jury proceedings . [ failed verification ] There are 93 U.S. Attorney offices located throughout the United States , Puerto Rico , the U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and the Northern Mariana Islands . One U.S. Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts , with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single U.S. Attorney serves both districts . Each U.S. Attorney is the chief federal law enforcement officer within his or her particular jurisdiction , acting under the guidance of the United States Attorneys ' Manual . They supervise district offices with as many as 350 Assistant U.S . Attorneys ( AUSAs ) and as many as 350 support personnel . An Assistant United States Attorney ( AUSA ) , or federal prosecutor , is a public official who represents the federal government on behalf of the U.S. Attorney ( USA ) in criminal prosecutions , and in certain civil cases as either the plaintiff or the defendant . In carrying out their duties as prosecutors , AUSAs have the authority to investigate persons , issue subpoenas , file formal criminal charges , plea bargain with defendants , and grant immunity to witnesses and accused criminals . U.S . Attorneys and their offices are part of the Department of Justice . U.S ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Louisiana', 'summary': 'The United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana ( in case citations , W.D . La . ) is a United States federal court with jurisdiction over approximately two thirds of the state of Louisiana , with courts in Alexandria , Lafayette , Lake Charles , Monroe , and Shreveport . These cities comprise the Western District of Louisiana . Appeals from the Western District of Louisiana are taken to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ( except for patent claims and claims against the U.S. government under the Tucker Act , which are appealed to the Federal Circuit ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Trent Lott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Trent_Lott', 'summary': "Chester Trent Lott Sr. ( born October 9 , 1941 ) is a former American politician and author . A former United States Senator from Mississippi , Lott served in numerous leadership positions in both the United States House of Representatives and the Senate . He entered Congress as one of the first of a wave of Republicans winning seats in Southern states that had been solidly Democratic . He became Senate Majority Leader , then stepped down from power after praising Strom Thurmond 's 1948 segregationist Dixiecrat presidential bid . From 1968 to 1972 , Lott was an administrative assistant to Representative William M. Colmer of Mississippi , who was also the chairman of the House Rules Committee . Upon Colmer 's retirement , Lott won Colmer 's former seat in the House of Representatives . In 1988 , Lott ran successfully for the U.S. Senate to replace another retiree , John C. Stennis . After Republicans took the majority in the Senate , Lott became Senate Majority Whip in 1995 and then Senate Majority Leader in 1996 , upon the resignation of presidential nominee Bob Dole of Kansas . On December 20 , 2002 , after significant controversy following comments regarding Strom Thurmond 's presidential candidacy , Lott resigned as Senate Minority Leader . He resigned from the Senate in 2007 and fellow Republican Roger Wicker won the 2008 special election to replace him . Lott became a lobbyist , co-founding the Breaux-Lott Leadership Group . The firm was later acquired by law and lobbying firm Patton Boggs ."}]}, {'value': 'Epsilon Xi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former Senator from Mississippi , former majority leader of the U.S. Senate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mississippi', 'summary': "Mississippi ( /ˌmɪsɪˈsɪpi/ ( listen ) ) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States . Mississippi is the 32nd largest and 34th-most populous of the 50 United States . Mississippi is bordered to the north by Tennessee , to the east by Alabama , to the south by the Gulf of Mexico , to the southwest by Louisiana , and to the northwest by Arkansas . Mississippi 's western boundary is largely defined by the Mississippi River . Jackson is both the state 's capital and largest city . Greater Jackson , with an estimated population of 580,166 in 2018 , is the most populous metropolitan area in Mississippi and the 95th-most populous in the United States . On December 10 , 1817 , Mississippi became the 20th state admitted to the Union . By 1860 , Mississippi was the nation 's top cotton producing state and enslaved persons accounted for 55% of the state population . Mississippi declared its secession from the Union on March 23 , 1861 , and was one of the seven original Confederate States . Following the Civil War , it was restored to the Union on February 23 , 1870 . Until the Great Migration of the 1930s , African Americans were a majority of Mississippi 's population . Mississippi was the site of many prominent events during the American Civil Rights movement , including the 1962 Ole Miss riots , the 1963 assassination of Medgar Evers , and the 1964 Freedom Summer murders ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Majority_leader', 'summary': 'In U.S. politics , the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body . In the federal Congress , the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly . In the United States Senate , the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party , as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States , and the President pro tempore , though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate , is in reality a largely ceremonial position . In the United States House of Representatives , the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congresspeople in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House . While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate , the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen . Given the two-party nature of the U.S. system , the majority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The majority leader is often assisted in their role by whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote in a way not approved of by the party . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) if the party line is violated ; decisions such as these are often made by the majority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In the states , the majority leader of a state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives . State senate presidents pro tempore are typically not ceremonial , but more akin to the Majority Leader of the United States Senate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'James A. McClure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_A._McClure', 'summary': 'James Albertus McClure ( December 27 , 1924 - February 26 , 2011 ) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Idaho , most notably serving as a Republican in the U.S. Senate for three terms .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Omicron', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician from the state of Idaho , most notably serving as a Republican in the U.S. Senate for three terms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Idaho', 'summary': "Idaho ( /ˈaɪdəhoʊ/ ( listen ) ) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States . It borders the state of Montana to the east and northeast , Wyoming to the east , Nevada and Utah to the south , and Washington and Oregon to the west . To the north , it shares a small portion of the Canadian border with the province of British Columbia . With a population of approximately 1.7 million and an area of 83,569 square miles ( 216,440 km2 ) , Idaho is the 14th largest , the 12th least populous and the 7th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . The state 's capital and largest city is Boise . Idaho prior to European settlement was inhabited by Native American peoples , some of whom still live in the area . In the early 19th century , Idaho was considered part of the Oregon Country , an area disputed between the U.S. and the United Kingdom . It officially became U.S. territory with the signing of the Oregon Treaty of 1846 , but a separate Idaho Territory was not organized until 1863 , instead being included for periods in Oregon Territory and Washington Territory . Idaho was eventually admitted to the Union on July 3 , 1890 , becoming the 43rd state . Forming part of the Pacific Northwest ( and the associated Cascadia bioregion ) , Idaho is divided into several distinct geographic and climatic regions . The state 's north , the relatively isolated Idaho Panhandle , is closely linked with Eastern Washington with which it shares the Pacific Time Zone - the rest of the state uses the Mountain Time Zone . The state 's south includes the Snake River Plain ( which has most of the population and agricultural land ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}]}, {'value': 'George J. Mitchell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_J._Mitchell', 'summary': "George John Mitchell Jr. ( born August 20 , 1933 ) is an American lawyer , businessman , author , and politician . A member of the Democratic Party , Mitchell served as a United States Senator from Maine from 1980 to 1995 and as Senate Majority Leader from 1989 to 1995 . He briefly served as a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Maine from 1979 to 1980 . Since retiring from the Senate , Mitchell has taken up a variety of positions in politics and business . He held a leading role in negotiations for peace in Northern Ireland and the Middle East , being appointed United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland ( 1995-2001 ) by President Clinton and as United States Special Envoy for Middle East Peace ( 2009-2011 ) by President Barack Obama . He was a primary architect of the 1996 Mitchell Principles and the 1998 Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , and was the main investigator in two Mitchell Reports , one on the Arab-Israeli conflict ( 2001 ) and one on the use of performance-enhancing drugs in baseball ( 2007 ) . Mitchell served as chairman of The Walt Disney Company from March 2004 until January 2007 , and later as chairman of the international law firm DLA Piper . He was the Chancellor of Queen 's University in Belfast , Northern Ireland , from 1999 to 2009 . Mitchell also has served as a co-chair of the Housing Commission at the Bipartisan Policy Center ."}]}, {'value': 'Delta Psi', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Former majority leader in the U.S. Senate from Maine and known for his 2007 Mitchell Report', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Majority_leader', 'summary': 'In U.S. politics , the majority floor leader is a partisan position in a legislative body . In the federal Congress , the role of the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives and the Majority Leader of the United States Senate differ slightly . In the United States Senate , the majority leader is the chief spokesperson for the majority party , as the president of the Senate is also the Vice-President of the United States , and the President pro tempore , though technically a substitute for the president of the Senate , is in reality a largely ceremonial position . In the United States House of Representatives , the majority leader is elected by U.S. Congresspeople in the political party holding the largest number of seats in the House . While the responsibilities vary depending upon the political climate , the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives typically sets the floor agenda and oversees the committee chairmen . Given the two-party nature of the U.S. system , the majority leader is almost inevitably either a Republican or a Democrat . The majority leader is often assisted in their role by whips , whose job is to enforce party discipline on votes deemed to be crucial by the party leadership and to ensure that members do not vote in a way not approved of by the party . Some votes are deemed to be so crucial as to lead to punitive measures ( such as demotion from choice committee assignments ) if the party line is violated ; decisions such as these are often made by the majority leader in conjunction with other senior party leaders . In the states , the majority leader of a state legislative chamber usually performs a similar role to the Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives . State senate presidents pro tempore are typically not ceremonial , but more akin to the Majority Leader of the United States Senate .'}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Senate', 'summary': 'The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress , which , along with the United States House of Representatives - the lower chamber - constitutes the legislature of the United States . The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol Building , in Washington , D.C . The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The Senate is composed of senators , each of whom represents a single state in its entirety . Each state , regardless of its population size , is equally represented by two senators who serve staggered terms of six years . There being at present 50 states in the Union , there are currently 100 senators . From 1789 to 1913 , senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented ; they are now elected by popular vote , following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913 . As the upper chamber of Congress , the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it . These include the approval of treaties , and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries , Supreme Court justices , federal judges , flag officers , regulatory officials , ambassadors , other federal executive officials and other federal uniformed officers . In addition to these , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for vice president , the duty falls to the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office . Furthermore , the Senate has the responsibility of conducting the trials of those impeached by the House . The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative and more prestigious body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms , smaller size , and statewide constituencies , which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Maine', 'summary': "Maine ( /meɪn/ ( listen ) ) is the northernmost state in the northeastern United States . Maine is the 12th smallest by area , the 9th least populous , and the 13th least densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . Located in New England , it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west , the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast , and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Québec to the northeast and northwest , respectively . Maine is the only state to border exactly one other state , is the easternmost among the contiguous United States , and is the northernmost state east of the Great Lakes . Maine is known for its jagged , rocky coastline ; low , rolling mountains ; heavily forested interior ; and picturesque waterways , as well as its seafood cuisine , especially lobster and clams . There is a humid continental climate throughout most of the state , including coastal areas . Maine 's most populous city is Portland and its capital is Augusta . For thousands of years , indigenous peoples were the only inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine . At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine , several Algonquian-speaking peoples inhabited the area . The first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island , by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons . The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony , established by the Plymouth Company in 1607 . A number of English settlements were established along the coast of Maine in the 1620s , although the rugged climate , deprivations , and conflict with the local peoples caused many to fail over the years ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mitchell_Report', 'summary': "The Report to the Commissioner of Baseball of an Independent Investigation into the Illegal Use of Steroids and Other Performance Enhancing Substances by Players in Major League Baseball , informally known as the Mitchell Report , is the result of former Democratic United States Senator from Maine George J. Mitchell 's 20-month investigation into the use of anabolic steroids and human growth hormone ( HGH ) in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The 409-page report , released on December 13 , 2007 , covers the history of the use of illegal performance-enhancing substances by players and the effectiveness of the MLB Joint Drug Prevention and Treatment Program . The report also advances certain recommendations regarding the handling of past illegal drug use and future prevention practices . In addition , the report names 89 MLB players who are alleged to have used steroids or other performance-enhancing drugs ."}]}, {'value': 'Jody Powell', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jody_Powell', 'summary': 'Joseph Lester Jody Powell , Jr. ( September 30 , 1943 - September 14 , 2009 ) was White House Press Secretary during the presidency of Jimmy Carter , the fourteenth person in history to serve in that role . Powell later co-founded a public relations firm .'}]}, {'value': 'Eta Gamma', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'White House Press Secretary during the presidency of Jimmy Carter . He later founded a public relations firm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary', 'summary': "The White House press secretary is a senior White House official whose primary responsibility is to act as spokesperson for the executive branch of the United States government administration , especially with regard to the president , senior aides and executives , as well as government policies . The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the president 's administration and issues the administration 's reactions to developments around the world . The press secretary interacts with the media , and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis , generally in a daily press briefing . The press secretary serves by the appointment and at the pleasure of the president of the United States ; the office does not require the advice and consent of the U.S. Senate , though because of the frequent briefings given to the media , who in turn inform the public , the position is still a very prominent non-Cabinet post . Stephanie Grisham is the current press secretary , having replaced Sarah Sanders on July 1 , 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jimmy_Carter', 'summary': "James Earl Carter Jr. ( born October 1 , 1924 ) is an American politician , philanthropist , and former farmer who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981 . A member of the Democratic Party , he previously served as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967 and as the 76th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 . Since leaving the presidency , Carter has remained active in the private sector ; in 2002 , he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in co-founding the Carter Center . Raised in Plains , Georgia , Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy , where he served on submarines . After the death of his father in 1953 , Carter left his naval career and returned home to Georgia to take up the reins of his family 's peanut-growing business . Carter inherited comparatively little due to his father 's forgiveness of debts and the division of the estate among the children . Nevertheless , his ambition to expand and grow the Carters ' peanut business was fulfilled . During this period , Carter was motivated to oppose the political climate of racial segregation and support the growing civil rights movement . He became an activist within the Democratic Party . From 1963 to 1967 , Carter served in the Georgia State Senate , and in 1970 , he was elected as Governor of Georgia , defeating former Governor Carl Sanders in the Democratic primary on an anti-segregation platform advocating affirmative action for ethnic minorities . Carter remained as governor until 1975 . Despite being a dark-horse candidate who was little known outside of Georgia at the start of the campaign , Carter won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination ."}]}, {'value': 'E. Clay Shaw , Jr', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/E._Clay_Shaw,_Jr.', 'summary': 'Eugene Clay Shaw Jr. ( April 19 , 1939 - September 10 , 2013 ) was an American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 until 2007 . He represented the 22nd District of Florida until he was defeated by Ron Klein in the 2006 midterm election .'}]}, {'value': 'Delta Mu', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American politician who was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1981 until 2007', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)', 'summary': "The Republican Party , also referred to as the GOP ( Grand Old Party ) , is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States ; the other is its historic rival , the Democratic Party . The GOP was founded in 1854 by opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act , which allowed for the potential expansion of slavery into certain U.S. territories . The party supported classical liberalism , opposed the expansion of slavery , and supported economic reform . Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican president . Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress , slavery was banned in the United States in 1865 . The Party was generally dominant during the Third Party System and the Fourth Party System . After 1912 , the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right . Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 , the party 's core base shifted , with Southern states becoming more reliably Republican in presidential politics . The party 's 21st-century base of support includes people living in rural areas , men , people without college degrees , the elderly , white Americans , and evangelical Christians . The 21st-century Republican Party ideology is American conservatism , which incorporates both economic policies and social values . The GOP supports lower taxes , free market capitalism , restrictions on immigration , increased military spending , gun rights , restrictions on abortion , deregulation and restrictions on labor unions . After the Supreme Court 's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade , the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives', 'summary': 'The United States House of Representatives is the lower house of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper house . Together they compose the national legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty-three representatives . Seven states have only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the president for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers , among them the power to initiate all bills related to revenue ; the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate ; and , in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for president , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof ( and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party ) .'}]}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Sigma_Nu_brothers_2', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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The person in Beta Chi served as Senate Democratic Whip for how many years ?
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14
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0395d9d5cccb9a00
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Daniel', 'title': 'Leonardo Daniel', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Roles'], 'data': [{'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mundo de juguete', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mundo_de_juguete', 'summary': 'Mundo de juguete ( English : Toy World ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa . It is a remake of 1973 Argentine telenovela telenovela Papá corazón . It premiered on November 4 , 1974 on Canal de las Estrellas and ended on February 25 , 1977 . This telenovela holds the record for having the second longest run ever for a Latin American telenovela , with a total of 605 episodes ( 1974-1977 ) . Most telenovelas run for an average of six to eight months ; the shortest ones run about four months , and the longest up to a year . Many Mundo de Juguete fans believe that either all or some of the tapes and film from the telenovela were lost when Televisa collapsed during the 1985 earthquake . Televisa has been secretive regarding which tapes were lost during that earthquake , so there is no way of confirming this . However , such claims can be disputed , considering that the Telenovela has been repeated on television several times after 1985 . During the nineties , it was repeated on Mexico City Canal 9 ( now Galavision ) . For a period of time , it was also shown on Unicable ( a Televisa Networks cable channel ) or on Telenovelas ( a channel also belonging to Televisa Networks specializing on reruns of old telenovelas ) Televisa remade the telenovela in 2000 , and called it Carita de ángel .'}]}, {'value': 'Aldo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pobre Clara', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pobre_Clara', 'summary': 'Pobre Clara is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1975 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yo no pedí vivir', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yo_no_pedí_vivir', 'summary': 'Yo no pedí vivir , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Irene Sabido for Televisa in 1977 . Starring by Mapita Cortés , María Rivas and Elizabeth Dupeyrón .'}]}, {'value': 'Manuel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1977', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Humillados y ofendidos', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alejandro Correa', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'María José', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/María_José_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'María José is a Mexican telenovela writing by Arturo Moya Grau in 1978 . Is an adaptation of the Chilean telenovela María José produced in 1975 by Canal 13 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfredo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979-1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los ricos también lloran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_ricos_también_lloran', 'summary': 'Los ricos también lloran ( The rich cry too ) is a popular telenovela produced in Mexico in 1979 , starring Verónica Castro , Rogelio Guerra and Rocío Banquells . Castro also sang the theme Aprendí a Llorar ( I learned to cry ) , a song written by Lolita de la Colina . The telenovela was produced by Valentín Pimstein and Carlos Romero , it was directed by Rafael Banquells . The story was written by Inés Rodena and adapted by Valeria Philips . Los Ricos También Lloran was aired in 1991-1992 in the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states . It was shown on one of the central TV channels and became the second ever non-Soviet TV series aired in the Soviet Union , after a re-edited condensed version of Escrava Isaura . It was watched virtually by the whole population and became for a long time a reference point , with multiple traces in Soviet and post-Soviet popular culture .'}]}, {'value': 'Leonardo Mendizabal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juventud', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juventud_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Juventud ( English title : Youth ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Kenia Pérez for Televisa in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Pablo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1980', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ambición', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ambición_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Ambición ( English title : Ambition ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1980 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alfredo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1981', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'El hogar que yo robé', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/El_hogar_que_yo_robé', 'summary': 'El hogar que yo robé ( English title : The Home I Robbed ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Canal de las Estrellas in 1981 . Angélica María starred has dual role as protagonist/antagonist , Juan Ferrara starred as protagonist , while Angélica Aragón starred as antagonist . Virginia Manzano , Aldo Monti and Socorro Bonilla starred as stellar performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Eduardo', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chispita', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chispita_(TV_series)', 'summary': "Chispita ( English title : Little Spark ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1982 . It 's an original story by Abel Santa Cruz , the telenovela is a remake of the 1979 Argentinean telenovela Andrea Celeste . Lucero starred as child protagonist , Angélica Aragón and Enrique Lizalde starred as adult protagonists , Usi Velasco starred as co-protagonist , Alma Delfina and Leonardo Daniel starred as young co-protagonists , while Renata Flores starred as main antagonist ."}]}, {'value': 'Juan Carlos de la Mora', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1983-1984', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'La fiera', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/La_fiera', 'summary': 'La fiera ( English title : The Wild one ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1983 . Victoria Ruffo and Guillermo Capetillo star as the protagonists , while Rocío Banquells , Carlos Cámara , Nuria Bages and Raymundo Capetillo star as the antagonists .'}]}, {'value': 'Miguel Martínez Bustamante', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sí , mi amor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sí,_mi_amor', 'summary': 'Sí , mi amor ( English title : Yes , my love ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Guillermo Diazayas for Televisa in 1984 . Is a remake of the Venezuelan telenovela La hija de nadie produced by RCTV in 1982 . Edith González , Leonardo Daniel and Luis Mario Quiroz star as the protagonists , while Nubia Marti and Gustavo Rojo star as the antagonists .'}]}, {'value': 'David Kendall', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1984-1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Principessa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Principessa', 'summary': 'Principessa ( English title : Princess ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa in 1984 . The telenovela about the adventures and misadventures of a group of friends Paola , Fernanda , Marisela and Adriana working as stylists in the salon Princess . It starred Irán Eory , Angélica Aragón , Alma Muriel , Hilda Aguirre , Cecilia Camacho and Anabel Ferreira .'}]}, {'value': 'Federico', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1985', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Juana Iris', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Juana_Iris', 'summary': 'Juana Iris is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Téllez and Lucero Suárez for Televisa in 1985 . Victoria Ruffo and Valentín Trujillo starred as protagonists , while Blanca Guerra starred IN main antagonist . Carmen Montejo , Adriana Roel and Raymundo Capetillo starred as stellar performances .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1986', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seducción', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seducción_(TV_series)', 'summary': 'Seducción ( English title : Seduction ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Francisco Burillo for Televisa in 1986 . It is an original story of Enrique Jarnes , adapted by Marc Rostand and directed by Manolo García . Maribel Guardia and Manuel Capetillo Jr. starred as protagonists , while Sergio Klainer starred as antagonist . Sergio Ramos El Comanche , Leonardo Daniel and Olivia Collins starred as stellar performances .'}]}, {'value': 'Julio', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1987', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Como duele callar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Como_duele_callar', 'summary': 'Cómo duele callar ( English : How Painful Silence ) , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Eugenio Cobo for Televisa in 1987 . Alma Muriel , Enrique Rocha and Nuria Bages star as the protagonists , Cynthia Klitbo and Edgardo Gazcón as co-protagonists , while Joaquín Cordero and Guillermo García Cantú star as the antagonists .'}]}, {'value': 'José Luis', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rosa salvaje', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rosa_salvaje', 'summary': 'Rosa salvaje ( English title : Wild Rose ) ( Spanish pronunciation : [ ˈrosa salˈβaxe ] ; is a Mexican telenovela produced by Valentín Pimstein for Televisa . The telenovela premiered on Canal de las Estrellas on July 6 , 1987 and ran for 199 episodes until April 8 , 1988 . This telenovela was a huge success in Mexico , Latin America , Bulgaria , Croatia , Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Russia , Estonia , China , the United States , and Indonesia . Verónica Castro and Guillermo Capetillo starred as the protagonists , while Laura Zapata , Liliana Abud and Edith González starred as the antagonists . Edith González was later replaced by Felicia Mercado midway through the telenovela .'}]}, {'value': 'Enrique Molina', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1988', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Encadenados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Encadenados_(1988_TV_series)', 'summary': 'Encadenados ( English title : Notorious ) is a Mexican telenovela produced by Ernesto Alonso for Televisa in 1988 . Its original story of Marissa Garrido was based on Wuthering Heights by British author Emily Brontë and directed by Julio Castillo . Christian Bach and Humberto Zurita starred as protagonists , while Sergio Jiménez , Julieta Rosen and Leonardo Daniel starred as antagonists .'}]}, {'value': 'Daniel', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Papá soltero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Papá_soltero', 'summary': 'Papá soltero ( Single Father ) was a Mexican sitcom series produced by Luis de Llano Macedo from 1987 to 1994 . It starred singer César Costa as well as actors Gerardo Quiroz , Edith Márquez and Luis Mario Quiroz , Jorge Pablo Carrillo .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1992', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'De frente al sol', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/De_frente_al_sol', 'summary': 'De frente al sol , is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carla Estrada for Televisa in 1992 . María Sorté , Alfredo Adame and Angélica Aragón star as the main protagonists .'}]}, {'value': 'Young Adrián Bermúdez', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Filmography', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Leonardo_Daniel_0', 'intro': 'Leonardo Daniel (Spanish pronunciation: [leoˈnaɾðo ðaˈnjel]; born July 26, 1954) is a Mexican actor and director. His real name is Leonardo Daniel López de Rodas García.'}
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What is Daniel 's role in the title in which Angélica Aragón and Enrique Lizalde starred as adult protagonists ?
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Juan Carlos de la Mora
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0396bb0101c37c08
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Missouri', 'title': 'List of National Historic Landmarks in Missouri', 'header': ['', 'Landmark name', 'Date designated', 'Location', 'County', 'Description'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anheuser-Busch Brewery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_Brewery_(St._Louis,_Missouri)', 'summary': "Anheuser-Busch Brewery is a brewery complex in St. Louis , Missouri . The brewery , opened in 1852 by German immigrant Adolphus Busch , is designated as a National Historic Landmark District . Free public tours of the brewery are given . The tour takes visitors through the complex , and those of the legal age can enjoy two free glasses of any Anheuser-Busch product in the Hospitality Room after the tour . Tourists can see beer being made and packaged in a working part of the brewery . The company keeps a rotation of its famous Budweiser Clydesdales at its headquarters ; the historic draft horses were originally used to pull wagons carrying beer in the 19th-century days of the company . Visitors to the brewery can observe the Clydesdales in their exercise field and see their places in the carriage house . Some of the herd is kept at the company farm in St. Louis County . Known as Grant 's Farm ( having been owned by former President Ulysses S. Grant at one time ) , this complex is home to a menagerie of animals such as elephants , tortoises , and a variety of exotic hooved mammals . Since 2008 , approximately half of the Budweiser Clydesdales are kept at the Warm Springs Ranch near Booneville , Missouri . The brewery was designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1966 , recognizing the company 's importance in the history of beer brewing and distribution in the United States . The landmarked area includes 189 structures spread over 142 acres ( 57 ha ) , including many red brick Romanesque ones with square crenelated towers and elaborate details ."}]}, {'value': 'November 13 , 1966 ( # 66000945 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°35′51″N 90°12′44″W / 38.5975°N 90.2122°W / 38.5975 ; -90.2122 ( Anheuser-Busch Brewery )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': "The buildings in Anheuser-Busch 's brewing district date from the late 1800s and are made of brick . Many are decorated with gargoyles and other such figures on the exterior . In addition , the company has also added new buildings and renovated older ones , but the district 's status as a historic site has not been compromised", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anheuser-Busch', 'summary': "Anheuser-Busch Companies , LLC /ˈænhaɪzər ˈbʊʃ/ is an American brewing company headquartered in St. Louis , Missouri . Since 2008 , it has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch InBev ( AB InBev ) which also has its North American regional management headquarters in St. Louis . The original Anheuser-Busch InBev ( AB InBev ) was formed through successive mergers of three international brewing groups : Interbrew from Belgium , AmBev from Brazil and Anheuser-Busch . Hence , since 2008 , Anheuser-Busch has been a division of Anheuser-Busch InBev SA/NV , now the world 's largest brewing company . The company employs over 30,000 people , operates 12 breweries in the United States , and until December 2009 , was one of the largest theme park operators in the United States , with ten theme parks through the company 's family entertainment division , Busch Entertainment Corporation ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gargoyle', 'summary': 'In architecture , a gargoyle ( /ˈɡɑːrɡɔɪl/ ) is a carved or formed grotesque:6-8 with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building , thereby preventing rainwater from running down masonry walls and eroding the mortar between . Architects often used multiple gargoyles on a building to divide the flow of rainwater off the roof to minimize the potential damage from a rainstorm . A trough is cut in the back of the gargoyle and rainwater typically exits through the open mouth . Gargoyles are usually an elongated fantastical animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is directed from the wall . When Gothic flying buttresses were used , aqueducts were sometimes cut into the buttress to divert water over the aisle walls .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Rock_Historic_District', 'summary': 'Arrow Rock Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District encompassing the village of Arrow Rock , Missouri and the adjacent Arrow Rock State Historic Site . The Arrow Rock area was where the historic Santa Fe Trail crossed the Missouri River , and was thus a key stopping point during the settlement of the American West . The 260-acre ( 1.1 km2 ) historic district was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 23 , 1963 ( # 66000422 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Rock 39°04′01″N 92°56′42″W / 39.067°N 92.945°W / 39.067 ; -92.945 ( Arrow Rock )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Rock,_Missouri', 'summary': "Arrow Rock is a village in Saline County , Missouri , United States , located near the Missouri River . The village has important historical significance related to westward expansion , the Santa Fe Trail and 19th century artist George Caleb Bingham . The state 's first state historic site is located here and the entire village is part of the National Historic Landmark Arrow Rock Historic District , designated by the Department of the Interior , National Park Service in 1963 . Many structures within the village are also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Several locations are also certified sites of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail and the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . The village retains much of its 19th-century Boonslick character and is recognized as the birthplace of historic preservation in Missouri . Architectural ordinances implemented in 2004 provide guidance for new construction and restorations of existing structures . The town draws over 100,000 visitors per year . The town has multiple bed and breakfast establishments and a modern campground nearby is maintained by the Missouri Division of State Parks . Local government consists of an elected five member Board of Trustees . The Trustees then elect their chair person ( mayor ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Saline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri', 'summary': "Saline County is a county located along the Missouri River in the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,370 . Its county seat is Marshall . The county was established November 25 , 1820 , and named for the region 's salt springs . Settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South during the nineteenth century , this county was in the region bordering the Missouri River known as Little Dixie . In the antebellum years it had plantations supported by enslaved workers . One-third of the county population was African American at the start of the American Civil War , but their proportion of the residents has declined dramatically to little more than five percent . Saline County comprises the Marshall , MO Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'The crossing of the Missouri River at Arrow Rock , which was recorded in the 1700s , played an important role in early explorations , such as the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804 , that led to the opening of the American West . A ferry was later established near Arrow Rock , at what became a starting point for traders on the Santa Fe Trail . The district is now home to Arrow Rock State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_River', 'summary': "The Missouri River is the longest river in North America . Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana , the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles ( 3,767 km ) before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis , Missouri . The river drains a sparsely populated , semi-arid watershed of more than 500,000 square miles ( 1,300,000 km2 ) , which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces . Although nominally considered a tributary of the Mississippi , the Missouri River above the confluence is much longer and carries a comparable volume of water . When combined with the lower Mississippi River , it forms the world 's fourth longest river system . For over 12,000 years , people have depended on the Missouri River and its tributaries as a source of sustenance and transportation . More than ten major groups of Native Americans populated the watershed , most leading a nomadic lifestyle and dependent on enormous bison herds that roamed through the Great Plains . The first Europeans encountered the river in the late seventeenth century , and the region passed through Spanish and French hands before becoming part of the United States through the Louisiana Purchase . The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the westward expansion of the United States during the 19th century . The growth of the fur trade in the early 19th century laid much of the groundwork as trappers explored the region and blazed trails . Pioneers headed west en masse beginning in the 1830s , first by covered wagon , then by the growing numbers of steamboats that entered service on the river . Settlers took over former Native American lands in the watershed , leading to some of the most longstanding and violent wars against indigenous peoples in American history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_expedition', 'summary': "The Lewis and Clark Expedition from May 1804 to September 1806 , also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition , was the first American expedition to cross the western portion of the United States . It began in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , made its way westward , and passed through the Continental Divide of the Americas to reach the Pacific coast . The Corps of Discovery was a selected group of US Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark . President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory , to find a practical route across the western half of the continent , and to establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it . The campaign 's secondary objectives were scientific and economic : to study the area 's plants , animal life , and geography , and to establish trade with local American Indian tribes . The expedition returned to St. Louis to report its findings to Jefferson , with maps , sketches , and journals in hand ."}, {'url': '/wiki/American_West', 'summary': "The Western United States ( also called the American West , the Far West , and the West ) is the region comprising the westernmost states of the United States . As European settlement in the U.S. expanded westward through the centuries , the meaning of the term the West changed . Before about 1800 , the crest of the Appalachian Mountains was seen as the western frontier . The frontier moved westward and eventually the lands west of the Mississippi River were considered the West . The U.S. Census Bureau 's definition of the 13 westernmost states includes the Rocky Mountains and the Great Basin to the Pacific Coast , and the mid-Pacific islands state , Hawaii . To the east of the Western United States is the Midwestern United States and the Southern United States , with Canada to the north or east , and Mexico generally to the south . The West contains several major biomes , including arid and semi-arid plateaus and plains , particularly in the American Southwest ; forested mountains , including two major ranges , the American Sierra Nevada and Rocky Mountains ; the massive coastal shoreline of the American Pacific Coast ; and the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail', 'summary': "The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th-century route through central North America that connected Franklin , Missouri with Santa Fe , New Mexico . Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell , who departed from the Boonslick region along the Missouri River , the trail served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880 . Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro , which carried trade from Mexico City . The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north-western corner of Comancheria , the territory of the Comanches , who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail , and represented another market for American traders . Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico , making it more dependent on the American trade , and provided the Comanches with a steady supply of horses for sale . By the 1840s , trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land , contributing to their collapse , which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region . The American army used the trail route in 1846 for the invasion of New Mexico during the Mexican-American War . After the U.S. acquisition of the Southwest ending the war , the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement , playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired . The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . A highway route that roughly follows the trail 's path through the entire length of Kansas , the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Rock_State_Historic_Site', 'summary': "Arrow Rock State Historic Site is an open-air museum encompassing a geographic formation and a portion of the village of Arrow Rock , Missouri . The park is part of the Arrow Rock Historic District , a National Historic Landmark , and commemorates the history of the area as a key stop on the Santa Fe Trail . A visitor center museum features exhibits about Arrow Rock and the Boone 's Lick country . The Bingham Home , built by artist George Caleb Bingham , is a historic house museum furnished as in the 1880s . The 1834 Huston Tavern is a restaurant . A walking tour of the site includes the old courthouse , town doctor 's home , stone jail , and other historic buildings . The park 's amenities also include camping facilities and hiking trails . The bridge and shelters were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'George Caleb Bingham House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham_House', 'summary': 'The George Caleb Bingham House is a historic house , part of Arrow Rock State Historic Site in Arrow Rock , Missouri , United States . Built in 1837 , it was the principal residence of portraitist and landscape painter George Caleb Bingham ( 1811-79 ) from 1837 to 1845 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1965 ( # 66000423 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arrow Rock 39°04′16″N 92°56′35″W / 39.071°N 92.943°W / 39.071 ; -92.943 ( George Caleb Bingham House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arrow_Rock,_Missouri', 'summary': "Arrow Rock is a village in Saline County , Missouri , United States , located near the Missouri River . The village has important historical significance related to westward expansion , the Santa Fe Trail and 19th century artist George Caleb Bingham . The state 's first state historic site is located here and the entire village is part of the National Historic Landmark Arrow Rock Historic District , designated by the Department of the Interior , National Park Service in 1963 . Many structures within the village are also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Several locations are also certified sites of the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail and the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . The village retains much of its 19th-century Boonslick character and is recognized as the birthplace of historic preservation in Missouri . Architectural ordinances implemented in 2004 provide guidance for new construction and restorations of existing structures . The town draws over 100,000 visitors per year . The town has multiple bed and breakfast establishments and a modern campground nearby is maintained by the Missouri Division of State Parks . Local government consists of an elected five member Board of Trustees . The Trustees then elect their chair person ( mayor ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Saline', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Saline_County,_Missouri', 'summary': "Saline County is a county located along the Missouri River in the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 23,370 . Its county seat is Marshall . The county was established November 25 , 1820 , and named for the region 's salt springs . Settled primarily by migrants from the Upper South during the nineteenth century , this county was in the region bordering the Missouri River known as Little Dixie . In the antebellum years it had plantations supported by enslaved workers . One-third of the county population was African American at the start of the American Civil War , but their proportion of the residents has declined dramatically to little more than five percent . Saline County comprises the Marshall , MO Micropolitan Statistical Area ."}]}, {'value': 'George Caleb Bingham , a painter , lived in this house from 1837-1845 . During his time at this house , Bingham first sketched the Missouri River and local frontier life that later turned into his genre works', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/George_Caleb_Bingham', 'summary': "George Caleb Bingham ( March 20 , 1811 - July 7 , 1879 ) was an American artist , soldier and politician known in his lifetime as the Missouri Artist . Initially a Whig , he was elected as a delegate to the Missouri legislature before the American Civil War where he fought the extension of slavery westward . During that war , although born in Virginia , Bingham was dedicated to the Union cause and became captain of a volunteer company which helped keep the state from joining the Confederacy , and then served four years as Missouri 's Treasurer . During his final years , Bingham held several offices in Kansas City , while also serving as Missouri 's Adjutant General . His paintings of American frontier life along the Missouri River exemplify the Luminist style ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Painting', 'summary': 'Painting is the practice of applying paint , pigment , color or other medium to a solid surface ( called the matrix or support ) . The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush , but other implements , such as knives , sponges , and airbrushes , can be used . The final work is also called a painting . Painting is an important form in the visual arts , bringing in elements such as drawing , gesture ( as in gestural painting ) , composition , narration ( as in narrative art ) , or abstraction ( as in abstract art ) . Paintings can be naturalistic and representational ( as in a still life or landscape painting ) , photographic , abstract , narrative , symbolistic ( as in Symbolist art ) , emotive ( as in Expressionism ) , or political in nature ( as in Artivism ) . A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by religious art . Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery , to Biblical scenes Sistine Chapel ceiling , to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of Eastern religious origin . In art , the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action . The support for paintings includes such surfaces as walls , paper , canvas , wood , glass , lacquer , pottery , leaf , copper and concrete , and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials including sand , clay , paper , plaster , gold leaf , as well as objects .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frontier', 'summary': 'A frontier is the political and geographical area near or beyond a boundary . A frontier can also be referred to as a front . The term came from French in the 15th century , with the meaning borderland - the region of a country that fronts on another country ( see also marches ) . Unlike a border - a rigid and clear-cut form of state boundary - in the most general sense a frontier can be fuzzy or diffuse . For example , the frontier between the Eastern United States and the Old West in the 1800s was an area where European American settlements gradually thinned out and gave way to Native American settlements or uninhabited land . The frontier was not always a single continuous area , as California and various large cities were populated before the land that connected those to the East .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Louis Bolduc House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Louis_Bolduc_House', 'summary': 'The Louis Bolduc House , also known as Maison Bolduc , is a historic house museum at 123 South Main Street in Ste . Geneviève , Missouri . It is an example of poteaux sur solle ( posts-on-sill ) construction , and is located in the first European settlement in the present-day state of Missouri . The first historic structure in Ste . Genevieve to be authentically restored , the house is a prime example of the traditional French Colonial architecture of the early 18th century in North America and was designated in 1970 as a National Historic Landmark .'}]}, {'value': 'April 15 , 1970 ( # 69000305 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ste . Genevieve 37°59′20″N 90°03′14″W / 37.989°N 90.054°W / 37.989 ; -90.054 ( Louis Bolduc House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ste._Genevieve,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Ste . Genevieve ( Sainte-Geneviève with French spelling ) is a city in Ste . Genevieve Township and is the county seat of Ste . Genevieve County , Missouri , United States . The population was 4,410 at the 2010 census . Founded in 1735 by French Canadian colonists and settlers from east of the river , it was the first organized European settlement west of the Mississippi River in present-day Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'Ste . Genevieve', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ste._Genevieve_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Sainte Genevieve County , often abbreviated Ste . Genevieve County ( French : Ste-Geneviève ) , is a county located in the eastern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,145 . The largest city and county seat is Ste . Genevieve . The county was officially organized on October 1 , 1812 , and is named after the Spanish district once located in the region , after Saint Genevieve , patroness of Paris , France . It includes the earliest settlement west of the Mississippi River outside New Spain , part of the French colonial mid-Mississippi valley villages . It is one of the last places where the Paw Paw French is still spoken .'}]}, {'value': 'This home was the residence of Louis Bolduc from around 1785 until his death in 1815 . Bolduc was a lead miner , merchant , and planter , and was one of the local leaders of Ste . Genevieve , a small town . The house itself is an example of one in the French Colonial style of poteaux-sur-solle , or posts on sill , with a stone foundation . It also utilizes bouzillage ( clay and grass ) as a wall filling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lead', 'summary': 'Lead ( /ˈlɛd/ ) is a chemical element with the symbol Pb ( from the Latin plumbum ) and atomic number 82 . It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials . Lead is soft and malleable , and also has a relatively low melting point . When freshly cut , lead is silvery with a hint of blue ; it tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air . Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements . Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal . Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature ; lead and lead oxides react with acids and bases , and it tends to form covalent bonds . Compounds of lead are usually found in the +2 oxidation state rather than the +4 state common with lighter members of the carbon group . Exceptions are mostly limited to organolead compounds . Like the lighter members of the group , lead tends to bond with itself ; it can form chains and polyhedral structures . Lead is easily extracted from its ores ; prehistoric people in Western Asia knew of it . Galena , a principal ore of lead , often bears silver , interest in which helped initiate widespread extraction and use of lead in ancient Rome .'}, {'url': '/wiki/French_Colonial', 'summary': 'French Colonial describes several styles of architecture used by the French during colonization . Many former French colonies , especially those in Southeast Asia , have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism ; however , in recent times , the new generation of local authorities has somewhat embraced the architecture and advertise it . French Colonial architecture has a long history , beginning in North America in 1604 and being most active in the Western Hemisphere ( Caribbean , Guiana , Canada , Louisiana ) until the 19th century , when the French turned their attention more to Africa , Asia , and the Pacific . Many French colonial buildings are now UNESCO World Heritage Sites .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Poteaux-sur-solle', 'summary': 'Poteaux-sur-sol ( posts on a sill - sol is also spelled sole and solle ) is a style of timber framing , in which relatively closely spaced posts rest on a timber sill . Poteaux-en-terre and pieux-en-terre are similar , but the closely spaced posts extend into the ground rather than resting on a sill on a foundation , and therefore are a type of post in ground construction . Poteaux-sur-sol is similar to the framing style known in the United Kingdom as close studding . Poteaux-sur-sol has also , confusingly , been used for other types of timber framing which have a sill timber such as post-and-plank , but this is considered incorrect by some scholars . Poteaux-sur-sol is a part of American historic carpentry but is known by its French name in North America as it was used by French and French-Canadian people in the region historically known as New France . Besides its appearance in French colonial architecture it was also used in the 19th century by Ukrainian peasants living on the open steppes or anywhere there was a timber shortage .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bouzillage', 'summary': 'Bousillage ( bouzillage , bousille , bouzille ) is a mixture of clay and grass or other fibrous substances used as the infill ( chinking ) between the timbers of a half-timbered building . This material was commonly used by 18th-century French colonial settlers in the historical New France region of the United States and is similar to the material cob and adobe . In French torchis has the same meaning or the meaning of a loaf of this material .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Carrington Osage Village Site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Carrington_Osage_Village_Site', 'summary': 'The Osage Village State Historic Site is a publicly owned property in Vernon County , Missouri , maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources . The historic site preserves the archaeological site of a major Osage village , that once had some 200 lodges housing 2,000 to 3,000 people . The site , designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 23VE01 , was also known for many years as the Carrington Osage Village Site , under which name it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': 'July 19 , 1964 ( # 66000425 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nevada 37°58′52″N 94°12′35″W / 37.981111°N 94.209722°W / 37.981111 ; -94.209722 ( Carrington Osage Village Site )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nevada,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Nevada ( /nəˈveɪdə/ nə-VEY-də ) is a city in and the county seat of Vernon County , Missouri , United States . The population was 8,386 at the 2010 census , and 8,254 in the 2018 estimate . Nevada is the home of Cottey College . Its local government uses the council-manager model .'}]}, {'value': 'Vernon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vernon_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Vernon County is a county located in the center of the western border of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 21,159 . Its county seat is Nevada . The county was organized on February 27 , 1855 , considerably later than counties in the eastern part of the state . It was named for Colonel Miles Vernon ( 1786-1867 ) , a state senator and veteran of the Battle of New Orleans . This was part of the large historic territory of the Osage Nation of Native Americans .'}]}, {'value': "This site was occupied by the Big Osage tribe of Native Americans from around 1775-1825 , and was the group 's last area of residence in the southwestern portion of Missouri , as they were later confined to a Kansas reservation . The site is representative of the culture of the Big Osage , because it appears to have been a major trading area for the tribe . Now the Osage Village State Historic Site", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Osage_Nation', 'summary': "The Osage Nation ( /ˈoʊseɪdʒ/ OH-sayj ) ( Osage : 𐓁𐓣 𐓂𐓤𐓘𐓯𐓤𐓘͘ ( Ni-u-kon-ska ) , People of the Middle Waters ) is a Midwestern Native American tribe of the Great Plains . The tribe developed in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys around 700 BC along with other groups of its language family . They migrated west of the Mississippi after the 17th century due to wars with Iroquois invading the Ohio Valley from New York and Pennsylvania in a search for new hunting grounds . The nations separated at that time , and the Osage settled near the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers . The term Osage is a French version of the tribe 's name , which can be roughly translated as warlike . The Osage people refer to themselves in their indigenous Dhegihan Siouan language as 𐓏𐓘𐓻𐓘𐓻𐓟 ( Wazhazhe ) , or Mid-waters . At the height of their power in the early 19th century , the Osage had become the dominant power in the region , feared by neighboring tribes . The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and Red rivers , the Ozarks to the east and the foothills of the Wichita Mountains to the south . They depended on nomadic buffalo hunting and agriculture . The 19th-century painter George Catlin described the Osage as the tallest race of men in North America , either red or white skins ; there being . many of them six and a half , and others seven feet . The missionary Isaac McCoy described the Osage as an uncommonly fierce , courageous , warlike nation and said they were the finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas', 'summary': 'The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of North , Central and South America and their descendants . Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers - and many , especially in the Amazon basin , still are - many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture . The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas . Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture , others practiced a mix of farming , hunting and gathering . In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture , large-scale organized cities , city-states , chiefdoms , states , kingdoms and empires . Among these are the Aztec , Inca and Maya states that until the 16th century were among the most politically and socially advanced nations in the world . They had a vast knowledge of engineering , architecture , mathematics , astronomy , writing , physics , medicine , planting and irrigation , geology , mining , sculpture and goldsmithing . Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples ; some countries have sizable populations , especially Belize , Bolivia , Canada , Chile , Ecuador , Greenland , Guatemala , Mexico , Panama , Paraguay , Peru and the United States . At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas . Some , such as the Quechuan languages , Aymara , Guaraní , Mayan languages and Nahuatl , count their speakers in millions . Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees , including religion , social organization and subsistence practices . Like most cultures , over time , cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kansas', 'summary': "Kansas /ˈkænzəs/ ( listen ) is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States . Its capital is Topeka and its largest city is Wichita , with its most populated county and largest employment center being Johnson County . Kansas is bordered by Nebraska on the north ; Missouri on the east ; Oklahoma on the south ; and Colorado on the west . Kansas is named after the Kansas River , which in turn was named after the Kansa Native Americans who lived along its banks . The tribe 's name ( natively kką : ze ) is often said to mean people of the ( south ) wind although this was probably not the term 's original meaning . For thousands of years , what is now Kansas was home to numerous and diverse Native American tribes . Tribes in the eastern part of the state generally lived in villages along the river valleys . Tribes in the western part of the state were semi-nomadic and hunted large herds of bison . Kansas was first settled by Americans in 1827 with the establishment of Fort Leavenworth . The pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s , in the midst of political wars over the slavery debate . When it was officially opened to settlement by the U.S. government in 1854 with the Kansas-Nebraska Act , abolitionist Free-Staters from New England and pro-slavery settlers from neighboring Missouri rushed to the territory to determine whether Kansas would become a free state or a slave state . Thus , the area was a hotbed of violence and chaos in its early days as these forces collided , and was known as Bleeding Kansas ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Osage_Village_State_Historic_Site', 'summary': 'The Osage Village State Historic Site is a publicly owned property in Vernon County , Missouri , maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources . The historic site preserves the archaeological site of a major Osage village , that once had some 200 lodges housing 2,000 to 3,000 people . The site , designated by the Smithsonian trinomial 23VE01 , was also known for many years as the Carrington Osage Village Site , under which name it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 .'}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christ Church Cathedral', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral_(St._Louis,_Missouri)', 'summary': 'Christ Church Cathedral is the Episcopal cathedral for the Diocese of Missouri . It is located at 1210 Locust Street in St. Louis , Missouri . The Dean of the Cathedral is the Very Reverend Kathie Adams-Shepherd . Adams-Shepherd is also the first female dean of this cathedral . Built during 1859-67 , it is one of the few well-preserved surviving works of Leopold Eidlitz , a leading mid-19th-century American architect , and was designated a national historic landmark in 1994 for its architecture .'}]}, {'value': 'October 12 , 1994 ( # 90000345 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°37′49″N 90°11′55″W / 38.6303°N 90.1986°W / 38.6303 ; -90.1986 ( Christ Church Cathedral )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'Construction for the church began in 1859 , but the structure was not completed until 1867 . The Gothic Revival building was designed by architect Leopold Eidlitz , even though he was not devoted to the Gothic style', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gothic_Revival', 'summary': 'Gothic Revival ( also referred to as Victorian Gothic , neo-Gothic , or Gothick ) is an architectural movement popular in the Western world that began in the late 1740s in England . Its momentum grew in the early 19th century , when increasingly serious and learned admirers of neo-Gothic styles sought to revive medieval Gothic architecture , in contrast to the neoclassical styles prevalent at the time . Gothic Revival draws features from the original Gothic style , including decorative patterns , finials , lancet windows , hood moulds and label stops . The Gothic Revival movement emerged in 18th-century England , gaining ground in the 19th . Its roots were intertwined with deeply philosophical movements associated with Catholicism and a re-awakening of high church or Anglo-Catholic belief concerned by the growth of religious nonconformism . Ultimately , the Anglo-Catholicism tradition of religious belief and style became known for its intrinsic appeal in the third quarter of the 19th century . Gothic Revival architecture varied considerably in its faithfulness to both the ornamental style and principles of construction of its medieval original , sometimes amounting to little more than pointed window frames and a few touches of Gothic decoration on a building otherwise on a wholly 19th-century plan and using contemporary materials and construction methods . In parallel to the ascendancy of neo-Gothic styles in 19th-century England , interest spread to the rest of Europe , Australia , Sierra Leone , South Africa and to the Americas ; the 19th and early 20th centuries saw the construction of very large numbers of Gothic Revival and Carpenter Gothic structures worldwide . The influence of Revivalism had nevertheless peaked by the 1870s . New architectural movements , sometimes related as in the Arts and Crafts movement , and sometimes in outright opposition , such as Modernism , gained ground , and by the 1930s the architecture of the Victorian era was generally condemned or ignored . The later 20th century saw a revival of interest , manifested in the United Kingdom by the establishment of the Victorian Society in 1958 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Leopold_Eidlitz', 'summary': "Leopold Eidlitz ( March 10 , 1823 , Prague , Bohemia - March 22 , 1908 , New York City ) was a prominent New York architect best known for his work on the New York State Capitol ( Albany , New York , 1876-1881 ) , as well as Iranistan ( 1848 ) , P. T. Barnum 's house in Bridgeport , Connecticut ; St. Peter 's Church , on Westchester Avenue at St. Peter 's Avenue in the Bronx ( 1853 ) ; the Brooklyn Academy of Music on Montague Street in Brooklyn ( 1861 , destroyed by fire 1903 ) ; the former Temple Emanu-El ( New York , 1866-68 , destroyed 1927 ) ; the Broadway Tabernacle ( 1859 , demolished about 1907 ) ; the completion of the Tweed Courthouse ( 1876-81 ) ; and the Park Presbyterian Chapel on West 86th Street and Amsterdam Avenue ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Champ Clark House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Beauchamp_Clark_House', 'summary': 'The James Beauchamp Clark House , also known as Champ Clark House or Honey Shuck , is a historic house museum at 207 East Champ Clark Drive in Bowling Green , Missouri , the seat of Pike County . Designated as a National Historic Landmark , it is the only known surviving home of James Beauchamp Clark ( 1851-1921 ) , a leading US Congressman of the early 20th century . It is regularly open for tours in the summer , and otherwise by appointment .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1976 ( # 76001114 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bowling Green 39°20′29″N 91°11′26″W / 39.3415°N 91.1905°W / 39.3415 ; -91.1905 ( Champ Clark House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Bowling Green is a city in Pike County , Missouri , United States . The population was 5,334 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Pike County .'}]}, {'value': 'Pike', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pike_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Pike County is a county on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Missouri , bounded by the Mississippi River . As of the 2010 census , the population was 18,516 . Its county seat is Bowling Green . Its namesake was a city in middle Kentucky , a region from where many early migrants came . The county was organized December 14 , 1818 , and named for explorer Zebulon Pike . The folksong Sweet Betsy from Pike is generally thought to be associated with Pike County , Missouri . Pike County is said to be the home of Momo ( The Missouri Monster ) . The first reported sightings in the 1970s were traced to various locations throughout the county . The term piker , meaning someone who does things in a small way , is reputed to be from immigrants from Pike County , MO to California .'}]}, {'value': 'This house served as the residence of James Beauchamp Clark from 1899 until his death in 1921 . Clark was the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1911-1919', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Beauchamp_Clark', 'summary': 'James Beauchamp Clark ( March 7 , 1850 - March 2 , 1921 ) was a prominent American politician in the Democratic Party from the 1890s until his death . He represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives and served as Speaker of the House from 1911 to 1919 . Born in Kentucky , he established a law practice in Bowling Green , Missouri . He won election to the House in 1892 , lost his seat in 1894 , and won the seat back in 1896 . He became the House Minority Leader in 1908 and was elevated to Speaker after Democrats took control of the House in the 1910 elections . He inadvertently helped defeat the Canadian-American Reciprocity Treaty of 1911 by arguing that ratification of the treaty would lead to the incorporation of Canada into the United States . Entering the 1912 Democratic National Convention , Clark had won the backing of a majority of the delegates , but lacked the necessary two-thirds majority to win the presidential nomination . After dozens of ballots , Woodrow Wilson emerged as the Democratic presidential nominee , and went on to win the 1912 presidential election . Clark helped Wilson pass much of his progressive agenda but opposed U.S. entry into World War I . The 1920 House elections saw the defeat of numerous Democrats , including Clark . He died the following March , two days before he would have left office .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Speaker_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives', 'summary': "The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives . The office was established in 1789 by Article I , Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution . The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House of Representatives , and is simultaneously the House 's presiding officer , de facto leader of the body 's majority party , and the institution 's administrative head . Speakers also perform various other administrative and procedural functions . Given these several roles and responsibilities , the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates . That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party . Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates . The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent member of the House of Representatives , although every speaker thus far has been . The speaker is second in the United States presidential line of succession , after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate . The current House speaker , Democrat Nancy Pelosi of California , was elected to the office on January 3 , 2019 . Pelosi previously served as speaker from January 4 , 2007 , to January 3 , 2011 . She has the distinction of being the first woman to serve as speaker , and is also the first former speaker to be returned to office since Sam Rayburn in 1955 ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eads Bridge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eads_Bridge', 'summary': "Eads Bridge is a combined road and railway bridge over the Mississippi River connecting the cities of St. Louis , Missouri and East St. Louis , Illinois . It is located on the St. Louis riverfront between Laclede 's Landing , to the north , and the grounds of the Gateway Arch , to the south . The bridge is named for its designer and builder , James Buchanan Eads . Opened in 1874 , Eads Bridge was the first bridge erected across the Mississippi south of the Missouri River . Earlier bridges were located north of the Missouri , where the Mississippi is smaller . None of the earlier bridges survive ; Eads Bridge is the oldest bridge on the river . At 520 feet between the piers , the center arch of Eads Bridge was the longest rigid span ever built at the time of its construction ( only a few suspension bridges had longer spans ) . It remained the longest rigid span until the completion of the 525 foot ( 160 meter ) arch of Gustave Eiffel 's Maria Pia Bridge , in Porto , Portugal , in 1877 . Extending more than 100 ft below water level , the foundations for Eads Bridge were the deepest underwater constructions of their time . They were installed using pneumatic caissons , a pioneering application of caisson technology in the United States and , at the time , by far the largest caissons ever built . The Eads Bridge caissons were the model for subsequent projects including the Brooklyn Bridge which was constructed just a few years later . During construction , the partially-completed arches were suspended from above , on cables rigged to temporary wooden towers which were erected on top of the piers ."}]}, {'value': 'January 29 , 1964 ( # 66000946 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°38′N 90°10′W / 38.63°N 90.17°W / 38.63 ; -90.17 ( Eads Bridge )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': "This steel bridge was built in 1874 , at a total length of 6,442 feet ( 1,964 m ) . It was designed by Captain James B. Eads , who used a system of cantilevers to allow for the bridge 's long length . At the time of its construction , the Eads Bridge was used primarily as a means to connect railroads running westward to Missouri and those running eastward to Illinois", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_B._Eads', 'summary': 'Captain James Buchanan Eads ( May 23 , 1820 - March 8 , 1887 ) was a world-renowned American civil engineer and inventor , holding more than 50 patents .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cantilever', 'summary': 'A cantilever is a rigid structural element , such as a beam or a plate , anchored at one end to a ( usually vertical ) support from which it protrudes ; this connection could also be perpendicular to a flat , vertical surface such as a wall . Cantilevers can also be constructed with trusses or slabs . When subjected to a structural load , the cantilever carries the load to the support where it is forced against [ clarification needed ] by a moment and shear stress . Cantilever construction allows overhanging structures without external bracing , in contrast to constructions supported at both ends with loads applied between the supports , such as a simply supported beam found in a post and lintel system .'}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joseph Erlanger House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger_House', 'summary': "The Joseph Erlanger House is a historic house at 5127 Waterman Boulevard in St. Louis , Missouri . As a National Historic Landmark , it was designated to recognize the achievements of Joseph Erlanger ( 1874-1965 ) , an American doctor and physiologist , who was awarded with the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1944 . It was Erlanger 's home from 1917 until his death . It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 . However , the house is not open to the public ."}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1976 ( # 76002234 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°39′N 90°16′W / 38.65°N 90.27°W / 38.65 ; -90.27 ( Joseph Erlanger House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'This house was the home of Joseph Erlanger from 1917 until his death in 1965 . Erlanger was an American physiologist and a co-recipient of the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . More recently , the house fell into a state of disrepair because its owner was unable to maintain the structure', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger', 'summary': 'Joseph Erlanger ( January 5 , 1874 - December 5 , 1965 ) was an American physiologist who is best known for his contributions to the field of neuroscience . Together with Herbert Spencer Gasser , he identified several varieties of nerve fiber and established the relationship between action potential velocity and fiber diameter . They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 for these achievements .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Physiologist', 'summary': "Physiology ( /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ ; from Ancient Greek φύσις ( physis ) , meaning 'nature , origin ' , and -λογία ( -logia ) , meaning 'study of ' ) is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system . As a sub-discipline of biology , physiology focuses on how organisms , organ systems , individual organs , cells , and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system . According to the classes of organisms , the field can be divided into medical physiology , animal physiology , plant physiology , cell physiology , and comparative physiology . Central to physiological functioning are biophysical and biochemical processes , homeostatic control mechanisms , and communication between cells . Physiological state is the condition of normal function , while pathological state refers to abnormal conditions , including human diseases . The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for exceptional scientific achievements in physiology related to the field of medicine ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize ( /ˈnoʊbɛl/ , NOH-bel ; Swedish : Nobelpriset , [ nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt ] ; Norwegian : Nobelprisen ) is a set of annual international awards bestowed in several categories by Swedish and Norwegian institutions in recognition of academic , cultural , or scientific advances . The will of the Swedish chemist , engineer and industrialist Alfred Nobel established the five Nobel prizes in 1895 . The prizes in Chemistry , Literature , Peace , Physics , and Physiology or Medicine were first awarded in 1901 . The prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields . In 1968 , Sveriges Riksbank , Sweden 's central bank , established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel . The award is based on a donation received by the Nobel Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the bank 's 300th anniversary . The first Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969 . The Prize in Economic Sciences is awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , Stockholm , Sweden , according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901 . The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , the Nobel Prize in Physics , and the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel ; the Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute awards the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ; the Swedish Academy grants the Nobel Prize in Literature ; and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Nobel Peace Prize . Between 1901 and 2018 , the Nobel Prizes ( and the Prizes in Economic Sciences , from 1969 on ) were awarded 590 times to 935 people and organizations . With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once , this makes a total of 27 organizations and 908 individuals . The prize ceremonies take place annually in Stockholm , Sweden ( with the exception of the Peace Prize ceremony , which is held in Oslo , Norway ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine', 'summary': "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded yearly by the Nobel Foundation for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine . One of five prizes bequested in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel , it is an award for scientific progress through laboratory discoveries in experimental physiology . The Nobel Prize is presented annually on the anniversary of Nobel 's death , 10 December . As of 2019 , 110 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 207 men and 12 women . The first one was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring , for his work on serum therapy and the development of a vaccine against diphtheria . The first woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine , Gerty Cori , received it in 1947 for her role in elucidating the metabolism of glucose , important in many aspects of medicine , including treatment of diabetes . The prize consists of a medal along with a diploma and a certificate for the monetary award . The front side of the medal displays the same profile of Alfred Nobel depicted on the medals for Physics , Chemistry , and Literature ; the reverse side is unique to this medal . The most recent Nobel prize was announced by Karolinska Institute on 7 October 2019 , and has been awarded to Americans William Kaelin Jr. , Gregg L. Semenza and British Peter J. Ratcliffe - for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability . Some awards have been controversial . This includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal lobotomy , bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment . Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Field House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Field_House_(St._Louis,_Missouri)', 'summary': "The Eugene Field House is a historic house museum at 634 South Broadway in St. Louis , Missouri . Built in 1845 , it was the home of Roswell Field , an attorney for Dred Scott in the landmark Dred Scott v. Sandford court case . Field 's son , Eugene Field , was raised there and became a noted writer of children 's stories . A National Historic Landmark , it is now a museum known as the Field House Museum . ( Previously known as The Eugene Field House & St. Louis Toy Museum . )"}]}, {'value': 'March 29 , 2007 ( # 75002137 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°37′12″N 90°11′31″W / 38.620°N 90.192°W / 38.620 ; -90.192 ( Field House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': "This was the home of attorney Roswell Field , who represented slave Dred Scott in the U.S. Supreme Court case Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) . Also the birthplace of Field 's son , author Eugene Field , the house is currently known as the Eugene Field House and St. Louis Toy Museum", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dred_Scott', 'summary': "Dred Scott ( c. 1799 - September 17 , 1858 ) was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters in the Dred Scott v. Sandford case of 1857 , popularly known as the Dred Scott case . Scott claimed that he and his wife should be granted their freedom because they had lived in Illinois and the Wisconsin Territory for four years , where slavery was illegal and their laws said that slaveholders gave up their rights to slaves if they stayed for an extended period . In a landmark case , the United States Supreme Court decided 7-2 against Scott , finding that neither he nor any other person of African ancestry could claim citizenship in the United States , and therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules . Moreover , Scott 's temporary residence outside Missouri did not bring about his emancipation under the Missouri Compromise , as the court ruled this to have been unconstitutional , as it would improperly deprive Scott 's owner of his legal property . While Chief Justice Roger B. Taney had hoped to settle issues related to slavery and Congressional authority by this decision , it aroused public outrage , deepened sectional tensions between the northern and southern states , and hastened the eventual explosion of their differences into the American Civil War . President Abraham Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 , and the post-Civil War Reconstruction Amendments - the Thirteenth , Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments - nullified the decision . The Scotts were manumitted by a private arrangement in May 1857 . Dred Scott died of tuberculosis a few months later ."}, {'url': '/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court', 'summary': 'The Supreme Court of the United States ( SCOTUS ) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States . It has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal and state court cases that involve a point of federal law , and original jurisdiction over a narrow range of cases , specifically all Cases affecting Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , and those in which a State shall be Party . The Court holds the power of judicial review , the ability to invalidate a statute for violating a provision of the U.S. Constitution . It is also able to strike down presidential directives for violating either the Constitution or statutory law . However , it may act only within the context of a case in an area of law over which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones , but it has ruled that it does not have power to decide non-justiciable political questions . Established by Article III of the Constitution , the composition and procedures of the Supreme Court were initially established by the 1st Congress through the Judiciary Act of 1789 . As later set by the Judiciary Act of 1869 , the Court consists of the chief justice of the United States and eight associate justices . Each justice has lifetime tenure , meaning they remain on the Court until they resign , retire , die , or are removed from office . When a vacancy occurs , the president , with the advice and consent of the Senate , appoints a new justice . Each justice has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it . When in majority , the chief justice decides who writes the opinion of the court ; otherwise , the most senior justice in the majority assigns the task of writing the opinion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Scott_v._Sandford', 'summary': "Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. ( 19 How . ) 393 ( 1857 ) , was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that the Constitution of the United States was not meant to include American citizenship for black people , regardless of whether they were enslaved or free , and therefore the rights and privileges it confers upon American citizens could not apply to them . The decision was made in the case of Dred Scott , an enslaved black man whose owners had taken him from Missouri , which was a slave-holding state , into the Missouri Territory , most of which had been designated free territory by the Missouri Compromise of 1820 . When his owners later brought him back to Missouri , Scott sued in court for his freedom , claiming that because he had been taken into free U.S. territory , he had automatically been freed , and was legally no longer a slave . Scott sued first in Missouri state court , which ruled that he was still a slave under its law . He then sued in U.S. federal court , which ruled against him by deciding that it had to apply Missouri law to the case . He then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court . In March 1857 , the Supreme Court issued a 7-2 decision against Dred Scott . In an opinion written by Chief Justice Roger Taney , the Court ruled that black people are not included , and were not intended to be included , under the word 'citizens ' in the Constitution , and can therefore claim none of the rights and privileges which that instrument provides for and secures to citizens of the United States . Taney supported his ruling with an extended survey of American state and local laws from the time of the Constitution 's drafting in 1787 purporting to show that a perpetual and impassable barrier was intended to be erected between the white race and the one which they had reduced to slavery . Because the Court ruled that Scott was not an American citizen , any federal lawsuit he filed automatically failed because he could never establish the diversity of citizenship that Article III of the U.S. Constitution requires for an American federal court to be able to exercise jurisdiction over a case . After ruling on these issues surrounding Scott , Taney continued further and struck down the entire Missouri Compromise as a limitation on slavery that exceeded the U.S. Congress 's powers under the Constitution ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Eugene_Field', 'summary': "Eugene Field Sr. ( September 2 , 1850 - November 4 , 1895 ) was an American writer , best known for his children 's poetry and humorous essays . He was known as the poet of childhood ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fort Osage', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fort_Osage', 'summary': 'Fort Osage ( also known as Fort Clark or Fort Sibley ) was an early 19th-century factory trading post system run by the United States Government , on the American frontier being located in present-day Sibley , Missouri . The Treaty of Fort Clark was signed with certain members of the Osage Nation in 1808 calling for the creation of Fort Osage . It was one of three forts established by the U.S. Army to establish control over the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase territories . Fort Madison in SE Iowa was built to control trade and pacify Native Americans in the Upper Mississippi River region . Fort Belle Fontaine near St. Louis controlled the mouth of the Missouri . The fort ceased operations in the 1820s as the Osage in subsequent treaties ceded the rest of their land in Missouri . A replica of the fort was rebuilt on the site between 1948 and 1961 . The Fort Osage school district ( including Fort Osage High School ) , which serves northeast Independence and the surrounding area , was named after it .'}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000418 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sibley 39°11′16″N 94°11′33″W / 39.1878°N 94.1925°W / 39.1878 ; -94.1925 ( Fort Osage )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sibley,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Sibley is a village in Jackson County , Missouri , United States . The population was 357 at the 2010 census . It is known as the home of Fort Osage National Historic Landmark . It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area .'}]}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Jackson County is located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 674,158 . The estimated population in 2018 is 700,307 making it the second-most populous county in the state ( after St. Louis County ) . Although Independence retains its status as the original county seat , Kansas City serves as a second county seat and the center of county government . The county was organized December 15 , 1826 , and named for President Andrew Jackson ( elected 1828 ) . Jackson County is the most populated county in the Kansas City metropolitan area . Total employment in 2016 was 338,535 .'}]}, {'value': 'This factory trading post was established by William Clark in 1808 . Built for the protection of the Osage Indians , Fort Osage experienced success in as a trade house until the end of the factory system in 1822', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)', 'summary': 'Factory ( from Latin facere , meaning to do ; Portuguese : feitoria ; Dutch : factorij ; French : factorerie , comptoir ) was the common name during the medieval and early modern eras for an entrepôt - which was essentially an early form of free-trade zone or transshipment point . At a factory , local inhabitants could interact with foreign merchants , often known as factors . First established in Europe , factories eventually spread to many other parts of the world . The factories established by European states in Africa , Asia and the Americas from the 15th century onward also tended to be official political dependencies of those states . These have been seen , in retrospect , as the precursors of colonial expansion . A factory could serve simultaneously as market , warehouse , customs , defense and support to navigation exploration , headquarters or de facto government of local communities . In North America , Europeans began to interact with pre-existing native American trade systems during the 16th century . Colonists created factories , known as trading posts , at which furs could be traded , in Native American territory .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trading_post', 'summary': 'A trading post , trading station , or trading house , also known as a factory , was in past centuries an establishment for factors and merchants carrying on business in thinly inhabited and developed regions or countries . Manhattan was at first a trading post .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)', 'summary': 'William Clark ( August 1 , 1770 - September 1 , 1838 ) was an American explorer , soldier , Indian agent , and territorial governor . A native of Virginia , he grew up in prestatehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri . Clark was a planter and slaveholder . Along with Meriwether Lewis , Clark helped lead the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804 to 1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean , and claimed the Pacific Northwest for the United States . Before the expedition , he served in a militia and the United States Army . Afterward , he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory . From 1822 until his death in 1838 , he served as Superintendent of Indian Affairs .'}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gateway Arch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gateway_Arch', 'summary': "The Gateway Arch is a 630-foot ( 192 m ) monument in St. Louis , Missouri , United States . Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a weighted catenary arch , it is the world 's tallest arch , the tallest man-made monument in the Western Hemisphere , and Missouri 's tallest accessible building . Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States , and officially dedicated to the American people , the Arch , commonly referred to as The Gateway to the West is the centerpiece of Gateway Arch National Park and has become an internationally recognized symbol of St. Louis , as well as a popular tourist destination . The Arch was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947 ; construction began on February 12 , 1963 and was completed on October 28 , 1965 at an overall cost of $ 13 million ( equivalent to $ 80.6 million in 2018 ) . The monument opened to the public on June 10 , 1967 . It is located at the site of St. Louis 's founding on the west bank of the Mississippi River ."}]}, {'value': 'May 28 , 1987 ( # 87001423 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°37′31″N 90°11′00″W / 38.6253°N 90.1833°W / 38.6253 ; -90.1833 ( Gateway Arch )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'The tallest man-made monument in the U.S. , the arch is based on a weighted catenary design conceived by Finnish American architect Eero Saarinen . In 1967 , the 630 feet ( 190 m ) structure was opened to the public as part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial , which was renamed as Gateway Arch National Park in 2018', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Weighted_catenary', 'summary': 'A weighted catenary is a catenary curve , but of a special form . A regular catenary has the equation'}, {'url': '/wiki/Finnish_American', 'summary': 'Finnish Americans ( Finnish : Amerikansuomalaiset ) comprise Americans with ancestral roots from Finland or Finnish people who emigrated to and reside in the United States . The Finnish American population numbers about 600,000 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eero_Saarinen', 'summary': 'Eero Saarinen ( /ˈeɪroʊ ˈsɑːrɪnən , ˈɛəroʊ -/ , Finnish : [ ˈeːro ˈsɑːrinen ] ; August 20 , 1910 - September 1 , 1961 ) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer noted for his neo-futuristic style . Saarinen is known for designing the Washington Dulles International Airport outside Washington , D.C. , the TWA Flight Center in New York City , and the Gateway Arch in St. Louis , Missouri . He was the son of noted Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park', 'summary': 'Gateway Arch National Park , formerly known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial until 2018 , is an American national park located in St. Louis , Missouri , near the starting point of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . The Gateway Arch and its immediate surroundings were initially designated as a national memorial by executive order on December 21 , 1935 , and redesignated as a national park in 2018 . The park is maintained by the National Park Service ( NPS ) . The memorial was established to commemorate :'}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Goldenrod ( showboat )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Goldenrod_(showboat)', 'summary': "The showboat Goldenrod was designated U.S. National Historic Landmark on 24 December 1967 . She was placed on the 'Threatened Historical Landmarks ' list in 2001 . One of two remaining examples of the modern era of showboats that ended in the 1920s , Goldenrod is the largest and most elaborately decorated of the showboats . She provided entertainment in the form of minstrel shows , vaudeville , and serious drama . The boat is designed in the manner of a 19th-century showboat rather than a late 20th century one , in other words , not like a paddlewheeler steamboat . In October 2017 , the boat burned to its hull and was presumed a total loss ."}]}, {'value': 'December 24 , 1967 ( # 67000029 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kampsville , Illinois 39°18′00″N 90°36′32″W / 39.300°N 90.609°W / 39.300 ; -90.609 ( Goldenrod ( showboat ) )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kampsville,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Kampsville is a village in Calhoun County , Illinois , United States , located on the west bank of the Illinois River . The population was 328 at the 2010 census , an increase from 302 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Calhoun County , Illinois', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Illinois', 'summary': 'Calhoun County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois . As of the 2010 census , the population was 5,089 , making it Illinois third-least populous county . Its county seat and biggest community is Hardin , with a population of slightly less than 1,000 . Its smallest community is Hamburg , with a population of 123 . Calhoun County is at the tip of the peninsula formed by the courses of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers above their confluence and is almost completely surrounded by water . Calhoun County is sparsely populated ; it has just five municipalities , all of them villages . Calhoun County is part of the Metro-East portion of the St. Louis , MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': 'A rare remaining example of an early-1900s era showboat , this vessel once held 1,400 passengers . The Goldenrod Showboat featured entertainers in minstrel shows , vaudeville , or drama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Showboat', 'summary': 'A showboat , or show boat , was a floating theater that traveled along the waterways of the United States , especially along the Mississippi and Ohio rivers , to bring culture and entertainment to the inhabitants of river frontiers . Showboats were a special type of riverboat designed to carry passengers rather than cargo , and they had to be pushed by a small ( and misleadingly labeled ) towboat , also known as a pusher , which was attached to it . Showboats were rarely steam-powered because the steam engine had to be placed right in the auditorium for logistical reasons , therefore making it difficult to have a large theater .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Minstrel_show', 'summary': "The minstrel show , or minstrelsy , was an American form of entertainment developed in the early 19th century . Each show consisted of comic skits , variety acts , dancing , and music performances that mocked people specifically of African descent . The shows were performed by white people in make-up or blackface for the purpose of playing the role of black people . There were also some African-American performers and all-black minstrel groups that formed and toured under the direction of white people . Minstrel shows lampooned black people as dim-witted , lazy , buffoonish , superstitious , and happy-go-lucky . Minstrel shows emerged as brief burlesques and comic entr'actes in the early 1830s in the Northeastern states . They were developed into full-fledged form in the next decade . By 1848 , blackface minstrel shows were the national artform , translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience . By the turn of the 20th century , the minstrel show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity , having been replaced for the most part by vaudeville . The form survived as professional entertainment until about 1910 ; amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools and local theaters . The genre has had a lasting legacy and influence and was featured in a television series as recently as 1975 . Generally , as the civil rights movement progressed and gained acceptance , minstrels lost popularity ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vaudeville', 'summary': "Vaudeville ( /ˈvɔːd ( ə ) vɪl/ ; French : [ vodvil ] ) is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment born in France at the end of the 19th century . A vaudeville was originally a comedy without psychological or moral intentions , based on a comical situation : a kind of dramatic composition or light poetry , interspersed with songs or ballets . It became popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s , but the idea of vaudeville 's theatre changed radically from its French antecedent . In some ways analogous to music hall from Victorian Britain , a typical American vaudeville performance was made up of a series of separate , unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill . Types of acts have included popular and classical musicians , singers , dancers , comedians , trained animals , magicians , ventriloquists , strongmen , female and male impersonators , acrobats , clowns , illustrated songs , jugglers , one-act plays or scenes from plays , athletes , lecturing celebrities , minstrels , and movies . A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian . Vaudeville developed from many sources , also including the concert saloon , minstrelsy , freak shows , dime museums , and literary American burlesque . Called the heart of American show business , vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Drama', 'summary': "Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance : a play , opera , mime , ballet , etc. , performed in a theatre , or on radio or television . Considered as a genre of poetry in general , the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle 's Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) - the earliest work of dramatic theory . The term drama comes from a Greek word meaning action ( Classical Greek : δρᾶμα , drama ) , which is derived from I do ( Classical Greek : δράω , drao ) . The two masks associated with drama represent the traditional generic division between comedy and tragedy . In English ( as was the analogous case in many other European languages ) , the word play or game ( translating the Anglo-Saxon pleġan or Latin ludus ) was the standard term for dramas until William Shakespeare 's time - just as its creator was a play-maker rather than a dramatist and the building was a play-house rather than a theatre . The use of drama in a more narrow sense to designate a specific type of play dates from the modern era . Drama in this sense refers to a play that is neither a comedy nor a tragedy - for example , Zola 's Thérèse Raquin ( 1873 ) or Chekhov 's Ivanov ( 1887 ) . It is this narrower sense that the film and television industries , along with film studies , adopted to describe drama as a genre within their respective media . The term radio drama has been used in both senses - originally transmitted in a live performance . May also refer to the more high-brow and serious end of the dramatic output of radio . The enactment of drama in theatre , performed by actors on a stage before an audience , presupposes collaborative modes of production and a collective form of reception . The structure of dramatic texts , unlike other forms of literature , is directly influenced by this collaborative production and collective reception ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Graham Cave', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Graham_Cave', 'summary': "Graham Cave is a Native American archeological site near Mineola , Missouri in Montgomery County in the hills above the Loutre River . It is located in the 356 acre Graham Cave State Park . The entrance of the sandstone cave forms a broad arch 120 feet ( 37 m ) wide and 16 feet ( 5 m ) high . Extending about 100 feet ( 30 m ) into the hillside , the cave protects an historically important Pre-Columbian archaeological site from the ancient Dalton and Archaic period dating back to as early as 10,000 years ago . Graham cave was formed at the point of contact of Jefferson City dolomite and St. Peter sandstone . Due to water flowing and freezing , the cave grew over the years . The cave originally extended about 100 feet into the hill , but an accumulation of debris over the years filled the lower part of the cave with about seven feet of deposits . With a broad entrance , the cave provided sufficient shelter to humans and animals alike . Robert Graham , who originally settled in the area in 1816 when he purchased some bottomland from a son of Daniel Boone , purchased the property including the cave in 1847 . Graham 's son D.F . Graham sheltered hogs in the cave and became interested in archeology from the artifacts he found there . After his death , his collection of artifacts was offered by his son Benjamin to the University of Missouri , which investigated the cave in 1930 ."}]}, {'value': 'January 20 , 1961 ( # 66000420 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mineola 38°54′20″N 91°34′32″W / 38.9055°N 91.5756°W / 38.9055 ; -91.5756 ( Graham Cave )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mineola,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Mineola is an unincorporated community in western Montgomery County , Missouri , United States . The community is located on Missouri Supplemental Route J and is about one mile south from Interstate 70 . Montgomery City is approximately six miles north of the community . It is on the east bank of the Loutre River . Graham Cave within Graham Cave State Park is on the north side of I-70 just north of the community and Mount Horeb Baptist Church is approximately 4.5 miles to the southwest . Mineola was platted in 1879 . A post office called Mineola was established in 1881 , and remained in operation until 1967 . Mineola is a name derived from an unidentified Native American language meaning healing water . Graham Cave and Mount Horeb Baptist Church are listed on the National Register of Historic Places .'}]}, {'value': 'Montgomery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Montgomery County is a county in the east central part of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,236 . Its county seat is Montgomery City . The county was named in honor of Richard Montgomery , an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City , Canada . With a branch of Stone Hill Winery in New Florence , the county is part of the Missouri Rhineland . It is approximately halfway between Columbia and St. Louis .'}]}, {'value': 'In 1949 , remnants of Archaic American civilization were found in this cave . Dating back to 8,000 B.C. , these remains indicate a blending of Eastern and Plains cultures at Graham Cave , which is now part of Graham Cave State Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas', 'summary': 'In the classification of the archaeological cultures of North America , the Archaic period in North America , taken to last from around 8500 to 3000 BC in the sequence of North American pre-Columbian cultural stages , is a period defined by the archaic stage of cultural development . The Archaic stage is characterized by subsistence economies supported through the exploitation of nuts , seeds , and shellfish . As its ending is defined by the adoption of sedentary farming , this date can vary significantly across the Americas . The rest of the Americas also have an Archaic Period .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands', 'summary': 'The Eastern Woodlands is a cultural area of the indigenous people of North America . The Eastern Woodlands extended roughly from the Atlantic Ocean to the eastern Great Plains , and from the Great Lakes region to the Gulf of Mexico , which is now occupied by the eastern United States and Canada . The Plains Indians culture area is to the west ; the Subarctic area to the north . The Indigenous people of the Eastern Woodlands spoke languages belonging to several language groups , including Algonquian , Iroquoian , Muskogean , and Siouan , as well as apparently isolated languages such as Calusa , Chitimacha , Natchez , Timucua , Tunica and Yuchi . The earliest known inhabitants of the Eastern Woodlands were the Adena and Hopewell , who inhabited the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys between 800 BC and 800 AD . These tribes , as well as the other Iroquoian-speaking people , were mound builders . They also relied on farming to produce food because of the fertile land in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys . Because of this reliance on farming , these tribes did not migrate like the more northern Eastern Woodlands tribes and instead stayed in one place , which resulted in them developing new social and political structures . The Eastern Woodlands tribes located further north ( Algonquian-speaking people ) relied heavily on hunting to acquire food . These tribes did not plant many crops , however , some tribes , such as the Ojibwe , grew wild rice and relied on it as one of their major food sources . The type of animals these tribes hunted depended on the geographic location of the tribe . For example , the tribes located close to the coast hunted seals , porpoises , and whales , while the more inland tribes hunted deer , moose , and caribou .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Plains_Indians', 'summary': 'Plains Indians , Interior Plains Indians or Indigenous people of the Great Plains and Canadian Prairies are the Native American tribes and First Nation band governments who have traditionally lived on the greater Interior Plains ( i.e . the Great Plains and the Canadian Prairies ) in North America . Their historic nomadic culture and development of equestrian culture and resistance to domination by the government and military forces of Canada and the United States have made the Plains Indian culture groups an archetype in literature and art for American Indians everywhere . Plains Indians are usually divided into two broad classifications which overlap to some degree . The first group became a fully nomadic horse culture during the 18th and 19th centuries , following the vast herds of buffalo , although some tribes occasionally engaged in agriculture . These include the Blackfoot , Arapaho , Assiniboine , Cheyenne , Comanche , Crow , Gros Ventre , Kiowa , Lakota , Lipan , Plains Apache ( or Kiowa Apache ) , Plains Cree , Plains Ojibwe , Sarsi , Nakoda ( Stoney ) , and Tonkawa . The second group of Plains Indians were semi-sedentary , and , in addition to hunting buffalo , they lived in villages , raised crops , and actively traded with other tribes . These include the Arikara , Hidatsa , Iowa , Kaw ( or Kansa ) , Kitsai , Mandan , Missouria , Omaha , Osage , Otoe , Pawnee , Ponca , Quapaw , Wichita , and the Santee Dakota , Yanktonai and Yankton Dakota .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Graham_Cave_State_Park', 'summary': "Graham Cave State Park is a state park in the U.S. state of Missouri consisting of 369 acres ( 149 ha ) located in Montgomery County . The park 's namesake , Graham Cave , is a cave in St. Peter sandstone with an entrance 120 feet ( 37 m ) wide and 60 feet ( 18 m ) high and an extent of about 100 feet ( 30 m ) into the hillside . The cave protects an historically important Pre-Columbian archaeological site dating back to as early as 10,000 years ago . Visitors are allowed up to the entrance of the cave where interpretive signs point out significant discoveries . The park includes the 82-acre ( 33 ha ) Graham Cave Glades Natural Area which protects an area of sandstone and dolomite glades with a rich diversity of glade species . The park is adjacent to Interstate 70 from which the entrance to the cave can be glimpsed during foliage-free months ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Scott Joplin Residence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Scott_Joplin_House', 'summary': 'The Scott Joplin House State Historic Site is located at 2658 Delmar Boulevard in St. Louis , Missouri . It preserves the Scott Joplin Residence , the home of composer Scott Joplin from 1901 to 1903 . The house and its surroundings are maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources as a state historic site . The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places and designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1976 ( # 76002235 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°38′14″N 90°12′54″W / 38.6371°N 90.2151°W / 38.6371 ; -90.2151 ( Scott Joplin Residence )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liberty Memorial', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Memorial', 'summary': "The National World War I Museum and Memorial of the United States is located in Kansas City , Missouri . Opened to the public as the Liberty Memorial museum in 1926 , it was designated in 2004 by the United States Congress as America 's official museum dedicated to World War I . The Museum and Memorial are managed by a non-profit organization in cooperation with the Kansas City Board of Parks and Recreation Commissioners . The museum reopened to the public in December 2006 with an expanded , award-winning facility to exhibit an artifact collection that began in 1920 . The National World War I Museum tells the story of the Great War and related global events from their origins before 1914 through the 1918 armistice and 1919 Paris Peace Conference . Visitors enter the exhibit space within the 32,000-square-foot ( 3,000 m2 ) facility across a glass bridge above a field of 9,000 red poppies , each one representing 1,000 combatant deaths ."}]}, {'value': 'September 20 , 2006 ( # 00001148 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City 39°04′49″N 94°35′10″W / 39.080278°N 94.586111°W / 39.080278 ; -94.586111 ( Liberty Memorial )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Jackson County is located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 674,158 . The estimated population in 2018 is 700,307 making it the second-most populous county in the state ( after St. Louis County ) . Although Independence retains its status as the original county seat , Kansas City serves as a second county seat and the center of county government . The county was organized December 15 , 1826 , and named for President Andrew Jackson ( elected 1828 ) . Jackson County is the most populated county in the Kansas City metropolitan area . Total employment in 2016 was 338,535 .'}]}, {'value': 'This building of this memorial started with a group of about 40 citizens , a Memorial Association led by Robert A . Long , and a dedication to build a memorial to the fallen soldiers of WW I . With funding secured ( a massive fund raising that brought in over 2.5 million dollars ) and approval from the city council , construction began on November 1 , 1921 . The Groundbreaking ceremony was the first and last gathering a group of men that included : Lieutenant General Baron Jacques of Belgium , Marshal Ferdinand Foch of France , General Armando Diaz of Italy , Admiral Earl Beatty of Great Britain , and General John Pershing of the United States . The dedication , on November 11 , 1926 , was attended by U.S. President Calvin Coolidge . The Liberty Memorial is home to The National World War I Museum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_A._Long', 'summary': 'Robert Alexander Long ( 17 December 1850 - 15 March 1934 ) was a lumber baron , developer , investor , newspaper owner , and philanthropist . He lived most of his life in Kansas City , Missouri and founded Longview , Washington and Longville , Louisiana . By 1906 , Long owned 250,000 acres ( 1,000 km2 ) of pine in Arkansas , Oklahoma , and Louisiana and converted it into 61 lumberyards . As the timber land was deforested in Louisiana , he moved west to the state of Washington and bought 270,000 acres ( 1,100 km2 ) of Douglas fir . There he became a pioneer in reforestation . [ citation needed ] Long eventually owned many acres of land and buildings , spanning the United States from Washington D.C. to the state of Washington .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Groundbreaking', 'summary': 'Groundbreaking , also known as cutting , sod-cutting , turning the first sod or a sod-turning ceremony , is a traditional ceremony in many cultures that celebrates the first day of construction for a building or other project . Such ceremonies are often attended by dignitaries such as politicians and businessmen . The actual shovel used during the groundbreaking is often a special ceremonial shovel , sometimes colored gold , meant to be saved for subsequent display and may be engraved .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Baron_Jacques', 'summary': 'John Henry Jacques , Baron Jacques ( 11 January 1905 - 20 December 1995 ) was a British businessman and politician for the Co-operative Party .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch', 'summary': "Ferdinand Foch ( French : [ fɔʃ ] ; 2 October 1851 - 20 March 1929 ) was a French general and military theorist who served as the Supreme Allied Commander during the First World War . An aggressive , even reckless commander at the First Marne , Flanders , and Artois campaigns of 1914-1916 , Foch became the Allied Commander-in-Chief in late March 1918 in the face of the all-out German spring offensive , which pushed the Allies back using fresh soldiers and new tactics that trenches could not contain . He successfully coordinated the French , British and American efforts into a coherent whole , deftly handling his strategic reserves . He stopped the German offensive and launched a war-winning counterattack . In November 1918 , Marshal Foch accepted the German cessation of hostilities and was present at the armistice of 11 November 1918 . At the outbreak of war in August 1914 , Foch 's XX Corps participated in the brief invasion of Germany before retreating in the face of a German counter-attack and successfully blocking the Germans short of Nancy . Ordered west to defend Paris , Foch 's prestige soared as a result of the victory at the Marne , for which he was widely credited as a chief protagonist while commanding the French Ninth Army . He was then promoted again to Assistant Commander-in-Chief for the Northern Zone , a role which evolved into command of Army Group North , and in which role he was required to cooperate with the British forces at Ypres and the Somme . At the end of 1916 , partly owing to the disappointing results of the latter offensive and partly owing to wartime political rivalries , Foch was transferred to Italy . Foch was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Armies on 26 March 1918 following being the Commander-in-Chief of Western Front with the title Généralissime in 1918 . He played a decisive role in halting a renewed German advance on Paris in the Second Battle of the Marne , after which he was promoted to Marshal of France . Addington says , to a large extent the final Allied strategy which won the war on land in Western Europe in 1918 was Foch 's alone ."}, {'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Armando_Diaz', 'summary': 'Armando Diaz , 1st Duke of the Victory , OSSA , OSML , OMS , OCI ( 5 December 1861 - 28 February 1928 ) was an Italian general and a Marshal of Italy . He is mostly known for his role as Chief of Staff of the Regio Esercito during World War I since November 1917 . He managed to stop the Austro-Hungarian advance along the Piave River in the Battle of Monte Grappa , and in June 1918 led the Italian forces to a major victory in the Battle of the Piave River . A few months later , he achieved a decisive victory in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , which ended the war on the Italian Front . He is celebrated as one of the greatest generals of World War I .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Italy', 'summary': "Italy ( Italian : Italia [ iˈtaːlja ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Italian Republic ( Italian : Repubblica Italiana [ reˈpubblika itaˈljaːna ] ) , is a European country consisting of a peninsula delimited by the Alps and surrounded by several islands . Italy is located in south-central Europe , and it is also considered a part of Western Europe . The country covers a total area of 301,340 km2 ( 116,350 sq mi ) and shares land borders with France , Switzerland , Austria , Slovenia , and the enclaved microstates of Vatican City and San Marino . Italy has a territorial exclave in Switzerland ( Campione ) and a maritime exclave in the Tunisian Sea ( Lampedusa ) . With around 60 million inhabitants , Italy is the third-most populous member state of the European Union . The capital and largest city is Rome ; other major cities are Milan , Naples , Turin , Palermo , Genoa , Bologna , Florence and Venice . Due to its central geographic location in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean , Italy has historically been home to myriad peoples and cultures . In addition to the various ancient peoples dispersed throughout what is now modern-day Italy , the most predominant being the Indo-European Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name , beginning from the classical era , Phoenicians and Carthaginians founded colonies mostly in insular Italy , Greeks established settlements in the so-called Magna Graecia of Southern Italy , while Etruscans and Celts inhabited central and northern Italy respectively . An Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom in the 8th century BC , which eventually became a republic with a government of the Senate and the People . The Roman Republic initially conquered and assimilated its neighbours on the Italian peninsula , eventually expanding and conquering parts of Europe , North Africa and Asia . By the first century BC , the Roman Empire emerged as the dominant power in the Mediterranean Basin and became a leading cultural , political and religious centre , inaugurating the Pax Romana , a period of more than 200 years during which Italy 's law , technology , economy , art , and literature developed . Italy remained the homeland of the Romans and the metropole of the empire , whose legacy can also be observed in the global distribution of culture , governments , Christianity and the Latin script ."}, {'url': '/wiki/David_Beatty,_1st_Earl_Beatty', 'summary': "David Richard Beatty , 1st Earl Beatty , GCB , OM , GCVO , DSO , PC ( 17 January 1871 - 11 March 1936 ) was a Royal Navy officer . After serving in the Mahdist War and then the response to the Boxer Rebellion , he commanded the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron at the Battle of Jutland in 1916 , a tactically indecisive engagement after which his aggressive approach was contrasted with the caution of his commander Admiral Sir John Jellicoe . He is remembered for his comment at Jutland that There seems to be something wrong with our bloody ships today , after two of his ships exploded . Later in the war he succeeded Jellicoe as Commander in Chief of the Grand Fleet , in which capacity he received the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet at the end of the war . He then followed Jellicoe 's path a second time , serving as First Sea Lord - a position that Beatty held longer ( 7 years 9 months ) than any other First Sea Lord . While First Sea Lord , he was involved in negotiating the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 in which it was agreed that the United States , Britain and Japan should set their navies in a ratio of 5:5:3 , with France and Italy maintaining smaller ratio fleets of 1.75 each ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Great_Britain', 'summary': "Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of continental Europe . With an area of 209,331 km2 ( 80,823 sq mi ) , it is the largest of the British Isles , the largest European island , and the ninth-largest island in the world . [ note 1 ] In 2011 , Great Britain had a population of about 61 million people , making it the world 's third-most populous island after Java in Indonesia and Honshu in Japan . The island of Ireland is situated to the west of Great Britain , and together these islands , along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands , form the British Isles archipelago . The island is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons . England , Scotland , and Wales are mostly on Great Britain . Politically , Great Britain and Northern Ireland together constitute the United Kingdom . The term Great Britain is often used to include the whole of England , Scotland and Wales including their component adjoining islands ; and is also occasionally but contentiously applied to the UK as a whole in some contexts . A single Kingdom of Great Britain resulted from the union of the Kingdom of England ( which had already comprised the present-day countries of England and Wales ) and the Kingdom of Scotland by the 1707 Acts of Union . In 1801 , Great Britain united with the neighbouring Kingdom of Ireland , forming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the Irish Free State seceded in 1922 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Pershing', 'summary': "General of the Armies John Joseph Black Jack Pershing ( September 13 , 1860 - July 15 , 1948 ) GCB was a senior United States Army officer . His most famous post was when he served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) on the Western Front in World War I , 1917-18 . Pershing rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies , and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command , although some American divisions fought under British command , and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army . Pershing 's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny , Chateau-Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Soissons . To speed up the arrival of American troops , they embarked for France leaving heavy equipment behind , and used British and French tanks , artillery , airplanes and other munitions . In September 1918 at St. Mihiel , the First Army was directly under Pershing 's command ; it overwhelmed the salient - the encroachment into Allied territory - that the German Army had held for three years . For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne , keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days , alongside the French . The Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which the Argonne fighting was part of , contributed to Germany calling for an armistice . Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism . Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank , the highest possible rank in the United States Army . [ Notes 1 ] Allowed to select his own insignia , Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General , which was signified with four silver stars . After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge', 'summary': "Calvin Coolidge ( born John Calvin Coolidge Jr. ; /ˈkuːlɪdʒ/ ; July 4 , 1872 - January 5 , 1933 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 30th president of the United States from 1923 to 1929 . A Republican lawyer from New England , born in Vermont , Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics , eventually becoming governor of Massachusetts . His response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action . The next year , he was elected vice president of the United States , and he succeeded to the presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 . Elected in his own right in 1924 , he gained a reputation as a small government conservative and also as a man who said very little and had a rather dry sense of humor . Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessor 's administration , and left office with considerable popularity . As a Coolidge biographer wrote : He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class , could interpret their longings and express their opinions . That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength . Scholars have ranked Coolidge in the lower half of those presidents that they have assessed . He is praised by advocates of smaller government and laissez-faire economics , while supporters of an active central government generally view him less favorably , although most praise his stalwart support of racial equality ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Liberty_Memorial', 'summary': "The National World War I Museum and Memorial of the United States is located in Kansas City , Missouri . Opened to the public as the Liberty Memorial museum in 1926 , it was designated in 2004 by the United States Congress as America 's official museum dedicated to World War I . The Museum and Memorial are managed by a non-profit organization in cooperation with the Kansas City Board of Parks and Recreation Commissioners . The museum reopened to the public in December 2006 with an expanded , award-winning facility to exhibit an artifact collection that began in 1920 . The National World War I Museum tells the story of the Great War and related global events from their origins before 1914 through the 1918 armistice and 1919 Paris Peace Conference . Visitors enter the exhibit space within the 32,000-square-foot ( 3,000 m2 ) facility across a glass bridge above a field of 9,000 red poppies , each one representing 1,000 combatant deaths ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Missouri Botanical Garden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden', 'summary': "The Missouri Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located at 4344 Shaw Boulevard in St. Louis , Missouri . It is also known informally as Shaw 's Garden for founder and philanthropist Henry Shaw . Its herbarium , with more than 6.6 million specimens , is the second largest in North America , behind only that of the New York Botanical Garden ."}]}, {'value': 'December 8 , 1976 ( # 71001065 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Louis 38°36′51″N 90°15′32″W / 38.6141°N 90.2589°W / 38.6141 ; -90.2589 ( Missouri Botanical Garden )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'St. Louis ( independent city )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Louis', 'summary': "St. Louis ( /seɪnt ˈluːɪs/ ) is an independent city in Missouri . It is the largest metropolitan area in the state of Missouri , however the independent city of St. Louis is the second-largest city in Missouri behind Kansas City . It is situated along the western bank of the Mississippi River , which forms the state line between Illinois and Missouri . The Missouri River merges with the Mississippi River 15 river miles north of Downtown St. Louis , forming the fourth-longest river system in the world . The estimated 2018 population of the city proper was 302,838 and the bi-state metropolitan area was 2,804,724 . Greater St. Louis is the largest metropolitan area in Missouri , second-largest in Illinois , 7th-largest in the Great Lakes Megalopolis , and the 20th-largest in the United States . Before European settlement , the area was a regional center of Native American Mississippian culture . The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau , and named after Louis IX of France . In 1764 , following France 's defeat in the Seven Years ' War , the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800 . In 1803 , the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase . During the 19th century , St. Louis became a major port on the Mississippi River ; at the time of the 1870 Census , it was the fourth-largest city in the country . It separated from St. Louis County in 1877 , becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mutual Musicians Association Building', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Mutual_Musicians'_Foundation_Building", 'summary': "The Mutual Musicians ' Foundation Building is a historic building at 1823 Highland Avenue in Kansas City , Missouri . It is also known as the Mutual Musicians Association Building or the Musician 's Union Local or the Local No . 627 of the American Federation of Musicians . It was a center of the development of the Kansas City Style of jazz , and was immortalized in the song 627 Stomp . Famous members of the Mutual Musicians Foundation included Count Basie , Bennie Moten , Jay McShann , George F. Lee , singer Julia Lee , trumpeter Hot Lips Page , tenor saxophonists Dick Wilson , Herschel Evans and Lester Young , alto saxophonist Charlie Parker , drummer Baby Lovett , and pianist Pete Johnson . The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1981 . It continues to be used as an active performing venue , and also houses a museum ."}]}, {'value': 'December 21 , 1981 ( # 79001372 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kansas City 39°05′25″N 94°33′43″W / 39.0902°N 94.561975°W / 39.0902 ; -94.561975 ( Mutual Musicians Association Building )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri', 'summary': "Kansas City ( abbreviated KC or KCMO ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by population and area . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the city had an estimated population of 491,918 in 2018 , making it the 38th most-populous city in the United States . It is the most populated municipality and historic core city of the Kansas City metropolitan area , which straddles the Kansas-Missouri state line and has a CSA population of 2,487,053 . Most of the city lies within Jackson County , but portions spill into Clay , Cass , and Platte counties . The city borders Johnson County and Kansas City , Kansas , ( KCK/Wyandotte County ) in Kansas . Kansas City was founded in the 1830s as a Missouri River port at its confluence with the Kansas River coming in from the west . On June 1 , 1850 , the town of Kansas was incorporated ; shortly after came the establishment of the Kansas Territory . Confusion between the two ensued , and the name Kansas City was assigned to distinguish them soon after . In 2017 , the city had the fifth-highest per capita murder rate in the nation with 2019 homicide rates nearing a record high . Sitting on Missouri 's western boundary with Kansas , with Downtown near the confluence of the Kansas and Missouri Rivers , the city encompasses some 319.03 square miles ( 826.3 km2 ) , making it the 23rd largest city by total area in the United States . Along with Independence , one of its major suburbs , it serves as one of the two county seats of Jackson County . Other major suburbs include the Missouri cities of Blue Springs and Lee 's Summit and the Kansas cities of Overland Park , Olathe , and Kansas City ."}]}, {'value': 'Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Jackson County is located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 674,158 . The estimated population in 2018 is 700,307 making it the second-most populous county in the state ( after St. Louis County ) . Although Independence retains its status as the original county seat , Kansas City serves as a second county seat and the center of county government . The county was organized December 15 , 1826 , and named for President Andrew Jackson ( elected 1828 ) . Jackson County is the most populated county in the Kansas City metropolitan area . Total employment in 2016 was 338,535 .'}]}, {'value': 'Center of Kansas City Style of jazz', 'urls': []}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Patee House', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Patee_House', 'summary': "The Patee House , also known as Patee House Museum , was completed in 1858 as a 140-room luxury hotel at 12th Street and Penn in St. Joseph , Missouri . It was one of the best-known hotels west of the Mississippi River . The Patee House was built by John Patée as part of his Patee Town development around the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad station . Office space included the headquarters and eastern terminus of the Pony Express , founded in 1860 to provide fast overland mail service to the West Coast . During the American Civil War , the Union Army Provost Marshal 's office was located in Patee House . The Army conducted war trials in the second floor ballroom . After the war , the Patee Female College operated in the building from 1865-1868 . Its space was taken over 1875-1880 by the St. Joseph Female College , founded in affiliation with the Baptist Church . These private schools were part of the postwar expansion of educational facilities for young women across the country . After outlaw Jesse James was killed in 1882 at his nearby home , his surviving family stayed at the hotel during the investigation of his death . It was then called World 's Hotel . Also resident at the hotel within two weeks of James ' death was Oscar Wilde who lectured in St. Joseph on April 18 , 1882 ."}]}, {'value': 'November 5 , 1961 ( # 66000414 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Joseph 39°46′N 94°51′W / 39.76°N 94.85°W / 39.76 ; -94.85 ( Patee House )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St._Joseph,_Missouri', 'summary': "St. Joseph ( informally St. Joe ) is a small city in and the county seat of Buchanan County , Missouri , United States . Small parts of St. Joseph extend into Andrew County , Missouri . Saint Joseph is known for hosting the Kansas City Chiefs Training Camp every year at Missouri Western State University . Saint Joseph is filled with many lush forests and parks as well as its very own go kart track and mini golf course . It is the principal city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area , which includes Buchanan , Andrew , and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County , Kansas . As of the 2010 census , St. Joseph had a total population of 76,780 , making it the eighth largest city in the state , and the third largest in Northwest Missouri . St. Joseph is located roughly thirty miles north of the Kansas City , Missouri city limits and approximately 125 miles south of Omaha , Nebraska . The city was named after the town 's founder Joseph Robidoux and the biblical Saint Joseph . the city is located on the Missouri River . It is the birthplace of hip hop star Eminem as well as the death place of Jesse James ; it is also the starting point of the Pony Express . St. Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University ."}]}, {'value': 'Buchanan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Buchanan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 United States Census , the population was 89,201 . Its county seat is St. Joseph . When originally formed in 1838 , the county was named Roberts County , after settler Hiram Roberts . It was renamed in 1839 for James Buchanan , then a U.S . Senator and later President of the United States . The county was formed from land annexed to Missouri , as were five other counties . Buchanan County is included in the St. Joseph , Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'General John J. Pershing Boyhood Home', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/General_John_J._Pershing_Boyhood_Home', 'summary': 'Gen. John J. Pershing Boyhood Home State Historic Site in Laclede , Missouri , is maintained by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources as a state historic site . General John Joseph Jack Pershing lead the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I and attained the rank of General of the Armies . Pershing was born on a farm outside Laclede , but lived in the home from age six to adulthood . The historic site preserves and interprets the boyhood home and the one-room Prairie Mound School at which he taught for a year before attending West Point Military Academy . The home has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1969 , and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': 'May 11 , 1976 ( # 69000111 )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laclede 39°47′N 93°10′W / 39.79°N 93.17°W / 39.79 ; -93.17 ( General John J. Pershing Boyhood Home )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laclede,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Laclede is a city in Linn County , Missouri . The population was 345 at the 2010 census , down from 415 in 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Linn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Linn_County,_Missouri', 'summary': 'Linn County is a county located in the northern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri . As of the 2010 census , the population was 12,761 . Its county seat is Linneus . The county was organized January 1 , 1837 and named after U.S . Senator Lewis F. Linn of Missouri .'}]}, {'value': 'A boyhood home of General John J. Pershing , now a state historic site', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_J._Pershing', 'summary': "General of the Armies John Joseph Black Jack Pershing ( September 13 , 1860 - July 15 , 1948 ) GCB was a senior United States Army officer . His most famous post was when he served as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces ( AEF ) on the Western Front in World War I , 1917-18 . Pershing rejected British and French demands that American forces be integrated with their armies , and insisted that the AEF would operate as a single unit under his command , although some American divisions fought under British command , and he also allowed all-black units to be integrated with the French army . Pershing 's soldiers first saw serious battle at Cantigny , Chateau-Thierry , Belleau Wood , and Soissons . To speed up the arrival of American troops , they embarked for France leaving heavy equipment behind , and used British and French tanks , artillery , airplanes and other munitions . In September 1918 at St. Mihiel , the First Army was directly under Pershing 's command ; it overwhelmed the salient - the encroachment into Allied territory - that the German Army had held for three years . For the Meuse-Argonne Offensive , Pershing shifted roughly 600,000 American soldiers to the heavily defended forests of the Argonne , keeping his divisions engaged in hard fighting for 47 days , alongside the French . The Allied Hundred Days Offensive , which the Argonne fighting was part of , contributed to Germany calling for an armistice . Pershing was of the opinion that the war should continue and that all of Germany should be occupied in an effort to permanently destroy German militarism . Pershing is the only American to be promoted in his own lifetime to General of the Armies rank , the highest possible rank in the United States Army . [ Notes 1 ] Allowed to select his own insignia , Pershing chose to use four gold stars to distinguish himself from those officers who held the rank of General , which was signified with four silver stars . After the creation of the five-star General of the Army rank during World War II , his rank of General of the Armies could unofficially be considered that of a six-star general , but he died before the proposed insignia could be considered and acted on by Congress ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Current National Historic Landmarks', 'section_text': 'Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML · GPX Legend [ nb 1 ] Site type National Historic Landmark National Historic Landmark District National Historic Site National Monument National Memorial National Battlefield', 'uid': 'List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Missouri_0', 'intro': "The National Historic Landmarks (NHLs) in the U.S. state of Missouri represent Missouri's history from the Lewis and Clark Expedition, through the American Civil War, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Space Age. There are 37 National Historic Landmarks in Missouri. One site in Missouri was once a National Historic Landmark but later had its designation withdrawn when it failed to meet the program's criteria for inclusion. The NHLs are distributed across fifteen of Missouri's 114 counties and one independent city, with a concentration of fifteen landmarks in the state's only independent city, St. Louis. The National Park Service (NPS), a branch of the U.S. Department of the Interior, administers the National Historic Landmark program. The NPS is responsible for determining which sites meet the criteria for designation or withdrawal as an NHL as well as identifying potential candidates for the program, through theme studies. The NPS and the National Park System Advisory Board then meet to determine the historical significance of these candidates. The final decision regarding a site's designation as a National Historic Landmark is made by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior. However, the owner of a property may object to the designation of that property as an NHL. In such cases, the site is only eligible for designation. A property eligible for NHL status is also eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Designated National Historic Landmarks are listed on the NRHP, which includes historic properties that the National Park Service has determined to be worthy of preservation."}
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What is the county seat of the county that has a site that was once home to 2,000 to 3,000 people ?
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Nevada
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03973a640325debf
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Hendry', 'title': 'Ian Hendry', 'header': ['Year', 'Title', 'Role', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '1970', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The McKenzie Break', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_McKenzie_Break', 'summary': 'The McKenzie Break is a 1970 DeLuxe Color British war drama film directed by Lamont Johnson , starring Brian Keith as Jack Connor , an intelligence officer investigating recent disturbances at a prisoner of war ( POW ) camp in Scotland . The POWs are led by the charismatic , yet ruthless , Willi Schlüter ( Helmut Griem ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Major Perry', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Lamont Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lamont_Johnson', 'summary': 'Ernest Lamont Johnson Jr. ( September 30 , 1922 - October 24 , 2010 ) was an American actor and film director who has appeared in and directed many television shows and movies . He won two Emmy Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1971', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Get Carter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Get_Carter', 'summary': "Get Carter is a 1971 British crime film directed by Mike Hodges and starring Michael Caine , Ian Hendry , Britt Ekland , John Osborne and Bryan Mosley . The screenplay was adapted by Hodges from Ted Lewis 's 1970 novel Jack 's Return Home . Producer Michael Klinger optioned the book and made a deal for the ailing Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer ( MGM ) studio to finance and release the film , bringing in Hodges and Caine . Caine became a co-producer of the film . Get Carter was Hodges 's first feature film as director , as well as being the screen debut of Alun Armstrong . MGM was reducing its European operations and the film became the last project approved before it closed its Borehamwood studios . The film is set in north-east England and was filmed in and around Newcastle upon Tyne , Gateshead and County Durham . The story follows a London gangster , the eponymous Jack Carter ( Caine ) , who travels back to his home town to discover more about his brother Frank 's supposedly accidental death . Suspecting foul play , he investigates and interrogates , regaining a feel for the city and its hardened-criminal element ; with vengeance on his mind , the situation builds to a violent conclusion . Caine and Hodges had ambitions to produce a more gritty and realistic portrayal of violence and criminal behaviour than had previously been seen in a British film . Caine incorporated his knowledge of real criminal acquaintances into his characterisation of Carter . Hodges and cinematographer Wolfgang Suschitzky drew heavily on their backgrounds in documentary film ."}]}, {'value': 'Eric Paice', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Mike Hodges', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Hodges', 'summary': "Michael Tommy Mike Hodges ( born 29 July 1932 ) is an English screenwriter , film director , playwright and novelist . His films as writer/director include Get Carter ( 1971 ) , Pulp ( 1972 ) , The Terminal Man ( 1974 ) and Black Rainbow ( 1989 ) ; as director , his films include Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) , Croupier ( 1998 ) and I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2003 ) . His theatre plays include Soft Shoe Shuffle ( 1985 ) and Shooting Stars and Other Heavenly Pursuits ( 2000 ) , which was adapted for BBC radio . Other radio plays include King Trash ( 2004 ) . His first novel , Watching The Wheels Come Off , was published first in French by Rivagse/Noir ( Quand Tout Se Fait La Malle ) in 2009 then in English in 2010 . In 2018 his trio of novellas ( 'Bait ' , 'Grist ' & 'Security ' ) was published by Unbound . Retrospectives of his work in television and cinema : NFT ( London ) 1980 ; MOMA ( New York ) 1990 ; American Cinematheque ( LA ) 1990 ; Munich ( Germany ) 1999 . Another retrospective at the NFT ( London ) is planned for May , 2020 . He was awarded the degree of 'Doctor of Letters by the University of the West of England Bristol in 2005 ."}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Jerusalem File', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Jerusalem_File', 'summary': 'The Jerusalem File is a 1972 film directed by John Flynn . It stars Bruce Davison , Nicol Williamson , Daria Halprin , and Donald Pleasence .'}]}, {'value': 'General Mayer', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by John Flynn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Flynn_(director)', 'summary': 'John Flynn ( March 14 , 1932 - April 4 , 2007 ) was an American film director and screenwriter known for films such as The Outfit and Rolling Thunder .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tales from The Crypt', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tales_from_the_Crypt_(film)', 'summary': 'Tales from the Crypt is a 1972 British horror film directed by Freddie Francis . It is an anthology film consisting of five separate segments , based on stories from EC Comics . It was produced by Amicus Productions and filmed at Shepperton Studios , and is one of several Amicus horror anthologies made during the 1970s . In the film , five strangers ( Joan Collins , Ian Hendry , Robin Phillips , Richard Greene and Nigel Patrick ) encounter the mysterious Crypt Keeper ( Ralph Richardson ) in a crypt , who makes each person in turn relive the manner of their death .'}]}, {'value': 'Carl Maitland', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Freddie Francis ( segment 2 Reflection of Death )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freddie_Francis', 'summary': 'Frederick William Francis ( 22 December 1917 - 17 March 2007 ) was an English cinematographer and film director . He achieved his greatest successes as a cinematographer , including winning two Academy Awards , for Sons and Lovers ( 1960 ) and Glory ( 1989 ) . As a director , he was associated with the British production companies Amicus and Hammer in the 1960s and 1970s .'}]}, {'value': '1972', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'All Coppers Are', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/All_Coppers_Are...', 'summary': 'All Coppers Are . is a 1972 British drama film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Martin Potter , Julia Foster , and Nicky Henson . The film was shot at Pinewood Studios .'}]}, {'value': 'Sonny Wade', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Sidney Hayers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sidney_Hayers', 'summary': 'Sidney Hayers ( 24 August 1921 - 8 February 2000 ) was a British film and television director , writer and producer . Born in Edinburgh , Scotland , Hayers began his career as a film editor . Among the films he directed are Circus of Horrors ( 1960 ) , the occult thriller Night of the Eagle ( 1962 ) , a musical Three Hats for Lisa ( 1965 ) and The Trap ( 1966 ) . In British TV , his credits included The Persuaders ! and The New Avengers ; he later directed several American TV shows , including episodes of Magnum , P.I. , The A-Team , Knight Rider , T. J. Hooker , Baywatch and The Famous Five . Hayers died of cancer in 2000 in Altea , Spain , survived by his wife , the actress Erika Remberg . He had two children , Susan and Robert from his first marriage , to Patricia .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Theatre of Blood', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Theatre_of_Blood', 'summary': "Theatre of Blood ( also known in the U.S. as Theater of Blood ) is a 1973 British horror comedy film directed by Douglas Hickox and starring Vincent Price as vengeful actor Edward Lionheart and Diana Rigg as his daughter Edwina . The cast includes distinguished actors Harry Andrews , Coral Browne , Robert Coote , Jack Hawkins , Ian Hendry , Michael Hordern , Arthur Lowe , Joan Hickson , Robert Morley , Milo O'Shea , Diana Dors and Dennis Price ."}]}, {'value': 'Peregrine Devlin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Douglas Hickox', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Hickox', 'summary': 'Douglas Arthur Hickox ( 10 January 1929 - 25 July 1988 ) was an English film and television director .'}]}, {'value': '1973', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Assassin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Assassin_(1973_film)', 'summary': 'Assassin is a 1973 British thriller film directed by Peter Crane and starring Ian Hendry , Edward Judd and Frank Windsor .'}]}, {'value': 'The Assassin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Peter Crane', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Crane_(director)', 'summary': 'Peter Crane ( born December 22 , 1948 in London , England ) is a British film director , film producer and television director . He directed the feature films Assassin ( 1973 ) and Moments ( 1974 ) . He also directed episodes of the American television series B. J. and the Bear , Darkroom , The Fall Guy , Knight Rider , Masquerade . Moonlighting , Murder , She Wrote , Guns of Paradise , Hunter and Kung Fu : The Legend Continues , his last directing credit . He also produced numerous films including The Passion of Ayn Rand ( 1999 ) , in which he was nominated for the Television Producer of the Year Award in Longform at the 2000 Producers Guild of America Awards .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Captain Kronos - Vampire Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Captain_Kronos_-_Vampire_Hunter', 'summary': "Captain Kronos - Vampire Hunter is a 1974 British swashbuckling horror film , written and directed by Brian Clemens , produced by Clemens and Albert Fennell for Hammer Film Productions , and starring Horst Janson , John Carson , Shane Briant , and Caroline Munro . The music score was composed by Laurie Johnson , supervised by Philip Martell . Belatedly released on 7 April 1974 , the film was intended as the first in a series focused on the title character and his companions . Due to the film 's violence and sexual subtext Captain Kronos was rated R in North America . This was Clemens ' only film as a director ."}]}, {'value': 'Kerro', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Brian Clemens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brian_Clemens', 'summary': 'Brian Horace Clemens OBE ( 30 July 1931 - 10 January 2015 ) was an English screenwriter and television producer , possibly best known for his work on The Avengers and The Professionals . Clemens was related to Mark Twain ( Samuel Langhorne Clemens ) , a fact reflected in the naming of his two sons , Samuel Joshua Twain Clemens and George Langhorne Clemens .'}]}, {'value': '1974', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Internecine Project', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Internecine_Project', 'summary': "The Internecine Project is a 1974 British espionage thriller film written by Mort W. Elkind , Barry Levinson , and Jonathan Lynn , directed by Ken Hughes and starring James Coburn and Lee Grant . Set in London in the early 1970s , it tells the story of former secret agent Robert Elliot who is being promoted to a government advisor . To eliminate any ties to his past , Elliot devises and carries out a clever plan in which his four former associates will unwittingly kill each other on the same night . Elliot 's four associates are :"}]}, {'value': 'Alex Hellman', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Ken Hughes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ken_Hughes', 'summary': "Kenneth Graham Ken Hughes ( 19 January 1922 - 28 April 2001 ) ) was an English film director , writer and producer . He was the co-writer and director of the children 's film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang ( 1968 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1975', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Passenger', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Passenger_(1975_film)', 'summary': "The Passenger ( Italian : Professione : reporter ) is a 1975 drama art film directed by Michelangelo Antonioni . Written by Mark Peploe , Peter Wollen and Antonioni , the film is about an Anglo-American journalist , David Locke ( Jack Nicholson ) who assumes the identity of a dead businessman while working on a documentary in Chad , unaware that he is impersonating an arms dealer with connections to the rebels in the current civil war . Co-starring Maria Schneider , The Passenger was the final film in Antonioni 's three-picture deal with producer Carlo Ponti and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , after Blowup and Zabriskie Point , and competed for the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Martin Knight', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Michelangelo Antonioni', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni', 'summary': "Michelangelo Antonioni Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( /ænˌtoʊniˈoʊni/ , Italian : [ mikeˈlandʒelo antoˈnjoːni ] ; 29 September 1912 - 30 July 2007 ) , was an Italian film director , screenwriter , editor , painter , and short story author . He is best known for his trilogy on modernity and its discontents - L'Avventura ( 1960 ) , La Notte ( 1961 ) , and L'Eclisse ( 1962 ) - as well as the English-language films Blowup ( 1966 ) and The Passenger ( 1975 ) . His films have been described as enigmatic and intricate mood pieces that feature elusive plots , striking visuals , and a preoccupation with modern landscapes . His work would substantially influence subsequent art films . Antonioni received numerous awards and nominations throughout his career , including the Cannes Film Festival Jury Prize ( 1960 , 1962 ) , Palme d'Or ( 1966 ) , and 35th Anniversary Prize ( 1982 ) ; the Venice Film Festival Silver Lion ( 1955 ) , Golden Lion ( 1964 ) , FIPRESCI Prize ( 1964 , 1995 ) , and Pietro Bianchi Award ( 1998 ) ; the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists Silver Ribbon eight times ; and an honorary Academy Award in 1995 . He is one of three directors to have won the Palme d'Or , the Golden Lion and the Golden Bear , and the only director to have won these three and the Golden Leopard ."}]}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Intimate Games', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Intimate_Games', 'summary': 'Intimate Games is a 1976 British comedy film directed by Tudor Gates and Martin Campbell and starring George Baker , Anna Bergman and Ian Hendry . It was shot at Twickenham Studios and on location in Oxford .'}]}, {'value': 'Uncle Rodney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Tudor Gates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tudor_Gates', 'summary': 'Tudor Gates ( 2 January 1930 - 11 January 2007 ) was an English screenwriter , playwright and trade unionist .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Damien : Omen II', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Damien:_Omen_II', 'summary': "Damien : Omen II is a 1978 American-British supernatural horror film directed by Don Taylor , starring William Holden , Lee Grant , and Jonathan Scott-Taylor . The film was the second installment in The Omen series , set seven years after the first film , and was followed by a third installment , Omen III : The Final Conflict , in 1981 . This was Lew Ayres ' final film role and the film debut of Meshach Taylor . The official tagline of the film is The First Time Was Only a Warning . Leo McKern reprises his role as Carl Bugenhagen from the original film . McKern the only cast member of the series to appear as the same character in more than one installment , although actor Tommy Duggan who appears in the first and third installments of the series , but as different characters ."}]}, {'value': 'Michael Morgan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Directed by Don Taylor Uncredited', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Don_Taylor_(actor/director)', 'summary': "Donald Richie Taylor ( December 13 , 1920 - December 29 , 1998 ) was an American actor and film director . He co-starred in 1940s and 1950s classics , including the 1948 film noir The Naked City , Battleground , Father of the Bride , Father 's Little Dividend and Stalag 17 . He later turned to directing films such as Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) , Tom Sawyer ( 1973 ) , and Damien : Omen II ( 1978 ) ."}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Bitch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Bitch_(film)', 'summary': "The Bitch is a 1979 British drama film directed by Gerry O'Hara . It is a sequel to The Stud ( 1978 ) and , like its predecessor , is based on a novel by the British author Jackie Collins and stars her sister Joan Collins as Fontaine Khaled . Both films were made for a relatively small sum but were highly profitable at the box office , and were among the first successes in the emerging home video market of the early 1980s . The film is considered to be soft porn . Like The Stud , it is set against a backdrop of the late 1970s London nightclub scene and makes prominent use of its disco soundtrack , much in the vein of Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Thrush Feather', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Directed by Gerry O'Hara", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Gerry_O'Hara", 'summary': "Gerry O'Hara ( born October 1924 , Boston , Lincolnshire ) is an English film and television director . O'Hara was an assistant director on Laurence Olivier 's film , Richard III ; the Carol Reed film , Our Man in Havana and the Academy Award-winning Tom Jones . O'Hara 's directorial debut was the 1963 cautionary tale That Kind of Girl , about the dangers of contracting venereal disease . During the 1960s , he directed episodes of The Avengers and a film based on a Van Der Valk novel by Nicolas Freeling , Amsterdam Affair . O'Hara directed the highly controversial [ citation needed ] and rarely seen film The Brute . O'Hara directed and wrote the screenplay for the 1979 film , The Bitch , an adaptation of the Jackie Collins novel . Later television credits include directing and writing episodes of The Professionals , script editor for the ITV series C.A.T.S . Eyes and directing an episode of Press Gang ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Filmography -- 1970–79', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ian_Hendry_2', 'intro': 'Ian Mackendrick Hendry (13 January 1931 - 24 December 1984) was an English film, television and stage actor. He worked on several British TV series of the 1960s and 1970s, including the lead in the first series of The Avengers and The Lotus Eaters, and played roles in the films The Hill (1965), Repulsion (1965), Get Carter (1971), and Theatre of Blood (1973).'}
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What was the role for Ian Hendry in the movie that was Lew Ayres ' final film role and the film debut of Meshach Taylor ?
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Michael Morgan
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03996a356ad5f413
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Carter', 'title': 'Ali Carter', 'header': ['Outcome', 'No', 'Year', 'Championship', 'Opponent in the final', 'Score'], 'data': [{'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2008', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2008_World_Snooker_Championship', 'summary': "The 2008 World Snooker Championship ( also referred to as the 2008 888.com World Snooker Championship for the purposes of sponsorship ) was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 19 April and 5 May 2008 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England . John Higgins was the defending champion , but he lost in the second round 9-13 against Ryan Day . Ronnie O'Sullivan won his third world title by defeating Ali Carter 18-8 in the final . It was O'Sullivan 's 20th ranking title . The tournament was sponsored by online casino 888.com ."}]}, {'value': 'World Snooker Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship', 'summary': "The World Snooker Championship is the leading snooker tournament both in terms of prestige and prize money . The first championship was held in 1927 and was won by Joe Davis . Davis won the first 15 championships before retiring from the event , undefeated , after his 1946 success . In the 1950s snooker went into a period of decline and the championship was not held after 1952 , although an unofficial championship was held until 1957 . In 1964 the championship was revived on a challenge basis and in 1969 the championship became a knock-out event again . Since 1977 it has been played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England . The tournament is currently played over 17 days and ends on the first Monday in May . In the modern era ( since 1969 ) , the best record is that of Stephen Hendry , who won the title seven times . Steve Davis and Ray Reardon both won six times while Ronnie O'Sullivan has won five titles . The current champion is Judd Trump , whose 2019 win was his first ."}]}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '8-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2009', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2009_Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The 2009 Welsh Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 16 and 22 February 2009 at the Newport Centre in Newport , Wales . The defending champion was Mark Selby , but he lost in the quarter-finals against Anthony Hamilton . Ali Carter won his first ranking tournament by defeating Joe Swail 9-5 in the final , having come back from 2-5 down . This was the first ranking final refereed by Colin Humphries .'}]}, {'value': 'Welsh Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': "The Welsh Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament , a part of the Home Nations Series . It replaced the Welsh Professional Championship , which started in 1980 and was only open to Welsh players . Since the tournament 's creation in 1992 , Mark Williams has been the only Welsh player to win the championship ( in 1996 and 1999 ) . John Higgins holds the record for the most wins , with five Welsh Open titles . Ronnie O'Sullivan has won four titles , while Stephen Hendry has won the tournament three times . Shaun Murphy is the reigning champion ."}]}, {'value': 'Joe Swail', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Swail', 'summary': 'Joe Swail ( born 29 August 1969 ) is a former professional snooker player from Belfast , Northern Ireland . He retired in May 2019 after being relegated from the tour . He has reached ten major ranking semi-finals , including the 2000 and 2001 World Championships but only one final . Swail is renowned for playing well at the Crucible Theatre , having reached the last 16 on four further occasions . He is also a former English amateur champion and Northern Ireland amateur runner-up , and has captained Northern Ireland internationally . He was Irish champion in 1992 and 2005 .'}]}, {'value': '9-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The 2010 Totesport.com Welsh Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 25-31 January 2010 at the Newport Centre in Newport , Wales . This was the first time that the Welsh Open was sponsored by Totesport.com . John Higgins won in the final 9-4 against defending champion Ali Carter .'}]}, {'value': 'Welsh Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': "The Welsh Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament , a part of the Home Nations Series . It replaced the Welsh Professional Championship , which started in 1980 and was only open to Welsh players . Since the tournament 's creation in 1992 , Mark Williams has been the only Welsh player to win the championship ( in 1996 and 1999 ) . John Higgins holds the record for the most wins , with five Welsh Open titles . Ronnie O'Sullivan has won four titles , while Stephen Hendry has won the tournament three times . Shaun Murphy is the reigning champion ."}]}, {'value': 'John Higgins', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Higgins_(snooker_player)', 'summary': "John Higgins , MBE ( born 18 May 1975 ) is a Scottish professional snooker player . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won 30 ranking titles , including four World Championships and three UK Championships , as well as two Masters titles , making him one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . In terms of world titles in the modern era , Higgins is fifth behind Stephen Hendry ( 7 ) , Steve Davis ( 6 ) , Ray Reardon ( 6 ) and Ronnie O'Sullivan ( 5 ) . His 30 career ranking titles puts him in third place behind Hendry ( 36 ) and O'Sullivan ( 36 ) . Known as a prolific break-builder , he has compiled more than 750 century breaks in professional tournament play , second only to O'Sullivan . He has also compiled 9 competitive maximum breaks , placing him third behind O'Sullivan ( 15 ) and Hendry ( 11 ) . For 16 consecutive full seasons from 1996/1997 to 2011/2012 , Higgins never fell below 6th in the world rankings , and was world number 1 on four occasions . In 2010 , the News of the World tabloid newspaper carried out a sting operation in a hotel room in Ukraine , which claimed to show Higgins and his then-manager arranging to lose specific frames in future matches for money . Although an investigation cleared Higgins of match-fixing allegations , it found that he had brought the sport into disrepute by failing to report , and giving the impression of agreeing with , an invitation to breach the sport 's betting rules . The WPBSA banned Higgins from professional competition for six months and fined him £75,000 . He returned to the tour midway through the 2010/2011 season . After his return to snooker , Higgins added a third UK Championship title and claimed his fourth world title in 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '4-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2010_Shanghai_Masters', 'summary': "The 2010 Roewe Shanghai Masters was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 6-12 September 2010 at the Shanghai Grand Stage in Shanghai , China . Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion , but he withdrew due to personal reasons . Ali Carter won in the final 10-7 against Jamie Burnett ."}]}, {'value': 'Shanghai Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai_Masters_(snooker)', 'summary': "The Shanghai Masters is a professional snooker tournament . Originally a ranking event but in 2018 it became a non-ranking invitation event . Ronnie O'Sullivan is the reigning champion . Ronnie O'Sullivan won the 2018 title , the first time it has been defended ."}]}, {'value': 'Jamie Burnett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jamie_Burnett', 'summary': "Jamie Burnett ( born 16 September 1975 ) is a Scottish former professional snooker player from Hamilton , South Lanarkshire . A journeyman , Burnett was ranked within the world 's top 64 players for 20 consecutive years between 1996 and 2016 , reaching his career best ranking , 27th , in 1999 . He appeared in one major final , at the 2010 Shanghai Masters , where he lost 10-7 to Ali Carter , and reached the final of one minor-ranking event , the 2012 Gdynia Open , where Neil Robertson beat him 4-3 ."}]}, {'value': '10-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2012', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2012_World_Snooker_Championship', 'summary': "The 2012 World Snooker Championship ( also referred to as the 2012 Betfred.com World Snooker Championship for the purposes of sponsorship ) was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place from 21 April to 7 May 2012 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England . It was the 36th consecutive year that the World Snooker Championship had been held at the Crucible and the last ranking event of the 2011/2012 season . Ronnie O'Sullivan won his fourth world title by defeating Ali Carter 18-11 in the final . Aged 36 , and just 55 days older than Dennis Taylor when winning the title in 1985 , O'Sullivan became the oldest world champion since 45-year-old Ray Reardon in 1978 . John Higgins , the defending champion , lost 4-13 to Stephen Hendry in the second round . On the opening day of the televised stage Hendry made the 88th official maximum break , his third at the Crucible and the 11th of his career . He announced his retirement from professional snooker following his defeat by Stephen Maguire in the quarter-finals . The tournament was sponsored by online casino Betfred.com ."}]}, {'value': 'World Snooker Championship ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Snooker_Championship', 'summary': "The World Snooker Championship is the leading snooker tournament both in terms of prestige and prize money . The first championship was held in 1927 and was won by Joe Davis . Davis won the first 15 championships before retiring from the event , undefeated , after his 1946 success . In the 1950s snooker went into a period of decline and the championship was not held after 1952 , although an unofficial championship was held until 1957 . In 1964 the championship was revived on a challenge basis and in 1969 the championship became a knock-out event again . Since 1977 it has been played at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield , England . The tournament is currently played over 17 days and ends on the first Monday in May . In the modern era ( since 1969 ) , the best record is that of Stephen Hendry , who won the title seven times . Steve Davis and Ray Reardon both won six times while Ronnie O'Sullivan has won five titles . The current champion is Judd Trump , whose 2019 win was his first ."}]}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '11-18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2013', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_German_Masters', 'summary': "The 2013 Betfair German Masters was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 30 January-3 February 2013 at the Tempodrom in Berlin , Germany . It was the sixth ranking event of the 2012/2013 season . Ronnie O'Sullivan was the defending champion , but he decided not to compete this year . Ali Carter won his third ranking title by defeating Marco Fu 9-6 in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'German Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_Masters', 'summary': 'The German Masters is a professional ranking snooker tournament , which was first held in 1995 . Judd Trump is the reigning champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Marco Fu', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marco_Fu', 'summary': "Marco Fu Ka-chun , MH , JP ( Chinese : 傅家俊 , born 8 January 1978 ) is a Hong Kong professional snooker player . He won the 2007 Grand Prix , beating Ronnie O'Sullivan in the final , and was the runner-up in the 2008 UK Championship and the 2011 Masters . He also won the 2013 Australian Goldfields Open and the 2016 Scottish Open and was runner-up in the 2013 German Masters and 2013 International Championship . In addition , Fu reached the semi-finals of the World Championship twice - in 2006 and in 2016 . Fu 's career high world ranking is fifth , achieved in 2017 . As a prolific break-builder , Fu has compiled 500 century breaks in professional competition , including four maximum 147 breaks . He currently resides in London ."}]}, {'value': '9-6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Winner', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2016', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2016_World_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The 2016 Hanteng Autos World Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 25-31 July 2016 at the Yushan No.1 Middle School in Yushan , China . It was the third ranking event of the 2016/2017 season . Shaun Murphy was the defending champion , but he lost 2-5 to Joe Perry in the quarter-finals . Ali Carter won the fourth ranking title of his career , defeating Perry 10-8 in the final .'}]}, {'value': 'World Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The World Open is a professional ranking snooker tournament . It had previously been known as the Professional Players Tournament , the LG Cup and the Grand Prix . During 2006 and 2007 , it was played in a unique round-robin format , more similar to association football and rugby tournaments than the knock-out systems usually played in snooker . The knock-out format returned in 2008 with an FA Cup-style draw . The random draw was abandoned after the 2010 edition . Judd Trump is the defending champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Joe Perry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joe_Perry_(snooker_player)', 'summary': 'Joe Perry ( born 13 August 1974 ) is an English professional snooker player . Often referred to as the Fen Potter and also nicknamed the Gentleman , he was born in Wisbech , Cambridgeshire . He climbed the rankings steadily after turning professional in 1991 , and reached the top sixteen for the first time in 2002 . His first ranking final came at the 2001 European Open and he had to wait another 13 years for a second which came at the 2014 Wuxi Classic . Perry then won his first major ranking title at the 2015 Players Championship Grand Final , at the age of 40 and in his 23rd season as a professional . He also won the minor-ranking 2013 Yixing Open and 2015 Xuzhou Open . Perry reached the final of a Triple Crown tournament for the first time at the Masters in 2017 , having previously reached the UK Championship semi-finals in 2004 and 2005 , and the semi-finals of the World Championship in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': '10-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2017', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2017_German_Masters', 'summary': 'The 2017 F66.com German Masters professional ranking snooker tournament took place between 1-5 February 2017 at the Tempodrom in Berlin , Germany . It was the twelfth ranking event of the 2016/2017 season . Martin Gould was the defending champion but he lost 2-6 against Ali Carter in the semi-finals . Tom Ford made the 128th official maximum break and the third of his career in the second frame of his 5-2 win over Peter Ebdon in the first round . Maximum breaks had already been made in the qualifying rounds by both Ali Carter and Ross Muir . Anthony Hamilton defeated Carter 9-6 to capture his first ranking title in his 26-year career , having trailed 2-5 . Aged 45 he also became the oldest ranking event winner since Doug Mountjoy was 46 winning the Classic in 1989 . He is the third oldest winner of a ranking event after Mountjoy ( 46 ) and Ray Reardon ( 50 and 45 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'German Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/German_Masters', 'summary': 'The German Masters is a professional ranking snooker tournament , which was first held in 1995 . Judd Trump is the reigning champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Hamilton_(snooker_player)', 'summary': "Anthony Stephen Hamilton ( born 29 June 1971 ) is an English professional snooker player noted for his strong break-building technique and distinctive appearance . He has spent five seasons ranked among the game 's top 16 , and fifteen in the top 32 , reaching a career-high of number ten in the world in the 1999/2000 season . Known as a prolific break builder , Hamilton has compiled more than 250 competitive century breaks during his career . Hamilton won his first ranking title in 2017 , beating Ali Carter 9-6 in the final of the German Masters . At age 45 he is the third oldest winner of a ranking event after Ray Reardon ( 50 and 45 ) and Doug Mountjoy ( 46 ) ."}]}, {'value': '6-9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Runner-up', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2019', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2019_World_Grand_Prix', 'summary': 'The 2019 Coral World Grand Prix was a professional snooker tournament that took place from 4 to 10 February 2019 at The Centaur , Cheltenham Racecourse in Cheltenham , England . It was the twelfth ranking event of the 2018/2019 season and a part of the newly created Coral Cup . Judd Trump won his 10th ranking title , beating Ali Carter 10-6 in the final .'}]}, {'value': 'World Grand Prix', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/World_Grand_Prix_(snooker)', 'summary': 'The World Grand Prix is a professional ranking snooker tournament . The inaugural edition was played in 2015 at the Venue Cymru in Llandudno , Wales . The reigning champion is Neil Robertson .'}]}, {'value': 'Judd Trump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judd_Trump', 'summary': "Judd Trump ( born 20 August 1989 ) is an English professional snooker player from Bristol and the reigning World Champion . He enjoyed considerable success in youth tournaments before turning professional in 2005 . On 3 April 2011 , he won his first ranking title , beating Mark Selby 10-8 in the final of the China Open . Following his success in China , he reached the final of the 2011 World Championship where he finished runner-up to John Higgins . He then won the 2011 UK Championship , defeating Mark Allen 10-8 in the final to claim his first Triple Crown title . In November 2012 , Trump won the inaugural International Championship and in doing so he became world number one , a position he held for five weeks ; he reclaimed the top spot on 18 February 2013 . He won his fourth ranking title at the Australian Goldfields Open in July 2014 , defeating Neil Robertson 9-5 in the final . He won the inaugural 2015 World Grand Prix with a 10-7 final victory over Ronnie O'Sullivan . He has accrued three Championship League titles ( 2009 , 2014 , 2016 ) as well as a second win at the China Open in April 2016 . He achieved two consecutive wins at the European Masters ; in October 2016 , he defeated O'Sullivan 9-8 to claim the title , which he successfully defended the following season by defeating Stuart Bingham 9-7 . Trump claimed the Masters title in January 2019 , again defeating O'Sullivan 10-4 in the final . In May 2019 , he completed his career Triple Crown by winning the World Snooker Championship for the first time , beating Higgins 18-9 in what was described by some commentators as the highest-quality final ever played ."}]}, {'value': '6-10', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'Legend World Championship ( 0–2 ) Other ( 4–3 )', 'uid': 'Ali_Carter_0', 'intro': "Allister Carter (born 25 July 1979) is an English professional snooker player. He has twice been the World Championship runner-up, in 2008 and 2012, losing both finals to Ronnie O'Sullivan. He has won four ranking titles and briefly reached number two in the world rankings in 2010. His nickname, The Captain, comes from his hobby of piloting aeroplanes. He lives in Tiptree, Essex."}
| null | null |
What was the score when Ali Carter was 1st defeated by the player with more than 1,000 breaks of 100+ ?
|
8-18
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039b08192ee57932
|
hybridqa
|
{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore', 'title': 'Aviation in Singapore', 'header': ['Country', 'Concluded', 'Rights'], 'data': [{'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': '19 January 2015', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bahrain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bahrain', 'summary': "Bahrain ( /bɑːˈreɪn/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : البحرين al-Baḥrayn Arabic pronunciation : [ al baħrajn ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Bahrain ( Arabic : مملكة البحرين Mamlakat al-Baḥrayn ) , is a sovereign state in the Persian Gulf . The island nation comprises a small archipelago centered around Bahrain Island , situated between the Qatar peninsula and the north eastern coast of Saudi Arabia , to which it is connected by the 25-kilometre ( 16 mi ) King Fahd Causeway . According to the most recent 2010 census , Bahrain 's population is over 1.2 million , of which around half are non-nationals . At 780 square kilometres ( 300 sq mi ) in size , it is the third-smallest nation in Asia after the Maldives and Singapore . The capital and largest city is Manama . Bahrain is the site of the ancient Dilmun civilization . It has been famed since antiquity for its pearl fisheries , which were considered the best in the world into the 19th century . Bahrain was one of the earliest areas to convert to Islam , in 628 AD . Following a period of Arab rule , Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese in 1521 , who in turn were expelled in 1602 by Shah Abbas I of the Safavid dynasty under the Persian Empire . In 1783 , the Bani Utbah clan captured Bahrain from Nasr Al-Madhkur and it has since been ruled by the Al Khalifa royal family , with Ahmed al Fateh as Bahrain 's first hakim . In the late 1800s , following successive treaties with the British , Bahrain became a protectorate of the United Kingdom . In 1971 , it declared independence ."}]}, {'value': '7 April 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': '17 July 2013', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belize', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belize', 'summary': "Belize ( /bəˈliːz/ ( listen ) ) is a Caribbean country located on the northeastern coast of Central America . Belize is bordered on the northwest by Mexico , on the east by the Caribbean Sea , and on the south and west by Guatemala . It has an area of 22,970 square kilometres ( 8,867 sq mi ) and a population of 408,487 ( 2019 ) . Its mainland is about 180 mi ( 290 km ) long and 68 mi ( 110 km ) wide . It has the lowest population and population density in Central America . The country 's population growth rate of 1.87% per year ( 2018 estimate ) is the second highest in the region and one of the highest in the Western Hemisphere . The Maya Civilization spread into the area of Belize between 1500 B.C . and A.D. 300 and flourished until about 1200 . European contact began in 1502 when Christopher Columbus sailed along the Gulf of Honduras . European exploration was begun by English settlers in 1638 . This period was also marked by Spain and Britain both laying claim to the land until Britain defeated the Spanish in the Battle of St. George 's Caye ( 1798 ) . It became a British colony in 1840 , known as British Honduras , and a Crown colony in 1862 ."}]}, {'value': '11 May 2017', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Brunei Darussalam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': '1 May 2001 27 December 2004', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': '22 October 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Burundi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burundi', 'summary': "Burundi ( /bəˈrʊndi/ ( listen ) , /-ˈrʌn-/ ) , officially the Republic of Burundi ( Kirundi : Republika y'Uburundi , [ u.βu.ɾǔː.ndi ] ; French : République du Burundi , [ buʁundi ] or [ byʁyndi ] ) , is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley where the African Great Lakes region and East Africa converge . It is bordered by Rwanda to the north , Tanzania to the east and southeast , and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west ; Lake Tanganyika lies along its southwestern border . The capital is Bujumbura . The Twa , Hutu and Tutsi peoples have lived in Burundi for at least 500 years . For more than 200 of those years , Burundi was an independent kingdom , until the beginning of the 20th century , when Germany colonised the region . After the First World War and Germany 's defeat , it ceded the territory to Belgium . Both Germans and Belgians ruled Burundi and Rwanda as a European colony known as Ruanda-Urundi . Despite common misconceptions , Burundi and Rwanda had never been under common rule until the time of European colonisation . Burundi gained independence in 1962 and initially had a monarchy , but a series of assassinations , coups and a general climate of regional instability culminated in the establishment of a republic and one-party state in 1966 . Bouts of ethnic cleansing and ultimately two civil wars and genocides during the 1970s and again in the 1990s left the economy undeveloped and the population as one of the world 's poorest . The presidents of Rwanda and Burundi , both Hutus , died together when their aeroplane was shot down in April 1994 . 2015 witnessed large-scale political strife as President Pierre Nkurunziza opted to run for a third term in office , a coup attempt failed and the country 's parliamentary and presidential elections were broadly criticised by members of the international community ."}]}, {'value': '16 February 2016', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '1 May 2001', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Cook Islands', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cook_Islands', 'summary': "The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori : Kūki 'Āirani ) is a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean in free association with New Zealand . It comprises 15 islands whose total land area is 240 square kilometres ( 93 sq mi ) . The Cook Islands ' Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) covers 1,800,000 square kilometres ( 690,000 sq mi ) of ocean . New Zealand is responsible for the Cook Islands ' defence and foreign affairs , but these responsibilities are exercised in consultation with the Cook Islands . In recent times , the Cook Islands have adopted an increasingly independent foreign policy . Cook Islanders are citizens of New Zealand , but they also have the status of Cook Islands nationals , which is not given to other New Zealand citizens . The Cook Islands has been an active member of the Pacific Community since 1980 . The Cook Islands ' main population centres are on the island of Rarotonga ( 13,007 in 2016 ) , where there is an international airport . There is also a larger population of Cook Islanders in New Zealand itself : in the 2013 census , 61,839 people said they were Cook Islanders , or of Cook Islands descent . With over 168,000 visitors travelling to the islands in 2018 , tourism is the country 's main industry , and the leading element of the economy , ahead of offshore banking , pearls , and marine and fruit exports ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': '19 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': '29 January 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom ; 7th freedom for cargo only', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Iceland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iceland', 'summary': "Iceland ( Icelandic : Ísland ; [ ˈistlant ] ( listen ) ) [ c ] is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic , with a population of 360,390 and an area of 103,000 km2 ( 40,000 sq mi ) , making it the most sparsely populated country in Europe . [ d ] The capital and largest city is Reykjavík . Reykjavik and the surrounding areas in the southwest of the country are home to over two-thirds of the population . Iceland is volcanically and geologically active . The interior consists of a plateau characterised by sand and lava fields , mountains , and glaciers , and many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands . Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate , despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle . Its high latitude and marine influence keep summers chilly , with most of the archipelago having a tundra climate . According to the ancient manuscript Landnámabók , the settlement of Iceland began in 874 AD when the Norwegian chieftain Ingólfr Arnarson became the first permanent settler on the island . In the following centuries , Norwegians , and to a lesser extent other Scandinavians , emigrated to Iceland , bringing with them thralls ( i.e. , slaves or serfs ) of Gaelic origin . The island was governed as an independent commonwealth under the Althing , one of the world 's oldest functioning legislative assemblies . Following a period of civil strife , Iceland acceded to Norwegian rule in the 13th century . The establishment of the Kalmar Union in 1397 united the kingdoms of Norway , Denmark , and Sweden ."}]}, {'value': '23 January 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 7th freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland', 'summary': "Ireland ( /ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen ) ; Irish : Éire [ ˈeːɾʲə ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Airlann [ ˈɑːrlən ] ) is an island in the North Atlantic . It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel , the Irish Sea , and St George 's Channel . Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles , the third-largest in Europe , and the twentieth-largest on Earth . Geopolitically , Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland ( officially named Ireland ) , which covers five-sixths of the island , and Northern Ireland , which is part of the United Kingdom . In 2011 , the population of Ireland was about 6.6 million , ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain . As of 2016 , 4.8 million live in the Republic of Ireland , and 1.8 million live in Northern Ireland . The geography of Ireland comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain , with several navigable rivers extending inland . Its lush vegetation is a product of its mild but changeable climate which is free of extremes in temperature . Much of Ireland was woodland until the end of the Middle Ages . Today , woodland makes up about 10% of the island , compared with a European average of over 33% , and most of it is non-native conifer plantations . There are twenty-six extant land mammal species native to Ireland . The Irish climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and thus very moderate , and winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area , although summers are cooler than those in continental Europe ."}]}, {'value': '13 December 2006', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Kuwait', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kuwait', 'summary': "Kuwait ( /kʊˈweɪt/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : الكويت al-Kuwait , Gulf Arabic pronunciation : [ ɪl‿ɪkweːt ] or [ lɪkweːt ] ) , officially the State of Kuwait ( Arabic : دولة الكويت Dawlat al-Kuwait ) , is a country in Western Asia . Situated in the northern edge of Eastern Arabia at the tip of the Persian Gulf , it shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia . As of 2016 [ update ] , Kuwait has a population of 4.5 million people : 1.3 million are Kuwaitis and 3.2 million are expatriates . Expatriates account for approximately 70% of the population . Oil reserves were discovered in commercial quantities in 1938 . In 1946 , crude oil was exported for the first time . From 1946 to 1982 , the country underwent large-scale modernization . In the 1980s , Kuwait experienced a period of geopolitical instability and an economic crisis following the stock market crash . In 1990 , Kuwait was invaded , and later annexed , by Saddam 's Iraq . The Iraqi occupation of Kuwait came to an end in 1991 after military intervention by a military coalition led by the United States . Kuwait is a major non-NATO ally of the United States . It is also a major ally of ASEAN , while maintaining a strong relationship with China ."}]}, {'value': '4 November 2008', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 6th freedom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Lithuania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lithuania', 'summary': 'The first known record of the name of Lithuania ( Lithuanian : Lietuva ) is in a 9 March 1009 story of Saint Bruno in the Quedlinburg Chronicle . The Chronicle recorded a Latinized form of the name Lietuva : Litua ( pronounced [ litua ] ) . Due to the lack of reliable evidence , the true meaning of the name is unknown . Nowadays , scholars still debate the meaning of the word and there are a few plausible versions . Since Lietuva has a suffix ( -uva ) , the original word should have no suffix . [ citation needed ] A likely candidate is Lietā . Because many Baltic ethnonyms originated from hydronyms , linguists have searched for its origin among local hydronyms . Usually , such names evolved through the following process : hydronym → toponym → ethnonym . Lietava , a small river not far from Kernavė , the core area of the early Lithuanian state and a possible first capital of the eventual Grand Duchy of Lithuania , is usually credited as the source of the name . However , the river is very small and some find it improbable that such a small and local object could have lent its name to an entire nation . On the other hand , such naming is not unprecedented in world history . Artūras Dubonis proposed another hypothesis , that Lietuva relates to the word leičiai ( plural of leitis ) .'}]}, {'value': '20 October 2009', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1st to 7th freedoms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air', 'summary': "The freedoms of the air are a set of commercial aviation rights granting a country 's airlines the privilege to enter and land in another country 's airspace . They were formulated as a result of disagreements over the extent of aviation liberalisation in the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 , known as the Chicago Convention . The United States had called for a standardized set of separate air rights to be negotiated between states , but most other countries were concerned that the size of the U.S. airlines would dominate air travel if there were not strict rules . The freedoms of the air are the fundamental building blocks of the international commercial aviation route network . The use of the terms freedom and right confers entitlement to operate international air services only within the scope of the multilateral and bilateral treaties ( air services agreements ) that allow them . The first two freedoms concern the passage of commercial aircraft through foreign airspace and airports , while the other freedoms are about carrying people , mail and cargo internationally . The first through fifth freedoms are officially enumerated by international treaties , especially the Chicago Convention . Several other freedoms have been added , and although most are not officially recognised under broadly applicable international treaties , they have been agreed to by a number of countries . The lower-numbered freedoms are relatively universal while the higher-numbered ones are rarer and more controversial . Liberal open skies agreements often represent the least restrictive form of air services agreements and may include many if not all freedoms . They are relatively rare , but examples include the recent single aviation markets established in the European Union ( European Common Aviation Area ) , and between Australia and New Zealand ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Market -- Open skies agreements', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Aviation_in_Singapore_0', 'intro': "Aviation in Singapore is a key component of the Singaporean economy in its quest to be a transport hub of the Asian region. Besides currently the sixth busiest airport and the fourth busiest air cargo hub in Asia, the Singaporean aviation industry is also a significant aerospace maintenance, repair and overhaul centre. The aviation industry is a significant contributor to the Singapore economy. In 2009, it contributed S$14.2 billion (5.4%) in direct and in-direct value-add to the Singaporean GDP. This included S$8.7 billion of direct contribution from the sector, S$3.1 billion through indirect contributions from the sector's supply chain and S$2.4 billion from consumer spending by employees of the aviation sector and its supply chain. 58,000 direct jobs were available in the industry, rising to 119,000 jobs if the entire supply chain is included. Out of the 58,000 direct jobs, aerospace manufacturing companies employed approximately 18,000 people, airline companies employed 15,000, while 24,000 worked in the airports and ground service companies. The sector also directly contributed S$1.5 billion in taxes in 2009. Airlines registered in Singapore were also major contributors to the economy, employing over 15,000 in Singapore and providing a further 11,000 jobs in the supply chain in 2009. Overall, these airlines contribute over S$5.5 billion to the economy and supported 34,000 jobs in Singapore."}
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What is the concluded date of the country that shares borders with Iraq and Saudi Arabia ?
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4 November 2008
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039b0fbff4f1a66a
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Asian_Tour', 'title': '2010 Asian Tour', 'header': ['Dates', 'Tournament', 'Country', 'Prize fund ( US $ )', 'Winner', 'OWGR pts'], 'data': [{'value': 'Feb 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asian Tour International', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asian_Tour_International', 'summary': 'The Asian Tour International was a golf tournament on the Asian Tour , played in Thailand from 2008 to 2010 . In 2009 , following the cancellation of the Emaar-MGF Indian Masters , the Asian Tour International was rescheduled to be the season opening event .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gaganjeet Bhullar ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gaganjeet_Bhullar', 'summary': 'Gaganjeet Singh Bhullar ( born 27 April 1988 ) is an Indian professional golfer who plays on the European Tour . He was awarded Arjuna Award in 2013 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Feb 11-14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Avantha Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Avantha_Masters', 'summary': "The Avantha Masters was a professional golf tournament co-sanctioned by the European Tour , Asian Tour and the Professional Golf Tour of India . The tournament was played at the DLF Golf and Country Club in Delhi from 2010 to 2012 and moved to Jaypee Greens Golf Club , Greater Noida in 2013 . The event was tri-sanctioned by the European Tour , the Asian Tour and the Professional Golf Tour of India ( PGTI ) . The 2011 Avantha Masters carried an increased prize fund of €1.8 million . On 5 September 2013 , the tournament 's sponsor , Avantha Group , announced it had decided against renewing the contract with the European Tour because of current economic conditions . With the announcement , the Avantha Masters has been removed from the 2014 calendar of its three sanctioning Tours ."}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '2,100,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Dodt ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Dodt', 'summary': 'Andrew Dodt ( born 26 January 1986 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays on the European Tour , Asian Tour , and PGA Tour of Australasia . He has won twice on the European Tour , in India and Thailand , both events co-sanctioned with the Asian Tour .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 4-7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maybank Malaysian Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maybank_Malaysian_Open', 'summary': "The Malaysian Open was a men 's professional golf tournament . It was inaugurated in 1962 as the Malayan Open , and was one of the events on the first season of the Far East circuit that year . In 1999 it joined the Asian Tour and also became part of the European Tour 's expansion into Asia as a jointly sanctioned event . Since its inauguration there has never been a Malaysian winner . Former winners include world # 1 golfers Vijay Singh and Lee Westwood . The final six events , beginning in 2010 , were held at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club . Other notable winners include 17-year-old Italian Matteo Manassero in 2011 and British Open champion Louis Oosthuizen the following year . The year Oosthuizen won the prize fund was US $ 2.5 million . The event has not been staged since 2015 . The final champion was India 's Anirban Lahiri . This was his first ever win on the European Tour and it was his sixth win on the Asian Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '2,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Noh Seung-yul ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Noh_Seung-yul', 'summary': 'Noh Seung-yul ( Korean : 노승열 ; born 29 May 1991 ) , or Seung-yul Noh is a South Korean professional golfer . Noh turned professional in 2007 and successfully negotiated qualifying school for the 2008 Asian Tour . He won the Midea China Classic that season , and was named Asian Tour rookie of the year . In 2010 he won the Maybank Malaysian Open which was co-sanctioned with the European Tour . The win made him the second youngest winner ( 18 years , 282 days ) ever on the European Tour after Danny Lee ( 18 years , 213 days ) . He finished 2010 as the leader of the Asian Tour money list , and ranked 34th on the European Tour Order of Merit . In December 2011 , Noh finished T3 at the PGA Tour Q-School to earn his tour card for the 2012 season . This marked the first time that Noh had earned a full membership on the PGA Tour . In 2012 , he finished 49th on the PGA Tour money list and 37th in the FedEx Cup playoffs to retain his card for 2013 . In 2013 , he finished 153rd on the money list and missed the FedEx Cup playoffs . He played in the Web.com Tour Finals and finished fourth to regain his PGA Tour card for 2014 . On 27 April 2014 , he won the Zurich Classic of New Orleans , one month before his 23rd birthday .'}]}, {'value': '24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mar 30 - Apr 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SAIL Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SAIL_Open', 'summary': 'The SAIL-SBI Open is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour , played in India . It has been held annually since 2008 and is co-sanctioned by the Professional Golf Tour of India . The title sponsors are Steel Authority of India Limited ( SAIL ) and State Bank of India ( SBI ) . The inaugural tournament was played at Jaypee Greens Golf Resort in Greater Noida , before moving to the Jack Nicklaus designed Signature Course at Classic Golf Resort , just outside Gurgaon , near New Delhi in 2009 . Since 2010 , the tournament has been played at the Delhi Golf Club . In 2009 , Chapchai Nirat , set a new Asian Tour scoring record when he captured the title with a 32-under-par aggregate of 256 .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rikard Karlberg ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rikard_Karlberg', 'summary': "Rikard Karlberg ( born 1 December 1986 ) is a Swedish professional golfer . Karlberg was born in Gothenburg . He turned professional in 2006 . He topped the Nordic League rankings in 2007 to earn a tour card on the Challenge Tour . His best finish on the Challenge Tour was T4 at the 2008 Reale Challenge de España . Karlberg earned his 2010 Asian Tour card through qualifying school . He won the second Asian Tour event he played , the SAIL Open . Later in the year , he won his second Asian Tour title at the Hero Honda Indian Open . Karlberg earned a 2015 European Tour card through qualifying school , and won the Open d'Italia during his rookie season ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apr 8-11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Air Bagan Myanmar Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Air_Bagan_Myanmar_Open', 'summary': 'The Myanmar Open is a professional golf tournament on the Asian Tour . It was founded in 1996 , and was played every year until 2005 . Between 2006 and 2015 it was only contested in 2010 , 2012 and 2013 . The tournament returned in February 2016 , sponsored by Leopalace21 and co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and Japan Golf Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Myanmar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Myanmar', 'summary': 'Myanmar ( English pronunciation below ; Burmese : မြန်မာ , [ mjəmà ] ) [ nb 1 ] or Burma ( see §Etymology ) , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar [ nb 2 ] , is a country in Southeast Asia . Myanmar is bordered by Bangladesh and India to its northwest , China to its northeast , Laos and Thailand to its east and southeast , and the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal to its south and southwest . With a size of 676,578 square kilometres ( 261,228 square miles ) , Myanmar is the largest of the Mainland Southeast Asian states by area . As of 2017 , the population is about 54 million . Its capital city is Naypyidaw , and its largest city is Yangon ( Rangoon ) . Myanmar has been a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) since 1997 . Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma . In the 9th century , the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and , following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s , the Burmese language , culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country . The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged . In the 16th century , reunified by the Taungoo dynasty , the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Mainland Southeast Asia . The early 19th century Konbaung dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well . The British East India Company seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony .'}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tetsuji Hiratsuka ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetsuji_Hiratsuka', 'summary': 'Tetsuji Hiratsuka ( 平塚 哲二 , Hiratsuka Tetsuji , born 6 November 1971 ) is a Japanese professional golfer . Hiratsuka was born in Kyoto , Japan . He has won six times on the Japan Golf Tour . He represented Japan at the 2007 Omega Mission Hills World Cup with Hideto Tanihara .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Apr 22-25', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ballantine 's Championship", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ballantine's_Championship", 'summary': "The Championship at Laguna National , previously known as Ballantine 's Championship , was a European Tour golf tournament which was played for the first time from 13 to 16 March 2008 at Pinx Golf Club on the island of Jeju in South Korea . It was the first European Tour event to be staged in Korea . From 2008 to 2010 , the tournament was played at Pinx Golf Club . From 2011 to 2013 , the tournament was played at Blackstone Golf Club . In 2014 , the event has moved to Laguna National Golf & CC in Singapore . The tournament was announced in July 2007 by the European Tour in partnership with the Korean PGA , marking a continuation of the European Tour 's expansion into Asia . The Asian Tour , which had not been offered the co-sanctioning rights to which it felt it was entitled , responded by calling the event an invasive action that colonised Asia in blatant disregard of the principles of the International Federation of PGA Tours , but six months later it agreed terms to co-sanction the event . The prize fund in the first year was €2 million ( circa US $ 2.9 million ) ."}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2,900,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marcus Fraser ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcus_Fraser_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Marcus Fraser ( born 26 July 1978 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays on the European Tour , PGA Tour of Australasia and Asian Tour .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jun 17-20', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Queen 's Cup", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Queen's_Cup_(golf)", 'summary': "The Queen 's Cup is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour and is played in Thailand . The inaugural tournament was held in 2009 at the Santiburi Samui Country Club and the prize fund was US $ 300,000 . Chinnarat Phadungsil won the tournament and won $ 47,550 . The event was played at Santiburi Samui Country Club until 2018 . There were two events in 2018 . An event was held at Phoenix Gold Golf and Country Club in late June and early July and a second event was held later in the season at the Legacy Golf Club , in late November and early December ."}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tetsuji Hiratsuka ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tetsuji_Hiratsuka', 'summary': 'Tetsuji Hiratsuka ( 平塚 哲二 , Hiratsuka Tetsuji , born 6 November 1971 ) is a Japanese professional golfer . Hiratsuka was born in Kyoto , Japan . He has won six times on the Japan Golf Tour . He represented Japan at the 2007 Omega Mission Hills World Cup with Hideto Tanihara .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jul 29 - Aug 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brunei Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei_Open', 'summary': "The Brunei Open was an Asian Tour golf tournament . The 2005 staging was Brunei 's first ever professional golf tournament , and it was won by Terry Pilkadaris of Australia . The event is held at the Jack Nicklaus-designed course at the Empire Hotel and Country Club . In 2010 the prize fund was US $ 300,000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Brunei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brunei', 'summary': "Brunei ( /bruːˈnaɪ/ ( listen ) broo-NY ) , officially the Nation of Brunei , the Abode of Peace ( Malay : Negara Brunei Darussalam , Jawi : نڬارا بروني دارالسلام ) , is a country located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia . Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea , the country is completely surrounded by the insular Malaysian state of Sarawak . It is separated into two parts by the Sarawak district of Limbang . Brunei is the only sovereign state completely on the island of Borneo ; the remainder of the island 's territory is divided between the nations of Malaysia and Indonesia . Brunei 's population was 428,963 in 2018 . At the peak of the Bruneian Empire , Sultan Bolkiah ( reigned 1485-1528 ) is alleged to have had control over most regions of Borneo , including modern-day Sarawak and Sabah , as well as the Sulu Archipelago off the northeast tip of Borneo , Seludong ( modern-day Manila ) , and the islands off the northwest tip of Borneo . The maritime state was visited by Spain 's Magellan Expedition in 1521 and fought against Spain in the 1578 Castilian War . During the 19th century , the Bruneian Empire began to decline . The Sultanate ceded Sarawak ( Kuching ) to James Brooke and installed him as the White Rajah , and it ceded Sabah to the British North Borneo Chartered Company . In 1888 , Brunei became a British protectorate and was assigned a British resident as colonial manager in 1906 . After the Japanese occupation during World War II , in 1959 a new constitution was written . In 1962 , a small armed rebellion against the monarchy was ended with the help of the British ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mohammad Siddikur ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mohammad_Siddikur', 'summary': "Mohammad Siddikur Rahman ( Bengali : মোহাম্মদ সিদ্দিকুর রহমান ) ( born 20 November 1984 ) is a Bangladeshi professional golfer who plays on the Asian Tour . As an amateur , Siddikur won twelve events in Asia , winning five times in Bangladesh , two in Pakistan , Sri Lanka , and Nepal and one in India . Siddikur turned professional in 2005 and joined the Professional Golf Tour of India in 2006 . He picked up his first win on tour in 2008 at the PGTI Players Championship at Poona Golf Club and he picked up his second victory two months later at the HUDA-GTPL - Unitech Haryana Open . Siddikur won his third event in 2009 at The Global Green Bangalore Open and his fourth event in 2010 at the American Express Bangladesh Open . Siddikur joined the Asian Tour in 2009 after finishing in the top 40 at qualifying school . He finished 84th on the Order of Merit for the 2009 season . Siddikur became the first Bangladeshi golfer to win an Asian Tour event at the Brunei Open in August 2010 . Siddikur went to a playoff with South African Jbe ' Kruger and defeated him on the first extra hole . Kruger missed a 10-foot par putt to extend the playoff . On 10 July 2016 , Siddikur became the first Bangladeshi ever to qualify for the Olympic Games after finishing 56th in the final eligibility list for the Rio 2016 Games ; all previous Olympians from Bangladesh had been wild-card selections . He finished the tournament in 58th place ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aug 5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Worldwide Holdings Selangor Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Worldwide_Holdings_Selangor_Masters', 'summary': 'The Selangor Masters was a golf tournament on the Asian Tour , played in Malaysia . The inaugural tournament was held in 2008 at the Seri Selangor Golf Club and the prize fund was US $ 300,000 . Malaysian native Ben Leong won the inaugural tournament . The 2014 prize fund was RM1,300,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '365,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angelo Que ( 3 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angelo_Que', 'summary': 'Angelo Que ( born 3 December 1978 ) is a Filipino professional golfer . Que won the Philippine Amateur twice before turning professional in 2003 . He has played on the Asian Tour since 2003 and has won thrice : the 2004 Carlsberg Masters Vietnam , the 2008 Philippine Open and the 2010 Worldwide Holdings Selangor Masters .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Omega European Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Omega_European_Masters', 'summary': "The Omega European Masters is the Swiss stop on professional men 's golf 's European Tour , and in 2009 it became the first event in Europe to be co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour . Founded as the Swiss Open in 1923 , the tournament was prefixed with European Masters in 1983 , before dropping Swiss Open from the title in 1992 . During the 1971 event , Baldovino Dassù became the first player to score 60 for 18 holes on the European circuit . The tournament has been held at the Golf-Club Crans-sur-Sierre at Crans-Montana in Valais since 1939 , and is currently played in early September each year ."}]}, {'value': 'Switzerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Switzerland', 'summary': "Switzerland , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a country situated in the confluence of western , central , and southern Europe . [ note 4 ] It is a federal republic composed of 26 cantons , with federal authorities seated in Bern . [ note 1 ] Switzerland is a landlocked country bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . It is geographically divided among the Swiss Plateau , the Alps , and the Jura , spanning a total area of 41,285 km2 ( 15,940 sq mi ) , and land area of 39,997 km2 ( 15,443 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately 8.5 million is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are located , among them the two global cities and economic centres of Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The Federal Charter of 1291 is considered the founding document of Switzerland which is celebrated on Swiss National Day . Since the Reformation of the 16th century , Switzerland has maintained a strong policy of armed neutrality ; it has not fought an international war since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world . Switzerland is the birthplace of the Red Cross , one of the world 's oldest and best known humanitarian organisations , and is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . It is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union , the European Economic Area or the Eurozone ."}]}, {'value': '2,800,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Miguel Ángel Jiménez ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Miguel_Ángel_Jiménez', 'summary': 'Miguel Ángel Jiménez Rodríguez ( born 5 January 1964 ) is a Spanish professional golfer . He has won 21 times on the European Tour and has been a member of two victorious Ryder Cup teams .'}]}, {'value': '30', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 9-12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handa Singapore Classic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Handa_Singapore_Classic', 'summary': 'The ISPS Handa Singapore Classic was a golf tournament on the Asian Tour from 2010 to 2012 at the Orchid Country Club in Singapore . It was played for the first time in September 2010 . The purse was US $ 400,000 in 2010 and 2012 and US $ 300,000 in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '400,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peter Karmis ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Karmis', 'summary': 'Peter Karmis ( born 10 June 1981 ) is a South African professional golfer . Since mid-2018 , he has played under the Greek flag . Karmis played college golf at Purdue University . Karmis plays on the Sunshine Tour where he has won five times . He won the Lombard Insurance Classic in 2007 and 2009 , the Sun Sibaya Challenge in 2016 and the Investec Royal Swazi Open and Sun City Challenge in 2017 . Karmis played on the Asian Tour from 2010 to 2012 , winning the Handa Singapore Classic in 2010 .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 16-19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Yeangder Tournament Players Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yeangder_Tournament_Players_Championship', 'summary': 'The Yeangder Tournament Players Championship is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour . It was played for the first time in September 2010 at the Linkou International Golf and Country Club in Taipei , Taiwan . The purse in 2019 was US $ 500,000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thaworn Wiratchant ( 12 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thaworn_Wiratchant', 'summary': 'Thaworn Wiratchant ( born 28 December 1966 ) is a Thai professional golfer who plays on the Asian Tour where he holds the record for most victories , with 18 total wins . In March 2005 , he won the Enjoy Jakarta Standard Chartered Indonesia Open , which is co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the European Tour , becoming the second Thai after Thongchai Jaidee to win a European Tour event . He topped the Asian Tour money list in 2005 , becoming the first player to win more than half a million U.S. dollars on that tour in a season . He would top the Asian Tour money list again in 2012 . Wiratchant played in a number of events on the European Senior Tour in 2017 , receiving an exemption for players aged exactly 50 who had previously won a European Tour event . In his second event on the tour , the WINSTONgolf Senior Open , he finished runner-up behind Phillip Price . He gained entry to the end-of-season MCB Tour Championship by being 23rd in the Order of Merit . Rounds of 66-65-62 gave him an eight strokes win over Mark McNulty . The win lifted him to 9th place on the end of season Order of Merit .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 23-26', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Asia-Pacific Panasonic Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Panasonic_Open', 'summary': 'The Panasonic Open ( パナソニックオープン , panasonikku ōpun ) is a golf tournament for male golfers on the Japan Golf Tour and Asian Tour . Hosted by Panasonic , the event took place for the first time in September 2008 at Ibaraki Country Club in Ibaraki , Osaka , Japan .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '1,700,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Brendan Jones ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Jones_(golfer)', 'summary': 'Brendan Mark Jones ( born 3 March 1975 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays on the Japan Golf Tour , where he has won 15 times between 2002 and 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sep 30 - Oct 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mercuries Taiwan Masters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mercuries_Taiwan_Masters', 'summary': 'The Mercuries Taiwan Masters ( 三商台灣名人賽 ) is an annual golf tournament held in Taiwan . It was founded in 1987 and has been an Asian Tour event since 2000 .'}]}, {'value': 'Taiwan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Taiwan', 'summary': "Taiwan ( Chinese : 臺灣 ; pinyin : Táiwān ) , [ II ] officially the Republic of China ( ROC ) , [ I ] is a state in East Asia . Neighbouring states include the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) to the north-west , Japan to the north-east , and the Philippines to the south . The island of Taiwan has an area of 35,808 square kilometres ( 13,826 sq mi ) , with mountain ranges dominating the eastern two-thirds and plains in the western third , where its highly urbanised population is concentrated . Taipei is the capital and largest metropolitan area . Other major cities include Kaohsiung , Taichung , Tainan and Taoyuan . With 23.7 million inhabitants , Taiwan is among the most densely populated states , and is the most populous state and largest economy that is not a member of the United Nations ( UN ) . Taiwanese indigenous peoples settled the island of Taiwan around 6,000 years ago . In the 17th century , Dutch rule opened the island to mass Han immigration . After the brief Kingdom of Tungning in parts of the southern and western areas of the island , the island was annexed in 1683 by the Qing dynasty of China , and ceded to the Empire of Japan in 1895 . Following the surrender of Japan in 1945 , the Republic of China , which had overthrown and succeeded the Qing in 1911 , took control of Taiwan on behalf of the World War II Allies . The resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the loss of the mainland to the Communist Party of China and the flight of the ROC government to Taiwan in 1949 . Although the ROC government continued to claim to be the legitimate representative of China , since 1950 its effective jurisdiction has been limited to Taiwan and numerous smaller islands ."}]}, {'value': '500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pariya Junhasavasdikul ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pariya_Junhasavasdikul', 'summary': 'Pariya Junhasavasdikul ( born 14 August 1984 ) is a Thai professional golfer . Junhasavasdikul played college golf at Purdue University in the United States . Junhasavasdikul turned professional in 2008 and plays on the Asian Tour . He won the 2010 Mercuries Taiwan Masters and the 2013 Worldwide Holdings Selangor Masters .'}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct 14-17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Iskandar Johor Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iskandar_Johor_Open', 'summary': "The Iskandar Johor Open was a golf tournament held in Malaysia and part of the Asian Tour . It was first held in 2007 when it was played at the Royal Johor Country Club in Johor Bahru . The 2008 purse was US $ 500,000 . In 2009 , Johor Open 's purse was doubled to a size of US $ 1 million . The prize fund in 2010 was US $ 1.25 million , the joint richest event sanctioned solely by the Asian Tour , alongside the Hero Honda Indian Open , and 8th richest event of the Asian Tour . The 2011 Johor Open was added to the European Tour and the purse increased to US $ 2 million . In 2012 , the Johor Open was no longer a European Tour event but the prize money remained at US $ 2 million . The tournament was discontinued after 2012 . The Championship was supported by the Johor state government and the Iskandar Region Development Authority ( IRDA ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '1,250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pádraig Harrington ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pádraig_Harrington', 'summary': 'Pádraig Peter Harrington ( born 31 August 1971 ) is an Irish professional golfer who plays on the European Tour and the PGA Tour . He won three major championships : The Open Championship in 2007 and 2008 and the PGA Championship , also in 2008 . He spent over 300 weeks in the top-10 of the world rankings , and reached a career-high ranking of third in July 2008 . He is the captain of the European team for the 2020 Ryder Cup .'}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Oct 28-31', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CIMB Asia Pacific Classic Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CIMB_Asia_Pacific_Classic_Malaysia', 'summary': 'The CIMB Classic was a professional golf tournament in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the PGA Tour . Played in the fall , the event debuted in 2010 and moved to the West Course of the TPC Kuala Lumpur in 2013 ; the first three editions were played at The Mines Resort & Golf Club in Mines Wellness City . The event will be replaced in the 2019-20 PGA Tour season by the Zozo Championship in Japan . The tournament was the first event ever sanctioned by the PGA Tour in Southeast Asia . It was an official money event on the Asian Tour , but was an unofficial money event on the PGA Tour through 2012 . Beginning in October 2013 , it gained official status on the PGA Tour and the field was increased to 78 players . FedEx Cup points are earned by those making the cut , the winner earned a trip to the Masters . The purse was US $ 7 million , one the highest in East Asia together with the WGC-HSBC Champions and the now defunct BMW Masters .'}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '6,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ben Crane ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ben_Crane', 'summary': 'Benjamin McCully Crane ( born March 6 , 1976 ) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour .'}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 11 - 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barclays Singapore Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barclays_Singapore_Open', 'summary': "The Singapore Open is a golf tournament in Singapore that is part of the Asian Tour schedule . The event has been held at Sentosa Golf Club since 2005 and since 2017 has been part of the Open Qualifying Series , giving up to four non-exempt players entry into The Open Championship . The Singapore Open was founded in 1961 and was one of the tournaments on the first season of the Far East Circuit ( later the Asia Golf Circuit ) the following year . It remained part of the Asia circuit until 1993 when it became a fixture on the Australasian Tour . After just 3 seasons , it left the Australasian Tour to join the fledgling Asian Tour for that tour 's second season in 1996 . The event was also co-sanctioned with the European Tour from 2009 to 2012 , and with the Japan Golf Tour since 2016 ."}]}, {'value': 'Singapore', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Singapore', 'summary': "Singapore ( /ˈsɪŋ ( ɡ ) əpɔːr/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Singapore , is a sovereign city-state and island country in Southeast Asia . Singapore is located about one degree ( 137 kilometres or 85 miles ) north of the equator , and is situated off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula , and by extension , the southernmost extremity of continental Asia . The island country shares its southern maritime border with Indonesia 's Riau Islands , its northern , western , and eastern maritime borders with the Johor state of Peninsular Malaysia , and is in the vicinity of Sumatra to its west and Borneo to its east . It is enveloped by the littoral waters of the Johore Strait to its north and the Singapore Strait to its south , and is geographically positioned within the confluence of the Indian and Pacific Oceans , being bounded by the Malacca Strait to its west and the South China Sea to its east . The country 's territory is composed of one main island and 58 smaller islets , the combined area of which has increased by almost 25% since the country 's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects . Although Singapore has been a constituent part of several Hindu-Buddhist thalassocratic empires and Islamic sultanates throughout its millennia-long history , modern Singapore , then part of the erstwhile Johor Sultanate , was founded in 1819 when Stamford Raffles , a British colonial officer , established a trading post of the East India Company on the island . In 1824 , the island and its satellite islets were fully ceded by the Johor Sultanate , and in 1826 , Singapore was incorporated into the Straits Settlements , a group of East India Company territories in the Malay peninsula . From 1830 to 1858 , the Straits Settlements were administered as a Malayan subdivision of the East India Company 's Bengal Presidency ; following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Presidency and its constituent Settlements were reorganised into the British Raj . In 1867 , Britain 's colonial holdings in the Malay archipelago were separated from British India , and the administration of the Straits Settlements was transferred from Calcutta to London , bringing the Straits Settlements under the direct control of the British Crown as a crown colony . From 1867 to the 1940s , Singapore grew into a successful entrepôt that attracted settlers and sojourners from the region and beyond . During the Second World War , Imperial Japan successfully invaded Singapore , resulting in an interregnum of British rule corresponding with a brief Japanese occupation from 1942 to 1945 . Following Japan 's surrender in 1945 , the Straits Settlements were dissolved , with Singapore being returned to British control as a standalone crown colony in 1946 ."}]}, {'value': '6,000,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adam Scott ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adam_Scott_(golfer)', 'summary': "Adam Derek Scott ( born 16 July 1980 ) is an Australian professional golfer who plays mainly on the PGA Tour . He was the World No . 1 ranked golfer , from mid-May to August 2014 . He has won 31 professional tournaments around the world ( 3 being unofficial money events ) , on many of golf 's major tours . Scott 's biggest win to date was the 2013 Masters Tournament , his first major championship and the only Masters won by an Australian . Other significant wins include the 2004 Players Championship , the 2011 WGC-Bridgestone Invitational and the 2016 WGC-Cadillac Championship . He was the runner-up in the 2012 Open Championship , leading by four strokes with four holes to play before bogeying all of them to lose the title by a stroke to Ernie Els ."}]}, {'value': '48', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 18-21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'UBS Hong Kong Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/UBS_Hong_Kong_Open', 'summary': "The Hong Kong Open is a golf tournament which is co-sanctioned by the Asian Tour and the European Tour . It was founded in 1959 and has been part of the European Tour 's schedule since 2001 . The Hong Kong Golf Association , Hong Kong PGA , and Chinese PGA also receive a limited number of exemptions into the tournament for their members . Since taking its place on the European Tour the event has always been held at the Hong Kong Golf Club in Sheung Shui , New Territories . In its early years , the tournament used to be played in spring . Since 1995 , the tournament has usually been played towards the end of the year , in November or December , and often falls into the following year 's European Tour season ."}]}, {'value': 'Hong Kong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hong_Kong', 'summary': "Hong Kong ( /ˌhɒŋˈkɒŋ/ ( listen ) ; Chinese : 香港 , Cantonese : [ hœ́ːŋ.kɔ̌ːŋ ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People 's Republic of China ( HKSAR ) , is a city and special administrative region on the eastern side of the Pearl River estuary in southern China . With over 7.4 million people of various nationalities [ d ] in a 1,104-square-kilometre ( 426 sq mi ) territory , Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated places in the world . Hong Kong became a colony of the British Empire after Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island at the end of the First Opium War in 1842 . The colony expanded to the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 after the Second Opium War , and was further extended when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories in 1898 . The territory was returned to China in 1997 . As a special administrative region , Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China under the principle of one country , two systems . Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages , the territory has become one of the world 's most significant financial centres and commercial ports . It is the world 's tenth-largest exporter and ninth-largest importer . As one of the world 's leading international financial centres , Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade , and the currency , Hong Kong dollar , is the eighth most traded currency in the world . Hong Kong hosts the largest concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world . Although the city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world , there is severe income inequality among its residents . Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index ."}]}, {'value': '2,500,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ian Poulter ( n/a )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ian_Poulter', 'summary': "Ian James Poulter ( born 10 January 1976 ) is an English professional golfer who is a member of the world 's top two professional golf tours , the U.S.-based PGA Tour and the European Tour . He has previously been ranked as high as number 5 in the world rankings . The highlights of Poulter 's career to date have been his two World Golf Championship wins at the 2010 WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship and the 2012 WGC-HSBC Champions . He is the touring professional for Woburn Golf and Country Club ."}]}, {'value': '38', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nov 25-28', 'urls': []}, {'value': "King 's Cup", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/King's_Cup_(golf)", 'summary': "The King 's Cup is a golf tournament that is played in Thailand . The tournament became an event on the Asian Tour in 2009 and when it was held at the Singha Park Khon Kaen Golf Club with a prize fund was US $ 300,000 . Beginning in 2016 , it is co-sanctioned with the European Tour ."}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '300,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Udorn Duangdecha ( 1 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Udorn_Duangdecha', 'summary': "Udorn Duangdecha ( born 18 October 1970 ) is a Thai professional golfer . Udorn plays on the Asian Tour where he has won once - the 2010 King 's Cup ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dec 2-5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hero Honda Indian Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hero_Honda_Indian_Open', 'summary': 'The Indian Open , known as the Hero Indian Open due to sponsorship , is a golf tournament on the Asian Tour that is currently held at the DLF Golf and Country Club . It became a European Tour co-sanctioned event in 2015 .'}]}, {'value': 'India', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/India', 'summary': 'India ( Hindi : Bhārat ) , officially the Republic of India ( Hindi : Bhārat Gaṇarājya ) , is a country in South Asia . It is the seventh-largest country by area , the second-most populous country , and the most populous democracy in the world . Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south , the Arabian Sea on the southwest , and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast , it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west ; [ e ] China , Nepal , and Bhutan to the north ; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east . In the Indian Ocean , India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives ; its Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia . Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago . Their long occupation , initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers , has made the region highly diverse , second only to Africa in human genetic diversity . Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river basin 9,000 years ago , evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation of the third millennium BCE . By 1200 BCE , an archaic form of Sanskrit , an Indo-European language , had diffused into India from the northwest , unfolding as the language of the Rigveda , and recording the dawning of Hinduism in India . The Dravidian languages of India were supplanted in the northern regions . By 400 BCE , stratification and exclusion by caste had emerged within Hinduism , and Buddhism and Jainism had arisen , proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity . Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya and Gupta Empires based in the Ganges Basin . Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity , but also marked by the declining status of women , and the incorporation of untouchability into an organised system of belief .'}]}, {'value': '1,250,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rikard Karlberg ( 2 )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rikard_Karlberg', 'summary': "Rikard Karlberg ( born 1 December 1986 ) is a Swedish professional golfer . Karlberg was born in Gothenburg . He turned professional in 2006 . He topped the Nordic League rankings in 2007 to earn a tour card on the Challenge Tour . His best finish on the Challenge Tour was T4 at the 2008 Reale Challenge de España . Karlberg earned his 2010 Asian Tour card through qualifying school . He won the second Asian Tour event he played , the SAIL Open . Later in the year , he won his second Asian Tour title at the Hero Honda Indian Open . Karlberg earned a 2015 European Tour card through qualifying school , and won the Open d'Italia during his rookie season ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Tournament results', 'section_text': "The table below shows the 2010 schedule . [ 1 ] The number in brackets after each winner 's name is the number of Asian Tour events he had won up to and including that tournament . This information is only shown for Asian Tour members . Only 50% of the prize money from major championships and World Golf Championships are counted towards the Order of Merit , but are not shown below .", 'uid': '2010_Asian_Tour_0', 'intro': "The 2010 Asian Tour was the 16th season of the modern Asian Tour, the main men's professional golf tour in Asia excluding Japan, since it was established in 1995. Prize money for the season exceeded US$43 million and teenager Noh Seung-yul became the youngest Order of Merit winner with US$822,361."}
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A tournament held in the second-most populous country and won by an Australian golfer , was removed from the calendar of sanctioned Tours in what year ?
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2014
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039d76d7b57db047
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols', 'title': 'List of Texas state symbols', 'header': ['Type', 'Symbol', 'Date designated'], 'data': [{'value': 'Motto', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mottos', 'summary': "All of the United States ' 50 states have a state motto , as do the District of Columbia , and 3 U.S. territories . A motto is a phrase intended to formally describe the general motivation or intention of an organization . State mottos can sometimes be found on state seals or state flags . Some states have officially designated a state motto by an act of the state legislature , whereas other states have the motto only as an element of their seals . The motto of the United States itself is In God We Trust , proclaimed by Congress and signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on July 30 , 1956 . The motto E Pluribus Unum ( Latin for One from many ) was approved for use on the Great Seal of the United States in 1782 , but was never adopted as the national motto through legislative action . South Carolina has two official mottos , both of which are in Latin . Kentucky , North Dakota , and Vermont also have two mottos , one in Latin and the other in English . All other states and territories have only one motto , except for Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands , which do not have any mottos . English and Latin are the most-used languages for state mottos , each used by 25 states and territories . Seven states and territories use another language , of which each language is only used once . Eight states and two territories have their mottos on their state quarter ; thirty-eight states and four territories have their mottos on their state seals ."}]}, {'value': 'Friendship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Friendship', 'summary': "Friendship is a relationship of mutual affection between people . It is a stronger form of interpersonal bond than an association , and has been studied in academic fields such as communication , sociology , social psychology , anthropology , and philosophy . Various academic theories of friendship have been proposed , including social exchange theory , equity theory , relational dialectics , and attachment styles . Although there are many forms of friendship , some of which may vary from place to place , certain characteristics are present in many types of such bonds . Such characteristics include affection ; kindness , love , virtue , sympathy , empathy , honesty , altruism , loyalty , generosity , forgiveness , mutual understanding and compassion , enjoyment of each other 's company , trust , and the ability to be oneself , express one 's feelings to others , and make mistakes without fear of judgment from the friend . Friendship is an essential aspect of relationship building skills ."}]}, {'value': '1930', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nickname', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames', 'summary': 'The following is a table of U.S. state and territory nicknames , including officially adopted nicknames , and other traditional nicknames for the 50 U.S. states and the 5 inhabited territories ( and the District of Columbia ) .'}]}, {'value': 'The Lone Star State', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flags_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': "The flags of the U.S. states , territories , and the District of Columbia exhibit a variety of regional influences and local histories , as well as different styles and design principles . Nonetheless , the majority of the states ' flags share the same design pattern consisting of the state seal superimposed on a monochrome background , commonly a shade of blue . The most recently adopted state flag is the Flag of Utah , which was updated on February 16 , 2011 to fix incorrectly located text . The most recently adopted territorial flag is that of the Northern Mariana Islands , and was adopted on July 1 , 1985 ."}]}, {'value': 'The Lone Star Flag', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Flag_of_Texas', 'summary': "The flag of Texas is the official flag of the U.S. state of Texas . It is well known for its prominent single white star which gives the flag its commonly-used name : Lone Star Flag . This lone star , in turn , gives rise to the state 's nickname : The Lone Star State . The flag , flown at homes and businesses statewide , is highly popular among Texans and is treated with a great degree of reverence and esteem within Texas . Along with the flag of Hawaii , it is one of two state flags to have previously served as a national flag . In 2001 , the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state , territorial , and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Texas flag 2nd , behind New Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'June 30 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seals_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'This list of U.S. state , federal district , and territorial seals shows the official seals of the 50 states , of the federal district , and of the 5 inhabited territories of the United States of America . Also included are the seals of the 3 largest Native American tribes , plus several historical state and territorial seals .'}]}, {'value': 'Seal of the Republic of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_of_Texas', 'summary': 'The Seal of the State of Texas was adopted through the 1845 Texas Constitution , and was based on the seal of the Republic of Texas , which dates from January 25 , 1839 .'}]}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State seal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seals_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'This list of U.S. state , federal district , and territorial seals shows the official seals of the 50 states , of the federal district , and of the 5 inhabited territories of the United States of America . Also included are the seals of the 3 largest Native American tribes , plus several historical state and territorial seals .'}]}, {'value': 'Seal of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Seal_of_Texas', 'summary': 'The Seal of the State of Texas was adopted through the 1845 Texas Constitution , and was based on the seal of the Republic of Texas , which dates from January 25 , 1839 .'}]}, {'value': 'December 29 , 1845', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Reverse of the seal', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'August 26 , 1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National coat of arms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'The coats of arms of the U.S. states are coats of arms , adopted by those states that have chosen , that are an official symbol of the state , alongside their seal . Eighteen states have officially adopted coats of arms . The former independent Republic of Texas and Kingdom of Hawaii each had a separate national coat of arms , which are no longer used .'}]}, {'value': 'Coat of arms of the Republic of Texas', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'January 25 , 1839', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'State coat of arms', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coats_of_arms_of_the_U.S._states', 'summary': 'The coats of arms of the U.S. states are coats of arms , adopted by those states that have chosen , that are an official symbol of the state , alongside their seal . Eighteen states have officially adopted coats of arms . The former independent Republic of Texas and Kingdom of Hawaii each had a separate national coat of arms , which are no longer used .'}]}, {'value': 'Coat of arms of Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Texas', 'summary': 'Texas is one of eighteen states that have adopted an official coat of arms . The current coat of arms developed from the original coat of arms used by the Republic of Texas before its annexation into the United States .'}]}, {'value': '1993', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'National guard crest', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crest of the Texas National Guard', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_National_Guard', 'summary': 'The Texas Military Forces ( TXMF ) are the principle instrument through which the Texas Military Department ( TMD ) executes security policy for Texas , which has the second largest population and border in the United States , and the tenth largest economy in the world . After the United States Armed Forces , Texas Military Forces are the most capable , mission-ready military in the United States . Current forces include the Texas Army National Guard , Texas Air National Guard , and Texas State Guard of the Texas Militia . Former forces include the Texian Militia , Texian Army , Texian Navy , Texas Army , Texas Navy , and Texas Marines . It also included the Texas Rangers from their inception until 1935 . Texas Military Forces are administered by the Texas Military Department under command of the Adjutant General of Texas , who is appointed by and subordinate to the Governor of Texas , the Commander in Chief .'}]}, {'value': 'February 18 , 1924', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Flower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state , federal district , and territory flowers :'}]}, {'value': 'Bluebonnets ( Lupinus spp. , namely Texas bluebonnet , L. texensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)', 'summary': 'Bluebonnet is a name given to any number of purple-flowered species of the genus Lupinus predominantly found in southwestern United States and is collectively the state flower of Texas . The shape of the petals on the flower resembles the bonnet worn by pioneer women to shield them from the sun . Species often called bluebonnets include :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Texas_bluebonnet', 'summary': "Lupinus texensis , the Texas bluebonnet or Texas lupine is a species of lupine endemic to Texas , plus the Mexican states of Coahuila , Nuevo León , and Tamaulipas . With other related species of lupines also called bluebonnets , it is the state flower of Texas . It is an annual which begins its life as a small , gravel-like seed . The seed has a hard seed coat that must be penetrated by wind , rain , and weather over the course of a few months ( but sometimes several years ) . In the fall , the bluebonnets emerge as small seedings with two cotyledons , and later a rosette of leaves that are palmately compound , with five to seven leaflets 3-10 cm long , green with a faint white edge and hair . Growth continues over the mild winter , and then in the spring takes off , rapidly grow larger , before sending up a 20- to 50-cm-tall plume of blue flowers ( with bits of white and occasionally a tinge of pinkish-red ) . The scent of these blossoms has been diversely described ; many people say they give off no scent at all , while a few have described the scent as 'sickly sweet ' . It has been found in the wild with isolated mutations in other colors , most notably all-white flowers , pink , and the maroon 'Alamo Fire ' variation . These mutations have since been selectively bred to produce different color strains that are available commercially . Texas recognizes all native lupine species occurring in the state as the official state flower . That fact leads to other species such as L. subcarnosus and L. havardii also being referred to as bluebonnets , but distinctions are seen among the species that differentiate them from L. texensis ."}]}, {'value': 'March 1901', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state , federal district , and territory trees , including official trees of the following of the states , of the federal district , and of the territories .'}]}, {'value': 'Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pecan', 'summary': 'The pecan /pɪˈkæn/ ( Carya illinoinensis ) is a species of hickory native to northern Mexico and the southern United States in the region of the Mississippi River . The tree is cultivated for its seed in the southern United States , primarily in Georgia , and in Mexico which produces nearly half of the world total . The seed is an edible nut used as a snack and in various recipes , such as praline candy and pecan pie . The pecan , in various aspects , is included in state symbols of Alabama , Arkansas , California , Oklahoma and Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1906', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Soil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils', 'summary': 'This is a list of U.S. state soils . A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state . Each state in the United States has selected a state soil , twenty of which have been legislatively established . These official state soils share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds . Also , representative soils have been selected for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands .'}]}, {'value': 'Houston Black', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Houston_Black_(soil)', 'summary': 'Houston black soil extends over 1,500,000 acres ( 6,100 km2 ) of the Texas blackland prairies and is the Texas state soil . The series is composed of expansive clays and is considered one of the classic vertisols . Houston black soils are used extensively for grain sorghum , cotton , corn , small grain , and forage grasses . In their natural state , they support mostly tall and mid grass prairies of big bluestem ( Andropogon gerardi ) , sideoats grama ( Bouteloua curtipendula ) , switchgrass ( Panicum virgatum ) , little bluestem ( Schizachyrium scoparium ) , and indiangrass ( Sorghastrum nutans ) , with some elm ( Ulmus spp . ) , hackberry ( Celtis spp . ) and mesquite ( Prosopis glandulosa ) trees . The soil also shrinks and swells with variations in how much water it contains . In the USDA taxonomic system it is designated an Udic Haplusterts .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bird', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds', 'summary': "Below is a list of U.S. state birds as designated by each state 's legislature , as well as the District of Columbia 's state bird . The list also contains U.S. territory birds as designated by each territory 's legislature . The selection of state birds began in 1927 , when the legislatures for Alabama , Florida , Maine , Missouri , Oregon , Texas and Wyoming selected their state birds . The last state to choose its bird was Arizona in 1973 . Alaska , California , and South Dakota permit hunting of their state birds . Pennsylvania has adopted a state game bird but not a state bird , while Alabama , Georgia , Massachusetts , Missouri , Oklahoma , South Carolina , and Tennessee have designated an additional state game bird for the purpose of hunting . The northern cardinal is the state bird of seven states , followed by the western meadowlark as the state bird of six states . Several states have extinct official animals , such as state dinosaurs in addition to state insects , state butterflies , state mammals and state reptiles . The District of Columbia designated a district bird in 1938 . Each of the five inhabited territories of the United States has a designated territorial bird ( except for American Samoa ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Northern_mockingbird', 'summary': 'The northern mockingbird ( Mimus polyglottos ) is the only mockingbird commonly found in North America . This bird is mainly a permanent resident , but northern birds may move south during harsh weather . This species has rarely been observed in Europe . This species was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturæ in 1758 as Turdus polyglottos . The northern mockingbird is known for its mimicking ability , as reflected by the meaning of its scientific name , many-tongued mimic . The northern mockingbird has gray to brown upper feathers and a paler belly . Its tail and wings have white patches which are visible in flight . The northern mockingbird is an omnivore , eating both insects and fruits . It is often found in open areas and forest edges but forages in grassy land . The northern mockingbird breeds in southeastern Canada , the United States , northern Mexico , the Bahamas , the Cayman Islands and the Greater Antilles . It is replaced further south by its closest living relative , the tropical mockingbird . The Socorro mockingbird , an endangered species , is also closely related , contrary to previous opinion .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Song', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs', 'summary': "Forty-nine of the fifty U.S. states that make up the United States of America have one or more state songs , a type of regional anthem , which are selected by each state legislature , and/or state governor , as a symbol ( or emblem ) of that particular U.S. state . Some U.S. states have more than one official state song , and may refer to some of their official songs by other names ; for example , Arkansas officially has two state songs , plus a state anthem , and a state historical song . Tennessee has the most state songs , with 9 official state songs and an official bicentennial rap . Arizona has a song that was written specifically as a state anthem in 1915 , as well as the 1981 country hit Arizona , which it adopted as the alternate state anthem in 1982 . Two individuals , Stephen Foster , and John Denver , have written or co-written two state songs . Foster 's two state songs , Old Folks at Home ( better known as Swanee Ribber or Suwannee River ) , adopted by Florida , and My Old Kentucky Home are among the best-known songs in the U.S. On March 12 , 2007 , the Colorado Senate passed a resolution to make Denver 's trademark 1972 hit Rocky Mountain High one of the state 's two official state songs , sharing duties with its predecessor , Where the Columbines Grow . On March 7 , 2014 , the West Virginia Legislature approved a resolution to make Denver 's Take Me Home , Country Roads one of four official state songs of West Virginia . Governor Earl Ray Tomblin signed the resolution into law on March 8 , 2014 . Additionally , Woody Guthrie wrote or co-wrote two state folk songs - Roll On , Columbia , Roll On and Oklahoma Hills - but they have separate status from the official state songs of Washington and Oklahoma , respectively . Other well-known state songs include Yankee Doodle , You Are My Sunshine , Rocky Top , and Home on the Range ; a number of others are popular standards , including Oklahoma ( from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical ) , Hoagy Carmichael 's Georgia on My Mind , Tennessee Waltz , Missouri Waltz , and On the Banks of the Wabash , Far Away . Many of the others are much less well-known , especially outside the state . New Jersey has no official state song , while Virginia 's previous state song , Carry Me Back to Old Virginny , adopted in 1940 , was later rescinded in 1997 due to its racist language by the Virginia General Assembly ."}]}, {'value': 'Texas , Our Texas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas,_Our_Texas', 'summary': 'Texas , Our Texas is the regional anthem of the U.S. state of Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( small )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals', 'summary': "A state mammal is the official mammal of a U.S. state as designated by a state 's legislature . The first column of the table is for those denoted as the state mammal , and the second shows the state marine mammals . Animals with more specific designations are also listed . Many states also have separately officially designated state birds , state fish , state butterflies , state reptiles , and other animals . Listed separately are state dogs and state horses ."}]}, {'value': 'Nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo', 'summary': 'The nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) , or the nine-banded , long-nosed armadillo , is a medium-sized mammal found in North , Central , and South America , making it the most widespread of the armadillos . Its ancestors originated in South America , and remained there until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama allowed them to enter North America as part of the Great American Interchange . The nine-banded armadillo is a solitary , mainly nocturnal animal , found in many kinds of habitats , from mature and secondary rainforests to grassland and dry scrub . It is an insectivore , feeding chiefly on ants , termites , and other small invertebrates . The armadillo can jump 3-4 ft ( 91-122 cm ) straight in the air if sufficiently frightened , making it a particular danger on roads . It is the state small mammal of Texas .'}]}, {'value': '1927', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( large )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Texas Longhorn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Texas_Longhorn', 'summary': "The Texas Longhorn is a breed of cattle known for its characteristic horns , which can extend to over 70 inches ( 1.8 m ) tip to tip for bulls , and up to 100 inches ( 2.54 m ) tip to tip for steers and exceptional cows . They are descendants of the first cattle in the New World , brought by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish colonists , and have a high drought-stress tolerance . Texas Longhorns are known for their diverse coloring , and can be any color or mix of colors , but dark red and white color mixes are the most dominant . Registries for the breed include the Texas Longhorn Breeders Association of America , founded in 1964 by the Kerr County rancher Charles Schreiner , III ; the International Texas Longhorn Association , and the Cattlemen 's Texas Longhorn Registry . The online National Texas Longhorn Museum displays the diversity of horns found in the breed , stories about notable individual cattle of the breed , as well as a gallery of furniture made out of horns from the animal . The longhorn with the longest recorded total-horn-length marks in at 129.5 inches ( 3.29 m ) and belongs to longhorn M Arrow Cha-Ching . This longhorn is owned by Richard Flip who lives near Fayetteville , Texas . The second longest on record is 3S Danica of Tallgrass Cattle Company , who measured in at 100 inches ( 2.54 m ) tip to tip on September 13 , 2018 . Due to their innate gentle disposition and intelligence , Texas Longhorns are increasingly being trained for steer riding ."}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mammal ( flying )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/U.S._state_bats', 'summary': "A state mammal is the official mammal of a U.S. state as designated by a state 's legislature . The first column of the table is for those denoted as the state mammal , and the second shows the state marine mammals . Animals with more specific designations are also listed . Many states also have separately officially designated state birds , state fish , state butterflies , state reptiles , and other animals . Listed separately are state dogs and state horses ."}]}, {'value': 'Mexican free-tailed bat ( Tadarida brasiliensis )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat', 'summary': 'The Mexican free-tailed bat or Brazilian free-tailed bat ( Tadarida brasiliensis ) is a medium-sized bat native to the Americas , regarded as one of the most abundant mammals in North America . Its proclivity towards roosting in huge numbers at relatively few locations makes it vulnerable to habitat destruction in spite of its abundance . The bat is considered a species of special concern in California as a result of declining populations . It has been claimed to have the fastest horizontal speed ( as opposed to stoop diving speed ) of any animal , reaching top ground speeds over 160 km/h ; its actual air speed has not been measured . The Texas Legislature designated the Mexican free-tailed bat the state mammal ( flying ) in 1995 .'}]}, {'value': '1995', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_dogs', 'summary': "Thirteen states of the United States have designated an official state dog breed . Maryland was the first state to name a dog breed as a state symbol , naming the Chesapeake Bay Retriever in 1964 . Pennsylvania followed the year after , naming the Great Dane as its official breed . Dog breeds are mostly affiliated with the states that they originated in . North Carolina chose the Plott Hound as it was the only dog breed indigenous to the state . Other official state dogs also are indigenous to their state , including the Boston Terrier ( Massachusetts ) and the Alaskan Malamute ( Alaska ) . Pennsylvania selected the Great Dane not because of its origin , but because it was introduced by early settlers in the state to be used as a hunting and working dog ; it was chosen over the Beagle , which was also proposed around the same time . Two of the more recent successful campaigns to name a state dog have been started by schoolchildren . In 2007 , Alaskan kindergarten student Paige Hill 's idea created the campaign for the Alaskan Malamute which would convince Representative Berta Gardner to support the bill in 2009 , with it becoming law in 2010 . Elementary school students from Bedford , New Hampshire won their campaign for the Chinook to be accepted as a symbol of their state in 2010 . There have been a variety of campaigns in other states to select a state dog . Georgia was undecided about choosing a state dog in 1991 , with an attempt to make the Golden Retriever the official dog failing after a vote in the Georgia State Senate ; an opposing campaign promoted the Bulldog , the mascot of the University of Georgia ."}]}, {'value': 'Blue Lacy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blue_Lacy', 'summary': 'The Lacy Dog or Blue Lacy Dog is a breed of working dog that originated in Texas in the mid-19th century . The Lacy was first recognized in 2001 by the Texas Senate . In Senate Resolution No . 436 , the 77th Legislature honored the Lacy as a true Texas breed . In June 2005 , Governor Rick Perry signed the legislation adopting the Blue Lacy as the official State Dog Breed of Texas . As expected , the vast majority of Lacy dogs are found in Texas . However , as the breed becomes more well recognized , there are breeding populations being established across the United States , Canada , and most recently in Europe .'}]}, {'value': 'June 18 , 2005', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Official designations and symbols', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Texas_state_symbols_0', 'intro': 'The following is a list of symbols of the U.S. state of Texas.'}
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How many states have designated an official state symbol of which the symbol for was honored with Texas Senate Resolution No . 436 of the 77th Legislature ?
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Thirteen
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039e8fecd7ba4d89
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'title': 'Yugoslavia at the 1983 Mediterranean Games', 'header': ['Medal', 'Name', 'Sport', 'Event'], 'data': [{'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snežana Dančetović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snežana_Dančetović', 'summary': "Snežana Dančetović ( born 4 December 1957 ) is a Slovenian athlete . She competed in the women 's long jump at the 1984 Summer Olympics , representing Yugoslavia ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Long jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jovan Lazarević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jovan_Lazarević', 'summary': 'Jovan Lazarević ( Serbian : Јован Лазаревић , born 3 May 1952 ) is a retired shot putter who represented SFR Yugoslavia . He won the bronze medal at the 1982 European Indoor Championships , the gold medal at the 1983 Mediterranean Games and the silver medal at the 1987 Mediterranean Games . and finished sixth at the 1984 European Indoor Championships . He became Balkan champion in 1981 . He became Yugoslav shot put champion in 1982 , 1983 , 1987 and 1988 . His personal best throw was 20.54 metres , achieved in July 1990 in Minsk . His former coach was Nikola Tomasović .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Shot put', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Joško Vlašić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Joško_Vlašić', 'summary': "Joško Vlašić ( Croatian pronunciation : [ ˈjɔʃkɔ ˈʋlaʃitɕ ] ) ( born 22 July 1956 ) is a Croatian athletics coach and a former decathlete who represented Yugoslavia . Vlašić 's greatest competitive success was winning the decathlon gold medal at the 1983 Mediterranean Games , but he is best known for coaching his daughter Blanka Vlašić , a world champion high jumper ."}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'Decathlon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball team Borislav Vučević Nebojša Zorkić Mihovil Nakić Jovanović Ivan Sunara Karadžić Vukičević Emir Mutapčić Stevica Čeko Šantelj Vujačić Zufer Avdija', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team', 'summary': 'The SFR Yugoslavian national basketball team ( Serbo-Croatian : Košarkaška reprezentacija Jugoslavije / Кошаркашка репрезентација Југославије ; Slovene : Jugoslovanska košarkarska reprezentanca ; Macedonian : Кошаркарска репрезентација на Југославија ) represented the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1943 until 1992 in international basketball matches and was controlled by the Basketball Federation of Yugoslavia ( KSJ ) . After World War II , the team steadily improved their rankings and came to be one of the dominant forces of world basketball in the 1970s and the 1980s , along with the United States and Soviet Union , capturing 5 Olympic medals and 8 World Cups , 13 medals in total , along with another 13 on continental level ( at EuroBaskets ) . After the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991 , national teams of the successor countries , particularly Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia , continued the strong performance in international competitions . Ten FIBA Hall of Fame members emerged from the Yugoslavian national team : Krešimir Ćosić , Dražen Dalipagić , Ivo Daneu , Mirza Delibašić , Vlade Divac , Dragan Kićanović , Radivoj Korać , Toni Kukoč , Dražen Petrović and Zoran Slavnić .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Borislav_Vučević', 'summary': 'Borislav Boro Vučević ( Serbian Cyrillic : Борислав Вучевић ; born August 7 , 1958 ) is a Montenegrin former professional basketball player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nebojša_Zorkić', 'summary': 'Nebojša Zorkić ( born 21 August 1961 ) is a former Serbian basketball player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mihovil_Nakić', 'summary': 'Mihovil Nakić-Vojnović ( born 31 July 1955 ) is a Croatian former professional basketball player . Standing at 2.04 m ( 6 ft 8 1⁄2 in ) , he played as a small forward .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ivan_Sunara', 'summary': 'Ivan Sunara ( born 27 March 1959 , in Drniš ) is a Croatian former basketball player who competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Emir_Mutapčić', 'summary': 'Emir Mutapčić ( born 27 May 1960 ) is a former Bosnian professional basketball player and current assistant coach of Bayern Munich . He competed for Yugoslavia in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zufer_Avdija', 'summary': 'Zufer Avdija is a Serbian-Israeli professional basketball coach and former player . He represented the Yugoslavia basketball team internationally .'}]}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'The basketball tournament at the 1983 Mediterranean Games was held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bojan Ropret', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bojan_Ropret', 'summary': 'Bojan Ropret ( born 17 August 1952 ) is a former Slovene cyclist . He competed for Yugoslavia at the 1976 , 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling', 'summary': 'Cycling , also called biking or bicycling , is the use of bicycles for transport , recreation , exercise or sport . People engaged in cycling are referred to as cyclists , bikers , or less commonly , as bicyclists . Apart from two-wheeled bicycles , cycling also includes the riding of unicycles , tricycles , quadracycles , recumbent and similar human-powered vehicles ( HPVs ) . Bicycles were introduced in the 19th century and now number approximately one billion worldwide . They are the principal means of transportation in many parts of the world . Cycling is widely regarded as a very effective and efficient mode of transportation optimal for short to moderate distances . Bicycles provide numerous benefits in comparison with motor vehicles , including the sustained physical exercise involved in cycling , easier parking , increased maneuverability , and access to roads , bike paths and rural trails . Cycling also offers a reduced consumption of fossil fuels , less air or noise pollution , and much reduced traffic congestion . These lead to less financial cost to the user as well as to society at large ( negligible damage to roads , less road area required ) . By fitting bicycle racks on the front of buses , transit agencies can significantly increase the areas they can serve . In addition , cycling provides a variety of health benefits . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) states that cycling can reduce the risk of cancers , heart disease , and diabetes that are prevalent in sedentary lifestyles .'}]}, {'value': 'Road race', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Handball team Zlatan Arnautović Momir Rnić Veselin Vuković Stjepan Obran Jovica Elezović Zdravko Zovko Željko Vidaković Pavle Jurina Veselin Vujović Mile Isaković Dragan Mladenović Mirko Bašić', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_handball_team', 'summary': 'The Yugoslavia national handball team was the national handball team of Yugoslavia . It was organized by the Handball Federation of Yugoslavia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zlatan_Arnautović', 'summary': 'Zlatan Arnautović ( born 2 September 1956 in Prijedor , Bosnia and Herzegovina , then Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played all six matches as goalkeeper . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches as goalkeeper again .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Momir_Rnić_(handballer_born_1955)', 'summary': 'Momir Rnić ( born 3 February 1955 in Sečanj , Serbia , FPR Yugoslavia ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics , in the 1984 Summer Olympics , and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played all six matches and scored seventeen goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played four matches and scored one goals . In 1988 he won the bronze medal with the Yugoslav team . He played all six matches and scored eighteen goals . His son Momir Rnić ia also a handballer , member of Serbia national handball team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Vuković', 'summary': "Veselin Vuković ( Serbian : Веселин Вуковић ; born 19 December 1958 in Struga ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored 19 goals . As a member of RK Metaloplastika he won two Champions ' League titles , 1985 and 1986 . After his retirement he was coach of RK Metaloplastika and assistant coach of the national team at the Sydney Olympics . After his Olympic experience he worked in Cyprus . Since 1 April 2010 he is the Serbia national handball team 's head coach . He coached national team at the 2012 European Championship , when the team won silver medal . He led the Serbian national team at the 2012 Olympics where they finished ninth ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jovica_Elezović', 'summary': 'Jovica Elezović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Јовица Елезовић , born March 2 , 1956 in Vrbas ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played four matches and scored five goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored ten goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zdravko_Zovko', 'summary': 'Zdravko Zovko ( born 28 May 1955 in Bosanski Brod , Bosnia and Herzegovina ) is a former Croatian handball player who is currently the assistant coach of Győri Audi ETO KC .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pavle_Jurina', 'summary': "Pavle Pavo Jurina ( 2 January 1954 - 2 December 2011 ) was a Croatian handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . Jurina was born in Našice . Standing at 1.94 m , he debuted as a handball player with the local team RK NEXE Našice ; in 1976 he moved to RK Partizan Bjelovar , winning the Yugoslav national championship in 1977 and 1979 . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth in the handball Olympic tournament . He played all six matches and scored 33 goals . Jurina was elected three times as best Yugoslav player Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal in the Los Angeles Summer Olympics . He played all six matches and scored five goals . In 1984 he moved to Italy , where he played at Gaeta . In 1986/1987 Jurian played for German team TuS Schutterwald . Later he coached several Italian teams , including Gaeta , Città Sant'Angelo , Sassari and Alcamo . He died in 2011 for a cardiac malfunction ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Vujović', 'summary': 'Veselin Vujović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Веселин Вујовић ; born 18 January 1961 ) is a Montenegrin former handball player and the current manager of RK Zagreb . As a player , he competed at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics for the Yugoslavia national team .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mile_Isaković', 'summary': 'Mile Isaković ( born January 17 , 1958 in Šabac ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics . In 1980 he was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which finished sixth . He played five matches and scored thirteen goals . Four years later he was part of the Yugoslav team which won the gold medal . He played all six matches and scored 39 goals .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragan_Mladenović_(handball)', 'summary': 'Dragan Mladenović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драган Младеновић ; born 18 October 1963 in Gnjilan ( Pirot ) ) is a former Yugoslav handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a member of the Yugoslav handball team which won the gold medal . He played two matches . His daughter , Kristina Mladenovic , is a French professional tennis player .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mirko_Bašić', 'summary': 'Mirko Bašić ( born 14 September 1960 in Bjelovar , SFR Yugoslavia ) is a former Croatian handball player who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics and in the 1988 Summer Olympics . He has also played six EHF Champions League finals winning two in 1984-85 and 1985-86 as part of the famous RK Metaloplastika which dominated European handball in the 1980s ( often referred to as Handball Aliens ) . Bašić was a big influence on Thierry Omeyer who is regarded as the greatest goalkeeper in handball history .'}]}, {'value': 'Handball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_handball', 'summary': 'Handball ( also known as team handball , European handball or Olympic handball ) is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each ( six outcourt players and a goalkeeper ) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the other team . A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes , and the team that scores more goals wins . Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres ( 131 by 66 ft ) , with a goal in the middle of each end . The goals are surrounded by a 6-meter ( 20 ft ) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed ; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while diving into it . The sport is usually played indoors , but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball , Czech handball ( which were more common in the past ) and beach handball . The game is fast and high-scoring : professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each , though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago . Some players may score hat tricks . Body contact is permitted : the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal . No protective equipment is mandated , but players may wear soft protective bands , pads and mouth guards . The game was codified at the end of the 19th century in Denmark . The modern set of rules was published in 1917 in Germany , and had several revisions since . The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930 .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Borut Petrič', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Borut_Petrič', 'summary': "Borut Petrič ( born 28 December 1961 in Kranj , Slovenia ) is a former Yugoslav freestyle swimmer , who represented Yugoslavia in three consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1976 . A brother of swimmer Darjan Petrič , he won the silver medal in the men 's 1500 m freestyle at the 1978 World Aquatics Championships in Berlin . Petrič was the youngest participant ( 14 years , 325 days ) at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . He also won a gold medal on 400 m freestyle in 1981 . In the same year , Petrič received the Golden Badge award for best athlete of Yugoslavia . He is the coach at swimming club Fužinar Ravne ."}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_(sport)', 'summary': "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ."}]}, {'value': '200m Freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Darjan Petrič', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Darjan_Petrič', 'summary': 'Darjan Petrič ( born August 24 , 1964 in Kranj , Slovenia ) is a former Yugoslav freestyle swimmer of Slovene ethnicity , who represented Yugoslavia in three consecutive Summer Olympics , starting in 1980 . He is the brother of swimmer Borut Petrič , the youngest participant ( 14 years , 325 days ) at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal , Quebec , Canada . At the 1987 Summer Universiade in Zagreb , Petrič won two silver medals in the 400 and 1500-metre freestyle . In 2010 , he was a candidate in the election for the mayor of City Municipality of Kranj , but failed to pass the first round , receiving 16,92% votes .'}]}, {'value': 'Swimming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Swimming_(sport)', 'summary': "Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water . The sport takes place in pools or open water ( e.g. , in a sea or lake ) . Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports , with varied distance events in butterfly , backstroke , breaststroke , freestyle , and individual medley . In addition to these individual events , four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay . A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke , ordered as backstroke , breaststroke , butterfly and freestyle . Swimming each stroke requires a set of specific techniques ; in competition , there are distinct regulations concerning the acceptable form for each individual stroke . There are also regulations on what types of swimsuits , caps , jewelry and injury tape that are allowed at competitions . Although it is possible for competitive swimmers to incur several injuries from the sport , such as tendinitis in the shoulders or knees , there are also multiple health benefits associated with the sport ."}]}, {'value': '400m Freestyle', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Renata Šašak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Renata_Šašak', 'summary': 'Renata Šašak-Ružir ( born 14 June 1964 ) is a Croatian former professional tennis player .'}]}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': "Women 's singles", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Water polo team Marjan Risek Sergio Afrić Antonio Milat Dragan Andrić Veselin Đuho Zoran Roje Milivoj Bebić Goran Sukno Željko Kaurloto Zoran Petrović Andrija Popović Filipović Tomislav Paškvalin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_water_polo_team', 'summary': "Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team was the national water polo team that represented the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( 1920-1929 ) , the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( 1929-1941 ) , the Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1946-1963 ) , the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( 1963-1992 ) . They were one of strongest waterpolo teams in history of sport , having won 7 Olympic , 4 World Championship , 5 World Cup and 12 European Championship medals . For the later official water polo teams , see :"}, {'url': '/wiki/Dragan_Andrić', 'summary': 'Dragan Andrić ( Serbian Cyrillic : Драган Андрић ; born June 6 , 1962 in Dubrovnik ) is a Yugoslav former water polo player , two times Olympic gold medalist . He played for VK Partizan , Pescara , CN Catalunya and coached Chios and Panathinaikos in Greece . Andrić coached FR Yugoslavian team at the 1996 Summer Olympics , national teams of Japan and Greece .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Veselin_Đuho', 'summary': "Veselin Đuho ( born January 5 , 1960 ) is a former water polo player and current water polo coach from Croatia who was a two-time Olympic gold medalist for Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics . Đuho was born in Foča ( PR Bosnia-Herzegovina , FPR Yugoslavia ) but moved to Dubrovnik as a child , where he started swimming in 1968 and joined VK Jug in 1974 . He spent most of his career in Jug , winning with them five Yugoslav league titles , two Yugoslav cup titles , and the European Championship in 1980 . Playing for the Yugoslavia men 's national water polo team , Đuho won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul , as well as the gold medal at the 1986 World Championship in Madrid , the gold medal at the 1987 World Cup , and silver medals at the 1985 European Championship in Sofia and the 1987 European Championship in Strasbourg . Later in his career he also played in Italy for Rari Nantes Salerno and Rari Nantes Cagliari , before retiring in 1993 to become Cagliari 's coach . He was the coach of VK Jug between 1997 and 2003 , during which time the club won the 2000 LEN Cup , the 2001 LEN Champions League , the Croatian First League in 2000 and 2001 , and the Croatian Cup in 2001 and 2003 . Đuho was then the coach of VK Koper before become the coach of Jug again in 2012 . In March 2014 Đuho was relieved of his coaching duties in Jug ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Roje', 'summary': "Zoran Roje ( born 7 October 1955 ) is a Croatian former water polo player and coach . As a member of Yugoslavia 's water polo team he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics . He was born in Split ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Milivoj_Bebić', 'summary': "Milivoj Bebić ( born 29 August 1959 ) is a retired Croatian water polo player . He won a silver Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1980 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics . He was a former waterpolo player of the POŠK team of Split ( Croatia ) and , in Italy , of the Ortigia in Siracusa and Volturno Sporting Club of Santa Maria Capua Vetere ( where he also worked as coach , during the '90s ) . At the age of ten , Milivoj Bebić joined the Pošk water polo club . A prodigy almost from the start , he was asked to join the Yugoslavian national team at the age of 17 . It was playing with experienced veterans , like Hall of Famer Ratko Rudić and playing under the legendary coach , Vahlo Orlić , father of modern Yugoslav water polo , and Miro Čirčović , that Bebić developed the skills that made him one of the greatest offensive water polo players of all time . From 1979 to 1985 , nobody was better than Bebić . He helped the Yugoslavian national team and POŠK reach the top of the podium in nearly every tournament they entered . In 1980 , at the Moscow Olympics , Yugoslavia won the silver , losing to the Soviet Union by a single goal in the decisive game of the round-robin tournament . Four years later in Los Angeles , Yugoslavia again faced the home team in the deciding match and it looked like history would favor the home team once again , as the Americans held a five to three lead heading into the fourth quarter . But after Deni Lusic brought Yugoslavia to within one , it was Bebićs goal with three minutes three seconds that tied the score and allowed Yugoslavia to win the gold medal on the basis of Yugoslavias better goal differential in the round-robin tournament . During his career on the Yugoslavian national team , Bebić scored a record 620 goals in just 300 games and in 1982-1984 , he was judged by International Swimming and Water Polo Magazine as the best player in the world ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Goran_Sukno', 'summary': 'Goran Sukno ( born 6 April 1959 in Dubrovnik ) is a Croatian former water polo player . He was an Olympic gold medal winner as a member of the Yugoslav water polo team at the 1984 Summer Olympics . His son Sandro Sukno ( born 1990 ) is an international water polo player for Croatia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Zoran_Petrović_(water_polo)', 'summary': "Zoran Petrović ( Serbian Cyrillic : Зоран Петровић ; born August 22 , 1960 in Belgrade ) is a Serbian former water polo player . As a member of Yugoslavia 's water polo team he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrija_Popović', 'summary': 'Andrija Popović ( born 22 September 1959 ) is a Montenegrin politician and former professional water polo player . He is the president of the Liberal Party of Montenegro . Popović lives in Kotor . He is married to his wife Nevenka and has three children , Jelena , Andrea and Darja .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tomislav_Paškvalin', 'summary': "Tomislav Paškvalin ( born 29 August 1961 ) is a retired Croatian water polo player . He is a double Olympic gold medal winner with Yugoslavia at the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics . As of 2014 , Paškvalin is a member of the Croatian Olympic Committee 's Supervisory Board . His son , Fran , was also an international water polo player ."}]}, {'value': 'Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo', 'summary': "Water polo is a competitive team sport played in the water between two teams . The game consists of four quarters in which the two teams attempt to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team 's goal . The team with the most goals at the end of the game wins the match . Each team is made up of six field players and one goalkeeper . Except for the goalkeeper , players participate in both offensive and defensive roles . Water polo is typically played in an all-deep pool meaning that players can not touch the bottom . A game of water polo mainly consists of the players swimming to move about the pool , treading water ( often using the eggbeater kick technique ) , passing the ball and shooting at the goal . Teamwork , tactical thinking and game awareness are also highly important aspects in a game of water polo . Water polo is a highly physical and demanding sport and has frequently been cited as one of the toughest sports to play . Special equipment for water polo includes a water polo ball , a yellow-green ball which floats on the water ; numbered and coloured caps ; and two goals , which either float in the water or are attached to the side of the pool . The game is thought to have originated in Scotland in the late 19th century as a sort of water rugby . William Wilson is thought to have developed the game during a similar period ."}]}, {'value': "Men 's tournament", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Complete 1983 Mediterranean Games Standings'}]}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Šaban Trstena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Šaban_Trstena', 'summary': 'Shaban Tërstena ( Albanian : Shaban Tërstena , Macedonian : Шабан Трстена , Serbo-Croatian : Šaban Trstena ) ( born 1 January 1965 ) , is a Macedonian Albanian former freestyle wrestler . Tërstena was born in Skopje , SFR Yugoslavia and is of Albanian heritage . Growing up in Čair , Tërstena joined the Liria Wrestling Club and was trained by notable coaches Mentaz Allajbegu and Hajrush Sinani , who had also trained notable wrestlers Shaban Sejdiu , Bajram Qorrolli , Abdulla Mehmeti , Mustaf Syla , Shend Kamberi and Adnan Elezi . Tërstena won the gold medal at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles and also won the silver medal at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 . Tërstena is currently the youngest to win any wrestling gold at the Olympics , being 19 years of age at the Los Angeles Olympics . In the 1984 European Championships , Tërstena won gold beating the then World Champion Valentin Yordanov . Tërstena would then win silver in 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , and the bronze in 1982 and 1988 . In the 1982 World Wrestling Championships , Tërstena reached bronze . During the three times he competed in the Mediterranean or Balkan Games , he won gold in all three . He has been pronounced the Best Macedonian athlete many times and once , in 1984 the best athlete of Yugoslavia . In 2000 he has been also pronounced the best Albanian athlete of the last century . He has won 715 matches out of 741 fights .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': "Men 's Freestyle 57kg", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karolj Kasap', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karolj_Kasap', 'summary': 'Karolj Karlo Kasap Kaszap Károly ( August 5 , 1954 in Ada ) is a Yugoslav/Serbian and later Canadian former wrestler who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and 1984 Summer Olympics for Yugoslavia and 1992 Summer Olympics for Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 74kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Karolj Kopas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Karolj_Kopas', 'summary': "Karolj Kopas ( born 21 July 1958 ) is a Yugoslav wrestler . He competed in the men 's Greco-Roman 90 kg at the 1984 Summer Olympics ."}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 82kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Čaba Majoroš', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 90kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jožef Tertei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jožef_Tertei', 'summary': 'Jožef Tertei ( born 5 May 1960 ) is a retired wrestler who competed for Yugoslavia . He won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics and finished in fifth place at the 1988 Summer Olympics in the heavyweight class ( under 100 kg ) . He won a silver medal at the 1983 World Wrestling Championships as well as three medals at European championships in 1982 , 1986 and 1988 , including a gold medal in 1986 .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman 100kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gold', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Refik Memišević', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Refik_Memišević', 'summary': 'Refik Memišević ( 14 May 1956 in Bačko Novo Selo - 4 January 2004 in Subotica ) was a Yugoslav wrestler who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics and in the 1984 Summer Olympics .'}]}, {'value': 'Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wrestling', 'summary': 'Wrestling is a combat sport involving grappling-type techniques such as clinch fighting , throws and takedowns , joint locks , pins and other grappling holds . The sport can either be theatrical for entertainment ( see professional wrestling ) , or genuinely competitive . A wrestling bout is a physical competition , between two ( occasionally more ) competitors or sparring partners , who attempt to gain and maintain a superior position . There are a wide range of styles with varying rules with both traditional historic and modern styles . Wrestling techniques have been incorporated into other martial arts as well as military hand-to-hand combat systems . The term wrestling is attested in late Old English , as wræstlunge ( glossing palestram ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Greco-Roman +100kg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slobodanka Čolović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Slobodanka_Čolović', 'summary': 'Slobodanka Čolović-Maričić ( born 10 January 1965 in Čepin ) is a retired Croatian middle-distance runner who specialised in the 800 metres . She represented Yugoslavia at the 1988 Summer Olympics finishing fourth , as well as one outdoor and one indoor World Championships where she also made the final . In addition she won medals at the Mediterranean Games was the 1987 Universiade champion .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '800m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marica Mršić', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '1500m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marica Mršić', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': '3000m', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}, {'value': 'Silver', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biljana Petrović', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biljana_Petrović', 'summary': 'Biljana Petrović ( née Bojović ; born 28 February 1961 ) is a retired Yugoslavian high jumper from Kraljevo , Serbia . She set her personal best on 22 June 1990 , jumping 2.00 metres at a meet in Saint-Denis , near Paris , France . She competed for Yugoslavia at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea , where she finished in 22nd place ( 1.80 m ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_(sport)', 'summary': "Athletics is a group of sporting events that involves competitive running , jumping , throwing , and walking . The most common types of athletics competitions are track and field , road running , cross country running , and race walking . The results of racing events are decided by finishing position ( or time , where measured ) , while the jumps and throws are won by the athlete that achieves the highest or furthest measurement from a series of attempts . The simplicity of the competitions , and the lack of a need for expensive equipment , makes athletics one of the most common types of sports in the world . Athletics is mostly an individual sport , with the exception of relay races and competitions which combine athletes ' performances for a team score , such as cross country . Organized athletics are traced back to the Ancient Olympic Games from 776 BC . The rules and format of the modern events in athletics were defined in Western Europe and North America in the 19th and early 20th century , and were then spread to other parts of the world . Most modern top level meetings are held under the auspices of World Athletics , the global governing body for the sport of athletics , or its member continental and national federations . The athletics meeting forms the backbone of the Summer Olympics . The foremost international athletics meeting is the World Athletics Championships , which incorporates track and field , marathon running and race walking . Other top level competitions in athletics include the World Athletics Cross Country Championships and the World Half Marathon Championships . Athletes with a physical disability compete at the Summer Paralympics and the World Para Athletics Championships ."}]}, {'value': 'High jump', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games', 'summary': 'Athletics at the 1983 Mediterranean Games were held in Casablanca , Morocco .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Medalists', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Yugoslavia_at_the_1983_Mediterranean_Games_0', 'intro': 'Yugoslavia competed at the 1983 Mediterranean Games held in Casablanca, Morocco.'}
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What city was an athlete a candidate in the election for the mayor who competed in the sport that requires the use of one 's entire body to move through water ?
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Kranj
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039f6b7bd92cfee2
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_UCI_Asia_Tour', 'title': '2005 UCI Asia Tour', 'header': ['Date', 'Race Name', 'Location', 'UCI Rating', 'Winner', 'Team'], 'data': [{'value': '16-21 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Siam', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Siam', 'summary': 'The Tour of Siam was an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Thailand from 2005 to 2007 as part of the UCI Asia Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Thailand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thailand', 'summary': "Thailand , [ a ] officially the Kingdom of Thailand and formerly known as Siam , [ b ] is a country at the centre of the Southeast Asian Indochinese Peninsula composed of 76 provinces . At 513,120 km2 ( 198,120 sq mi ) and over 68 million people , Thailand is the world 's 50th-largest country by total area and the 21st-most-populous country . The capital and largest city is Bangkok , a special administrative area . Thailand is bordered to the north by Myanmar and Laos , to the east by Laos and Cambodia , to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia , and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Myanmar . Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast , and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest . It is a unitary state . Although nominally the country is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy , the most recent coup , in 2014 , established a de facto military dictatorship under a junta . Tai peoples migrated from southwestern China to mainland Southeast Asia from the 11th century ; the oldest known mention of their presence in the region by the exonym Siamese dates to the 12th century . Various Indianised kingdoms such as the Mon kingdoms , Khmer Empire and Malay states ruled the region , competing with Thai states such as the Kingdoms of Ngoenyang , Sukhothai , Lan Na and Ayutthaya , which rivaled each other . Documented European contact began in 1511 with a Portuguese diplomatic mission to Ayutthaya , now one of the great powers in the region . Ayutthaya reached its peak during cosmopolitan Narai 's reign ( 1656-1688 ) , gradually declining thereafter until being ultimately destroyed in the 1767 Burmese-Siamese War . Taksin ( r. 1767-1782 ) quickly reunified the fragmented territory and established the short-lived Thonburi Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shinichi Fukushima ( JPN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shinichi_Fukushima', 'summary': "Shinichi Fukushima ( 福島 晋一 , Fukushima Shin'ichi ) ( born September 13 , 1971 , in Nagano Prefecture ) is a Japanese former professional racing cyclist , who as of 2016 [ update ] works as a directeur sportif for UCI Professional Continental team Nippo-Vini Fantini-Faizanè ."}]}, {'value': 'Bridgestone Anchor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bridgestone_Anchor', 'summary': "Team Bridgestone Cycling ( UCI team code : BGT ) is a continental cycling team based in Japan that participates in UCI Continental Circuits races . The team 's history can be traced back to 1964 , but its current incarnation as the UCI registered road-racing team Team Bridgestone-Anchor started in 2008 . [ citation needed ] For the 2012 season the team made a major change , adding several non-Japanese riders and running half their races outside Japan . For 2013 , they signed Damien Monier , a French stage winner at the Giro d'Italia . In 2018 , the team changed its name to Team Bridgestone Cycling , with all-Japanese team roster ."}]}, {'value': '28 January-6 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de Langkawi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2005_Tour_de_Langkawi', 'summary': 'The 2005 Tour de Langkawi was the 10th edition of the Tour de Langkawi , a cycling stage race that took place in Malaysia . It began on 28 January in Langkawi and ended on 6 February in Kuala Lumpur . The race was rated by the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) as a 2.HC ( hors category ) race on the 2005 UCI Asia Tour calendar . Ryan Cox of South Africa won the race , followed by José Rujano of Venezuela second and Tiaan Kannemeyer of South Africa third . Graeme Brown won the points classification category and Cox won the mountains classification category . Barloworld won the team classification category .'}]}, {'value': 'Malaysia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Malaysia', 'summary': "Malaysia ( /məˈleɪziə , -ʒə/ ( listen ) mə-LAY-zee-ə , -\u2060zhə ; Malay : [ məlejsiə ] ) is a country in Southeast Asia . The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories , separated by the South China Sea into two similarly sized regions , Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia ( Malaysian Borneo ) . Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore , Vietnam , and Indonesia . East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam . Kuala Lumpur is the national capital and largest city while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government . With a population of over 30 million , Malaysia is the world 's 44th most populous country . The southernmost point of continental Eurasia , Tanjung Piai , is in Malaysia . In the tropics , Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries , home to large numbers of endemic species . Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms which , from the 18th century , became subject to the British Empire , along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate . Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 . Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and achieved independence on 31 August 1957 . Malaya united with North Borneo , Sarawak , and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia ."}]}, {'value': '2.HC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ryan Cox ( RSA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ryan_Cox', 'summary': 'Ryan Cox ( 9 April 1979 - 1 August 2007 ) was a South African professional road racing cyclist . He had been cycling since 1987 and turned professional in 2000 . He first joined Amore e Vita but changed , the following year to Team Cologne which was based in Germany . He had been a member of Team Barloworld since 2003 . In 2004 and 2005 he won the South African National Road Race Championships . Cox died at Kempton Park Hospital when the main artery in his left leg burst , three weeks after a vascular lesion operation in France for a knotted artery .'}]}, {'value': 'Barloworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barloworld_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'Barloworld ( UCI team code : BAR ) was a UCI Professional Continental cycling team that competed between 2003 and 2009 . Its sponsor company was South African and the team maintained a South African identity , but it was first registered in Italy and then , from 2007 , in Great Britain . Barloworld rode UCI Continental Circuits races and , when selected , UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Claudio Corti , with Valerio Tebaldi , Christian Andersen and Alberto Volpi as directeurs sportifs . Its prominent riders included South African Robert Hunter and Colombian Mauricio Soler . Chris Froome rode for Barloworld for 2008 and 2009 . The sponsor was Barloworld , an industrial brand management company . The team rode Bianchi frames with Shimano components .'}]}, {'value': '29 January', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'International Grand Prix Doha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/International_Grand_Prix_Doha', 'summary': 'The International Grand Prix Doha was a one day road cycling race held in Qatar . Only one edition was held . It was part of UCI Asia Tour in category 1.1 in 2005 and 2006 1.2 in 2008 .'}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '1.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Robert Hunter ( RSA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(cyclist)', 'summary': 'Robert Robbie Hunter ( born 22 April 1977 ) is a retired South African professional road racing cyclist who competed professionally between 1999 and 2013 . Hunter competed with UCI ProTeam Garmin-Sharp during his final professional season .'}]}, {'value': 'Phonak', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Phonak_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Phonak ( UCI team code : PHO ) was a Swiss professional cycling team from 2000 until 2006 . The team was one of 20 teams in the first UCI ProTour in 2005 . It won one race - Santiago Botero 's victory in the Tour de Romandie - and came second in the team ranking on the 2005 ProTour circuit ."}]}, {'value': '31 January-4 February', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Qatar', 'summary': "The Tour of Qatar was an annual professional cycling stage race held in Qatar . First organized in 2002 , the event was part of the UCI Asia Tour until 2016 . The 2017 edition was to have seen the event upgraded to the UCI World Tour for the first time , but it was cancelled due to lack of sponsorship support . The event consisted of a men 's competition over five stages , and , since 2009 , a women 's competition over four stages - held a week before the men 's race . Because Qatar is entirely flat , the tour was almost always won by a sprinter or classics specialist . Belgian Tom Boonen and Dutchwoman Kirsten Wild hold the record with four overall wins , in the men 's and ladies ' competition respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Qatar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Qatar', 'summary': "Qatar ( /ˈkætɑːr/ , /ˈkɑːtɑːr/ ( listen ) , /ˈkɑːtər/ or /kəˈtɑːr/ ( listen ) ; Arabic : قطر Qaṭar [ ˈqɑtˤɑr ] ; local vernacular pronunciation : [ ˈɡɪtˤɑr ] ) , officially the State of Qatar ( Arabic : دولة قطر Dawlat Qaṭar ) , is a country located in Western Asia , occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula . Whether the sovereign state should be regarded as a constitutional monarchy or an absolute monarchy is disputed . Its sole land border is with neighbouring Gulf Cooperation Council ( GCC ) monarchy Saudi Arabia to the south , with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf . The Gulf of Bahrain , an inlet of the Persian Gulf , separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain . In early 2017 , Qatar 's total population was 2.6 million : 313,000 Qatari citizens and 2.3 million expatriates . Islam is the official religion of Qatar . The country has the highest per capita income in the world . Qatar is classified by the UN as a country of very high human development and is widely regarded as the most advanced Arab state for human development . Qatar is a high-income economy , backed by the world 's third-largest natural gas reserves and oil reserves . Qatar has been ruled by the House of Thani since Mohammed bin Thani signed a treaty with the British in 1868 that recognised its separate status . Following Ottoman rule , Qatar became a British protectorate in the early 20th century until gaining independence in 1971 . In 2003 , the constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum , with almost 98% in favour ."}]}, {'value': '2.1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lars Michaelsen ( DEN )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lars_Michaelsen', 'summary': "Lars Michaelsen ( born 13 March 1969 ) is a Danish former professional road bicycle racer who last rode for Team CSC . He got his break through in his second year as a professional , when he won the 1995 edition of Gent-Wevelgem . In the 1997 Vuelta a España he won stage 1 and wore the leader 's jersey for three days ( stage 2 , 3 and 5 ) . In 2002 he finished fifth in Paris-Roubaix , a result he would duplicate in 2005 . In the 2006 Paris-Roubaix he was once again in the group of favourites , but he helped teammate Fabian Cancellara win the race and finished 19th himself . In his last race , the 2007 Paris-Roubaix , he finished 11th after a strong race , where only a mechanical failure prevented him from following the favorites . Again a teammate , Stuart O'Grady , won the race . Michaelsen rode at four Olympic Games . After retiring he became a directeur sportif , continuing with his final team until 2011 when he joined Leopard Trek . He subsequently returned to Team Saxo Bank in 2013 . Following the end of the then-Tinkoff team in 2016 , he joined the Astana Proteam in 2017 . At the 2018 Tour de Yorkshire , Michaelsen was driving the Astana team car when it crashed through a traffic island manned by a race volunteer ."}]}, {'value': 'Team CSC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tinkoff_(cycling_team)', 'summary': "Tinkoff ( UCI team code : TNK ) was a Russian-registered professional cycling team from Russia . It competed in the UCI World Tour . The team was owned by Russian Oleg Tinkov and , from 1999 until March 2015 , was managed by former Tour de France winner Bjarne Riis . The team was sponsored by the Russian Tinkoff Bank , a credit systems company . Founded in 1998 as home-Jack & Jones , the team started in cycling 's second division . In 2000 it moved into the top division , now known as the UCI World Tour . Since 2000 , under differing sponsor names ( Memory Card-Jack & Jones and CSC-Tiscali ) , the team rode the Tour de France . It has won the overall classification in all three of the Grand Tours . In the 2008 Tour de France , Carlos Sastre won the general classification , Andy Schleck won the young rider classification , and the team won the overall team classification , and Ivan Basso won the 2006 Giro d'Italia , as well as finishing third and second in the 2004 and 2005 Tour de France . In addition , the team has won many major classics , including 6 Monuments . The team won the UCI ProTour 's team classification each year from 2005 through 2007 , and the team classification in the 2010 UCI World Ranking . In March 2015 the team confirmed that Riis had been removed from active duty due to differences between Riis and Tinkov ."}]}, {'value': '14-19 April', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerman Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerman_Tour', 'summary': 'The Kerman Tour was a professional cycling race held annually in Iran . It was part of UCI Asia Tour in category 2.2 .'}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Askari ( IRI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Askari', 'summary': 'Hossein Askari ( Persian : حسین عسگری , born March 23 , 1975 in Khomein ) is an Iranian professional racing cyclist , who was suspended for one year for doping in 2013 and 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Asia Racing Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTS–Monton_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'RTS Racing Team ( UCI team code : RTS ) is a Taiwanese UCI Continental cycling team managed by Wen Chin Lin and sponsored by Giant Bicycles , Kinlin Industrial Corporation , Kenda , Kalloy , OGK Helmet , Yaban Chain , Ashima , Exustar , Smanie , Cionlli , XPEDO , VIM Group and Adidas Eyewear .'}]}, {'value': '7-13 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Korea', 'summary': 'The Tour de Korea is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in South Korea since 2001 as part of the UCI Asia Tour . It as rated by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.2 category race , then promoted to 2.1 category in 2014 . The race is organized by the Korea Cycling Federation .'}]}, {'value': 'South Korea', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Korea', 'summary': "South Korea ( Korean : 한국/韓國 ; RR : Hanguk or literally 남한/南韓 ; RR : Namhan ) , officially the Republic of Korea ( Korean : 대한민국/大韓民國 ; RR : Daehan Minguk ) is a country in East Asia , constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea . The name Korea is derived from Goguryeo , which was one of the great powers in East Asia during its time , ruling most of the Korean Peninsula , Manchuria , parts of the Russian Far East and Inner Mongolia under Gwanggaeto the Great . Its capital , Seoul , is a major global city and half of South Korea 's over 51 million people live in the Seoul Capital Area , the fourth largest metropolitan economy in the world . The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period . Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BC . Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea into Silla and Balhae in the late 7th century , Korea was ruled by the Goryeo dynasty ( 918-1392 ) and the Joseon dynasty ( 1392-1897 ) . The succeeding Korean Empire was annexed into the Empire of Japan in 1910 . After World War II , Korea was divided into Soviet and U.S.-administered zones , with the latter becoming the Republic of Korea in August 1948 . In 1950 , a North Korean invasion began the Korean War and after its end in 1953 , the country 's economy began to soar , recording the fastest rise in average GDP per capita in the world between 1980 and 1990 . Authoritarian rule ended in 1987 and the country is now the most advanced democracy with the highest level of press freedom in Asia . South Korea is a member of the OECD 's Development Assistance Committee , the G20 and the Paris Club . South Korea is a highly developed country and the world 's 12th-largest economy by nominal GDP ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'David McCann ( IRL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_McCann', 'summary': 'David McCann ( born 17 March 1973 in Belfast ) is an Irish professional road bicycle racer , and rode in the 1996 , 2000 and 2012 Olympic Games . He was the Irish national road race champion in 2000 , 2001 and 2006 , and won the Irish national time trial championships a record 6 times ( 2001 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 & 2010 ) . He last rode for the Synergy Baku Cycling Project , an Azerbaijan-registered UCI Continental team .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Asia Racing Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTS–Monton_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'RTS Racing Team ( UCI team code : RTS ) is a Taiwanese UCI Continental cycling team managed by Wen Chin Lin and sponsored by Giant Bicycles , Kinlin Industrial Corporation , Kenda , Kalloy , OGK Helmet , Yaban Chain , Ashima , Exustar , Smanie , Cionlli , XPEDO , VIM Group and Adidas Eyewear .'}]}, {'value': '15-22 May', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Japan', 'summary': 'The Tour of Japan is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Japan since 1996 as part of the UCI Asia Tour . It is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.1 category race .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Félix Cárdenas ( COL )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Félix_Cárdenas', 'summary': "Félix Rafael Cárdenas Ravalo ( born November 24 , 1973 in Encino , Santander ) is a Colombian former road bicycle racer , who competed both as an amateur and as a professional between 1995 and 2014 . He previously rode for UCI Professional Continental team Barloworld until the team 's demise in 2009 . In the 2001 Tour de France , Cardenas took one of the biggest victory of his career on the mountainous stage 12 . He crossed the line solo in Ax-les-Thermes , with Roberto Laiseka and Lance Armstrong rounding the podium . He performed his trademark victory salute , standing on the pedals with arms raised high in the air ."}]}, {'value': 'Barloworld', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Barloworld_(cycling_team)', 'summary': 'Barloworld ( UCI team code : BAR ) was a UCI Professional Continental cycling team that competed between 2003 and 2009 . Its sponsor company was South African and the team maintained a South African identity , but it was first registered in Italy and then , from 2007 , in Great Britain . Barloworld rode UCI Continental Circuits races and , when selected , UCI ProTour events . They were managed by Claudio Corti , with Valerio Tebaldi , Christian Andersen and Alberto Volpi as directeurs sportifs . Its prominent riders included South African Robert Hunter and Colombian Mauricio Soler . Chris Froome rode for Barloworld for 2008 and 2009 . The sponsor was Barloworld , an industrial brand management company . The team rode Bianchi frames with Shimano components .'}]}, {'value': '22 May-1 June', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Azerbaïjan Tour', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_International_Cycling_Tour', 'summary': 'Tour of Azerbaijan ( Iran ) , also known as the Tour of Iranian Azerbaijan or Azerbaijan Tour is an annual multiple stage road bicycle racing held in Iran since 1986 , named after Iranian Azerbaijan . It is a UCI 2.1 category race and is part of the UCI Asia Tour . Tour of Iran ( Azerbaijan ) is the most prestigious cycling tour in Iran and it is the oldest standing cycling tour in Asia and Middle East . The tour routes commences from Tabriz the largest city in Iranian Azerbaijan and it passes through Lake Urmia , Urmia , Jolfa , Meshginshahr , Sareyn and Kaleybar , and then it finishes at Tabriz .'}]}, {'value': 'Iran', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Iran', 'summary': "Iran ( Persian : ایران Irān [ ʔiːˈɾɒːn ] ( listen ) ) , also called Persia , and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran ( Persian : جمهوری اسلامی ایران Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān ( listen ) [ dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn ] ) , is a country in Western Asia . With 82 million inhabitants , Iran is the world 's 18th most populous country . Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 ( 636,372 sq mi ) , making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world . Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan , [ a ] to the north by the Caspian Sea , to the northeast by Turkmenistan , to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan , to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman , and to the west by Turkey and Iraq . Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia , and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz , give it geostrategic importance . Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran , and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia with more than 8.8 million residents in the city and 15 million in the larger metropolitan area . Iran is home to one of the world 's oldest civilizations , beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE . It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE , and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great , whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley , one of the largest empires in history . The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states . An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE , which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire , a leading world power for the next four centuries . Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE , and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion . Iran 's major contributions to art , philosophy , and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ghader Mizbani ( IRI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ghader_Mizbani', 'summary': 'Ghader Mizbani Iranagh ( Persian : قادر میزبانی ایرانق , born 6 September 1975 in Tabriz ) is an Iranian former professional road bicycle racer , who rode professionally between 2001 and 2018 for the Telekom Malaysia Cycling Team , the Giant Asia Racing Team , Brisaspor , the Tabriz Petrochemical Team and the Tabriz Shahrdary Team . Mizbani won the overall standings of the UCI Asia Tour twice - in 2005-06 and 2008-09 . Mizbani won the Iranian National Road Race Championships three times and the Iranian National Time Trial Championships twice .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Asia Racing Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTS–Monton_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'RTS Racing Team ( UCI team code : RTS ) is a Taiwanese UCI Continental cycling team managed by Wen Chin Lin and sponsored by Giant Bicycles , Kinlin Industrial Corporation , Kenda , Kalloy , OGK Helmet , Yaban Chain , Ashima , Exustar , Smanie , Cionlli , XPEDO , VIM Group and Adidas Eyewear .'}]}, {'value': '27 June-1 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de East Java', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_East_Java', 'summary': 'The Tour de East Java is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in East Java , Indonesia since 2005 . It is held annually in September every year . The race is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.2 category race as part of the UCI Asia Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ahad Kazemi ( IRI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ahad_Kazemi', 'summary': 'Ahad Kazemi Sarai ( born 21 May 1975 ) is an Iranian cyclist riding for the Tabriz Petrochemical Team .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Asia Racing Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTS–Monton_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'RTS Racing Team ( UCI team code : RTS ) is a Taiwanese UCI Continental cycling team managed by Wen Chin Lin and sponsored by Giant Bicycles , Kinlin Industrial Corporation , Kenda , Kalloy , OGK Helmet , Yaban Chain , Ashima , Exustar , Smanie , Cionlli , XPEDO , VIM Group and Adidas Eyewear .'}]}, {'value': '16-24 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of Qinghai Lake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_Qinghai_Lake', 'summary': 'The Tour of Qinghai Lake is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in the Qinghai province of China since 2002 , named after Qinghai Lake . The race is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.HC race as part of the UCI Asia Tour . The race will become part of the new UCI ProSeries in 2020 .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2.HC', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin Mareš ( CZE )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_Mareš', 'summary': 'Martin Mareš ( born 23 January 1982 in Blansko ) is a retired Czech cyclist .'}]}, {'value': "eD'system ZVVZ", 'urls': []}, {'value': '29-31 July', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour of China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_of_China', 'summary': 'The Tour of China is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in China since 1995 . The race is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.1 category race as part of the UCI Asia Tour . Since 2012 , there are two parts of the Tour of China , Tour of China I and Tour of China II .'}]}, {'value': 'China', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/China', 'summary': "China ( Chinese : 中国 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó ) , officially the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , is a country in East Asia and is the world 's most populous country , with a population of around 1.428 billion in 2017 . Covering approximately 9,600,000 square kilometers ( 3,700,000 sq mi ) , it is the third largest country by area . [ j ] Governed by the Communist Party of China , the state exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces , [ k ] five autonomous regions , four direct-controlled municipalities ( Beijing , Tianjin , Shanghai , and Chongqing ) , and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . China emerged as one of the world 's first civilizations , in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain . For millennia , China 's political system was based on hereditary monarchies , or dynasties , beginning with the semi-mythical Xia dynasty in 21st century BCE . Since then , China has expanded , fractured , and re-unified numerous times . In the 3rd century BCE , the Qin reunited core China and established the first Chinese empire . The succeeding Han dynasty , which ruled from 206 BCE until 220 CE , saw some of the most advanced technology at that time , including papermaking and the compass , along with agricultural and medical improvements . The invention of gunpowder and movable type in the Tang dynasty ( 618-907 ) and Northern Song ( 960-1127 ) completed the Four Great Inventions . Tang culture spread widely in Asia , as the new Silk Route brought traders to as far as Mesopotamia and the Horn of Africa . Dynastic rule ended in 1912 with the Xinhai Revolution , when the Republic of China ( ROC ) replaced the Qing dynasty . China , as a whole , was ravaged by feudal warlordism and Japan during World War II ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrey Mizurov ( KAZ )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrey_Mizurov', 'summary': 'Andrey Mizourov ( Kazakh : Андрей Мизуров , born March 16 , 1973 in Karaganda , Soviet Union , now Kazakhstan ) is a former Kazakhstani professional road bicycle racer .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling Team Capec', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_Team_Capec', 'summary': 'Capec was a Kazakh UCI Continental cycling team .'}]}, {'value': '11-21 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Tour d'Indonesia", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Tour_d'Indonesia", 'summary': 'The Tour de Indonesia is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Java , Indonesia since 2004 . The race is sanctioned by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.1 category race as part of the UCI Asia Tour .'}]}, {'value': 'Indonesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indonesia', 'summary': "Indonesia ( /ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ ( listen ) IN-də-NEE-zhə ) , officially the Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia [ reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia ] ( listen ) ) , [ a ] is a country in Southeast Asia , between the Indian and Pacific oceans . It is the world 's largest island country , with more than seventeen thousand islands , and at 1,904,569 square kilometres ( 735,358 square miles ) , the 14th largest by land area and 7th in the combined sea and land area . With over 267 million people , it is the world 's 4th most populous country as well as the most populous Muslim-majority country . Java , the world 's most populous island , is home to more than half of the country 's population . The country 's capital , Jakarta , is the second-most populous urban area in the world . The sovereign state is a presidential , constitutional republic with an elected legislature . It has 34 provinces , of which five have special status . The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea , East Timor , and the eastern part of Malaysia . Other neighbouring countries include Singapore , Vietnam , the Philippines , Australia , Palau , and India 's Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Despite its large population and densely populated regions , Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity . The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas , coal , tin , copper , gold , and nickel , while agriculture mainly produces rice , palm oil , tea , coffee , cacao , medicinal plants , spices , and rubber . China , the United States , Japan , Singapore , and India are Indonesia 's major trading partners ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hossein Askari ( IRI )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hossein_Askari', 'summary': 'Hossein Askari ( Persian : حسین عسگری , born March 23 , 1975 in Khomein ) is an Iranian professional racing cyclist , who was suspended for one year for doping in 2013 and 2014 .'}]}, {'value': 'Giant Asia Racing Team', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RTS–Monton_Racing_Team', 'summary': 'RTS Racing Team ( UCI team code : RTS ) is a Taiwanese UCI Continental cycling team managed by Wen Chin Lin and sponsored by Giant Bicycles , Kinlin Industrial Corporation , Kenda , Kalloy , OGK Helmet , Yaban Chain , Ashima , Exustar , Smanie , Cionlli , XPEDO , VIM Group and Adidas Eyewear .'}]}, {'value': '14-19 September', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tour de Hokkaido', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tour_de_Hokkaido', 'summary': 'The Tour de Hokkaido is an annual professional road bicycle racing stage race held in Hokkaido , Japan since 1987 as part of the UCI Asia Tour . It is rated by the International Cycling Union ( UCI ) as a 2.2 category race . The event for 2018 was canceled due to the earthquake which occurred the day before the race .'}]}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Japan', 'summary': "Japan ( Japanese : 日本 , Nippon [ ɲippoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) or Nihon [ ɲihoꜜɴ ] ( listen ) ) is an island country located in East Asia . It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and the Pacific Ocean to the east , and spans more than 3,000 kilometers ( 1,900 mi ) along the coast of the continent from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Philippine Sea in the south . Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , Japan encompasses a stratovolcanic archipelago of about 6,852 islands , with five main islands ( Hokkaido , Honshu , Kyushu , Shikoku , and Okinawa ) comprising 97% of the country 's total area of 377,975 square kilometers ( 145,937 sq mi ) . Japan is officially divided into 47 prefectures and traditionally into eight regions . Approximately two-thirds of the country 's terrain is mountainous and heavily forested , and less than one-eighth of land is suitable for agriculture . Consequently , Japan is among the most densely populated and urbanized countries in the world , with over 90% of its population living in urban areas . The largest of these is the metropolitan area centered on the capital city of Tokyo , which is the most populous in the world and home to more than 38 million people . Japan itself is the world 's eleventh most populous country with a population of 126.2 million , of which 97.8% are ethnically Japanese . The kanji ( or Chinese characters ) that make up the name of Japan in the Japanese language mean sun origin ; in the Western world , the country is often known by the sobriquet Land of the Rising Sun . Periods of influence from other regions , primarily China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , have characterized the history of Japan . While archaeological evidence indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period , the first written mention of the archipelago appears in Chinese texts from the first century AD . Between the fourth and ninth centuries , the kingdoms of Japan became gradually unified under an Emperor and imperial court based in Heian-kyō ( modern Kyoto ) ."}]}, {'value': '2.2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eddy Ratti ( ITA )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eddy_Ratti', 'summary': 'Eddy Ratti ( born 4 April 1977 in Codogno ) is an Italian former cyclist .'}]}, {'value': 'Team Nippo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Nippo', 'summary': 'Nippo-Vini Fantini-Faizanè ( UCI team code : NIP ) was a UCI Professional Continental cycling team based in Italy . The team was founded as Centri della Calzatura-Partizan in 2008 . The team folded after the 2019 season , due to financial reasons following restructuring of the UCI World Tour .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Events', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2005_UCI_Asia_Tour_0', 'intro': 'The 2005 UCI Asia Tour was the first season of the UCI Asia Tour. The season began on 16 January 2005 with the Tour of Siam and ended on 19 September 2005 with the Tour de Hokkaido. Andrey Mizurov of Kazakhstan was crowned as the 2005 UCI Asia Tour champion. Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded. The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:'}
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In what Prefecture was the cyclist born who won the 2.2 UCI rated race that was held in the country with a population of over 68 million people ?
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Nagano
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03a11d8c257ec026
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Denmark', 'title': 'List of forests in Denmark', 'header': ['Rank', 'Forest', 'Area ( km² )', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Silkeborgskovene', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Silkeborg_Forests', 'summary': "Silkeborg Forests is Denmark 's largest forest . It comprises a collection of several independent private and public woodlands , that have been allowed to merge into a single connected forest south of the city of Silkeborg . At 22,400 ha , it is Denmark 's largest forest since 2004 , after Rold Skov , and it is located within the largest forest district in the country as well . The forests forms an important part of the larger regional landscape known as Søhøjlandet . Silkeborg Forests are named after the city of Silkeborg , situated in the northern outskirts and the forest is naturally divided into a north , west , east and south section , known as Nordskoven , Vesterskoven , Østerskoven and Sønderskoven respectively ."}]}, {'value': '224.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Jutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rold Skov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rold_Skov', 'summary': 'Rold Skov ( Rold Forest ) is a forest in Himmerland , Denmark . At 8,000 ha , it is the second largest forest in the country , after the Silkeborg Forests . The forest is named after the village of Rold which lies in the southern outskirt of the forest . Other towns in Rold Skov include Arden , Rebild and Skørping .'}]}, {'value': '80.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Himmerland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Himmerland', 'summary': "Himmerland is a peninsula in northeastern Jutland , Denmark . It is delimited to the north and the west by the Limfjord , to the east by the Kattegat , and to the south by the Mariager Fjord . The largest city is Aalborg ; smaller towns include Hobro , Aars , Løgstør , Støvring and Nibe . In northeastern Himmerland is the Lille Vildmose , Denmark 's largest raised bog , which sustains a rich bird life of international importance ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Klosterheden', 'urls': []}, {'value': '64.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Western Jutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gribskov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gribskov', 'summary': "Gribskov ( Grib Forest ) is Denmark 's fourth largest forest , comprising c. 5,600 ha of woodland situated in northern Zealand , west and south of Lake Esrum . The forest is owned and administered by the State of Denmark , and a part of the Kongernes Nordsjælland National Park . In July 2015 , it was one of three forests included in a UNESCO World Heritage Site , the Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand . Gribskov is usually divided into four sections : The northwest surrounding the small village of Maarum , the northeast on the banks of Lake Esrum , the southwest around the small lake of Gribsø and finally the southeast , enclosing the village of Nødebo on the southern banks of Lake Esrum . Only a thin strip of Hillerød town in the south separates Gribskov from many larger woodlands such as Store Dyrehave at 1,100 ha , Tokkekøb Hegn at 631 ha and several smaller woods ."}]}, {'value': '55.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Northern Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zealand', 'summary': 'Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland , pronounced [ ˈɕɛˌlænˀ ] ) , at 7,031 km2 , is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper ( thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger ) . Zealand has a population of 2,302,074 ( as of 1 January 2018 ) . It is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link , to Lolland , Falster ( and Germany from 2028 ) by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges . Zealand is also linked to Amager by several bridges . Zealand is linked indirectly , through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels , to southern Sweden . Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark , is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved and Helsingør . Despite their identical names in English , the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand , which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland .'}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Almindingen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Almindingen', 'summary': "Almindingen ( the common ) is one of the largest forests in Denmark . It is located in the centre of the island of Bornholm . The forest covers 3,800 hectares ( 9,400 acres ) , making it Denmark 's third largest . Though it was at one time common grazing land for cattle , it was fenced in for forestry in 1809 by Hans Rømer , the forest supervisor . As a result , by the beginning of the 20th century , Bornholm had become Denmark 's most forested region . Bornholm 's highest point is Rytterknægten at 162 metres ( 531 ft ) , where there is a memorial to Frederick VII of Denmark and Countess Danner 's visit to the island in 1851 . In 2012 , the Nature Agency brought seven European bison from a Polish primeval forest to a 200 acres ( 81 ha ) paddock in Almindingen , marking the first time in 2,500 years that Europe 's heaviest land-living mammals were in Denmark . There are a number of walking paths through Almindingen such as the ones leading to Ekkodal and Gamleborg ."}]}, {'value': '50.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bornholm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bornholm', 'summary': "Bornholm ( Danish : [ pɒːnˈhɒlˀm ] ; Old Norse : Burgundaholmr ) is a Danish island in the Baltic Sea , to the east of the rest of Denmark , south of Sweden , northeast of Germany and north of the westernmost part of Poland . Occupying an area of 588.36 square kilometres ( 227.17 sq mi ) , the island had a total population on 1 January 2019 of 39,572 . Among Bornholm 's chief industrial activities are dairy farming and arts and crafts industries such as glass production and pottery using locally worked clay . Tourism is also important during the summer months . The island is home to an especially large number of Denmark 's round churches . The island is known as solskinsøen ( Sunshine Island ) because of its weather and klippeøen ( Rock Island ) because of its geology , which consists of granite , except along the southern coast . The heat from the summer is stored in the rock formations and the weather is quite warm until October . As a result of the climate , a local variety of the common fig , known as Bornholm 's Diamond , can grow locally on the island . The island 's topography consists of dramatic rock formations in the north ( unlike the rest of Denmark , which is mostly gentle rolling hills ) sloping down towards pine and deciduous forests ( greatly affected by storms in the 1950s ) , farmland in the middle and sandy beaches in the south . Strategically located in the Baltic Sea , Bornholm has been fought over for centuries . Usually it had been ruled by Denmark , but also by Sweden and Lübeck , Germany . The ruin of Hammershus , at the northwestern tip of the island , is the largest medieval fortress in northern Europe , testament to the importance of its location ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kompedal Plantage - Alhedens Skov', 'urls': []}, {'value': '46.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Jutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Løvenholm , Fjeld , Ramten and others', 'urls': []}, {'value': '43.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Jutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vesterskov , Thorsø , Sønderskov , Rye Nørreskov and others', 'urls': []}, {'value': '41.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Jutland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jutland', 'summary': "Jutland ( /ˈdʒʌtlənd/ ; Danish : Jylland [ ˈjyˌlænˀ ] ; German : Jütland [ ˈjyːtlant ] ) , anciently known as the Cimbric or Cimbrian Peninsula ( Latin : Cimbricus Chersonesus ; Danish : Den Kimbriske Halvø , Den Jyske Halvø ; German : Kimbrische Halbinsel ) , is a peninsula of Northern Europe that forms the continental portion of Denmark and part of northern Germany . The names are derived from the Jutes and the Cimbri , respectively . As with the rest of Denmark , Jutland 's terrain is flat , with a slightly elevated ridge down the central parts and relatively hilly terrains in the east . West Jutland is characterised by open lands , heaths , plains and peat bogs , while East Jutland is more fertile with lakes and lush forests . Southwest Jutland is characterised by the Wadden Sea , a large unique international coastal region stretching through Denmark , Germany and the Netherlands ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Skramsø , Skærsø , Lyngsbæk and others', 'urls': []}, {'value': '40.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Djursland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Djursland', 'summary': 'Djursland is a 44 km × 33 km hilly lowland peninsula in Denmark at the entrance to the Baltic Sea , between Denmark and Sweden in Northern Europe . Djursland protrudes into the Kattegat sea , as part of the larger peninsula of Jutland , which itself extends from the Central European continent . Djursland comprises the two municipalities of Norddjurs and Syddjurs . The only larger city on Djursland is Grenå , but both Randers and Aarhus are close-by . Agriculture and fishing has been the mainstay of the rural culture here for millennia . There are many prehistoric relics of the past on Djursland , reaching back to the earliest cultures of the Nordic Stone Age . Djursland is a popular place for recreation in the summer and has several activities for tourists to offer . It attracts both Danes and foreigners alike and tourism is a major job and economic contributor on Djursland nowadays . Since 2009 , a larger area of Djursland has been part of the Mols Bjerge National Park , connecting several previously disconnected protections .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Slagelseskovene', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Central Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zealand', 'summary': 'Zealand ( Danish : Sjælland , pronounced [ ˈɕɛˌlænˀ ] ) , at 7,031 km2 , is the largest and most populous island in Denmark proper ( thus excluding Greenland and Disko Island , which are larger ) . Zealand has a population of 2,302,074 ( as of 1 January 2018 ) . It is the 13th-largest island in Europe by area and the 4th most populous . It is connected to Funen by the Great Belt Fixed Link , to Lolland , Falster ( and Germany from 2028 ) by the Storstrøm Bridge and the Farø Bridges . Zealand is also linked to Amager by several bridges . Zealand is linked indirectly , through intervening islands by a series of bridges and tunnels , to southern Sweden . Copenhagen , the capital of Denmark , is located partly on the eastern shore of Zealand and partly on the island of Amager . Other cities on Zealand include Roskilde , Hillerød , Næstved and Helsingør . Despite their identical names in English , the island is not connected historically to the Pacific nation of New Zealand , which is named after the Dutch province of Zeeland .'}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tvorup , Nystrup , Vandet plantager', 'urls': []}, {'value': '39.00', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thy_(district)', 'summary': 'Thy ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈtˢyˀ ] , local dialect [ ˈtʰyi̯kʲʰ ] ) is a traditional district in northwestern Jutland , Denmark . It is situated north of the Limfjord , facing the North Sea and Skagerrak , and has a population of around 44,000 . The capital is Thisted population of 14.000 . Snedsted , Hanstholm and Hurup are minor towns in the area . Since the Danish municipal reform of 1 January 2007 , Thy is roughly identical with Thisted Municipality which belongs to the North Denmark Region . The southernmost part of Thy , the Thyholm Peninsula , belongs to Struer Municipality in the Central Denmark Region . Before the merger , Thy consisted of four municipalities : Hanstholm , Thisted , Sydthy and Thyholm . Thy forms the western part of the North Jutlandic Island and borders Hanherred to the northeast with Vendsyssel even further northeast . In the Limfjord is the island of Mors , considered a twin district of Thy , and south of the fjord is Hardsyssel in western mainland Jutland . Thy is traditionally regarded part of northern and western Jutland alike . The dialect belongs to the West Jutlandic group .'}]}], 'section_title': 'The 10 largest forests in Denmark', 'section_text': 'In 2004 the Danish Forest and Nature Agency published this list of the 10 largest forests in Denmark : [ 1 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_forests_in_Denmark_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of forests in Denmark.'}
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How many smaller towns are in the location where a town is just outside the south side of the forest ?
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5
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03a48f726fdd0ca4
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics', 'title': '1932 Summer Olympics', 'header': ['Venue', 'Sports', 'Capacity'], 'data': [{'value': '160th Regiment State Armory', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/160th_Regiment_State_Armory', 'summary': 'N/A'}]}, {'value': 'Fencing , Modern pentathlon ( fencing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Summer Olympics , seven fencing events were contested .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , a modern pentathlon event was contested .'}]}, {'value': '1,800', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Harbor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles', 'summary': "The Port of Los Angeles , also called America 's Port and Los Angeles Harbor , is a port complex that occupies 7,500 acres ( 3,000 ha ) of land and water along 43 miles ( 69 km ) of waterfront and adjoins the separate Port of Long Beach . The port is located in San Pedro Bay in the San Pedro and Wilmington neighborhoods of Los Angeles , approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) south of downtown . A department of the City of Los Angeles , the Port of Los Angeles supports employment for 517,000 people throughout the LA County Region and 1.6 million worldwide . The cargo coming into the port represents approximately 20% of all cargo coming into the United States . The Port 's Channel Depth is 53 feet ( 16 m ) . The port has 27 cargo terminals , 86 container cranes , 8 container terminals , and 113 miles ( 182 km ) of on-dock rail . The LA Port imports furniture , footwear , electronics , automobile parts , and plastics . The Port exports wastepaper , pet and animal feed , scrap metal , fabrics , and soybeans . [ citation needed ] The port 's major trading partners are China , Hong Kong , Japan , South Korea , Taiwan , and Vietnam . For public safety , the Port of Los Angeles utilizes the Los Angeles Port Police for police service in the port and to its local communities , the Los Angeles Fire Department ( LAFD ) to provide fire and EMS services to the port and its local communities , the U.S. Coast Guard for water way security at the port , Homeland Security to protect federal land at the port , the Los Angeles County Lifeguards to provide lifeguard services for open water outside the harbor while Los Angeles City Recreation & Parks Department lifeguards patrol the inner Cabrillo Beach ."}]}, {'value': 'Sailing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sailing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Sailing/Yachting is an Olympic sport starting from the Games of the 1st Olympiad ( 1896 Olympics in Athens Greece ) . With the exception of 1904 and the canceled 1916 Summer Olympics , sailing has always been included on the Olympic schedule . The Sailing program of 1932 consisted of a total of four sailing classes ( disciplines ) . For each class races were scheduled from 5-12 August directly off the Los Angeles Harbor on the Pacific Ocean .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Police Pistol Range', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elysian_Park,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'Elysian Park is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles , California , with a mostly low-income community of 2,600+ people . A city park , Elysian Park , and Dodger Stadium are within the neighborhood , as are a Catholic high school and an elementary school .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern pentathlon ( shooting ) , Shooting', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'When shooting was reintroduced at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles after being absent at the previous Games , it consisted of two events , one rifle event and one pistol event . The competitions were held on August 12 , 1932 and August 13 , 1932 .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Long Beach Marine Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Long_Beach_Marine_Stadium', 'summary': 'The Long Beach Marine Stadium is a marine venue located in Long Beach , California . Created in 1932 to host the rowing events for the 1932 Summer Olympics in neighboring Los Angeles , the stadium was the first manmade rowing course in the United States . The venue also hosted the United States rowing trials for the 1968 Summer Olympics that were held in Mexico City .'}]}, {'value': 'Rowing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Rowing at the 1932 Summer Olympics featured seven events . The competitions were held from August 9 to August 13 at the Marine Stadium in Long Beach , California .'}]}, {'value': '17,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Angeles Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Route_118', 'summary': 'State Route 118 ( SR 118 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs west to east through Ventura and Los Angeles counties . It travels from State Route 126 at the eastern edge of Ventura immediately northwest of Saticoy , then through Saticoy , in Ventura County east to Interstate 210 near Lake View Terrace in Los Angeles . SR 118 crosses the Santa Susana Pass and the northern rim of the San Fernando Valley along its route .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The cycling competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events . The program of events was unchanged from the previous Games .'}]}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Auditorium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grand_Olympic_Auditorium', 'summary': 'The Grand Olympic Auditorium is a former sports venue in southern Downtown Los Angeles , California . The venue was built in 1924 at 1801 South Grand Avenue , now just south of the Santa Monica Freeway . The grand opening of the Olympic Auditorium was on August 5 , 1925 , and was a major media event , attended by such celebrities as Jack Dempsey and Rudolph Valentino . One of the last major boxing and wrestling arenas still in existence , the venue now serves as a worship space for the Korean-American evangelical church , Glory Church of Jesus Christ .'}]}, {'value': 'Boxing , Weightlifting , Wrestling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boxing_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'These are the results of the boxing competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles . Medals were awarded in eight weight classes . The competitions were held from August 9 to 13 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The weightlifting events at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles consisted of five weight classes . The competitions were held on Saturday , 30 July 1932 and on Sunday , 31 July 1932 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Wrestling at the 1932 Summer Olympics was held between August 1-7 August at the Grand Olympic Auditorium . It was split into two disciplines , Freestyle and Greco-Roman which were further divided into different weight categories .'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Olympic Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum', 'summary': 'The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum is an American outdoor sports stadium located in the Exposition Park neighborhood of Los Angeles , California . Conceived as a hallmark of civic pride , the Coliseum was commissioned in 1921 as a memorial to L.A. veterans of World War I . Completed in 1923 , it will be the first stadium to have hosted the Summer Olympics three times : 1932 , 1984 , and 2028 . It was declared a National Historic Landmark on July 27 , 1984 , the day before the opening ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics . The stadium serves as the home to the University of Southern California ( USC ) Trojans football team of the Pac-12 Conference . USC , which operates and manages the Coliseum , granted naming rights to United Airlines in January 2018 ; after concerns were raised by Coliseum Commission , the airline became title sponsor of the playing field , naming it United Airlines Field at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum . The stadium is located in Exposition Park , which is owned by the State of California , and across the street from USC . The Coliseum is jointly owned by the State of California , Los Angeles County , City of Los Angeles and is managed and operated by the Auxiliary Services Department of the University of Southern California . It was the home of the Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League ( NFL ) from 1946 to 1979 , when they moved to Anaheim Stadium in Anaheim . The Coliseum served as their home stadium again from 2016 to 2019 prior to the teams move to SoFi Stadium in Inglewood . The facility had a permanent seating capacity of 93,607 for USC football and Rams games , making it the largest football stadium in the Pac-12 Conference and the NFL . The stadium also was the temporary home of the Los Angeles Dodgers of Major League Baseball from 1958 to 1961 and was the host venue for games 3 , 4 , and 5 of the 1959 World Series .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics , Equestrian ( eventing , jumping ) , Field hockey , Gymnastics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': "At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , 29 athletics events were contested , 23 for men and 6 for women . It was the first time the 50 kilometres race walk appeared in the athletic program at the Games . This was the second time women 's events in athletics were included in the Olympic Games program and the first time that women competed in the javelin throw at the Olympics . There was a total of 386 participants from 34 countries competing . The athletics events took place at Los Angeles Olympic Stadium , now the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Equestrian_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'The equestrian events at the 1932 Los Angeles Summer Games included dressage ( team and individual medals ) , eventing ( team and individual medals ) , and show jumping ( individual medals while team medals were not awarded ) . The competitions were held from August 10 to 14 , 1932 . Due to the Great Depression , and the fact that the Games were held in Los Angeles ( which was considerably difficult for the European nations to travel to ) , only 35 entries from 6 nations competed - which was to be the lowest participation of any Olympic Games .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Field_hockey_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the Hockey competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics :'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , eleven events in gymnastics were contested . The competitions were held from Monday , August 8 , 1932 to Friday , August 12 , 1932 .'}]}, {'value': '105,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pacific Coast Highway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Route_1', 'summary': 'State Route 1 ( SR 1 ) is a major north-south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California . At a total of just over 656 miles ( 1,056 km ) , it is the longest state route in California . SR 1 has several portions designated as either Pacific Coast Highway ( PCH ) , Cabrillo Highway , Shoreline Highway , or Coast Highway . Its southern terminus is at Interstate 5 ( I-5 ) near Dana Point in Orange County and its northern terminus is at U.S. Route 101 ( US 101 ) near Leggett in Mendocino County . SR 1 also at times runs concurrently with US 101 , most notably through a 54-mile ( 87 km ) stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara counties , and across the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway is designated as an All-American Road . In addition to providing a scenic route to numerous attractions along the coast , the route also serves as a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area , the San Francisco Bay Area , and several other coastal urban areas . SR 1 was built piecemeal in various stages , with the first section opening in the Big Sur region in the 1930s . However , portions of the route had several names and numbers over the years as more segments opened . It was not until the 1964 state highway renumbering that the entire route was officially designated as SR 1 . Although SR 1 is a popular route for its scenic beauty , frequent landslides and erosion along the coast have caused several segments to be either closed for lengthy periods for repairs , or re-routed inland .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riverside Drive at Griffith Park', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Los_Angeles,_California)', 'summary': 'Riverside Drive is a northeast-southwest road connecting the San Fernando Valley and Downtown Los Angeles , California . It follows the course of the Los Angeles River .'}]}, {'value': 'Athletics ( 50 km walk )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Riviera Country Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club', 'summary': "The Riviera Country Club is an exclusive private club with a championship golf course in the western United States , located in southern California in Pacific Palisades , a community within the city limits of Los Angeles . It 's in Santa Monica Canyon , just below the Santa Monica Mountains and a block south of Sunset Boulevard . Designed by golf course architects George C. Thomas , Jr. and William P. Bell , it has been the primary host for the Genesis Invitational ( originally the Los Angeles Open ) , an annual event on the PGA Tour in February . The 2020 edition was the 57th held at Riviera . Riviera has also hosted three major championships : the U.S. Open in 1948 , and the PGA Championship in 1983 and 1995 . In addition , it was site of the U.S. Senior Open , a senior major , in 1998 and the U.S . Amateur in August 2017 . The club is scheduled to host the Olympics in 2028 ."}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( dressage , eventing ) , Modern pentathlon ( riding )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '9,500', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rose Bowl in Pasadena', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)', 'summary': "The Rose Bowl is an American outdoor athletic stadium , located in Pasadena , California , a northeast suburb of Los Angeles . Opened in October 1922 , the stadium is recognized as a National Historic Landmark and a California Historic Civil Engineering landmark . At a modern capacity of an all-seated configuration at 92,542 , the Rose Bowl is the 15th-largest stadium in the world , the 11th-largest stadium in the United States , and the 10th largest NCAA stadium . One of the most famous venues in sporting history , the Rose Bowl is best known as a college football venue , specifically as the host of the annual Rose Bowl Game for which it is named . Since 1982 , it has also served as the home stadium of the UCLA Bruins football team . The stadium has also hosted five Super Bowl games , second most of any venue . The Rose Bowl is also a noted soccer venue , having hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final , 1999 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final , and the 1984 Olympic Gold Medal Match , as well as numerous CONCACAF and United States Soccer Federation matches . The stadium and adjacent Brookside Golf and Country Club are owned by the city of Pasadena and managed by the Rose Bowl Operating Company , a non-profit organization whose board is selected by council members of the city of Pasadena . UCLA and the Pasadena Tournament of Roses also have one member on the company board ."}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( track )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '85,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sunset Fields Golf Club', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'Brentwood is a neighborhood in the Westside of Los Angeles , California . It is the location of seven private and two public schools .'}]}, {'value': 'Modern pentathlon ( running )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Swimming Stadium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/LA84_Foundation/John_C._Argue_Swim_Stadium', 'summary': "The LA84 Foundation/John C. Argue Swim Stadium , called originally the Los Angeles Swimming Stadium is an aquatics center that was originally constructed for the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , California . Located near the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , the venue hosted the diving , swimming , water polo , and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events . The park seated 10,000 that included 5,000 wooden bleacher seats for the 1932 Games that were removed afterwards . The swimming pool itself measured 165 ft ( 50 m ) long by 64 ft ( 20 m ) wide . A children 's pool is adjacent to the main pool that is still in use . Main grandstands at their top point was 15 ft ( 4.6 m ) high spread over a length of 256 ft ( 78 m ) and a width of 98 ft ( 30 m ) . The venue was renovated in 2002-03 . It was later renamed in honor of the LA84 Foundation and for John C. Argue ( 1931 or 1932 - 2002 ) , a Los Angeles-based lawyer who served as a key board member player for bringing the Summer Olympics back to LA 52 years later . Argue also served as chair of the board of trustees for the University of Southern California from 2000 until his death in 2002 , and was part of the unsuccessful effort to bring the 2016 Summer Olympics to LA ."}]}, {'value': 'Diving , Modern pentathlon ( swimming ) , Swimming , Water polo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diving_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , four diving events were organized , two for men , and two for women . The competitions were held from Monday , August 8 , 1932 to Saturday , August 13 , 1932 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'At the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , eleven swimming events were contested , six for men and five for women . The competitions were held from Saturday August 6 , 1932 to Saturday August 13 , 1932 . There was a total of 128 participants from 20 countries competing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics', 'summary': 'Final results for the water polo tournament at the 1932 Summer Olympics :'}]}, {'value': '10,000', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Vineyard Avenue', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/California_State_Route_232', 'summary': 'State Route 232 ( SR 232 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of California that runs along Vineyard Avenue in Ventura County , serving as a connector between US 101 in Oxnard and SR 118 near Saticoy .'}]}, {'value': 'Cycling ( road )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Westchester', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Westchester,_Los_Angeles', 'summary': 'Westchester is a neighborhood in Los Angeles and the Westside Region of Los Angeles County , California . It is home to Los Angeles International Airport , Loyola Marymount University , Otis College of Art and Design , and Westchester Enriched Sciences Magnet Schools ( formerly Westchester High School ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Equestrian ( cross-country riding )', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Not listed', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Venues', 'section_text': "The Rose Bowl hosted the track cycling events for the 1932 Summer Olympics Fifteen sports venues were used for the 1932 Summer Olympics . In order to control costs in the wake of the Great Depression , existing venues were used . They included two golf courses , two city parks , three public highways , and a city road . The Swimming Stadium was the only new venue constructed for these games . The Rose Bowl , constructed in 1921 , was made into a temporary velodrome for track cycling events under the auspices of the Union Cycliste Internationale ( UCI ) . [ 11 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , constructed in 1923 , was used as the Olympic Stadium . [ 13 ] [ 14 ] The Olympic Auditorium was constructed in 1924 in preparation for Los Angeles being awarded the Games ; it was modified to meet the specifications of the boxing , weightlifting , and wrestling federations . [ 15 ] Long Beach Marine Stadium was created in 1925 when Alamitos Bay was dredged , then further dredged seven years later in time for the 1932 Games . [ 16 ] Elysian Park , the oldest city park in Los Angeles , was founded in 1886 , and has been part of the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) training academy since 1925 . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] The Riviera Country Club opened in 1926 as the Los Angeles Athletic Club Golf Course and was renamed Riviera by the time of the 1932 Games . [ 19 ] The swimming stadium , constructed adjacent to the Coliseum in 1932 , was intended to be a temporary structure . [ 20 ] Riverside Drive , Los Angeles Avenue , Vineyard Avenue , and the Pacific Coast Highway were common driving routes in California at the time of the 1932 Games . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The Coliseum was the first home for the Dodgers Major League Baseball ( MLB ) team when it moved from Brooklyn , New York in the 1958 season . [ 23 ] The following year , it hosted the MLB All-Star Game and the World Series . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Once Dodger Stadium was completed in 1962 , the Dodgers moved there where they have been since . [ 26 ] The Los Angeles Rams National Football League ( NFL ) team used the Coliseum as its host stadium from 1946 to 1980 when it moved to Anaheim , located southeast of Los Angeles . [ 27 ] [ 28 ] It also hosted what would become known as Super Bowl I in 1967 . [ 29 ] Even the American Football League 's Chargers used the Coliseum as a venue in 1960 until their move to San Diego the following year . [ 30 ] The Coliseum continues to host USC Trojans football games to this day , and also hosted UCLA Bruins football for a number of years . The Rams return to the Coliseum in 2016 . The track constructed in the Rose Bowl was given to the Tournament of Roses Association upon completion of the 1932 Games . [ 11 ] The Bowl was expanded between 1932 and the 1984 Summer Olympics three times , increasing its capacity from 83,000 in 1931 to 104,594 in 1972 . [ 31 ] It hosted Super Bowl XI in 1977 , where the Oakland Raiders defeated the Minnesota Vikings 32–14 . [ 31 ] It is the current home of UCLA Bruins football and the Rose Bowl Game , and was the home of the L.A. Galaxy soccer team for a number of years . Elysian Park 's shooting range was left intact for the LAPD to use . [ 11 ] Sunset Fields Golf Club was renamed Brentwood Country Club in 1941 and is still in use as of 2010 . [ 32 ] All of the road courses were returned to public usage after the Olympics . [ 21 ] [ 22 ] The Olympic Auditorium continued to be of use for boxing and roller derby events [ 33 ] until June 2005 when it was bought to be used as a megachurch . Los Angeles Harbor continues to be a major sea port in the Western United States , employing 919,000 people and generating US $ 39.1 billion in annual wages and tax revenues as of 2007 . [ 34 ] The Riveria Country Club continues to host golf events , hosting the 1948 U.S. Open and the PGA Championship in 1983 and 1995 . [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] The Swim Stadium was renovated in 2003 and continues to be in use as of 2010 . [ 38 ] For the 1984 Summer Olympics , the Coliseum and the Rose Bowl were used as venues . [ 39 ]", 'uid': 'Venues_of_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_0', 'intro': 'The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the X Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event that was held from July 30 to August 14, 1932, in Los Angeles, California, United States. The Games were held during the worldwide Great Depression and some nations were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles; 37 nations competed compared to 46 in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. Even U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the Games. The organizing committee did not report the financial details of the Games, although contemporary newspapers claimed that the Games had made a profit of US$1,000,000.'}
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How many private schools are in the same neighborhood as the venue for the modern pentathlon ( running ) ?
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seven
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03a4a8af9772b495
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size', 'title': 'List of Solar System objects by size', 'header': ['Body', 'Radius ( km )', 'Type - notes', 'Refs r · M'], 'data': [{'value': 'Asterope 233', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/233_Asterope', 'summary': 'Asterope ( /əˈstɛrəpi/ ə-STERR-ə-pee ; minor planet designation : 233 Asterope ) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered on 11 May 1883 , by French astronomer Alphonse Borrelly at Marseille Observatory in Marseille , France . The asteroid was named after Asterope ( or Sterope ) , one of the Pleiades . It is a rare T-type asteroid and has a relatively dark surface . The spectrum of 233 Asterope bears a resemblance to Troilite , a sulfurous iron mineral found in most iron meteorites . Photometric observations during 1995 show a rotation period of 19.743 hours . Measurements made with the IRAS observatory give a diameter of 109.56 ± 5.04 km and a geometric albedo of 0.08 ± 0.01 . By comparison , the MIPS photometer on the Spitzer Space Telescope gives a diameter of 97.54 ± 10.32 km and a geometric albedo of 0.10 ± 0.01 .'}]}, {'value': '49.836 ± 0.573', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type T / type K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/T-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'T-type asteroids are rare inner-belt asteroids of unknown composition with dark , featureless and moderately red spectra , and a moderate absorption feature shortwards of 0.85 μm . No direct meteorite analog has been found to date . Thought to be anhydrous , they are considered to be related to P-types or D-types , or possibly a highly altered C-type . Examples of T-type asteroids include 96 Aegle , 114 Kassandra , 233 Asterope , and 308 Polyxo . The infrared spectrum of the first three are similar to the mineral troilite , while 308 Pylyxo is modified with hydration features .'}, {'url': '/wiki/K-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'K-type asteroids are relatively uncommon asteroids with a moderately reddish spectrum shortwards of 0.75 μm , and a slight bluish trend longwards of this . They have a low albedo . Their spectrum resembles that of CV and CO meteorites . These asteroids were described as featureless S-types in the Tholen classification . The K-type was proposed by J. F. Bell and colleagues in 1988 for bodies having a particularly shallow 1 μm absorption feature , and lacking the 2 μm absorption . These were found during studies of the Eos family of asteroids .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Pholus 5145', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/5145_Pholus', 'summary': "5145 Pholus ( /ˈfoʊləs/ FOE-ləs ; from Φόλος ) provisional designation 1992 AD , is an eccentric centaur in the outer Solar System , approximately 180 kilometers ( 110 miles ) in diameter , that crosses the orbit of both Saturn and Neptune . It was discovered on 9 January 1992 , by American astronomer David Rabinowitz ( unaccredited ) of UA 's Spacewatch survey at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona , United States . The very reddish object has an elongated shape and a rotation period of 9.98 hours . It was named after the creature Pholus from Greek mythology ."}]}, {'value': '49.5 +7.5 −7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'centaur', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)', 'summary': "Centaurs are small Solar System bodies with either a perihelion or a semi-major axis between those of the outer planets . They generally have unstable orbits because they cross or have crossed the orbits of one or more of the giant planets ; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years , but there is one Centaur , 514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela , which may be in a stable ( though retrograde ) orbit . [ how is this a centaur if the Trojans are n't ? ] Centaurs typically behave with characteristics of both asteroids and comets . They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human . Observational bias toward large objects makes determination of the total Centaur population difficult . Estimates for the number of Centaurs in the Solar System more than 1 km in diameter range from as low as 44,000 to more than 10,000,000 The first Centaur to be discovered , under the definition of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the one used here , was 944 Hidalgo in 1920 . However , they were not recognized as a distinct population until the discovery of 2060 Chiron in 1977 . The largest confirmed Centaur is 10199 Chariklo , which at 260 kilometers in diameter is as big as a mid-sized main-belt asteroid , and is known to have a system of rings . It was discovered in 1997 . However , the lost Centaur 1995 SN55 may be somewhat larger . The transneptunian object 2018 VG18 , which is a Centaur under the broader definition , may be quite a bit larger ."}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Nausikaa 192', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/192_Nausikaa', 'summary': "Nausikaa ( minor planet designation : 192 Nausikaa ) is a large main-belt S-type asteroid . It was discovered by Johann Palisa on February 17 , 1879 , at Pula , then in Austria , now in Croatia . The name derives from Nausicaä , a princess in Homer 's Odyssey . This is an S-type asteroid around 86 km with an elliptical ratio of 1.51 . The sidereal rotation period is 13.6217 hours . Based on the lightcurve data obtained from Nausikaa , a possible satellite was reported in 1985 . However , this has not been confirmed . A shape model of Nausikaa has been constructed , also based on the lightcurve data . It indicates a roughly cut , but not very elongated body . In 1998 an occultation of a star by the asteroid was observed from the United States . In 1988 a search for satellites or dust orbiting this asteroid was performed using the UH88 telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatories , but the effort came up empty . Nausikaa 's orbital period is 3.72 years , its distance from the Sun varying between 1.81 and 2.99 AU ."}]}, {'value': '49.388 ± 0.619', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'S-type asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous ( i.e . stony ) mineralogical composition , hence the name . Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type , making it the second most common after the carbonaceous C-type .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Thebe Jupiter XIV', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thebe_(moon)', 'summary': "Thebe ( /ˈθiːbiː/ THEE-bee ; Greek : Θήβη ) also known as Jupiter XIV , is the fourth of Jupiter 's moons by distance from the planet . It was discovered by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 space probe taken on March 5 , 1979 , while making its flyby of Jupiter . In 1983 , it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe . The second largest of the inner satellites of Jupiter , Thebe orbits within the outer edge of the Thebe gossamer ring that is formed from dust ejected from its surface . It is irregularly shaped and reddish in colour , and is thought like Amalthea to consist of porous water ice with unknown amounts of other materials . Its surface features include large craters and high mountains - some of them are comparable to the size of the moon itself . Thebe was photographed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft , and later , in more detail , by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s ."}]}, {'value': '49.3 ± 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'moon of Jupiter', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lutetia 21', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/21_Lutetia', 'summary': 'Lutetia ( minor planet designation : 21 Lutetia ) is a large asteroid in the asteroid belt of an unusual spectral type . It measures about 100 kilometers in diameter ( 120 km along its major axis ) . It was discovered in 1852 by Hermann Goldschmidt , and is named after Lutetia , the Latin name of Paris . Lutetia has an irregular shape and is heavily cratered , with the largest impact crater reaching 45 km in diameter . The surface is geologically heterogeneous and is intersected by a system of grooves and scarps , which are thought to be fractures . It has a high average density , meaning that it is made of metal-rich rock . The Rosetta probe passed within 3,162 km ( 1,965 mi ) of Lutetia in July 2010 . It was the largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft until Dawn arrived at Vesta in July 2011 .'}]}, {'value': '49 ± 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type M', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/M-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'Differentiation was a fundamental process in shaping many asteroids and all terrestrial planet M-type asteroids are asteroids of partially known composition ; they are moderately bright ( albedo 0.1-0.2 ) . Some , but not all , are made of nickel-iron , either pure or mixed with small amounts of stone . These are thought to be pieces of the metallic core of differentiated asteroids that were fragmented by impacts , and are thought to be the source of iron meteorites . M-type asteroids are the third most common asteroid type . There are also M-types whose composition is uncertain . For example , 22 Kalliope has an accurately known density that is far too low for a solid metallic object or even a metal rubble pile : a rubble pile of iron-nickel metal would need about 70% porosity which is inconsistent with packing considerations . 22 Kalliope and 21 Lutetia have features in their spectra which appear to indicate the presence of hydration minerals and silicates , anomalously low radar albedos inconsistent with a metallic surface , as well as characteristics more in common with C-type asteroids . A variety of other M-type asteroids do not fit well into a metallic body picture . M-type spectra are flat to reddish and usually devoid of large features , although subtle absorption features longward of 0.75 μm and shortward of 0.55 μm are sometimes present .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Luscinia 713', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/713_Luscinia', 'summary': '713 Luscinia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun .'}]}, {'value': '48.984 ± 0.438', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'outer belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kalypso 53', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/53_Kalypso', 'summary': 'Kalypso ( /kəˈlɪpsoʊ/ ; minor planet designation : 53 Kalypso ) is a large and very dark main belt asteroid that was discovered by German astronomer Robert Luther on April 4 , 1858 , at Düsseldorf . It is named after Calypso , a sea nymph in Greek mythology , a name it shares with Calypso , a moon of Saturn . The orbit of 53 Kalypso places it in a mean motion resonance with the planets Jupiter and Saturn . The computed Lyapunov time for this asteroid is 19,000 years , indicating that it occupies a chaotic orbit that will change randomly over time because of gravitational perturbations of the planets . Photometric observations of this asteroid during 2005-06 gave a light curve with a period of 18.075 ± 0.005 hours and a brightness variation of 0.14 in magnitude . In 2009 , a photometric study from a different viewing angle was performed at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico , yielding a rotation period of 9.036 ± 0.001 with a brightness variation of 0.14 ± 0.02 magnitude . This is exactly half of the 2005-06 result . The author of the earlier study used additional data observation that favored the 9.036 hour period . The discrepancy was deemed a consequence of viewing the asteroid from different longitudes . Kalypso has been studied by radar .'}]}, {'value': '48.631 ± 13.299', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type XC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-type_asteroid', 'summary': 'The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra , but probably quite different compositions .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Laurentia 162', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/162_Laurentia', 'summary': '162 Laurentia is a large and dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French brothers Paul Henry and Prosper Henry on April 21 , 1876 , and named after Joseph Jean Pierre Laurent , an amateur astronomer who discovered asteroid 51 Nemausa . An occultation by Laurentia was observed from Clive , Alberta on November 21 , 1999 . Photometric observations of this asteroid from multiple observatories during 2007 gave a light curve with a period of 11.8686 ± 0.0004 hours and a brightness variation of 0.40 ± 0.05 in magnitude . This is in agreement with previous studies in 1994 and 2007 .'}]}, {'value': '48.511 ± 0.247', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type STU / type Ch', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S-type_asteroid', 'summary': 'S-type asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous ( i.e . stony ) mineralogical composition , hence the name . Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type , making it the second most common after the carbonaceous C-type .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroid', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tercidina 345', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/345_Tercidina', 'summary': 'Tercidina ( minor planet designation : 345 Tercidina ) is a large main-belt asteroid . It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material . It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on November 23 , 1892 , in Nice .'}]}, {'value': '48.4325 ± 0.4905', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Notburga 626', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/626_Notburga', 'summary': '626 Notburga is a minor planet orbiting the Sun .'}]}, {'value': '48.42 ± 2.335', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type CX / type Xc', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}, {'url': '/wiki/X-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra , but probably quite different compositions .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henrietta 225', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/225_Henrietta', 'summary': 'Henrietta ( minor planet designation : 225 Henrietta ) is a very large outer main-belt asteroid . It was discovered by Johann Palisa on April 19 , 1882 , in Vienna and named after Henrietta , wife of astronomer Pierre J. C. Janssen . This is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of primitive carbonaceous material . It has very dark surface , with an albedo of 0.040 . Photometric measurements made from the Oakley Southern Sky Observatory during 2012 gave a light curve with a period of 7.352 ± 0.003 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.18 ± 0.02 in magnitude . This is consistent with a synodic rotation period of 7.356 ± 0.001 hours determined in 2000 . In 2001 , the asteroid was detected by radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.58 AU . The resulting data yielded an effective diameter of 128 ± 16 km . 225 Henrietta belongs to Cybele group of asteroids and is probably in a 4:7 orbital resonance with the planet Jupiter .'}]}, {'value': '47.967 ± 0.625', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type F ; Cybele asteroid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/F-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'F-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid , falling into the wider C-group .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cybele_asteroid', 'summary': 'Cybele asteroids ( also known as the Cybeles ) are a dynamical group of asteroids , named after the asteroid 65 Cybele . Considered by some as the last outpost of an extended asteroid belt , the group consists of nearly 2000 members and a few collisional families . The Cybeles are in a 7:4 orbital resonance with Jupiter . Their orbit is defined by an osculating semi-major axis of 3.28 to 3.70 AU , with an eccentricity of less than 0.3 , and an inclination less than 25° . The dynamical Cybele group is located adjacent to the outermost asteroid belt , beyond the Hecuba gap - the 2:1 resonant zone with Jupiter , where the Griqua asteroids are located - and inside the orbital region of the Hilda asteroids ( 3:2 resonance ) , which are themselves followed by the Jupiter trojans ( 1:1 resonance ) further out .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abastumani 1390', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1390_Abastumani', 'summary': '1390 Abastumani , provisional designation 1935 TA , is a large , rare-type asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt , approximately 101 kilometers in diameter . It was named for the Georgian town of Abastumani .'}]}, {'value': '47.925 ± 1.142', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'outer belt asteroid type P', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/P-type_asteroid', 'summary': 'P-type asteroids are asteroids have low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum . It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic rich silicates , carbon and anhydrous silicates , possibly with water ice in their interior . P-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond . There are 33 known P-type asteroids .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Euforbo 4063', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/4063_Euforbo', 'summary': '4063 Euforbo , provisional designation 1989 CG2 , is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp , approximately 100 kilometers ( 62 miles ) in diameter . It was discovered on 1 February 1989 , by Italian astronomers at the San Vittore Observatory near Bologna , Italy . The dark D-type asteroid is one of the 25 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 8.8 hours . It was named after Euphorbus ( Euforbo ) from Greek mythology .'}]}, {'value': '47.809 ± 0.339', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jupiter trojan ( L 4 ) type D', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lagrangian_point', 'summary': 'In celestial mechanics , the Lagrangian points ( /ləˈɡrɑːndʒiən/ also Lagrange points , L-points , or libration points ) are the points near two large bodies in orbit where a smaller object will maintain its position relative to the large orbiting bodies . At other locations , a small object would go into its own orbit around one of the large bodies , but at the Lagrangian points the gravitational forces of the two large bodies , the centripetal force of orbital motion , and ( for certain points ) the Coriolis acceleration all match up in a way that cause the small object to maintain a stable or nearly stable position relative to the large bodies . There are five such points , labeled L1 to L5 , all in the orbital plane of the two large bodies , for each given combination of two orbital bodies . For instance , there are five Lagrangian points L1 to L5 for the Sun-Earth system , and in a similar way there are five different Lagrangian points for the Earth-Moon system . L1 , L2 , and L3 are on the line through the centers of the two large bodies . L4 and L5 each form an equilateral triangle with the centers of the large bodies . L4 and L5 are stable , which implies that objects can orbit around them in a rotating coordinate system tied to the two large bodies . Several planets have trojan satellites near their L4 and L5 points with respect to the Sun . Jupiter has more than a million of these trojans . Artificial satellites have been placed at L1 and L2 with respect to the Sun and Earth , and with respect to the Earth and the Moon . The Lagrangian points have been proposed for uses in space exploration .'}, {'url': '/wiki/D-type_asteroid', 'summary': 'D-type asteroids have a very low albedo and a featureless reddish spectrum . [ citation needed ] It has been suggested that they have a composition of organic-rich silicates , carbon and anhydrous silicates , possibly with water ice in their interiors . [ citation needed ] D-type asteroids are found in the outer asteroid belt and beyond ; examples are 152 Atala , and 944 Hidalgo as well as the majority of Jupiter trojans . It has been suggested that the Tagish Lake meteorite was a fragment from a D-type asteroid , and that the Martian moon Phobos is closely related . The Nice model suggests that D-type asteroids may have originated in the Kuiper belt . 46 D-type asteroids are known , including 3552 Don Quixote , 944 Hidalgo , 624 Hektor , and 10199 Chariklo .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tisiphone 466', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/466_Tisiphone', 'summary': 'Tisiphone ( minor planet designation : 466 Tisiphone ) is an asteroid which orbits among the Cybele family of asteroids .'}]}, {'value': '47.748 ± 0.175', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adria 143', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/143_Adria', 'summary': 'Adria ( minor planet designation : 143 Adria ) is a fairly large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by Austrian astronomer Johann Palisa on 23 February 1875 , at the Austrian Naval Observatory , and named after the Adriatic Sea , on the coast of which the discovery was made . This dark-coloured asteroid has probably a primitive carbonaceous chondritic composition . One occultation by Adria has been reported so far , from Japan on August 21 , 2000 . A somewhat spherical shape measuring 98 × 86 km was observed . Photometric observations of this asteroid made during 2008 at the Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico gave an irregular light curve with a period of 22.005 ± 0.001 hours and a brightness variation of 0.08 ± 0.01 in magnitude .'}]}, {'value': '47.689 ± 0.349', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arsinoë 404', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/404_Arsinoë', 'summary': 'Arsinoë ( minor planet designation : 404 Arsinoë ) is a large main-belt asteroid . It is classified as a C-type asteroid and is probably composed of carbonaceous material . It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on June 20 , 1895 , in Nice .'}]}, {'value': '47.485 ± 0.476', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Artemis 105', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/105_Artemis', 'summary': 'Artemis ( minor planet designation : 105 Artemis ) is a main-belt asteroid that was discovered by J. C. Watson on September 16 , 1868 , at Ann Arbor , Michigan . It was named after Artemis , the goddess of the hunt , Moon , and crossways in Greek Mythology . Several Artemidian stellar occultations have been reported . An occultation of the star HD 197999 was observed in 1982 , which gave an estimated chord length of 110 km . It is a C-type asteroid , meaning that it is very dark and composed of carbonaceous material . Although is shares a similar orbit to the Phocaea family of S-type asteroids , its classification means 105 Artemis is not a member . The spectra of the asteroid displays evidence of aqueous alteration . In 1988 , this object was detected with radar from the Arecibo Observatory at a distance of 1.07 AU . The measured radar cross-section was 1,800 km2 . Photometric measurement of this asteroid made in 2010 at Organ Mesa Observatory in Las Cruces , New Mexico , produced an irregular light curve with a period of 37.150 ± 0.001 hours . During each rotation , the brightness varies by 0.16 ± 0.01 in magnitude . Based upon radar data , the estimated near surface solid density of the asteroid is 3.0+0.9−0.8 g cm−3 .'}]}, {'value': '47.432 ± 11.611', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type C', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Proserpina 26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/26_Proserpina', 'summary': 'Proserpina ( minor planet designation : 26 Proserpina ) is a main-belt asteroid discovered by R. Luther on May 5 , 1853 . It is named after the Roman goddess Proserpina , the daughter of Ceres and the Queen of the Underworld . Photometric observations of this asteroid have produced discrepant estimates of the rotation period . A period of 12.13 hours was reported in 1979 , followed by 10.6 hours in 1981 and 6.67 hours in 2001 . Observations made in 2007 at the Oakley Observatory in Terre Haute , Indiana produced a light curve with a period of 13.06 ± 0.03 hours and a brightness variation of 0.21 ± 0.01 in magnitude . This was refined by a 2008 study , giving a period of 13.110 ± 0.001 hours .'}]}, {'value': '47.4 ± 0.85', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type S', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/S-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'S-type asteroids are asteroids with a spectral type that is indicative of a siliceous ( i.e . stony ) mineralogical composition , hence the name . Approximately 17% of asteroids are of this type , making it the second most common after the carbonaceous C-type .'}]}, {'value': '·', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Philosophia 227', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/227_Philosophia', 'summary': 'Philosophia ( minor planet designation : 227 Philosophia ) is a large main-belt asteroid that was discovered by the French astronomer Paul-Pierre Henry on August 12 , 1882 , in Paris and named after the topic of philosophy . Based upon photometric observations , it has a synodic rotation period of 52.98 ± 0.01 with a brightness variation of 0.15 ± 0.02 in magnitude .'}]}, {'value': '47.318 ± 1.278', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid', 'urls': []}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kolga 191', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/191_Kolga', 'summary': '191 Kolga ( minor planet designation : 191 Kolga ) is a large , dark main-belt asteroid that was discovered by German-American astronomer C. H. F. Peters on September 30 , 1878 , in Clinton , New York . It is named after Kolga , the daughter of Ægir in Norse mythology . In 2009 , Photometric observations of this asteroid were made at the Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado Springs , Colorado . The resulting light curve shows a synodic rotation period of 17.625 ± 0.004 hours with a brightness variation of 0.30 ± 0.03 in magnitude . Previous independent studies produced inconsistent results that differ from this finding .'}]}, {'value': '47.268 ± 0.217', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'belt asteroid type XC / type Cb', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/X-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'The X-group of asteroids collects together several types with similar spectra , but probably quite different compositions .'}, {'url': '/wiki/C-type_asteroids', 'summary': 'C-type ( carbonaceous ) asteroids are the most common variety , forming around 75% of known asteroids . They are distinguished by a very low albedo because their composition includes a large amount of carbon , in addition to rocks and minerals . They occur most frequently at the outer edge of the asteroid belt , 3.5 astronomical units ( AU ) from the Sun , where 80% of the asteroids are of this type , whereas only 40% of asteroids at 2 AU from the Sun are C-type . The proportion of C-types may actually be greater than this , because C-types are much darker ( and therefore less detectable ) than most other asteroid types except for D-types and others that are mostly at the extreme outer edge of the asteroid belt .'}]}, {'value': '· M', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List of objects by radius -- From 20 to 49 km', 'section_text': 'This list contains a few examples because there are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 49 km . [ 191 ] Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the trans-Neptunian region . The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures . The table switches from ×1018 kg to ×1015 kg ( Eg ) . Most mass values of asteroids are assumed . [ 95 ] [ 75 ]', 'uid': 'List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size_4', 'intro': "This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size, arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius, and divided into several size classes. These lists can also be sorted according to an object's mass and, for the largest objects, volume, density and surface gravity, insofar as these values are available. This list contains the Sun, the planets, dwarf planets, many of the larger small Solar System bodies (which includes the asteroids), all named natural satellites, and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest, such as comets and near-Earth objects. Objects on this list are ordered by mean radius rather than mass; thus, objects on the lower portions of the table can be more massive than objects higher on the list if they have a higher density. Many trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) have been discovered; in many cases their positions in this list are approximate, as there is frequently a large uncertainty in their estimated diameters. Solar System objects more massive than 1021 kilograms (one yottagram [Yg]) are known or expected to be approximately spherical. Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes (ellipsoids), achieving hydrostatic equilibrium, when their own gravity is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material. It was believed that the cutoff for round objects is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius if they have a large amount of ice in their makeup; however, later studies revealed that icy satellites as large as Iapetus (1,470 kilometers in diameter) are not in hydrostatic equilibrium at this time, and a 2019 assessment suggests that many TNOs in the size range of 400-1000 kilometers may not even be fully solid bodies, much less gravitationally rounded. Objects that are ellipsoids due to their own gravity are here generally referred to as being round, whether or not they are actually in equilibrium today, while objects that are clearly not ellipsoidal are referred to as being irregular. Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation, and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters (scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea). Unlike bodies such as Haumea, the irregular bodies have a significantly non-ellipsoidal profile, often with sharp edges. There can be difficulty in determining the diameter (within a factor of about 2) for typical objects beyond Saturn."}
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What is the Refsr · M of the body that is probably composed of carbonaceous material ?
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type C
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03a51eb65b6b071c
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Thailand', 'title': 'List of islands of Thailand', 'header': ['Name', 'Thai Name', 'Province', 'Island Chain , Group , Archipelago'], 'data': [{'value': 'Ko Sai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ko_Sai', 'summary': 'Ko Sai ( เกาะทราย ) is one of the gulf islands of Thailand . It lies on the west side of the Gulf of Thailand , about 2 km off-shore .'}]}, {'value': 'เกาะทราย', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Pran Rocks ( off Hua Hin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hua_Hin', 'summary': "Hua Hin District ( Thai : หัวหิน , IPA : [ hǔə hǐn ] ) is one of eight districts ( amphoe ) of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula in Thailand . Its seat of government , also named Hua Hin , is a beach resort town . The district 's population was estimated at 63,091 in December 2017 by the Bureau of Registration Administration in an area of 911 km2 . By road , it is 199 km south-southwest of Bangkok . Hua Hin District is in the middle of what the Thai government is promoting as the Thai Riviera , the stretch of coastline between Phetchaburi in the north and Chumphon in the south ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Sadao', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ko_Sai', 'summary': 'Ko Sai ( เกาะทราย ) is one of the gulf islands of Thailand . It lies on the west side of the Gulf of Thailand , about 2 km off-shore .'}]}, {'value': 'เกาะสะเดา', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Pran Rocks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Khi Nok', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ko_Sai', 'summary': 'Ko Sai ( เกาะทราย ) is one of the gulf islands of Thailand . It lies on the west side of the Gulf of Thailand , about 2 km off-shore .'}]}, {'value': 'เกาะขี้นก', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Pran Rocks', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Kho Ram', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะโครำ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Sam Roi Yot area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khao_Sam_Roi_Yot', 'summary': "Khao Sam Roi Yot ( Thai : เขาสามร้อยยอด ) is a marine national park in Kui Buri District , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , Thailand . It covers 98.08 km2 ( 37.87 sq mi ; 61,300 rai ) , of which 20.88 km2 ( 8.06 sq mi ; 13,050 rai ) are marine areas . The park was established in 1966 , and was the first coastal national park of Thailand . The park includes Thailand 's largest freshwater marsh ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Nom Sao', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะนมสาว', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Sam Roi Yot area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khao_Sam_Roi_Yot', 'summary': "Khao Sam Roi Yot ( Thai : เขาสามร้อยยอด ) is a marine national park in Kui Buri District , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , Thailand . It covers 98.08 km2 ( 37.87 sq mi ; 61,300 rai ) , of which 20.88 km2 ( 8.06 sq mi ; 13,050 rai ) are marine areas . The park was established in 1966 , and was the first coastal national park of Thailand . The park includes Thailand 's largest freshwater marsh ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Rawang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะระวาง', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Sam Roi Yot area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khao_Sam_Roi_Yot', 'summary': "Khao Sam Roi Yot ( Thai : เขาสามร้อยยอด ) is a marine national park in Kui Buri District , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , Thailand . It covers 98.08 km2 ( 37.87 sq mi ; 61,300 rai ) , of which 20.88 km2 ( 8.06 sq mi ; 13,050 rai ) are marine areas . The park was established in 1966 , and was the first coastal national park of Thailand . The park includes Thailand 's largest freshwater marsh ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Rawing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะระวิง', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Sam Roi Yot area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khao_Sam_Roi_Yot', 'summary': "Khao Sam Roi Yot ( Thai : เขาสามร้อยยอด ) is a marine national park in Kui Buri District , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , Thailand . It covers 98.08 km2 ( 37.87 sq mi ; 61,300 rai ) , of which 20.88 km2 ( 8.06 sq mi ; 13,050 rai ) are marine areas . The park was established in 1966 , and was the first coastal national park of Thailand . The park includes Thailand 's largest freshwater marsh ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Sattakut', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะสัตกูต', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Sam Roi Yot area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Khao_Sam_Roi_Yot', 'summary': "Khao Sam Roi Yot ( Thai : เขาสามร้อยยอด ) is a marine national park in Kui Buri District , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province , Thailand . It covers 98.08 km2 ( 37.87 sq mi ; 61,300 rai ) , of which 20.88 km2 ( 8.06 sq mi ; 13,050 rai ) are marine areas . The park was established in 1966 , and was the first coastal national park of Thailand . The park includes Thailand 's largest freshwater marsh ."}]}, {'value': 'Ko Lak', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะหลัก', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Prachuap Bay area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Bay', 'summary': 'Prachuap Bay ( Thai : อ่าวประจวบ ) is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Siam or Gulf of Thailand . It lies off Prachuap Khiri Khan town , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko La', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะละ', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Prachuap Bay area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Bay', 'summary': 'Prachuap Bay ( Thai : อ่าวประจวบ ) is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Siam or Gulf of Thailand . It lies off Prachuap Khiri Khan town , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Rom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะร่ม', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Prachuap Bay area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Bay', 'summary': 'Prachuap Bay ( Thai : อ่าวประจวบ ) is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Siam or Gulf of Thailand . It lies off Prachuap Khiri Khan town , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Raet', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะแรด', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Prachuap Bay area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Bay', 'summary': 'Prachuap Bay ( Thai : อ่าวประจวบ ) is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Siam or Gulf of Thailand . It lies off Prachuap Khiri Khan town , Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Lueam', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะเหลื่อม', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Ao Manao area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ao_Manao', 'summary': 'Ao Manao ( Thai : อ่าวมะนาว ) , meaning Lime Bay , is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Thailand . It is five kilometres to the south of Prachuap Khiri Khan in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Aen', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะแอ่น', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Ao Manao area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ao_Manao', 'summary': 'Ao Manao ( Thai : อ่าวมะนาว ) , meaning Lime Bay , is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Thailand . It is five kilometres to the south of Prachuap Khiri Khan in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Phing', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะพิง', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'South of Ao Manao area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ao_Manao', 'summary': 'Ao Manao ( Thai : อ่าวมะนาว ) , meaning Lime Bay , is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Thailand . It is five kilometres to the south of Prachuap Khiri Khan in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Phang', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะพัง', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'South of Ao Manao area', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ao_Manao', 'summary': 'Ao Manao ( Thai : อ่าวมะนาว ) , meaning Lime Bay , is a bay in the west side of the Gulf of Thailand . It is five kilometres to the south of Prachuap Khiri Khan in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province .'}]}, {'value': 'Ko Chan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะจาน', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Off Hat Wanakon area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Thai Chan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะท้ายจาน', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Off Hat Wanakon area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Ram Ra', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะร่ำรา', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Huai Khrok area', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ko Hua Pin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'เกาะหัวพิน', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Prachuap_Khiri_Khan_province', 'summary': 'Prachuap Khiri Khan ( Thai : ประจวบคีรีขันธ์ , pronounced [ prā.t͡ɕùa̯p.kʰīː.rīː.kʰǎn ] ) is one of the western provinces ( changwat ) of Thailand . It is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula , some 240 km ( 150 mi ) south of Bangkok . Neighboring provinces include Phetchaburi to the north and Chumphon to the south . To the west , it borders Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar .'}]}, {'value': 'Khao Mae Ram Phueng area', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'West Coast Islands ( Gulf of Thailand )', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_islands_of_Thailand_3', 'intro': 'This is a list of islands of Thailand.'}
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How many km2 of marine area are there in the marine national park that was established in 1966 and includes the island Ko Rawang ?
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20.88 km2
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03a548edbd9f87fc
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_in_sports', 'title': '2014 in sports', 'header': ['Date', 'Sport', 'Venue/Event', 'Status', 'Winner/s'], 'data': [{'value': '1-2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cyclo-cross', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cyclo-cross', 'summary': "Cyclo-cross ( sometimes cyclocross , CX , cyclo-X or 'cross ) is a form of bicycle racing . Races typically take place in the autumn and winter ( the international or World Cup season is October-February ) , and consist of many laps of a short ( 2.5-3.5 km or 1.5-2 mile ) course featuring pavement , wooded trails , grass , steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount , carry the bike while navigating the obstruction and remount . Races for senior categories are generally between 30 minutes and an hour long , with the distance varying depending on the ground conditions . The sport is strongest in the traditional road cycling countries such as Belgium ( Flanders in particular ) , France and the Netherlands . Cyclo-cross has parallels with mountain bike racing , cross-country cycling and criterium racing . Many of the best cyclo-cross riders cross train in other cycling disciplines ; however , cyclo-cross has reached such size and popularity that some racers are specialists , and many prioritize cyclo-cross races over other disciplines . Cyclo-cross bicycles are similar to road racing bicycles : lightweight , with somewhat narrow tires and drop handlebars . They are typically differentiated by their greater tire clearances , lower gearing , stronger frames , cantilever brakes or disc brakes and more upright riding position . They also share characteristics with mountain bicycles in that they use knobby tread tires for traction and , increasingly , disc brakes . They have to be lightweight because competitors need to carry their bicycle to overcome barriers or slopes too steep to climb in the saddle . The sight of competitors struggling up a muddy slope with bicycles on their shoulders is the classic image of the sport , although unridable sections are generally a very small fraction of the race distance . Compared with other forms of cycle racing , tactics are fairly straightforward , and the emphasis is on the rider 's aerobic endurance and bike-handling skills ."}]}, {'value': '2014 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Championships', 'summary': 'The 2014 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships is the World Championship for cyclo-cross for the season 2013-14 . It took place in Hoogerheide , Netherlands on Saturday 1 and Sunday 2 February 2014 . Hoogerheide is also the place where the Grand Prix Adri van der Poel is held , up to the 2012-13 season a race in the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Men 's elite race : Zdeněk Štybar Women 's elite race : Marianne Vos", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zdeněk_Štybar', 'summary': 'Zdeněk Štybar ( Czech pronunciation : [ ˈzdɛɲɛk ˈʃtɪbar ] ; born 11 December 1985 ) is a Czech professional cyclist , who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam Deceuninck-Quick-Step . While best known as a cyclo-cross racer , in 2011 Štybar began his professional road career while continuing to race cyclo-cross .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Marianne_Vos', 'summary': "Marianne Vos ( pronunciation ( help·info ) ; born 13 May 1987 ) is a Dutch cyclo-cross , road bicycle racer , mountain bike racer and track racer , who currently rides for UCI Women 's WorldTeam CCC Liv . Vos has drawn comparison to Eddy Merckx as being the finest cyclist of [ her ] generation . After winning a junior European and world championship in road racing , she continued her success in senior cycling by becoming world champion in cyclo-cross and road racing at the age of 19 . Vos added track racing world championships when she won the points race in 2008 and the scratch race in 2011 . At the 2008 Summer Olympics , she won the gold medal in the points race ; at the 2012 Summer Olympics , gold in the women 's road race . She is a 3 times World Road Race Champion - in 2006 , 2012 and 2013 - and 7 times World Cyclocross Champion - in 2006 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 and 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '1-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Baseball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Baseball', 'summary': "Baseball is a bat-and-ball game played between two opposing teams who take turns batting and fielding . The game proceeds when a player on the fielding team , called the pitcher , throws a ball which a player on the batting team tries to hit with a bat . The objective of the offensive team ( batting team ) is to hit the ball into the field of play , allowing its players to run the bases , having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called runs . The objective of the defensive team ( fielding team ) is to prevent batters from becoming runners , and to prevent runners ' advance around the bases . A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate ( the place where the player started as a batter ) . The team that scores the most runs by the end of the game is the winner . The first objective of the batting team is to have a player reach first base safely . A player on the batting team who reaches first base without being called out can attempt to advance to subsequent bases as a runner , either immediately or during teammates ' turns batting . The fielding team tries to prevent runs by getting batters or runners out , which forces them out of the field of play . Both the pitcher and fielders have methods of getting the batting team 's players out . The opposing teams switch back and forth between batting and fielding ; the batting team 's turn to bat is over once the fielding team records three outs . One turn batting for each team constitutes an inning ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Caribbean Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Caribbean_Series', 'summary': 'The fifty-sixth edition of the Caribbean Series ( Serie del Caribe ) was played in 2014 . It was held from February 1 through February 8 of 2014 with the champion baseball teams of Cuba , Naranjas de Villa Clara ; Dominican Republic , Tigres del Licey ; Mexico , Naranjeros de Hermosillo ; Puerto Rico , Indios de Mayagüez , and Venezuela , Navegantes del Magallanes . The games were played at Estadio Nueva Esparta in Margarita Island , Porlamar , Venezuela . Unlike previous Series , the five teams competed through a ten-game round robin schedule , each team facing the other teams once , followed by a final four playoff round .'}]}, {'value': 'Regional', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naranjeros de Hermosillo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Naranjeros_de_Hermosillo', 'summary': 'The Naranjeros de Hermosillo ( English : Hermosillo Orange Growers ) is a baseball team in the Mexican Pacific League ( LMP ) . Based in Hermosillo , Sonora , they are one of the most successful teams in the Liga Mexicana del Pacífico with 16 titles . They were the first Mexican team to win the Caribbean Series in Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic in 1976 .'}]}, {'value': '1-15 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union', 'summary': 'Rugby union , widely known simply as rugby , is a contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts at either end . Rugby union is a popular sport around the world , played by male and female players of all ages . In 2014 , there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide , of whom 2.36 million were registered players . World Rugby , previously called the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 , and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members . In 1845 , the first football laws were written by pupils at Rugby School ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C . to leave the Football Association in 1863 and , in 1895 , the acrimonious split between the then amateur rugby union and the professional rugby league . Historically rugby union was an amateur sport , but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was embraced by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France . Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , and Tonga .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Six Nations Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Six_Nations_Championship', 'summary': "The 2014 Six Nations Championship , known as the 2014 RBS 6 Nations because of the tournament 's sponsorship by the Royal Bank of Scotland , was the 15th series of the Six Nations Championship , the annual northern hemisphere rugby union championship . It was contested by England , France , Ireland , Italy , Scotland and Wales . Including the competition 's previous incarnations as the Home Nations Championship and Five Nations Championship , it was the 120th edition of the tournament . Going into the final day , three teams could have still won the championship - Ireland , England and France . In the final game , Ireland hung on to win against France by just two points and secure the championship , on points difference over England . This was their first championship since 2009 , and the 12th title they have won , including predecessor championships . The final game also saw the retirement of Brian O'Driscoll from international rugby , with a record number of 141 international caps - 133 for Ireland ( 83 as captain ) , and 8 for the British and Irish Lions . England won the Triple Crown by beating Wales , Scotland and Ireland - they became the first team to win the Triple Crown while another of the Home Nations won the championship outright . The 2014 tournament saw 12 players earn their first cap - three English , four French , two Scottish , one Irish , one Italian and one Welsh . Sergio Parisse and Martin Castrogiovanni became the most-capped Italian players with 105 caps , with Gethin Jenkins earning the same number to become the most-capped Welsh player . In their match against Wales on the 1st of February , Italy broke the world record for the most-capped starting pack with 587 caps , surpassing the previous record of 546 caps as held by New Zealand ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team', 'summary': 'The Ireland national rugby union team is the representative national team in the sport of rugby union for the island of Ireland . The team competes annually in the Six Nations Championship and every four years in the Rugby World Cup . Ireland is also one of the four unions that make up the British and Irish Lions - players eligible to play for Ireland are also eligible for the Lions . The Ireland national team dates to 1875 , when it played its first international match against England . Ireland reached number 1 in the World Rugby Rankings for the first time in 2019 . Eleven former Ireland players have earned their induction into the World Rugby Hall of Fame .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'American football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/American_football', 'summary': "American football , referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron , [ nb 1 ] is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end . The offense , the team with possession of the oval-shaped football , attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it , while the defense , the team without possession of the ball , aims to stop the offense 's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves . The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays ; if they fail , they turn over the football to the defense , but if they succeed , they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive . Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team 's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent 's goalposts for a field goal . The team with the most points at the end of a game wins . American football evolved in the United States , originating from the sports of soccer and rugby . The first American football match was played on November 6 , 1869 , between two college teams , Rutgers and Princeton , using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time . A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp , the Father of American Football , established the snap , the line of scrimmage , eleven-player teams , and the concept of downs . Later rule changes legalized the forward pass , created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football . The sport is closely related to Canadian football , which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game ( although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp 's ) . Most of the features that distinguish American football from rugby and soccer are also present in Canadian football . The two sports are considered the primary variants of gridiron football ."}]}, {'value': 'Super Bowl XLVIII', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVIII', 'summary': "Super Bowl XLVIII was an American football game between the American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion Denver Broncos and National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks to decide the National Football League ( NFL ) champion for the 2013 season . The Seahawks defeated the Broncos 43-8 , the largest margin of victory for an underdog and tied for the third largest point differential overall ( 35 ) in Super Bowl history with Super Bowl XXVII ( 1993 ) . It was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points , while holding their opponent to under 10 . This became the first Super Bowl victory for the Seahawks and the fifth Super Bowl loss for the Broncos , tied with the New England Patriots for the most of any team . The game was played on February 2 , 2014 at MetLife Stadium at the Meadowlands Sports Complex in East Rutherford , New Jersey , the first Super Bowl played outdoors in a cold-weather city and the first Super Bowl to be played on February 2 . This marked the third time the number one seed from each conference met in the league championship , joining Super Bowl XXVIII ( 1994 ) and Super Bowl XLIV ( 2010 ) . The Seahawks posted a 13-3 record and were making their second Super Bowl appearance in eight years . The Broncos were making their seventh Super Bowl appearance after also posting a 13-3 record . The game also featured the league 's top offense ( Denver ) against the top defense ( Seattle ) , the first time this occurred since Super Bowl XXXVII ( 2003 ) . This also marked the only time that two former divisional rivals met in a Super Bowl , as the Seahawks and Broncos were in the same division from 1977 to 2001 . Seattle built a 22-0 halftime lead , and then a 36-0 advantage before allowing Denver 's first and only score on the final play of the third quarter . The Seahawks defense scored a safety on the first play from scrimmage ( coincidentally , the final play from scrimmage of the previous Super Bowl was also a safety ) , the quickest score in Super Bowl history at 12 seconds ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Seattle Seahawks MVP : Malcolm Smith of the Seattle Seahawks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2013_Seattle_Seahawks_season', 'summary': "The 2013 Seattle Seahawks season was the franchise 's 38th season in the National Football League , and the fourth under head coach Pete Carroll . With the Seahawks 10th win only eleven weeks into the season , the team secured double digit victories in consecutive seasons for the first time in franchise history . Their 13-3 regular season record is tied with the 2005 season for the best in franchise history . Seattle 's defense in 2013 is regarded by many to be among the best ever in NFL history . Seattle entered the 2013 season at 17/2 odds to win Super Bowl XLVIII , just short of the Denver Broncos and San Francisco 49ers at 6/1 . This was despite placing second in the NFC West and dropping its divisional round game against the Atlanta Falcons the previous year . The Seahawks were , by power ranking , ranked the strongest team by an NFL.com analyst before the season and by ESPN analysts after the regular season . The defense led the league in points allowed ( 231 ) , yards allowed ( 4,378 ) , and takeaways ( 39 ) , the first team to lead all three categories since the 1985 Chicago Bears . The Seahawks clinched the NFC 's No . 1 seed and homefield advantage throughout the playoffs with their 13-3 record . The Seahawks defeated the New Orleans Saints 23-15 in the Divisional round and the San Francisco 49ers 23-17 in the NFC Championship . In Super Bowl XLVIII , they defeated the Denver Broncos 43-8 for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Super_Bowl_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': "The Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award , or Super Bowl MVP , is presented annually to the most valuable player of the Super Bowl , the National Football League 's ( NFL ) championship game . The winner is chosen by a panel of 16 football writers and broadcasters and , since Super Bowl XXXV in 2001 , fans voting electronically . The media panel 's ballots count for 80 percent of the vote tally , while the viewers ' ballots make up the other 20 percent . The game 's viewing audience can vote on the Internet or by using cellular phones ; Media voters are asked to vote with about five minutes remaining in the game , but are allowed to change their mind when the game ends . They can nominate one player from each team , with instructions to count their vote for the player on the winning team . Voters can not select an entire unit . The Super Bowl MVP has been awarded annually since the game 's inception in 1967 . Through 1989 , the award was presented by SPORT magazine . Bart Starr was the MVP of the first two Super Bowls . Since 1990 , the award has been presented by the NFL . At Super Bowl XXV , the league first awarded the Pete Rozelle Trophy , named after former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle , to the Super Bowl MVP . Ottis Anderson was the first to win the trophy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(American_football)', 'summary': 'Malcolm Xavier Smith ( born July 5 , 1989 ) is an American football linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Smith played college football at USC . He was drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the seventh round of the 2011 NFL Draft . Smith was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XLVIII after they defeated the Denver Broncos .'}]}, {'value': '5-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '62nd Rally Sweden', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Rally_Sweden', 'summary': "The 2014 Rally Sweden was a motor racing event for rally cars that was held over four days between 5 and 8 February , which marked the 62nd running of the Rally Sweden . The rally was based in the town of Karlstad and was contested over 24 special stages , covering a total of 323.54 km ( 201.04 mi ) in competitive stages . The event was won by Finland 's Jari-Matti Latvala of the Volkswagen Motorsport team , taking his third victory in Sweden , and the ninth victory of his WRC career . He finished 53.6 seconds clear of his teammate Andreas Mikkelsen - taking his best WRC finish - while the podium was completed by Mads Østberg , a further 5.9 seconds in arrears . Latvala 's victory allowed him to take the championship lead from another teammate , Sébastien Ogier , who could only finish sixth in Sweden . In the supporting WRC-2 category , Karl Kruuda edged out Jari Ketomaa by 2.3 seconds for the victory ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jari-Matti Latvala ( Volkswagen ) Miikka Anttila', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jari-Matti_Latvala', 'summary': 'Jari-Matti Latvala ( born 3 April 1985 ) is a Finnish rally driver competing in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) . His co-driver has been Miikka Anttila since the 2003 Rallye Deutschland . He is well known for his aggressive driving style , which earns him many plaudits , and comparisons to the late Colin McRae . With 18 event victories in the WRC , he is the most successful driver to not have won a championship . Latvala is also the driver with the most World Rally starts in the sport which he achieved in 2019 , 17 years after his debut .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport', 'summary': 'The Volkswagen Motorsport is a works rally team of the German car manufacturer Volkswagen , whom competed in the World Rally Championship ( WRC ) and Dakar Rally . The team started competing in WRC in 1978 and used different specs of Volkswagen Golfs before leaving the sport in 1990 . Volkswagen competed at the Dakar Rally from 2003 to 2011 , claiming three overall wins . The team made its WRC comeback in 2011 Rally Finland with a pair of Škoda Fabia S2000s , and competed with the Volkswagen Polo R WRC from the start of the 2013 World Rally Championship season to the end of the 2016 World Rally Championship season . At the end of the 2016 season , Volkswagen Motorsport decided to withdraw from the FIA World Rally Championship .'}]}, {'value': '6-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Synchronized skating', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Synchronized_skating', 'summary': 'Synchronized skating is a sport where between eight and sixteen figure skaters ( depending on the level ) perform together as a team . They move as a flowing unit at high speed over the ice , while completing complicated footwork . Synchronized skating grew rapidly in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and today there are approximately 600 synchro teams in the United States alone . The sport was originally called precision skating in North America , because of the emphasis on maintaining precise formations and timing of the group .'}]}, {'value': 'Junior World Challenge Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ISU_Junior_World_Challenge_Cup', 'summary': 'The ISU Junior World Challenge Cup is an international synchronized skating competition that determines the best junior teams in the world . Held for the first time in 2001 , the competition is sanctioned by International Skating Union . From 2013 to 2016 , the event was held biennially in even-numbered years , after the 2013 launch of the World Junior Championships which was to be held in odd-numbered years . However , because the World Junior Championships has been held annually since 2017 , there has not been any ISU Junior World Challenge Cup after 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Team Fintastic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Team_Fintastic', 'summary': 'Team Fintastic are a junior-level synchronized skating team from Helsinki , Finland , representing the figure skating club Helsingin Taitoluisteluklubi . They are one of the most successful junior teams in the world , with the silver medal at the 2013 World Junior Championships and eight victories at the Junior World Challenge Cup , with seven consecutive victories from 2007 to 2014 .'}]}, {'value': '7-8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_sevens', 'summary': "Rugby sevens ( commonly known as simply sevens ) , and originally known as seven-a-side rugby , is a variant of rugby union in which teams are made up of seven players playing seven minute halves , instead of the usual 15 players playing 40 minute halves . Rugby sevens is administered by World Rugby , the body responsible for rugby union worldwide . The game is popular at all levels , with amateur and club tournaments generally held in the summer months . Sevens is one of the most well distributed forms of rugby , and is popular in parts of Africa , Asia , Europe , and the Americas , and especially in the South Pacific . Rugby sevens originated in Melrose , Scotland in the 1880s ; the Melrose Sevens tournament is still played annually . The popularity of rugby sevens increased further with the development of the Hong Kong Sevens in the 1970s and was later followed by the inclusion of the sport into the Commonwealth Games for the first time in 1998 and the establishment of the annual World Rugby Sevens Series in 1999 and the World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series in 2012 . In 2016 , rugby sevens was contested in the Summer Olympics for the first time . It has also been played in regional events such as the Pan American Games and the Asian Games , and in 2018 a women 's tournament was played for the first time at the Commonwealth Games ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Wellington Sevens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Wellington_Sevens', 'summary': 'The 2014 Wellington Sevens was the 15th edition of the tournament as part of the 2013-14 IRB Sevens World Series . It was hosted in Wellington , New Zealand , at the Westpac Stadium .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'New Zealand', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_Zealand_national_rugby_sevens_team', 'summary': 'The New Zealand national rugby sevens team competes in the World Rugby Sevens Series , Rugby World Cup Sevens , Summer Olympic Games and the Commonwealth Games . They have won a record twelve World Rugby Sevens Series titles . The team has been officially known as the All Blacks Sevens since 1 June 2012 . The team played for the first time at the 1973 International Seven-A-Side Tournament . [ citation needed ] In 1983 it first entered the Hong Kong Sevens , where it has been champion 10 times and runner-up another 10 times .'}]}, {'value': '7-23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Multi-sport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Multi-sport_event', 'summary': 'A multi-sport event is an organized sporting event , often held over multiple days , featuring competition in many different sports among organized teams of athletes from ( mostly ) nation-states . The first major , modern , multi-sport event of interna . Most have the same basic structure . Games are held over the course of several days in and around a host city , which changes for each competition . Countries send national teams to each competition , consisting of individual athletes and teams that compete in a wide variety of sports . Athletes or teams are awarded gold , silver or bronze medals for first , second and third place respectively . The games are generally held every four years , though some are annual competitions .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Winter Olympics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "The 2014 Winter Olympics , officially called the XXII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIIes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ) ( Russian : XXII Олимпийские зимние игры , tr . XXII Olimpiyskiye zimniye igry ) and commonly known as Sochi 2014 , was an international winter multi-sport event that was held from 7 to 23 February 2014 in Sochi , Krasnodar Krai , Russia , with opening rounds in certain events held on the eve of the opening ceremony , 6 February 2014 . Both the Olympics and 2014 Winter Paralympics were organized by the Sochi Organizing Committee ( SOOC ) . Sochi was selected as the host city in July 2007 , during the 119th IOC Session held in Guatemala City . It was the first Olympics to be held in a CIS state since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The Soviet Union was previously the host nation for the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . These were the first Olympic Games under the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) presidency of Thomas Bach . A record 98 events in fifteen winter sport disciplines were held during the Games . A number of new competitions - a total of twelve accounting for gender - were held during the Games , including biathlon mixed relay , women 's ski jumping , mixed-team figure skating , mixed-team luge , half-pipe skiing , ski and snowboard slopestyle , and snowboard parallel slalom . The events were held around two clusters of new venues : an Olympic Park constructed in Sochi 's Imeretinsky Valley on the coast of the Black Sea , with Fisht Olympic Stadium , and the Games ' indoor venues located within walking distance , and snow events in the resort settlement of Krasnaya Polyana . The 2014 Winter Olympics were the most expensive Games in the history of the Olympics . While originally budgeted at US $ 12 billion , major cost overruns , caused this figure to expand to US $ 51 billion , more than three times the cost of the 2012 London Olympics and even surpassing the estimated $ 44 billion cost of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russia_at_the_2014_Winter_Olympics', 'summary': "Russia competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , from 7 to 23 February 2014 as the host nation . As host , Russia participated in all 15 sports , with a team consisting of 232 athletes . It is Russia 's largest Winter Olympics team to date . In preparation for the Games Russian Olympic Committee naturalized a Korean-born short-track speed-skater Ahn Hyun-soo and an American-born snowboarder Vic Wild . They won a total of 5 golds and 1 bronze in Sochi . Russia 's medal count in 2014 , 33 ( before doping disqualifications ) , was its highest ever in the Winter Olympics , improving on the 1994 Games , when the Russian team earned 23 medals overall , also beating the Soviet Union 's best medal count ever at the Winter Olympics . Bobsledder Aleksandr Zubkov was the flag bearer of the Russian team in the Parade of Nations during the opening ceremony . Following the Games , it was discovered that Russia 's performance has been aided by a wider state-sponsored doping program . On December 9 , 2016 Canadian lawyer Richard McLaren published the second part of his independent report . The investigation found that from 2011 to 2015 , more than 1,000 Russian competitors in various sports ( including summer , winter , and Paralympic sports ) benefited from the cover-up . At the end of 2017 , IOC disqualified 43 Russian athletes and stripped Russia from 13 Sochi medals on doping accusations , but Court of Arbitration for Sport nullified 28 out of 43 disqualifications because of insufficient evidence and returned 9 out of 13 medals . In particular , on November 1 , 2017 cross-country skiers Evgeniy Belov and gold and silver medalist Alexander Legkov became the first athletes to be disqualified for doping violations after an investigation was completed ."}]}, {'value': '7-2 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Association football', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Association_football', 'summary': "Association football , more commonly known as football or soccer , [ a ] is a team sport played with a spherical ball between two teams of 11 players . It is played by approximately 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies , making it the world 's most popular sport . The game is played on a rectangular field called a pitch with a goal at each end . The object of the game is to score by moving the ball beyond the goal line into the opposing goal . Football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game . The ball is 68-70 cm ( 27-28 in ) in circumference and known as the football . The two teams each compete to get the ball into the other team 's goal ( between the posts and under the bar ) , thereby scoring a goal . The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner ; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw . Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game : to represent their team in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks . Players are not allowed to touch the ball with hands or arms while it is in play , except for the goalkeepers within the penalty area . Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball , but may also use any other part of their body except the hands and the arms . The team that scores most goals by the end of the match wins ."}]}, {'value': '2014 CAF Champions League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_CAF_Champions_League', 'summary': "The 2014 CAF Champions League ( also known as the 2014 Orange CAF Champions League for sponsorship reasons ) was the 50th edition of Africa 's premier club football tournament organized by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , and the 18th edition under the current CAF Champions League format . The two-time defending champions Al-Ahly were eliminated in the second round by Al-Ahly Benghazi . In the final , ES Sétif of Algeria defeated AS Vita Club of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the away goals rule after drawing 3-3 on aggregate , to win their second title . They qualified for the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup , and earned the right to play in the 2015 CAF Super Cup ."}]}, {'value': 'Continental', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'ES Sétif', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/ES_Sétif', 'summary': "Entente Sportive Sétifienne ( Arabic : الوفاق الرياضي السطايفي ) , known as Entente de Sétif , commonly referred to as ES Sétif or ESS for short , is an Algerian professional football club based in Sétif . The club was founded in 1958 and its colours are black and white . Their home stadium , the Stade 8 Mai 1945 , has a capacity of 18,000 spectators . The club is currently playing in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 . ESS is one of the most successful clubs in Algeria having won the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 eight times and the Algerian Cup a record eight times . They are also one of only three Algerian clubs to have won the CAF Champions League , winning it twice in 1988 and 2014 . They have also won the Arab Champions League twice , in 2007 and 2008 , as well as three North African Cups in 2009 and 2010 . In 2015 , they became the first Algerian club to win the CAF Super Cup . ES Sétif were CAF Champions League champion , after beating DR Congo 's AS Vita Club in the 2014 final , the reigning CAF Super Cup , after beating Egypt 's Al Ahly in the 2015 Super Cup and the reigning Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1 champions ."}]}, {'value': '10-16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tennis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tennis', 'summary': "Tennis is a racket sport that can be played individually against a single opponent ( singles ) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles ) . Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over or around a net and into the opponent 's court . The object of the game is to maneuver the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a valid return . The player who is unable to return the ball will not gain a point , while the opposite player will . Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society and at all ages . The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket , including wheelchair users . The modern game of tennis originated in Birmingham , England , in the late 19th century as lawn tennis . It had close connections both to various field ( lawn ) games such as croquet and bowls as well as to the older racket sport today called real tennis . During most of the 19th century , in fact , the term tennis referred to real tennis , not lawn tennis . The rules of modern tennis have changed little since the 1890s . Two exceptions are that from 1908 to 1961 the server had to keep one foot on the ground at all times , and the adoption of the tiebreak in the 1970s . A recent addition to professional tennis has been the adoption of electronic review technology coupled with a point-challenge system , which allows a player to contest the line call of a point , a system known as Hawk-Eye ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Qatar Total Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Qatar_Total_Open', 'summary': "The 2014 Qatar Total Open was a professional women 's tennis tournament played on hard courts . It was the 12th edition of the event and part of the WTA Premier 5 series of the 2014 WTA Tour . It took place at the International Tennis and Squash complex in Doha , Qatar between 10 and 16 February 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simona Halep', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simona_Halep', 'summary': "Simona Halep ( Romanian pronunciation : [ siˈmona haˈlep ] ; born 27 September 1991 ) is a Romanian professional tennis player . She has been ranked world No . 1 in singles twice between 2017 and 2019 . In total , she has been No . 1 for 64 weeks , which ranks tenth in the history of the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) rankings . Halep was the year-end No . 1 in 2017 and 2018 . She has finished each year ranked no lower than No . 4 since 2014 and has the longest active streak of being ranked in the top 10 . She has won 19 WTA singles titles and has finished runner-up 17 times . Halep has won two Grand Slam singles titles : the 2018 French Open and the 2019 Wimbledon Championships . Halep first broke into the world 's top 50 at the end of 2011 , reached the top 20 in August 2013 , and then the top 10 in January 2014 ."}]}, {'value': '13-15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ice hockey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ice_hockey', 'summary': "Ice hockey is a contact team sport played on ice , usually in a rink , in which two teams of skaters use their sticks to shoot a vulcanized rubber puck into their opponent 's net to score goals . The sport is known to be fast-paced and physical , with teams usually fielding six players at a time : one goaltender , and five players who skate the span of the ice trying to control the puck and score goals against the opposing team . Ice hockey is most popular in Canada , central and eastern Europe , the Nordic countries , Russia , and the United States . Ice hockey is the official national winter sport of Canada . In addition , ice hockey is the most popular winter sport in Belarus , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Finland , Latvia , Russia , Slovakia , Sweden , and Switzerland . North America 's National Hockey League ( NHL ) is the highest level for men 's ice hockey and the strongest professional ice hockey league in the world . The Kontinental Hockey League ( KHL ) is the highest league in Russia and much of Eastern Europe . The International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) is the formal governing body for international ice hockey , with the IIHF managing international tournaments and maintaining the IIHF World Ranking . Worldwide , there are ice hockey federations in 76 countries . In Canada , the United States , Nordic countries , and some other European countries the sport is known simply as hockey ; the name ice hockey is used in places where hockey more often refers to the more popular field hockey , such as countries in South America , Asia , Africa , Australasia , and some European countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland and the Netherlands . Ice hockey is believed to have evolved from simple stick and ball games played in the 18th and 19th centuries in the United Kingdom and elsewhere . These games were brought to North America and several similar winter games using informal rules were developed , such as shinny and ice polo ."}]}, {'value': '2014 IIHF World U18 Championship Division III - Group B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_IIHF_World_U18_Championship_Division_III', 'summary': 'The 2014 IIHF U18 World Championship Division III was a pair of international under-18 ice hockey tournaments organised by the International Ice Hockey Federation . The Division III A and Division III B tournaments represent the sixth and the seventh tier of the IIHF World U18 Championship .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'South Africa is promoted to Division III - Group A', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/South_Africa_men's_national_under-18_ice_hockey_team", 'summary': "The South Africa men 's national under-18 ice hockey team is the men 's national under-18 ice hockey team of South Africa . The team is controlled by the South African Ice Hockey Association , a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation . The team represents South Africa at the IIHF World U18 Championships ."}]}, {'value': '15-16 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Sprint_Cup_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series was the 66th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 43rd modern-era Cup season . The season began at Daytona International Speedway , with the Sprint Unlimited , followed by the Daytona 500 . The season ended with the Ford EcoBoost 400 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . This season was the final year of broadcasting for both the ESPN family of networks and Turner Sports . ESPN had covered the second half of the Sprint Cup season since 2007 while Turner Sports ended a thirty-one year relationship with NASCAR on TBS and later TNT . For 2015 , their portions of the season were divided between Fox Sports and NBC . Kevin Harvick and Stewart-Haas Racing claimed the drivers ' championship and owners ' championship , while Chevrolet won the manufacturer 's championship . In one of the largest rookie classes in recent history , Kyle Larson was named Rookie of the Year . The 2014 season was the first Cup Series season without NASCAR legend Mark Martin since 1985 after he retired following the end of the 2013 season . Additionally , this was also the first Cup season without Ken Schrader since 2009 , Tony Raines since 2001 , Scott Riggs since 2003 , and Scott Speed since 2007 . However , excluding 2009 , this was the first season without Schrader since 1983 ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kevin Harvick ( Stewart-Haas Racing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kevin_Harvick', 'summary': "Kevin Michael Harvick ( born December 8 , 1975 ) , nicknamed The Closer and Happy Harvick , is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 4 Ford Mustang for Stewart-Haas Racing . Harvick is the former owner of Kevin Harvick Incorporated , a race team that fielded cars in the Xfinity and Camping World Truck Series between 2004 and 2011 . He is the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series champion and a two-time Xfinity Series champion . Harvick holds the all-time record for Cup Series wins at Phoenix International Raceway with nine wins . Harvick is also the third winningest driver in Xfinity Series history with 47 wins . Harvick , who began his NASCAR career in 1995 , is the third of only five drivers that have won a championship in both the Sprint Cup Series and the Xfinity Series , and the fifth of only thirty-one drivers to win a race in each of NASCAR 's three national series with over 100 race wins across three national divisions . Harvick also won the 1998 Winston West Series title with five wins that season ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stewart-Haas_Racing', 'summary': 'Stewart-Haas Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series , the NASCAR Xfinity Series , and the NASCAR K & N Pro Series West . The team is co-owned by three-time NASCAR Cup Series champion Tony Stewart and Haas Automation founder Gene Haas . It was founded in 2002 as Haas CNC Racing after Haas , whose company was a sponsor of Hendrick Motorsports , elected to form his own team . In 2009 , Stewart , who had been driving for Joe Gibbs Racing , made a deal with Haas to drive for the team and in return receive a 50% stake in it . The team is based and headquartered in Kannapolis , North Carolina - roughly 10 miles ( 16 km ) north of Charlotte Motor Speedway - alongside sister team and Formula One entrant Haas F1 Team , but the two teams are treated as separate bodies for legal reasons . In the NASCAR Cup Series , Stewart-Haas Racing currently fields four Ford Mustang GT teams : the No . 4 for Kevin Harvick , the No . 10 for Aric Almirola , the No . 14 for Clint Bowyer , and the No . 41 for Cole Custer . In the Xfinity Series , the team currently fields the Ford Mustang full-time for Chase Briscoe . In the K & N Pro Series West , the team currently fields the No .'}]}, {'value': '15-2 August', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rugby union', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rugby_union', 'summary': 'Rugby union , widely known simply as rugby , is a contact team sport that originated in England in the first half of the 19th century . One of the two codes of rugby football , it is based on running with the ball in hand . In its most common form , a game is played between two teams of 15 players using an oval-shaped ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts at either end . Rugby union is a popular sport around the world , played by male and female players of all ages . In 2014 , there were more than 6 million people playing worldwide , of whom 2.36 million were registered players . World Rugby , previously called the International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB ) and the International Rugby Board ( IRB ) , has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886 , and currently has 101 countries as full members and 18 associate members . In 1845 , the first football laws were written by pupils at Rugby School ; other significant events in the early development of rugby include the decision by Blackheath F.C . to leave the Football Association in 1863 and , in 1895 , the acrimonious split between the then amateur rugby union and the professional rugby league . Historically rugby union was an amateur sport , but in 1995 formal restrictions on payments to players were removed , making the game openly professional at the highest level for the first time . Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland and was embraced by many of the countries associated with the British Empire . Early exponents of the sport included Australia , New Zealand , South Africa and France . Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji , Georgia , Madagascar , New Zealand , Samoa , and Tonga .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Super Rugby season', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Super_Rugby_season', 'summary': "The 2014 Super Rugby season is the fourth season of the 15-team format for the Super Rugby competition involving teams from Australia , New Zealand and South Africa . For sponsorship reasons , this competition is known as Asteron Life Super Rugby in Australia , Investec Super Rugby in New Zealand and Vodacom Super Rugby in South Africa . Including its past incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 , this is the 19th season for the Southern Hemisphere 's premier transnational club competition . The conference games will take place every weekend from 15 February until 12 July ( with a three-week break between rounds 16 and 17 for internationals games ) , followed by the finals series , culminating in the grand final on 2 August . The winners of the 2014 Super Rugby Season were the New South Wales Waratahs"}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratahs', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/New_South_Wales_Waratahs', 'summary': 'The New South Wales Waratahs ( /ˈwɒrətɑːz/ or /ˌwɒrəˈtɑːz/ ; referred to as the Waratahs , are an Australian rugby union team representing the majority of New South Wales in the Super Rugby competition . The Riverina and other southern parts of the state , are represented by the Brumbies , who are based in Canberra , Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) . The Waratahs name has historically been the name for the New South Wales Rugby Union ( NSWRU ) representative team , and became the name for the New South Wales team when it entered the Super Six , Super 10 and Super 12 competitions . The name and emblem comes from the waratah , the state flower for New South Wales . Until 2019 , their home ground was Sydney Football Stadium in Sydney . With this closed for demolition and rebuilding , in 2019 home games will be played at the Sydney Cricket Ground and Western Sydney Stadium .'}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Basketball', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Basketball', 'summary': "Basketball is a team sport in which two teams , most commonly of five players each , opposing one another on a rectangular court , compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball ( approximately 9.4 inches ( 24 cm ) in diameter ) through the defender 's hoop ( a basket 18 inches ( 46 cm ) in diameter mounted 10 feet ( 3.048 m ) high to a backboard at each end of the court ) while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop . A field goal is worth two points , unless made from behind the three-point line , when it is worth three . After a foul , timed play stops and the player fouled or designated to shoot a technical foul is given one or more one-point free throws . The team with the most points at the end of the game wins , but if regulation play expires with the score tied , an additional period of play ( overtime ) is mandated . Players advance the ball by bouncing it while walking or running ( dribbling ) or by passing it to a teammate , both of which require considerable skill . On offense , players may use a variety of shots - the lay-up , the jump shot , or a dunk ; on defense , they may steal the ball from a dribbler , intercept passes , or block shots ; either offense or defense may collect a rebound , that is , a missed shot that bounces from rim or backboard . It is a violation to lift or drag one 's pivot foot without dribbling the ball , to carry it , or to hold the ball with both hands then resume dribbling . The five players on each side at a time fall into five playing positions the tallest player is usually the center , the tallest and strongest is the power forward , a slightly shorter but more agile player is the small forward , and the shortest players or the best ball handlers are the shooting guard and the point guard , who implements the coach 's game plan by managing the execution of offensive and defensive plays ( player positioning ) . Informally , players may play three-on-three , two-on-two , and one-on-one . Invented in 1891 by Canadian-American gym teacher James Naismith in Springfield , Massachusetts , United States , basketball has evolved to become one of the world 's most popular and widely viewed sports . The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is the most significant professional basketball league in the world in terms of popularity , salaries , talent , and level of competition . Outside North America , the top clubs from national leagues qualify to continental championships such as the EuroLeague and the Basketball Champions League Americas ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NBA All-Star Game', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NBA_All-Star_Game', 'summary': 'The 2014 NBA All-Star Game was an exhibition basketball game that took place on February 16 , 2014 , at Smoothie King Center in New Orleans , Louisiana , home of the New Orleans Pelicans . The game was the 63rd edition of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) All-Star Game and was played during the 2013-14 NBA season . The Pelicans ( the name was changed by new team owner Tom Benson for the 2013-14 season ) were awarded the All-Star Game in an announcement by commissioner David Stern on April 16 , 2012 . It was the second time that New Orleans had hosted the All-Star game ; the city had previously hosted the event in 2008 , also at the Smoothie King Center ( then known as New Orleans Arena ) . Starters for the game were selected by the fans , who could select three frontcourt players and two guards for each conference . LeBron James was the leading vote-getter with 1,416,419 votes . Stephen Curry was also voted as a starter in first All-Star selection , after leading all Western Conference guards in the voting , while Kevin Love overtook Dwight Howard for the final frontcourt starting spot for the West .'}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Eastern Conference ( NBA ) MVP : Kyrie Irving of the Cleveland Cavaliers', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eastern_Conference_(NBA)', 'summary': "The Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is one of two conferences that makes up the league , the other being the Western Conference . Like the Western Conference , the Eastern Conference is made up of 15 teams , organized in three divisions . The current divisional alignment was adopted at the start of the 2004-05 season , when the now Charlotte Hornets began play as the NBA 's 30th franchise . This necessitated the move of the New Orleans Pelicans from the Eastern Conference 's Central Division to the newly created Southwest Division of the Western Conference ."}, {'url': '/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game_Most_Valuable_Player_Award', 'summary': "The NBA All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) is an annual National Basketball Association ( NBA ) award given to the player ( s ) voted best of the annual All-Star Game . The award was established in 1953 when NBA officials decided to designate an MVP for each year 's game . The league also re-honored players from the previous two All-Star Games . Ed Macauley and Paul Arizin were selected as the 1951 and 1952 MVP winners respectively . The winner is voted upon by a panel of media members , who cast their vote after the conclusion of the game . The player ( s ) with the most votes or ties for the most votes wins the award . On February 15 , 2020 , Commissioner Adam Silver renamed the NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player in memory of four-time winner Kobe Bryant , who died in a helicopter crash a few weeks earlier . As of 2020 [ update ] , the most recent recipient is Los Angeles Clippers forward Kawhi Leonard . Bryant and Bob Pettit are the only two players to win the All-Star Game MVP four times . Oscar Robertson , Michael Jordan , Shaquille O'Neal , and LeBron James have each won the award three times , while Bob Cousy , Julius Erving , Isiah Thomas , Magic Johnson , Karl Malone , Allen Iverson , Russell Westbrook , and Kevin Durant have all won the award twice . James ' first All-Star MVP in 2006 made him the youngest to have ever won the award at the age of 21 years , 1 month . Kyrie Irving , winner of the 2014 All-Star Game MVP , is the second-youngest at 21 years , 10 months ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyrie_Irving', 'summary': 'Kyrie Andrew Irving ( /ˈkaɪri/ ; born March 23 , 1992 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Brooklyn Nets of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He was named the Rookie of the Year after being selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick in the 2011 NBA draft . A six-time All-Star and two-time member of the All-NBA Team , he won an NBA championship with the Cavaliers in 2016 . Irving played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils before joining the Cavaliers in 2011 . He won the Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award for the 2014 All-Star Game . In the 2016 NBA Finals , he made a three-point field goal with 53 seconds remaining in a tied Game 7 to help lead the Cavaliers to a championship over the Golden State Warriors . After losing a rematch with the Warriors in the 2017 Finals , Irving requested a trade and was dealt to the Boston Celtics . He played as a Celtic for two seasons , after which he signed with the Brooklyn Nets as a free agent in 2019 . He has also played for the United States national team , with which he won gold at the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics . In 2018 , he starred in the film Uncle Drew .'}, {'url': '/wiki/2014–15_Cleveland_Cavaliers_season', 'summary': "The 2014-15 Cleveland Cavaliers season was the 45th season of the franchise in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . The season was marked by the publicity the team received by signing free agent forward LeBron James and trading for forward Kevin Love . These All-Star players , added with All-Star guard Kyrie Irving , were dubbed nationally as the Big Three . A sub-.500 team the previous four seasons , the Cavaliers won the Central division with a 53-29 record . Despite losing key players to injuries , their run continued deep in the NBA Playoffs , starting with a sweep of the Boston Celtics in four games in the First Round , then defeating the Chicago Bulls in six games in the Semifinals , before sweeping the top-seeded Atlanta Hawks in four games in the Conference Finals , making it to the NBA Finals , their second appearance since 2007 . However , the Cavaliers ' season ended with a 2-4 series loss to the Golden State Warriors in the NBA Finals , who won their fourth NBA championship , their first NBA Championship in 40 years ."}]}, {'value': '19-22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bandy', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandy', 'summary': "Bandy is a team winter sport played on ice , in which skaters use sticks to direct a ball into the opposing team 's goal . The sport is considered a form of hockey and has a common background with ice hockey and field hockey . Bandy has also been influenced by the rules of association football : both games are normally played in halves of 45 minutes , there are 11 players on each team , and the fields in both games are about the same size . Bandy is played , like ice hockey , on ice but players use bowed sticks and a small ball , as in field hockey . A variant of bandy , rink bandy , is played to the same rules but on a field the size of an ice hockey rink , with ice hockey goal cages and with six players on each team , or five in USA Rink Bandy League . Traditional eleven-a-side bandy and rink bandy are recognized by the International Olympic Committee . More informal varieties also exist , like seven-a-side bandy with normally sized goal cages but without corner strokes . Those rules were applied at Davos Cup in 2016 . Rink bandy has in turn led to the creation of the sport rinkball . Bandy is also the predecessor of floorball , which was invented when people started playing with plastic bandy-shaped sticks and lightweight balls when running on the floors of indoor gym halls . Based on the number of participating athletes , bandy is the world 's second-most participated winter sport after ice hockey . Bandy is also ranked as the number two winter sport in terms of tickets sold per day of competitions at the sport 's world championship ."}]}, {'value': 'VIIth Bandy World Championship for women', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship_for_women_2010', 'summary': 'The Bandy World Championship for women 2010 was contested between 6 bandy playing countries . The championship was played in Drammen , Norway from 24 to 27 February . Sweden defeated Russia , 3-2 following overtime , in the final game .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Russia', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Russia_women's_national_bandy_team", 'summary': "Russia women 's national bandy team represents Russia in the Women 's Bandy World Championship . The team has participated in all Women 's Bandy World Championship since the first tournament in 2004 . Until 2014 , the team had won the silver medal in every tournament , but that year the team won its first gold medal ."}]}, {'value': '19-2 March', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Snooker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Snooker', 'summary': 'Snooker ( pronounced UK : /ˈsnuːkə/ , US : /ˈsnʊkər/ ) is a cue sport that originated among British Army officers stationed in India in the second half of the 19th century . It is played on a rectangular table covered with a green cloth ( or baize ) , with pockets at each of the four corners and in the middle of each long side . Using a cue stick and 21 coloured balls , players must strike the white ball ( or cue ball ) to pot or pocket the remaining balls in the correct sequence , accumulating points for each pot . An individual game ( or frame ) , is won by the player scoring the most points . A match is won when a player wins a predetermined number of frames . Snooker gained its identity in 1875 when army officer Sir Neville Chamberlain ( 1856-1944 ) , stationed in Ooty , Tamil Nadu , devised a set of rules that combined pyramid and black pool . The word snooker was a long-used military term for inexperienced or first-year personnel . The game grew in popularity in the United Kingdom , and the Billiards Association and Control Club was formed in 1919 . It is now governed by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association ( WPBSA ) . The World Snooker Championship has taken place since 1927 . Joe Davis , a key figure in the early growth of the sport , won the championship 15 straight times between 1927 and 1946 . The modern era began in 1969 after the broadcaster BBC commissioned the snooker television show Pot Black and later began to air the World Championship in 1978 .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Welsh Open', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Welsh_Open_(snooker)', 'summary': "The 2014 BetVictor Welsh Open was a professional ranking snooker tournament that took place between 19 February and 2 March 2014 at the Newport Centre in Newport , Wales . It was the eighth ranking event of the 2013/2014 season , and the second time that BetVictor sponsored the event . It was also the last time that the event was held in Newport . Stephen Maguire was the defending champion , but he lost 3-4 against Joel Walker in the last 16 . Ronnie O'Sullivan won his 26th ranking title by defeating Ding Junhui 9-3 in the final . This was O'Sullivan 's third Welsh Open title after 2004 and 2005 , to equal the record jointly held by John Higgins and Stephen Hendry . In the last frame of the final O'Sullivan made the 105th official maximum break . This was O'Sullivan 's record 12th competitive maximum break ."}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Ronnie O'Sullivan", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ronnie_O'Sullivan", 'summary': "Ronald Antonio O'Sullivan OBE ( born 5 December 1975 ) is an English professional snooker player who is one of the most successful players in the history of the sport . Since turning professional in 1992 , he has won five World Championships , a record seven Masters titles , and a record seven UK Championships , setting a record total of 19 titles in Triple Crown tournaments . He shares the record for the most ranking titles ( 36 ) with Stephen Hendry and also holds the record as the youngest winner of a ranking title ( 1993 UK Championship , aged 17 years and 358 days ) as well as the youngest winner of the Masters ( in 1995 , aged 19 years and 69 days ) . In the 2017/2018 season , O'Sullivan won five ranking events in a single season , a record that he shares with Hendry , Ding Junhui and Mark Selby . His career prize money of over £11 million is the highest amount earned by any player in snooker history . A prolific break-builder , O'Sullivan is the only player to have reached 1,000 career century breaks . He has also achieved the highest number of officially recognized maximum breaks in professional competition ( 15 ) , and the fastest competitive maximum break , compiled in a time of 5 minutes and 8 seconds at the 1997 World Championship . He first became world number one in the 2002/2003 season and held the position for five out of eight seasons , ending in May 2010 . He regained the top ranking in March 2019 after a nine-year absence , the longest time any player has spent between spells as world number one , and held it until August 2019 . O'Sullivan has often been a controversial figure in the sport . Noted for his unpredictable temperament and his struggles with alcohol , drugs , and depression , he has received many warnings and sanctions from the sport 's governing body over his conduct and comments . He took a prolonged break from the sport during the 2012/2013 season and is known for repeatedly declaring his intention to retire ."}]}, {'value': '21-14 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Camping_World_Truck_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series was the 20th season of the Camping World Truck Series , the third highest stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in North America . The season was contested over twenty-two races , beginning with the NextEra Energy Resources 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ending with the Ford EcoBoost 200 at Homestead-Miami Speedway . Toyota entered as the reigning Manufacturers ' Champion , while Matt Crafton entered as the defending Drivers ' Champion , and ended the season with his second consecutive title ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Matt Crafton ( ThorSport Racing )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matt_Crafton', 'summary': 'Matthew Justin Crafton ( born June 11 , 1976 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . A three-time champion of the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series ( 2013 , 2014 , 2019 ) , he currently races full-time in the series , in which he drives the No . 88 Ford F-150 for ThorSport Racing .'}, {'url': '/wiki/ThorSport_Racing', 'summary': 'ThorSport Racing is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Gander RV & Outdoors Truck Series . The team is based on Sandusky , Ohio . Owned by Duke Thorson and his wife Rhonda , it currently fields four full-time Ford F-150 teams : the No . 13 for Johnny Sauter , the No . 88 for Matt Crafton , the No . 98 for Grant Enfinger , and the No . 99 for Ben Rhodes . The team has won three Truck Series championships ( 2013 , 2014 , and 2019 ) with Crafton .'}]}, {'value': '22-15 November', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_NASCAR_Nationwide_Series', 'summary': "The 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series was the 33rd season of the Nationwide Series , a stock car racing series sanctioned by the NASCAR in the United States . It began with the DRIVE4COPD 300 at Daytona International Speedway on February 22 , and ended with the Ford EcoBoost 300 at Homestead-Miami Speedway on November 15 . This was also the final year that the Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company sponsored the series , opting for increased involvement in the Sprint Cup Series , as well as the final season the series was broadcast by ESPN . Ford entered the season as the defending Manufacturer 's Champion . After 2014 , Xfinity became the series sponsor ."}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chase Elliott ( JR Motorsports )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chase_Elliott', 'summary': 'William Clyde Chase Elliott II ( born November 28 , 1995 ) is an American professional stock car racing driver . He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series , driving the No . 9 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE for Hendrick Motorsports . He is the only son of 1988 Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott . He won the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship , becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR . He became the youngest champion in the NASCAR Nationwide Series ( now called Xfinity Series ) . He was the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year .'}, {'url': '/wiki/JR_Motorsports', 'summary': 'JR Motorsports is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Xfinity Series . The team is based in Mooresville , North Carolina , co-owned by former Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series driver Dale Earnhardt Jr. , his sister Kelley Earnhardt Miller , and the owner of his former Cup Series team , Rick Hendrick . As of the end of 2018 , the team fields four full-time entries and one part-time entry in the Xfinity Series : the No . 1 Chevrolet Camaro SS full-time for Michael Annett , the No . 7 Camaro full-time for Justin Allgaier , the No . 8 Camaro full-time for part-time drivers such as Jeb Burton , Daniel Hemric , and Dale Earnhardt Jr , and the No . 9 Camaro full-time for Noah Gragson .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Marathon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marathon', 'summary': 'The marathon is a long-distance race with an official distance of 42.195 kilometres ( approximately 26 miles 385 yards ) , usually run as a road race . The event was instituted in commemoration of the fabled run of the Greek soldier Pheidippides , a messenger from the Battle of Marathon to Athens , who reported the victory . The marathon can be completed by running or with a run/walk strategy . There are also wheelchair divisions . The marathon was one of the original modern Olympic events in 1896 , though the distance did not become standardized until 1921 . More than 800 marathons are held throughout the world each year , with the vast majority of competitors being recreational athletes , as larger marathons can have tens of thousands of participants .'}]}, {'value': '2014 Tokyo Marathon ( WMM )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Tokyo_Marathon', 'summary': "The 2014 Tokyo Marathon ( Japanese : 東京マラソン 2014 ) was the eighth edition of the annual marathon race in Tokyo , Japan and was held on Sunday , 23 February . An IAAF Gold Label Road Race , it was the first World Marathon Majors event to be held that year and represented the second occasion that the Tokyo race was part of the elite-level marathon series . Both elite race winners set new course records : Dickson Chumba ran a men 's record of 2:05:42 and Tirfi Tsegaye 's run of 2:22:23 was a women 's record ."}, {'url': '/wiki/World_Marathon_Majors', 'summary': 'The Abbott World Marathon Majors ( AWMM ) is a championship-style competition for marathon runners that started in 2006 . A points based competition founded on six major city marathon races recognised as the most high profile on the calendar , the series comprises annual races for the cities of Tokyo ( starting in 2013 , except 2020 ) , Boston , London , Berlin , Chicago and New York City ( except 2012 ) . In addition , each edition of the series recognises and includes the results of the major global championship marathon held in that year , usually on a one-off lapped course . These races are the biennial IAAF World Championships Marathon , and the quadrennial Olympic Games Marathon .'}]}, {'value': 'International', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Men : Dickson Chumba Women : Tirfi Tsegaye', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dickson_Chumba', 'summary': 'Dickson Kiptolo Chumba ( born 27 October 1986 ) is a Kenyan long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . He has won the Rome , Eindhoven , Tokyo , and Chicago marathons and has a personal best of 2:05:30 for the distance .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tirfi_Tsegaye', 'summary': 'Tirfi Tsegaye Beyene ( born 25 November 1984 ) is an Ethiopian long-distance runner who competes in marathon races . She has won the Berlin Marathon , the Paris Marathon ( in a course record ) , the Tokyo Marathon ( also in course-record time ) , and the Dubai Marathon . Her personal best of 2:20:18 hours came as winner of the 2014 Berlin Marathon .'}]}, {'value': '23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Motorsport', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Motorsport', 'summary': "Motorsport , motorsports or motor sport is a global term used to encompass the group of competitive sporting events which primarily involve the use of motorised vehicles , whether for racing or non-racing competition . The terminology can also be used to describe forms of competition of two-wheeled motorised vehicles under the banner of motorcycle racing , and includes off-road racing such as motocross . Four- ( or more ) wheeled motorsport competition is globally governed by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile ( FIA ) ; and the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme ( FIM ) governs two-wheeled competition . Likewise , the Union Internationale Motonautique ( UIM ) governs powerboat racing while the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale ( FAI ) governs air sports ; including aeroplane racing ."}]}, {'value': '2014 Daytona 500', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/2014_Daytona_500', 'summary': 'The 2014 Daytona 500 , the 56th running of the event , was held on February 23 , 2014 at Daytona International Speedway in Daytona Beach , Florida . Contested over 200 laps and 500 miles ( 800 km ) on the 2.5 miles ( 4.0 km ) asphalt tri-oval , it was the first race of the 2014 NASCAR Sprint Cup season . Dale Earnhardt , Jr. , driving for Hendrick Motorsports , won the race , making this his second Daytona 500 victory breaking a 55-race winless streak . Denny Hamlin finished 2nd , while Brad Keselowski , Jeff Gordon , and Jimmie Johnson rounded out the Top 5 . This race had seven cautions and 42 lead changes among 18 different drivers . The top rookies of this race were polesitter Austin Dillon ( 9th ) , Alex Bowman ( 23rd ) , and Brian Scott ( 25th ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Domestic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dale Earnhardt , Jr. ( Hendrick Motorsports )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt,_Jr.', 'summary': "Ralph Dale Earnhardt Jr. ( born October 10 , 1974 ) is an American semi-retired , professional stock car racing driver . He is a team owner , author , and an analyst for NASCAR on NBC . Earnhardt competes part-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series , driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Camaro for his team JR Motorsports . He is the son of the late Dale Earnhardt Sr. , who was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . He is also the grandson of NASCAR driver Ralph Earnhardt , the brother of Kelley Earnhardt-Miller , the half-brother of former driver Kerry Earnhardt , the uncle of driver Jeffrey Earnhardt , and the stepson of Teresa Earnhardt . Earnhardt 's success at Daytona International Speedway throughout his career earned him the nickname Pied Piper of Daytona . He is a two-time Daytona 500 winner , winning the race exactly 10 years apart ( 2004 and 2014 ) , and has won the Most Popular Driver Award fifteen consecutive times from 2003-2017 . After driving the No . 8 Chevrolet Monte Carlo for Dale Earnhardt , Inc. ( DEI ) , his father 's team in the NASCAR Cup Series , for much of his early Cup career , he moved to Hendrick Motorsports to drive the No . 88 in 2008 . He remained with HMS until his retirement as a full-time driver in 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports', 'summary': "Hendrick Motorsports ( HMS ) , originally named All Star Racing , is an American professional stock car racing team that currently competes in the NASCAR Cup Series . The team , created in 1984 by Rick Hendrick , is one of stock car racing 's premier organizations . As of 2020 , Hendrick Motorsports has won twelve Cup Series owners and drivers championships , three Truck Series owners and drivers titles , and one Nationwide Series drivers crown , 256 NASCAR Cup Series victories , 26 Nationwide Series wins , and 26 Camping World Truck Series victories . As of the 2016 season , the team has won a Cup Series race on every track on the current circuit - except for Kentucky Speedway , which has only been on the circuit since 2011 . Hendrick Motorsports currently fields four full-time Cup Series teams with the Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 1LE , including the No . 9 NAPA/UniFirst/Hooters/Mountain Dew/Kelley Blue Book for Chase Elliott , the No . 24 Axalta/Liberty University/Hertz for William Byron , the No . 48 Ally Financial for Jimmie Johnson , and the No . 88 Valvoline/Chevy Goods/Axalta Coating Systems/LLumar/Cincinnati Inc. for Alex Bowman . The team formerly fielded teams in the now-NASCAR Xfinity Series before merging its efforts with JR Motorsports . Hendrick Motorsports also fielded several trucks in the NASCAR Truck Series , most recently for development driver Chase Elliott in 2013 . The team has fielded cars in the past for many NASCAR drivers , including Hall of Famers Jeff Gordon , Mark Martin , Terry Labonte , Darrell Waltrip and Benny Parsons and other notables such as Geoff Bodine , Tim Richmond , Ricky Rudd , Ken Schrader , Ricky Craven , Joe Nemechek , Kyle Busch , Casey Mears , Brian Vickers , Kasey Kahne , and Dale Earnhardt Jr. All Hendrick race cars are constructed start-to-finish at the 100-plus acre Hendrick Motorsports complex in Concord , North Carolina ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Calendar by month -- February', 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2014_in_sports_1', 'intro': "2014 in sports describes the year's events in world sport."}
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What is the status of the event that was the first time the winning team scored over 40 points ?
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(football_badge)', 'title': 'Star (football badge)', 'header': ['Club Team', 'Country', 'Title ( s ) represented', 'Number of stars', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': 'KF Tirana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/KF_Tirana', 'summary': "Klubi i Futbollit Tirana is an Albanian football club based in the country 's capital city , Tirana . The men 's football club is part of the multi-disciplinary sports club SK Tirana , and is the most successful in Albania , having won 51 recognized major domestic trophies . They play their home games at the Selman Stërmasi Stadium in Tirana and they play in the Albanian Superliga . The club was founded on 15 August 1920 as Shoqata Sportive Agimi ( in English : Agimi Sports Association ) and they had since participated in all the top tier national championships ever held in Albania . However the ninth-place finish in the 2016-17 season relegated the club to the Albanian First Division ( second-tier ) for the first time in their history . They have competed under the name of SK Tirana between 1927 and 1947 , when the communist regime forcibly renamed the club 17 Nëntori Tirana , Puna Tirana and KS 17 Nëntori . In 1991 KF Tirana retook its pre-1947 name and was divided into two branches , the multi disciplinary SK Tirana and the football branch of KF Tirana . KF Tirana is the most successful Albanian team in European competitions , having progressed from the first rounds on 11 occasions since making their European debut in the 1965-66 European Cup . They reached Round of 16 in European Competitions four times , three such in the European Cup ( now Champions League ) alone in 1980s . The club also holds the record of being the highest ever ranking Albanian club according to IFFHS , having been ranked 31st in the world in 1987 , following good results in their 1986-87 campaign . In addition , KF Tirana is an ECA member ."}]}, {'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Albanian Superliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanian_Superliga', 'summary': "The Albanian Superliga ( Albanian : Kategoria Superiore ) is a professional league for men 's association football clubs . At the top of the Albanian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . It is contested by 10 clubs , and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Albanian First Division . Seasons run from August to May , with teams playing 36 matches each ( playing each team in the league four times , twice at home and twice away ) . The competition was founded in 1930 as the Albanian National Championship during the reign of King Zog , shortly after the creation of the Albanian Football Association . Since 1930 , 43 clubs have competed in recognized competitions , while only nine clubs have won the title : KF Tirana ( 24 ) , Dinamo Tirana ( 18 ) , FK Partizani ( 16 ) , Vllaznia ( 9 ) , Skënderbeu ( 8 ) , KF Elbasani ( 2 ) , Flamurtari ( 1 ) , Teuta ( 1 ) and FK Kukësi ( 1 ) . The current champions are FK Partizani , who won their 16th title in 2018-19 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each represents 10 titles.In total they won 24 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dinamo Tirana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dinamo_Tirana', 'summary': 'Futboll Klub Dinamo Tirana is an Albanian football club based in the capital city Tirana . They currently compete in the Albanian First Division and they play their home games primarily at the Selman Stërmasi Stadium , as well as other grounds in the city . Founded in 1950 during the communist regime , the club was historically affiliated to the Interior Ministry and having won 18 National Championships , it is considered to be the second most decorated club after local rivals KF Tirana .'}]}, {'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Albanian Superliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanian_Superliga', 'summary': "The Albanian Superliga ( Albanian : Kategoria Superiore ) is a professional league for men 's association football clubs . At the top of the Albanian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . It is contested by 10 clubs , and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Albanian First Division . Seasons run from August to May , with teams playing 36 matches each ( playing each team in the league four times , twice at home and twice away ) . The competition was founded in 1930 as the Albanian National Championship during the reign of King Zog , shortly after the creation of the Albanian Football Association . Since 1930 , 43 clubs have competed in recognized competitions , while only nine clubs have won the title : KF Tirana ( 24 ) , Dinamo Tirana ( 18 ) , FK Partizani ( 16 ) , Vllaznia ( 9 ) , Skënderbeu ( 8 ) , KF Elbasani ( 2 ) , Flamurtari ( 1 ) , Teuta ( 1 ) and FK Kukësi ( 1 ) . The current champions are FK Partizani , who won their 16th title in 2018-19 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles.In total they won 18 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Partizani Tirana', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Partizani_Tirana', 'summary': "FK Partizani is an Albanian professional football club based in Tirana , that competes in the Superliga . Founded in 1946 , the club was historically affiliated to the Albanian army . Partizani 's current temporary home ground is Selman Stërmasi Stadium . The club first competed in an official competition in 1947 where they won the Albania National Championship , thus being crowned the champions of Albania in their debut season as well as the following two seasons . In total the club have been national champions on 16 occasions between 1947 and 2019 , which is the last time the club won the Albanian Superliga . They have won 18 other officially recognised domestic honours , including 15 Albanian Cups as well as Second Division . They are also the only Albanian club side to have won an international football competition through their 1970 Balkans Cup campaign in which they beat Bulgarian side Beroe Stara Zagora in the final ."}]}, {'value': 'Albania', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albania', 'summary': 'Albania ( /ælˈbeɪniə , ɔːl-/ ( listen ) a ( w ) l-BAY-nee-ə ; Albanian : Shqipëri or Shqipëria ; Gheg Albanian : Shqipni or Shqipnia also Shqypni or Shqypnia ) , officially the Republic of Albania ( Albanian : Republika e Shqipërisë , pronounced [ ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːsə ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea within the Mediterranean Sea . It shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest , Kosovo [ a ] to the northeast , North Macedonia to the east , Greece to the south and maritime borders with Greece , Montenegro and Italy to the west . Geographically , the country displays varied climatic , geological , hydrological and morphological conditions , defined in an area of 28,748 km2 ( 11,100 sq mi ) . It possesses remarkable diversity with the landscape ranging from the snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps as well as the Korab , Skanderbeg , Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains to the hot and sunny coasts of the Albanian Adriatic and Ionian Sea along the Mediterranean Sea . Historically , the country has been inhabited by numerous civilisations such as the Illyrians , Thracians , Ancient Greeks , Romans , Byzantines , Venetians and Ottomans . The Albanians established the autonomous Principality of Arbër in the 12th century . The Kingdom of Albania and Principality of Albania formed between the 13th and 14th centuries . Prior to the Ottoman conquest of Albania in the 15th century , the Albanian resistance to Ottoman expansion into Europe led by Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg won them acclaim over most of Europe . Between the 18th and 19th centuries , Albanians gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength which conclusively led to the Albanian Renaissance . After the defeat of the Ottomans in the Balkan Wars , the modern nation state of Albania declared independence in 1912 . In the 20th century , the Kingdom of Albania was invaded by Italy which formed Greater Albania before becoming a protectorate of Nazi Germany . Enver Hoxha formed Communist Albania after the Second World War and launched the Albanians on a path of oppression and decades of isolation .'}]}, {'value': 'Albanian Superliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Albanian_Superliga', 'summary': "The Albanian Superliga ( Albanian : Kategoria Superiore ) is a professional league for men 's association football clubs . At the top of the Albanian football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . It is contested by 10 clubs , and operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Albanian First Division . Seasons run from August to May , with teams playing 36 matches each ( playing each team in the league four times , twice at home and twice away ) . The competition was founded in 1930 as the Albanian National Championship during the reign of King Zog , shortly after the creation of the Albanian Football Association . Since 1930 , 43 clubs have competed in recognized competitions , while only nine clubs have won the title : KF Tirana ( 24 ) , Dinamo Tirana ( 18 ) , FK Partizani ( 16 ) , Vllaznia ( 9 ) , Skënderbeu ( 8 ) , KF Elbasani ( 2 ) , Flamurtari ( 1 ) , Teuta ( 1 ) and FK Kukësi ( 1 ) . The current champions are FK Partizani , who won their 16th title in 2018-19 ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles.In total they won 15 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rapid Vienna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Rapid_Wien', 'summary': "Sportklub Rapid Wien ( German pronunciation : [ ʁaˈpiːt ˈviːn ] ) , commonly known as Rapid Vienna , is an Austrian football club playing in the country 's capital city of Vienna . Rapid has won the most Austrian championship titles ( 32 ) , including the first ever title in the season 1911-12 , as well as a German championship in 1941 during Nazi rule . Rapid twice reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1985 and 1996 , losing on both occasions . The club is often known as Die Grün-Weißen ( The Green-Whites ) for its team colours or as Hütteldorfer , in reference to the location of the Gerhard Hanappi Stadium , which is in Hütteldorf , part of the city 's 14th district in Penzing ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Austrian Bundesliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga', 'summary': "The Austrian Football Bundesliga ( German : Österreichische Fußball-Bundesliga [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯çɪʃə ˈfuːsbal ˈbʊndəsliːɡa ] , Austrian Football Federal League ) is the highest-ranking national league club competition in Austrian football . The competition decides the Austrian national football champions , as well the country 's entrants for the various European cups run by UEFA . Since Austria stayed in sixteenth place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2015-16 season , the league gained its first spot for the UEFA Champions League . The Austrian Bundesliga , which began in the 1974-75 season , has been a separate registered association since 1 December 1991 . It has been most won by the two Viennese giants Austria Wien , who were national champions 21 times , and Rapid Wien , who won the national title 32 times . Rapids Last title was in the 2007-08 Season . The current champions are Red Bull Salzburg . Hans Rinner is president of the Austrian Bundesliga . The Austrian Football Bundesliga is currently known as Tipico Bundesliga for sponsorship reasons ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each represents 10 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FK Austria Wien', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien', 'summary': "Fußballklub Austria Wien ( German pronunciation : [ ˈaʊ̯stri̯aː ˈviːn ] ; known in English as Austria Vienna , and usually shortened to Austria in German-speaking countries ) , is an Austrian association football club from the capital city of Vienna . It has won the most national titles of any Austrian club from the top flight . It has won 24 Austrian Bundesliga titles and is one of only two sides that have never been relegated from the Austrian top flight . With 27 victories in the Austrian Cup and six in the Austrian Supercup , Austria Wien is also the most successful club in each of those tournaments . The club reached the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup final in 1978 , and the semi-finals of the European Cup the season after . The club plays at the Franz Horr Stadium , known as the Generali Arena since a 2010 naming rights deal with an Italian insurance company ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Austrian Bundesliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga', 'summary': "The Austrian Football Bundesliga ( German : Österreichische Fußball-Bundesliga [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯çɪʃə ˈfuːsbal ˈbʊndəsliːɡa ] , Austrian Football Federal League ) is the highest-ranking national league club competition in Austrian football . The competition decides the Austrian national football champions , as well the country 's entrants for the various European cups run by UEFA . Since Austria stayed in sixteenth place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2015-16 season , the league gained its first spot for the UEFA Champions League . The Austrian Bundesliga , which began in the 1974-75 season , has been a separate registered association since 1 December 1991 . It has been most won by the two Viennese giants Austria Wien , who were national champions 21 times , and Rapid Wien , who won the national title 32 times . Rapids Last title was in the 2007-08 Season . The current champions are Red Bull Salzburg . Hans Rinner is president of the Austrian Bundesliga . The Austrian Football Bundesliga is currently known as Tipico Bundesliga for sponsorship reasons ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each represents 10 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Wacker Innsbruck', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fußballclub_Wacker_Innsbruck', 'summary': 'FC Wacker Innsbruck is an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck . The club was formed in June 2002 as FC Wacker Tirol , and plays their home games at Tivoli-Neu . The club regard themselves as the spiritual continuation of the team FC Tirol Innsbruck , which went bankrupt in 2002 as well as the original FC Wacker Innsbruck which had been founded in 1913 . In honour of this heritage , FC Wacker Tirol was renamed FC Wacker Innsbruck in 2007 . However , legally it is a distinct and separate club , and is not entitled to claim the honours won by its predecessors .'}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Austrian Bundesliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga', 'summary': "The Austrian Football Bundesliga ( German : Österreichische Fußball-Bundesliga [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯çɪʃə ˈfuːsbal ˈbʊndəsliːɡa ] , Austrian Football Federal League ) is the highest-ranking national league club competition in Austrian football . The competition decides the Austrian national football champions , as well the country 's entrants for the various European cups run by UEFA . Since Austria stayed in sixteenth place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2015-16 season , the league gained its first spot for the UEFA Champions League . The Austrian Bundesliga , which began in the 1974-75 season , has been a separate registered association since 1 December 1991 . It has been most won by the two Viennese giants Austria Wien , who were national champions 21 times , and Rapid Wien , who won the national title 32 times . Rapids Last title was in the 2007-08 Season . The current champions are Red Bull Salzburg . Hans Rinner is president of the Austrian Bundesliga . The Austrian Football Bundesliga is currently known as Tipico Bundesliga for sponsorship reasons ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles ( 5 titles FC Wacker Innsbruck , 2 titles FC Swarovski Tirol , 3 titles FC Tirol Innsbruck )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Wacker_Innsbruck', 'summary': 'FC Wacker Innsbruck was an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck , Tyrol .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Swarovski_Tirol', 'summary': 'FC Swarovski Tirol was an Austrian association football club from 1986-1992 , based in Innsbruck , Tyrol , Austria .'}, {'url': '/wiki/FC_Tirol_Innsbruck', 'summary': 'FC Tirol Innsbruck was an Austrian association football club from Innsbruck , Tyrol which existed between 1993 and 2002 , when bankruptcy was declared .'}]}, {'value': 'Red Bull Salzburg', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg', 'summary': "FC Red Bull Salzburg is an Austrian football club based in Wals-Siezenheim . Their home ground is the Red Bull Arena . Due to sponsorship restrictions , the club is known as FC Salzburg and wears a modified crest when playing in UEFA competitions . The club was known as SV Austria Salzburg , and had several sponsored names , before being bought by Red Bull GmbH in 2005 who renamed the club and changed its colours from its traditional violet and white to red and white . The change resulted in some of the team 's fans forming a new club , SV Austria Salzburg . Founded in 1933 , and refounded in 2005 as Red Bull Salzburg , the club won its first Bundesliga title in 1994 , which was the first of three in the span of four seasons which also saw them reach the 1994 UEFA Cup final . The club has won thirteen league titles and six Austrian Cups , all six of which came as doubles and also three Austrian Supercups ."}]}, {'value': 'Austria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austria', 'summary': "Austria ( /ˈɒstriə/ ( listen ) , /ˈɔːs-/ ; German : Österreich [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯ç ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Republic of Austria ( German : Republik Österreich , listen ( help·info ) ) , is a landlocked East Alpine country in the southern part of Central Europe . It is composed of nine federated states ( Bundesländer ) , one of which is Vienna , Austria 's capital and its largest city . It is bordered by Germany to the northwest , Czech Republic to the north , Slovakia to the northeast , Hungary to the east , Slovenia and Italy to the south , and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west . Austria occupies an area of 83,879 km2 ( 32,386 sq mi ) and has a population of nearly 9 million people . While German is the country 's official language , many Austrians communicate informally in a variety of Bavarian dialects . Austria initially emerged as a margraviate around 976 and developed into a duchy and archduchy . In the 16th century , Austria started serving as the heart of the Habsburg Monarchy and the junior branch of the House of Habsburg - one of the most influential royal dynasties in history . As an archduchy , it was a major component and administrative centre of the Holy Roman Empire . Early in the 19th century , Austria established its own empire , which became a great power and the leading force of the German Confederation but pursued its own course independently of the other German states . Following the Austro-Prussian War and the compromise with Hungary , the Dual Monarchy was established . Austria was involved in World War I under Emperor Franz Joseph following the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand , the presumptive successor to the Austro-Hungarian throne . After the defeat and the dissolution of the Monarchy , the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed with the intent of the union with Germany , which eventually failed because of the Allied Powers and the state remained unrecognized ."}]}, {'value': 'Austrian Bundesliga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Austrian_Football_Bundesliga', 'summary': "The Austrian Football Bundesliga ( German : Österreichische Fußball-Bundesliga [ ˈøːstɐʁaɪ̯çɪʃə ˈfuːsbal ˈbʊndəsliːɡa ] , Austrian Football Federal League ) is the highest-ranking national league club competition in Austrian football . The competition decides the Austrian national football champions , as well the country 's entrants for the various European cups run by UEFA . Since Austria stayed in sixteenth place in the UEFA association coefficient rankings at the end of the 2015-16 season , the league gained its first spot for the UEFA Champions League . The Austrian Bundesliga , which began in the 1974-75 season , has been a separate registered association since 1 December 1991 . It has been most won by the two Viennese giants Austria Wien , who were national champions 21 times , and Rapid Wien , who won the national title 32 times . Rapids Last title was in the 2007-08 Season . The current champions are Red Bull Salzburg . Hans Rinner is president of the Austrian Bundesliga . The Austrian Football Bundesliga is currently known as Tipico Bundesliga for sponsorship reasons ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each represents 10 titles . but only get FC Red Bull Salzburg', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kapaz PFC', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kapaz_PFC', 'summary': 'Kapaz PFK ( Azerbaijani : Kəpəz Peşəkar Futbol Klubu , pronounced [ kæpæz ] ) , is an Azerbaijani football club based in Ganja , that currently plays in the Azerbaijan First Division .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One golden star per each league championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Baku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Baku', 'summary': 'FC Baku ( Azerbaijani : Bakı Futbol Klubu ) is an Azerbaijani football club based in Baku that has been an amateur club since 2016 . Prior to that , Baku played 18 seasons in the Azerbaijan Premier League , winning the championship twice and earning the National Cup three times .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One golden star per each league championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': 'FC Inter Baku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Inter_Baku', 'summary': 'Keshla FK ( Azerbaijani : Keşlə Futbol Klubu ; pronounced [ keʃlæ ] , formerly named Inter Baku ) is an Azerbaijani football club , based in Keshla , that currently plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League . The club have won the Premier League title twice .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One golden star per each league championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': 'Neftchi Baku', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Neftchi_Baku_PFC', 'summary': 'Neftçi Peşəkar Futbol Klubu ( English : Neftchi Professional Football Club ) , simply known as Neftçi ( pronounced [ neft͡ʃi ] ) or Neftchi Baku in English media , is an Azerbaijani football club based in the capital , Baku , that currently plays in the Azerbaijan Premier League . Founded in 1937 , the club has won eight Azerbaijan Premier League titles , seven Azerbaijan Cups and two Azerbaijan Supercup titles . The club is one of the two teams in Azerbaijan , along with Qarabağ , which has participated in all Azerbaijan Premier League championships so far . In 2012 , Neftçi became the first Azerbaijani club to advance to the group stage of a European competition after defeating APOEL 4-2 on aggregate in the play-off round of the 2012-13 UEFA Europa League . Neftçi plays its matches at the Bakcell Arena .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan', 'summary': 'Azerbaijan ( UK : /ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , -ˈʒɑːn/ ( listen ) , US : /ˌɑːzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn , ˌæz-/ ; Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ] ) , officially the Republic of Azerbaijan ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Respublikası [ ɑːzæɾbɑjˈd͡ʒɑn ɾespublikɑˈsɯ ] ) , is a landlocked country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia at the crossroads of Eastern Europe and Central Asia . It is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east , Russia to the north , Georgia to the northwest , Armenia to the west and Iran to the south . The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east , Iran to the south and west , and has an 11 km ( 6.8 mi ) long border with Turkey in the northwest . The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state . In 1920 the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic . The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991 , shortly before the dissolution of the USSR in the same year . In September 1991 , the Armenian majority of the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region seceded to form the Republic of Artsakh . The region and seven adjacent districts outside it became de facto independent with the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 . These regions are internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan pending a solution to the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh through negotiations facilitated by the OSCE . Azerbaijan is a unitary semi-presidential republic . It is one of six independent Turkic states and an active member of the Turkic Council and the TÜRKSOY community . Azerbaijan has diplomatic relations with 158 countries and holds membership in 38 international organizations , including the United Nations ( since 1992 ) , the Council of Europe , the Non-Aligned Movement , the OSCE , and the NATO Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) program .'}]}, {'value': 'Azerbaijan Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 5 league championships', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Azerbaijan_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Azerbaijani Premier League ( Azerbaijani : Azərbaycan Premyer Liqası ) is the top tier in Azerbaijani club football . The league is contested by 8 teams , in which the season runs from August to May . The winner enters the UEFA Champions League from the first qualifying round . The Azerbaijani Premier League was first organized in 2007 and succeeded the Top Division ( Azerbaijani : Yüksək Liqa ) , which existed from 1992 to 2007 . Since 1992 , a total of 8 clubs have been crowned champions of the Azerbaijani football system . The current champions are Qarabağ , who won the title in the 2018-19 season for the seventh time .'}]}, {'value': 'FC BATE Borisov', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_BATE_Borisov', 'summary': "FC BATE Borisov ( Belarusian : ФК БАТЭ Барысаў , IPA : [ baˈtɛ ] ; Russian : ФК БАТЭ Борисов , FK BATE Borisov [ bɐˈtɛ bɐˈrʲisəf ] ) is a professional Belarusian football team from the city of Barysaw . The club competes in the Belarusian Premier League , of which they are the league 's most successful club with 15 titles , including 13 won consecutively . The club has also won three Belarusian Cups and four Belarusian Super Cups . BATE is the only Belarusian team to have qualified for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League ( 2008-09 , 2011-12 , 2012-13 , 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) and one of two to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Europa League ( 2009-10 , 2010-11 , 2017-18 and 2018-19 ) , along with Dinamo Minsk . The club 's home stadium is Borisov Arena , which was opened in 2014 ."}]}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Belarusian Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Belarusian Premier League or the Vysheyshaya Liga ( Belarusian : Вышэйшая ліга , Russian : Высшая лига , Top League ) is the top division of professional football in Belarus , and is organized by the Belarusian Football Federation . The number of teams in the competition has varied over the years from as high as 17 ( 1992-93 season ) to as low as 11 ( 2012 ) . As of 2019 , the league includes 16 teams . Each team plays every other team twice during the course of the season . At the end of the season two teams are relegated to the Belarusian First League , and two are promoted from the First League to replace them . Dinamo Brest are the current champions , after winning their first title .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each star represents 5 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'FC Dinamo Minsk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk', 'summary': 'FC Dinamo Minsk ( Belarusian : ФК Дынама Мінск , FK Dynama Minsk ; Russian : ФК Динамо Минск ) is a professional football club based in the Belarusian capital city of Minsk . It was founded in 1927 as part of the Soviet Dinamo Sports Society , and was the only club from the Byelorussian SSR that competed in the Soviet Top League , playing 39 of the 54 seasons , and winning the title in 1982 . Since the independence of Belarus the club participates in the Belarusian Premier League , having won 7 league titles and 3 Belarusian Cups . Dinamo plays its home games in the 16,500 capacity Traktor Stadium . Dinamo is the second Belarusian team , after BATE Borisov to reach UEFA Europa League group stages ( 2014-15 and 2015-16 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Belarus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarus', 'summary': "Belarus ( /bɛləˈruːs/ ; Belarusian : Беларусь , IPA : [ bʲɛlaˈrusʲ ] ) , officially the Republic of Belarus ( Belarusian : Рэспубліка Беларусь , Russian : Республика Беларусь ) , formerly known by its Russian name Byelorussia or Belorussia ( Russian : Белоруссия ) , is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe bordered by Russia to the northeast , Ukraine to the south , Poland to the west , and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest . Its capital and most populous city is Minsk . Over 40% of its 207,600 square kilometres ( 80,200 sq mi ) is forested . Its major economic sectors are service industries and manufacturing . Until the 20th century , different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus , including the Principality of Polotsk ( 11th to 14th centuries ) , the Grand Duchy of Lithuania , the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , and the Russian Empire . In the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution , Belarus declared independence as the Belarusian People 's Republic , which was conquered by Soviet Russia . The Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922 and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic ( Byelorussian SSR ) . Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland after the Polish-Soviet War of 1919-1921 . Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 , when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland , and were finalized after World War II . During WWII , military operations devastated Belarus , which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources . The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years . In 1945 the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations , along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR ."}]}, {'value': 'Belarusian Premier League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belarusian_Premier_League', 'summary': 'The Belarusian Premier League or the Vysheyshaya Liga ( Belarusian : Вышэйшая ліга , Russian : Высшая лига , Top League ) is the top division of professional football in Belarus , and is organized by the Belarusian Football Federation . The number of teams in the competition has varied over the years from as high as 17 ( 1992-93 season ) to as low as 11 ( 2012 ) . As of 2019 , the league includes 16 teams . Each team plays every other team twice during the course of the season . At the end of the season two teams are relegated to the Belarusian First League , and two are promoted from the First League to replace them . Dinamo Brest are the current champions , after winning their first title .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 5 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R.S.C . Anderlecht', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/RSCA', 'summary': 'Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht , usually known as Anderlecht ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑndərlɛxt ] , French : [ ɑ̃dəʁlɛkt ] , German : [ ˈandɐlɛçt ] ) or RSCA ( Dutch : [ ˌɛrɛseːˈjaː , -seːˈʔaː ] , French : [ ɛʁɛsse.ɑ ] , German : [ ˌɛɐ̯ʔɛs.tseːˈʔaː ] ) , is a Belgian professional football club based in Anderlecht , Brussels Capital-Region . Anderlecht plays in the Belgian First Division A and is the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions , with five trophies , as well as in the Belgian domestic league , with 34 championship wins . They have also won nine Belgian Cups and hold the record for most consecutive Belgian championship titles , winning five between the 1963-64 and 1967-68 seasons . Founded in 1908 , the club first reached the highest level in Belgian football in 1921-22 and have been playing in the first division continuously since 1935-36 and in Europe since 1964-65 . They won their first major trophy after World War II with a championship win in 1946-47 . Since then , they have never finished outside the top six of the Belgian first division . They are ranked 14th amongst all-time UEFA club competition winners , tenth in the International Federation of Football History & Statistics continental Clubs of the 20th Century European ranking and were 41st in the 2012 UEFA team rankings . In 1986 , they achieved their best UEFA ranking with a joint first place with Juventus . Anderlecht have been playing their matches in the Astrid Park in the municipality of Anderlecht since 1917 . Their current stadium , Constant Vanden Stock Stadium , was first opened in 1983 , and replaced the former Emile Versé Stadium . They play in purple and white outfits . They have long-standing rivalries with Club Brugge and Standard Liège .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgian First Division', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_First_Division', 'summary': 'The Belgian First Division A is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium . Following the 2015-16 season it was renamed from the Belgian Pro League ( officially known as Jupiler Pro League ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈʒypilɛr ˈproː ˈlik ] ) . Contested by 16 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B . Seasons run from late July to early May , with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season , and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season . Play-offs I ( also known as the title playoffs ) are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season , with each club playing each other twice . Play-offs II ( also known as the Europa League playoff ) are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season , divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice ( six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II ) . The team finishing in 16th place is relegated . As of 2014 [ update ] the league was sponsored by AB InBev , brewers of Jupiler beer , and officially known as Jupiler Pro League . The competition was created in 1895 by the Royal Belgian Football Association and was first won by FC Liégeois . Of the 74 clubs to have competed in the first division since its creation , 15 have been crowned champions of Belgium . RSC Anderlecht is the most successful league club with 34 titles , followed by Club Brugge KV ( 15 ) , Union Saint-Gilloise ( 11 ) and Standard Liège ( 10 ) . It is currently ranked 8th in the UEFA rankings of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the last five-years .'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Each golden star represents 10 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Club Brugge', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Club_Brugge', 'summary': 'Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging ( Dutch pronunciation : [ klʏˈbrʏɣə ˌkoːnɪŋkləkə ˈvudbɑlvəreːnəɣɪŋ ] ) , commonly referred to as just Club Brugge , or Club Bruges commonly in English , is a football club based in Bruges in Belgium . It was founded in 1891 and its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium , which has a capacity of 29,062 . One of the most decorated clubs in Belgian football , the club have been crowned Belgian league champions 15 times , second only to major rivals Anderlecht , and it shares the Jan Breydel Stadium with city rival Cercle Brugge , with whom they contest the Bruges derby . Throughout its long history , Club Brugge has enjoyed much European football success , reaching two European finals and two European semi-finals . Club Brugge is the only Belgian club to have played the final of the European Cup ( forerunner of the current UEFA Champions League ) so far , losing to Liverpool in the final of the 1978 season . They also lost in the 1976 UEFA Cup Final to the same opponents . Club Brugge holds the European record number of consecutive participations in the UEFA Europa League ( 20 ) , the record number of Belgian Cups ( 11 ) , and the record number of Belgian Super Cups ( 15 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgian Pro League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League', 'summary': 'The Belgian First Division A is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium . Following the 2015-16 season it was renamed from the Belgian Pro League ( officially known as Jupiler Pro League ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈʒypilɛr ˈproː ˈlik ] ) . Contested by 16 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B . Seasons run from late July to early May , with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season , and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season . Play-offs I ( also known as the title playoffs ) are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season , with each club playing each other twice . Play-offs II ( also known as the Europa League playoff ) are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season , divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice ( six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II ) . The team finishing in 16th place is relegated . As of 2014 [ update ] the league was sponsored by AB InBev , brewers of Jupiler beer , and officially known as Jupiler Pro League . The competition was created in 1895 by the Royal Belgian Football Association and was first won by FC Liégeois . Of the 74 clubs to have competed in the first division since its creation , 15 have been crowned champions of Belgium . RSC Anderlecht is the most successful league club with 34 titles , followed by Club Brugge KV ( 15 ) , Union Saint-Gilloise ( 11 ) and Standard Liège ( 10 ) . It is currently ranked 8th in the UEFA rankings of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the last five-years .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Standard Liège', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Standard_Liège', 'summary': "Royal Standard de Liège , commonly referred to as Standard Liège ( French : [ stɑ̃daʁ ljɛʒ ] ; Dutch : Standard Luik [ ˈstɑndɑrt ˈlœyk ] ; German : Standard Lüttich [ ˈstandaɐ̯t ˈlʏtɪç , ˈʃtan- ] ) , is a Belgian football club from the city of Liège . They are one of the most successful clubs in Belgium , having won the Belgian league on ten occasions , most recently in 2007-08 and 2008-09 . They have been in the top flight without interruption since 1921 , longer than any other Belgian side . They have also won eight Belgian Cups , and in 1981-82 they reached the final of the European Cup Winners ' Cup , which they lost 2-1 against Barcelona . Standard players are nicknamed les Rouches [ le ʁuʃ ] because of their red jerseys . The French word for red , rouge , when pronounced with a Liège accent , sounds like rouche ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgian Pro League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League', 'summary': 'The Belgian First Division A is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium . Following the 2015-16 season it was renamed from the Belgian Pro League ( officially known as Jupiler Pro League ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈʒypilɛr ˈproː ˈlik ] ) . Contested by 16 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B . Seasons run from late July to early May , with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season , and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season . Play-offs I ( also known as the title playoffs ) are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season , with each club playing each other twice . Play-offs II ( also known as the Europa League playoff ) are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season , divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice ( six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II ) . The team finishing in 16th place is relegated . As of 2014 [ update ] the league was sponsored by AB InBev , brewers of Jupiler beer , and officially known as Jupiler Pro League . The competition was created in 1895 by the Royal Belgian Football Association and was first won by FC Liégeois . Of the 74 clubs to have competed in the first division since its creation , 15 have been crowned champions of Belgium . RSC Anderlecht is the most successful league club with 34 titles , followed by Club Brugge KV ( 15 ) , Union Saint-Gilloise ( 11 ) and Standard Liège ( 10 ) . It is currently ranked 8th in the UEFA rankings of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the last five-years .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'R.U . Saint-Gilloise', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/R.U._Saint-Gilloise', 'summary': 'Royale Union Saint-Gilloise , abbreviated to Union SG , unofficially simply called Union , is a Belgian football club originally located in the municipality of Saint-Gilles , in Brussels , although since the 1920s it has been based at the Stade Joseph Marien in the neighbouring municipality of Forest . The club is one of the most successful in the history of Belgian football , but currently plays in the second division . The club won eleven Belgian championships between 1904 and 1935 , making it the most successful Belgian club before World War II . The team colours are blue and yellow and its matricule is the n°10 . The team is traditionally popular with the native Flemish speaking natives of Brussels and both the French as the Flemish speaking free universities .'}]}, {'value': 'Belgium', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgium', 'summary': "Belgium , [ A ] officially the Kingdom of Belgium , is a country in Western Europe . It is bordered by the Netherlands to the north , Germany to the east , Luxembourg to the southeast , France to the southwest , and the North Sea to the northwest . It covers an area of 30,689 km2 ( 11,849 sq mi ) and has a population of more than 11.5 million , making it the 22nd most densely populated country in the world and the 6th most densely populated country in Europe , with a density of 376 per square kilometre ( 970/sq mi ) . The capital and largest city is Brussels ; other major cities are Antwerp , Ghent , Charleroi and Liège . The sovereign state is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system . Its institutional organization is complex and is structured on both regional and linguistic grounds . It is divided into three highly autonomous regions : the Flemish Region in the north , Wallonia in the south , and the Brussels-Capital Region . Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region , as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita . Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups or communities : the Dutch-speaking Flemish Community , which constitutes about 60 percent of the population , and the French-speaking Community , which comprises about 40 percent of all Belgians . A small German-speaking Community , numbering around one percent , exists in the East Cantons . The Brussels-Capital Region is officially bilingual ( French and Dutch ) , although French is the dominant language . Belgium 's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance , made up of six different governments ."}]}, {'value': 'Belgian Pro League', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_Pro_League', 'summary': 'The Belgian First Division A is the top league competition for association football clubs in Belgium . Following the 2015-16 season it was renamed from the Belgian Pro League ( officially known as Jupiler Pro League ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈʒypilɛr ˈproː ˈlik ] ) . Contested by 16 clubs , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Belgian First Division B . Seasons run from late July to early May , with teams playing 30 matches each in the regular season , and then entering play-offs I or play-offs II according to their position in the regular season . Play-offs I ( also known as the title playoffs ) are contested by the top-six clubs in the regular season , with each club playing each other twice . Play-offs II ( also known as the Europa League playoff ) are contested by teams ranked 7 to 16 in the regular season , divided in four groups of four teams playing each other twice ( six teams from the Belgian First Division B also take part in playoff II ) . The team finishing in 16th place is relegated . As of 2014 [ update ] the league was sponsored by AB InBev , brewers of Jupiler beer , and officially known as Jupiler Pro League . The competition was created in 1895 by the Royal Belgian Football Association and was first won by FC Liégeois . Of the 74 clubs to have competed in the first division since its creation , 15 have been crowned champions of Belgium . RSC Anderlecht is the most successful league club with 34 titles , followed by Club Brugge KV ( 15 ) , Union Saint-Gilloise ( 11 ) and Standard Liège ( 10 ) . It is currently ranked 8th in the UEFA rankings of leagues based on performances in European competitions over the last five-years .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represents 10 titles . They won 11 titles in total . They currently play in Belgian Third Division B', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belgian_Third_Division_B', 'summary': 'The Belgian Third Division B was one of the two leagues at the third level of the Belgian football league system , the other one being the Belgian Third Division A . This division existed from the 1952-53 until 2015-16 seasons and was played every year with 18 clubs from 2009 . Prior to this , the third level in the Belgian football league system was called Promotion and was divided into four leagues of 16 clubs each and prior to the 1931-32 season , the Promotion was divided into three leagues . Due to restructuring , the Third Division was replaced by Belgian Second Amateur Division which plays as three leagues of 16 clubs each from the 2016-17 season .'}]}, {'value': 'PFC CSKA Sofia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Sofia', 'summary': "CSKA ( Bulgarian : ЦСКА ) is a Bulgarian professional association football club based in Sofia and currently competing in the country 's premier football competition , the First League . CSKA is an abbreviation for Central Sports Club of the Army ( Bulgarian : Централен Спортен Клуб на Армията ) . Officially established on 5 May 1948 , CSKA 's roots date back to an army officers ' club founded in 1923 . The club has won a record 31 Bulgarian titles and 20 Bulgarian Cups . Internationally , CSKA are the only Bulgarian club to have reached the semi-finals of the European Cup , which they have done twice , and they have also reached the semi-final of the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup once . CSKA 's home colors are red and white and its home ground is the Bulgarian Army Stadium . The club 's biggest rivals are Levski Sofia and matches between the two sides are known as The Eternal Derby of Bulgaria ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgaria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgaria', 'summary': "Bulgaria ( /bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl-/ ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , romanized : Balgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , romanized : Republika Balgariya , IPA : [ rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ] ) , is a country in Southeast Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and North Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th-largest country . One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture , which dates back to 6,500 BC . In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and ancient Macedonians ; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45 . The Eastern Roman , or Byzantine , Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde in the late 7th century . The Bulgars founded the First Bulgarian Empire in AD 681 , which dominated most of the Balkans and significantly influenced Slavic cultures by developing the Cyrillic script . This state lasted until the early 11th century , when Byzantine emperor Basil II conquered and dismantled it . A successful Bulgarian revolt in 1185 established a Second Bulgarian Empire , which reached its apex under Ivan Asen II ( 1218-1241 ) . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State ."}]}, {'value': 'Bulgarian A Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bulgarian_A_Football_Group', 'summary': "The First Professional Football League ( Bulgarian : Първа професионална футболна лига ) , also known as the Bulgarian First League or Parva liga , currently known as the efbet League for sponsorship reasons , is a professional association football league , located at the top of the Bulgarian football league system . Contested by 14 teams , it operates on a system of promotion and relegation with the Vtora liga . The Bulgarian football championship was inaugurated in 1924 as the Bulgarian State Football Championship and has been played in a league format since 1948 , when the A Group was established . The champions of the First League have the right to participate in the qualifying rounds of the UEFA Champions League based on the league 's European coefficient . Additionally , two UEFA Europa League spots are allocated to the second team in the final standings and the winner of the European playoffs . A further fourth spot may also be granted to the fourth placed team in the final league ranking , given that the Bulgarian Cup holder has finished among the top three teams at the end of the season . A total of 67 clubs have competed in the Bulgarian top-tier since its establishment . In the last decade , many teams such as the current champions Ludogorets were introduced for the first time in the league . In 2016-17 , Vereya Stara Zagora became the 67th club to participate in the competition . Since 1948 , eleven different teams have been crowned champions of Bulgaria . The three most successful clubs are CSKA Sofia with 31 titles , Levski Sofia with 26 titles and Ludogorets Razgrad with 8 titles respectively . The current champions Ludogorets Razgrad won their eight consecutive title in their eight First League season in 2018-19 ."}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Added 3 stars because of their 30th league title in 2005', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'GNK Dinamo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/GNK_Dinamo', 'summary': "Građanski nogometni klub Dinamo Zagreb , commonly referred to as GNK Dinamo Zagreb or simply Dinamo Zagreb ( pronounced [ dinamo ˈzâːɡreb ] ) , is a professional Croatian football club based in Zagreb . The club is the successor of 1 . HŠK Građanski or fully Prvi hrvatski građanski športski klub ( English : First Croatian Citizens ' Sports Club ) , club founded in 1911 , banned in 1945 and replaced by newly established Dinamo Zagreb . They play their home matches at Stadion Maksimir . They are the most successful club in Croatian football , having won 20 Croatian Football League titles , 15 Croatian Football Cups and six Croatian Football Super Cups . The club has spent its entire existence in top flight , having been members of the Yugoslav First League from 1946 to 1991 , and then the Croatian First League since its foundation in 1992 . After the Second World War , the new communist government considered clubs like HŠK Građanski as fascist and nationalistic . As such , they were banned , and , in 1945 , NK Dinamo was founded as a club to act as an unofficial successor to HŠK Građanski , getting around the ruling party 's disapproval . They entered the Yugoslav First League in its inaugural 1946-47 season , finishing as runners-up . In their second season in Yugoslav top flight in 1947-48 they finished as Yugoslav champions , which was their first major trophy . The club won three more league titles and seven Yugoslav Cups . Amid the breakup of Yugoslavia and formation of the Croatian football league system , Dinamo left the Yugoslav league in 1991 ."}]}, {'value': 'Croatia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Croatia', 'summary': "Croatia ( /kroʊˈeɪʃə/ ( listen ) , kroh-AY-shə ; Croatian : Hrvatska , pronounced [ xř̩ʋaːtskaː ] ) , officially the Republic of Croatia ( Croatian : Republika Hrvatska , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ d ] is a country in Southeast Europe . It borders Slovenia to the northwest , Hungary to the northeast , Serbia to the east , Bosnia and Herzegovina , and Montenegro to the southeast , sharing a maritime border with Italy . Its capital , Zagreb , forms one of the country 's primary subdivisions , along with twenty counties . Croatia has an area of 56,594 square kilometres ( 21,851 square miles ) and a population of 4.28 million , most of whom are Roman Catholics . Croatia has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age . The Croats arrived in the area in the 6th century and organised the territory into two duchies by the 9th century . Croatia was first internationally recognized as an independent state on 7 June 879 during the reign of duke Branimir . Tomislav became the first king by 925 , elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom , which retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries . During the succession crisis after the Trpimirović dynasty ended , Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102 . In 1527 , faced with Ottoman conquest , the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of Austria to the Croatian throne . In October 1918 , in the final days of World War I , the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs , independent from Austria-Hungary , was proclaimed in Zagreb , and in December 1918 it was merged into the Kingdom of Serbs , Croats and Slovenes ( renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929 ) . Following the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941 , most of the Croatian territory was incorporated into a Nazi-backed client-state , the Independent State of Croatia ."}]}, {'value': '1 . HNL', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/1._HNL', 'summary': 'The Croatian First Football League ( Croatian : Prva hrvatska nogometna liga , pronounced [ pr̩̂ːʋaː xř̩ʋaːtskaː nôɡomeːtnaː lǐːɡa ] ) , ( also known as Prva HNL or 1 . HNL ) or for sponsorship reasons the Hrvatski Telekom Prva Liga , is the top Croatian professional football league competition , established in 1992 . The winners enter the qualifying stages of the UEFA Champions League . Dinamo Zagreb are the most successful club with 20 titles overall.They are followed by Hajduk Split with six titles . Rijeka and NK Zagreb each have won one title . Since 2003 , the league has been named after its main sponsor , giving it the following names ( Logos see below ) :'}]}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represent 10 titles . 30th title won in 2019', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'SK Slavia Prague', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/SK_Slavia_Prague', 'summary': "Sportovní klub Slavia Praha - fotbal ( Sports Club Slavia Prague - Football , pronounced [ ˈslaːvɪja ˈpraɦa ] ) , commonly known as Slavia Praha / Slavia Prague , is a Czech professional football club in Prague . Founded in 1892 , they are the second most successful club in the Czech Republic since its independence in 1993 . They play in the Czech First League , the highest competition in the Czech Republic . They play the Prague derby with Sparta Prague , an important rivalry in Czech football . Slavia has won 19 titles , several Czech cups and the Mitropa Cup in 1938 . The club has won five league titles since the foundation of the Czech league in 1993 . They have also reached the semi-finals of the 1995-96 UEFA Cup and qualified for the 2007-08 UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time in their history . In 2019 , Slavia reached the quarter-finals of the 2018-19 UEFA Europa League and also qualified for the 2019-20 UEFA Champions League group stage for the second time in their history . In addition to their men 's squad , Slavia Prague has reserve , youth , and women 's teams ."}]}, {'value': 'Czech Republic', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Czech_Republic', 'summary': "The Czech Republic ( /ˈtʃɛk -/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česká republika [ ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpublɪka ] ( listen ) ) , also known by its short-form name , Czechia ( /ˈtʃɛkiə/ ( listen ) ; Czech : Česko [ ˈtʃɛsko ] ( listen ) ) , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Poland to the northeast , Slovakia to the southeast , Austria to the south , and Germany to the west . The Czech Republic is a landlocked country with a hilly landscape that covers an area of 78,866 square kilometers ( 30,450 sq mi ) with a mostly temperate continental climate and oceanic climate . It is a unitary parliamentary republic , with 10.7 million inhabitants . Its capital and largest city is Prague , with 1.3 million residents ; other major cities are Brno , Ostrava , Olomouc and Pilsen . The Czech Republic includes the historical territories of Bohemia , Moravia , and Czech Silesia . The Czech state was formed in the late ninth century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire . In 1002 , the duchy was formally recognized as an Imperial State of the Holy Roman Empire along with the Kingdom of Germany , the Kingdom of Burgundy , the Kingdom of Italy ; and became the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 , reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century . Prague was the imperial seat in periods between the 14th and 17th century . The Protestant Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars , the first of many conflicts with the Catholic Church . Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy . The Protestant Bohemian Revolt ( 1618-20 ) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years ' War . After the Battle of the White Mountain , the Habsburgs consolidated their rule , eradicated Protestantism , reimposed Catholicism , and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization ."}]}, {'value': 'Gambrinus Liga', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gambrinus_Liga', 'summary': "The Czech First League , known as the Fortuna liga for sponsorship reasons , is a Czech professional league for football clubs . At the top of the Czech football league system , it is the country 's primary football competition . It is contested by 16 clubs , operating a system of promotion and relegation with the Czech National Football League . Since 2018-19 , seasons run from July to May , with teams playing 30 games each . Then teams are divided into three groups playing superstructure for final positions . The league is currently ranked 13th in Europe in the UEFA league rankings . The history of the Czech football league began at the end of the 20th century . It was reorganised for the 1993-1994 season , after the dissolution of former Czechoslovakia and therefore of the Czechoslovak League . Having won 12 of league titles , Sparta Prague is the most successful team in Czech First League history . Other clubs who have won the title are Slavia Prague , Slovan Liberec , Baník Ostrava and Viktoria Plzeň ."}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Represent 10 titles . 18th and 19th titles won respectively in 2017 and 2019', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'List -- Club teams', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Star_(football_badge)_7', 'intro': "In football, some national and club teams include one or more stars as part of (or beside) the team badge (often referred to as a crest) appearing on their shirt, to represent important trophies the team has previously won. Often this is a unilateral decision by a team itself, rather than a specific privilege earned or sanctioned by any governing body (e.g. as with the FIFA Champions Badge), and as such, the relevance of these stars on a club's shirt is somewhat tenuous."}
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How many square kilometers is the area of the home country of KF Tirana ?
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28,748
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03a6dffe71d0bf91
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_Kingdom', 'title': 'List of tallest structures in the United Kingdom', 'header': ['Name', 'Pinnacle height', 'Year', 'Primary Use', 'Town', 'Construction Type'], 'data': [{'value': 'Grain Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grain_Power_Station', 'summary': 'Grain Power Station is a CCGT power station and former oil-fired power station in Kent , England , with operational capacity of 1,275 megawatts ( 1,710,000 hp ) owned by Uniper ( formerly E.ON UK ) .'}]}, {'value': '244 metres ( 801 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'chimney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Isle of Grain , Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Grain', 'summary': 'Isle of Grain ( Old English Greon meaning gravel ) is a village and the easternmost point of the Hoo Peninsula within the district of Medway in Kent . No longer an island and now forming part of the peninsula , the area is almost all marshland and is a major habitat for diverse wetland birds . The village constitutes a civil parish , which at the 2011 census had a population of 1,648 , a net decrease of 83 people in 10 years .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Kent', 'summary': 'Kent is a county in South East England and one of the home counties . It borders Greater London to the north-west , Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south-west . The county also shares borders with Essex along the estuary of the River Thames ( connected by land via High Speed 1 and the Dartford Crossing ) , and with the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel . The county town is Maidstone . Kent was among the first British territories conquered and settled by Anglo-Saxons . Canterbury Cathedral in Kent has been the seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury , leader of the Church of England , since the Reformation . Prior to that it was built by Catholics , dating back to the conversion of England to Catholicism by Saint Augustine that began in the 6th century . Before the English Reformation the cathedral was part of a Benedictine monastic community known as Christ Church , Canterbury , as well as being the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury . The last Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole . Rochester Cathedral is also in Kent , in Medway . It is the second-oldest cathedral in England , with Canterbury Cathedral being the oldest . Between London and the Strait of Dover , which separates it from mainland Europe , Kent has seen both diplomacy and conflict , ranging from the Leeds Castle peace talks of 1978 and 2004 to the Battle of Britain in World War II .'}]}, {'value': 'concrete tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mounteagle Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mounteagle_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Mounteagle transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility , situated close to the town of Fortrose , Scotland , in Highland ( grid reference NH639580 ) . It includes a 243.8 metres ( 800 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast . It is owned and operated by Arqiva .'}]}, {'value': '243.8 metres ( 800 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fortrose , Ross-shire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fortrose', 'summary': "Fortrose ( /fɔːrtˈroʊz/ ; Scottish Gaelic : A ' Chananaich , Scots : Chainry ) is a town and former royal burgh in Highland , Scotland , United Kingdom . It is on the Moray Firth , about 6 miles ( 10 km ) north-east of Inverness . The town is known for its ruined 13th century cathedral , and as the home of the Brahan Seer . In the Middle Ages it was the seat of the bishopric of Ross , and formerly called Chanonry , for being the Chanory of Ross . The cathedral was largely demolished in the mid-seventeenth century by Oliver Cromwell to provide building materials for a citadel at Inverness . The vaulted south aisle , with bell-tower , and a detached chapter house ( used as the tollbooth of Fortrose after the Reformation ) remain . These fragments , though modest in scale , display considerable architectural refinement , and are in the care of Historic Scotland ( no entrance charge ) . The burgh is a popular location for trying to spot bottlenose dolphins ( see Chanonry Point ) in the Moray Firth . Fortrose shares a golf course with Rosemarkie . Set on the Chanonry Ness the course stretches out into the Moray Firth and offers good views of Fort George . The course is well known for its signature 4th Hole Lighthouse . The lighthouse in question is the Chanonry Point lighthouse which was designed by Alan Stevenson and was first lit 15 May 1846 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ross-shire', 'summary': "Ross-shire ( Scottish Gaelic : Siorrachd Rois ) is a historic county in the Scottish Highlands . The county borders Sutherland to the north and Inverness-shire to the south , as well as having a complex border with Cromartyshire - a county consisting of numerous enclaves or exclaves scattered throughout Ross-shire 's territory . Ross-shire includes most of Ross along with Lewis in the Outer Hebrides . Dingwall is the traditional county town . The area of Ross-shire is based on that of the historic province of Ross , but with the exclusion of the many enclaves that form Cromartyshire . For shreival purposes the area was first separated from the authority of the sheriff of Inverness by Act of Parliament during the reign of James IV , the sheriff to sit at Tain or Dingwall . Sheriffs were seldom appointed , and further acts of 1649 and 1661 restated its separation from Inverness . The 1661 act also clarified the area encompassed , based on the pre-Reformation Diocese of Ross . Sir George Mackenzie 's Ross-shire estates were transferred to Cromartyshire by a 1685 Act of Parliament ( repealed 1686 , re-enacted 1690 ) . The Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1889 provided that the counties of Ross and Cromarty shall cease to be separate counties , and shall be united for all purposes whatsoever , under the name of the county of Ross and Cromarty . The two counties that became the single local government county of Ross and Cromarty , which continued to be used for local government purposes until 1975 , although Ross-shire remained as the postal county for the mainland part of the local government county until 1996 . In 1975 , Ross and Cromarty was itself replaced by the Highland region and the Western Isles , under the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dover Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dover_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Dover transmitting station is a facility for broadcasting and telecommunications , located at West Hougham , near Dover , Kent ( grid reference TR274397 ) . It has a 243.2 metres ( 798 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast of triangular cross section . The station is owned by Arqiva . The recommended UHF aerial group is C/D with horizontal polarisation . There is also a relay transmitter located in the town of Dover ( Dover Town ) ; in addition FM radio services are covered by the Swingate transmitting station . Along with Heathfield and Bluebell Hill , Dover transmits regional television services from BBC One South East and ITV Meridian ( South East ) .'}]}, {'value': '243.2 metres ( 798 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1960', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dover , Kent', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dover', 'summary': "Dover ( /ˈdoʊvər/ ) is a town and major ferry port in Kent , South East England . It faces France across the Strait of Dover , the narrowest part of the English Channel , and lies south-east of Canterbury and east of Maidstone . The town is the administrative centre of the Dover District and home of the Port of Dover . The surrounding chalk cliffs are known as the White Cliffs of Dover . Archaeological finds have revealed that the area has always been a focus for peoples entering and leaving Britain . The name derives from the River Dour that flows through it . The Port of Dover provides much of the town 's employment , as does tourism ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandy Heath Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy_Heath_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'Sandy Heath transmitting station is a television broadcast station located between Sandy , Bedfordshire and Potton near the B1042 . It is owned by Arqiva , formerly NTL Broadcast . It was built in 1965 , originally broadcasting Anglia Television on VHF 405-lines , UHF with 625-line services of BBC2 , BBC1 , and Anglia Television being added by January 1971 . It carried Channel 4 and Channel 5 from their launch days , Channel 5 at lower power than the other four services . Today it broadcasts digital television on the DTT platform as Digital Switchover took place on 13 April 2011 . On 17 June 2018 , as part of the 700MHz clearance , Com5 ( ARQ A ) moved from Ch52 to Ch36 , Com7 ( Arq C ) moved from Ch32 to Ch55 and Com8 ( Arq D ) moved from Ch34 to Ch56 It is a K group or wideband TV transmitter ( horizontal polarization ) , though an original A group aerial will still receive four of the main six Muxes , in fact from Feb 2020 only MUX 4 ( SDN ) will be out of the A group . During DSO , the digital transmission power for the PSB and Commercial muxes increased from 20 kW to 180 kW and 170 kW respectively . Sandy Heath is the main local TV transmitter for Bedfordshire , Suffolk , Cambridgeshire , Northamptonshire and north Hertfordshire as well as North West Essex , bringing the nearby area Look East and Anglia Tonight . Coverage extends to parts of Buckinghamshire , Norfolk , Leicestershire , Peterborough , and South Lincolnshire . It also broadcasts the BBC local radio station BBC Three Counties Radio and the independent radio station Heart Bedford formerly Chiltern .'}]}, {'value': '240.8 metres ( 790 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sandy , Bedfordshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sandy,_Bedfordshire', 'summary': 'Sandy is a market town and civil parish in Central Bedfordshire , England . It lies 8 miles ( 13 km ) to the east of Bedford , 18 miles ( 29 km ) to the south west of Cambridge and 43 miles ( 69 km ) north of Central London . The town has a population of around 13,400 based on 2015 estimates . The A1 road bypasses the town to the west , with the East Coast Main Line running to the east . The area surrounding the town is dominated by a range of low hills known as the Sand Hills with the River Ivel running through the town . The headquarters of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) is on the outskirts of the town , having moved to The Lodge in 1961 . The Shuttleworth Collection is also nearby , around 2 miles ( 3 km ) south west of Sandy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bedfordshire', 'summary': 'Bedfordshire ( /ˈbɛdfərdʃər , -ʃɪər/ ; abbreviated Beds . ) is a county in the East of England . It is a ceremonial county and a historic county , covered by three unitary authorities : Bedford , Central Bedfordshire , and Luton . Bedfordshire is bordered by Cambridgeshire to the east and northeast , Northamptonshire to the north , Buckinghamshire to the west and Hertfordshire to the southeast and south . It is the fourteenth most densely populated county of England , with over half the population of the county living in the two largest built-up areas : Luton ( 258,018 ) , and the county town , Bedford ( 106,940 ) . The highest elevation point is 243 metres ( 797 ft ) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns .'}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selkirk Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selkirk_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Selkirk transmitting station is a telecommunications facility located next to Lindean Loch , near Selkirk in the Scottish Borders . It includes a 229.1 metres ( 752 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast , surmounted by a UHF television transmitting antenna array , which brings the overall height of the structure to 238.8 metres ( 783 ft ) . It is owned and operated by Arqiva .'}]}, {'value': '238.8 metres ( 783 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selkirk , Scottish Borders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Selkirk,_Scottish_Borders', 'summary': "Selkirk is a town and historic royal burgh in the Scottish Borders Council district of southeastern Scotland . It lies on the Ettrick Water , a tributary of the River Tweed . The people of the town are known as Souters , which means cobblers ( shoe makers and menders ) . At the time of the 2011 census , Selkirk 's population was 5,784 ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caradon Hill Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caradon_Hill_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Caradon Hill transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility on Bodmin Moor in the civil parish of Linkinhorne , located on Caradon Hill , Cornwall , United Kingdom . It is 4 miles ( 6 km ) north of Liskeard , and ¾ mile ( 1.25 km ) south-east of Minions , the highest village in Cornwall ( grid reference SX273707 ) . Built in 1961 , the station includes a 237.7 metres ( 780 ft ) guyed steel lattice mast . The mean height for the television antennas is 603 metres ( 1,978 ft ) above sea level . The site has a smaller towers used for telecommunications and a wireless internet signal . It is owned and operated by Arqiva . The South Caradon Copper Mine , 1,000 yards ( 1 km ) to the SW of the transmitter , was the largest copper mine in the UK in its heyday , 150 years ago . Many other copper , tin and granite mines are scattered around the base of the hill .'}]}, {'value': '237.7 metres ( 780 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liskeard , Cornwall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liskeard', 'summary': 'Liskeard ( /lɪˈskɑːrd/ ( listen ) lih-SKARD ; Cornish : Lyskerrys ) is an ancient stannary and market town and civil parish in south east Cornwall , England , United Kingdom . Liskeard is situated approximately 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of Plymouth , 14 miles ( 23 km ) west of the River Tamar and the border with Devon , and 12 miles ( 20 km ) east of Bodmin . The town is at the head of the Looe valley in the ancient hundred of West Wivelshire and has a population of 9,417 . Liskeard was the base of the former Caradon District Council and it still has a town council . There are 3 wards in Liskeard ( including Dobwalls ) . The total population at the 2011 census was 11,366'}, {'url': '/wiki/Cornwall', 'summary': "Cornwall ( /ˈkɔːrnwɔːl , -wəl/ ; Cornish : Kernow [ ˈkɛrnɔʊ ] ) is a ceremonial county in South West England , bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea , to the south by the English Channel , and to the east by Devon , the River Tamar forming the border between them . Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula of the island of Great Britain . The southwesternmost point is Land 's End and the southernmost Lizard Point . Cornwall has a population of 568,210 and an area of 3,563 km2 ( 1,376 sq mi ) . The county has been administered since 2009 by the unitary authority , Cornwall Council . The ceremonial county of Cornwall also includes the Isles of Scilly , which are administered separately . The administrative centre of Cornwall is Truro , its only city . Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and the cultural and ethnic origin of the Cornish diaspora . It retains a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history , and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations . It was formerly a Brythonic kingdom and subsequently a royal duchy . The Cornish nationalist movement contests the present constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly with powers similar to those in Wales and Scotland . In 2014 , Cornish people were granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , giving them recognition as a distinct ethnic group ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Inverkip Power Station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Inverkip_Power_Station', 'summary': "Inverkip power station was an oil-fired power station in Inverclyde , on the west coast of Scotland . It was closer to Wemyss Bay than Inverkip , and dominated the local area with its 778 ft ( 237 m ) chimney , the third tallest chimney in the UK and Scotland 's tallest free-standing structure . In common with other power stations in Scotland it lacked cooling towers ; instead , sea water was used as a coolant . The station consisted of three generating units with a combined total rating of 2028 megawatts ( MW ) ."}]}, {'value': '236 metres ( 774 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1976', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'chimney', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wemyss Bay , Inverclyde', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wemyss_Bay', 'summary': "Wemyss Bay /ˌwiːmz ˈbeɪ/ is a village on the coast of the Firth of Clyde in Inverclyde in the west central Lowlands of Scotland . It is in the traditional county of Renfrewshire . It is adjacent to Skelmorlie , North Ayrshire . The villages have always been in separate counties , divided by the Kelly Burn . Wemyss Bay is the port for ferries on the Sea Road to Rothesay on the Isle of Bute . Passengers from the island can connect to Glasgow by trains , which terminate in the village at the remarkable Wemyss Bay railway station , noted for its architectural qualities and regarded as one of Scotland 's finest railway buildings . The port is very exposed , so in high winds the ferries must travel up river to Gourock to dock ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Inverclyde', 'summary': 'Inverclyde ( Scots : Inerclyde , Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Chluaidh , pronounced [ iɲiɾʲˈxlˠ̪uəj ] , mouth of the Clyde ) ; is one of 32 council areas used for local government in Scotland . Together with the East Renfrewshire and Renfrewshire council areas , Inverclyde forms part of the historic county of Renfrewshire , which currently exists as a registration county and lieutenancy area - located in the west central Lowlands . It borders the North Ayrshire and Renfrewshire council areas , and is otherwise surrounded by the swamp Firth of Clyde . Inverclyde was formerly one of nineteen districts within Strathclyde Region , from 1975 until 1996 . Prior to 1975 , Inverclyde was governed as part of the local government county of Renfrewshire , comprising the burghs of Greenock , Port Glasgow and Gourock , and the former fifth district of the county . Its landward area is bordered by the Kelly , North and South Routen burns to the south west ( separating Wemyss Bay and Skelmorlie , North Ayrshire ) , part of the River Gryfe and the Finlaystone Burn to the south-east . It is one of the smallest in terms of area ( 29th ) and population ( 28th ) out of the 32 Scottish unitary authorities . Along with the council areas clustered around Glasgow it is considered part of Greater Glasgow in some definitions , although it is physically separated from the city area by open countryside and does not share a border with the city . The name derives from the extinct barony of Inverclyde ( 1897 ) conferred upon Sir John Burns of Wemyss Bay and his heirs .'}]}, {'value': 'concrete tower', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Preseli Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Preseli_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Preseli transmitting station ( formerly spelt Presely ) is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility , situated close to the village of Crymych , in Pembrokeshire , Wales ( grid reference SN172306 ) . It is owned and operated by Arqiva . It has a 235.4-metre ( 772 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast . It was constructed in 1962 by the IBA to transmit ITV 405-line television with transmissions commencing on Band III channel 8 from antennas at 559 m ( 1,835 ft ) above sea level . The triangle of antenna arrays aimed beams of signal towards Pembrokeshire , another lobe was directed towards western Carmarthenshire and a northward beam covered south western Cardiganshire . The northward beam from the site also fed the transmitter at Arfon in North Wales . The Welsh region ITV programming was initially provided by Teledu Cymru which was taken over by TWW in 1964 , and eventually HTV Wales who took over from 1968 . In 1971 , three protesters from Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg were jailed for conspiring to trespass after gaining access to the site compound and climbing the lower section of the mast . This was part of a series of protests in Wales aiming to get a dedicated Welsh-language TV channel established . The campaign was eventually considered to have been mostly successful with the establishment of S4C ( Sianel 4 Cymru ) eleven years later . The site was uprated in 1973 to transmit UHF 625-line PAL analogue television channels , starting with BBC1 , BBC2 and HTV Wales , with S4C being added in late 1982 . The VHF channel 8 transmissions were discontinued in January 1985 as 405-line TV in the UK was phased out .'}]}, {'value': '235.4 metres ( 772 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crymych , Pembrokeshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Crymych,_Pembrokeshire', 'summary': 'Crymych ( Welsh pronunciation ) is a village of around 800 inhabitants and a community ( population 1,739 ) in the northeast of Pembrokeshire , Wales . It is situated approximately 800 feet ( 240 m ) above sea level at the eastern end of the Preseli Mountains , on the old Tenby to Cardigan turnpike road , now the A478 . The village developed around the former Crymmych Arms railway station on the now-closed Whitland to Cardigan Railway , nicknamed Cardi Bach ( Little Cardi ) . Crymych , which is twinned with Plomelin in Brittany , has an elected community council . The village has given its name to an electoral ward of Pembrokeshire that encompasses the villages of Crymych itself and Eglwyswrw .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pembrokeshire', 'summary': "Pembrokeshire ( /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃɪər/ , /ˈpɛmbrʊkʃər/ , or /ˈpɛmbroʊkʃɪər/ ; Welsh : Sir Benfro [ ˈsiːr ˈbɛnvrɔ ] ) is a county in the southwest of Wales . It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east , Ceredigion to the northeast , and the sea [ note 1 ] everywhere else . The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park , the only national park in the United Kingdom established primarily because of the coastline ; the Park occupies more than a third of the area of the county and includes the Preseli Hills in the north as well as the 190-mile ( 310 km ) Pembrokeshire Coast Path . Industry is nowadays focused on agriculture ( 86 per cent of land use ) , oil and gas , and tourism ; Pembrokeshire 's beaches have won many awards . Historically , mining and fishing were important activities . The county has a diverse geography with a wide range of geological features , habitats and wildlife . Its prehistory and modern history have been extensively studied , from tribal occupation , through Roman times , to Welsh , Irish , Norman , English , Scandinavian and Flemish influences . Pembrokeshire County Council 's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest . The council has a majority of Independent members , but the county 's representatives in both the Welsh and Westminster Parliaments are Conservative . Pembrokeshire 's population was 122,439 at the 2011 census , an increase of 7.2 per cent from the 2001 figure of 114,131 . Ethnically , the county is 99 per cent white and , for historical reasons , Welsh is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'One Canada Square', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Canada_Square', 'summary': 'One Canada Square is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf , London . It is the second tallest building in the United Kingdom at 770 feet ( 235 m ) above ground level containing 50 storeys . One Canada Square was designed by Cesar Pelli with Adamson Associates and Frederick Gibberd Coombes . The design and shape are based on earlier precedents buildings that include Brookfield Place and Elizabeth Tower . The building is clad with durable stainless steel . One of the predominant features of the building is the pyramid roof , which contains a flashing aircraft warning light , a rare feature for buildings in the United Kingdom . The distinctive pyramid pinnacle is 800 feet ( 240 m ) above sea level . One Canada Square is primarily used for offices , though there are some retail units on the lower ground floor . There is no observation floor . It is a prestigious location for offices and as of October 2017 was 100% let . The building is recognised as a London landmark , and it has gained much attention through film , television , and other media as one of the tallest buildings in the United Kingdom .'}]}, {'value': '235.1 metres ( 771 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'office', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Office_tower', 'summary': "A skyscraper is a continuously habitable high-rise building that has over 40 floors and is taller than approximately 150 m ( 492 ft ) . Historically , the term first referred to buildings with 10 to 20 floors in the 1880s . The definition shifted with advancing construction technology during the 20th century . Skyscrapers may host offices , residential spaces , and retail spaces . For buildings above a height of 300 m ( 984 ft ) , the term supertall skyscrapers can be used , while skyscrapers reaching beyond 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) are classified as megatall skyscrapers . One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel framework that supports curtain walls . These curtain walls either bear on the framework below or are suspended from the framework above , rather than resting on load-bearing walls of conventional construction . Some early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made of reinforced concrete . Modern skyscrapers ' walls are not load-bearing , and most skyscrapers are characterised by large surface areas of windows made possible by steel frames and curtain walls . However , skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic conventional walls with a small surface area of windows . Modern skyscrapers often have a tubular structure , and are designed to act like a hollow cylinder to resist wind , seismic , and other lateral loads . To appear more slender , allow less wind exposure and transmit more daylight to the ground , many skyscrapers have a design with setbacks , which in some cases is also structurally required ."}]}, {'value': 'Canary Wharf , London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canary_Wharf', 'summary': 'Canary Wharf is the secondary central business district ( CBD ) of London on the Isle of Dogs . Along with the City of London , it is one of the main financial centres of the United Kingdom and the world , containing many of their tallest buildings , including the second-tallest in the UK , One Canada Square . Canary Wharf is 97 acres ( 39 hectares ) and contains around 16,000,000 square feet ( 1,500,000 m2 ) of office and retail space . It comprises many open areas , including Canada Square , Cabot Square and Westferry Circus . Together with Heron Quays and Wood Wharf , it forms the Canary Wharf Estate .'}]}, {'value': 'skyscraper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stockland Hill Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stockland_Hill_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Stockland Hill transmitting station is a transmitting facility of FM Radio and UHF television located near Honiton , Devon , England . This transmitter mainly serves the East of Devon and West Dorset . It was constructed in 1961 by the IBA to transmit ITV 405-line television with transmissions commencing on Band III channel 9 from antennas at 450 m ( 1,475 ft ) above sea level . Colour television came to the site in 1971 . Channel Four started up in November 1982 . Stockland Hill never radiated the analogue Channel Five service . Digital television was first introduced at this site in 1998 , and Digital Switchover happened in May 2009 . Stockland Hill was the second transmitter in the south west of England to have its analogue television transmissions shut off . BBC Two was switched off on 6 May 2009 and the rest of the analogue services were switched off on 20 May 2009 around after midnight . Stockland Hill currently transmits all of the DTT multiplexes at full planned ERP . The three PSB multiplexes are at 50 kW , the other three multiplexes are at 25 kW .'}]}, {'value': '235.0 metres ( 771 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Honiton , Devon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Honiton', 'summary': 'Honiton ( /ˈhʌnitən/ or /ˈhɒnitən/ ) is a market town and civil parish in East Devon , situated close to the River Otter , 17 miles ( 27 km ) north east of Exeter in the county of Devon . Honiton has a population estimated at 11,822 ( based on mid-year estimates for the two Honiton Wards in 2009 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Devon', 'summary': "Devon ( /ˈdɛvən/ ) , also known as Devonshire , is a county of England , reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south . It is part of South West England , bounded by Cornwall to the west , Somerset to the north east , and Dorset to the east . The city of Exeter is the county town . The county includes the districts of East Devon , Mid Devon , North Devon , South Hams , Teignbridge , Torridge , and West Devon . Plymouth and Torbay are each geographically part of Devon , but are administered as unitary authorities . Combined as a ceremonial county , Devon 's area is 6,707 km2 ( 2,590 square miles ) and its population is about 1.1 million . Devon derives its name from Dumnonia . During the British Iron Age , Roman Britain , and the early Middle Ages , this was the homeland of the Dumnonii Brittonic Celts . ( The shift from M to V is a typical Celtic consonant shift . ) The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain resulted in the partial assimilation of Dumnonia into the Kingdom of Wessex during the eighth and ninth centuries . The western boundary with Cornwall was set at the River Tamar by King Æthelstan in 936 . Devon was later constituted as a shire of the Kingdom of England ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Moel-y-Parc Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Moel-y-Parc_transmitting_station', 'summary': "The Moel-y-Parc transmitting station is situated on Moel y Parc , a hill in north-east Wales at the northern end of the Clwydian range , close to the town of Caerwys and several miles ( kilometres ) north-east of Denbigh . It was built in 1962/1963 by the IBA to bring 405-line VHF ITV television to North Wales and it has been on the air since 1963 . Its original height of 229 metres ( 751 ft ) made it the tallest structure in North Wales and it stands on land that is itself about 335 metres ( 1,099 ft ) above sea level . In 1965 , VHF television transmissions from the BBC commenced from the site . With the addition of the UHF aerials in 1969 , the mast height increased to 235 metres ( 771 ft ) high . Its official coverage area includes parts of Flintshire , Denbighshire and Wrexham ( although the majority of Wrexham is in a blindspot of direct transmission from Moel-y-Parc , its analogue transmissions were relayed via the Wrexham-Rhos transmitting station ) . A network of relay stations extends television coverage as far as Colwyn Bay in the west and Bala in the south . VHF television services from both BBC and ITV were discontinued in January 1985 as the 405-line TV system was switched off across the UK as a whole . Moel-y-Parc 's UHF channel allocation made it a Group B transmitter , but with the roll-out of the UK 's first digital TV services in 1998 , a Group W wideband aerial was needed . The site reverted to being a Group B transmitter at digital switchover ( DSO ) . Technically , with the advent of the temporary MUXES 7 and 8 Moel Y Parc became a K group , and is due to remain so at its 700MHz clearance . However most B group aerials will still work on all Moel 's transmitted DTT channels ( see graph ) ."}]}, {'value': '230 metres ( 755 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Caerwys , Flintshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Caerwys', 'summary': 'Caerwys is a town in Flintshire , Wales . It is just under two miles from the A55 North Wales Expressway and one mile from the A541 Mold-Denbigh road . At the 2001 Census , the population of Caerwys community was 1,315 , with a total ward population of 2,496 . Following reorganisation the community population fell at the 2011 Census to 1,283 with the ward raising to 2,569 . The community includes Afonwen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Flintshire', 'summary': "Flintshire ( Welsh : Sir y Fflint ) is a principal area of Wales , known as a county . It was created by the Local Government ( Wales ) Act 1994 . It is in north-east Wales , bordering the English county of Cheshire to the east , Denbighshire to the west and Wrexham County Borough to the south . It is named after the historic county of Flintshire which has notably different borders . Flintshire is considered part of the Welsh Marches and formed part of the historic Earldom of Chester and Flint . The county is governed by Flintshire County Council based in County Hall , Mold . The largest town in the county is Connah 's Quay , followed by Flint , Buckley and Mold ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Heron Tower', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Heron_Tower', 'summary': 'Salesforce Tower , 110 Bishopsgate ( formerly Heron Tower ) is a commercial skyscraper in London . It stands 230 metres ( 755 ft ) tall including its 28-metre ( 92 ft ) mast making it the tallest building in the City of London financial district and the third tallest in Greater London and the United Kingdom , after the Shard in Southwark and One Canada Square at Canary Wharf . 110 Bishopsgate is located on Bishopsgate and is bordered by Camomile Street , Outwich Street and Houndsditch . Construction of the building started in 2007 and was completed in 2011 . It is owned by Heron International and is still popularly known as Heron Tower , though following a naming dispute in 2014 involving the tenant Salesforce.com the City of London planning committee made it clear they would rule in favour of the property being officially named 110 Bishopsgate , although the application was withdrawn before it went to committee . The tower initially struggled to attract tenants in the depths of the Great Recession , but is now fully let .'}]}, {'value': '230 metres ( 755 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '2010', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'office', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'City of London', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_London', 'summary': "The City of London is a city , county and a local government district [ note 1 ] that contains the historic centre and the primary central business district ( CBD ) of London . It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages , but the agglomeration has since grown far beyond the City 's borders . The City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London , though it remains a notable part of central London . Administratively , it forms one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London ; however , the City of London is not a London borough , a status reserved for the other 32 districts ( including London 's only other city , the City of Westminster ) . It is also a separate ceremonial county , being an enclave surrounded by Greater London , and is the smallest county in the United Kingdom . The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City ( differentiated from the phrase the city of London by capitalising City ) and is also colloquially known as the Square Mile , as it is 1.12 sq mi ( 716.80 acres ; 2.90 km2 ) in area . Both of these terms are also often used as metonyms for the United Kingdom 's trading and financial services industries , which continue a notable history of being largely based in the City . The name London is now ordinarily used for a far wider area than just the City . London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis , or the 32 London boroughs , in addition to the City of London itself . This wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888 , when the County of London was created . The local authority for the City , namely the City of London Corporation , is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council , such as being the police authority . It is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries ."}]}, {'value': 'skyscraper', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Angus transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility , situated approximately five miles due north of the city of Dundee , approximately between the villages of Charleston and Tealing , Scotland ( grid reference NO394407 ) . It includes a guyed steel lattice mast which is 229.5 metres ( 753 ft ) in height . Mounted at the top are the UHF television antennas , contained within a GRP shroud . These antennas have an average height above Ordnance Datum of 547 metres ( 1,795 ft ) . It is owned and operated by Arqiva .'}]}, {'value': '229.5 metres ( 753 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Angus', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Angus,_Scotland', 'summary': 'Angus ( Scottish Gaelic : Aonghas ) is one of the 32 local government council areas of Scotland , a registration county and a lieutenancy area . The council area borders Aberdeenshire , Dundee City [ disambiguation needed ] and Perth and Kinross . Main industries include agriculture and fishing . Global pharmaceuticals company GSK has a significant presence in Montrose in the north of the county . Angus was historically a county , known officially as Forfarshire from the 18th century until 1928 , bordering Kincardineshire to the north-east , Aberdeenshire to the north and Perthshire to the west ; southwards it faced Fife across the Firth of Tay ( essentially the same border as today minus Dundee ) . It remains a registration county and a lieutenancy area . In 1975 some of its administrative functions were transferred to the council district of the Tayside Region , and in 1995 further reform resulted in the establishment of the unitary Angus Council .'}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rumster Forest Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rumster_Forest_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Rumster Forest transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility near the town of Wick , in Caithness , Scotland ( grid reference ND197385 ) . It is owned and operated by Arqiva . It has a 229.2 metres ( 752 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast . It was constructed in 1965 and coverage includes north west Scotland , including Caithness and parts of eastern Sutherland . It also serves coastal areas of Moray and Banffshire . It carries six digital TV multiplexes . It also carries national analogue BBC FM radio , including BBC Radio 1 , BBC Radio 2 , BBC Radio 3 , BBC Radio 4 and BBC Radio Scotland .'}]}, {'value': '229.2 metres ( 752 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1965', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wick , Caithness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wick,_Highland', 'summary': "Wick ( Scottish Gaelic : Inbhir Ùige , Scots : Week ) is a town and royal burgh in Caithness , in the far north of Scotland . The town straddles the River Wick and extends along both sides of Wick Bay . Wick Locality had a population of 6,954 at the time of the 2011 census , a decrease of 3.8% from 2001 . Pulteneytown , which was developed on the south side of the river by the British Fisheries Society during the 19th century , was officially merged into the burgh in 1902 . The town is on the main road ( the A99-A9 road ) linking John o ' Groats with southern Britain . The Far North railway line links Wick railway station with southern Scotland and with Thurso , the other burgh of Caithness . Wick Airport is on Wick 's northern outskirts . The airport has two usable runways . A third is derelict . The main offices of The John O'Groat Journal and The Caithness Courier are located in Wick , as are Caithness General Hospital ( run by NHS Highland ) , the Wick Carnegie Library and local offices of the Highland Council . Wick Sheriff Court is one of 16 sheriff courts serving the sheriffdom of Grampian , Highland and Islands ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Caithness', 'summary': 'Caithness ( Scottish Gaelic : Gallaibh [ ˈkal̪ˠɪv ] , Scots : Caitnes ; Old Norse : Katanes ) is a historic county , registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland . Caithness has a land boundary with the historic county of Sutherland to the west and is otherwise bounded by sea . The land boundary follows a watershed and is crossed by two roads ( the A9 and the A836 ) and by one railway ( the Far North Line ) . Across the Pentland Firth , ferries link Caithness with Orkney , and Caithness also has an airport at Wick . The Pentland Firth island of Stroma is within Caithness . The name was also used for the earldom of Caithness ( c. 1334 onwards ) and for the Caithness constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( 1708 to 1918 ) . Boundaries are not identical in all contexts , but the Caithness area as of 2019 [ update ] lies entirely within the Highland council area .'}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ashkirk Mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': '229.1 metres ( 752 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1963', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Selkirk , Scottish Borders', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chillerton Down Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chillerton_Down_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Chillerton Down transmitting station is a broadcasting facility for FM and DAB radio at Chillerton Down , above the village of Chillerton on the Isle of Wight off the south coast of England ( grid reference SZ475835 ) . The transmitter was erected in 1958 and uses a 228.9-metre ( 751 ft ) high guyed steel lattice mast of triangular cross section as an aerial . It was originally used to transmit Southern Television , and later TVS , until the end of VHF television transmissions in the UK at the beginning of 1985 . It now transmits Wave 105 , 103.2 Capital FM , Sam FM , Isle of Wight Radio , the local Arqiva ( NOW S. Hampshire ) DAB multiplex and the national Digital One DAB multiplex . The site is owned and operated by Arqiva .'}]}, {'value': '228.9 metres ( 751 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Newport , Isle of Wight', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Newport,_Isle_of_Wight', 'summary': 'Newport is the county town of the Isle of Wight , an island off the south coast of England . The town is in the civil parish of Newport and Carisbrooke . The civil parish had a population of 23,957 at the time of the 2001 census , rising to 25,496 at the 2011 census . The town is slightly north of the centre of the Island . It has a quay at the head of the navigable section of the River Medina , which flows northward to Cowes and the Solent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Isle_of_Wight', 'summary': "The Isle of Wight ( /waɪt/ ) is a county and the largest and second-most populous island in England . It is in the English Channel , between 2 and 5 miles off the coast of Hampshire , separated by the Solent . The island has resorts that have been holiday destinations since Victorian times , and is known for its mild climate , coastal scenery , and verdant landscape of fields , downland and chines . The island is designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . The island has been home to the poets Swinburne and Tennyson and to Queen Victoria , who built her much-loved summer residence and final home Osborne House at East Cowes . It has a maritime and industrial tradition including boat-building , sail-making , the manufacture of flying boats , the hovercraft , and Britain 's space rockets . The island hosts annual music festivals including the Isle of Wight Festival , which in 1970 was the largest rock music event ever held . It has well-conserved wildlife and some of the richest cliffs and quarries for dinosaur fossils in Europe . The isle was owned by a Norman family until 1293 and was earlier a kingdom in its own right . In common with the Crown dependencies , the British Crown was then represented on the island by the Governor of the Isle of Wight [ n 1 ] until 1995 . The island has played an important part in the defence of the ports of Southampton and Portsmouth , and been near the front-line of conflicts through the ages , including the Spanish Armada and the Battle of Britain . Rural for most of its history , its Victorian fashionability and the growing affordability of holidays led to significant urban development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black Mountain Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_Mountain_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The Black Mountain transmitting station is a broadcasting and telecommunications facility , situated on land 301 metres ( 988 ft ) above Ordnance Datum ( mean sea level ) to the west of the city of Belfast , in Northern Ireland ( grid reference J278727 ) . It includes a guyed steel lattice mast which is 228.6 metres ( 750 ft ) in height . The height of the top of the structure above mean sea level is 529 metres ( 1,736 ft ) . It is owned and operated by Arqiva .'}]}, {'value': '228.6 metres ( 750 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1959', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belfast , Northern Ireland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belfast', 'summary': "Belfast ( /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst ; from Irish : Béal Feirste , meaning mouth of the sand-bank ford , Irish pronunciation : [ bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ ( ə ) ʃtʲə ] ) is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland , standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast of Northern Ireland . It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom and the second-largest on the island of Ireland . It had a population of 333,871 as of 2015 [ update ] . Belfast suffered greatly in the Troubles : in the 1970s and 1980s it was reported to be one of the world 's most dangerous cities , with a homicide rate around 31 per 100,000 . By the early 19th century , Belfast became a major port . It played a key role in the Industrial Revolution , becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world , earning it the nickname Linenopolis . By the time it was granted city status in 1888 , it was a major centre of Irish linen production , tobacco-processing and rope-making . Shipbuilding was also a key industry ; the Harland and Wolff shipyard , which built the RMS Titanic , was the world 's biggest shipyard . Belfast as of 2019 [ update ] has a major aerospace and missiles industry . Industrialisation , and the inward migration it brought , made Belfast Northern Ireland 's biggest city and it became the capital of Northern Ireland following the Partition of Ireland in 1922 . Its status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War of 1939-1945 . Belfast is still a major port , with commercial and industrial docks , including the Harland and Wolff shipyard , dominating the Belfast Lough shoreline ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Northern_Ireland', 'summary': "Northern Ireland ( Irish : Tuaisceart Éireann [ ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ ] ( listen ) ; Ulster-Scots : Norlin Airlann ) is variously described as a country , province or region which is part of the United Kingdom . Located in the northeast of the island of Ireland , Northern Ireland shares a border to the south and west with the Republic of Ireland . In 2011 , its population was 1,810,863 , constituting about 30% of the island 's total population and about 3% of the UK 's population . Established by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 as part of the Good Friday Agreement , the Northern Ireland Assembly ( colloquially referred to as Stormont after its location ) holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters , while other areas are reserved for the British government . Northern Ireland co-operates with the Republic of Ireland in several areas , and the Agreement granted the Republic the ability to put forward views and proposals with determined efforts to resolve disagreements between the two governments . On 11 January 2020 , legislators in Northern Ireland formed a government for the first time since the Executive of the 5th Northern Ireland Assembly collapsed in January 2017 , following the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal . Northern Ireland was created in 1921 , when Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 . Unlike Southern Ireland , which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 , the majority of Northern Ireland 's population were unionists , who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom . Most of these were the Protestant descendants of colonists from Great Britain . However , a significant minority , mostly Catholics , were nationalists who wanted a united Ireland independent of British rule . Today , the former generally see themselves as British and the latter generally see themselves as Irish , while a distinct Northern Irish or Ulster identity is claimed both by a large minority of Catholics and Protestants and by many of those who are non-aligned . For most of the 20th century , when it came into existence , Northern Ireland was marked by discrimination and hostility between these two sides in what First Minister of Northern Ireland , David Trimble , called a cold house for Catholics ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burnhope Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnhope_transmitting_station', 'summary': "The Burnhope transmitting station was originally built by the Independent Television Authority ( ITA ) as its sole 405-line transmitting station service the Tyne Tees Television region . Test transmissions started in December 1958 approximately one month before the launch on Tyne Tees Television on 15 January 1959 . It was built close to the existing BBC Band I station at Pontop Pike . This was the eighth transmitter opened by the ITA . From the station 's 750 foot mast , transmissions from Burnhope were on VHF Channel 8 at a peak vision ERP of 100 kW , successfully covering a region spanning the North Yorkshire moorlands and Teesside in the South , to the remote upper reaches of Northumberland in the North . With the advent of UHF with its 625-lines , the adjacent Pontop Pike transmitting station carried these services to the Newcastle and County Durham area from 1967 onwards , confining Burnhope to 405-line transmission . In due course , further main UHF transmissions were established at Bilsdale West Moor ( serving North Yorkshire and Teesside ) and Chatton ( serving upper Northumberland ) . The transmitter would later get a new lease of life with the advent of Independent Local Radio ( commercial radio or ILR ) . Burnhope extended its remit by providing the transmissions for the first ILR service in the North East of England - Metro Radio on 97.0 MHz ( now on 97.1 MHz ) . After the 405-line television service ceased in January 1985 , Metro Radio was for many years , the only broadcasting duty performed by the transmitter until the early 1990s , when a new tranche of commercial radio ( regional ) became available . On 1 September 1994 , the transmitter started broadcasting the first new regional radio service to the North East . Launched as Century Network , it then broadcast as Real Radio ( North East ) and is now Heart North East ."}]}, {'value': '228.6 metres ( 750 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Burnhope , County Durham', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Burnhope', 'summary': "Burnhope is a village and civil parish in County Durham , England . It is located in the Craghead valley on the opposite side to Stanley and has 1,564 inhabitants , as measured in the 2011 census . Burnhope overlooks Lanchester in the Browney Valley , roughly two miles to the west and Maiden Law is roughly two miles north . Holmside is roughly two miles to the south east . Burnhope is a village of contrasts , being home to many of the area 's poorest and richest people ( among them , children 's author Terry Deary ) . In 2003 two wind turbines were erected in a field between the village and nearby Craghead , creating a new landmark to accompany the transmission mast . Burnhope is the only place that the Durham Miners ' Gala has been held apart from Durham . This was in 1926 the year of the General Strike when it was banned at Durham so it was moved to Burnhope . In 1986 a 60th anniversary was held to mark this event . Burnhope has increased in size rapidly within the last few years with over 120 new homes being built by developer , Keepmoat Homes ."}, {'url': '/wiki/County_Durham', 'summary': "County Durham ( /ˈdʌrəm/ , locally /ˈdɜrəm/ listen ) [ note 1 ] is a county in North East England . The county town is Durham , a cathedral city . County Durham can refer to the modern ceremonial county , the smaller area of a unitary authority , or the historic county with different boundaries . The largest settlement in the ceremonial county is Darlington , closely followed by Hartlepool , Billingham and Stockton-on-Tees . It borders Tyne and Wear to the north east , Northumberland to the north , Cumbria to the west and North Yorkshire to the south . The area of the unitary authority , Durham County Council , does not include Darlington , Hartlepool or Stockton-on-Tees . The historic county 's boundaries stretch between the rivers Tyne and Tees , thus including places such as Gateshead , Jarrow , South Shields and Sunderland , but do not include the part of the modern county south of the Tees . During the Middle Ages , the county was an ecclesiastical centre , due largely to the presence of St Cuthbert 's shrine in Durham Cathedral , and the extensive powers granted to the Bishop of Durham as ruler of the County Palatine of Durham . The county has a mixture of mining , farming and heavy railway heritage , with the latter especially noteworthy in the southeast of the county , in Darlington , Shildon and Stockton . It is an area of regeneration and promoted as a tourist destination ; in the centre of the city of Durham , Durham Castle and Durham Cathedral are UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites ."}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St. Hilary Mast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/St_Hilary_transmitting_station', 'summary': 'The St Hilary transmitting station is a facility for telecommunications situated close to the village of St Hilary , Glamorgan in the Vale of Glamorgan , Wales , in the UK . It comprises a 229-metre ( 750 ft ) guyed mast with antennas attached at various heights . The site was established in 1958 for Independent Television transmission on VHF . Current transmissions from the site include FM radio , DAB radio and mobile telephone signals . It broadcasts Heart Wales on FM and DAB to the large parts of South Wales . Its broadcast areas include : St. Hilary , Cowbridge , Ystradowen , Miskin , Pontyclun , Bonvilston , St. Nicholas , Swansea , Llanelli , West of Barry , Pontypridd , Caerphilly , Mountain Ash , Llantrisant , Church Village and Talbot Green . The studios of the regional radio station Nation Radio are located on the site and its DAB transmissions to south-east Wales are made from the mast . Nation Radio also transmits from other sites , including on FM from nearby Wenvoe and from Kilvey Hill near Swansea .'}]}, {'value': '227.1 metres ( 745 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Cowbridge , Vale of Glamorgan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cowbridge', 'summary': 'Cowbridge ( Welsh : Y Bont-faen ) is a market town in the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales . The Cowbridge with Llanblethian community and civil parish elects a Town Council . Cowbridge is approximately 12 miles ( 19 km ) west of the centre of Cardiff .'}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthorn radio station', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthorn_radio_station', 'summary': 'Anthorn Radio Station is located near Anthorn , Cumbria , England , overlooking the Solway Firth , and is operated by Babcock International ( with whom former operators VT Communications are now merged ) . It has three transmitters : one VLF ; one LF ; and an eLORAN transmitter . The characteristic triangular pattern of roads is a remnant from the World War II military airfield which was operated by the Fleet Air Arm as HMS Nuthatch .'}]}, {'value': '227 metres ( 745 ft )', 'urls': []}, {'value': '1964', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'communication', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anthorn , Cumbria', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthorn', 'summary': 'Anthorn ( pronounced /ˈænθɔːrn/ AN-thorn ) is a village in Cumbria , England . Historically in Cumberland , it is situated on the south side of the Solway Firth , on the Wampool estuary , about thirteen miles west of Carlisle . It is the location of the Anthorn radio station , broadcasting specialised low frequency signals for timekeeping and navigation .'}]}, {'value': 'guyed steel lattice mast', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Structures 200 to 250 metres tall', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_tallest_structures_in_the_United_Kingdom_2', 'intro': 'This list contains all types of structures 150 metres (490 ft) in height or more, which is the accepted criterion for a building to qualify as a skyscraper in the United Kingdom. Entries in italics denote approximate figures.'}
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What is the grid reference of the tower located in the city with an airport that has two usable runways and a third is derelict ?
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ND197385
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03a730f6340add43
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_(Germany)', 'title': 'List of best-selling singles by year (Germany)', 'header': ['#', 'Artist', "Artist 's nationality", 'Title'], 'data': [{'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan Walker', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Walker_(music_producer)', 'summary': "Alan Olav Walker ( born 24 August 1997 ) is an English-born Norwegian DJ and record producer . In 2015 , Walker received international acclaim after releasing the single Faded , which received multi-platinum certifications in over 10 countries . In 2018 , he was ranked 36th on DJ Mag 's Top 100 DJs list of 2018 . He released his debut studio album , Different World , in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'Norway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Norway', 'summary': "Norway ( Norwegian : Norge ( Bokmål ) or Noreg ( Nynorsk ) ; Northern Sami : Norga ; Lule Sami : Vuodna ; Southern Sami : Nöörje ) , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic country in Northwestern Europe whose territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula ; the remote island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard are also part of the Kingdom of Norway . [ note 2 ] The sub-Antarctic Bouvet Island is a dependent territory and thus not considered part of the kingdom . Norway also lays claim to the Antarctic territories of Queen Maud Land and Peter I Island . Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres ( 148,729 sq mi ) and a population of 5,312,300 ( as of August 2018 ) . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden ( 1,619 km or 1,006 mi long ) . Norway is bordered by Finland and Russia to the north-east , and the Skagerrak strait to the south , with Denmark on the other side . Norway has an extensive coastline , facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea . The maritime influence also dominates Norway 's climate with mild lowland temperatures on the sea coasts , whereas the interior , while colder , is also a lot milder than areas elsewhere in the world on such northerly latitudes . Even during polar night in the north , temperatures above freezing are commonplace on the coastline . The maritime influence brings high rainfall and snowfall to some areas of the country . Harald V of the House of Glücksburg is the current King of Norway . Erna Solberg has been prime minister since 2013 when she replaced Jens Stoltenberg ."}]}, {'value': 'Faded', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Faded_(Alan_Walker_song)', 'summary': 'Faded is a hit song by Norwegian record producer and DJ Alan Walker . Incorporating vocals provided by Norwegian singer Iselin Solheim , the single was originally set to be released on 25 November 2015 , but was delayed to 3 December 2015 . The song was highly successful , peaking in the top 10 in most of the countries it charted in , and reached the top spot in more than 10 countries . It is currently the 18th most viewed video on YouTube , with over 2.6 billion views , 18 million likes and 400 thousand dislikes as of January 30 , 2020 as well as being the 27th most streamed song on Spotify , with over 2 billion streams as of December 2019 [ update ] . Walker debuted a live performance of Faded with Solheim and string support on 27 February 2016 at X Games Oslo 2016 . The performance was aired live on Norwegian television .'}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stereoact featuring Kerstin Ott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerstin_Ott', 'summary': 'Kerstin Ott ( born 17 January 1982 in West Berlin ) is a German singer , songwriter , guitarist and DJ . She became known through the song Die immer lacht ( English : She who always laughs ) , which was re-mixed by the German DJ and producer team Stereoact . In January 2016 , the song was at the top of the German and Austrian singles charts , and also reached the Swiss charts .'}]}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Germany', 'summary': "Germany ( German : Deutschland , German pronunciation : [ ˈdɔʏtʃlant ] ) , constitutionally the Federal Republic of Germany ( German : Bundesrepublik Deutschland , listen ( help·info ) ) , [ f ] is a country in Central and Western Europe . It borders Denmark to the north , Poland and the Czech Republic to the east , Austria and Switzerland to the south , France to the southwest , and Luxembourg , Belgium , and the Netherlands to the west . Germany includes 16 constituent states , covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres ( 137,988 sq mi ) , and has a largely temperate seasonal climate . With 83 million inhabitants , it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia , the most populous state lying entirely in Europe , as well as the most populous member state of the European Union . Germany is a very decentralised country . Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin , while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country 's busiest airport . Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity . A region named Germania was documented before AD 100 . Beginning in the 10th century , German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire . During the 16th century , northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation . After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire , the German Confederation was formed in 1815 . The German revolutions of 1848-49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights ."}]}, {'value': 'Die Immer Lacht', 'urls': []}, {'value': '3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sia featuring Sean Paul', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sia_Furler', 'summary': 'Sia Kate Isobelle Furler ( /ˈsiːə/ SEE-ə ; born 18 December 1975 ) is an Australian singer , songwriter , voice actress and music video director . She started her career as a singer in the acid jazz band Crisp in the mid-1990s in Adelaide . In 1997 , when Crisp disbanded , she released her debut studio album titled OnlySee in Australia . She moved to London , England , and provided lead vocals for the British duo Zero 7 . In 2000 , Sia released her second studio album , Healing Is Difficult , and her third studio album , Colour the Small One , in 2004 , but all of these struggled to connect with a mainstream audience . Sia relocated to New York City in 2005 and toured in the United States . Her fourth and fifth studio albums , Some People Have Real Problems and We Are Born , were released in 2008 and 2010 , respectively . Each was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association and attracted wider notice than her earlier albums . Uncomfortable with her growing fame , Sia took a hiatus from performing , during which she focused on songwriting for other artists , producing successful collaborations Titanium ( with David Guetta ) , Diamonds ( with Rihanna ) and Wild Ones ( with Flo Rida ) . In 2014 , Sia broke through as a solo recording artist when her sixth studio album , 1000 Forms of Fear , debuted at No 1 in the U.S . Billboard 200 and generated the top-ten single Chandelier and a trilogy of music videos starring child dancer Maddie Ziegler . Since then , Sia has usually worn a wig that obscures her face to protect her privacy .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sean_Paul', 'summary': "Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques OD ( born 9 January 1973 ) is a Jamaican singer , rapper and record producer . His singles Get Busy and Temperature topped the charts in the United States , and most of his albums have been nominated for the Grammy 's Best Reggae Album , with Dutty Rock winning the award . Sean Paul has also been featured in many other singles including chart-toppers Baby Boy by Beyoncé , What About Us by The Saturdays , and Rockabye by Clean Bandit ."}]}, {'value': 'Australia Jamaica', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jamaica', 'summary': "Jamaica ( /dʒəˈmeɪkə/ ( listen ) ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea . Spanning 10,990 square kilometres ( 4,240 sq mi ) in area , it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean ( after Cuba and Hispaniola ) . Jamaica lies about 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) south of Cuba , and 191 kilometres ( 119 mi ) west of Hispaniola ( the island containing the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic ) ; the British Overseas Territory of the Cayman Islands lies some 215 kilometres ( 134 mi ) to the north-west . Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples , the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494 . Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity , and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as labourers . The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655 , when England ( later Great Britain ) conquered it , renaming it Jamaica . Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter , with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants . The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838 , and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms rather than to work on plantations . Beginning in the 1840s , the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured labour to work on plantations . The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962 . With 2.9 million people , Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas ( after the United States and Canada ) , and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean . Kingston is the country 's capital and largest city ."}]}, {'value': 'Cheap Thrills', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cheap_Thrills_(song)', 'summary': "Cheap Thrills is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia from her seventh studio album , This Is Acting ( 2016 ) . It was written by Sia Furler and Greg Kurstin , while solely produced by Kurstin . An official remix version of Cheap Thrills featuring Jamaican singer Sean Paul , and was made available for digital download on 11 February 2016 as the album 's second single . This version was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance . The song is a bouncy , reggae-tinged synthpop and dancehall song that incorporates a constant tropical beat and electropop-style synth layers . Paul added his own lyrics to the remix of the song . In the United States , Cheap Thrills peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 becoming Sia 's first number one single in the chart , and Paul 's first since Temperature in 2006 ; it also topped the national Mainstream Top 40 and Radio Songs charts . Among other countries , it also reached the top positions in Austria , Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Canada , Czech Republic , France , Germany , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Luxembourg , Mexico , Portugal , Romania , Scotland , Slovakia , Slovenia , Spain and Sweden ; as well as the top 10 in Australia , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Colombia , Denmark , Ecuador , Finland , Iceland , Guatemala , Lebanon , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Poland , Russia , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In the United Kingdom , the song reached number two on the UK Singles Chart . At the APRA Music Awards of 2018 it won Most Played Australian Work Overseas for the song 's writers Sia and Kurstin . It won the award again at the APRA Music Awards of 2019 ."}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Imany', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Imany', 'summary': 'Nadia Mladjao ( born 5 April 1979 ) , better known by her stage name Imany , is a French pop-soul recording artist of Comorian descent . Her debut album , The Shape of a Broken Heart , which was released in 2011 , reached platinum status in France , Greece and triple platinum in Poland .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}]}, {'value': "Do n't Be So Shy ( Filatov & Karas Remix )", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Be_So_Shy", 'summary': "Do n't Be So Shy is a song by French singer Imany . The song was written by Imany and music by Nadia Mladjao ( Imany ) and Stéfane Goldman . A remixed version by Filatov & Karas became a pan-European and international hit for Imany and her biggest hit . It was used in the soundtrack of the 2014 film Sous les jupes des filles ( also known by the English title French Women ) where two versions are used , one by Sherika Sherard and the other by Imany dubbed Do n't Be so Shy ( Work in Progress ) ."}]}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drake featuring Wizkid & Kyla', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Drake_(entertainer)', 'summary': "Aubrey Drake Graham ( born October 24 , 1986 ) is a Canadian rapper , singer , songwriter , producer , actor , and businessman . Drake initially gained recognition as an actor on the teen drama television series Degrassi : The Next Generation in the 2000s ; intent on pursuing a career in music , he left the series in 2007 after releasing his debut mixtape Room for Improvement . He released two further independent projects , Comeback Season and So Far Gone , before signing to Young Money Entertainment in June 2009 . Drake released his debut studio album Thank Me Later in 2010 , which debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 and was soon certified platinum . His next two releases , 2011 's Take Care and 2013 's Nothing Was the Same , were critically and commercially successful ; the former earned him his first Grammy Award for Best Rap Album . In 2015 , he released two mixtapes - the trap-influenced If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late and a collaboration with Future titled What a Time to Be Alive - both of which earned platinum certification in the U.S. His fourth album , Views ( 2016 ) , broke several chart records . The dancehall-influenced album sat atop the Billboard 200 for 13 nonconsecutive weeks , becoming the first album by a male solo artist to do so in over a decade . The album 's second single , One Dance , topped the charts in several countries , and became his first number-one single as a lead artist . That year , Drake led both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard 200 charts simultaneously for eight weeks . Views achieved quadruple platinum status in the US , and earned over 1 million album-equivalent units in the first week of its release , and became Drake 's best-selling album to date . Its lead single Hotline Bling peaked at number two on the Hot 100 and received Grammy Awards for Best Rap/Sung Performance and Best Rap Song . In 2017 , he released the playlist More Life ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Wizkid_(musician)', 'summary': "Ayodeji Ibrahim Balogun ( born 16 July 1990 ) , known professionally as Wizkid ( sometimes stylized as WizKid ) , is a Nigerian singer and songwriter . He started recording music at the age of 11 and managed to release a collaborative album with the Glorious Five , a group he and a couple of his church friends formed . Wizkid signed a record deal with Empire Mates Entertainment ( E.M.E ) in 2009 . He rose to prominence after releasing Holla at Your Boy , the lead single from his debut studio album Superstar ( 2011 ) . Tease Me/Bad Guys , Do n't Dull , Love My Baby , Pakurumo and Oluwa Lo Ni were also released as singles from the Superstar album . In February 2014 , Wizkid became the first ever Nigerian musician to have over 1 million followers on Twitter . Ayo , his self-titled second studio album , was released in September 2014 . It was supported by six singles : Jaiye Jaiye , On Top Your Matter , One Question , Joy , Bombay and Show You the Money . Wizkid left E.M.E after his contract expired . In 2016 , Wizkid achieved international recognition following his collaboration with Drake on the global hit , One Dance , which reached number one in 15 countries , including the United States , United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . He signed a multi-album deal with RCA Records in March 2017 . His third studio album Sounds from the Other Side was released on 14 July 2017 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kyla_(British_singer)', 'summary': "Kyla Reid ( née Smith ; born 22 September 1983 ) is a British house music singer in the UK funky subgenre . She is best known for the song Do You Mind which was later featured on Drake 's 2016 international hit One Dance ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada Nigeria United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nigeria', 'summary': "Nigeria ( /naɪˈdʒɪəriə/ ( listen ) ) , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria , is a country in West Africa , bordering Niger in the north , Chad in the northeast , Cameroon in the east , and Benin in the west . Its coast in the south is located on the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean . The federation comprises 36 states and 1 Federal Capital Territory , where the capital , Abuja , is located . The constitution defines Nigeria as a democratic secular state. , Nigeria has been home to a number of ancient and indigenous kingdoms and states over the millennia . The modern state originated from British colonial rule beginning in the 19th century , and took its present territorial shape with the merging of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate in 1914 by Lord Fredrick Lugard . The British set up administrative and legal structures while practicing indirect rule through traditional chiefdoms , Nigeria became a formally independent federation in 1960 . It experienced a civil war from 1967 to 1970 . It thereafter alternated between democratically elected civilian governments and military dictatorships until it achieved a stable democracy in 1999 , with the 2011 presidential election considered the first to be reasonably free and fair . Nigeria is often referred to as the Giant of Africa , owing to its large population and economy . With 206 million inhabitants , Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world . Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world , after India and China , with more than 90 million of its population under the age of eighteen . Nigeria is the world 's 20th largest economy as of 2015 [ update ] , worth more than $ 500 billion and $ 1 trillion in terms of nominal GDP and purchasing power parity , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'One Dance', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/One_Dance', 'summary': "One Dance is a song by Canadian rapper Drake from his fourth studio album , Views ( 2016 ) . It features guest vocals from Nigerian afrobeats artist Wizkid and British singer Kyla . Wizkid is credited as the writer and a co-producer of the record , although the artists co-wrote the dancehall and afrobeats song with its joint producers Nineteen85 , DJ Maphorisa , Noah 40 Shebib . Crazy Cousinz and Kyla received songwriting credits for the sampling of their 2008 UK funky song Do You Mind . One Dance was released for digital download on April 5 , 2016 and was serviced to US urban , rhythmic , and contemporary hit radio on April 12 , 2016 . One Dance was released shortly after the release date for Views was announced , alongside Pop Style . One Dance was the first of three dancehall singles to be released from Views , along with Controlla and Too Good . One Dance reached number one in 15 countries , including Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States , becoming Drake 's first number-one single in all 15 countries as the lead artist . It topped the US Billboard Hot 100 for 10 non-consecutive weeks and became the joint-second longest consecutive number one in the UK Singles Chart with 15 consecutive weeks at the summit . Featured artist Wizkid became the first Nigerian artist to ( chart on and ) top the US Billboard Hot 100 . One Dance became the second dancehall song of 2016 to top the Billboard Hot 100 after Rihanna 's Work which also featured Drake . On September 7 , 2016 , Billboard named One Dance the 2016 Song of the Summer ."}]}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Kungs vs. Cookin ' on 3 Burners", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kungs', 'summary': "Valentin Brunel ( French pronunciation : \u200b [ valɑ̃tɛ̃ bʁynɛl ] ; born 17 December 1996 ) , better known by his stage name Kungs ( /kʊŋz/ ) , is a French DJ , record producer and musician . Born in Toulon , he released his first album Layers in 2016 after success with This Girl , a collaboration with Cookin ' on 3 Burners that became an international hit for him , and the follow-ups Do n't You Know featuring Jamie N Commons and I Feel So Bad featuring Ephemerals ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Cookin'_on_3_Burners", 'summary': "Cookin ' on 3 Burners are an Australian funk trio from Melbourne , consisting of Jake Mason , Dan West and Ivan Khatchoyan . Their 2009 song This Girl was remixed by French DJ and record producer Kungs and released in February 2016 , peaking at number one in France , Germany , Belgium , Hungary , Latvia , Scotland and number 2 on the UK Singles Chart ."}]}, {'value': 'France Australia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Australia', 'summary': "Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia , is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent , the island of Tasmania , and numerous smaller islands . It is the largest country in Oceania and the world 's sixth-largest country by total area . The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard . Australia 's capital is Canberra , and its largest city is Sydney . The country 's other major metropolitan areas are Melbourne , Brisbane , Perth , and Adelaide . Indigenous Australians inhabited the continent for about 65,000 years prior to the first arrival of Dutch explorers in the early 17th century , who named it New Holland . In 1770 , Australia 's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain and initially settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788 , a date which became Australia 's national day . The population grew steadily in subsequent decades , and by the time of an 1850s gold rush , most of the continent had been explored and an additional five self-governing crown colonies established . On 1 January 1901 , the six colonies federated , forming the Commonwealth of Australia . Australia has since maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy , comprising six states and ten territories . Australia is the oldest , flattest , and driest inhabited continent , with the least fertile soils . It has a landmass of 7,617,930 square kilometres ( 2,941,300 sq mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'This Girl', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/This_Girl_(Cookin'_on_3_Burners_song)", 'summary': "This Girl is a song by French DJ and record producer Kungs with Australian funk trio Cookin ' on 3 Burners . It is a remix of Cookin ' on 3 Burners ' original song with vocals by Kylie Auldist . It was released as a digital download on 19 February 2016 by House of Barclay as the lead single from his debut studio album , Layers ( 2016 ) , while the original song was released in 2009 as a second single from the group 's second album , Soul Messin ( 2009 ) . Kungs ' release was successful across Europe , reaching number one in a number of countries including France and Germany and the top 10 in 18 countries including Austria , Canada , Denmark , Ireland , Italy , Netherlands , Spain , Sweden and Switzerland . The song was performed on stage by Kungs with the vocalist Mel Sugar on the French television show Le Petit Journal on 24 March 2016 . An EP featuring an extended mix of the track , two remixes and a solo track by Kungs titled Milos was released on iTunes on 26 March 2016 . Billboard ranked This Girl at number 48 on their 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016 list ."}]}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chainsmokers featuring Daya', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chainsmokers', 'summary': "The Chainsmokers are an American electronic DJ and production duo consisting of Alexander Alex Pall and Andrew Drew Taggart . They started out by releasing remixes of songs by indie artists . The EDM-pop duo achieved a breakthrough with their 2014 song # Selfie , which became a top twenty single in several countries . They have won a Grammy award , two American Music Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards and nine iHeartRadio Music Awards . According to Forbes 2019 list of highest paid celebrities , the Chainsmokers were the highest paid DJs , dethroning Calvin Harris after six years . Their debut EP , Bouquet , was released in October 2015 and featured the single Roses which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Do n't Let Me Down , featuring American singer Daya , became their first top-five single on the Billboard chart and won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 59th awards ceremony . Their single Closer , featuring American singer-songwriter Halsey , became their first number-one single on the Billboard chart . The duo 's second EP , Collage , was released in November 2016 . Their debut studio album , Memories.Do Not Open , was released in April 2017 and topped the US Billboard 200 chart . Their second album , Sick Boy , was released in December 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Daya_(singer)', 'summary': 'Grace Martine Tandon ( born October 24 , 1998 ) , professionally known as Daya ( stylized DΛYΛ ; pronounced /ˈdeɪ.ə/ ) , is an American singer and songwriter from Mt . Lebanon , Pennsylvania . She is signed to Artbeatz , Z Entertainment , and RED Distribution , and released her self-titled debut extended play ( EP ) , Daya , on September 4 , 2015 , which includes the song Hide Away , which has peaked at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . She released her debut studio album Sit Still , Look Pretty on October 7 , 2016 .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Do n't Let Me Down", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Let_Me_Down_(The_Chainsmokers_song)", 'summary': "Do n't Let Me Down is a song by American production duo the Chainsmokers . The song features the vocals of American singer Daya , and was released on February 5 , 2016 , through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records . The song was written by Andrew Taggart , Emily Warren and Scott Harris . It was released as the radio single follow-up to Roses . Do n't Let Me Down became both the Chainsmokers ' and Daya 's first top-five single on the US Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number three . It also became the Chainsmokers ' second consecutive top 10 entry after Roses , which peaked at number six . It reached the top 10 in several countries , including Australia , Austria , Canada , Germany , New Zealand , Sweden , and the United Kingdom . A set of remixes for the song , was released on April 15 , 2016 . A music video for the song was released on April 29 , 2016 , with appearances from the Chainsmokers and Daya . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording ."}]}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Twenty One Pilots', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Twenty_One_Pilots', 'summary': "Twenty One Pilots ( stylized in all lowercase or as twenty øne piløts ) is an American musical duo from Columbus , Ohio . The band was formed in 2009 by lead vocalist Tyler Joseph along with Nick Thomas and Chris Salih , both of whom left in 2011 . Since their departure , the line-up has consisted of Joseph and drummer Josh Dun . The duo is best known for the singles Stressed Out , Ride , and Heathens . The group received a Grammy Award for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards . The band independently released two albums , Twenty One Pilots ( 2009 ) and Regional at Best ( 2011 ) , before being signed by record label Fueled by Ramen in 2012 . Their label debut , Vessel , was released in 2013 . The duo achieved breakthrough success with their fourth album , Blurryface ( 2015 ) , which produced the successful singles Stressed Out and Ride and became the first album in history on which every track received at least a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . The release of the single Heathens also made the group the first alternative artist to have two concurrent top ten singles in the United States . The duo 's fifth studio album , Trench , was released on October 5 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Stressed Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stressed_Out', 'summary': "Stressed Out is a song by American musical duo Twenty One Pilots , for their fourth studio album , Blurryface . Written by Tyler Joseph and produced by Mike Elizondo , the lyrics discuss the harsh end of adolescence and the transition to adulthood . The song was released as a promotional single on April 28 , 2015 , on the Google Play Store and Amazon , and was issued to top 40 radio stations as the album 's fourth official single on November 10 , 2015 . Stressed Out reached number two on the U.S . Billboard Hot 100 , and number one on Hot Rock Songs and Mainstream Top 40 . It is tied with Heathens as the duo 's highest ranking single to date . Stressed Out received two Grammy Awards nominations : Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance , winning the second award . As of December 2016 , it has sold over 2.4 million copies in the U.S. With the single , Twenty One Pilots became the very first rock act to have a song reach a billion streams on Spotify ."}]}, {'value': '9', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Rag ' n'Bone Man", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Rag'n'Bone_Man", 'summary': "Rory Charles Graham ( born 29 January 1985 ) , better known as Rag ' n'Bone Man , is a British singer-songwriter , known for his deep , baritone voice . His first hit single , Human , was released in 2016 , and his debut album of the same name was released in February 2017 . At the 2017 Brit Awards , he was named British Breakthrough Act and received the Critics ' Choice Award ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Human', 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Human_(Rag'n'Bone_Man_song)", 'summary': "Human is a song by British singer and songwriter Rag ' n'Bone Man . The song was co-written by Rag ' n'Bone Man , Jamie Hartman and produced by Two Inch Punch . It was released as a digital download on 21 July 2016 , through Sony Music and Columbia Records . The song is included on his debut studio album of the same name , released in February 2017 . It was later used as a theme song for the American web television series Tom Clancys Jack Ryan , which was released in 2018 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Timberlake', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Timberlake', 'summary': 'Justin Randall Timberlake ( born January 31 , 1981 ) , occasionally known by his initials JT , is an American singer , songwriter , actor , and record producer . Raised in Tennessee , he appeared on the television shows Star Search and The All-New Mickey Mouse Club as a child . In the late 1990s , Timberlake rose to prominence as one of the two lead vocalists and youngest member of NSYNC , which eventually became one of the best-selling boy bands of all time . Timberlake began to adopt a more mature image as an artist with the release of his debut solo album , the R & B-focused Justified ( 2002 ) , which yielded the successful singles Cry Me a River and Rock Your Body , and earned his first two Grammy Awards . His critically acclaimed second album FutureSex/LoveSounds ( 2006 ) , characterized by its diversity in music genres , debuted atop the U.S . Billboard 200 and produced the Hot 100 number-one singles SexyBack , My Love , and What Goes Around . Comes Around . Established as a solo artist worldwide , his first two albums both exceeded sales of 10 million copies , and he continued producing records and collaborating with other artists . From 2008 through 2012 , Timberlake focused on his acting career , effectively putting his music career on hiatus . He held starring roles in the films The Social Network , Bad Teacher , Friends with Benefits , and In Time . Timberlake resumed his music career in 2013 with his third and fourth albums The 20/20 Experience and The 20/20 Experience - 2 of 2 , exploring neo soul styles , partly inspired by the expansive song structures of 1960s and 1970s rock . The former became the best-selling album of the year in the US with the largest sales week , and spawned the top-three singles Suit & Tie and Mirrors , while the latter produced the top-ten song Not a Bad Thing .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Ca n't Stop the Feeling", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Can't_Stop_the_Feeling", 'summary': "Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! ( stylized in all caps ) is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin Timberlake for the soundtrack to the film Trolls ( 2016 ) , for which he served as the executive music producer . It was written and produced by Timberlake , Max Martin , and Shellback . Musically , it is an uptempo disco-pop , soul-pop number with funk influences . The song was released as a single on May 6 , 2016 , six months before the film debuted , and serviced to contemporary hit radio on May 10 , 2016 . Timberlake gave his first televised performance of Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! during the interval act of the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 grand final . Directed by Mark Romanek , its music video was released on May 16 , 2016 , and follows Timberlake on a tour to everyday places as he dances through what a typical day may be . A wide number of fan-made videos followed the song 's video release . The single debuted atop the US Billboard Hot 100 , opening with 379,000 downloads in its first week , marking Timberlake 's fifth number one single in the country , and making it the twenty-sixth song on the Hot 100 history to start at the summit of the chart . Additionally , it became the second song to spend its first ten weeks atop the Digital Songs chart . The single marked his fifth number one single on the Radio Songs chart and his eighth on the Mainstream Top 40 ."}]}, {'value': '11', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mike Posner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mike_Posner', 'summary': "Michael Robert Henrion Posner ( /ˈpoʊznər/ POHZ-nər ; born February 12 , 1988 ) is an American singer , songwriter , rapper , poet , and record producer . Posner released his debut album , 31 Minutes to Takeoff , on August 10 , 2010 . The album includes the US Billboard Hot 100 top 10 single Cooler than Me as well as the top 20 single Please Do n't Go . In 2016 he released his second album , At Night , Alone . A remix of his 2015 single I Took a Pill in Ibiza from the album peaked in the top 10 on the charts in 27 countries around the world , including hitting number one in many and the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . He has written songs for a great number of fellow artists . In March 2017 , he released his first book of poetry , Tear Drops & Balloons . Posner is also a member of the alternative hip-hop and R & B duo Mansionz with Matthew Musto ( aka blackbear ) . On April 15 , 2019 , Posner started to walk across the continental United States , from New Jersey to California . He completed the journey on October 18 , 2019 ( 2851 miles in 186 days ) , after surviving a rattlesnake bite in August 2019 in Colorado ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'I Took a Pill in Ibiza ( Seeb Remix )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/I_Took_a_Pill_in_Ibiza', 'summary': "I Took a Pill in Ibiza ( also known by its censored title In Ibiza or its clean title I Took a Plane to Ibiza ) [ citation needed ] is a song by American singer Mike Posner . The song , originally acoustic guitar-based , was remixed by Norwegian production duo Seeb and released digitally as a single in the United States on April 14 , 2015 . The original version is on Posner 's second EP The Truth , while both versions are on his second studio album At Night , Alone . The title references Ibiza , a Mediterranean island off the coast of Spain , while the pill was a mystery drug according to Posner . The lyrics reference Avicii , a Swedish DJ , who wrote a song with Posner called Stay with You . The Seeb remix reached the top ten of the charts in twenty-seven countries , including number one in Belgium , Ireland , Israel , Netherlands , Norway and the United Kingdom . In the UK , the song remained at the top of the charts for four weeks . It achieved high chart positions in Posner 's native United States , where it reached number one on both the Billboard Dance/Mix Show Airplay Chart and the Billboard Pop Songs chart , also peaking at number four on the main chart Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks . The song became Posner 's biggest single , outperforming his debut , Cooler than Me ( 2010 ) , and was later nominated for a Grammy Award for Song of the Year ."}]}, {'value': '12', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justin Bieber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bieber', 'summary': "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Love Yourself', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Love_Yourself_(song)', 'summary': "Love Yourself is a song recorded by Canadian singer Justin Bieber for his fourth studio album Purpose ( 2015 ) . The song was released as a promotional single on November 9 , 2015 , and as the album 's third official single on December 7 , 2015 . It was written by Benny Blanco , Ed Sheeran and Bieber , and produced by Blanco . An acoustic pop song , Love Yourself features an electric guitar and a brief flurry of trumpets as its main instrumentation . During the song , Bieber uses a husky tone in the lower registers . Lyrically , the song is a kiss-off to a narcissistic ex-lover who did the protagonist wrong . On the US Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart , the song became Bieber 's third consecutive number-one , where in the United States it spent 24 non-consecutive weeks in the top ten ( later named the best-performing single of 2016 ) and was also Bieber 's first number one on the Adult Contemporary chart , while in the United Kingdom it spent six weeks at the top . Love Yourself topped the charts in fifteen countries , including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , and Sweden . Love Yourself was nominated for two Grammy Awards : Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance . It was the seventh-best-selling song of 2016 in the US . The music video for the song was released along with the Purpose : The Movement project on November 14 , 2015 . It features a couple doing an interpretive dance in their house ."}]}, {'value': '13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jonas Blue featuring Dakota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jonas_Blue', 'summary': 'Guy James Robin ( born 2 August 1989 ) , known professionally as Jonas Blue , is an English DJ , songwriter , singer , record producer and remixer based in London who produces music which blends dance with pop music .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Dakota_(singer)', 'summary': "Sophie Elton , known by her stage name , Dakota , is a British singer based in London . She is best known for singing on Jonas Blue 's 2015 version of Tracy Chapman 's 1988 single Fast Car ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}]}, {'value': 'Fast Car', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fast_Car_(Jonas_Blue_song)', 'summary': "Fast Car is a song written and recorded by American singer Tracy Chapman . It was released on April 6 , 1988 as the lead single from her 1988 self-titled debut studio album . Her appearance on the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute was the catalyst for the song 's becoming a top-ten hit in the United States , peaking at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 . In the United Kingdom , it peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart . Fast Car received two Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year , as well as a MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Female Video in 1989 ."}]}, {'value': '14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Disturbed', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Disturbed_(band)', 'summary': "Disturbed is an American heavy metal band from Chicago , formed in 1994 . The band includes vocalist David Draiman , guitarist/keyboardist Dan Donegan , bassist John Moyer and drummer Mike Wengren . They have had very few lineup changes , with Donegan and Wengren being the only two remaining original members . Former band members are vocalist Erich Awalt and bassist Steve Kmak . The band has released seven studio albums , five of which have consecutively debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 . Disturbed went into hiatus in October 2011 , during which the band 's members focused on various side projects , and returned in June 2015 , releasing their first album in four years , Immortalized , on August 21 , 2015 . They also recorded and released one live album , Disturbed : Live at Red Rocks on November 18 , 2016 , which was recorded on August 18 , 2016 , at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison , Colorado , located about 10 miles west of Denver , Colorado . Their seventh studio album , Evolution , was released on October 19 , 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'The Sound of Silence', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Sound_of_Silence_(Disturbed_song)', 'summary': "The Sound of Silence , originally The Sounds of Silence , is a song by the American music duo Simon & Garfunkel . The song was written by Paul Simon over several months in 1963 and 1964 . A studio audition led to the duo signing a record deal with Columbia Records , and the song was recorded in March 1964 at Columbia Studios in New York City for inclusion on their debut album , Wednesday Morning , 3 A.M . Released on October 19 , 1964 , the album was a commercial failure and led to the group disbanding , with Simon returning to England and Art Garfunkel to his studies at Columbia University . In 1965 , the song began to attract airplay at radio stations in Boston , Massachusetts , and throughout Florida . The growing airplay led Tom Wilson , the song 's producer , to remix the track , overdubbing electric instruments and drums . Simon & Garfunkel were not informed of the song 's remix until after its release . The single was released in September 1965 . The song hit No . 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending January 1 , 1966 , leading the duo to reunite and hastily record their second album , which Columbia titled Sounds of Silence in an attempt to capitalize on the song 's success . The song was a top-ten hit in multiple countries worldwide , among them Australia , Austria , West Germany , Japan and the Netherlands . Generally considered a classic folk rock song , the song was added to the National Recording Registry in the Library of Congress for being culturally , historically , or aesthetically important in 2012 along with the rest of the Sounds of Silence album ."}]}, {'value': '15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Major Lazer featuring Justin Bieber & featuring MØ', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Major_Lazer', 'summary': "Major Lazer is a Jamaican-American electronic dance music trio , which includes record producer Diplo , and DJs Walshy Fire and Ape Drums . It was founded in 2008 by Diplo and Switch , with Switch leaving after three years in 2011 . He was then replaced by both Jillionaire and Walshy Fire . In June 2019 , Jillionaire left the group and was replaced by Ape Drums . Its music spans numerous genres , mixing reggae with dancehall , reggaeton , soca , house and moombahton . Major Lazer has released three full-length albums : Guns Do n't Kill People . Lazers Do in 2009 , Free the Universe in 2013 , and Peace is the Mission in 2015 . They have also released five EPs , including Apocalypse Soon in March 2014 , which featured vocal contributions from Pharrell Williams and Sean Paul , and Know No Better in 2017 , which featured appearances from Camila Cabello , Quavo , Travis Scott , and J Balvin , among others . Major Lazer has also notably produced Reincarnated , the debut Reggae album by Snoop Dogg under his Snoop Lion persona . In March 2018 , Billboard ranked Major Lazer at number five on their 2018 Billboard Dance 100 ranking of dance musicians ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bieber', 'summary': "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/MØ', 'summary': "Karen Marie Aagaard Ørsted Andersen ( born 13 August 1988 ) , known professionally as MØ ( Danish : [ ˈmøˀ ] ( listen ) ) , is a Danish singer , songwriter and record producer . Born in Ubberud , MØ signed a recording contract with Sony Music Entertainment in 2012 , subsequently releasing her debut EP , Bikini Daze ( 2013 ) , and her debut studio album , No Mythologies to Follow ( 2014 ) . MØ collaborated with Australian rapper Iggy Azalea on the 2014 single Beg for It which peaked at number 27 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , earning MØ her first entry on the chart . The following year , she co-wrote and provided vocals for the Major Lazer and DJ Snake collaboration Lean On which became an international success , charting at number one in Australia , number two in the United Kingdom and number four in the United States . Lean On , at one point , was the best-selling digital single in history , selling over 13.2 million units worldwide . In 2016 , MØ was featured on Snakehips 's single Do n't Leave , and another Major Lazer single Cold Water alongside Canadian singer Justin Bieber which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 . MØ earned her first commercially successful solo single with 2016 's Final Song , which reached the top 10 in Denmark and Norway and the top 15 in Australia and the United Kingdom . In 2017 , she released her second EP , When I Was Young EP , followed by her second studio album , Forever Neverland , in October 2018 ."}]}, {'value': 'United States Canada Denmark', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Denmark', 'summary': 'Denmark ( Danish : Danmark , pronounced [ ˈtænmak ] ( listen ) ) , officially the Kingdom of Denmark , [ N 10 ] [ N 2 ] is a Nordic country in Northwest Europe . Denmark proper , which is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries , consists of a peninsula , Jutland , and an archipelago of 443 named islands , [ N 2 ] with the largest being Zealand , Funen and the North Jutlandic Island . The islands are characterised by flat , arable land and sandy coasts , low elevation and a temperate climate . The southernmost of the Scandinavian nations , Denmark lies southwest of Sweden and south of Norway , [ N 11 ] and is bordered to the south by Germany . The Kingdom of Denmark also includes two autonomous territories in the North Atlantic Ocean : the Faroe Islands and Greenland . Denmark has a total area of 42,924 km2 ( 16,573 sq mi ) , land area of 42,394 km2 ( 16,368 sq mi ) , and the total area including Greenland and the Faroe Islands is 2,210,579 km2 ( 853,509 sq mi ) , and a population of 5.8 million in Denmark proper ( Danish egentlige Danmark ) ( as of 2020 [ update ] ) . The unified kingdom of Denmark emerged in the 8th century as a proficient seafaring nation in the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea . Denmark , Sweden , and Norway were ruled together under one sovereign ruler in the Kalmar Union , established in 1397 and ending with Swedish secession in 1523 . The areas of Denmark and Norway remained under the same monarch until 1814 , Denmark-Norway . Beginning in the 17th century , there were several devastating wars with the Swedish Empire , ending with large cessions of territory to Sweden . After the Napoleonic Wars , Norway was ceded to Sweden , while Denmark kept the Faroe Islands , Greenland , and Iceland . In the 19th century there was a surge of nationalist movements , which were defeated in the First Schleswig War .'}]}, {'value': 'Cold Water', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cold_Water_(song)', 'summary': "Cold Water is a song recorded by American electronic dance music group Major Lazer featuring vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber and Danish singer MØ . The song was released on July 22 , 2016 . It was written by Ed Sheeran , Benjamin Levin , Karen Marie Ørsted , Thomas Pentz , Bieber , Jamie Scott , Philip Jr . Blender Meckseper and Henry King Henry Allen ; the latter three also co-produced the song with Major Lazer . It became Major Lazer 's third collaboration with MØ after Lean On and Lost . Cold Water peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart and number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 . The song also reached number one in Australia , Austria , Belgium ( Wallonia ) , Brazil , Canada , Finland , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Sweden and Switzerland ; as well as the top 10 in Belgium ( Flanders ) , Denmark , France , Germany , Greece , Iceland , Israel , Lebanon , Luxembourg , Mexico , Scotland , South Africa and Spain ."}]}, {'value': '16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'DJ Snake featuring Justin Bieber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DJ_Snake', 'summary': "William Sami Étienne Grigahcine ( French : [ wiljam sami etjɛn ɡʁiɡasin ] ; born 13 June 1986 ) , known professionally as DJ Snake , is a French DJ , record producer , and music programmer from Paris . DJ Snake debuted into the international scene with singles Bird Machine and Turn Down for What in 2013 . Bird Machine is a collaboration with fellow French musician Alesia . The single was picked up by Mad Decent , a Los Angeles-based record label run by Diplo , and released in February 2013 . In June 2013 , DJ Snake was invited by Diplo to do a live mix on his radio show , Diplo & Friends , which airs on BBC Radio 1 . DJ Snake was announced to be working on a collaboration with Diplo , originally slated to debut in 2014 ; it eventually released in 2015 as the single Lean On in collaboration with MØ and Diplo 's Major Lazer . On 30 April 2014 , DJ Snake was labeled as an Artist to Watch by FoxWeekly . He and Dillon Francis were announced as alternating supporting artists for the summer Mothership Tour 2014 with Skrillex . In March 2018 , Billboard named DJ Snake as number nine on their 2018 ranking of dance musicians titled Billboard Dance 100 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Justin_Bieber', 'summary': "Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ ; born March 1 , 1994 ) is a Canadian singer , songwriter and actor . Discovered at 13 years old by talent manager Scooter Braun after he had watched his YouTube cover song videos , Bieber was signed to RBMG Records in 2008 . With Bieber 's debut EP My World , released in late 2009 , Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut record chart on the Billboard Hot 100 . Bieber released his debut studio album My World 2.0 in 2010 . It debuted at number one in several countries and contained the worldwide hit single Baby , which was certified 12x Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Following his debut album and promotional tours , he released his 3D biopic-concert film Justin Bieber : Never Say Never . In years after the releases of the Under the Mistletoe ( 2011 ) and Believe ( 2012 ) , Bieber had several run-ins with the law internationally before his first arrest in 2014 , including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012 , and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013 . More than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States . Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama Administration declined substantive comment on the petition . Following the controversies surrounding Bieber , his sound became more mature as he transitioned into EDM and drifted away from teen pop . Released in 2015 , his fourth studio album Purpose became his most critically and commercially successful album , spawning three Billboard Hot 100 number one singles : What Do You Mean ? , Sorry , and Love Yourself . It was nominated for Album of the Year at the 59th Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'France Canada', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/France', 'summary': "France ( French : [ fʁɑ̃s ] ( listen ) ) , officially the French Republic ( French : République française , pronounced [ ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ( listen ) ) , is a country whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe and several overseas regions and territories . [ XIII ] The metropolitan area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea , and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean . It is bordered by Belgium , Luxembourg and Germany to the northeast , Switzerland and Italy to the east , and Andorra and Spain to the south . The overseas territories include French Guiana in South America and several islands in the Atlantic , Pacific and Indian oceans . The country 's 18 integral regions ( five of which are situated overseas ) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres ( 248,573 sq mi ) and a total population of 67.02 million ( as of July 2019 [ update ] ) . France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris , the country 's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre . Other major urban areas include Lyon , Marseille , Toulouse , Bordeaux , Lille and Nice . France , including its overseas territories , has the most number of time zones of any country , with a total of 12 . During the Iron Age , what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls , a Celtic people . Rome annexed the area in 51 BC , holding it until the arrival of Germanic Franks in 476 , who formed the Kingdom of Francia . The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned Francia into East Francia , Middle Francia and West Francia . West Francia , which became the Kingdom of France in 987 , emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages , following its victory in the Hundred Years ' War ( 1337-1453 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Canada', 'summary': "Canada is a country in the northern part of North America . Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean , covering 9.98 million square kilometres ( 3.85 million square miles ) , making it the world 's second-largest country by total area . Its southern border with the United States , stretching some 8,891 kilometres ( 5,525 mi ) , is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Canada 's capital is Ottawa , and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto , Montreal , and Vancouver . As a whole , Canada is sparsely populated , with most of its land area dominated by forest and tundra . Its population is highly urbanized , with over 80 percent of its inhabitants concentrated in large and medium-sized cities , and 70 percent residing within 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) of the southern border . Canada 's climate varies widely across its vast area , ranging from Arctic climate in the north to hot summers in the southern regions , with four distinct seasons . Various indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years before European colonization . Beginning in the 16th century , British and French expeditions explored and later settled along the Atlantic coast . As a consequence of various armed conflicts , France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 . In 1867 , with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation , Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces . This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom ."}]}, {'value': 'Let Me Love You', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Let_Me_Love_You_(DJ_Snake_song)', 'summary': "Let Me Love You is a song recorded by French DJ and electronic music producer DJ Snake featuring vocals from Canadian singer Justin Bieber . The song was released through Interscope Records on August 5 , 2016 as the third single from his debut studio album , Encore ( 2016 ) . The artists both co-wrote the song along with Andrew Watt , Ali Tamposi , Brian Lee and Louis Bell , while the song 's production was handled by the latter of three . Its music video , directed by James Lees , was released on November 29 , 2016 on YouTube ."}]}, {'value': '17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Calvin_Harris', 'summary': "Adam Richard Wiles ( born 17 January 1984 ) , known professionally as Calvin Harris , is a Scottish DJ , record producer , singer , and songwriter . He is known for his singles We Found Love , This Is What You Came For , Summer , Feel So Close , Feels , and One Kiss . His collaboration with Rihanna , We Found Love , became an international success , giving Harris his first number one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 . He has released five studio albums and runs his own record label , Fly Eye Records , which he founded in 2010 . His debut studio album , I Created Disco , was released in June 2007 . Its singles Acceptable in the 80s and The Girls both reached the top 10 in the UK . In 2009 , he released his second studio album , Ready for the Weekend , which debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and whose lead single , I 'm Not Alone , became his first song to top the UK Singles Chart . In 2012 , Harris rose to international prominence with the release of his third studio album , 18 Months , which topped the UK Albums charts and became his first album to chart on the US Billboard 200 , peaking at number 19 . All eight of the album 's singles reached the top 10 in the UK , breaking the record for the most top 10 songs from one studio album on the UK Singles Chart with eight entries , surpassing Michael Jackson 's record . In 2014 , he released his fourth studio album , Motion , which debuted at number two in the UK and number five in the US . In 2017 , he released his fifth studio album , Funk Wav Bounces Vol . 1 , which reached the top 2 in the UK and the US and became his third consecutive number one album on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rihanna', 'summary': "Robyn Rihanna Fenty ( /riˈænə/ ree-AN-ə ; [ n 1 ] born February 20 , 1988 ) is a Barbadian singer , songwriter , actress , and businesswoman , who has been recognized for embracing various musical styles and reinventing her image throughout her career . Born in Saint Michael and raised in Bridgetown , Barbados , Rihanna moved to the US in 2005 , when she signed with Def Jam Recordings . She earned significant recognition following the release of her first two studio albums , Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) and A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) , both of which were influenced by Caribbean music and peaked within the top ten of the US Billboard 200 chart . Rihanna 's third studio album , Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) , incorporated more elements of dance-pop and catapulted her to greater stardom , establishing her status as a sex symbol and a leading figure in the music industry . Its international chart-topping single Umbrella earned Rihanna her first Grammy Award , winning Best Rap/Sung Collaboration . Rihanna extended her fusion of pop , dance , and R & B on her next four studio albums , Rated R ( 2009 ) , Loud ( 2010 ) , Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) , and the Grammy Award-winning Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . All four releases incorporated experimentation of various musical styles and consolidated Rihanna 's international chart success , Unapologetic being her first number-one album in the US . The records spawned a string of chart-topping singles , including Rude Boy , Only Girl ( In the World ) , What 's My Name ? , S & M , We Found Love , Diamonds , and Stay . Her eighth studio album , Anti ( 2016 ) , showcased her control over artistic creativity after her departure from Def Jam . It became her second US number-one album and featured the chart-topping single Work . Besides solo materials , Rihanna has collaborated with recording artists such as Drake , Eminem , and Calvin Harris . Having sold over 250 million records , Rihanna is one of the world 's best-selling music artists ."}]}, {'value': 'United Kingdom Barbados', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_Kingdom', 'summary': "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , commonly known as the United Kingdom ( UK or U.K. ) or Britain , [ note 11 ] is a sovereign country located off the north\xadwestern coast of the European mainland . Existing under its current name since 1921 , the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain , the north\xadeastern part of the island of Ireland , and many smaller islands . Northern Ireland shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland . Otherwise , the United Kingdom is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean , with the North Sea to the east , the English Channel to the south and the Celtic Sea to the southwest , giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world . The Irish Sea separates Great Britain and Ireland . The total area of the United Kingdom is 94,000 square miles ( 240,000 km2 ) . The United Kingdom is a unitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy . [ note 12 ] The current monarch is Queen Elizabeth II , who has reigned since 1952 , making her the world 's longest-serving current head of state . The United Kingdom 's capital and largest city is London , a global city and financial centre with an urban area population of 10.3 million . Other major cities include Birmingham , Manchester , Glasgow , Leeds and Liverpool . The United Kingdom consists of four constituent countries : England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . Their capitals are London , Edinburgh , Cardiff , and Belfast , respectively ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Barbados', 'summary': 'Barbados ( /bɑːrˈbeɪdɒs/ ( listen ) or /-doʊs/ ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies , in the Caribbean region of North America . It is 34 kilometres ( 21 miles ) in length and up to 23 km ( 14 mi ) in width , covering an area of 432 km2 ( 167 sq mi ) . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 km ( 62 mi ) east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea ; therein , Barbados is east of the Windwards , part of the Lesser Antilles , roughly at 13°N of the equator . It is about 168 km ( 104 mi ) east of both the countries of Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and 180 km ( 110 mi ) south-east of Martinique and 400 km ( 250 mi ) north-east of Trinidad and Tobago . Barbados is outside the principal Atlantic hurricane belt . Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown . Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century , and prior to that by other Amerindians , Barbados was visited by Spanish navigators in the late 15th century and claimed for the Spanish Crown . It first appeared in a Spanish map in 1511 . The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536 , but later abandoned it in 1620 ; with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited , and to replenish their water supply . An English ship , the Olive Blossom , arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625 ; its men took possession of it in the name of King James I . In 1627 , the first permanent settlers arrived from England , and it became an English and later British colony . As a wealthy sugar colony , it became an English centre of the African slave trade until that trade was outlawed in 1807 , with final emancipation of slaves in Barbados occurring over a period of years from 1833 .'}]}, {'value': 'This Is What You Came For', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/This_Is_What_You_Came_For', 'summary': "This Is What You Came For is a song by Calvin Harris , featuring guest vocals from Barbadian singer Rihanna . It was released on 29 April 2016 , through Columbia Records and Westbury Road . The song was written by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift , who was initially credited with the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg . Rihanna and Harris had previously collaborated on her sixth studio album , Talk That Talk , which included the international chart-topper We Found Love and US top five single Where Have You Been , the former of which was written and produced by Harris . He played the final version for Rihanna at the 2016 Coachella Music Festival . It was also played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final after the conclusion of the match . The single debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart . It peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Rihanna 's 21st top-five song and Harris 's second ; the song is currently Harris 's highest peaking single as a lead artist . It became Rihanna 's 25th and Harris 's fourth chart-topper on the Dance Club Songs and also reached number one on the US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs ; the single became the 12th number one for Rihanna and Harris 's tenth on the sister chart Dance/Mix Show Airplay . It topped the charts in Australia , Canada , and the Republic of Ireland and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Germany , New Zealand and Switzerland . This Is What You Came For received mixed reviews from critics ( some praised them for creating a catchy track , others labeled it as boring and cited Rihanna 's vocals as overprocessed ) . A music video for the song premiered on 17 June 2016 and features Rihanna in an open cube with images projected on the inside walls ."}]}, {'value': '18', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Chainsmokers', 'summary': "The Chainsmokers are an American electronic DJ and production duo consisting of Alexander Alex Pall and Andrew Drew Taggart . They started out by releasing remixes of songs by indie artists . The EDM-pop duo achieved a breakthrough with their 2014 song # Selfie , which became a top twenty single in several countries . They have won a Grammy award , two American Music Awards , seven Billboard Music Awards and nine iHeartRadio Music Awards . According to Forbes 2019 list of highest paid celebrities , the Chainsmokers were the highest paid DJs , dethroning Calvin Harris after six years . Their debut EP , Bouquet , was released in October 2015 and featured the single Roses which reached the top 10 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . Do n't Let Me Down , featuring American singer Daya , became their first top-five single on the Billboard chart and won the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording at the 59th awards ceremony . Their single Closer , featuring American singer-songwriter Halsey , became their first number-one single on the Billboard chart . The duo 's second EP , Collage , was released in November 2016 . Their debut studio album , Memories.Do Not Open , was released in April 2017 and topped the US Billboard 200 chart . Their second album , Sick Boy , was released in December 2018 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Halsey_(singer)', 'summary': 'Ashley Nicolette Frangipane ( /ˌfrændʒɪˈpɑːni/ FRAN-jih-PAH-nee ; [ a ] ( born September 29 , 1994 ) , known professionally as Halsey ( /ˈhɔːlzi/ HAWL-zee ) , is an American singer and songwriter . Gaining attention from self-released music on social media platforms , she was signed by Astralwerks in 2014 and released her debut EP , Room 93 , later that year . Halsey has since earned one number-one album on the Billboard 200 with Hopeless Fountain Kingdom ( 2017 ) , as well as two number-two albums with Badlands ( 2015 ) and Manic ( 2020 ) . She has earned two number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100 , including Closer , a collaboration with The Chainsmokers , and Without Me ; she has also attained a top-five single with Bad at Love . In total , Halsey has sold over one million albums and has been streamed over six billion times in the United States . All three of her studio albums have been supported by a headlining tour . Halsey is noted for her distinctive singing voice . Her awards and nominations include four Billboard Music Awards , one American Music Award , one GLAAD Media Award , three Guinness World Records , an MTV Video Music Award and two Grammy Award nominations . Outside of her career , she has been involved in suicide prevention awareness and sexual assault victim advocacy .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Closer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Closer_(The_Chainsmokers_song)', 'summary': "Closer is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers featuring American singer Halsey . Andrew Taggart ( one half of the Chainsmokers ) also provides his vocals in the song . It was released on July 29 , 2016 , through Disruptor Records and Columbia Records . The song was written by Taggart , Halsey , Shaun Frank , Freddy Kennett , Isaac Slade and Joe King , while the production was handled by the Chainsmokers . Musically , it is a future bass and pop song with a retro style synthesizer in the chorus . In the United States , Closer became both the Chainsmokers ' and Halsey 's first number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song stayed at the top spot for 12 consecutive weeks . The Chainsmokers became the first act to have four songs ( Closer being the fourth ) that top the Dance/Electronic Songs chart , passing Calvin Harris , who held the previous record with three . Outside of the United States , Closer topped the charts in more than ten countries including Australia , Canada , New Zealand , Ireland and the United Kingdom , making it both the Chainsmokers ' and Halsey 's first number-one single in all six countries . The song went on to become the first song to spend 26 weeks in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also became only the second song in the history of the Hot 100 chart to spend 32 weeks in the top ten of the chart . The song was performed live for the first time at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in April 2016 ."}]}, {'value': '19', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'G-Eazy x Bebe Rexha', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/G-Eazy', 'summary': "Gerald Earl Gillum ( born May 24 , 1989 ) , known professionally as G-Eazy , is an American rapper . His first major-label album , These Things Happen , was released on June 23 , 2014 , and peaked at number 3 on the US Billboard 200 . His second studio album , When It 's Dark Out , was released on December 4 , 2015 . It featured the single Me , Myself & I , which reached the top 10 of the US Billboard Hot 100 . His third album , The Beautiful & Damned , was released on December 15 , 2017. featuring No Limit which reached # 4 of the US Billboard Hot 100 . His EP B-Sides , released on June 27 , 2019 ( updated on August 22 and September 19 , 2019 ) , included all the songs that did n't make it to his upcoming album These Things Happen Too , expected to be released in 2020 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bebe_Rexha', 'summary': "Bleta Rexha ( Albanian pronunciation : [ ˈblɛta ˈɾɛdʒa ] ; born August 30 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Bebe Rexha ( /ˈbiːbi ˈrɛksə/ BEE-bee REK-sə ) , is an American singer and songwriter . After signing with Warner Bros. Records in 2013 , Rexha received songwriting credits on Eminem 's single The Monster ( which later received the Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance ) and has also contributed songwriting to songs recorded by Shinee , Selena Gomez , and Nick Jonas . Rexha released her debut extended play in 2015 , I Do n't Wan na Grow Up , which saw the moderate commercial success of the singles I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You and I 'm Gon na Show You Crazy . Rexha released two additional extended plays in 2017 , All Your Fault : Pt . 1 and All Your Fault : Pt . 2 , which again saw the moderate success of the singles I Got You and The Way I Are ( Dance With Somebody ) . Rexha has also seen success with several collaborations including Me , Myself & I with G-Eazy , In the Name of Love with Martin Garrix , and Meant to Be with Florida Georgia Line , the latter of which had large success as a country crossover single , peaking at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States . Rexha 's debut studio album Expectations ( 2018 ) reached number 13 on the Billboard 200 chart in the United States and saw the success of its lead single I 'm a Mess , and brought Rexha two nominations for Best New Artist and Best Country Duo/Group Performance at the 61st Grammy Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': 'Me , Myself & I', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Me,_Myself_&_I_(G-Eazy_song)', 'summary': "Me , Myself & I is a song by American rapper G-Eazy and American singer-songwriter Bebe Rexha , billed together as G-Eazy x Bebe Rexha . It was released on October 14 , 2015 , as the first single for his second studio album When It 's Dark Out . Me , Myself & I was written by Rexha , Gerald Earl Gillum , and Lauren Christy . The song was originally produced by Rexha and TMS and re-produced by Michael Keenan , with additional production by Christoph Andersson and G-Eazy . It was formerly both artists ' highest peaking single , until Rexha 's song Meant to Be peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , and G-Eazy 's song No Limit peaked at number four . Me , Myself & I is featured in the NBA 2K17 soundtrack ."}]}, {'value': '20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jennifer Lopez', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez', 'summary': 'Jennifer Lynn Lopez ( born July 24 , 1969 ) , also known by her nickname J.Lo , is an American actress , singer , dancer , fashion designer , producer , and businesswoman . In 1991 , Lopez began appearing as a Fly Girl dancer on In Living Color , where she remained a regular until she decided to pursue an acting career in 1993 . For her first leading role in the 1997 Selena biopic of the same name , Lopez received a Golden Globe nomination and became the first Latin actress to earn over US $ 1 million for a film . She went on to star in Anaconda ( 1997 ) and Out of Sight ( 1998 ) , later establishing herself as the highest-paid Latin actress in Hollywood . Lopez ventured into the music industry with her debut studio album On the 6 ( 1999 ) , which helped propel the Latin pop movement in American music . With the simultaneous release of her second studio album J.Lo and her romantic comedy The Wedding Planner in 2001 , Lopez became the first woman to have a number one album and film in the same week . Her 2002 remix album , J to tha L-O ! The Remixes , became the first in history to debut at number one on the U.S . Billboard 200 . Later that year , she released her third studio album This Is Me . Then , and starred in the US box office number-one Maid in Manhattan . After starring in Gigli ( 2003 ) , a critical and commercial failure , Lopez subsequently starred in the successful romantic comedies Shall We Dance ?'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/United_States', 'summary': "The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country consisting of 50 states , a federal district , five major self-governing territories , and various possessions . [ g ] At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km2 ) , it is the world 's third or fourth-largest country by total area [ b ] and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe . Most of the country is located in central North America between Canada and Mexico . With an estimated population of over 328 million , the U.S. is the third most populous country in the world . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the most populous city is New York City . Paleo-Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 12,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies led to the American Revolutionary War lasting between 1775 and 1783 , leading to independence . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century - gradually acquiring new territories , displacing Native Americans , and admitting new states - until by 1848 it spanned the continent . During the second half of the 19th century , the American Civil War led to the abolition of slavery in the United States . The Spanish-American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power ."}]}, {'value': "Ai n't Your Mama", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Ain't_Your_Mama", 'summary': "Ai n't Your Mama is a song recorded by American singer Jennifer Lopez . It was written by Meghan Trainor , Theron Thomas , Jacob Kasher Hindlin , Gamal Lunchmoney Lewis , Henry Cirkut Walter and Dr. Luke , while production was handled by the latter two . A pop song with influences of reggae , dancehall and Latin music , the song has percussion , drums , minimal synths and a Latin beat in its main instrumentation . Lyrically , Ai n't Your Mama deals with themes of female empowerment , where the protagonist will not accept a partner who needs to be taken care of . The song was released on April 7 , 2016 , by Epic Records and Nuyorican Productions . Ai n't Your Mama became Lopez 's first chart appearance in some European territories in over four years . Though it peaked within the top ten of record charts in a variety of countries , it stalled at 76 in the United States . The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Cameron Duddy and released on May 6 , 2016 . It has Lopez playing women throughout the decades to show the second wave feminism movement ."}]}], 'section_title': '2016', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_best-selling_singles_by_year_(Germany)_16', 'intro': 'This is a list of the twenty best-selling singles on the Media Control Charts in Germany from 2000 to 2018. The data was found out by Media Control and is based on the singles sold.'}
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Which Drake song became his first number one single as a lead artist ?
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One Dance
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03a7a334ed131ed2
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Chinese_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships', 'title': '2012 Chinese Artistic Gymnastics Championships', 'header': ['Rank', 'Team', 'Total'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shanghai', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shanghai', 'summary': "Shanghai ( Chinese : 上海 ; Shanghainese pronunciation : [ zɑ̃.hɛ ] ( listen ) , Putonghua pronunciation : [ ʂâŋ.xài ] ( listen ) ) is one of the four municipalities of the People 's Republic of China . It is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze , and the Huangpu River flows through it . With a population of 24.2 million as of 2018 [ update ] , it is the most populous urban area in China and the second most populous city proper in the world . Shanghai is a global center for finance , innovation , and transportation , and the Port of Shanghai is the world 's busiest container port . Originally a fishing village and market town , Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to trade and its favorable port location . The city was one of five treaty ports forced open to foreign trade after the First Opium War . The Shanghai International Settlement and the French Concession were subsequently established . The city then flourished , becoming a primary commercial and financial hub of the Asia-Pacific region in the 1930s . During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the city was the site of the major Battle of Shanghai . After the war , with the CPC takeover of mainland China in 1949 , trade was limited to other socialist countries , and the city 's global influence declined . In the 1990s , economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense redevelopment of the city , especially the Pudong district , aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city . The city has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and finance ; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization , and the Shanghai Free-Trade Zone , the first free-trade zone in China ."}]}, {'value': '221.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Guangdong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guangdong', 'summary': "Guangdong ( alternately romanized as Canton Province or Kwangtung ) is a coastal province in South China on the north shore of South China Sea . The capital of the province is Guangzhou . With a population of 113.46 million ( as of 2018 ) across a total area of about 179,800 km2 ( 69,400 sq mi ) , Guangdong is the most populous province of China and the 15th-largest by area . Its economy is larger than that of any other province in the nation and the 6th largest sub-national economy in the world with a GDP size of 1.47 trillion US dollars ( 9.73 trillion Chinese yuan ) in 2018 . The Pearl River Delta Economic Zone , a Chinese megalopolis , is a core for high technology , manufacturing and foreign trade . Located in this zone are two of the four top Chinese cities and the top two Chinese prefecture-level cities by GDP ; Guangzhou , the capital of the province , and Shenzhen , the first special economic zone in the country . These two are among the most populous and important cities in China , and have now become two of the world 's most populous megacities . The province of Guangdong surpassed Henan and Shandong to become the most populous province in China in January 2005 , registering 79.1 million permanent residents and 31 million migrants who lived in the province for at least six months of the year ; the total population was 104,303,132 in the 2010 census , accounting for 7.79 percent of Mainland China 's population . This makes it the most populous first-level administrative subdivision of any country outside of South Asia , as its population is surpassed only by those of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the Indian states of Bihar , Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh . Its population increase since the census has been modest , the province registering 108,500,000 people in 2015 . Most of the historical Guangdong Province is administered by the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) . However , the archipelagos of Pratas in the South China Sea are controlled by the Republic of China ( ROC , a.k.a ."}]}, {'value': '213.850', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunan', 'summary': "Hunan ( 湖南 ) is a landlocked province in Central China . Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed , it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north , Jiangxi to the east , Guangdong and Guangxi to the south , Guizhou to the west , and Chongqing to the northwest . Its capital and largest city is Changsha , which also abuts the Xiang River . With a population of just over 67 million as of 2014 [ update ] residing in an area of approximately 210,000 km2 ( 81,000 sq mi ) , it is China 's 7th most populous province by population and the 10th most extensive province by area . The name Hunan literally means south of the lake . The lake that is referred to is Dongting Lake , a lake in the northeast of the province ; Vehicle license plates from Hunan are marked Xiāng ( Chinese : 湘 ) , after the Xiang River , which runs from south to north through Hunan and forms part of the largest drainage system for the province . The area of Hunan first came under Chinese rule around 350 BC , when the province became part of the State of Chu . Hunan was the birthplace of Chinese communist revolutionary Mao Zedong , who became the founding father of the People 's Republic of China . Hunan today is home to some ethnic minorities , including the Tujia and Miao , along with the Han Chinese , who make up a majority of the population . Varieties of Chinese spoken include Xiang , Gan , and Southwestern Mandarin . Hunan is located on the south bank of the Yangtze River . The site of Wulingyuan was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992 ."}]}, {'value': '213.450', 'urls': []}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Zhejiang', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zhejiang', 'summary': "Zhejiang ( 浙江 , alternately romanized as Chekiang ) , is an eastern , coastal province of the People 's Republic of China . Its capital and largest city is Hangzhou . Zhejiang is bordered by Jiangsu and Shanghai to the north , Anhui to the northwest , Jiangxi to the west , and Fujian to the south . To the east is the East China Sea , beyond which lie the Ryukyu Islands of Japan . The population of Zhejiang stands at 57 million , the 10th highest among China . Other notable cities include Ningbo and Wenzhou . It has been called 'the backbone of China ' due to being a major driving force in the Chinese economy and being the birthplace of several notable persons , including the Chinese Nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek and entrepreneur Jack Ma . The area of Zhejiang was controlled by the Kingdom of Yue during the Spring and Autumn period . The Qin Empire later annexed it in 222 BC . Under the late Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty that followed it , Zhejiang 's ports became important centers of international trade . It was occupied by the Empire of Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese war and placed under the control of the Japanese puppet state known as the Reorganized National Government of China . After Japan 's defeat , Zhejiang 's economy became stagnant under Mao Zedong 's policies ."}]}, {'value': '212.750', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hubei', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hubei', 'summary': 'Hubei ( 湖北 ; formerly Hupeh ) is a landlocked province in Central China . The name of the province means north of the lake , referring to its position north of Dongting Lake . The provincial capital , Wuhan , serves as a major transportation hub and the political , cultural , and economic hub of Central China . Hubeis name is officially abbreviated to 鄂 ( È ) , an ancient name associated with the eastern part of the province since the State of E of the Western Zhou dynasty of c. 1045 - 771 BCE ; a popular name for Hubei is 楚 ( Chǔ ) ( suggested by that of the powerful State of Chu , which existed in the area during the Eastern Zhou dynasty of 770 - 256 BCE ) . The province borders Henan to the north , Anhui to the east , Jiangxi to the southeast , Hunan to the south , Chongqing to the west , and Shaanxi to the northwest . The high-profile Three Gorges Dam is located at Yichang , in the west of the province .'}]}, {'value': '209.600', 'urls': []}, {'value': '6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Anhui', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anhui', 'summary': "Anhui ( 安徽 ; formerly romanized as Anhwei ) is a landlocked province of the People 's Republic of China , officially part of the East China region . Its provincial capital and largest city is Hefei . The province is located across the basins of the Yangtze River and the Huai River , bordering Jiangsu to the east , Zhejiang to the southeast , Jiangxi to the south , Hubei to the southwest , Henan to the northwest , and Shandong for a short section in the north . With a population of 62 million , Anhui is the 8th most populous province in China . It is the 22nd largest Chinese province based on area , and the 12th most densely-populated region of all 34 Chinese provincial regions . Anhui 's population is mostly composed of Han Chinese . Languages spoken within the province include Mandarin , Jianghuai Mandarin , and the Gan，Wu , and Hui varieties of Chinese . The name Anhui derives from the names of two cities : Anqing and Huizhou ( now Huangshan City ) . The abbreviation for Anhui is Chinese : 皖 ; pinyin : wǎn after the historical State of Wan , Mount Wan , and the Wan river . The administration of Anhui is composed of the provincial administrative system , led by the Governor , Provincial Congress , The People 's Political Consultative Conference , and Provincial Higher people 's Court . Anhui is known as a province with political tradition in China 's government system . Aside from managing provincial government departments , the provincial government manages 16 cities , 62 counties , 43 county-level districts and 1,522 townships ."}]}, {'value': '200.550', 'urls': []}, {'value': '7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Beijing', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beijing', 'summary': "Beijing ( /ˌbeɪˈdʒɪŋ/ BAY-JING , /ˌbeɪˈʒɪŋ/ BAY-ZHING ; Mandarin pronunciation : [ pèi.tɕíŋ ] ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking ( /ˌpiːˈkɪŋ/ PEE-KING ) , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's third most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a municipality under the direct administration of the central government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together , the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China . Beijing is an important world capital and global power city , and one of the world 's leading centers for culture , diplomacy and politics , business and economy , education , language , and science and technology . A megacity , Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's cultural , educational , and political center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world , as well as the world 's four biggest financial institutions . It is also a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high-speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 [ update ] , the city 's subway network is the busiest and longest in the world . Combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world , with a rich history dating back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries , and was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium AD . Encyclopædia Britannica notes that few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural center of an area as immense as China . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital ."}]}, {'value': '199.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sichuan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sichuan', 'summary': "Sichuan ( 四川 ; alternatively romanized as Szechuan or Szechwan ) is a landlocked province in Southwest China occupying most of the Sichuan Basin and the easternmost part of the Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west , the Daba Mountains in the north , and the Yungui Plateau to the south . Sichuan 's capital city is Chengdu . The population of Sichuan stands at 81 million . In antiquity , Sichuan was the home of the ancient states of Ba and Shu . Their conquest by Qin strengthened it and paved the way for the Qin Shi Huang 's unification of China under the Qin dynasty . During the Three Kingdoms era , Liu Bei 's Shu was based in Sichuan . The area was devastated in the 17th century by Zhang Xianzhong 's rebellion and the area 's subsequent Manchu conquest , but recovered to become one of China 's most productive areas by the 19th century . During World War II , Chongqing served as the temporary capital of the Republic of China , making it the focus of Japanese bombing . It was one of the last mainland areas to fall to the Communists during the Chinese Civil War and was divided into four parts from 1949 to 1952 , with Chongqing restored two years later . It suffered gravely during the Great Chinese Famine of 1959-61 but remained China 's most populous province until Chongqing Municipality was again separated from it in 1997 . The people of Sichuan speak a unique form of Mandarin , which took shape during the area 's repopulation under the Ming . The family of dialects is now spoken by about 120 million people , which would make it the 10th most spoken language in the world if counted separately ."}]}, {'value': '199.000', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': "Women 's event medal winners -- Team", 'section_text': '', 'uid': '2012_Chinese_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships_0', 'intro': 'The 2012 Chinese Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held from 8 May to 12 May 2012 in Shanghai.'}
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What position did the team whose capital city is Chengdu finish ?
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8
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03aad67fa4bdc564
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_21)', 'title': 'Live with Regis and Kelly (season 21)', 'header': ['Date', 'Co-Hosts', 'Guests/Segments'], 'data': [{'value': 'October 1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Kate Walsh , Kellie Pickler , and Quaker Oatmeal Dance Your Heart Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kate_Walsh_(actress)', 'summary': "Kathleen Erin Kate Walsh ( born October 13 , 1967 ) is an American actress and businesswoman . Her roles include Dr. Addison Montgomery on the ABC television dramas Grey 's Anatomy and Private Practice , Rebecca Wright on the short-lived NBC sitcom Bad Judge , Olivia Baker on the Netflix drama series 13 Reasons Why and The Handler in The Umbrella Academy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kellie_Pickler', 'summary': "Kellie Dawn Pickler ( born June 28 , 1986 ) is an American country music singer , songwriter , actress and television personality . Pickler gained fame as a contestant on the fifth season of American Idol and finished in sixth place . In 2006 , she signed to 19 Recordings and BNA Records as a recording artist . Her debut album , Small Town Girl , was released later that year and has sold over 900,000 copies . The album , which was certified gold by the RIAA , produced three singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts : Red High Heels at No . 15 , I Wonder at No . 14 , and Things That Never Cross a Man 's Mind at No . 16 . Pickler released her self-titled second album in 2008 that produced four singles : Do n't You Know You 're Beautiful at No . 21 , Best Days of Your Life at No . 9 ( which she co-wrote with Taylor Swift ) , Did n't You Know How Much I Loved You at No . 14 , and Makin ' Me Fall in Love Again at No ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quaker_Oatmeal', 'summary': 'The Quaker Oats Company , known as Quaker , is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago . It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Jo Frost , Diane Sawyer , and Quaker Oatmeal Dance Your Heart Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jo_Frost', 'summary': 'Joanne Frost ( born 27 June 1970 or 27 June 1971 ) ( sources differ ) is an English television personality , nanny and author . She is best known for the reality television programme Supernanny UK , in which she was the central figure . The show first aired in the United Kingdom in 2004 and she has branched off into several other reality shows in the United Kingdom , United States and the Netherlands . Family S.O.S . with Jo Frost addressed issues such as addiction and abuse . Family Matters is a talk show . She has written six books on child care .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Diane_Sawyer', 'summary': "Lila Diane Sawyer ( /ˈsɔːjər/ ; born December 22 , 1945 ) is an American television journalist . Sawyer has been the anchor of ABC News 's nightly flagship program ABC World News , a co-anchor of ABC News 's morning news program Good Morning America and Primetime newsmagazine . Early in her career , she was a member of U.S. President Richard Nixon 's White House staff and closely associated with the president himself ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quaker_Oatmeal', 'summary': 'The Quaker Oats Company , known as Quaker , is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago . It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 3', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Mark Consuelos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mark_Consuelos', 'summary': 'Mark Andrew Consuelos ( born March 30 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He is best known for his portrayal of Mateo Santos on the ABC soap opera All My Children ( 1995-2001 ; 2010 ) and supporting actor Hiram Lodge on The CW drama Riverdale ( 2017-present ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Blair Underwood , Jon & Kate Plus 8 , and Robin Thicke', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blair_Underwood', 'summary': 'Blair Erwin Underwood ( born August 25 , 1964 ) is an American television , film , and stage actor and director . He played attorney Jonathan Rollins on the NBC legal drama L.A. Law for seven years . He has received two Golden Globe Award nominations , three NAACP Image Awards and one Grammy Award . In recent years , he has appeared in The New Adventures of Old Christine , Dirty Sexy Money and In Treatment , The Event , Quantico , When They See Us and as Andrew Garner in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jon_&_Kate_Plus_8', 'summary': 'Kate Plus 8 , formerly Jon & Kate Plus 8 , was an American reality television series starring Kate Gosselin and her eight children , which premiered on April 4 , 2007 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robin_Thicke', 'summary': '{ { Infobox person | name = Robin Thicke | image = Robin Thicke 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Thicke in July 2019 | birth_name = Robin Alan Thicke | birth_date = ( 1977-03-10 ) March 10 , 1977 ( age 42 ) | death_date = { { Death date'}]}, {'value': 'October 6', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Alicia Keys , John Lithgow , and Quaker Oatmeal Dance Your Heart Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alicia_Keys', 'summary': "Alicia Augello-Cook ( born January 25 , 1981 ) , known professionally as Alicia Keys , is an American musician , singer , composer and actress . A classically-trained pianist , Keys was composing songs by age 12 and was signed at 15 years old by Columbia Records . After disputes with the label , she signed with Arista Records , and later released her debut album , Songs in A Minor , with J Records in 2001 . The album was critically and commercially successful , producing her first Billboard Hot 100 number-one single Fallin ' and selling over 16 million copies worldwide . The album earned Keys five Grammy Awards in 2002 . Her second album , The Diary of Alicia Keys ( 2003 ) , was also a critical and commercial success , spawning successful singles You Do n't Know My Name , If I Ai n't Got You , and Diary , and selling eight million copies worldwide . The album garnered her an additional four Grammy Awards . Her duet My Boo with Usher became her second number-one single in 2004 . Keys released her first live album , Unplugged ( 2005 ) , and became the first woman to have an MTV Unplugged album debut at number one . Alicia Keys was given the honor of hosting the Grammys two times in a row ( 2019-2020 ) . Her third album , As I Am ( 2007 ) , produced the Hot 100 number-one single No One , selling 7 million copies worldwide and earning an additional three Grammy Awards . In 2007 , Keys made her film debut in the action-thriller film Smokin ' Aces ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Lithgow', 'summary': "John Arthur Lithgow ( /ˈlɪθɡoʊ/ LITH-goh ; born October 19 , 1945 ) is an American actor , musician , poet , author , and singer . Over the course of his career he has received numerous accolades and been nominated for two Academy Awards and four Grammy Awards . He has also been awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame . Lithgow is best known for his television roles as Dick Solomon in the comedy 3rd Rock from the Sun ( 1996-2001 ) , Arthur Mitchell in the drama Dexter ( 2009 ) , and Winston Churchill in the drama The Crown ( 2016-2019 ) , for each of which he won Primetime Emmy Awards . He is also well known for his roles in Blow Out ( 1981 ) , Footloose ( 1984 ) , Harry and the Hendersons ( 1987 ) , Rugrats in Paris : The Movie ( 2000 ) , Shrek ( 2001 ) , and Love Is Strange ( 2014 ) . His performances in The World According to Garp ( 1982 ) and Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) earned him nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . He has appeared on stage in many Broadway productions , including the musical adaptations of Sweet Smell of Success and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels . In 2007 , he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartlett 's production of Twelfth Night . In 2019 , he starred on Broadway opposite Laurie Metcalf in Hillary and Clinton ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Quaker_Oatmeal', 'summary': 'The Quaker Oats Company , known as Quaker , is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago . It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001 .'}]}, {'value': 'October 7', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Toy of the year Awards , Gary Sinise , and Sarah McLachlan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_Sinise', 'summary': 'Gary Alan Sinise ( /sɪˈniːs/ ; born March 17 , 1955 ) is an American actor , director , musician , producer and philanthropist . Among other awards , he has won an Emmy Award , a Golden Globe Award , a star on Hollywood Walk of Fame and was nominated for an Academy Award . Sinise first starred in a film when he directed , produced , and played George Milton in Of Mice and Men , based on the novel by John Steinbeck . His subsequent roles include Lieutenant Dan Taylor in Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) , for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor , Harry S. Truman in Truman ( 1995 ) , for which he won a Golden Globe , Ken Mattingly in Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) and Detective Jimmy Shaker in Ransom ( 1996 ) . Sinise has appeared in other films including The Green Mile ( 1999 ) and Impostor ( 2002 ) . On television , he has played Detective Mac Taylor in the CBS series CSI : NY ( 2004-13 ) , Sid in Frasier and George C. Wallace in the television film George Wallace ( for which he won an Emmy ) . From 2016 to 2017 , Sinise starred as Special Agent Jack Garrett in Criminal Minds : Beyond Borders . He is a supporter of various veteran organizations and founded the Lt. Dan Band who play at military bases around the world .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sarah_McLachlan', 'summary': "Sarah Ann McLachlan OC OBC ( born January 28 , 1968 ) is a Canadian singer-songwriter known for her emotional ballads and mezzo-soprano vocal range . As of 2015 she had sold over 40 million albums worldwide . McLachlan 's best-selling album to date is Surfacing , for which she won two Grammy Awards ( out of four nominations ) and four Juno Awards . In addition to her personal artistic efforts , she founded the Lilith Fair tour , which showcased female musicians on an unprecedented scale . The Lilith Fair concert tours took place from 1997 to 1999 , and resumed in the summer of 2010 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 8', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Debra Messing , Bill O'Reilly , and Project Runway Finalists", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Debra_Messing', 'summary': "Debra Lynn Messing ( born August 15 , 1968 ) is an American actress . After graduating from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts , Messing received short-lived roles on television series such as Ned and Stacey on Fox ( 1995-1997 ) and Prey on ABC ( 1998 ) . She achieved her breakthrough role as Grace Adler , an interior designer , on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace ( 1998-2006 , 2017-2020 ) , for which she was critically acclaimed , receiving six Golden Globe Award nominations and five Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , winning once in 2003 . From 2007 to 2008 , Messing starred as Molly Kagan , the ex-wife of a Hollywood film mogul , on the television miniseries The Starter Wife , for which she received two Golden Globe nominations , a Primetime Emmy Award nomination and a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination for her performance . Thereafter , she appeared as Broadway playwright Julia Houston on the NBC musical drama Smash ( 2012-2013 ) and as homicide detective Laura Diamond on the NBC police-procedural comedy The Mysteries of Laura ( 2014-2016 ) . Since 2017 , Messing has been reprising her role as Grace Adler on NBC 's revival of Will & Grace , garnering a ninth Golden Globe nomination for her performance . Messing 's film work includes A Walk in the Clouds ( 1995 ) , Jesus ( 1999 ) , The Mothman Prophecies ( 2002 ) , Hollywood Ending ( 2002 ) , Along Came Polly ( 2004 ) , The Wedding Date ( 2005 ) , Lucky You ( 2007 ) , The Women ( 2008 ) , Nothing like the Holidays ( 2008 ) , and Searching ( 2018 ) . She has also lent her voice to animated films such as Garfield ( 2004 ) and Open Season ( 2006 ) ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Bill_O'Reilly_(political_commentator)", 'summary': "William James O'Reilly Jr. ( born September 10 , 1949 ) is an American journalist , author , and former television host . During the late 1970s and 1980s , he reported for local television stations in the United States and later for CBS News and ABC News . He anchored the tabloid television program Inside Edition from 1989 to 1995 . O'Reilly joined the Fox News Channel in 1996 and hosted The O'Reilly Factor until 2017 . The O'Reilly Factor was the highest-rated cable news show for 16 years , and he was described by media analyst Howard Kurtz as the biggest star in the 20 year history at Fox News at the time of his departure . He is the author of numerous books and hosted The Radio Factor ( 2002-2009 ) . Since 2017 , he has hosted the No Spin News podcast which he founded after being fired from Fox . O'Reilly is considered to be a conservative commentator . O'Reilly 's media career took a major blow after several New York Times investigations revealed that he had paid six women nearly $ 50 million to settle various sexual harassment lawsuits . After the first New York Times investigation revealed that O'Reilly and Fox News had settled five sexual harassment lawsuits totaling $ 13 million , Fox News terminated O'Reilly 's employment in April 2017 . In October 2017 , The New York Times reported an additional settlement of $ 32 million that O'Reilly had paid to settle a sixth sexual harassment lawsuit which had been filed against him by former Fox News analyst Lis Wiehl because of the non-consensual sexual relationship she says O'Reilly initiated with her . The revelation of this sixth settlement caused O'Reilly to be dropped by the United Talent Agency ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Project_Runway', 'summary': "Project Runway is an American reality television series that focuses on fashion design . The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted by time , materials and theme . Their designs are judged by a panel , and one or more designers are typically eliminated from the show each week . During each season , contestants are progressively eliminated until only a few contestants remain . These finalists prepare a complete fashion collection for New York Fashion Week , which determines the winner . Project Runway was created by Eli Holzman and was hosted by supermodel Heidi Klum . It has a varied airing history , with Bravo originating the first five seasons , followed by Lifetime for eleven more , before it was announced on May 14 , 2018 that the series is tentatively returning to Bravo for the seventeenth season in the wake of The Weinstein Company 's bankruptcy , pending TWC asset winner Lantern Entertainment 's acquisition of the former TWC assets . The show won a Peabody Award in 2008 for using the 'television reality contest ' genre to engage , inform , enlighten and entertain . On September 7 , 2018 , it was confirmed that Heidi Klum and the show 's mentor Tim Gunn would not be returning for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to helm another fashion competition show on Amazon Video . In January 2019 , it was announced that American model Karlie Kloss follows Klum as the new host , with Season 4 winner Christian Siriano replacing Gunn as mentor ."}]}, {'value': 'October 9', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Molly Shannon and Peter Gros', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Molly_Shannon', 'summary': "Molly Helen Shannon ( born September 16 , 1964 ) is an American actress and comedian who was a cast member on Saturday Night Live from 1995 to 2001 . In 2017 she won the Film Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in the film Other People . She has appeared in supporting roles in a number of films , such as Happiness ( 1998 ) , A Night at the Roxbury ( 1998 ) , Never Been Kissed ( 1999 ) , How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , Osmosis Jones ( 2001 ) , My Boss 's Daughter ( 2003 ) , Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , and Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ( 2015 ) . Her voice can also be heard in the animated films Igor ( 2008 ) and the Hotel Transylvania film series ( 2012-2018 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Russell Crowe and Isaac Mizrahi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Russell_Crowe', 'summary': "Russell Ira Crowe ( born 7 April 1964 ) is an actor , film producer and musician . Although a New Zealand citizen , he has lived most of his life in Australia . He came to international attention for his role as the Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius in the historical film Gladiator ( 2000 ) , directed by Ridley Scott , for which Crowe won an Academy Award , a Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , an Empire Award and a London Film Critics Circle Award for best actor , along with ten other nominations in the same category . Crowe 's other award-winning performances include portrayals of tobacco firm whistle-blower Jeffrey Wigand in the drama film The Insider ( 1999 ) , and John F. Nash in the biopic A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) . Crowe 's other films include Romper Stomper ( 1992 ) , L.A . Confidential ( 1997 ) , Master and Commander : The Far Side of the World ( 2003 ) , Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) , 3:10 to Yuma ( 2007 ) , American Gangster ( 2007 ) , State of Play ( 2009 ) , Robin Hood ( 2010 ) , Les Misérables ( 2012 ) , Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , Noah ( 2014 ) and The Nice Guys ( 2016 ) . In 2015 , Crowe made his directorial debut with The Water Diviner , in which he also starred . Crowe 's work has earned him several accolades during his career , including a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame , one Golden Globe Award for Best Actor , one BAFTA and one Academy Award out of three consecutive nominations ( 1999 , 2000 and 2001 ) . Crowe has also been the co-owner of the National Rugby League ( NRL ) team South Sydney Rabbitohs since 2006 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isaac_Mizrahi', 'summary': 'Isaac Mizrahi ( born October 14 , 1961 ) is an American fashion designer , TV presenter , and Chief Designer of the Isaac Mizrahi brand for Xcel Brands . Based in New York City , he is best known for his eponymous fashion lines . Mizrahi currently serves as a judge on Project Runway : All Stars .'}]}, {'value': 'October 13', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Randy Jackson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Randy_Jackson', 'summary': "Randall Darius Jackson ( born June 23 , 1956 ) is an American bassist , singer , record producer , entrepreneur , and television personality . Jackson began his career in the 1980s as a session musician playing bass guitar for an array of jazz , pop , rock , and R & B performers . He moved on to work in music production and as A & R at Columbia Records and MCA Records . Jackson is best known from his appearances as the longest-serving judge on American Idol and executive producer for MTV 's America 's Best Dance Crew . Jackson has won a Grammy Award as a producer ."}]}, {'value': 'Christian Slater and Ed Westwick', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_Slater', 'summary': "Christian Michael Leonard Slater ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and producer . He made his film debut with a leading role in The Legend of Billie Jean ( 1985 ) and gained wider recognition for his breakthrough role as Jason J.D . Dean , a sociopathic high school student , in the satire Heathers ( 1988 ) . He has received critical acclaim for his title-role in the USA Network television series Mr . Robot ( 2015-2019 ) , for which he earned the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series , Miniseries or Television Film in 2016 , with additional nominations in 2017 and 2018 . Born in New York City to a theatrical family , Slater made his television debut at the age of eight on the ABC soap opera One Life to Live . He attended the Dalton School , the Professional Children 's School , and the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts . In the 1990s , Slater starred in a number of big-budget films , including Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) , Interview with the Vampire ( 1994 ) , FernGully : The Last Rainforest ( 1992 ) , Broken Arrow ( 1996 ) , and Hard Rain ( 1998 ) as well as cult films like Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) and True Romance ( 1993 ) . Since 2000 , Slater has combined work in film and television including roles in Bobby ( 2006 ) , Breaking In ( 2011 ) , Nymphomaniac ( 2013 ) , The Wife ( 2017 ) , and The Public ( 2018 ) . He has also done voice-work and theatrical roles during the same time period ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Westwick', 'summary': "Edward Jack Peter Westwick ( born 27 June 1987 ) [ citation needed ] is an English actor and musician , best known for his role as Chuck Bass on The CW 's teen television drama series Gossip Girl alongside co-stars Blake Lively and Leighton Meester . He made his feature film debut in Children of Men ( 2006 ) and has since appeared in the films Breaking and Entering ( 2006 ) , Son of Rambow ( 2007 ) , S. Darko ( 2009 ) , Chalet Girl ( 2011 ) , J. Edgar ( 2011 ) , Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) , Bone in the Throat ( 2015 ) , Freaks of Nature ( 2015 ) , and Billionaire Ransom ( 2016 ) . He currently plays Vincent Swan in the BBC Two television comedy series White Gold ( 2017 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'October 14', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Anderson Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Cooper', 'summary': "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ."}]}, {'value': 'Queen Latifah , Rusty Wallace , and Nobu Matsuhisa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Queen_Latifah', 'summary': "Dana Elaine Owens ( born March 18 , 1970 ) , known professionally as Queen Latifah , is an American rapper , singer , songwriter , actress , and producer . Born in Newark , New Jersey , she signed with Tommy Boy Records in 1989 and released her debut album All Hail the Queen on November 28 , 1989 , featuring the hit single Ladies First . Nature of a Sista ' ( 1991 ) was her second and final album with Tommy Boy Records . Latifah starred as Khadijah James on the FOX sitcom Living Single from 1993 to 1998 . Her third album , Black Reign ( 1993 ) , spawned the single U.N.I.T.Y. , which , being a large influence on women , won a Grammy Award and peaked at # 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 . She then starred in the lead role of Set It Off ( 1996 ) and released her fourth album , Order in the Court , on June 16 , 1998 , with Motown Records . Latifah gained mainstream success and acclaim with her performance in the film Chicago ( 2002 ) , receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress . Latifah released her fifth album The Dana Owens Album in 2004 . In 2007 and 2009 , she released two more studio albums - Trav'lin ' Light and Persona . She created the daytime talk show The Queen Latifah Show , which ran from late 2013 to early 2015 on CBS . She has appeared in a number of films , such as Bringing Down the House ( 2003 ) , Taxi ( 2004 ) , Barbershop 2 : Back in Business ( 2005 ) , Beauty Shop ( 2005 ) , Last Holiday ( 2006 ) , Hairspray ( 2007 ) , Joyful Noise ( 2012 ) , 22 Jump Street ( 2014 ) and Girls Trip ( 2017 ) . Latifah received critical acclaim for her portrayal of blues singer Bessie Smith in the HBO film Bessie ( 2015 ) , which she co-produced , winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rusty_Wallace', 'summary': 'Russell William Rusty Wallace Jr. ( born August 14 , 1956 ) is an American former racing driver . He has won the 1984 NASCAR Cup series Rookie of the Year and the 1989 NASCAR Winston Cup Champion . Over the years , Wallace has been inducted in the NASCAR Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) , the International Motorsports Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) , the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America ( 2014 ) and the National Motorsports Press Association Hall of Fame ( 2010 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nobu_Matsuhisa', 'summary': 'Nobuyuki Nobu Matsuhisa ( 松久 信幸 Matsuhisa Nobuyuki ; born March 10 , 1949 ) is a Japanese celebrity chef and restaurateur known for his fusion cuisine blending traditional Japanese dishes with Peruvian ingredients . His signature dish is black cod in miso . He has restaurants bearing his name in several countries . He has also played small parts in three major films .'}]}, {'value': 'October 15', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Anderson Cooper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Anderson_Cooper', 'summary': "Anderson Hays Cooper ( born June 3 , 1967 ) is an American journalist , television personality , and author . He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360° . The program is usually broadcast live from a New York City studio ; however , Cooper often broadcasts live from CNN 's studios in Washington , D.C. , or on location for breaking news stories . In addition , he is a correspondent for 60 Minutes . From September 2011 to May 2013 , he also served as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show , Anderson Live ."}]}, {'value': 'James Marsden and Michael Urie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/James_Marsden', 'summary': "James Paul Marsden ( born September 18 , 1973 ) is an American actor , singer , and former model . Marsden began his acting career guest-starring in television shows Saved by the Bell : The New Class , Touched by an Angel , and Party of Five . He gained prominence with his portrayal of Scott Summers / Cyclops in the X-Men film series and starred in 2006 's Superman Returns . In 2016 and 2018 , Marsden starred as gunslinger/sentient android Teddy Flood in the HBO science fiction series Westworld , as part of the main ensemble . Following his breakthrough in comic book films , Marsden went on to star in various genre films including 2007 's Hairspray which was a critical and commercial success and won many awards for its ensemble cast . As Corny Collins , he sang two songs for the film 's soundtrack which has been certified Platinum by the RIAA . He has had starring roles in family-friendly films such as Enchanted and Hop and leading man roles in 27 Dresses and The Best of Me . Marsden later starred in a range of independent films such as Small Apartments , Bachelorette , and Robot & Frank . He also returned to television guest-starring in Modern Family and playing Liz Lemon 's love interest , Criss Chros in 30 Rock in a supporting role . Marsden then portrayed President John F. Kennedy in Lee Daniels 's The Butler and had a supporting role in Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues . Marsden played Tom Wachowski in the Sonic The Hedgehog film ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Urie', 'summary': 'Michael Lorenzo Urie ( born August 8 , 1980 ) is an American actor , presenter , director , and producer . He is known for his portrayal of Marc St. James on the ABC dramedy television series Ugly Betty .'}]}, {'value': 'October 16', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Bryant Gumbel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bryant_Gumbel', 'summary': "Bryant Charles Gumbel ( born September 29 , 1948 ) is an American television journalist and sportscaster , best known for his 15 years as co-host of NBC 's Today . He is the younger brother of sportscaster Greg Gumbel . Since 1995 , he has hosted HBO 's acclaimed investigative series Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel , which has been rated as flat out TV 's best sports program by the Los Angeles Times . It won a Peabody Award in 2012 . Gumbel was hired by NBC Sports in the fall of 1975 as co-host of its National Football League pre-game show GrandStand with Jack Buck . From 1975 until January 1982 ( when he left to do The Today Show ) , he hosted numerous sporting events for NBC including Major League Baseball , college basketball and the National Football League . He returned to sportscasting for NBC when he hosted the prime time coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics from Seoul and the PGA Tour in 1990 . NBC News made Gumbel the principal anchor of Today beginning September 27 , 1982 , and broadcast from Vietnam , Vatican City , Europe , South America , and much of the United States followed between 1984 and 1989 . Gumbel 's work on Today earned him several Emmys and a large fanbase . He is the third longest serving co-host of Today , after former hosts Matt Lauer and Katie Couric . He stepped down from the show on January 3 , 1997 , after 15 years . Gumbel moved to CBS , where he hosted various shows before becoming co-host of the network 's morning show The Early Show on November 1 , 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'Edward Norton , Bernadette Peters , and Project Runway Winner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edward_Norton', 'summary': 'Edward Harrison Norton ( born August 18 , 1969 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . He has received multiple awards and nominations , including a Golden Globe Award and three Academy Award nominations . Born in Boston and raised in Columbia , Maryland , Norton was drawn to theatrical productions at local venues as a child . After graduating from Yale College in 1991 , he worked for a few months in Japan before moving to New York City to pursue an acting career . He gained immediate recognition for his debut in Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , which earned him a Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination in the same category . His role as a reformed neo-Nazi in American History X ( 1998 ) earned him an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor . He also starred in the film Fight Club ( 1999 ) , which garnered a cult following . Norton emerged as a filmmaker in the 2000s . He established the production company Class 5 Films in 2003 , and was director or producer of the films Keeping the Faith ( 2000 ) , Down in the Valley ( 2005 ) , and The Painted Veil ( 2006 ) . He continued to receive critical acclaim for his acting roles in films such as The Score ( 2001 ) , 25th Hour ( 2002 ) , The Illusionist ( 2006 ) , Moonrise Kingdom ( 2012 ) , and The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) . His greatest commercial successes have been Red Dragon ( 2002 ) , Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) , The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) , and The Bourne Legacy ( 2012 ) . For his role in the black comedy Birdman ( 2014 ) , Norton earned another Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernadette_Peters', 'summary': "Bernadette Peters ( born Bernadette Lazzara ; February 28 , 1948 ) is an American actress , singer , and children 's book author . Over a career spanning five decades , she has starred in musical theatre , television and film , performed in solo concerts and released recordings . She is a critically acclaimed Broadway performer , having received seven nominations for Tony Awards , winning two ( plus an honorary award ) , and nine nominations for Drama Desk Awards , winning three . Four of the Broadway cast albums on which she has starred have won Grammy Awards . Regarded by many as the foremost interpreter of the works of Stephen Sondheim , Peters is particularly noted for her roles on the Broadway stage , including in the musicals Mack and Mabel , Sunday in the Park with George , Song and Dance , Into the Woods , The Goodbye Girl , Annie Get Your Gun , Gypsy , Follies and Hello , Dolly ! . Peters first performed on the stage as a child and then a teenaged actress in the 1960s , and in film and television in the 1970s . She was praised for this early work and for appearances on The Muppet Show , The Carol Burnett Show and in other television work , and for her roles in films including Silent Movie , The Jerk , Pennies from Heaven and Annie . In the 1980s , she returned to the theatre , where she became one of the best-known Broadway stars over the next three decades . She also has recorded six solo albums and several singles , as well as many cast albums , and performs regularly in her own solo concert act . In the 2010s , Peters continues to act on stage , in films and television in such series as Smash and Mozart in the Jungle . She has been nominated for three Emmy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards , winning once ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Project_Runway', 'summary': "Project Runway is an American reality television series that focuses on fashion design . The contestants compete with each other to create the best clothes and are restricted by time , materials and theme . Their designs are judged by a panel , and one or more designers are typically eliminated from the show each week . During each season , contestants are progressively eliminated until only a few contestants remain . These finalists prepare a complete fashion collection for New York Fashion Week , which determines the winner . Project Runway was created by Eli Holzman and was hosted by supermodel Heidi Klum . It has a varied airing history , with Bravo originating the first five seasons , followed by Lifetime for eleven more , before it was announced on May 14 , 2018 that the series is tentatively returning to Bravo for the seventeenth season in the wake of The Weinstein Company 's bankruptcy , pending TWC asset winner Lantern Entertainment 's acquisition of the former TWC assets . The show won a Peabody Award in 2008 for using the 'television reality contest ' genre to engage , inform , enlighten and entertain . On September 7 , 2018 , it was confirmed that Heidi Klum and the show 's mentor Tim Gunn would not be returning for a 17th season on Bravo as they both signed a deal to helm another fashion competition show on Amazon Video . In January 2019 , it was announced that American model Karlie Kloss follows Klum as the new host , with Season 4 winner Christian Siriano replacing Gunn as mentor ."}]}, {'value': 'October 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Howie Mandel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Howie_Mandel', 'summary': "Howard Michael Mandel ( born November 29 , 1955 ) is a Canadian comedian , actor , voice actor , and television host . He hosted the CNBC ( originally NBC ) game show Deal or No Deal , as well as the show 's daytime and Canadian-English counterparts . In 1987 , Mandel starred alongside Amy Steel in the comedy film Walk Like a Man . From 1982 to 1988 , Mandel played rowdy ER intern Dr. Wayne Fiscus on the NBC medical drama St . Elsewhere . He also created , voiced , and starred in the FOX 's children 's cartoon Bobby 's World , and judges on NBC 's America 's Got Talent ."}]}, {'value': 'Kim Raver and Billy Bob Thornton & The Boxermasters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kim_Raver', 'summary': "Kim Raver ( born March 15 , 1969 ) is an American actress and producer . She is best known for television roles as Kim Zambrano on Third Watch , Audrey Raines on 24 and Teddy Altman on ABC 's medical drama Grey 's Anatomy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Billy_Bob_Thornton', 'summary': "Billy Bob Thornton ( born August 4 , 1955 ) is an American actor , writer , director and musician . Thornton had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move , and received international attention after writing , directing , and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade ( 1996 ) , for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade , including Oliver Stone 's neo-noir U Turn ( 1997 ) , political drama Primary Colors ( 1998 ) , science fiction disaster film Armageddon ( 1998 ) , the highest-grossing film of that year , and the crime drama A Simple Plan ( 1998 ) , which earned him his third Oscar nomination . In the 2000s , Thornton achieved further success in starring dramas Monster 's Ball ( 2001 ) , The Man Who Was n't There ( 2001 ) , and Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) ; comedies Bandits ( 2001 ) , Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , and Bad Santa ( 2003 ) ; and action films Eagle Eye ( 2008 ) and Faster ( 2010 ) . In 2014 , Thornton starred as Lorne Malvo in the first season of the anthology series Fargo , earning a nomination for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or TV Movie at the Emmy Awards and won Best Actor in a Miniseries or TV Film at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards . In 2016 , he starred in an Amazon original series , Goliath , which earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Television Series Drama . Thornton has been vocal about his distaste for celebrity culture , choosing to keep his life out of the public eye . However , the attention of the media has proven unavoidable in certain cases , his marriage to Angelina Jolie being a notable example . Thornton has written a variety of films , usually set in the Southern United States and mainly co-written with Tom Epperson , including A Family Thing ( 1996 ) and The Gift ( 2000 ) . After Sling Blade , he directed several other films , including Daddy and Them ( 2001 ) , All the Pretty Horses ( 2000 ) , and Jayne Mansfield 's Car ( 2012 ) . Thornton has received the President 's Award from the Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy & Horror Films , a Special Achievement Award from the National Board of Review , and a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . He has also been nominated for an Emmy Award , four Golden Globes , and three Screen Actors Guild Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/The_Boxmasters', 'summary': "The Boxmasters is an American rock ' n ' roll band founded in Bellflower , California in 2007 by Academy Award-winning actor Billy Bob Thornton and J.D . Andrew . The group has released 8 albums , always focused on their love of music from the 1960s . Before he formed The Boxmasters , frontman Thornton had played in bands since middle school , worked as a roadie , recorded in 1974 in Muscle Shoals , Alabama and in the 2000 's released four solo albums . After listening to Yesterday 's Gone by Chad & Jeremy and thinking about covering it in a hillbilly music style , he had the idea of making Americanized version of British Invasion pop songs . From mid-2008 to late 2008 , the group embarked on a tour across the United States , ending in Los Angeles . It also played for the March 2009 South by Southwest conference . After opening several tours for Willie Nelson in 2009 & 2010 , The Boxmasters ceased touring for 5 years , which they used to write multiple albums and emerged with a more natural sound , as opposed to their early hillbilly leanings ."}]}, {'value': 'October 20', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Judge Judy , Corbin Bleu , and CFA-Iams Cat Championship', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judith_Sheindlin', 'summary': "Judith Susan Sheindlin ( née Blum ; born October 21 , 1942 ) , known professionally as Judge Judy , is an American prosecution lawyer , former Manhattan family court judge , television personality , and author . Since September 1996 , Sheindlin has presided over her own successful 4-time Daytime Emmy Award-winning arbitration-based court show series , Judge Judy , produced by CBS Television Distribution . Sheindlin passed the New York state bar examination in 1965 and became a prosecutor in the family court system . In 1982 New York City Mayor Ed Koch appointed her as a judge , first in criminal court , then later as Manhattan 's supervising family court judge in 1986 . Sheindlin is the longest serving judge or arbitrator in courtroom-themed programming history , a distinction that earned Sheindlin a place in the Guinness World Records ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Corbin_Bleu', 'summary': "Corbin Bleu Reivers ( /bluː/ ; born February 21 , 1989 ) , known professionally as Corbin Bleu , is an American actor , model , dancer , film producer and singer-songwriter . He performed in the High School Musical film series ( 2006-2008 ) . Songs from the films also charted worldwide , with the song I Do n't Dance peaking inside the Top 70 of the Billboard Hot 100 . During this time , he also starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Jump In ! ( 2007 ) . His first lead role was in the film Catch That Kid ( 2004 ) . He has since appeared in the Discovery Kids drama series Flight 29 Down ( 2005-2007 ) , as well as the film To Write Love on Her Arms ( 2015 ) . He competed in the 17th season of Dancing with the Stars , partnered with professional dancer Karina Smirnoff . He has also pursued a music career , and released his debut album Another Side on May 1 , 2007 , which included the single Push It to the Limit . The album debuted at number thirty-six on the U.S . Billboard 200 , selling 18,000 copies in its first week . Bleu released his second album , Speed of Light , on March 10 , 2009 ."}]}, {'value': 'October 21', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': "Vanessa Hudgens , Jason O'Mara , and Gavin Rossdale", 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vanessa_Hudgens', 'summary': "Vanessa Anne Hudgens ( born December 14 , 1988 ) is an American actress and singer . After making her feature film debut in Thirteen ( 2003 ) , Hudgens rose to fame portraying Gabriella Montez in the High School Musical film series ( 2006-2008 ) , which brought her significant mainstream success . The success of the first film led to Hudgens ' acquiring a recording contract with Hollywood Records , with whom she released two studio albums , V ( 2006 ) and Identified ( 2008 ) . Since the release of her studio albums and the High School Musical franchise , Hudgens has focused on her acting career . She has appeared in the films Bandslam ( 2009 ) , Beastly ( 2011 ) , Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) , Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( 2012 ) , Spring Breakers ( 2013 ) , The Princess Switch ( 2018 ) , Second Act ( 2018 ) , and Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) . She played the title role in the Broadway musical Gigi in 2015 , and had roles in two of Fox 's live musical productions : Rizzo in Grease : Live in 2016 , and Maureen Johnson in Rent : Live in 2019 ."}, {'url': "/wiki/Jason_O'Mara", 'summary': "Jason O'Mara ( born August 6 , 1972 ) is an Irish actor based in the United States . He has starred in the American television network dramas In Justice , Life on Mars , Terra Nova , Vegas , and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D . O'Mara won an Irish Film and Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in The Siege of Jadotville . He is the voice actor for DC Comics ' superhero Batman in the DC Animated Movie Universe ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Gavin_Rossdale', 'summary': "Gavin McGregor Rossdale ( born 30 October 1966 ) is an English singer , songwriter , musician , and actor , and is the lead singer and rhythm guitarist of the rock band Bush . Rossdale helped form Bush in 1992 ; upon the band 's separation in 2002 , he became the lead singer and guitarist for Institute and later began a solo career . Rossdale resumed his role in Bush when the band reunited in 2010 . In 2013 , Rossdale received the British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for International Achievement ."}]}, {'value': 'October 22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Zac Efron and Shawn Johnson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Zac_Efron', 'summary': "Zachary David Alexander Efron ( /ˈɛfrɒn/ ; born October 18 , 1987 ) is an American actor and singer . He began acting professionally in the early 2000s and rose to prominence in the late 2000s for his leading role as Troy Bolton in the High School Musical trilogy ( 2006-2008 ) . During this time , he also starred in the musical film Hairspray ( 2007 ) and the comedy film 17 Again ( 2009 ) . Efron has since starred in the films New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) , The Lucky One ( 2012 ) , The Paperboy ( 2012 ) , Neighbors ( 2014 ) , Dirty Grandpa ( 2016 ) , Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising ( 2016 ) , Baywatch ( 2017 ) , The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) and Extremely Wicked , Shockingly Evil and Vile ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Shawn_Johnson', 'summary': 'Shawn Machel Johnson East ( born January 19 , 1992 ) is an American former artistic gymnast . She is the 2008 Olympic balance beam gold medalist and team , all-around and floor exercise silver medalist . Johnson is also a five-time Pan American Games gold medalist , winning the team titles in 2007 and 2011 , as well as titles in the all-around , uneven bars , and balance beam in 2007 . Johnson became a member of the U.S. senior team in 2007 . She had one of the best rookie seasons ever recorded in the history of gymnastics , winning the all-around at the American Cup , Pan American Games , U.S. National Championships , and World Championships all in her first year as a senior gymnast . She is the 2007 individual all-around World Champion , 2007 World Champion on floor exercise , and a member of the 2007 gold medal winning U.S. gymnastics team . As well as being the 2007 U.S. Champion on balance beam and floor exercise , the 2008 U.S. Champion on floor exercise and silver medalist on balance beam , Johnson is a three-time U.S. all-around Champion , winning once as a junior and twice as a senior . Johnson announced her retirement from gymnastics on June 3 , 2012 . In May 2009 , Johnson was the winner of season eight of Dancing with the Stars , and in November 2012 she earned second place on the all-star edition .'}]}, {'value': 'October 23', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Whoopi Goldberg and Ashley Tisdale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Whoopi_Goldberg', 'summary': "Caryn Elaine Johnson ( born November 13 , 1955 ) , known professionally as Whoopi Goldberg ( /ˈwʊpi/ ) , is an American actor , comedian , author , and television personality . She has been nominated for 13 Emmy Awards and is one of the few entertainers to have won an Emmy Award , a Grammy Award , an Academy Award , and a Tony Award . She is also the second black woman to win an Academy Award for acting . Goldberg 's breakthrough came in 1985 for her role as Celie , a mistreated woman in the Deep South , in Steven Spielberg 's period drama film The Color Purple , for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and won her first Golden Globe Award . For her performance in the romantic fantasy film Ghost ( 1990 ) as Oda Mae Brown , an eccentric psychic , Goldberg won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and a second Golden Globe , her first for Best Supporting Actress . In 1992 , Goldberg starred in the comedy Sister Act , earning a third Golden Globe nomination , her first for Best Actress - Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . She reprised the role in Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit ( 1993 ) , making her the highest-paid actress at the time . Her other film roles include Made in America ( 1993 ) , Corrina , Corrina ( 1994 ) , The Lion King ( 1994 ) , The Little Rascals ( 1994 ) , Boys on the Side ( 1995 ) , Theodore Rex ( 1995 ) , Ghosts of Mississippi ( 1996 ) , How Stella Got Her Groove Back ( 1998 ) , Girl , Interrupted ( 1999 ) , For Colored Girls ( 2010 ) , Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) , Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ( 2014 ) , Nobody 's Fool ( 2018 ) , and Furlough ( 2018 ) . In television , Goldberg is known for her role as Guinan on Star Trek : The Next Generation and for co-hosting and moderating the talk show The View since 2007 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ashley_Tisdale', 'summary': "Ashley Michelle Tisdale ( born July 2 , 1985 ) is an American actress , singer , and producer . During her childhood , Tisdale was featured in over 100 advertisements and had minor roles in television and theatre . She achieved mainstream success as Maddie Fitzpatrick in the Disney Channel series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . This success was heightened when she starred as Sharpay Evans in the High School Musical franchise . The film series proved to be a huge success for Disney and earned a large following . The success of the films led to Tisdale signing with Warner Bros. Records , releasing her debut album , Headstrong ( 2007 ) , through the label . The album was a commercial success , earning a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . She starred as Candace Flynn in the animated series Phineas & Ferb from 2007 to 2015 . Tisdale 's second studio album , Guilty Pleasure ( 2009 ) , was released to less commercial success than its predecessor . Tisdale would part ways with Warner Bros. Records following the release of the album . During this time , Tisdale began appearing in more films and returned to television with shows such as Hellcats ( 2010 ) . Tisdale 's production company Blondie Girl Productions , first formed in 2008 , signed a multi-year production deal with Relativity Media in 2010 ; Tisdale would produce shows such as Miss Advised ( 2012 ) as part of the deal ."}]}, {'value': 'October 24', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kelly Ripa & Michael Chiklis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Chiklis', 'summary': 'Michael Charles Chiklis ( born August 30 , 1963 ) is an American actor , director and television producer . He is perhaps best known for his role as LAPD Detective Vic Mackey on the FX police drama The Shield , for which he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . He is also known for playing Commissioner Tony Scali on the ABC police drama The Commish , The Thing in two Fantastic Four films , and Jim Powell on the ABC science-fiction comedy-drama No Ordinary Family . Additionally , he co-starred as Vincent Savino in the CBS crime drama Vegas . In 2014 Chiklis joined the cast of American Horror Story for its fourth season , American Horror Story : Freak Show . The following year he was cast as Nathaniel Barnes , in the second season of Gotham , as a series regular .'}]}, {'value': 'Gisele Bündchen and John Slattery', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gisele_Bündchen', 'summary': "Gisele Caroline Bündchen ( Brazilian Portuguese : [ ʒiˈzɛli ˈbĩtʃẽ ] , German : [ ˈbʏntçn̩ ] , born 20 July 1980 ) is a Brazilian model , environmental activist , author , actress , and businesswoman . Since 2001 , Bündchen was one of the highest-paid models in the world . In 2007 , she was the 16th richest woman in the entertainment industry , and earned the top spot on Forbes top-earning models list in 2012 . In 2014 , Bündchen was listed as the 89th Most Powerful Woman in the World by Forbes . In 2002 , Bündchen was the first of three Brazilian models to achieve the status of supermodel . Vogue has credited Bündchen with ending the heroin chic era of modeling in 1999 ; instead ushering in a sexy , healthy look with curves and a golden tan . Bündchen was a Victoria 's Secret Angel from 2000 until mid-2007 and had signed Victoria 's Secret 's biggest contract to date . She is credited with pioneering and popularizing the horse walk , a stomping movement created by a model lifting her knees high and kicking her feet to step . In 2007 , Claudia Schiffer called Bündchen the only remaining supermodel . Bündchen has appeared on more than 1,200 magazine covers . Bündchen was nominated for Choice Movie Female Breakout Star and for Choice Movie Villain at the 2005 Teen Choice Awards for her supporting role in Taxi ( 2004 ) . She had a supporting role in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) and was the executive producer of an educational environmental cartoon , Gisele & the Green Team , in 2010 to 2011 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Slattery', 'summary': "John M. Slattery Jr. ( born August 13 , 1962 ) is an American actor and director , best known for his role as Roger Sterling in the AMC drama series Mad Men . Slattery 's other acting credits include a starring role as Ben Bradlee , Jr. , in the Best Picture-winning film Spotlight , and the role of Howard Stark in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Iron Man 2 , Ant-Man , Captain America : Civil War , and Avengers : Endgame . He has received four Primetime Emmy Awards nominations and two Critics ' Choice Television Awards for Mad Men and was part of the Mad Men ensemble cast that won two SAG Awards . In 2013 , Slattery directed his first feature film , God 's Pocket ( 2014 ) , which he co-wrote with Alex Metcalf . The film , based on a 1983 novel of same name by Pete Dexter , premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and was picked up for distribution by IFC Films ."}]}, {'value': 'October 27', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Marcia Cross and Katie Brown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Marcia_Cross', 'summary': 'Marcia Anne Cross ( born March 25 , 1962 ) is an American actress . She began her career on daytime soap operas such as The Edge of Night , Another World , and One Life to Live before moving to primetime television with a recurring role on Knots Landing . From 1992 to 1997 , she starred as Dr. Kimberly Shaw on Melrose Place . Cross played the role of the conservative housewife Bree Van de Kamp on the ABC television series Desperate Housewives ( 2004-12 ) , for which she was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy , and a Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . She also recurred as President Claire Haas on the ABC series Quantico .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_Brown_(TV_personality)', 'summary': 'Katie Brown ( born 1963 in Petoskey , Michigan ) is an American home and gardening television show host , author , and trained art historian .'}]}, {'value': 'October 28', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Regis Philbin & Kelly Ripa', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Regis_Philbin', 'summary': "Regis Francis Xavier Philbin ( /ˈriːdʒɪs ˈfɪlbɪn/ ; born August 25 , 1931 ) is an American media personality , actor , and singer , known for hosting talk and game shows since the 1960s . After graduating from the University of Notre Dame , he served in the Navy and got his television start serving as a page for the Tonight Show in the 1950s . Philbin gained his first network TV exposure in 1967 as Joey Bishop 's sidekick on The Joey Bishop Show . Sometimes called ( alternatively attributed to James Brown ) the hardest working man in show business , Philbin holds the Guinness World Record for the most time spent in front of a television camera . His trademarks include his excited manner , his New York accent , his wit , and his irreverent ad-libs . Philbin is most widely known as the host of the New York City-based nationally syndicated talk show Live ! with Regis and Kathie Lee starting in 1988 , which became Live ! with Regis and Kelly starting in 2001 , and continued on with former football player Michael Strahan after Philbin 's departure in 2011 . Philbin debuted and hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , Million Dollar Password , and the first season of America 's Got Talent ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Kelly_Ripa', 'summary': 'Kelly Maria Ripa ( born October 2 , 1970 ) is an American actress , dancer , talk show hostess , and television producer . Ripa portrayed Hayley Vaughan on the ABC daytime soap opera , All My Children , between 1990 and 2002 . She is the co-host of the syndicated morning talk show , Live ! with Kelly and Ryan , in various formats since 2001 . She also played Faith Fairfield on the ABC sitcom , Hope & Faith , from 2003 to 2006 . Ripa and her husband , Mark Consuelos , own a New York-based production company , Milojo . In 2014 , The Hollywood Reporter named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media .'}]}, {'value': 'Charles Gibson , Tom Nardone , and Craig Horner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Charles_Gibson', 'summary': "Charles deWolf Gibson ( born March 9 , 1943 ) is a retired American broadcast television anchor and journalist . Gibson was a host of Good Morning America from 1987 to 2006 , and the anchor of World News with Charles Gibson from 2006 to 2009 . In 1965 , Gibson worked as the news director for Princeton University 's student-run radio station , a radio producer for RKO , and a reporter for local television stations . In 1975 , he joined ABC News , where he worked as a general assignment reporter and a correspondent from Washington , D.C ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Craig_Horner', 'summary': 'Craig Horner ( born 24 January 1983 ) is an Australian actor and musician who first appeared in the Australian television program Cybergirl . He is best known for his role as Richard Cypher on the television series Legend of the Seeker .'}]}], 'section_title': 'October 2008', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Live_with_Regis_and_Kelly_(season_21)_1', 'intro': "This is a list of Live with Regis and Kelly episodes which were broadcast during the show's 21st season. The list is ordered by air date. Although the co-hosts may have read a couple of emails during the broadcast, it does not necessarily count as a Regis and Kelly Inbox segment."}
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What is the air date of the guest who graduated from New York University 's Tisch School of the Arts ?
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October 8
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03aae1e1c375ecbd
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions', 'title': 'Ranked lists of Chilean regions', 'header': ['Region', 'Gini coefficient ( per capita income )', 'Gini coefficient ( equivalised income )'], 'data': [{'value': 'Arica and Parinacota', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arica_and_Parinacota_Region', 'summary': "The Arica y Parinacota Region ( Spanish : Región de Arica y Parinacota pronounced [ aˈɾika i paɾinaˈkota ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the east and Chile 's Tarapacá Region to the south . It is also the country 's newest region , created under Law No . 20,175 . It became operational on October 8 , 2007 . Chile 's former Tarapacá region was a former Peruvian province , which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific , and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima ."}]}, {'value': '0.385', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.350', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarapacá', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarapacá_Region', 'summary': "The Tarapacá Region ( Spanish : Región de Tarapacá , pronounced [ taɾapaˈka ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It borders the Chilean Arica and Parinacota Region to the north , Bolivia 's Oruro Department on the east , the Antofagasta Region on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west . The port city of Iquique ( 2002 pop . 216,419 ) is the region 's capital . Much of the region was once the Tarapacá Province of Peru , which was annexed by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific . The region was important economically as a site of intense saltpeter mining , before synthetic nitrate manufacturing became possible . A number of abandoned mining towns can still be found in the region . The present day Tarapacá Region was created in 2007 by subdividing the former Tarapacá Region under Law No . 20,175 , which was signed by President Michelle Bachelet in Arica ."}]}, {'value': '0.415', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.392', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Antofagasta', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Antofagasta_Region', 'summary': "The Antofagasta Region ( Spanish : Región de Antofagasta , pronounced [ antofaˈɣasta ] ) is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces , Antofagasta , El Loa and Tocopilla . It is bordered to the north by Tarapacá and by Atacama to the south and is the second-largest region of Chile . To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina . The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta , another important city being Calama . The main economic activity is copper mining in the giant porphyry copper systems located inland . Climate is extremely arid albeit somewhat milder near the coast . Nearly all of the region is devoid of vegetation except close to the Loa River or at oasises such as San Pedro de Atacama . Much of the inland is covered by salt flats , tephra and lava flows . The coast exhibits prominent cliffs . The region was sparsely populated by indigenous Changos and Atacameños until massive Chilean immigration in conjunction with a saltpeter boom in the later 19th century . The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific broke out in 1879 ."}]}, {'value': '0.417', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.382', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Atacama', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Atacama_Region', 'summary': "The Atacama Region ( Spanish : Región de Atacama , pronounced [ ataˈkama ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It comprises three provinces : Chañaral , Copiapó and Huasco . It is bordered to the north by Antofagasta , to the south by Coquimbo , to east with Provinces of Catamarca , La Rioja and San Juan of Argentina , and to the west by the Pacific Ocean . The regional capital Copiapó is located at 806 km ( 501 mi ) north of the country 's capital of Santiago . The region occupies the southern portion of the Atacama Desert , the rest of the desert is mainly distributed among the other regions of Norte Grande ."}]}, {'value': '0.388', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.349', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coquimbo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coquimbo_Region', 'summary': "The Coquimbo Region ( Spanish : Región de Coquimbo , pronounced [ koˈkimbo ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is approximately 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) north of the capital , Santiago . The capital and largest city is La Serena , other important cities include the seaport Coquimbo and the agricultural centre Ovalle ."}]}, {'value': '0.390', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.369', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Valparaíso', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Valparaíso_Region', 'summary': "The Valparaíso Region ( Spanish : Región de Valparaíso , pronounced [ balpaɾaˈiso ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . [ FN 1 ] With the country 's second highest population of 1,790,219 million in 2017 , and fourth smallest area of 16,396.1 km2 ( 6,331 sq mi ) , the region is Chile 's second most densely populated after the Santiago Metropolitan Region to the southeast . Its capital is the port city of Valparaíso , other important cities include Viña del Mar , Quillota , Quilpué , and San Antonio ."}]}, {'value': '0.435', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.410', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Santiago', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Santiago_Metropolitan_Region', 'summary': "Santiago Metropolitan Region ( Spanish : Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions . It is the country 's only landlocked administrative region and contains the nation 's capital , Santiago . Most commercial and administrative centers are located in the region , including Chile 's main international airport , Arturo Merino Benítez . With an area of 15,403.2 km2 ( 5,947 sq mi ) and population over 7 million , it is Chile 's smallest by area , most populated and most densely populated region . It is also the country 's only region that does not have a Roman numeral identifier ."}]}, {'value': '0.489', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.456', 'urls': []}, {'value': "O'Higgins", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/O'Higgins_Region", 'summary': "The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region ( Spanish : Región del Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins pronounced [ liβeɾtaˈðoɾ xeneˈɾal βeɾˈnaɾðo oˈçiɣins ] ) , often shortened to O'Higgins Region , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is subdivided into three provinces . It is named in honour of Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme , one of Chile 's founding fathers . The Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region is bordered to the west by the Pacific Ocean , to the east by the Republic of Argentina , to the north by the Valparaíso and Santiago Metropolitan Regions , and to the south by the Maule Region . It extends approximately between the parallels of 33° 51 ' and 35° 01 ' south latitude , and between the meridian of 70° 02 ' west longitude and the Pacific Ocean . The capital and largest city of the region is Rancagua . The second major town is San Fernando ."}]}, {'value': '0.397', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.372', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Maule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Maule_Region', 'summary': "The Maule Region ( Spanish : Región del Maule , pronounced [ ˈmau̯.le ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Its capital is Talca . The region derives its name from the Maule River which , running westward from the Andes , bisects the region and spans a basin of about 20,600 km2 . The Maule river is of considerable historic interest because , among other reasons , it marked the southern limits of the Inca Empire ."}]}, {'value': '0.403', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.377', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Biobío', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Biobío_Region', 'summary': "The Biobío Region ( Spanish : Región del Biobío [ ˌbi.oˈβi.o ] ) , is one of Chile 's sixteen first-order administrative divisions . With a population of 1.5 million people , it is divided into three provinces : Arauco , Biobío and Concepción . In the Bio Bio , Concepción is the capital and largest city . Other important cities include Coronel , Hualpén , Los Ángeles , and Talcahuano ."}]}, {'value': '0.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.375', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Araucanía', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Araucanía_Region', 'summary': "The Araucanía ( /ˌærɔːˈkeɪniə/ ARR-aw-KAY-nee-ə [ citation needed ] ) , Araucanía Region ( Spanish : Región de La Araucanía pronounced [ aɾau̯kaˈni.a ] ) is one of Chile 's 16 first-order administrative divisions , and comprises two provinces : Malleco in the north and Cautín in the south . Its capital and largest city is Temuco ; other important cities include Angol and Villarrica . Chile did not incorporate the lands of the Araucanía Region until the 1880s , when it occupied the area to end resistance by the indigenous Mapuche by both military and political means . This opened up the area for Chilean and European immigration and settlement . In the 1900-1930 period , the population of Araucanía grew considerably , as did the economy despite recessions striking the rest of Chile . Araucanía became one of the principal agricultural districts of Chile , gaining the nickname of granary of Chile . The administrative Araucanía Region was established in 1974 , in what was the core of the larger historic region of Araucanía . In the 21st century , Araucanía is Chile 's poorest region in terms of GDP per capita . About a third of the region 's population is ethnic Mapuche , the highest proportion of any Chilean region . The Araucanía Region has been the main location of the confrontations of the ongoing Mapuche conflict , as the Mapuche have pressed their land claims against the central government ."}]}, {'value': '0.432', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.414', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Ríos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Ríos_Region', 'summary': "The Los Ríos Region ( Spanish : XIV Región de Los Ríos , pronounced [ loz ˈri.os ] , lit . Region of the Rivers ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , the country 's first-order administrative divisions . Its capital is Valdivia . It began to operate as a region on October 2 , 2007 , having been created by subdividing the Los Lagos Region in southern Chile . It consists of two provinces : Valdivia and the newly created Ranco Province , which was formerly part of Valdivia Province ."}]}, {'value': '0.427', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.403', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Los Lagos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_Lagos_Region', 'summary': "Los Lagos Region ( Spanish : Región de Los Lagos pronounced [ loz ˈlaɣos ] , lit . Region of the Lakes ) is one of Chile 's 16 regions , which are first order administrative divisions , and comprises four provinces : Chiloé , Llanquihue , Osorno and Palena . The region contains the country 's second largest island , Chiloé , and the second largest lake , Llanquihue . Historically , the Huilliche have called this territory between Bueno River and Reloncaví Sound Futahuillimapu , meaning great land of the south . Its capital is Puerto Montt ; other important cities include Osorno , Castro , Ancud , and Puerto Varas . The mainland portion of Los Lagos Region south of Reloncaví Sound ( Palena Province ) is considered part of Patagonia . Los Lagos Region economy is dominated by the service sector but based in fishing , salmon aquaculture , forestry and cattle farming . Tourism is economically important in Andes where ski resorts , hot springs and recreational fishing are popular offers . The region hosts Monte Verde , one of the oldest archaeological sites of the Americas . The largest indigenous group of the region are the Huilliche who lived in the area before the arrival of the Spanish . The Spanish crown settled Chiloé Archipelago in 1567 while the rest of the region begun to be slowly colonized by non-indigenous people only in the late 18th century . In the 1850s Germans arrived to colonize the shores of Llanquihue Lake under a Chilean state-sponsored program ."}]}, {'value': '0.423', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.399', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aisén', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aisén_Region', 'summary': "The Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region ( Spanish : Región de Aysén , pronounced [ ai̯ˈsen ] , or XI Región de Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo ) , often shortened to Aysén Region or Aisén , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . Although the third largest in area , the region is Chile 's most sparsely populated region with a population of 102,317 as of 2017 . The capital of the region is Coihaique , the region 's former namesake . The landscape is marked by several glaciations that formed many lakes , channels and fjords . The region contains icefields including the Northern Patagonian Ice Field and the Southern Patagonian Ice Field , the world 's third largest after those in Antarctica and Greenland . Laguna San Rafael National Park , reachable only by boat or plane , is one of the region 's most popular tourist destinations . Until the construction of Route 7 ( the Carretera Austral , or Southern Highway ) in the 1980s , the only overland routes from north to south through the region were extremely primitive tracks ."}]}, {'value': '0.428', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.392', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Magallanes', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Magallanes_Region', 'summary': "The Magallanes Region ( locally [ maɣaˈʝanes ] ) , officially the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region ( Spanish : Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena ) , is one of Chile 's 16 first order administrative divisions . It is the southernmost , largest , and second least populated region of Chile . It comprises four provinces : Última Esperanza , Magallanes , Tierra del Fuego , and Antártica Chilena . Magallanes 's geographical features include Torres del Paine , Cape Horn , Tierra del Fuego island , and the Strait of Magellan . It also includes the Antarctic territory claimed by Chile . Despite its large area , much of the land in the region is rugged or closed off for sheep farming , and is unsuitable for settlement . 80% of the population lives in the capital Punta Arenas , a major market city and one of the main hubs for Antarctic exploration . The main economic activities are sheep farming , oil extraction , and tourism . It is also the region with the lowest poverty level in Chile ( 5.8% ) ; households in Magallanes have the highest income of any region in Chile . Since 2017 , the region has had its own time zone . It uses the summer time for the whole year ( UTC−3 ) ."}]}, {'value': '0.400', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.371', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Chile', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Chile', 'summary': 'Chile ( /ˈtʃɪli/ ( listen ) , /ˈtʃɪleɪ/ ; Spanish : [ ˈtʃile ] ) , [ nb 2 ] officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish : República de Chile ( help·info ) ) , is a South American country occupying a long , narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west . It borders Peru to the north , Bolivia to the northeast , Argentina to the east , and the Drake Passage in the far south . Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández , Salas y Gómez , Desventuradas , and Easter Island in Oceania . Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres ( 480,000 sq mi ) of Antarctica under the Chilean Antarctic Territory . [ nb 3 ] , The arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth , principally copper and lithium . The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources , and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions . Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands , and features a string of volcanoes and lakes . The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords , inlets , canals , twisting peninsulas , and islands . Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century , replacing Inca rule in the north and centre , but failing to conquer the independent Mapuche who inhabited what is now south-central Chile . After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818 , Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic . In the 19th century , Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth , ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific ( 1879-83 ) after defeating Peru and Bolivia . In the 1960s and 1970s , the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil .'}]}, {'value': '0.465', 'urls': []}, {'value': '0.436', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Ranked_lists_of_Chilean_regions_13', 'intro': "This article includes several ranked indicators for Chile's regions."}
| null | null |
What is the Gini coefficient ( per capita income ) whose region is bordered to the north by Antofagasta ?
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0.388
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03afbe74f0d14f59
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_in_North_Bay,_Ontario', 'title': 'Media in North Bay, Ontario', 'header': ['Frequency', 'Call sign', 'Branding', 'Format', 'Owner', 'Notes'], 'data': [{'value': '600 AM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKAT', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKAT', 'summary': "CKAT is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 600 AM in North Bay , Ontario . The station , owned by Rogers Communications , airs a country music , news and sports format . The station originally launched in 1967 at 93.7 FM , and was acquired by Northern Broadcasting , the owners of CFCH . In 1979 , CKAT adopted a country music format and moved to 101.9 FM . In 1980 , CKAT and CFCH were sold to Telemedia . In 1996 , Telemedia swapped the stations in a move similar to its 1990 switch involving CKSO and CIGM in Sudbury . CKAT took over CFCH 's AM frequency , and CFCH moved to the FM station and adopted the new callsign CKFX . In 2002 , Telemedia sold the stations to Standard Broadcasting , who shortly sold them to Rogers . In fall 2005 , CKAT and CIGM underwent a format change , with country music cut back ( although not entirely eliminated ) in favour of increased news and sports programming . Since the change , both stations used the following slogans such as Today 's Country , News Leader and Sports Leader . The station 's general manager is Peter McKeown , a former morning man for many years on CHUR and CKAT . In 2009 , CKAT 's sister station CIGM in Sudbury ( under the ownership of Rogers Media ) was acquired by Newcap Radio and then converted the station to the FM dial ."}]}, {'value': 'Country 600', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'country / news / sports', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Country_music', 'summary': 'Country music , also known as country and western ( or simply country ) , and hillbilly music , is a genre of popular music that takes its roots from genres such as American folk music ( especially Appalachian and Western music ) and blues . Its popularized roots originate in the Southern United States of the early 1920s . Country music often consists of ballads and dance tunes with generally simple forms , folk lyrics , and harmonies mostly accompanied by string instruments such as banjos , electric and acoustic guitars , steel guitars ( such as pedal steels and dobros ) , and fiddles as well as harmonicas . Blues modes have been used extensively throughout its recorded history . According to Lindsey Starnes , the term country music gained popularity in the 1940s in preference to the earlier term hillbilly music ; it came to encompass Western music , which evolved parallel to hillbilly music from similar roots , in the mid-20th century . In 2009 in the United States , country music was the most listened to rush hour radio genre during the evening commute , and second most popular in the morning commute . The term country music is used today to describe many styles and subgenres . The origins of country music are found in the folk music of working class Americans and/or blue-collar American life , who blended popular songs , Irish and Celtic fiddle tunes , traditional English ballads , cowboy songs , and the musical traditions of various groups of European immigrants .'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sports_radio', 'summary': "Sports radio ( or sports talk radio ) is a radio format devoted entirely to discussion and broadcasting of sporting events . A widespread programming genre that has a narrow audience appeal , sports radio is characterized by an often-boisterous on-air style and extensive debate and analysis by both hosts and callers . Many sports talk stations also carry play-by-play ( live commentary ) of local sports teams as part of their regular programming . Hosted by Bill Mazer , the first sports talk radio show in history launched in March 1964 on New York 's WNBC ( AM ) . Soon after WNBC launched its program , in 1965 Seton Hall University 's radio station , WSOU , started Hall Line , a call-in sports radio talk show focusing on the team 's basketball program . Having celebrated its 50th anniversary on air during the 2015-2016 season , Hall Line , which broadcasts to central and northern New Jersey as well as all five boroughs of New York , is the oldest and longest running sports talk call-in show in the NY-NJ Metropolitan area , and is believed to be the oldest in the nation . Enterprise Radio Network became the first national all-sports network , operating out of Avon , Connecticut , from New Year 's Day 1981 through late September of that year before going out of business . ER had two channels , one for talk and a second for updates and play-by-play . ER 's talk lineup included current New York Yankees voice John Sterling , New York Mets radio host Ed Coleman and former big-league pitcher Bill Denehy . Sports talk is available in local , network and syndicated forms , is available in multiple languages , and is carried in multiple forms on both major North American satellite radio networks . In the United States , most sports talk-formatted radio stations air syndicated programming from ESPN Radio , SB Nation Radio , Sports Byline USA , Fox Sports Radio , CBS Sports Radio , or NBC Sports Radio , while in the Spanish language , ESPN Deportes Radio is the largest current network . In contrast , Canadian sports talk stations may carry a national brand ( such as TSN Radio or Sportsnet Radio ) but carry mostly local programming , with American-based shows filling in gaps ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '95.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBON-FM-17', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBON-FM', 'summary': "CBON-FM is a Canadian radio station . It broadcasts the Société Radio-Canada 's Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 98.1 FM in Sudbury , Ontario . The station also serves much of Northern Ontario through a network of relay transmitters ."}]}, {'value': 'Ici Radio-Canada Première', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Première', 'summary': "Ici Radio-Canada Première ( formerly Première Chaîne ) is a Canadian French-language radio network , the news and information service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( known as Société Radio-Canada in French ) , the public broadcaster of Canada . It is the French counterpart of CBC Radio One , the CBC 's similar English-language radio network . The service is available across Canada , although not as widely as CBC Radio One . Only the provinces of Quebec and Ontario are served by more than one Première originating station . In all other provinces , the whole province is served by a single station with multiple transmitters . The network does , however , reach 90 percent of all Canadian francophones . Each originating station outside Montreal airs a national schedule , taken from flagship station CBF-FM , complete with opted-out local/regional shows at peak times , depending on each market . News bulletins are aired live , irrespective of location . The network may broadcast on either the AM or FM bands , depending on the market . A national version is available across North America on Sirius XM Canada channel 170 . Première was available in Europe , North Africa and the Middle East live via the Hot Bird satellite . The satellite service closed in June 2012 as part of the budget measures affecting Radio Canada International ."}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'French , rebroadcasts CBON-FM Sudbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '96.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CBCN-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBCS-FM', 'summary': 'CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station . It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury , Ontario , broadcasting at 99.9 FM , and serves all of Northeastern Ontario through its network of relay transmitters .'}]}, {'value': 'CBC Radio One', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CBC_Radio_One', 'summary': 'CBC Radio One is the English-language news and information radio network of the publicly owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . It is commercial-free and offers local and national programming . It is available on AM and FM to 98 percent of Canadians and overseas over the Internet , and through mobile apps . A modified version of Radio One , with local content replaced by additional airings of national programming , is available on Sirius XM Satellite Radio channel 169 . It is downlinked to subscribers via SiriusXM Canada and its U.S.-based counterpart , Sirius XM Satellite Radio . In 2010 , Radio One reached 4.3 million listeners each week . It was the largest radio network in Canada .'}]}, {'value': 'public news / talk', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Public_broadcasting', 'summary': 'Public broadcasting involves radio , television and other electronic-media outlets whose primary mission is public service . In many countries of the world , funding comes from governments , especially via annual fees charged on receivers . In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources , but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses ( ranging from small shops to corporations ) , along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . [ citation needed ] Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated , depending on the country and the station . In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting . Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages . Historically , public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries ( with the notable exception of the United States ) . Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries ; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/News_radio', 'summary': 'All-news radio is a radio format devoted entirely to the discussion and broadcast of news . All-news radio is available in both local and syndicated forms , and is carried on both major US satellite radio networks . All-news stations can run the gamut from simulcasting an all-news television station like CNN , to a rip and read headline service , to stations that include live coverage of news events and long-form public affairs programming . Many stations brand themselves Newsradio but only run news during the morning and afternoon drive times , or in some cases , broadcast talk radio shows with frequent news updates . These stations are properly labeled as news/talk stations . Also , some National Public Radio stations identify themselves as News and Information stations , which means that in addition to running the NPR news magazines such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered , they run other information and public affairs programs .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Talk_radio', 'summary': "Talk radio is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting entirely or almost entirely of original spoken word content rather than outside music . Most shows are regularly hosted by a single individual , and often feature interviews with a number of different guests . Talk radio typically includes an element of listener participation , usually by broadcasting live conversations between the host and listeners who call in ( usually via telephone ) to the show . Listener contributions are usually screened by a show 's producers in order to maximize audience interest and , in the case of commercial talk radio , to attract advertisers . Generally , the shows are organized into segments , each separated by a pause for advertisements ; however , in public or non-commercial radio , music is sometimes played in place of commercials to separate the program segments . Variations of talk radio include conservative talk , hot talk , liberal talk ( increasingly known as progressive talk ) and sports talk . While talk radio has historically been associated with broadcast radio , starting around 2005 the technology for Internet-based talk-radio shows became cost effective in the form of live Internet website streaming and podcasts . Now , it is possible for an individual to use a variety of services to host an Internet-based talk-radio show without carriage by a traditional radio station . In addition , TV programming from talk and news outlets such as BBC , CNN , Bloomberg and Fox is now often available expanding the world of talk radio further . Talk radio listening is enjoyed not only on radios , but a wide variety of other devices and services including PCs using iTunes , station directories such as TuneIn , show directory smartphones with apps such as Stitcher and time-shifting services like DAR.fm ."}]}, {'value': 'Canadian Broadcasting Corporation', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation', 'summary': "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( French : Société Radio-Canada ) , branded as CBC/Radio-Canada , is a Canadian federal Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television . The English- and French-language service units of the corporation are commonly known as CBC and Radio-Canada , respectively . Although some local stations in Canada predate the CBC 's founding , CBC is the oldest existing broadcasting network in Canada . The CBC was established on November 2 , 1936 . The CBC operates four terrestrial radio networks : The English-Language CBC Radio One and CBC Music , and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Première and Ici Musique . ( International radio service Radio Canada International historically transmitted via shortwave radio , but since 2012 its content is only available as podcasts on its website . ) The CBC also operates two terrestrial television networks , the English-Language CBC Television and the French-Language Ici Radio-Canada Télé , along with the satellite/cable networks CBC News Network , Ici RDI , Ici Explora , Documentary Channel ( part ownership ) , and Ici ARTV . The CBC operates services for the Canadian Arctic under the names CBC North and Radio-Canada Nord . The CBC also operates digital services including CBC.ca/Ici.Radio-Canada.ca , CBC Radio 3 , CBC Music/ICI.mu and Ici.TOU.TV , and owns 20.2% of satellite radio broadcaster Sirius XM Canada , which carries several CBC-produced audio channels . CBC/Radio-Canada offers programming in English , French and eight aboriginal languages on its domestic radio service , and in five languages on its web-based international radio service , Radio Canada International ( RCI ) . However , budget cuts in the early 2010s have contributed to the corporation reducing its service via the airwaves , discontinuing RCI 's shortwave broadcasts as well as terrestrial television broadcasts in all communities served by network-owned rebroadcast transmitters , including communities not subject to Canada 's over-the-air digital television transition . CBC 's federal funding is supplemented by revenue from commercial advertising on its television broadcasts ."}]}, {'value': 'rebroadcasts CBCS-FM Sudbury', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '97.1 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHYQ-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHYQ-FM', 'summary': 'CHYQ-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at FM 97.1 in West Nipissing , Ontario . It broadcasts a francophone hot adult contemporary format for the local Franco-Ontarian community . It is owned by Le5 Communications , and branded as Le Loup 97.1 . CHYQ and its sister stations CHYK in Timmins and CHYC in Greater Sudbury are the only francophone commercial stations programmed entirely in Ontario . Apart from commercials and separate morning shows , the three stations in fact simulcast the same programming at almost all times , although all three stations produce a portion of the shared broadcast schedule'}]}, {'value': 'Le Loup FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Le5 Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Le5_Communications', 'summary': "Le5 Communications is a Canadian media company . Based in Sudbury , Ontario , the company operates radio stations and newspapers in the Northeastern Ontario region . The company operates the only francophone commercial radio stations in Ontario which originate their own programming ; with the exception of one station in Eastern Ontario which primarily rebroadcasts a station from Montreal with only a few hours per week of original programming , all other francophone stations in the province are public or community radio stations operated by non-profit groups or Radio-Canada . Owned and operated by Paul Lefebvre , at the time a lawyer with the Sudbury firm of Weaver , Simmons , the company was incorporated in 2008 after Lefebvre reached a deal with Haliburton Broadcasting Group to acquire the company 's francophone radio stations in Sudbury and Timmins for $ 425,000 . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 31 , 2008 . The company 's name is a pun on Lefebvre 's surname . If the numeral 5 is pronounced as in English ( i.e . five rather than cinq ) , the company 's name is very close to the French pronunciation of Lefebvre ."}]}, {'value': 'French ; licensed to Sturgeon Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/French_language', 'summary': "French ( le français [ lə fʁɑ̃sɛ ] or la langue française [ la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ] ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family . It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire , as did all Romance languages . French evolved from Gallo-Romance , the spoken Latin in Gaul , and more specifically in Northern Gaul . Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl - languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium , which French ( Francien ) has largely supplanted . French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic ) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders . Today , owing to France 's past overseas expansion , there are numerous French-based creole languages , most notably Haitian Creole . A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French . French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents , most of which are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie ( OIF ) , the community of 84 countries which share the official use or teaching of French . It is spoken as a first language ( in descending order of the number of speakers ) in France , the Canadian provinces of Quebec , Ontario and New Brunswick as well as other Francophone regions , Belgium ( Wallonia and the Brussels-Capital Region ) , western Switzerland ( cantons of Bern , Fribourg , Geneva , Jura , Neuchâtel , Vaud , Valais ) , Monaco , partly in Luxembourg , the states of Louisiana , Maine , New Hampshire and Vermont in the United States , and in northwestern Italy ( region of Aosta Valley ) , and by various communities elsewhere . In 2015 , approximately 40% of the francophone population ( including L2 and partial speakers ) lived in Europe , 35% in sub-Saharan Africa , 15% in North Africa and the Middle East , 8% in the Americas , and 1% in Asia and Oceania . French is the fourth most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union . Of Europeans who speak other languages natively , approximately one-fifth are able to speak French as a second language ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': 'West Nipissing is a municipality in Northeastern Ontario , Canada , on Lake Nipissing in the Nipissing District . It was formed on January 1 , 1999 , with the amalgamation of seventeen and a half former town , villages , townships and unorganized communities . It is the most bilingual community in Ontario , with 73.4% of its population fluent in both English and French .'}]}, {'value': '99.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFSF-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFSF-FM', 'summary': 'CFSF-FM is a Canadian radio station , broadcasting at 99.3 FM in Sturgeon Falls , Ontario . The station airs an adult contemporary format branded on-air as 99.3 The Moose . The station is owned by Vista Radio .'}]}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Vista Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vista_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': 'Vista Radio Ltd. ( also formerly known as Vista Broadcast Group ) is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . The company only owned stations in British Columbia until 2007 , when it expanded outside the province by acquiring an existing station in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories and launching a new one in Grande Prairie , Alberta . It has since also expanded into Ontario , with the acquisition of Haliburton Broadcasting Group in 2012 . Vista Radio was founded by Paul Mann , Jason Mann , Margot Micallef , Barb Fairclough and Bryan Edwards in 2004 . On April 23 , 2012 , Vista announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group , a broadcast group with 24 stations in small or mid-sized markets in Ontario , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': 'licensed to Sturgeon Falls', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sturgeon_Falls,_Ontario', 'summary': 'West Nipissing is a municipality in Northeastern Ontario , Canada , on Lake Nipissing in the Nipissing District . It was formed on January 1 , 1999 , with the amalgamation of seventeen and a half former town , villages , townships and unorganized communities . It is the most bilingual community in Ontario , with 73.4% of its population fluent in both English and French .'}]}, {'value': '100.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CHUR-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CHUR-FM', 'summary': 'CHUR-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts a hot adult contemporary format at 100.5 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station uses the on-air brand KiSS 100.5 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kiss 100.5', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'hot adult contemporary', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary', 'summary': "In North American music , adult contemporary music ( AC ) is a form of radio-played popular music , ranging from 1960s vocal and 1970s soft rock music to predominantly ballad-heavy music of the present day , with varying degrees of easy listening , pop , soul , rhythm and blues , quiet storm , and rock influence . Adult contemporary is generally a continuation of the easy listening and soft rock style that became popular in the 1960s and 1970s with some adjustments that reflect the evolution of pop/rock music . Adult contemporary tends to have lush , soothing and highly polished qualities where emphasis on melody and harmonies is accentuated . It is usually melodic enough to get a listener 's attention , and is inoffensive and pleasurable enough to work well as background music . Like most of pop music , its songs tend to be written in a basic format employing a verse-chorus structure . The format is heavy on romantic sentimental ballads which mostly use acoustic instruments ( though bass guitar is usually used ) such as acoustic guitars , pianos , saxophones , and sometimes an orchestral set . The electric guitars are normally faint and high-pitched . However , recent adult contemporary music may feature synthesizers ( and other electronics , such as drum machines ) . An AC radio station may play mainstream music , but it excludes hip hop , dance tracks , hard rock , and some forms of teen pop , as these are less popular among adults , the target demographic . AC radio often targets the 25-44 age group , the demographic that has received the most attention from advertisers since the 1960s . A common practice in recent years of adult contemporary stations is to play less newer music and more hits of the past . This de-emphasis on new songs slows the progression of the AC chart ."}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '101.9 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CKFX-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CKFX-FM', 'summary': "CKFX-FM is a Canadian radio station , which broadcasts at 101.9 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station airs a mainstream rock format under the brand name 101.9 Rock . The station uses the same general format as , and shares some programming with , CJRQ-FM in Sudbury and CJQQ-FM in Timmins . The station was originally launched in Iroquois Falls in 1922 , as CFCH , a corporate communications service for lumber camps owned by Abitibi Power and Paper Company . It was subsequently acquired by Roy Thomson in 1930 , and moved to North Bay . The station originally launched in North Bay at 930 on the AM dial , moving to 1230 in 1941 and then to 600 in 1942 . CFCH was on the FM dial at 106.3 MHz for a brief period in the 1940s and 1950s . The 106.3 MHz frequency is now occupied by CFXN-FM . In 1960 , Thomson 's Northern Broadcasting acquired the city 's television station , CKGN , which also adopted the CFCH callsign . In 1976 , Northern also acquired the FM station CKAT . Thomson subsequently sold Northern Broadcasting to a local business consortium in 1974 . In 1980 , the stations were sold to Telemedia ."}]}, {'value': '101.9 Rock', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'active rock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Active_rock', 'summary': 'Active rock is a radio format used by many commercial radio stations across the United States and Canada . Active rock stations play a balance of new hard rock songs with valued classic rock favorites , normally with an emphasis similar to Mainstream Rock and Album Oriented Rock on the hard rock end of the spectrum .'}]}, {'value': 'Rogers Communications', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rogers_Communications', 'summary': "Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company . It operates particularly in the field of wireless communications , cable television , telephone , and Internet connectivity with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets . The company is headquartered in Toronto . The company claims the heritage of the Rogers Vacuum Tube Company , founded in 1925 by Edward Rogers , which started the CFRB radio station in Toronto , which was later acquired by outside interests . The present enterprise dates to 1959 , when Rogers ' son , Ted Rogers , founded Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting . That company acquired CHFI in 1960 , and launched CFTO in 1961 . The chief competitor to the company is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets , as well as wireless , television distribution , and telephone services , particularly in Eastern and Central Canada ; the two companies are often seen as having a duopoly on communications services in their regions as both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment . However , the company also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services , and primarily indirectly with Shaw Communications for television service ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '103.5 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CJTK-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CJTK-FM', 'summary': "CJTK-FM is a Canadian radio station , which airs Christian music and programming at 95.5 FM in Sudbury , Ontario . The station is owned by Eternacom , and was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) in 1997 . The station is branded as KFM and uses one of the current slogans as Today 's Christian radio , Northern Ontario 's Christian Radio , Music You Can Believe In and Christian Radio for Life ."}]}, {'value': 'KFM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Christian music', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christian_music', 'summary': 'Christian music is music that has been written to express either personal or a communal belief regarding Christian life and faith . Common themes of Christian music include praise , worship , penitence , and lament , and its forms vary widely across the world . Like other forms of music the creation , performance , significance , and even the definition of Christian music varies according to culture and social context . Christian music is composed and performed for many purposes , ranging from aesthetic pleasure , religious or ceremonial purposes , or with a positive message as an entertainment product for the marketplace .'}]}, {'value': 'Eternacom', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'rebroadcasts CJTK-FM Sudbury with some local content', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Greater_Sudbury', 'summary': 'Sudbury , officially Greater Sudbury ( French : Grand-Sudbury ) , is a city in Ontario , Canada . It is the largest city in Northern Ontario by population , with a population of 161,531 at the 2016 Canadian Census . By land area , it is the largest in Ontario and the fifth largest in Canada . It is administratively a Unitary authority , and thus not part of any district , county , or regional municipality . The Sudbury region was inhabited by the Ojibwe people of the Algonquin group for thousands of years prior to the founding of Sudbury following the discovery of nickel ore in 1883 during the construction of the transcontinental railway . Greater Sudbury was formed in 2001 by merging the cities and towns of the former Regional Municipality of Sudbury with several previously unincorporated townships . Being located inland , the local climate is extremely seasonal with average January lows of around −18 °C ( 0 °F ) and average July highs of 25 °C ( 77 °F ) . The population resides in an urban core and many smaller communities scattered around 330 lakes and among hills of rock blackened by historical smelting activity . Sudbury was once a major lumber centre and a world leader in nickel mining . Mining and related industries dominated the economy for much of the 20th century . The two major mining companies which shaped the history of Sudbury were Inco , now Vale Limited , which employed more than 25% of the population by the 1970s , and Falconbridge , now Glencore . Sudbury has since expanded from its resource-based economy to emerge as the major retail , economic , health and educational centre for Northeastern Ontario .'}]}, {'value': '106.3 FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'CFXN-FM', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/CFXN-FM', 'summary': "CFXN-FM is a Canadian radio station , that airs a classic hits format at 106.3 FM in North Bay , Ontario . The station is branded as 106.3 Moose FM with the slogan North Bay 's Biggest Variety . The station plays North Bay 's Biggest Variety of current , recent and older hits . You 'll hear everything from a top 40 hit from the current year to music from the 2010s , 2000s , 90s , 80s and even 70s . It is a middle of the road format positioned between the city 's Top 40 and hard rock stations . The station was licensed on the basis of a proposal to air a country music format similar to that of the co-owned CHMT in Timmins . Instead , North Bay 's CFXN broadcast an adult hits format from startup in 2006 until changing to a light AC format in February , 2012 , then to Variety Hits in April 2013 . The new format of Biggest Variety stands alone as an option for 25- to 54-year-old listeners in the market . Originally owned by Haliburton Broadcasting Group , the station was licensed by the CRTC in 2005 . As of 2012 the station is owned by the Vista Broadcast Group . On October 29 , 2019 , Vista applied to operate a new FM radio station in North Bay . If approved , the new station would operate at 90.5 MHz making it a sister station to CFXN-FM ."}]}, {'value': 'Moose FM', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'classic hits', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Classic_hits', 'summary': "Classic hits is a radio format which generally includes songs from the top 40 music charts from the mid-1970s to the early 1990s , with music from the 1980s serving as the core of the format . Music that was popularized by MTV in the early 1980s and the nostalgia behind it is a major driver to the format . It is considered the successor to the oldies format , a collection of top 40 songs from the late 1950s through the late 1970s that was once extremely popular in the United States . The term is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for the adult hits format , which uses a slightly newer music library stretching from all decades to the present with a major focus on 1990s and 2000s rock and alternative songs . In addition , adult hits stations tend to have larger playlists , playing a given song only a few times per week , compared to the tighter libraries on classic hits stations . For example , KRTH , a classic hits station in Los Angeles , plays power songs up to 30 times a week , which is another differentiator compared to other formats that share songs with classic hits libraries . The classic hits format has become extremely popular in the last few years with stations like KRTH , WCBS-FM in New York , and WLS-FM in Chicago having successful ratings with this model . Classic hits was named format of the summer of 2018 by Nielsen Audio 's research team emphasizing the huge popularity of the format . In addition , the Millennial generation is listening to this format in record numbers , according to a Nielsen report . As of December 2019 there are now over 1,100 classic hits stations in the United States , the largest amount in format history ."}]}, {'value': 'Vista Broadcast Group', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vista_Broadcast_Group', 'summary': 'Vista Radio Ltd. ( also formerly known as Vista Broadcast Group ) is a Canadian radio broadcasting company . The company only owned stations in British Columbia until 2007 , when it expanded outside the province by acquiring an existing station in Yellowknife , Northwest Territories and launching a new one in Grande Prairie , Alberta . It has since also expanded into Ontario , with the acquisition of Haliburton Broadcasting Group in 2012 . Vista Radio was founded by Paul Mann , Jason Mann , Margot Micallef , Barb Fairclough and Bryan Edwards in 2004 . On April 23 , 2012 , Vista announced a deal to acquire Haliburton Broadcasting Group , a broadcast group with 24 stations in small or mid-sized markets in Ontario , in cooperation with Westerkirk Capital . The deal was approved by the CRTC on October 19 , 2012 .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Radio', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'Media_in_North_Bay,_Ontario_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of media in North Bay, Ontario.'}
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The station with the highest FM frequency is owned by a company that only owned radio stations in which province until 2007 ?
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British Columbia
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03b20dd2a5e67597
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_films_of_1977', 'title': 'List of LGBT-related films of 1977', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Country', 'Genre', 'Cast'], 'data': [{'value': 'Alexander : The Other Side of Dawn', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alexander:_The_Other_Side_of_Dawn', 'summary': 'Alexander : The Other Side of Dawn is a 1977 American made-for-television drama film directed by John Erman , and a sequel to Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) . It premiered on NBC on May 16 , 1977 .'}]}, {'value': 'John Erman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Erman', 'summary': 'John Erman ( born August 3 , 1935 ) is an American television and film director , actor and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Leigh McCloskey , Eve Plumb , Juliet Mills , Jean Hagen , Lonny Chapman , Earl Holliman , Alan Feinstein , Asher Brauner , Diana Douglas , Pat Corley , Frances Faye , Alice Hirson , Jonathan Banks , Fred Sadoff and Doria Cook-Nelson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Leigh_McCloskey', 'summary': 'Leigh Joseph McCloskey ( born June 21 , 1955 ) is an American actor , visionary artist , author and philosopher . Throughout his acting career , McCloskey appeared in numerous television series and movies , including the popular American soap opera Dallas and a leading role in the Dario Argento-helmed supernatural horror film Inferno . As a painter and visionary artist , McCloskey has produced a number of works focused on occult , alchemical , and esoteric themes , including his own Tarot deck and the The Hieroglyph of the Human Soul , a mixed-media art installation painted on the walls of his home library . His art work has been featured in popular music , including Flying Lotus 2010 release Cosmogramma and The Rolling Stones A Bigger Bang Tour in the 2000s .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Eve_Plumb', 'summary': "Eve Aline Plumb ( born April 29 , 1958 ) is an American actress , singer , and painter . She is known for her portrayal of middle daughter Jan Brady on the sitcom The Brady Bunch . A native of Southern California , Plumb began appearing in commercials at age 7 , and also had guest roles on the televisions series The Big Valley and The Virginian between 1966 and 1967 . She was cast as Jan Brady on The Brady Bunch in 1969 , and portrayed the role until the series ' end in 1974 . After , Plumb continued to work in television , portraying a teenage prostitute in the NBC television film Dawn : Portrait of a Teenage Runaway ( 1976 ) , and as Elizabeth March in the 1978 miniseries Little Women . Plumb continued to reprise her role as Jan Brady on numerous reunion series and films , including The Brady Brides ( 1981 ) and A Very Brady Christmas ( 1988 ) . She made her feature film debut with a minor role in I 'm Gon na Git You Sucka ( 1988 ) , and later appeared in Gregg Araki 's black comedy Nowhere ( 1997 ) . In 2010 , Plumb made her New York stage debut in Miss Abigail 's Guide to Dating , Mating and Marriage , followed by stage productions of Nora Ephron 's Love , Loss , and What I Wore , and Same Time , Next Year . She subsequently had a supporting role in the critically acclaimed thriller Blue Ruin ( 2013 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Juliet_Mills', 'summary': "Juliet Maryon Mills ( born 21 November 1941 ) is a British-American actress of film , stage , and television . She is the daughter of actor Sir John Mills and Mary Hayley Bell and the eldest of three siblings ; her younger siblings are actress Hayley Mills and director Jonathan Mills . Mills began her career as a child actress and was nominated for a Tony Award for her stage performance in Five Finger Exercise in 1960 . She progressed to film work and then to television , playing the lead role on the sitcom Nanny and the Professor in the early 1970s . She received Golden Globe Award nominations for her work in this series and for her role in the film Avanti ! in 1972 . She won an Emmy Award for her performance in the television miniseries QB VII ( 1974 ) . In 1983 , Mills joined The Mirror Theater Ltd 's Mirror Repertory Company , performing in repertory productions such as Rain , Paradise Lost , Inheritors and The Hasty Heart throughout their seasons . From 1999 until 2008 , she had a role on the daytime drama series Passions , for which she was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Hagen', 'summary': "Jean Hagen ( born Jean Shirley Verhagen , [ a ] August 3 , 1923 - August 29 , 1977 ) was an American actress best known for her role as Lina Lamont in Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . Hagen was also nominated three times for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for her role as Margaret Williams ( 1953-56 ) on the television series Make Room for Daddy ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Lonny_Chapman', 'summary': 'Lon Leonard Lonny Chapman ( October 1 , 1920 - October 12 , 2007 ) was an American actor best known for his numerous guest star appearances on television drama series .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Earl_Holliman', 'summary': 'Henry Earl Holliman ( born September 11 , 1928 ) is an American actor , animal rights activist and singer known for his many character roles in films , mostly westerns and dramas , in the 1950s and 1960s . He won a Golden Globe Award for the film The Rainmaker ( 1956 ) and portrayed Sergeant Bill Crowley on the television police drama Police Woman throughout its 1974-1978 run .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Feinstein_(actor)', 'summary': 'Alan Feinstein ( born 8 September 1941 , New York City , New York ) is an American actor . Early in his career , he was credited as Alan Yorke . He is noted for his 1983 award-winning stage performance in A View From the Bridge . From 1978-1979 , he starred in the short lived QM Productions TV series The Runaways as Steve Arrizio , a former juvenile officer turned clinical psychologist who rescued runaway children from danger . His film credits include roles in Bad Girls Go to Hell ( 1965 , credited as Alan Yorke ) , Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , The Two Worlds of Jennie Logan ( 1979 ) , Merchants of Venus ( 1998 ) , as well as the television series Masada ( 1981 ) and The Paper Chase ( 1984 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Asher_Brauner', 'summary': "Asher Brauner ( born October 15 , 1946 , Chicago , Illinois ) is an American actor . Brauner appeared in the 1975 action film , Switchblade Sisters , directed by Jack Hill , and his other film credits include roles in Two-Minute Warning ( 1976 ) , The Boss ' Son ( 1978 ) , Where the Boys Are '84 ( 1984 ) , Escape from El Diablo ( 1984 ) , Treasure of the Moon Goddess ( 1987 ) , Merchants of War ( 1989 ) and American Eagle ( 1989 ) . He also appeared opposite Wings Hauser in the 1990 films Coldfire and Living to Die . Brauner has numerous television acting credits including General Hospital , Ironside , Kojak and Harry O , and TV movies such as Alexander : The Other Side of Dawn ( 1977 ) and Young Joe , the Forgotten Kennedy ( 1977 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Diana_Douglas', 'summary': 'Diana Love Webster ( née Dill ; formerly Douglas and Darrid ; January 22 , 1923 - July 3 , 2015 ) was an American actress born in Bermuda who was known for her marriage to actor Kirk Douglas from 1943 until their divorce in 1951 . Diana Douglas was the mother of Michael and Joel Douglas . In 1942 , Douglas began her career as an actress and appeared in more than 50 films . Some of her well-known roles were as Susan Rogers in The Indian Fighter ( co-starring Kirk Douglas ) and as Peg in Planes , Trains and Automobiles . She was also known for her recurring role as Martha Evans in Days of Our Lives ( 1977-1979 , 1982 ) . In 2003 , she appeared in It Runs in the Family with her ex-husband Kirk , her son Michael and her grandson Cameron . She retired from acting in 2008 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Pat_Corley', 'summary': 'Pat Corley ( June 1 , 1930 - September 11 , 2006 ) was an American actor . He was known for his role as bar owner Phil on the CBS sitcom Murphy Brown from 1988-96 . He also had a recurring role as Chief Coroner Wally Nydorf on the television drama Hill Street Blues ( 1981-1987 ) . Additionally , he had supporting roles in a number of films , including Night Shift ( 1982 ) , Against All Odds ( 1984 ) , and Mr. Destiny ( 1990 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Frances_Faye', 'summary': 'Frances Faye ( November 4 , 1912 - November 8 , 1991 ) was an American cabaret and show tune singer and pianist . Born to a working-class Jewish family in Brooklyn , New York City , she was a second cousin of actor Danny Kaye .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alice_Hirson', 'summary': 'Alice Hirson ( born March 10 , 1929 ) is an American actress best known for her roles on television . She began her career on stage , before roles on the daytime soap operas . She is best known for her roles as Mavis Anderson in the CBS prime time soap opera Dallas and as Lois Morgan , the mother of the title character on the ABC sitcom Ellen .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jonathan_Banks', 'summary': 'Jonathan Ray Banks ( born January 31 , 1947 ) is an American actor . His first notable film roles were in the films Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , 48 Hrs . ( 1982 ) , and Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) . He has received critical acclaim for his role as former police officer turned hitman Mike Ehrmantraut in the television series Breaking Bad ( 2009-2012 ) and its spin-off Better Call Saul ( 2015-present ) . Earlier he was well-reviewed as Frank McPike in Wiseguy ( 1987-1990 ) . He has received six Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series ( 1989 , 2013 , 2015-2017 , 2019 ) for his work on all three series , making him the only actor with nominations as a main cast member for three different shows in this category , two of which feature him as the same character .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fred_Sadoff', 'summary': 'Frederick Edward Sadoff ( October 21 , 1926 - May 6 , 1994 ) was an American film , stage and television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Doria_Cook-Nelson', 'summary': 'Craig Theodore Nelson ( born April 4 , 1944 ) is an American actor . He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the sitcom Coach ( for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series ) , Deputy Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy , Steve Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist , the warden in My Name is Earl , and Mr . Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel . He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the television series Parenthood .'}]}, {'value': 'Beyond Good and Evil', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beyond_Good_and_Evil_(film)', 'summary': "Beyond Good and Evil ( Italian : Al di là del bene e del male , UK title : Beyond Evil ) is a 1977 drama film directed by Liliana Cavani . It stars Dominique Sanda , Erland Josephson and Robert Powell . The film follows the intense relationship formed in the 1880s between Friedrich Nietzsche , Lou Salomé and Paul Rée . This is the second part of The German Trilogy directed by Liliana Cavani . In The Night Porter she portrayed the connection between perversion and fascism . This time she depicts the life of Friedrich Nietzsche , a German philosopher who wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil . Virna Lisi won the Nastro d'Argento Best supporting Actress award ( Silver Ribbon ) from the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists ."}]}, {'value': 'Liliana Cavani', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liliana_Cavani', 'summary': 'Liliana Cavani ( born 12 January 1933 , Carpi , Italy ) is an Italian film director and screenwriter . She belongs to a generation of Italian filmmakers from Emilia-Romagna that came into prominence in the 1970s , including Bernardo Bertolucci , Pier Paolo Pasolini and Marco Bellocchio . Cavani became internationally known after the success of her 1974 feature film Il portiere di notte ( The Night Porter ) . Her films are intellectual and have historical concerns . In addition to feature films and documentaries , she has also directed opera .'}]}, {'value': 'France Italy West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dominique Sanda , Erland Josephson , Robert Powell , Virna Lisi , Philippe Leroy , Elisa Cegani , Umberto Orsini , Michael Degen , Amedeo Amodio , Carmen Scarpitta and Clara Algranti', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dominique_Sanda', 'summary': 'Dominique Marie-Françoise Renée Varaigne ( born 11 March 1948 ) , professionally known as Dominique Sanda , is a French actress and former fashion model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erland_Josephson', 'summary': 'Erland Josephson ( Swedish pronunciation : [ ˈæ̌ːɭand ˈjûːsɛfˌsɔn ] ; 15 June 1923 - 25 February 2012 ) was a Swedish actor and author . He was best known by international audiences for his work in films directed by Ingmar Bergman , Andrei Tarkovsky and Theodoros Angelopoulos .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_Powell', 'summary': "Robert Powell ( /ˈpaʊəl/ ; born June 1 , 1944 ) is an English actor and voice actor , best known for the title roles in Mahler ( 1974 ) and Jesus of Nazareth ( 1977 ) , and for his portrayal of secret agent in Richard Hannay in The Thirty Nine Steps and its subsequent spinoff television series . Other major screen roles have included Mark Williams in the BBC One medical drama Holby City , ( 2005-11 ) David Briggs in the sitcom The Detectives alongside Jasper Carrott , and Tobias 'Toby ' Wren in the science-fiction programme Doomwatch . His distinctive voice has become well known in advertisements and documentaries , especially in World War II documentaries including World War II in HD Colour , Hitler 's Bodyguard , The Story of the Third Reich and Secrets of World War II . Powell has been nominated for a BAFTA Award and won a Best Actor Award from the Venice Film Festival ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Virna_Lisi', 'summary': "Virna Pieralisi ( Italian : [ ˈvirna pjeraˈliːzi ] ; 8 November 1936 - 18 December 2014 ) , better known as Virna Lisi [ ˈvirna ˈliːzi ] , was an Italian actress . Her film appearances included How to Murder Your Wife ( 1965 ) , Not with My Wife , You Do n't ! ( 1966 ) , Beyond Good and Evil ( 1977 ) , and Follow Your Heart ( 1996 ) . For the 1994 film La Reine Margot , she won Best Actress at Cannes and the César Award for Best Supporting Actress ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Philippe_Leroy_(actor)', 'summary': 'Philippe Leroy , full name Philippe Leroy-Beaulieu ( born 15 October 1930 ) is a French film actor . He has appeared in over 150 films since 1960 . Leroy has been living mostly in Italy since the 1960s and has worked extensively in Italian cinema , as well as in his native country . He is sometimes credited under his full name .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elisa_Cegani', 'summary': 'Elisa Cegani ( 11 June 1911 - 23 February 1996 ) was an Italian actress . She appeared in 60 films between 1935 and 1983 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Umberto_Orsini', 'summary': "Umberto Orsini ( born 2 April 1934 ) is an Italian stage , television and film actor . Born in Novara , Orsini gave up his career as notary to attend the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico . In the late 1950s , he emerged as a talented stage actor , and in 1960 , for the theatrical representation of L'Arialda , he worked for the first time with Luchino Visconti . After a few secondary roles ( that include Federico Fellini 's La Dolce Vita ) , Orsini debuted in a leading role in 1962 with the film Il mare , directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi . In 1969 , he was awarded with the Nastro d'Argento for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Visconti 's The Damned . In 2008 , he was nominated to David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actor for his role in Il mattino ha l'oro in bocca ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Degen', 'summary': 'Michael Degen ( born 31 January 1932 ) is a German-Israeli actor . He appeared in more than one hundred films since 1963 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Amedeo_Amodio', 'summary': 'Amedeo Amodio ( born 1940 ) is an Italian choreographer and former ballet dancer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Carmen_Scarpitta', 'summary': "Carmen Scarpitta ( 26 May 1933 - 26 April 2008 ) was an Italian stage and film actress . She appeared in 30 films between 1960 and 2001 . Scarpitta was born in Hollywood , California . She debuted on stage in 1960 in Alessandro Manzoni 's Adelchis and in Ennio Flaiano 's A Martian in Rome , both directed by Vittorio Gassman . During her 40-year career . she worked on stage with Carmelo Bene , Luca Ronconi and Luigi Squarzina , and starred in films directed by Federico Fellini , Bernardo Bertolucci , Mauro Bolognini , Luigi Magni . She died from a gas leak in her house in Cabo San Lucas , Mexico ."}]}, {'value': 'Bilitis', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bilitis_(film)', 'summary': "Bilitis is a 1977 French romantic and erotic drama film , which was directed by photographer David Hamilton ( 1933-2016 ) with a music score by Francis Lai . It starred Patti D'Arbanville and Mona Kristensen as the title character Bilitis and Melissa , respectively . The film was loosely based on a poem cycle by Pierre Louÿs entitled The Songs of Bilitis set in ancient Greece , although the film is set in modern Europe . The poems were meant to be autobiographical poems by the title character ."}]}, {'value': 'David Hamilton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/David_Hamilton_(photographer)', 'summary': "David Hamilton ( 15 April 1933 - 25 November 2016 ) was a British photographer and film director best known for his photography of young women and girls , mostly in the nude . His signature soft focus style was called the Hamilton Blur , which was erroneously thought to be achieved by smearing Vaseline on the lens of his camera . It was not created that way . Hamilton 's images became part of an art or pornography debate . In October 2016 , French presenter Flavie Flament accused him of raping her in 1987 , when she was 13 years old . In November 2016 , French magazine L'Obs published anonymous accounts from three other former models claiming to have been raped by Hamilton . Hamilton issued a statement threatening legal action against his accusers and affirmed that he did not do anything wrong . On 25 November 2016 , he was found dead in his Paris apartment by apparent suicide ."}]}, {'value': 'France Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Patti D'Arbanville , Mona Kristensen , Bernard Giraudeau , Gilles Kohler , Mathieu Carrière , Irka Bochenko , Jacqueline Fontaine , Marie-Thérèse Caumont , Germaine Delbat , Madeleine Damien , Camille Larivière and Catherine Leprince", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Patti_D'Arbanville", 'summary': "Patricia D'Arbanville ( born May 25 , 1951 ) is an American actress and former model known for her appearance in Andy Warhol projects ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bernard_Giraudeau', 'summary': 'Bernard René Giraudeau ( 18 June 1947 - 17 July 2010 ) was a French actor , film director , scriptwriter , producer and writer .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Gilles_Kohler', 'summary': "Gilles Kohler is a French actor , born November 18 , 1948 Former Model , Gilles Kohler started out in 1974 as the blonde angel Jean in Marcel Carné 's La Merveilleuse visite . Two years later he plays Jean-Pierre , a lover between two women ( Claude Jade in a dual role ) , in The Choice ( 1976 ) . In the same year he is leading man alongside to Paola Tedesco in Amore grande , amore libero . David Hamilton commits the beautiful and handsome actor for the part of Pierre in Bilitis ( 1977 ) and he plays in other erotic films like in Just Jaeckin 's Le Dernier Amant romantique . He is Jean-Paul Belmondos driver in Animal and Bernard Toublanc-Michel hired him for The Mutant . Since the 1980s , Gilles Kohler plays in American soap operas ( General Hospital , Hart to Hart , Dallas , All My Children ) and small parts in some American movies ( Lethal Weapon with Mel Gibson ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mathieu_Carrière', 'summary': 'Mathieu Carrière ( born 2 August 1950 in Hanover , Germany ) is a German actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Cambio de sexo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Cambio_de_sexo', 'summary': 'Change of Sex or Sex Change ( Spanish : Cambio de Sexo ) is a 1976 Spanish film , written and directed by Vicente Aranda . It stars Victoria Abril as José Maria . The film dramatizes the story of a young feminine boy , who moves to the city to explore his desire to become a woman .'}]}, {'value': 'Vicente Aranda', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vicente_Aranda', 'summary': 'Vicente Aranda Ezquerra ( Spanish : [ biˈθente aɾanˈða eθˈkera ] ; 9 November 1926 - 26 May 2015 ) was a Spanish film director , screenwriter and producer . Due to his refined and personal style , he was one of the most renowned Spanish filmmakers . He started as a founding member of the Barcelona School of Film and became known for bringing contemporary Spanish novels to life on the big screen . Aranda was also noted for exploring difficult social issues and variations on the theme of desire while using the codes of melodrama . Love as uncontrollable passion , eroticism and cruelty are constant themes in his filmography . The frank examination of sexuality is one of the trademarks of his work , as seen in his most internationally successful film : Amantes ( 1990 ) ( Lovers ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Victoria Abril , Lou Castel , Fernando Sancho , Rafaela Aparicio , Daniel Martín , Montserrat Carulla , Bibi Andersen , Mario Gas and Maria Elías', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Victoria_Abril', 'summary': 'Victoria Mérida Rojas ( born 4 July 1959 ) , better known as Victoria Abril , is a Spanish film actress and singer . She is possibly best known to international audiences for her performance in the movie ¡Átame ! ( Tie Me Up ! Tie Me Down ! ) by director Pedro Almodóvar .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Lou_Castel', 'summary': 'Lou Castel ( born Ulv Quarzell ; 28 May 1943 ) is a Swedish actor who became known through his work in Italian films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Sancho', 'summary': 'Fernando Sancho Les ( 7 January 1916 - 31 July 1990 ) was a Spanish actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rafaela_Aparicio', 'summary': "Rafaela Díaz Valiente MML ( 9 April 1906 - 9 June 1996 ) better known as Rafaela Aparicio was a famous Spanish film and theatre actress . She made more than 100 films . The most remembered are Carlos Saura 's Anna and the Wolves , Mama Turns 100 and Fernando Fernán Gómez 's El extraño viaje . She died of a stroke in Madrid in a retirement home ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Montserrat_Carulla', 'summary': "Montserrat Carulla i Ventura ( born 1930 ) is a Catalan actress . Coming from the amateur theatre , she completed her training with courses at the Institut del Teatre de Barcelona ( Barcelona Theatre Institute ) at the end of the 1940s . However , it was not until 1960 that she began to work in the professional theatre with Soparem a casa ( We 'll Dine at Home ) , by Josep Maria de Sagarra . After two seasons in Madrid , she returned to Barcelona in 1964 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bibi_Andersen', 'summary': 'Bibiana Manuela Fernández Chica ( born 13 February 1954 ) , better known as Bibiana Fernández and also known as Bibi Andersen , is a Spanish actress , singer , TV presenter and model .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mario_Gas', 'summary': 'Mario Gas Cabré is a Spanish actor and director . and winner of a Goya Award . Born in Montevideo , Uruguay , on February 5 , 1947 , while his actor parents were on tour he has Uruguayan citizenship . He is one of the most important figures of the performing arts of Spain and began his acting career in University and took it up seriously after he Failed to complete the law course he was enrolled in .'}]}, {'value': 'Desperate Living', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Desperate_Living', 'summary': 'Desperate Living is a 1977 American comedy film directed , produced , and written by John Waters . The film stars Liz Renay , Mink Stole , Edith Massey , Susan Lowe , Mary Vivian Pearce and Jean Hill .'}]}, {'value': 'John Waters', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Waters_(filmmaker)', 'summary': 'John Samuel Waters Jr. ( born April 22 , 1946 ) is an American filmmaker , director , writer , actor and artist . Born and raised in Baltimore , Waters rose to prominence in the early 1970s for his transgressive cult films , including Multiple Maniacs ( 1970 ) , Pink Flamingos ( 1972 ) and Female Trouble ( 1974 ) . He wrote and directed the 1988 film Hairspray which became an international success and turned into a hit Broadway musical which has remained in almost continuous production . Waters has written and directed other successful films including Polyester ( 1981 ) , Cry-Baby ( 1990 ) , Serial Mom ( 1994 ) , Pecker ( 1998 ) and Cecil B. Demented ( 2000 ) . In 2015 , the British Film Institute celebrated Waters films with a retrospective in honor of his 50 year-filmmaking career . Later that year , he was nominated for a Grammy Award for the spoken word version of his book Carsick . As an actor , Waters has appeared in films such as Sweet and Lowdown ( 1999 ) , Seed of Chucky ( 2004 ) , Excision ( 2012 ) and Suburban Gothic ( 2014 ) . More recently , he performs in his touring one-man show , This Filthy World . In addition to filmmaking and acting , Waters also works as a visual artist and across different mediums such as installations , photography , and sculpture . He has published multiple collections of his journalistic exploits , screenplays , ruminations and artwork . Waters artwork exhibits regularly in galleries and museums around the world .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Crime , comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Liz Renay , Mink Stole , Edith Massey , Susan Lowe , Mary Vivian Pearce , Jean Hill , Cookie Mueller , Channing Wilroy , Ed Peranio , Paul Swift , George Figgs , Sharon Niesp , George Stover , Turkey Joe , Al Strapelli , Brook Blake and Karen Gerwig', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Liz_Renay', 'summary': "Pearl Elizabeth Dobbins ( April 14 , 1926 - January 22 , 2007 ) , known as Liz Renay , was an American author and actress who appeared in John Waters ' film Desperate Living ( 1977 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Mink_Stole', 'summary': "Nancy Paine Stoll ( born August 25 , 1947 ) , known professionally as Mink Stole , is an American actress from Baltimore , Maryland . She began her career working for director John Waters , and has appeared in all of his feature films to date ( a distinction shared only with Mary Vivian Pearce ) . Due to her extensive work with Waters , she is considered one of the Dreamlanders , Waters ' ensemble of regular cast and crew members ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Edith_Massey', 'summary': "Edith Edie Massey ( May 28 , 1918 - October 24 , 1984 ) was an American actress and singer . Massey was best known for her appearances in a series of movies by director John Waters . She was one of the Dreamlanders , Waters 's stable of regular cast and crew members ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Susan_Lowe', 'summary': 'Susan Lowe ( born Laura Susan Lowe on January 19 , 1948 in Reidsville , North Carolina ) is an American actress , educator and painter . She has appeared exclusively in the works of John Waters for most of her career , starring in ten of his films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mary_Vivian_Pearce', 'summary': 'Mary Vivian Pearce ( born November 9 , 1947 ) is an American actress . She has worked primarily in the films of John Waters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jean_Hill_(actress)', 'summary': "Jean Elizabeth Hill ( November 15 , 1946 - August 21 , 2013 ) was an American model and actress most notable for the role of Grizelda Brown in the 1977 film Desperate Living . Hill is considered a Dreamlander ( John Waters ' regular ensemble of cast members ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Cookie_Mueller', 'summary': "Dorothy Karen Cookie Mueller ( March 2 , 1949 - November 10 , 1989 ) was an American actress , writer , and Dreamlander who starred in many of filmmaker John Waters ' early films , including Multiple Maniacs , Pink Flamingos , Female Trouble , and Desperate Living ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Channing_Wilroy', 'summary': "Channing Wilroy ( born November 8 , 1940 ) is an American film actor who has appeared in seven films by John Waters . His first film role was the character Channing , the manservant in the film Pink Flamingos . Because of his work with Waters , Wilroy is considered one of the Dreamlanders , Waters ' ensemble of regular cast and crew members . Prior to appearing in the films of John Waters , he was a regular on The Buddy Deane Show for three years . He lives in Provincetown , Massachusetts and runs an inn ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ed_Peranio', 'summary': "Dreamlanders are the cast and crew of regulars whom John Waters has used in his films . The term comes from the name of Waters ' production company , Dreamland Productions . Many of the original Dreamlanders were friends of Waters from his native Baltimore , Maryland . They included the bad suburban kids he knew from Towson and Lutherville : Bob Skidmore , Mark Isherwood , and Mary Vivian Pearce . This crowd was drawn to downtown Baltimore by the gay scene , where Divine introduced Waters to David Lochary ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Paul_Swift', 'summary': 'Paul Swift ( August 18 , 1934 - October 7 , 1994 ) [ citation needed ] was an American film actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/George_Figgs', 'summary': "George Figgs ( born 1947 , Baltimore , Maryland ) is an American actor and projectionist . He began his career portraying characters in the early films of John Waters . Because of his work with Waters , he is considered one of the Dreamlanders , Waters ' ensemble of regular cast and crew members . Figgs is a film historian interested in film noir and independent films . From 1991 to 1999 Figgs was the owner/operator of the Orpheum Cinema in the Fell 's Point section of Baltimore ."}]}, {'value': 'Die Konsequenz', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Die_Konsequenz', 'summary': 'Die Konsequenz ( The Consequence ) is a West German film from 1977 . It is an adaptation of the 1975 autobiographical novel with the same name by Swiss author Alexander Ziegler and directed by Wolfgang Petersen .'}]}, {'value': 'Wolfgang Petersen', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wolfgang_Petersen', 'summary': 'Wolfgang Petersen ( born 14 March 1941 ) is a German film director , film producer and screenwriter . He was nominated for two Academy Awards for the World War II submarine warfare film Das Boot ( 1981 ) . His other films include The NeverEnding Story ( 1984 ) , Enemy Mine ( 1985 ) , In the Line of Fire ( 1993 ) , Outbreak ( 1995 ) , Air Force One ( 1997 ) , The Perfect Storm ( 2000 ) , Troy ( 2004 ) , and Poseidon ( 2006 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'West Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jürgen Prochnow , Ernst Hannawald , Walo Lüönd , Edith Volkmann , Erwin Kohlund , Hans Irle , Erwin Parker , Alexander Ziegler , Werner Schwuchow , Hans-Michael Rehberg , Elisabeth Fricker , Hans Putz , Wolf Gaudlitz , Thomas Haerin , Carsten Neumann , Franz Kollasch , Alexis von Hagemeister , Jan Groth , Gerold Nölli and Franz Stiefel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jürgen_Prochnow', 'summary': 'Jürgen Prochnow ( German pronunciation : [ ˈjʏʁɡn̩ ˈpʁɔxnoː ] listen ( help·info ) ; born 10 June 1941 ) is a German-born actor and voice actor . His best-known roles internationally have been as the good-hearted and sympathetic U-Boat captain in Das Boot ( 1981 ) , Duke Leto Atreides in Dune ( 1984 ) , the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in Air Force One ( 1997 ) , and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ernst_Hannawald', 'summary': 'Ernst Hannawald ( born 20 October 1959 in Heidholzen , Germany ) is a German television actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Walo_Lüönd', 'summary': 'Walo Lüönd ( born 13 April 1927 in Zug , died 17 June 2012 in Locarno ) was a Swiss movie actor , best known for his role in the movie The Swissmakers ( Die Schweizermacher ) along with comedian Emil Steinberger . He has had roles in 102 films and television shows . He had been married with Eva-Maria Bendig since 1957 ; they have two children , Daniel ( 1957-1987 ) and Oliver ( b . 1958 ) . He died on 17 June 2012 , at the age of 85 in a hospital in Locarno , Ticino , due to pneumonia after suffering a hip fracture in his residence in Losone . His funeral took place on Tuesday , 26 June , in Untersiggenthal in the canton of Aargau .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Edith_Volkmann', 'summary': 'Edith Volkmann ( 1920-1997 ) was a German film and television actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Erwin_Kohlund', 'summary': 'Erwin Kohlund ( 1915-1992 ) was a German actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Alexander_Ziegler', 'summary': 'Alexander Ziegler ( 8 March 1944 - in Zürich ; 11 August 1987 in Zürich ) was a Swiss author and actor . Ziegler studied drama at the Max Reinhardt Seminar in Wien ( 1960/1961 ) . He was an actor in Spring Awakening , a play by Frank Wedekind , in 1964 . He was also an actor in the American television series Boys and Girls , created by Fred Mallow . In 1966 , he was imprisoned for two years because of his gay friendship with a 16-year-old named Stephan . While in prison , he wrote his first work , Labyrinth ( 1966 ) . After he was released from prison , he worked as a journalist and author from 1971 to 1979 for the German gay magazine DU & ICH . He wrote many other articles and books . In November 1977 , his work Die Konsequenz was filmed and shown on German television . Actors in the film Die Konsequenz were Jürgen Prochnow as Martin Kurath and Ernst Hannawald as Thomas Manzoni .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans-Michael_Rehberg', 'summary': 'Hans-Michael Rehberg ( 2 April 1938 - 7 November 2017 ) was a German actor . He appeared in more than one hundred films since 1945 . [ citation needed ]'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hans_Putz', 'summary': 'Hans Putz ( November 17 , 1920 in Vienna - January 31 , 1990 in Hamburg ) was an Austrian actor . He had a stage career , including working at the Schauspielhaus Zürich and the Volkstheater in Vienna ; he also appeared in a number of films .'}]}, {'value': 'Looking for Mr. Goodbar', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Looking_for_Mr._Goodbar_(film)', 'summary': "Looking for Mr. Goodbar is a 1977 American crime drama film , based on Judith Rossner 's best-selling novel of the same name , which was inspired by the 1973 murder of New York City schoolteacher Roseann Quinn , who led something of a double life . The film was written and directed by Richard Brooks , and stars Diane Keaton , Tuesday Weld , William Atherton , Richard Kiley , and Richard Gere . The film was a commercial success , earning $ 22.5 million , [ note 1 ] and garnered two Academy Award nominations , Best Supporting Actress for Tuesday Weld and Best Cinematography for William Fraker ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Brooks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Brooks', 'summary': 'Richard Brooks ( May 18 , 1912 - March 11 , 1992 ) was an American screenwriter , film director , novelist and film producer . Nominated for eight Oscars in his career , he was best known for Blackboard Jungle ( 1955 ) , Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 1958 ) , Elmer Gantry ( 1960 ; for which he won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay ) , In Cold Blood ( 1967 ) and Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Diane Keaton , Tuesday Weld , William Atherton , Richard Kiley , Richard Gere , Alan Feinstein , Tom Berenger , Priscilla Pointer , Laurie Prange , Joel Fabiani , Julius Harris , Richard Bright , LeVar Burton , Brian Dennehy , Richard Venture and Elizabeth Cheshire', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Diane_Keaton', 'summary': "Diane Keaton ( née Hall ; born January 5 , 1946 ) is an American actress , director , producer , photographer , real estate developer , author , and singer . One of the most popular actresses of the 1970s and 1980s , she has received various accolades , including an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , two Golden Globe Awards , and the AFI Life Achievement Award . Keaton began her career on stage and made her screen debut in 1970 . Her first major film role was as Kay Adams-Corleone in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , a role she reprised in The Godfather Part II ( 1974 ) and The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) . But the films that helped shape her early career were those with director and co-star Woody Allen , beginning with Play It Again , Sam in 1972 . Her next two films with Allen , Sleeper ( 1973 ) and Love and Death ( 1975 ) , established her as a comic actor . Her fourth , the romantic comedy Annie Hall ( 1977 ) , won her the Academy Award for Best Actress . To avoid being typecast as her Annie Hall persona , Keaton became an accomplished dramatic performer , starring in Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) and Interiors ( 1978 ) , and received three more Academy Award nominations for playing feminist activist Louise Bryant in Reds ( 1981 ) , a woman with leukemia in Marvin 's Room ( 1996 ) , and a dramatist in Something 's Got ta Give ( 2003 ) . Keaton 's other popular films include Manhattan ( 1979 ) , Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) , Mrs. Soffel ( 1984 ) , Baby Boom ( 1987 ) , Father of the Bride ( 1991 ) , Manhattan Murder Mystery ( 1993 ) , Father of the Bride Part II ( 1995 ) , The First Wives Club ( 1996 ) , The Other Sister ( 1999 ) , The Family Stone ( 2005 ) , Morning Glory ( 2010 ) , Finding Dory ( 2016 ) , Book Club ( 2018 ) , and Poms ( 2019 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tuesday_Weld', 'summary': 'Tuesday Weld ( born Susan Ker Weld ; August 27 , 1943 ) is a retired American actress . She began acting as a child and progressed to mature roles in the late 1950s . She won a Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Female Newcomer in 1960 . Over the following decade , she established a career playing dramatic roles in films . Her work , often as a featured performer in supporting roles , was acknowledged with nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Play It as It Lays ( 1972 ) , a nomination for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , an Emmy Award for The Winter of Our Discontent ( 1983 ) , and a BAFTA for Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) . Since the late 1980s , her acting appearances have been infrequent .'}, {'url': '/wiki/William_Atherton', 'summary': 'William Atherton Knight ( born July 30 , 1947 ) is an American actor , best known for portraying Richard Thornburg in Die Hard and its sequel and Walter Peck in Ghostbusters .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Kiley', 'summary': "Richard Paul Kiley ( March 31 , 1922 - March 5 , 1999 ) was an American stage , television , and film actor . He is best known for his distinguished theatrical career in which he twice won the Tony Award for Best Actor In A Musical . Kiley created the role of Don Quixote in the original 1965 production of the Broadway musical Man of La Mancha and was the first to sing and record The Impossible Dream , the hit song from the show . In the 1953 hit musical Kismet , he played the Caliph and was one of the quartet introducing the song And This Is My Beloved . Additionally , he won three Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards during his 50-year career and his sonorous baritone was also featured in the narration of a number of documentaries and other films . At the time of his death , Kiley was described as one of theater 's most distinguished and versatile actors and as an indispensable actor , the kind of performer who could be called on to play kings and commoners and a diversity of characters in between ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Gere', 'summary': "Richard Tiffany Gere ( IPA : /ɡɪər/ GEER ; born August 31 , 1949 ) [ citation needed ] is an American actor and producer . He began in films in the 1970s , playing a supporting role in Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) and a starring role in Days of Heaven ( 1978 ) . He came to prominence with his role in the film American Gigolo ( 1980 ) , which established him as a leading man and a sex symbol . He went on to star in many well-received films , including An Officer and a Gentleman ( 1982 ) , The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) , Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) , Sommersby ( 1993 ) , Primal Fear ( 1996 ) , Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) , I 'm Not There ( 2007 ) , Arbitrage ( 2012 ) and Norman : The Moderate Rise and Tragic Fall of a New York Fixer ( 2016 ) . For portraying Billy Flynn in the Academy Award-winning musical Chicago ( 2002 ) , he won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award as part of the cast ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alan_Feinstein_(actor)', 'summary': 'Alan Feinstein ( born 8 September 1941 , New York City , New York ) is an American actor . Early in his career , he was credited as Alan Yorke . He is noted for his 1983 award-winning stage performance in A View From the Bridge . From 1978-1979 , he starred in the short lived QM Productions TV series The Runaways as Steve Arrizio , a former juvenile officer turned clinical psychologist who rescued runaway children from danger . His film credits include roles in Bad Girls Go to Hell ( 1965 , credited as Alan Yorke ) , Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , The Two Worlds of Jennie Logan ( 1979 ) , Merchants of Venus ( 1998 ) , as well as the television series Masada ( 1981 ) and The Paper Chase ( 1984 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Tom_Berenger', 'summary': "Tom Berenger ( born Thomas Michael Moore ; May 31 , 1949 ) is an American television and motion picture actor . He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Staff Sergeant Bob Barnes in Platoon ( 1986 ) . He is also known for playing Jake Taylor in the Major League films and Thomas Beckett in the Sniper films . Other films he appeared in include Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , The Dogs of War ( 1980 ) , The Big Chill ( 1983 ) , Eddie and the Cruisers ( 1983 ) , Betrayed ( 1988 ) , The Field ( 1990 ) , Gettysburg ( 1993 ) , The Substitute ( 1996 ) , One Man 's Hero ( 1999 ) , Training Day ( 2001 ) , and Inception ( 2010 ) . Berenger won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his performance as Jim Vance in the 2012 miniseries Hatfields & McCoys ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Priscilla_Pointer', 'summary': 'Priscilla Marie Pointer ( born May 18 , 1924 ) is an American stage , film and television character actress . She began her career in the theater , including productions on Broadway . Later , Pointer moved to Hollywood to act in films and on television . She is the mother of Amy Irving , therefore making her the former mother-in-law of filmmakers Steven Spielberg and Bruno Barreto and the mother-in-law of documentary filmmaker Kenneth Bowser , Jr .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Joel_Fabiani', 'summary': 'Joel Fabiani ( born September 28 , 1936 in Watsonville , California ) is an American film , television and theater actor . Generally most famous for the British TV series Department S , he has also guest starred in The FBI , Barnaby Jones , The Streets of San Francisco , Banacek , Cannon , The Rockford Files and Starsky and Hutch . His film appearances include Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , Reuben , Reuben ( 1983 ) and Tune In Tomorrow ( 1990 ) , and he has also had recurring roles in soap operas such as Dallas , Dynasty , As the World Turns , and All My Children .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Julius_Harris', 'summary': 'Julius Harris ( August 17 , 1923 - October 17 , 2004 ) was an American actor who appeared in more than 70 movies and numerous television series in a career that spanned four decades .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Bright_(actor)', 'summary': 'Richard James Bright ( June 28 , 1937 - February 18 , 2006 ) was an American actor well known for his role as Al Neri in the Godfather films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/LeVar_Burton', 'summary': "Levardis Robert Martyn Burton Jr. ( born February 16 , 1957 ) is an American actor , presenter , director , and author . His first major part was the role of a young Kunta Kinte in the 1977 ABC television miniseries Roots , a role he reprised in the 1988 television film Roots : The Gift . In 1983 he became the host of the long-running PBS children 's series Reading Rainbow , and again performed a lead role as Lt . Commander Geordi La Forge in Star Trek : The Next Generation . He has also directed a number of television episodes for various iterations of Star Trek , among other programs ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Brian_Dennehy', 'summary': 'Brian Manion Dennehy ( born July 9 , 1938 ) is an American actor of film , stage , and television . A winner of one Golden Globe , two Tony Awards and a recipient of six Primetime Emmy Award nominations , he gained initial recognition for his role as Sheriff Will Teasle in First Blood ( 1982 ) . He has had roles in numerous films including Gorky Park ( 1983 ) , Silverado ( 1985 ) , Cocoon ( 1985 ) , F/X ( 1986 ) , Presumed Innocent ( 1990 ) , Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) , and Knight of Cups ( 2015 ) . Dennehy won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film for his role as Willy Loman in the television film Death of a Salesman ( 2000 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Richard_Venture', 'summary': 'Richard Venture ( born Richard Charles Venturella ; November 11 , 1923 - December 19 , 2017 ) was an American actor . He performed in more than eighty films from 1964 to 2001 . His television guest-credits include The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd , Fame and Murder , She Wrote . Venture died just 31 days prior to ex-wife actress Olivia Cole , in December 2017 at the age of 94 . Venture was born in New York City . He debuted on Broadway in Dinosaur Wharf ( 1951 ) . His other Broadway credits included The National Health ( 1974 ) , Chemin de Fer ( 1973 ) , The Visit ( 1973 ) , Murderous Angels ( 1971 ) , Solitaire / Double Solitaire ( 1971 ) Double Solitaire ( 1971 ) , and The Merchant of Venice ( 1951 ) . Venture wed actress Grayce Grant in 1950 , and they divorced in 1971 . They had four children . He was married to actress Olivia Cole from 1971 until their divorce in 1984 . He and Lorraine Venture married in 1984 and divorced in 1995 . Venture served in the United States Navy during World War II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Elizabeth_Cheshire', 'summary': "Elizabeth Cheshire is an American actress known for appearing in the films as Airport '77 ( 1977 ) , Looking for Mr. Goodbar ( 1977 ) , Sunshine Christmas ( 1977 ) , Melvin and Howard ( 1980 ) and Strange Behavior ( 1980 ) , and television series such as The Family Holvak and Sunshine ."}]}, {'value': 'Me siento extraña', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Enrique Martí Maqueda', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Rocío Dúrcal , Bárbara Rey , Francisco Algora , Ricardo Tundidor , Eva León , Luis Marín , Rafael Navarro , José Antonio Ceinos , Francisco Nieto , Fernando Sánchez Polack , Juan A . De Los Santos ( as Juan Antonio de Santos ) , Fabián López Tapia , Javier Sandoval , Fernando Baeza and Víctor Israel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rocío_Dúrcal', 'summary': 'María de los Ángeles de las Heras Ortiz ( 4 October 1944 - 25 March 2006 ) , better known professionally as Rocío Dúrcal ( Spanish pronunciation : [ roˈθi.o ˈðuɾkal ] ) , was a Spanish singer and actress . In 2005 Dúrcal received a Latin Grammy Award for musical excellence , a prize that is awarded by the Governing Board of the Recording Latin Academy to artists who have made creative contributions of outstanding artistic significance during their careers .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Bárbara_Rey', 'summary': 'Bárbara Rey ( Totana , Murcia , Spain , 2 February 1950 ) is a Spanish film and television actress . She is the daughter of Andrés García Valenzuela and Salvadora García Molina . Rey represented Spain at the 21st annual Miss World pageant under her original name María García . Her real fame came in 1975 with the TV program Palmarés which made her a sex-symbol . After that she appeared in many revues in theatres . In the 1970s she became an icon of the destape films ( films where Spaniards could see naked women in film for the first time now that Francoist censorship have ended ) . In 1980 she married lion tamer Ángel Cristo whom she had two children Ángel ( 1981 ) and Sofía Cristo ( 1983 ) . She collaborated with him in his circus . They divorced in 1988 . In the 1980s she appeared in many revues and TV shows such as Primera función ( 1989 ) or Pero ¿esto qué es ? ( 1989 ) Since the 2000s she became a regular guest of gossip TV shows and she also appeared as contestant in some reality shows such as Esta cocina es un infierno , in Telecinco , or Acorralados .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Francisco_Algora', 'summary': 'Francisco Javier Jiménez Algora ( 7 December 1948 - 30 March 2016 ) was a Spanish actor . He has appeared in 105 films and television shows between 1972 and 2012 . He starred in the 1973 film Habla , mudita , which was entered into the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival . He died on 30 March 2016 from a lung cancer at the age of 67 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Fernando_Sánchez_Polack', 'summary': 'Fernando Sánchez Polack ( 11 August 1920 - 24 January 1982 ) was a Spanish actor . He appeared in 113 films and television shows between 1959 and 1982 , mostly of them as a supporting character in Spaghetti Western films . He starred in the 1966 film La caza , which won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival . On 1 December 1981 he was hospitalized from a paraplegia at Residencia Sanitaria Provincial and he died on 24 January 1982 aged 61 from a cardiac arrest .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Víctor_Israel', 'summary': 'Víctor Israel born José María Soler Vilanova ( 13 June 1929 - 19 September 2009 ) was a Spanish ( Catalan ) film actor . He appeared in more than 140 films , beginning in 1961 . He died on 19 September 2009 aged 80 in Barcelona .'}]}, {'value': 'Outrageous !', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Outrageous!', 'summary': "Outrageous ! is a 1977 Canadian comedy film . Directed and written by Richard Benner , the film stars Craig Russell as Robin Turner , a female impersonator , and Hollis McLaren as Liza Conners , Turner 's schizophrenic roommate . The film initially takes place in Toronto , Canada . The film is based on Making It , a short story by writer Margaret Gibson from her 1976 collection The Butterfly Ward ; Russell and Gibson were roommates in real life . Outrageous ! was one of the first gay-themed films ever to receive widespread theatrical release in North America . The film inspired the sequel Too Outrageous ! released in 1987 . A stage musical adaptation of the film was produced by Canadian Stage in 2000 ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Benner', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Benner', 'summary': 'Richard Benner ( 1943 - December 2 , 1990 ) was an American film director and screenwriter who worked predominantly in Canada . His 1977 film Outrageous ! was entered into the 28th Berlin International Film Festival , where Craig Russell won the Silver Bear for Best Actor . Benner , who grew up in Kentucky and studied drama in California and England , landed in Toronto in the early 1970s . Writing for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , he pitched an idea for a film about a gay hairdresser with dreams of New York City success to the Canadian Film Development Corporation ( now Telefilm Canada ) . Approved , he was able to secure financing with the help of Toronto producers , and Outrageous ! , the first film to feature Craig Russell , an openly gay cabaret performer , went on to critical success at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival . Funny and sympathetic , Outrageous ! is considered a landmark film in Canadian Queer cinema . Ten years later Benner talked Russell into doing a sequel ( 1987 ) , which fared not nearly as well . Benner died from complications due to AIDS in 1990 . In addition to his films , he directed several episodes of the Canadian television series 9B , Monsters , Street Legal and Road to Avonlea .'}]}, {'value': 'Canada', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Craig Russell , Hollis McLaren , Richert Easley , Allan Moyle , David McIlwraith , Gerry Salsberg , Andrée Pelletier , Helen Shaver , Martha Gibson , Helen Hughes , Jonah Royston , Richard Moffatt , David Woito , Rusty Ryan , Trevor Bryan and Michael Ironside', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Craig_Russell_(Canadian_actor)', 'summary': 'Russell Craig Eadie ( January 10 , 1948 - October 30 , 1990 ) , better known by his stage name Craig Russell , was a Canadian female impersonator and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Hollis_McLaren', 'summary': "Hollis McLaren is a Canadian film and television actress . She is best known for her role in the 1977 cult film Outrageous ! and its sequel Too Outrageous ! , in which she played a character closely based on writer Margaret Gibson . She also had roles in the films Partners , Atlantic City , Jigsaw ( L'Homme en colère ) and Marion Bridge , as well as the television series Pit Pony and the television film Mom at Sixteen . She was a Canadian Film Award nominee for Best Actress in 1977 for Outrageous ! ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Allan_Moyle', 'summary': 'Allan Moyle ( born 1947 in Shawinigan , Quebec ) is a Canadian film director . He is best known for directing the films Pump Up the Volume ( 1990 ) and Empire Records ( 1995 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/David_McIlwraith', 'summary': 'David McIlwraith is a Canadian actor who has appeared in numerous television series and in several films since the 1970s . He co-starred in the 1993 television series White Fang and also had a prominent role as Dr. Reginald Murdoch in the 2001 television series Vampire High . He portrayed politician Peter Lougheed in the 2002 mini-series Trudeau . He had a supporting role in the 2005 television film Living With the Enemy . In 2006 , he appeared in the feature film Hollow Man II .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Andrée_Pelletier', 'summary': "Andrée Pelletier ( born August 24 , 1951 ) is a Canadian actress , screenwriter and film director . As an actress , she is a five-time Canadian Film Award and Genie Award nominee , receiving nominations for Best Actress at the 29th Canadian Film Awards in 1978 for her performance as Marie-Anne Gaboury in the film Marie-Anne , at the 2nd Genie Awards in 1981 for The Handyman ( L'Homme à tout faire ) , at the 4th Genie Awards in 1983 for Latitude 55° and at the 6th Genie Awards in 1985 for Walls , and a Best Supporting Actress nominee at the 8th Genie Awards in 1987 for Bach and Broccoli ( Bach et Bottine ) . She later turned to screenwriting , including the films The Peanut Butter Solution , Nénette and Karmina , and directed the films Anchor Zone and Voodoo Dolls . Born in Montreal , Quebec , she is the daughter of Gérard Pelletier , a former journalist and diplomat ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Helen_Shaver', 'summary': 'Helen Shaver ( born February 24 , 1951 ) is a Canadian actress and film and television director . She has received Emmy and Saturn Award nominations , among other honours .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Martha_Gibson', 'summary': 'Martha Gibson ( born January 14 , 1939 ) is a Canadian actress . She is probably best known for appearing alongside her husband Louis Del Grande in the television series Seeing Things , for which she earned a Gemini Award for Best Performance by a Lead Actress in a Continuing Role in a Comedy Series in 1986 . She was nominated in the same category for the same show in 1987 , but lost to Dinah Christie . Gibson also appeared in other notable roles in Black Christmas ( 1974 ) , Outrageous ! ( 1977 ) and Murder by Phone ( 1982 ) , and television series such as King of Kensington ( to which she also contributed as a writer ) , Katts and Dog and Sweating Bullets .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rusty_Ryan_(actor)', 'summary': 'Rusty Ryan was the stage name of Robert Brian Timbrell ( December 28 , 1947 - July 28 , 2003 ) , a Canadian actor and drag queen . He was a founding member of The Great Impostors , a long-running drag troupe in Toronto , Ontario whose members included Ryan , Tammy Autumn , Michelle DuBarry , Danny Love , Jackie Loren , Terri Stevens , Christian Jefferies and Dale Barnett at different times . Timbrell was born in Kingston , Ontario on December 28 , 1947 , the younger brother of politician Dennis Timbrell . He was working as a stockbroker when he first began performing in the 1970s , and was given his drag name by friend and fellow performer Craig Russell . With the Great Impostors , Ryan toured extensively across Canada , giving many smaller communities their first exposure to drag and LGBT culture ; in the 1980s , he accompanied Frankie Goes to Hollywood on their North American tour . In 1992 , he wrote and performed a one-man play , Driving to Tatamagouche , at the Toronto Fringe Festival . He also had numerous minor roles in television and film . Best known to film audiences for his supporting role as Jimmy the bartender in Outrageous ! and its sequel Too Outrageous , he also appeared in the television films The Sins of Dorian Gray and The Wharf Rat , the theatrical film 54 , an episode of Queer as Folk and a music video by Platinum Blonde . He died of a heart attack on July 28 , 2003 in Liverpool , Nova Scotia , following a performance that was part of his first tour performing comedy out of drag . Following his death , writer Jeffrey Round prepared and released a documentary film , Driving with Rusty .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Trevor_Bryan', 'summary': 'Trevor Bryan ( born August 23 , 1989 ) is an American professional boxer in the Heavyweight division . Bryan is the current Interim WBA World Heavyweight champion .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Michael_Ironside', 'summary': 'Frederick Reginald Ironside ( born February 12 , 1950 ) , known as Michael Ironside , is a Canadian actor . He has worked as a voice actor , producer , film director , and screenwriter in movie and television series in various Canadian and American productions . He is best known for playing villains and tough guy heroes , though he has also portrayed sympathetic characters .'}]}, {'value': 'Los placeres ocultos', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Los_placeres_ocultos', 'summary': 'Hidden Pleasures ( Spanish : Los placeres ocultos ) is a 1977 drama film , directed by Eloy de la Iglesia . The script was written by de la Iglesia , Rafael Sánchez Campoy and Gonzalo Goicoechea with the working title La acera de enfrente ( literally : The other side of the street , which was used as a pejorative expression for homosexual ) , considered too daring for its time , the title was changed upon release . The film stars Simón Andreu , Charo López and Tony Fuentes . The plot follows a middle-aged , closeted homosexual banker from a wealthy family , who falls in love with a much younger heterosexual man . Los placeres ocultos is notable for being the first extended representation of gay men in Spanish cinema .'}]}, {'value': 'Eloy de la Iglesia', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Eloy_de_la_Iglesia', 'summary': 'Eloy de la Iglesia ( January 1 , 1944 - March 23 , 2006 ) was a Spanish screenwriter and film director . De la Iglesia was an outspoken gay socialist filmmaker who is relatively unknown outside Spain despite a prolific and successful career in his native country . He is best remembered for having portrayed urban marginality and the world of drugs and juvenile delinquency in the early 1980s . Part of his work is closely related to the phenomenon popularly known in Spain as quinqui films , to which he contributed with several works . His film are an example of commitment to the immediate reality . They were made with honesty and great risk , against the conformist outlook of most movies of its time . Beyond their debatable aesthetic merits , his film served a document of the Spanish marginality of the late seventies and early eighties , and they have the stamp of his strong personality . Many of this films also deal with the theme of homosexuality .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Simón Andreu , Tony Fuentes , Charo López , Beatriz Rossat , Antonio Corencia , Germán Cobos , Ana Farra , Ángel Pardo , Queta Claver , Antonio Iranzo , Antonio Gamero , Josele Román and Carmen Platero', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simón_Andreu', 'summary': 'Simón Andreu Trobat ( born 1 January 1941 ) is a Spanish actor . He has appeared in more than 180 films and television shows since 1961 . In 2013 he was awarded with the Nosferatu Award at the Festival Internacional de Cinema Fantàstic de Catalunya for his long career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Charo_López', 'summary': 'María del Rosario López Piñuelas ( 28 October 1943 ) better known as Charo López , is a Spanish actress .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Queta_Claver', 'summary': 'Queta Claver ( June 24 , 1929 - May 3 , 2003 ) was a Spanish actress , singer , and dancer , known for her vedette roles in stage revues .'}]}, {'value': 'Pourquoi pas !', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Coline Serreau', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Coline_Serreau', 'summary': 'Coline Serreau ( born 29 October 1947 ) is a French actress , film director and writer .'}]}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Comedy , drama , romance', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sami Frey , Christine Murillo , Mario Gonzales , Nicole Jamet , Michel Aumont , Mathé Souverbie , Alain Salomon , Jacques Rispal , Florence Brière , Louise Chevalier , Bernard Crombey ( as Bernard Crombé ) , Denise Dax , Dorothy Marchini and Geneviève Mnich', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sami_Frey', 'summary': "Sami Frey ( born Samuel Frei ; 13 October 1937 ) is a French actor of Polish Jewish descent . Among the films he starred in are En compagnie d'Antonin Artaud ( 1993 ) , in which he portrays French poet and playwright Antonin Artaud , and Bande à part ( 1964 ) by Jean-Luc Godard ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Michel_Aumont', 'summary': 'Michel Henri Aumont ( 15 October 1936 - 28 August 2019 ) was a French theatre , film , and television actor . Throughout his career , he gained four Molière Awards and nominations for three César Awards . In 2015 , he was made Grand Officer of the National Order of Merit .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Jacques_Rispal', 'summary': 'Jacques Rispal ( 1 August 1923 - 9 February 1986 ) was a French film actor . He appeared in 100 films between 1952 and 1986 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Geneviève_Mnich', 'summary': 'Geneviève Mnich ( born 19 February 1942 ) , is a French actress . She has appeared in 80 films since 1972 . She was born in Cuffies , Aisne , France .'}]}, {'value': 'A Special Day', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Special_Day', 'summary': 'A Special Day ( Italian : Una giornata particolare ) is a 1977 Italian drama film directed by Ettore Scola and starring Sophia Loren , Marcello Mastroianni and John Vernon . Set in Rome in 1938 , its narrative follows a woman and her neighbor who stay home the day Adolf Hitler visits Benito Mussolini . It is an Italian-Canadian co-production . Themes addressed in the film include gender roles , fascism , and the persecution of homosexuals under the Mussolini regime . It received several nominations and awards , including a César Award for Best Foreign Film , a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film , and two Academy Award nominations in 1978 . It is featured on the list of the 100 Italian films to be saved .'}]}, {'value': 'Ettore Scola', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ettore_Scola', 'summary': 'Ettore Scola ( Italian pronunciation : [ ˈɛttore ˈskɔːla ] ; 10 May 1931 - 19 January 2016 ) was an Italian screenwriter and film director . He received a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film in 1978 for his film A Special Day and over the course of his film career was nominated for five Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film .'}]}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama , romance , war', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sophia Loren , Marcello Mastroianni , John Vernon , Françoise Berd , Patrizia Basso , Tiziano De Persio , Maurizio Di Paolantonio , Antonio Garibaldi , Vittorio Guerrieri , Alessandra Mussolini and Nicole Magny', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sophia_Loren', 'summary': "Sofia Villani Scicolone Dame Grand Cross OMRI ( Italian : [ soˈfiːa vilˈlaːni ʃikoˈloːne ] ; born 20 September 1934 ) , known professionally as Sophia Loren ( Italian : [ ˈlɔːren ] , English : /ləˈrɛn/ ) , is an Italian film actress . She is one of the last surviving stars from the Golden Age of Hollywood . Encouraged to enroll in acting lessons after entering a beauty pageant , Loren began her film career at age 16 in 1950 . She appeared in several bit parts and minor roles in the early part of the decade , until her five-picture contract with Paramount in 1956 launched her international career . Notable film appearances around this time include The Pride and the Passion , Houseboat , and It Started in Naples . Her talents as an actress were not recognized until her performance as Cesira in Vittorio De Sica 's Two Women ( 1961 ) ; Loren 's performance earned her the Academy Award for Best Actress , making her the first actor or actress to win an Oscar for a foreign-language performance . She holds the record for having earned six David di Donatello Awards for Best Actress : Two Women ; Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow ( 1963 ) ; Marriage Italian Style ( 1964 ) ( for which she was nominated for a second Oscar ) ; Sunflower ( 1970 ) ; The Voyage ( 1974 ) ; and A Special Day ( 1977 ) . After starting a family in the early 1970s , Loren chose to make only occasional film appearances . Most recently , she has appeared in American films such as Grumpier Old Men ( 1995 ) and Nine ( 2009 ) . Aside from the Academy Award , she has won a Grammy Award , five special Golden Globes ( including the Cecil B. DeMille Award ) , a BAFTA Award , a Laurel Award , the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival , the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival and the Honorary Academy Award in 1991 . In 1995 , she received the Golden Globe Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievements , one of many such awards . In 1999 , Loren was named by the American Film Institute the 21st greatest female star of Classic Hollywood Cinema ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni', 'summary': "Marcello Vincenzo Domenico Mastroianni ( Italian pronunciation : [ marˈtʃɛllo mastroˈjanni ] ; 28 September 1924 - 19 December 1996 ) was an Italian film actor . His prominent films include : La Dolce Vita ; 8½ ; La Notte ; Divorce Italian Style ; Yesterday , Today and Tomorrow ; Marriage Italian Style ; The 10th Victim ; A Special Day ; City of Women ; Henry IV ; Dark Eyes ; and Everybody 's Fine . His honours included British Film Academy Awards , Best Actor awards at the Cannes Film Festival and two Golden Globe Awards ."}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Vernon', 'summary': 'John Keith Vernon ( born Adolphus Raymondus Vernon Agopsowicz ; February 24 , 1932 - February 1 , 2005 ) was a Canadian actor . He made a career in Hollywood after achieving initial television stardom in Canada . He was best known for playing Dean Wormer in Animal House , his role as the Mayor in Dirty Harry and as Fletcher in The Outlaw Josey Wales .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Françoise_Berd', 'summary': "Françoise Berd ( born Françoise Bernadette Loranger ; March 2 , 1923 - August 10 , 2001 ) was a Quebec actress and founder of the theatre company L'Égrégore Berd played the role of the caretaker in the film A Special Day ( Una Giornata particulare ) by Ettore Scola ( 1977 ) , alongside Sophia Loren and Marcello Mastroianni ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Alessandra_Mussolini', 'summary': 'Alessandra Mussolini ( born 30 December 1962 ) is an Italian politician , the granddaughter of Italian fascist dictator Benito Mussolini , and a former actress and model who served as a Member of the European Parliament for Forza Italia . She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013 and the Italian Senate from 2013 to 2014 , she was elected under The People of Freedom which is now part of Forza Italia . She was elected to the European Parliament in 2014 . She was the founder and leader of the national conservative political party Social Action ; from 2004 until 2008 , Mussolini also served as a Member of the European Parliament , and she has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies , the lower house of the Italian Parliament , for The People of Freedom .'}]}, {'value': 'To an Unknown God', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/To_an_Unknown_God', 'summary': 'To an Unknown God ( Spanish : A un dios desconocido ) is a 1977 Spanish film directed by Jaime Chávarri . The film is about an aging man coming to terms with his homosexuality and mortality . It was a pioneer in its frank and mature examination of homosexuality .'}]}, {'value': 'Jaime Chávarri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jaime_Chávarri', 'summary': 'Jaime Chávarri de la Mora ( born 20 March 1943 ) is a Spanish film director and screenwriter . Best known for his films Las bicicletas son para el verano and musical film Las cosas del querer .'}]}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Héctor Alterio , Xabier Elorriaga as Miguel Maria Rosa Salgado , Rosa Valenty , Ángela Molina , Margarita Mas , Mercedes Sampietro and José Joaquin Boza', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Héctor_Alterio', 'summary': 'Héctor Benjamín Alterio Onorato ( born 21 September 1929 ) is an Argentine theatre , film and television actor , well known both in Argentina and Spain .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xabier_Elorriaga', 'summary': 'Xabier González Elorriaga ( born April 1 , 1944 in Maracaibo ) is a Spanish film and TV actor , writer and director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Ángela_Molina', 'summary': 'Ángela Molina Tejedor ( born 5 October 1955 ) is a Spanish actress , and a daughter of Antonio Molina , Spanish singer and actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Mercedes_Sampietro', 'summary': "Mercedes Sampietro Marro ( born 24 January 1947 in Barcelona ) is a Spanish actress . Her debut on stage was in 1979 , and in cinema , seven years later , with Jaime Chávarri 's A un dios desconocido . She has worked five times with Pilar Miró . In 1981 she won the award for Best Actress at the 12th Moscow International Film Festival for her role in Gary Cooper , Who Art in Heaven . She won one Goya Award for Best Actress thanks to her role in Argentinian-Spanish film Lugares comunes She has dubbed into Spanish actresses including Meryl Streep , Diane Keaton , Kim Basinger , and Catherine Deneuve . She was the president of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España from 9 October 2003 to 18 December 2006 ."}]}, {'value': 'El transexual', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'José Jara', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Spain', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Ágata Lys , Paul Naschy , José Nieto , Sandra Alberti , Eva Robin , Vicente Parra , Ernesto Martín , Alfonso Castizo , Ángela Reyno , Antonio Orengo , Pedro Romero , Manuel Pereiro , Yeda Brown , Pedro A. Cabrero and Nicolás Arroyo', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Paul_Naschy', 'summary': "Paul Naschy ( born Jacinto Molina Álvarez , September 6 , 1934 - November 30 , 2009 ) was a Spanish movie actor , screenwriter , and director working primarily in horror films . His portrayals of numerous classic horror figures - the The Wolfman , Frankenstein 's monster , Count Dracula , The Hunchback of Notre Dame , Fu Manchu and a mummy - earned him recognition as the Spanish Lon Chaney . He had one of the most recognizable faces in Spanish horror film . Naschy also starred in dozens of action films , historical dramas , crime movies , TV shows and documentaries . He also wrote the screenplays for most of his films and directed a number of them as well . King Juan Carlos I presented Naschy with Spain 's Gold Medal Award for Fine Arts in 2001 in honor of his work , the Spanish equivalent of being knighted ."}, {'url': '/wiki/José_Nieto_(actor)', 'summary': 'José García López ( 3 May 1902 - 10 August 1982 ) , better known as José Nieto , was a Spanish actor . He appeared in more than one hundred films from 1925 to 1983 .'}, {'url': "/wiki/Eva_Robin's", 'summary': "Eva Robin 's is a transgender Italian actress , model , and activist from Bologna , Italy . Eva was assigned male at birth and developed naturally feminine features . From the age of about thirteen she says she felt she was female . When she was sixteen , she met a neighbor who was transgender and who introduced her to feminizing hormones . By the age of twenty-one she was living as a woman . Eva says she does n't want sex reassignment surgery , saying she feels comfortable with her body and has no desire to change . Contrary to conflicting mentions , Eva currently does spell her last name with an apostrophe in it . She took her nom de plume from a character in Italy 's Diabolik comics , Eva Kant , and writer Harold Robbins . While on holiday in Sardinia she saw the name Robbins spelled as Robin 's and decided to take on that particular spelling ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Vicente_Parra', 'summary': 'Vicente Parra Collado ( 5 February 1931 - 2 March 1997 ) was a Spanish actor .'}]}, {'value': 'Word Is Out', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Word_Is_Out:_Stories_of_Some_of_Our_Lives', 'summary': 'Word Is Out : Stories of Some of Our Lives is a 1977 documentary film featuring interviews with 26 gay men and women . It was directed by six people collectively known as the Mariposa Film Group . Peter Adair conceived and produced the film , and was one of the directors . The film premiered in November 1977 at the Castro Theater in San Francisco , and went into limited national release in 1978 . It also aired on many PBS stations in 1978 . The interviews from the film were transcribed into a book of the same title , which was published in October 1978 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mariposa Film Group ( Peter Adair , Nancy Adair , Andrew Brown , Rob Epstein , Lucy Massie Phenix , Veronica Selver )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peter_Adair', 'summary': 'Peter Adair ( November 25 , 1943 - June 27 , 1996 ) was a filmmaker and artist , best known for his pioneering gay and lesbian documentary Word Is Out : Stories of Some of Our Lives ( 1977 ) .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Nancy_Adair', 'summary': 'Word Is Out : Stories of Some of Our Lives is a 1977 documentary film featuring interviews with 26 gay men and women . It was directed by six people collectively known as the Mariposa Film Group . Peter Adair conceived and produced the film , and was one of the directors . The film premiered in November 1977 at the Castro Theater in San Francisco , and went into limited national release in 1978 . It also aired on many PBS stations in 1978 . The interviews from the film were transcribed into a book of the same title , which was published in October 1978 .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Rob_Epstein', 'summary': "Rob Epstein , also credited as Robert P. Epstein , is an American director , producer , writer , and editor . He has won two Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature , for the films The Times of Harvey Milk and Common Threads : Stories from the Quilt . In 1987 , Epstein and his filmmaking partner , Jeffrey Friedman , founded Telling Pictures , a production company and team known for groundbreaking feature documentaries . Epstein has transitioned from nonfiction documentaries into scripted narratives , producing such biopics as HOWL , his award-winning film about Allen Ginsberg 's controversial poem by the same name ( starring James Franco ) , and Lovelace , the story about the life and trials of pornographic superstar Linda Lovelace ( starring Amanda Seyfried ) . He is openly gay . Epstein is the currently the co-chair of the Film Program at California College of the Arts in San Francisco and Oakland , California ."}]}, {'value': 'United States', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Writer Elsa Gidlow , professor Sally Gearhart , inventor John Burnside , civil rights leader Harry Hay , and avant-garde filmmaker Nathaniel Dorsky are among the interviewees', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Elsa_Gidlow', 'summary': 'Elsa Gidlow ( 29 December 1898 - 8 June 1986 ) was a British-born , Canadian-American poet , freelance journalist , philosopher and humanitarian . She is best known for writing On A Grey Thread ( 1923 ) , the first volume of openly lesbian love poetry published in North America . In the 1950s , Gidlow helped found Druid Heights , a bohemian community in Marin County , California . She was the author of thirteen books and appeared as herself in the documentary film , Word Is Out : Stories of Some of Our Lives ( 1977 ) . Completed just before her death , her autobiography , Elsa , I Come with My Songs ( 1986 ) , recounts her life story . It is the first lesbian autobiography published where the author does not employ a pseudonym .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sally_Miller_Gearhart', 'summary': 'Sally Miller Gearhart ( born April 15 , 1931 ) is an American teacher , feminist , science-fiction writer , and political activist . In 1973 , she became the first open lesbian to obtain a tenure-track faculty position when she was hired by San Francisco State University , where she helped establish one of the first women and gender study programs in the country . She later became a nationally known gay rights activist .'}, {'url': '/wiki/John_Burnside_(inventor)', 'summary': "John Lyon Burnside III ( November 2 , 1916 - September 14 , 2008 ) was the inventor of the teleidoscope , the darkfield kaleidoscope , and the Symmetricon . Because he rediscovered the math behind kaleidoscope optics , makers of optically correct kaleidoscopes sold in the United States paid him royalties for decades . Burnside was the life partner of Harry Hay from 1962 until Hay 's death in 2002 . Burnside was living in San Francisco , at the time of his death on September 14 , 2008 from complications of brain cancer ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Harry_Hay', 'summary': "Henry Harry Hay Jr. ( April 7 , 1912 - October 24 , 2002 ) was a prominent American gay rights activist , communist , and labor advocate . He was a founder of the Mattachine Society , the first sustained gay rights group in the United States , as well as the Radical Faeries , a loosely affiliated gay spiritual movement . Born to an upper middle class family in England , Hay was raised in Chile and California . From an early age he acknowledged his same-sex sexual attraction , and came under the influence of Marxism . Briefly studying at Stanford University , he subsequently became a professional actor in Los Angeles , where he joined the Communist Party USA , becoming a committed activist in left-wing labor and anti-racist campaigns . As a result of societal pressure , he attempted to become heterosexual by marrying a female Party activist in 1938 , with whom he adopted two children . Recognizing that he remained homosexual , his marriage ended and in 1950 he founded the Mattachine Society . Although involved in campaigns for gay rights , he resigned from the Society in 1953 . Hay 's developing belief in the cultural minority status of homosexuals led him to take a stand against the assimilationism advocated by the majority of gay rights campaigners . He subsequently became a co-founder of the Los Angeles chapter of the Gay Liberation Front in 1969 , although in 1970 he moved to New Mexico with his longtime partner John Burnside . Hay 's ongoing interest in American Indian religion led the couple to co-found the Radical Faeries in 1979 with Don Kilhefner and Mitchell L. Walker . Returning to Los Angeles , Hay remained involved in an array of activist causes throughout his life , and became a well-known , albeit controversial , elder statesman within the country 's gay community ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Nathaniel_Dorsky', 'summary': 'Nathaniel Dorsky , born in New York City in 1943 , is an experimental filmmaker and film editor who has been making films since 1963 . He attended Antioch College in Yellow Springs , Ohio where he developed his interest in filmmaking . He won an Emmy Award for the film Gauguin in Tahiti : Search for Paradise which was directed by Martin Carr in 1967 .'}]}], 'section_title': 'Films', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_lesbian,_gay,_bisexual_or_transgender-related_films_of_1977_0', 'intro': 'This is a list of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films released in 1977. It contains theatrically released films that deal with important gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender characters or issues and may have same-sex romance or relationships as a plot device.'}
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Which movie earned two Oscar nods for the person who directed Die Konsequenz ?
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Das Boot
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03b2b526adb61d10
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II', 'title': 'List of aircraft of World War II', 'header': ['Name of aircraft', 'Year in service', 'Country of origin'], 'data': [{'value': 'Aichi E11A', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Aichi_E11A', 'summary': 'The Aichi E11A ( 九八夜偵 , Kyū-hachi Yatei ) was an Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat used during the first year of World War II for maritime patrol duties . The Allied reporting name for the type was Laura ; the Japanese Navy designation was Type 98 Reconnaissance Seaplane . The Type 98 was quite similar to the earlier E10A Type 96 , whose allied name was Hank . Lauras were rare - only 17 were built . It was designed to be launched from cruisers or battleships in order to spot their shellfire at night . The Type 98s were soon diverted to communications and transport duties .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Blohm & Voss BV 222', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Blohm_&_Voss_BV_222', 'summary': 'The Blohm & Voss BV 222 Wiking ( Pronounced Viking ) was a large , six-engined German flying boat of World War II . Originally designed as a commercial transport , it was the largest seaplane to attain production status during the war .'}]}, {'value': '1941', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Boeing 314/C-98 Clipper', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Boeing_314', 'summary': "The Boeing 314 Clipper was a United States long-range flying boat produced by the Boeing Airplane Company between 1938 and 1941 . One of the largest aircraft of its time , it used the massive wing of Boeing 's earlier XB-15 bomber prototype to achieve the range necessary for flights across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Twelve Clippers were built ; nine were brought into service for Pan Am ."}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Consolidated PB2Y Coronado', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Consolidated_PB2Y_Coronado', 'summary': 'The PB2Y Coronado is a large flying boat patrol bomber designed by Consolidated Aircraft , and used by the US Navy during World War II in bombing , antisubmarine , and transport roles . Obsolete by the end of the war , Coronados were quickly taken out of service . Only one known example remains , at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola , Florida .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Dornier Do 26', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dornier_Do_26', 'summary': 'The Dornier Do 26 was an all-metal gull-winged flying boat produced before and during World War II by Dornier Flugzeugwerke of Germany . It was operated by a crew of four and was intended to carry a payload of 500 kg ( 1,100 lb ) or four passengers on the Lisbon to New York route .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Germany', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Douglas Dolphin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin', 'summary': "The Douglas Dolphin was an amphibious flying boat . While only 58 were built , they served a wide variety of roles : private 'air yacht ' , airliner , military transport , and search and rescue ."}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grumman J4F Widgeon/Gosling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_G-44_Widgeon', 'summary': 'The Grumman G-44 Widgeon is a small , five-person , twin-engine amphibious aircraft . It was designated J4F by the United States Navy and Coast Guard and OA-14 by the United States Army Air Corps and United States Army Air Forces .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Grumman JRF Goose', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose', 'summary': "The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious flying boat designed by Grumman to serve as an eight-seat commuter aircraft for businessmen in the Long Island area . The Goose was Grumman 's first monoplane to fly , its first twin-engined aircraft , and its first aircraft to enter commercial airline service . During World War II , the Goose became an effective transport for the US military ( including the United States Coast Guard ) , as well as serving with many other air forces . During hostilities , the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles ."}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawanishi E11K', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawanishi_E11K', 'summary': 'The Kawanishi E11K was a Japanese flying boat of the 1930s . It was designed as a night reconnaissance aircraft for the Imperial Japanese Navy , but was not accepted , the two aircraft built being used as transports as the Type 96 Transport Flying Boat during the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawanishi H6K-L', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawanishi_H6K', 'summary': 'The Kawanishi H6K was an Imperial Japanese Navy flying boat produced by the Kawanishi Aircraft Company and used during World War II for maritime patrol duties . The Allied reporting name for the type was Mavis ; the Navy designation was Type 97 Large Flying Boat ( 九七式大型飛行艇 ) .'}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kawanishi H8K-L', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kawanishi_H8K', 'summary': 'The Kawanishi H8K ( 二式飛行艇 , Nishiki Hikōtei , Type 2 Flying Boat . Commonly called as 二式大型飛行艇 Nishiki Ōgata Hikōtei , 二式大艇 Nishiki Daitei or Nishiki Taitei , Type 2 Large-sized Flying Boat ) is a flying boat used by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during World War II for maritime patrol duties . The Allied reporting name for the type was Emily . The Kawanishi H8K was a large , four-engine aircraft designed for long range and extended endurance on patrols or bombing missions typically flown alone over the ocean . The prototype first flew in January 1941 and H8K1s made their first combat sortie in March 1942 . The robust H8K2 Emily flying boat was also fitted with powerful defensive armament , which Allied pilots had substantial respect for wherever this aircraft was encountered in the Pacific theater . The H8K was called by aircraft historian René Francillon the most outstanding water-based combat aircraft of the Second World War .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Japan', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Latécoère 631', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Latécoère_631', 'summary': 'The Latécoère 631 was a civil transatlantic flying boat built by Latécoère , the largest ever built up to its time . The type was not a success , being unreliable and uneconomic to operate . Five of the eleven aircraft built were written off in accidents and one was lost during World War II .'}]}, {'value': '1942', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lioré et Olivier LeO H-47', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lioré_et_Olivier_LeO_H-47', 'summary': 'The Lioré et Olivier LeO H-47 was a flying boat airliner built in France in 1936 . It was designed to operate passenger services over the South Atlantic , but the outbreak of the Second World War caused the type to be used by the French Navy as a maritime patrol aircraft .'}]}, {'value': '1937', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lioré et Olivier LeO H-242', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lioré_et_Olivier_LeO_H-242', 'summary': "The Lioré et Olivier LeO H.242 was a French-manufactured flying boat that was used for European passenger air services in the 1930s . Several were operated by Air France . One LeO H.242 features at the end of Hergé 's The Adventures of Tintin comic King Ottokar 's Sceptre ."}]}, {'value': '1929', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lioré et Olivier LeO H-246', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lioré_et_Olivier_LeO_H-246', 'summary': 'The Sud-Est LeO H-246 was a large four-engined flying boat from the late 1930s .'}]}, {'value': '1939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Macchi M.C.100', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Macchi_M.C.100', 'summary': 'The Macchi M.C.100 was an Italian commercial flying boat designed and built by Macchi .'}]}, {'value': '1940', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Martin JRM Mars', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Martin_JRM_Mars', 'summary': 'The Martin JRM Mars is a large , four-engined cargo transport seaplane designed and built by the Martin Company for the United States Navy during World War II . It was the largest Allied flying boat to enter production , although only seven were built . The United States Navy contracted the development of the XPB2M-1 Mars in 1938 as a long range ocean patrol flying boat , which later entered production as the JRM Mars long range transport . Four of the surviving aircraft were later converted for civilian use to firefighting water bombers . One example of the aircraft still remains based at Sproat Lake just outside of Port Alberni , British Columbia , although it is not operational .'}]}, {'value': '1943', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'US', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Potez-CAMS 161', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Potez-CAMS_161', 'summary': "The Potez-CAMS 161 was a large , French six-engined flying boat airliner , designed to operate on the North Atlantic routes that were opening up in the late 1930s . Its development was almost halted by World War II . Just one was built and partially tested before its destruction by Allied forces near the war 's end ."}]}, {'value': '1938', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'France', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Savoia-Marchetti S.66', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Savoia-Marchetti_S.66', 'summary': 'The Savoia-Marchetti S.66 was a 1930s Italian twin-hull flying boat designed and built by Savoia-Marchetti as an enlarged development of the S.55 .'}]}, {'value': '1931', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Italy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shavrov Sh-2', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shavrov_Sh-2', 'summary': 'Shavrov Sh-2 was a 1930s amphibian design and the first Soviet mass-produced flying boat . The small , wooden aircraft was a further development of the Sh-1 , with a more powerful engine and increased size . The Sh-2 could carry two crew members as well as one passenger and during wintertime , the aircraft could be equipped with skis . The small lower wing served as attachment for the stabilizing floats . It was a light , simple and reliable design .'}]}, {'value': '1934', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'USSR', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Operational aircraft -- Seaplanes', 'section_text': 'Transports [ edit ]', 'uid': 'List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II_8', 'intro': 'The List of aircraft of World War II includes all the aircraft used by those countries which were at war during World War II from the period between their joining the conflict and the conflict ending for them. Aircraft developed but not used operationally in the war are in the prototypes section at the end. Prototypes for aircraft that entered service under a different design number are ignored in favour of the service version. The date the aircraft entered service, or was first flown if the service date is unknown or it did not enter service follows the name, followed by the country of origin and major wartime users. Aircraft used for multiple roles are generally only listed under their primary role unless specialized versions were built for other roles in significant numbers. Aircraft used by neutral countries such as Spain, Switzerland and Sweden or countries which did no significant fighting such as most of those in South America (except Brazil), are not included.'}
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What is the name of the aircraft that was an amphibious flying boat and only 58 were built ?
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Douglas Dolphin
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03b4d4208a70c7d5
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Australian_films_of_2011', 'title': 'List of Australian films of 2011', 'header': ['Title', 'Director', 'Cast', 'Genre'], 'data': [{'value': '33 Postcards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/33_Postcards', 'summary': '33 Postcards is a 2011 drama film written and directed by Pauline Chan and starring Guy Pearce . It is the first co-production between China and New South Wales .'}]}, {'value': 'Pauline Chan', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pauline_Chan_(Australian_actress)', 'summary': 'Pauline Chan ( Chinese : 陈宝玲 ; pinyin : Chén Bǎolíng ; born 1956 ) is an Australian actress , director , screenwriter and producer .'}]}, {'value': 'Guy Pearce', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Pearce', 'summary': "Guy Edward Pearce ( born 5 October 1967 ) is a British-Australian actor , musician , singer and songwriter . He is known for having starred in the role of Mike Young in the Australian television series Neighbours and for appearing in films such as The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) , L.A . Confidential ( 1997 ) , Ravenous ( 1999 ) , Memento ( 2000 ) , The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) , The Time Machine ( 2002 ) , The Road ( 2009 ) , The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) , 33 Postcards ( 2011 ) , Prometheus ( 2012 ) , and Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) . In Australian cinema , he has appeared in The Proposition ( 2005 ) , Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) , The Rover ( 2014 ) , Holding the Man ( 2015 ) and The Wizards of Aus ( 2016 ) . He has won a Primetime Emmy Award and received nominations for Golden Globe Awards , Screen Actors Guild Awards , and AACTA Awards . Since 2012 , he has played the title role in the TV adaptations of the Jack Irish stories by Australian crime writer Peter Temple ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Black & White & Sex', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Black_&_White_&_Sex', 'summary': 'Black & White & Sex is a 2011 feature film produced by Melissa Beauford . It is the directorial debut of John Winter , best known as the producer of Rabbit Proof Fence , Paperback Hero and Doing Time for Patsy Cline . The film premiered at the Sydney Film Festival in June 2011 with its international premiere at the 41st International Film Festival Rotterdam ( 2012 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'John Winter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/John_Winter_(producer)', 'summary': "John Winter ( born 29 March 1956 ) is an Australian film and television writer , director and producer . He is best known for producing Rabbit-Proof Fence , Doing Time for Patsy Cline and Paperback Hero . His directorial debut Black & White & Sex premiered at the 2011 Sydney Film Festival with its international premiere at the 41st International Film Festival Rotterdam . The film won the 'Best Experimental ' at the 2012 ATOM Awards ."}]}, {'value': 'Katherine Hicks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Katherine_Hicks', 'summary': 'Katherine Hicks is an Australian actress . She is known for her roles as Heidi Wilson on Rescue : Special Ops and Sam MacKenzie on Winners & Losers . Hicks was born in Melbourne , Victoria , and grew up on a farm in Byron Bay , New South Wales . She completed her HSC at Byron Bay High School .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Cup', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Cup_(2011_film)', 'summary': "The Cup is a 2011 Australian biographical film about the 2002 Melbourne Cup race , won by the Dermot Weld trained Media Puzzle . And is directed by Simon Wincer . It is about Damien Oliver 's victory in the 2002 Melbourne Cup . This was Bill Hunter 's final film before his death ."}]}, {'value': 'Simon Wincer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Simon_Wincer', 'summary': 'Simon Wincer ( born 1943 in Sydney ) is an Australian director and producer of film and television . He attended Cranbrook School , Sydney , from 1950 to 1961 . On leaving school he worked as a stagehand at TV Station Channel 7 . By the 1980s he had directed over 200 hours of television . In 1986 he directed the telemovie The Last Frontier and also won a Christopher Award .'}]}, {'value': 'Brendan Gleeson , Stephen Curry , Daniel MacPherson , Jodi Gordon', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Gleeson', 'summary': "Brendan Gleeson ( born 29 March 1955 ) is an Irish actor and film director . He is the recipient of three IFTA Awards , two BIFA Awards , and an Emmy Award and has been nominated twice for a BAFTA Award and twice for a Golden Globe Award . He is best known for his performance as Alastor Moody in the Harry Potter films from ( 2004-2010 ) , and for his supporting roles in films such as Braveheart ( 1995 ) , Michael Collins ( 1996 ) , Gangs of New York ( 2002 ) , Cold Mountain ( 2003 ) , Troy ( 2004 ) , Suffragette ( 2015 ) , Paddington 2 ( 2018 ) , and The Ballad of Buster Scruggs ( 2018 ) , as well as leading roles in films such as In Bruges ( 2008 ) , The Guard ( 2011 ) , and Calvary ( 2014 ) . He has starred as detective Bill Hodges in the television adaptation of Stephen King 's Mr. Mercedes . He won an Emmy Award in 2009 for his portrayal of Winston Churchill in the television film Into the Storm . He is the father of actors Domhnall Gleeson and Brian Gleeson ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Stephen_Curry_(comedian)', 'summary': 'Stephen Curry ( born 26 May 1976 ) is an Australian comedian and actor who has appeared in many television drama and comedy series , and feature films .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Daniel_MacPherson', 'summary': "Daniel MacPherson ( born 25 April 1980 ) is an Australian actor and television presenter , best known for his roles as Joel Samuels in Neighbours , Sergeant Samuel Wyatt in Sky and Cinemax 's Strike Back , Whit Carmichael in the Shane Abbess sci-fi film Infini , and Arion Elessedil in The Shannara Chronicles . He has also co-hosted Dancing with the Stars for 6 years while simultaneously starring in a number of Australians dramas such as Wild Boys . Most recently , Daniel has a cameo role as Calvin 's father in Ava DuVernay 's A Wrinkle in Time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Jodi_Gordon', 'summary': 'Jodi Lee Anasta ( née Gordon ; born 1 February 1985 ) is an Australian actress and model . From 2005 to 2010 she portrayed Martha MacKenzie in Home and Away . Gordon won the Logie Award for Most Popular New Female Talent in 2006 . Gordon competed in the eighth season of Dancing with the Stars and made her debut feature film appearance in The Cup ( 2011 ) . She has also appeared in Underbelly : Badness and Camp . From July 2016 , Gordon began appearing as English teacher Elly Conway in Neighbours .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark", 'urls': [{'url': "/wiki/Don't_Be_Afraid_of_the_Dark_(2011_film)", 'summary': "Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark is a 2010 horror film written by Matthew Robbins and Guillermo del Toro and directed by comic book artist Troy Nixey . It is a remake of the 1973 ABC made-for-television horror film of the same name . The film stars Katie Holmes , Guy Pearce , and Bailee Madison , as a family moving into a 19th-century Rhode Island mansion , where the withdrawn daughter ( Sally ) begins to witness malevolent creatures that emerge from a sealed ash pit in the basement of the house . Jack Thompson , Alan Dale , Garry McDonald , and Julia Blake stars in supporting roles . An international co-production between the United States , Australia , and Mexico , it was filmed at the Drusilla Mansion in Mount Macedon and Melbourne ( both in Victoria , Australia ) . The film was released in the United States on August 26 , 2011 , by Miramax Films and FilmDistrict . Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , who praised Holmes , Pearce and Madison 's performances , direction , atmosphere and musical score , but criticized the lack of originality and jump scares and grossed $ 38.3 million against a $ 25 million budget ."}]}, {'value': 'Matthew Robbins , Guillermo del Toro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Robbins_(screenwriter)', 'summary': 'Matthew Robbins ( born July 15 , 1945 ) is an American screenwriter and film director best known for his work within the American New Wave movement . He collaborated with numerous filmmakers within the movement including George Lucas , Guillermo del Toro , Walter Murch and Steven Spielberg , on films like The Sugarland Express , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and Jaws . He has also worked frequently with Guillermo del Toro , writing his films Mimic and Crimson Peak . Robbins frequently worked with writer Hal Barwood . Prior to attending USC School of Cinematic Arts , Robbins graduated from Johns Hopkins University in 1965 where he was classmate and friends with Walter Murch and Caleb Deschanel . He is a graduate of the AFI Conservatory . In 2004 , Robbins received a Distinguished Alumnus Award from Johns Hopkins . In 2014 , he made his debut in Indian cinema by penning the screenplay for the Bollywood thriller 7 Khoon Maaf , along with Vishal Bhardwaj . His second Indian film Rangoon , was helmed by the same director .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro', 'summary': "Guillermo del Toro Gómez ( Spanish : [ ɡiˈʝeɾmo ðel ˈtoɾo ] ; born October 9 , 1964 ) is a Mexican filmmaker , author , actor , and former special effects makeup artist . He is best known for the Academy Award-winning fantasy films Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) and The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) , winning the Oscars for Best Director and Best Picture for the latter . Throughout his career , del Toro has shifted between personal , lower-budget Spanish language films , such as Cronos ( 1993 ) and The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) , and Hollywood tentpoles , including Mimic ( 1997 ) , Blade II ( 2002 ) , Hellboy ( 2004 ) and its sequel Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) , Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) , and Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) . As a producer , del Toro worked on the films The Orphanage ( 2007 ) , Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) , The Hobbit film series ( 2012-14 ) , Mama ( 2013 ) , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) , Pacific Rim : Uprising ( 2018 ) , and Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark ( 2019 ) . With Chuck Hogan , he co-authored The Strain trilogy of novels ( 2009-2011 ) , later adapted into a comic-book series ( 2011-15 ) and a live-action television series ( 2014-17 ) . With DreamWorks Animation , he created the Netflix animated series Trollhunters ( 2016-18 ) and 3Below ( 2018-19 ) , the first two installments of the Tales of Arcadia trilogy , based on the 2015 novel he co-wrote with Daniel Kraus . Working with DreamWorks , he also executive produced Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) , Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) , and Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) . Del Toro 's work has been characterized by a strong connection to fairy tales and horror , with an effort to infuse visual or poetic beauty in the grotesque . He has had a lifelong fascination with monsters , which he considers symbols of great power . He is also known for his use of insectile and religious imagery , the themes of Catholicism and celebrating imperfection , underworld and clockwork motifs , practical special effects , dominant amber lighting and his frequent collaborations with actors Ron Perlman and Doug Jones . He is good friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro G. Iñárritu , and they are collectively known as The Three Amigos of Cinema ."}]}, {'value': 'Guy Pearce , Katie Holmes , Bailee Madison', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Guy_Pearce', 'summary': "Guy Edward Pearce ( born 5 October 1967 ) is a British-Australian actor , musician , singer and songwriter . He is known for having starred in the role of Mike Young in the Australian television series Neighbours and for appearing in films such as The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) , L.A . Confidential ( 1997 ) , Ravenous ( 1999 ) , Memento ( 2000 ) , The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) , The Time Machine ( 2002 ) , The Road ( 2009 ) , The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) , 33 Postcards ( 2011 ) , Prometheus ( 2012 ) , and Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) . In Australian cinema , he has appeared in The Proposition ( 2005 ) , Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) , The Rover ( 2014 ) , Holding the Man ( 2015 ) and The Wizards of Aus ( 2016 ) . He has won a Primetime Emmy Award and received nominations for Golden Globe Awards , Screen Actors Guild Awards , and AACTA Awards . Since 2012 , he has played the title role in the TV adaptations of the Jack Irish stories by Australian crime writer Peter Temple ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Katie_Holmes', 'summary': "Kate Noelle Holmes ( born December 18 , 1978 ) is an American actress , producer , and director . She first achieved fame as Joey Potter on the television series Dawson 's Creek ( 1998-2003 ) . She made her feature film debut in Ang Lee 's The Ice Storm in 1997 . Subsequent film roles include : Go , Teaching Mrs. Tingle ( both 1999 ) , Wonder Boys , The Gift ( both 2000 ) , Abandon , Phone Booth ( both 2002 ) , The Singing Detective , Pieces of April ( both 2003 ) , Batman Begins , Thank You for Smoking ( both 2005 ) , Mad Money ( 2008 ) , Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) , Jack and Jill ( 2011 ) , Miss Meadows ( 2014 ) , Woman in Gold , Touched with Fire ( both 2015 ) and Logan Lucky ( 2017 ) . In 2008 , she made her Broadway theatre debut in a production of Arthur Miller 's All My Sons . In 2011 , she played Jacqueline Kennedy in the TV miniseries The Kennedys , a role she reprised in The Kennedys : After Camelot ( 2017 ) . She made her directorial debut with the 2016 film All We Had , in which she also starred . Her marriage to actor Tom Cruise , which lasted from 2006 to 2012 , led to a great deal of media attention , with the pair being called a supercouple and being given the nickname TomKat in various countries ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Bailee_Madison', 'summary': "Bailee Madison ( born October 15 , 1999 ) is an American actress . She first gained acclaim for her role as May Belle Aarons in the fantasy drama film Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) . Madison received further recognition for her starring roles as Isabelle in the war drama film Brothers ( 2009 ) , Sally Hurst in the horror film Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) , Maggie in the romantic comedy film Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , Harper Simmons in the comedy film Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) , Clementine in the fantasy film Northpole ( 2014 ) , and Kinsey in the slasher horror film The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) . On television , she appeared as Maxine Russo in the fantasy sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2011 ) , young Snow White in the fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time ( 2012-16 ) , Hillary Harrison in the sitcom Trophy Wife ( 2013-14 ) , and Sophia Quinn in the drama series The Fosters ( 2014-16 ) . From 2015 to 2019 , Madison starred as Grace Russell in the Hallmark Channel comedy-drama series Good Witch ."}]}, {'value': 'Horror', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Dragon Pearl', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Dragon_Pearl', 'summary': 'The Dragon Pearl is a 2011 family film that follows the story of two teenagers who meet in China to encounter a real live Chinese dragon , and also discover the mystery behind the whereabouts of his all powerful pearl . Directed by Mario Andreacchio , the film stars Wang Ji , Sam Neill , Robert Mammone , Jordan Chan and young stars Li Lin Jin and Louis Corbett . The screenplay was written by Philip Dalkin , based on the original script by John Armstrong , and the story is by Ron Saunders , John Armstrong and Andreacchio .'}]}, {'value': 'Mario Andreacchio', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mario_Andreacchio', 'summary': "Mario Andreacchio ( born 1 January 1955 ) is an Australian film producer/director . Born in Leigh Creek , South Australia to Italian parents , Andreacchio graduated from Flinders University with a degree in Psychology ( after originally going to University to study Experimental Physics ) , and then was selected to study at the Australian Film and Television School to train as a film director . He has directed nine cinema feature films , made a series of television specials , two telemovies , three children 's mini-series and a variety of documentaries . In 1988 , he won an International Emmy Award in the 'Children and Young People ' category for Captain Johnno , an episode of the 1988 Touch the Sun TV series . In 2008 Andreacchio founded a film production company AMPCO FILMS PTY LTD ( the Adelaide Motion Picture Company ) , based in Norwood , South Australia . He has served on the boards of the Australian Film Finance Corporation and the South Australian Film Corporation ."}]}, {'value': 'Sam Neill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sam_Neill', 'summary': 'Nigel John Dermot Neill DCNZM OBE ( born 14 September 1947 ) , known professionally as Sam Neill , is a Northern Irish-born New Zealand actor , writer , producer , and director . By family tradition , he enjoys an avocation as vigneron . Born in Omagh , Northern Ireland , he moved to Christchurch , New Zealand , with his family in 1954 . Neill first achieved recognition with his appearance in the 1977 film Sleeping Dogs , which he followed with leading roles in My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) , Omen III : The Final Conflict , Possession ( both 1981 ) , A Cry in the Dark ( 1988 ) , Dead Calm ( 1989 ) , and The Piano ( 1993 ) . He came to international prominence as Dr. Alan Grant in Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) . Outside of film , Neill has appeared in numerous television series , including Reilly , Ace of Spies ( 1983 ) , Merlin ( 1998 ) , The Tudors ( 2007 ) , Crusoe ( 2008-2010 ) , Happy Town ( 2010 ) , Alcatraz ( 2012 ) , Peaky Blinders ( 2013-2014 ) and Rick & Morty ( 2019 ) . He has also presented and narrated several documentaries . Neill is the recipient of the Longford Lyell Award and the New Zealand Film Award and also the Logie Award for Most Outstanding Actor . He has three Golden Globe and two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . He lives in Queenstown and has three children and one stepchild .'}]}, {'value': 'Family adventure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Economics of Happiness', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Economics_of_Happiness', 'summary': 'The Economics of Happiness is a 2011 documentary film directed by Helena Norberg-Hodge , Steven Gorelick , and John Page , and produced by Local Futures ( formerly the International Society for Ecology and Culture ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Helena Norberg-Hodge , Steven Gorelick , John Page', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Helena_Norberg-Hodge', 'summary': 'Helena Norberg-Hodge is founder and director of Local Futures , previously known as the International Society for Ecology and Culture ( ISEC ) . Local Futures is a non-profit organization dedicated to the revitalization of cultural and biological diversity , and the strengthening of local communities and economies worldwide . Norberg-Hodge is the author of Ancient Futures ( 1991 ) , a book about tradition and change in the Himalayan region of Ladakh . An outspoken critic of economic globalization , she co-founded - along with Jerry Mander , Doug Tompkins , Vandana Shiva , Martin Khor and others - the International Forum on Globalization ( IFG ) in 1994 . She is a leading proponent of localization as an antidote to the problems arising from globalization , and founded the International Alliance for Localization ( IAL ) in 2014 . Norberg-Hodge produced and co-directed the award-winning documentary film The Economics of Happiness ( 2011 ) , which lays out her arguments against economic globalization and for localization . In 1986 , she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for preserving the traditional culture and values of Ladakh against the onslaught of tourism and development .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Eye of the Storm', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Eye_of_the_Storm_(2011_film)', 'summary': "The Eye of the Storm is an Australian drama film directed by Fred Schepisi . It is an adaptation of Patrick White 's 1973 novel of the same name . It stars Geoffrey Rush , Charlotte Rampling and Judy Davis . It won the critics award for best Australian feature at the 2011 Melbourne International Film Festival and had a September 2011 theatrical release ."}]}, {'value': 'Fred Schepisi', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fred_Schepisi', 'summary': 'Frederic Alan Schepisi , AO ( /ˈskɛpsi/ SKEP-see ; born 26 December 1939 ) is an Australian film director , producer and screenwriter . His credits include The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith , Plenty , Roxanne , Six Degrees of Separation , Mr . Baseball and Last Orders .'}]}, {'value': 'Judy Davis , Geoffrey Rush , Charlotte Rampling', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Judy_Davis', 'summary': "Judith Davis ( born 23 April 1955 ) is an Australian actress known for her work in film , television , and theatre . With a career spanning over 40 years she is commended for her versatility and is regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation with frequent collaborator Woody Allen describing her as one of the most exciting actresses in the world . She is the recipient of eight AACTA Awards , three Emmy Awards , two British Academy Film Awards , two Golden Globe Awards and has received two Academy Award nominations . Davis is a 1977 graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art , where she starred opposite Mel Gibson in Romeo and Juliet . Most of Davis 's stage work has been in Australia , including Piaf ( 1980 ) , Hedda Gabler ( 1986 ) , Victory ( 2004 ) and The Seagull ( 2011 ) , but she also starred in the 1982 London production of Insignificance , for which she was nominated for the Olivier Award for Best Actress , and the 1989 Los Angeles production of Hapgood . She returned to the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 2017 to direct the play Love and Money . She has won British Academy Film Awards for both Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for the film My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) , two Australian Film Institute Awards as Best Actress for Winter of Our Dreams ( 1981 ) and Supporting Actress for Hoodwink ( 1981 ) , and later received Academy Award nominations for A Passage to India ( 1984 ) and Husbands and Wives ( 1992 ) . This making her the first Australian to receive nominations in both categories and the fourth Australian actress to receive an Academy Award nomination . Her other film roles include High Rolling ( 1977 ) , Who Dares Wins ( 1982 ) , Heatwave ( 1983 ) , High Tide ( 1987 ) , Georgia ( 1988 ) , Alice ( 1990 ) , George Sand in Impromptu ( 1991 ) , Barton Fink ( 1991 ) , Dark Blood ( 1993 ) , Absolute Power ( 1997 ) , Deconstructing Harry ( 1997 ) , Celebrity ( 1998 ) , The Man Who Sued God ( 2001 ) , The Break-up ( 2006 ) , Anne d'Arpajon in Marie Antoinette ( 2006 ) , The Eye of the Storm ( 2011 ) , To Rome with Love ( 2012 ) , The Young and Prodigious T.S . Spivet ( 2013 ) and The Dressmaker ( 2015 ) . For her television work , Davis won Primetime Emmy Awards for Serving in Silence : The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story ( 1995 ) , for playing Judy Garland in Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows ( 2001 ) and The Starter Wife ( 2007 ) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Miniseries or Television Film for Life with Judy Garland : Me and My Shadows and One Against the Wind ( 1991 ) . Other television roles include Water Under the Bridge ( 1980 ) , A Woman Called Golda ( 1982 ) , A Cooler Climate ( 1999 ) , Nancy Reagan in The Reagans ( 2003 ) , Coast to Coast ( 2003 ) , Sante Kimes in A Little Thing Called Murder ( 2006 ) , Page Eight ( 2011 ) , Hedda Hopper in Feud : Bette and Joan ( 2017 ) and Mystery Road ( 2018 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush', 'summary': "Geoffrey Roy Rush AC ( born 6 July 1951 ) is an Australian acclaimed actor of the stage and screen . He is known for his roles various films including , the Pirates of the Caribbean films , The King 's Speech , Shine , Shakespeare in Love , Elizabeth , Les Miserables , The Life and Death of Peter Sellers , Frida and Munich . One of Australia 's most accomplished actors , Rush is amongst 24 people who have won the Triple Crown of Acting : an Academy Award for film , a Primetime Emmy Award for television , and a Tony Award for theatre . Over his illustrious career he has won an Academy Award , three British Academy Film Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . Rush is the founding president of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Charlotte_Rampling', 'summary': "Tessa Charlotte Rampling OBE ( born 5 February 1946 ) [ citation needed ] is an English actress , model and singer , known for her work in European arthouse films in English , French , and Italian . An icon of the Swinging Sixties , she began her career as a model and later became a fashion icon and muse . She was cast in the role of Meredith in the 1966 film Georgy Girl , which starred Lynn Redgrave . She soon began making French and Italian arthouse films , most notably during this time in Luchino Visconti 's The Damned ( 1969 ) and Liliana Cavani 's The Night Porter ( 1974 ) . She went on to star in Zardoz ( 1974 ) , Farewell , My Lovely ( 1975 ) , Woody Allen 's Stardust Memories ( 1980 ) , opposite Paul Newman in The Verdict ( 1982 ) , Long Live Life ( 1984 ) , Max , Mon Amour ( 1986 ) , Angel Heart ( 1987 ) and The Wings of the Dove ( 1997 ) . In 2002 she released an album of recordings in the style of cabaret , titled As A Woman . In the 2000s , she became the muse of French director François Ozon , appearing in his films Under the Sand ( 2000 ) , Swimming Pool ( 2003 ) and Angel ( 2007 ) . On television , she is known for her role as Evelyn Vogel in Dexter ( 2013 ) . In 2012 she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award , both for her performance in the miniseries Restless . Other television roles include work in Broadchurch and London Spy , for the latter of which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award . For her performance in the 2015 film 45 Years , she won the Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress , the European Film Award for Best Actress , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . In 2017 , she won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the 74th Venice International Film Festival for Hannah ."}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Face to Face', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Face_to_Face_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'Face to Face ( 2011 ) is an independent Australian film directed by Michael Rymer , based on the play of the same name , written by Australian playwright David Williamson . The film stars Vince Colosimo , Sigrid Thornton , Luke Ford and Matthew Newton .'}]}, {'value': 'Michael Rymer', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Michael_Rymer', 'summary': 'Michael Rymer ( born March 1963 in Melbourne , Australia ) is a television and film director , best known for his work on the re-imagined Battlestar Galactica TV series , for which he directed the pilot miniseries and several episodes of the series . He also directed In Too Deep and Queen of the Damned . Michael attended film school at the University of Southern California .'}]}, {'value': 'Vince Colosimo , Luke Ford , Matthew Newton , Sigrid Thornton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vince_Colosimo', 'summary': 'Vincenzo Colosimo ( born 11 November 1966 ) known professionally as Vince Colosimo is an Australian AFI Award winning stage , television and screen actor . He has worked in both Australia and the United States . He is of Italian descent and currently resides in Melbourne , Australia .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Luke_Ford_(actor)', 'summary': 'Luke Ford ( born 26 March 1981 ) is a Canadian-Australian actor .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Matthew_Newton', 'summary': 'Matthew Joseph Newton ( born 22 January 1977 ) is an Australian born actor , writer , and director and son of TV personality Bert Newton . His acting career was interrupted by treatment in a psychiatric unit for bipolar disorder after several serious incidents of domestic violence and assault which were widely reported in the Australian media . Newton has relocated to New York City where he is now based and has resumed his directing and acting career .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Sigrid_Thornton', 'summary': 'Sigrid Madeline Thornton AO ( born 12 February 1959 ) is an Australian film and television actress . Her television work includes Prisoner ( 1979-80 ) , All the Rivers Run ( 1983 ) , SeaChange ( 1998-2000 ) and Wentworth ( 2016-2018 ) . She also starred in the American Western series Paradise ( 1988-91 ) . Her film appearances include Snapshot ( 1979 ) , The Man from Snowy River ( 1982 ) , Street Hero ( 1984 ) and Face to Face ( 2011 ) . She won the AACTA Award for Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama for the 2015 miniseries Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Family Tree', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Family_Tree_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'The Family Tree is a 2011 American comedy-drama film directed by Vivi Friedman and written by Mark Lisson . The film stars Dermot Mulroney , Hope Davis , Chi McBride , Max Thieriot , Britt Robertson , Selma Blair , and Christina Hendricks . It was given a limited release in the United States by Entertainment One on August 26 , 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Vivi Friedman', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Vivi_Friedman', 'summary': 'Vivi Friedman ( May 20 , 1967 - January 2 , 2012 ) was a Finnish film director . She produced the majority of her work in the United States . During her career she worked on advertisements and short films and directed a feature-length film , The Family Tree in 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Christina Hendricks', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Christina_Hendricks', 'summary': "Christina Rene Hendricks ( born May 3 , 1975 ) is an American actress and former model . Her accolades include six Primetime Emmy Award nominations , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series . A 2010 poll of female readers taken by Esquire magazine named her the sexiest woman in the world , and voted as Best Looking Woman in America the same year . Born in Tennessee , Hendricks was raised in Portland , Oregon and Twin Falls , Idaho , where she became active in local theater . After completing high school in Virginia , Hendricks relocated to New York City and pursued a career as a model following her entry into a Seventeen cover contest . She continued to work internationally as a model for over a decade before transitioning into acting . Hendricks had recurring roles in several television series , including Beggars and Choosers ( 2001-2002 ) and Kevin Hill ( 2004-2005 ) before being cast as Joan Holloway on the AMC period drama series Mad Men in 2007 , of which she remained a main cast member until the series ' conclusion in 2015 . She received critical acclaim for her role on the series , including six Emmy Award nominations and multiple Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Ensemble . While starring on Mad Men , Hendricks also began appearing in films , receiving critical notice for her performance in Nicolas Winding Refn 's thriller Drive ( 2011 ) , Sally Potter 's drama Ginger & Rosa ( 2012 ) , and Ryan Gosling 's neo-noir fantasy Lost River ( 2014 ) . Following the conclusion of Mad Men , Hendricks starred in the comedy series Another Period from 2015 to 2016 , and in the SundanceTV drama series Hap and Leonard ( 2016 ) . She reunited with Refn for a supporting role in his thriller film The Neon Demon ( 2016 ) , followed by roles in the comedy Fist Fight ( 2017 ) , the horror film The Strangers : Prey at Night ( 2018 ) , and the animated comedy Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) . She returned to television with starring roles on the crime drama series Tin Star ( 2017-present ) and on the NBC comedy-crime series Good Girls ( 2018-present ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Few Best Men', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Few_Best_Men', 'summary': 'A Few Best Men is a 2011 Australian-British comedy film written by Dean Craig and directed by Stephan Elliott . The film stars Xavier Samuel as a young groom heading to the Australian Blue Mountains with his three best men for his wedding .'}]}, {'value': 'Stephan Elliott', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Stephan_Elliott', 'summary': 'Stephan Elliott ( born 27 August 1964 ) is an Australian film director and screenwriter . His best-known film internationally is The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1994 ) .'}]}, {'value': 'Laura Brent , Xavier Samuel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Laura_Brent', 'summary': 'Laura Brent ( born 2 May 1988 ) is an Australian actress , best known for her role as Lilliandil in The Chronicles of Narnia : The Voyage of the Dawn Treader . Born in Melbourne , Brent attended the National Institute of Dramatic Art , where she trained as an actress and a singer and graduated in 2007 . She made her first screen appearance in the 2009 short film Message from the CEO and went on to making guest appearances on the Australian television series Chandon Pictures , Legend of the Seeker and Rescue : Special Ops . In 2010 , she rose to international fame when she made her feature film debut as Lilliandil in the third installment of The Chronicles of Narnia film series , The Voyage of the Dawn Treader .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Xavier_Samuel', 'summary': 'Xavier Samuel ( born 10 December 1983 ) is an Australian actor . He has appeared in leading roles in the feature films Adore , September , Further We Search , Newcastle , The Loved Ones , Frankenstein , A Few Best Men , and played Riley Biers in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse and Billy in Spin Out .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'A Heartbeat Away', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/A_Heartbeat_Away', 'summary': 'A Heartbeat Away is a 2011 Australian musical comedy film about a marching band in a small town .'}]}, {'value': 'Gale Edwards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gale_Edwards', 'summary': 'Gale Edwards AM ( born 14 November 1954 ) is an Australian theatre director , who has worked extensively throughout Australia and internationally . She has also directed for television and film .'}]}, {'value': 'William Zappa , Sebastian Gregory , Tammy MacIntosh , Isabel Lucas', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sebastian_Gregory', 'summary': "Sebastian Gregory ( born 3 March 1990 ) is an Australian actor and musician . He is a self-taught guitarist , drummer and songwriter , who formed a band called Menace when he was thirteen . After being spotted in his own music video , Gregory was signed to an acting management agency . He has appeared in a number of short films , commercials and theatre productions . He made his first television appearance in a 2004 episode of Blue Heelers . Two years later he landed a recurring role in the soap opera Neighbours . Gregory made his feature film debut in Acolytes . This was followed by a role in 2009 film Beautiful and a regular role in children 's television series The Elephant Princess . Gregory 's next film roles were in comedy films Accidents Happen and A Heartbeat Away . In April 2012 , Gregory joined the cast of Neighbours for a second time ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Tammy_MacIntosh', 'summary': "Tammy MacIntosh ( born 16 February 1970 ) is an Australian actress who is perhaps best known for portraying Dr. Charlotte Beaumont in the medical drama All Saints and Jool in the TV series Farscape . She is also known for her roles on television series The Flying Doctors , Police Rescue , Sea Patrol , the television film McLeod 's Daughters which led to the acclaimed drama series of the same title , and played the role of Kaz Proctor in the prison drama series Wentworth , until her departure in June 2019 ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Isabel_Lucas', 'summary': 'Isabel Lucas ( born 29 January 1985 ) is an Australian actress and model . She is best known for her role as Alice in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) . In 2015 , she acted beside Nick Jonas in the thriller film Careful What You Wish For . She also appeared in the American television series MacGyver . In 2018 , she appeared in In Like Flynn which was a success in Australia , New Zealand , and Britain .'}]}, {'value': 'Comedy', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Here I Am', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Here_I_Am_(2011_film)', 'summary': "Here I Am is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Beck Cole . It is Beck 's debut film and was premiered at the 2011 Adelaide Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Beck Cole', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Hunter', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Hunter_(2011_Australian_film)', 'summary': "The Hunter is a 2011 Australian drama film , directed by Daniel Nettheim and produced by Vincent Sheehan , based on the 1999 novel of the same name by Julia Leigh . It stars Willem Dafoe , Sam Neill and Frances O'Connor . Dafoe flew to Hobart , Tasmania for the premiere of the film at the State Cinema . The film opened to the Australian public in cinemas on 29 September 2011 . The film revolves around a professional hunter who travels to Tasmania to hunt down the world 's only remaining thylacine ."}]}, {'value': 'Daniel Nettheim', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Willem Dafoe , Sam Neill', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Willem_Dafoe', 'summary': "William James Dafoe ( born July 22 , 1955 ) is an American actor . He is known for his distinct gravelly voice , and has received multiple accolades , including nominations for four Academy Awards and three Golden Globe Awards . He has frequently collaborated with filmmakers Paul Schrader , Abel Ferrara , Lars von Trier , and Wes Anderson . Dafoe was an early member of experimental theater company The Wooster Group , where he acted in several productions . He made his film debut in Heaven 's Gate ( 1980 ) , but was fired during production . He had his first leading role in the outlaw biker film The Loveless ( 1982 ) and then played the main antagonist in Streets of Fire ( 1984 ) and To Live and Die in L.A. ( 1985 ) . He received his first Academy Award nomination for his role as Sergeant Elias Gordon in Oliver Stone 's war film Platoon ( 1986 ) . In 1988 , Dafoe played Jesus in Martin Scorsese 's The Last Temptation of Christ and starred in Mississippi Burning , both of which were controversial . Following small roles in Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) and Wild at Heart ( 1990 ) , he began a six-film collaboration with director Paul Schrader with the drama Light Sleeper ( 1992 ) . He starred in the critically panned erotic thriller Body of Evidence ( 1993 ) and then co-starred in Clear and Present Danger ( 1994 ) , The English Patient ( 1996 ) , Speed 2 : Cruise Control ( 1997 ) , and The Boondock Saints ( 1999 ) . After receiving his second Academy Award nomination for portraying Max Schreck in Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) , Dafoe played Norman Osborn in the superhero film Spider-Man ( 2002 ) and the villains in Once Upon a Time in Mexico ( 2003 ) and XXX : State of the Union ( 2005 ) and Dafoe also played as Carson Clay in the film Mr. Bean 's Holiday ( 2007 ) . In 2009 , he starred in the experimental film Antichrist , one of his three films with Lars von Trier ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Sam_Neill', 'summary': 'Nigel John Dermot Neill DCNZM OBE ( born 14 September 1947 ) , known professionally as Sam Neill , is a Northern Irish-born New Zealand actor , writer , producer , and director . By family tradition , he enjoys an avocation as vigneron . Born in Omagh , Northern Ireland , he moved to Christchurch , New Zealand , with his family in 1954 . Neill first achieved recognition with his appearance in the 1977 film Sleeping Dogs , which he followed with leading roles in My Brilliant Career ( 1979 ) , Omen III : The Final Conflict , Possession ( both 1981 ) , A Cry in the Dark ( 1988 ) , Dead Calm ( 1989 ) , and The Piano ( 1993 ) . He came to international prominence as Dr. Alan Grant in Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) . Outside of film , Neill has appeared in numerous television series , including Reilly , Ace of Spies ( 1983 ) , Merlin ( 1998 ) , The Tudors ( 2007 ) , Crusoe ( 2008-2010 ) , Happy Town ( 2010 ) , Alcatraz ( 2012 ) , Peaky Blinders ( 2013-2014 ) and Rick & Morty ( 2019 ) . He has also presented and narrated several documentaries . Neill is the recipient of the Longford Lyell Award and the New Zealand Film Award and also the Logie Award for Most Outstanding Actor . He has three Golden Globe and two Primetime Emmy Award nominations . He lives in Queenstown and has three children and one stepchild .'}]}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Killer Elite', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Killer_Elite_(film)', 'summary': 'Killer Elite is a 2011 action thriller film starring Jason Statham , Clive Owen and Robert De Niro . The film is based on the 1991 novel The Feather Men by Sir Ranulph Fiennes and is directed by Gary McKendry .'}]}, {'value': 'Gary McKendry', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Gary_McKendry', 'summary': "Gary McKendry is a Northern Irish film and television commercial director . His short film Everything in This Country Must was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005 . McKendry was born and raised in Ballyclare , County Antrim , Northern Ireland . He attended the Belfast College of Art for a year before enrolling at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London . Graduating with a degree in art and film , McKendry worked as a storyboard artist in London , before moving to Australia where he worked as an advertising art director . He was offered a job with the American ad agency Chiat/Day and moved to New York City , where he later worked for Ogilvy & Mather and Margeotes Fertitta . Eventually McKendry branched out on his own , founding the company Go Film and directing award-winning commercials for clients such as IKEA . Porsche , Heineken , NASDAQ , Budweiser and DeBeers . He was interviewed by BBC Radio Ulster after witnessing the 11 September attacks in 2001 . McKendry decided to direct Everything in This Country Must after reading the novella by Colum McCann . [ citation needed ] He spent much of 2003 shooting the film on location in Northern Ireland . [ citation needed ] The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film in the 77th Academy Awards , which was won by Andrea Arnold 's film Wasp ."}]}, {'value': 'Jason Statham , Clive Owen , Robert De Niro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Jason_Statham', 'summary': "Jason Statham ( /ˈsteɪθəm/ ; born 26 July 1967 ) is an English actor and film producer . Typecast as the antihero , he is known for his action-thriller roles and portraying tough , irredeemable , and machiavellian characters . Throughout his film career , Statham has regularly performed his own stage combat and stunts . Born in Derbyshire , England , he began practicing kung fu , kickboxing and karate recreationally in his youth while working at local market stalls . An avid footballer and diver , he was selected by Britain 's national diving team to compete in the 1990 Commonwealth Games . Shortly after , he was asked to model for French Connection , Tommy Hilfiger , and Levi 's in various advertising campaigns . Statham 's past professional history working in market stalls inspired his casting in the Guy Ritchie crime films Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1998 ) and Snatch ( 2000 ) . The commercial success of these films led him to star as Frank Martin in The Transporter trilogy ( 2002-08 ) . After starring in a variety of heist and action thriller films such as The Italian Job ( 2003 ) , Crank ( 2006 ) , War ( 2007 ) , The Bank Job ( 2008 ) , The Mechanic ( 2011 ) , Spy ( 2015 ) , and Mechanic : Resurrection ( 2016 ) , he established himself as a leading actor in Hollywood . He found further commercial success in the action series The Expendables ( 2010-14 ) and the Fast and the Furious franchise . He has played his character in the latter , Deckard Shaw , in Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) , Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) and in the spin-off Fast & Furious Presents : Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) . His career as an actor and producer has been criticized for lacking depth and variety ; however , he has also been praised for leading the 2000s and 2010s action movie resurgences ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Clive_Owen', 'summary': 'Clive Owen ( born 3 October 1964 ) is an English actor . He first gained recognition in the United Kingdom for playing the lead role in the ITV series Chancer from 1990 to 1991 . He received critical acclaim for his work in the film Close My Eyes ( 1991 ) before earning international attention for his performance as a struggling writer in Croupier ( 1998 ) . In 2005 , he won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA Award and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in the drama Closer ( 2004 ) . Owen has played leading roles in films such as Sin City ( 2005 ) , Derailed ( 2005 ) , Inside Man ( 2006 ) , Children of Men ( 2006 ) , and The International ( 2009 ) . In 2012 , he earned his first Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his role in Hemingway & Gellhorn . He played Dr. John W. Thackery on the Cinemax medical drama series The Knick , for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Robert_De_Niro', 'summary': "Robert Anthony De Niro Jr. ( /də ˈnɪəroʊ/ , Italian : [ de ˈniːro ] ; born August 17 , 1943 ) is an American actor , producer , and director . He has received numerous accolades , including two Academy Awards , a Golden Globe Award , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the Golden Lion , the AFI Life Achievement Award , Presidential Medal of Freedom , and has been nominated for six BAFTA Awards , four Primetime Emmy Awards , and four Screen Actors Guild Awards . He also has Italian citizenship . De Niro was cast as the young Vito Corleone in the 1974 film The Godfather Part II ; he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor . His longtime collaboration with director Martin Scorsese earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Jake LaMotta in the 1980 film Raging Bull . De Niro 's first major film roles were in the sports drama Bang the Drum Slowly ( 1973 ) and Scorsese 's crime film Mean Streets ( 1973 ) . He earned Academy Award nominations for the psychological thrillers Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) and Cape Fear ( 1991 ) , both directed by Scorsese . De Niro received additional nominations for Michael Cimino 's Vietnam war drama The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) , Penny Marshall 's drama Awakenings ( 1990 ) , and David O. Russell 's romantic comedy-drama Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . He earned BAFTA Award nominations for playing Rupert Pupkin in the black comedy The King of Comedy ( 1983 ) and gangster Jimmy Conway in the crime film Goodfellas ( 1990 ) . De Niro has earned four nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , for his work in the musical drama New York , New York ( 1977 ) , the action comedy Midnight Run ( 1988 ) , the gangster comedy Analyze This ( 1999 ) , and the comedy Meet the Parents ( 2000 ) . Other notable performances include roles in 1900 ( 1976 ) , The Last Tycoon ( 1976 ) , Once Upon a Time in America ( 1984 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) , The Mission ( 1986 ) , The Untouchables ( 1987 ) , This Boy 's Life ( 1993 ) , Heat ( 1995 ) , Casino ( 1995 ) , Jackie Brown ( 1997 ) , Ronin ( 1998 ) , Joker ( 2019 ) , and The Irishman ( 2019 ) . He has directed and starred in films such as the crime drama A Bronx Tale ( 1993 ) and the spy film The Good Shepherd ( 2006 ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mad Bastards', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mad_Bastards', 'summary': "Mad Bastards is a 2011 Australian drama film written and directed by Brendan Fletcher . It is Fletcher 's debut film and it premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Brendan Fletcher', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Brendan_Fletcher', 'summary': 'Brendan Fletcher ( born December 15 , 1981 ) is a Canadian actor , screenwriter , and producer who has appeared in film , television and theatre . He first gained recognition as a child actor , winning a Leo Award and being nominated for a Gemini Award his acting debut in the made-for-television film Little Criminals . He subsequently won the Genie Award for Best Leading Actor for John Greysons The Law of Enclosures , and was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Turning Paige . Fletcher is known for playing arrow , troubled , eccentric , or unhinged characters , and is considered a character actor . He has appeared in high-profile films like Tideland , Freddy vs. Jason , Citizen Gangster , and The Revenant . He had the leading role in Uwe Bolls Rampage trilogy , playing mass murderer Bill Williamson . He has also appeared in television series such as Smallville , The Pacific , Rogue , Hell on Wheels , and Siren . He portrays Stanley Dover in the DC Arrowverse .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': "Mrs Carey 's Concert", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bob Connolly', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bob_Connolly', 'summary': "Bob Connolly is an Australian film director , cinematographer and author . He is best known for his documentaries produced over the past 30 years , including The Highlands Trilogy and Rats in the Ranks . More recent films include Facing the Music ( 2001 ) and Mrs Carey 's Concert ( 2011 ) . His films have won Academy Award nomination , AFI Awards , and Grand Prix at the Cinema du Reel Festival ."}]}, {'value': 'Sophie Raymond', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Documentary', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'The Palace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/The_Palace_(2011_film)', 'summary': 'The Palace is a 2011 Cypriot-Australian short film co-production , written and directed by Anthony Maras , that had its international premiere at the 2011 Telluride Film Festival and won Best Short Fiction Film and Best Screenplay in a Short Film in the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards . The Palace also won top honors at a number of other film festivals and awards ceremonies including the 2012 Beverly Hills Film Festival , 2011 Sydney Film Festival ( Best Short Fiction Film ) , 2011 Melbourne International Film Festival ( Best Australian Short Film ) , 2012 Flickerfest International Festival of Short Films ( Best Australian Short Film ) and the 2011 Adelaide Film Festival ( Best Short Film - Audience Award ) . Filmmaker Anthony Maras won the 2011 AFTRS IF Award for Rising Talent on the strength of this film and others . The Palace was produced by AntHouse Films , Cyan Films and SeaHorse Films , as an Australia-Cyprus co-production .'}]}, {'value': 'Anthony Maras', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Anthony_Maras', 'summary': "Anthony Maras is an Australian film director , writer and producer born in Adelaide , South Australia . Maras ' film The Palace had its international premiere at the 2011 Telluride Film Festival and won 'Best Short Fiction Film ' and 'Best Screenplay in a Short Film ' at the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards ( AACTA Awards ) . This marks Maras ' third AACTA Award , having won Best Short Fiction Film for his previous film Spike Up ( formerly the AFI Awards ) . Maras was also nominated for the same award for his first film Azadi . The Palace also won Best Short Film at a number of other film festivals and awards ceremonies including the 2012 Beverly Hills Film Festival ( Best Short Film , Best Director ) , 2011 Sydney Film Festival ( Best Short Fiction Film ) , 2011 Melbourne International Film Festival ( Best Australian Short Film ) , 2012 Flickerfest International Festival of Short Films ( Best Australian Short Film ) , 2011 IF Awards ( Rising Talent ) , 2012 Shorts Film Festival ( Best Short Film ) , 2012 Australian Film Festival ( Best Short Film ) and the 2011 Adelaide Film Festival ( Best Short Film - Audience Award ) . Anthony also worked as an associate producer on Last Ride ( 2009 ) , the debut feature of Palme d'Or winning director Glendyn Ivin and starring Hugo Weaving . Maras made his directorial debut with the 2018 Australian-Indian film Hotel Mumbai . Maras 's original family surname was Mamatas . He is a cousin to American author Nick Mamatas and popular Greek folk singer Eleftheria Arvanitaki ."}]}, {'value': 'Erol Afşin', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Perished', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Aaron McCann , Stefan Radanovich', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wayne Davies', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Short drama', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Red Dog', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Red_Dog_(film)', 'summary': 'Red Dog is a 2011 Australian comedy-drama family film written by Daniel Taplitz , directed by Kriv Stenders and produced by Nelson Woss and Julie Ryan . It stars Koko as the title character , Josh Lucas , Rachael Taylor , and John Batchelor . The film is based on the true story of Red Dog and uses the novel Red Dog by Louis de Bernieres as the primary source . At the 2011 Inside Film Awards , Red Dog was nominated in nine categories and won seven , including best feature film . The film was also nominated for seven AACTA Awards and won for Best Film . The film was theatrically released on 4 August 2011 by Roadshow Film Distributors . The film was followed by a prequel , Red Dog : True Blue released in 2016 , and a spin-off documentary Koko : A Red Dog Story released in 2019 .'}]}, {'value': 'Kriv Stenders', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kriv_Stenders', 'summary': 'Kriv Stenders is an Australian writer , producer and director best known for the film Red Dog and the thriller film Kill Me Three Times . The director has won many awards [ listed below ] . As of 17 November 2011 , his movie Red Dog made more than A $ 21 million at the Australian box office since opening in August 2011 . It is ranked eighth in the list of ( Cinema of Australia ) highest-grossing Australian films of all time . Eleven days after opening , Red Dog became the highest-grossing Australian film of 2011 . It has won numerous awards .'}]}, {'value': 'Rachael Taylor , Josh Lucas , Noah Taylor', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Rachael_Taylor', 'summary': "Rachael May Taylor ( born 11 July 1984 ) is an Australian actress and model . Her first leading role was in the Australian series headLand ( 2005-2006 ) . She then made the transition to Hollywood , appearing in films including Man-Thing ( 2005 ) , See No Evil ( 2006 ) , Transformers ( 2007 ) , Bottle Shock ( 2008 ) , Cedar Boys ( 2009 ) , Splinterheads ( 2009 ) , Shutter ( 2008 ) , Red Dog ( 2011 ) and Any Questions for Ben ? ( 2012 ) . She has also starred as Dr. Lucy Fields on Grey 's Anatomy , as one of the Angels on the short-lived reboot Charlie 's Angels ( both 2011 ) , as the main character on the ABC show 666 Park Avenue ( 2012-2013 ) , and in the NBC action/thriller series Crisis ( 2014 ) . She starred as Trish Walker in the Netflix exclusive Marvel Cinematic Universe streaming television shows Jessica Jones ( 2015-2019 ) , Luke Cage ( 2016 ) , and The Defenders ( 2017 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Josh_Lucas', 'summary': 'Joshua Lucas Easy Dent Maurer ( born June 20 , 1971 ) is an American actor . He has appeared in various films , including American Psycho , You Can Count on Me , The Deep End , A Beautiful Mind , Sweet Home Alabama , Hulk , Secondhand Lions , Stealth , An Unfinished Life , Glory Road , Poseidon , Management , Life as We Know It , The Lincoln Lawyer , J. Edgar , Red Dog , Breakthrough , and Ford v Ferrari . His television roles include The Firm , The Mysteries of Laura , and Yellowstone .'}, {'url': '/wiki/Noah_Taylor', 'summary': 'Noah George Taylor ( born 4 September 1969 ) is a British-Australian actor . He is best known for his roles as teenage David Helfgott in Shine , Locke in HBO series Game of Thrones , Mr. Bucket in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Danny in the Australian cult film He Died with a Felafel in His Hand . Taylor also starred as Adolf Hitler in Max and Preacher .'}]}, {'value': 'Family , adventure', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sanctum', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sanctum_(film)', 'summary': 'Sanctum is a 2011 3D action-thriller film directed by Alister Grierson and written by John Garvin and Andrew Wight . It stars Richard Roxburgh , Rhys Wakefield , Alice Parkinson , Dan Wyllie , and Ioan Gruffudd . Wight also produced the film , with James Cameron ( writer/director of Avatar and Titanic ) as executive producer . The film was released in the United States on 4 February 2011 by Universal Pictures to predominantly negative reviews from critics but it was a box office success , earning $ 108.6 million on a $ 30 million budget . It also received an AACTA Award nomination for Best Visual Effects . Universal Studios Home Entertainment released Sanctum on DVD , Blu-ray Disc , and Blu-ray 3D on 7 June 2011 .'}]}, {'value': 'Alister Grierson', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alister_Grierson', 'summary': "Alister Grierson ( born 1969 ) is an Australian film director and scriptwriter . Born in Canberra , he completed his secondary schooling at Canberra Grammar , graduated in Economics and Arts from the Australian National University and studied Japanese in Tokyo . As an under 18 Australian Rules player , he represented the ACT in the Teal Cup but later switched codes to Rugby , playing 1st grade both for his school and the ANU . Whilst at university , his interest in film-making developed , and he later gained a Master of Arts in Directing at AFTRS . He has shot 15 short films winning three Tropfest awards and is the director of the feature film , Kokoda , which he co-wrote . In 2009 Grierson was invited to the Avatar set during shooting by James Cameron , and was selected to direct a 3D cave-diving drama Sanctum , using the Cameron-developed Fusion Camera System . The script is inspired by the near-death experience of one of the writers , Andrew Wight , who was trapped in a cave collapse under the Nullarbor Plain . It was shot at Warner Roadshow Studios on the Queensland Gold Coast , and the film opened 4 February 2011 . By mid-March the film had joined the top ten Worldwide Box Office Results ( Australian Films ) : All Time , in ninth position . The worldwide gross had reached $ 108,943,221 by 19 October 2011 . He is the director of Parer 's War , starring Matthew Le Nevez and Adelaide Clemens , a dramatised biopic about Damien Parer for the ABC . Although set in Sydney ( for the Australian locations ) , much of the filming was done in Queensland ."}]}, {'value': 'Richard Roxburgh , Ioan Gruffudd , Rhys Wakefield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Richard_Roxburgh', 'summary': "Richard Roxburgh ( born 23 January 1962 ) is an Australian actor , writer , producer , and director . He has won acclaim for his performances on the stage in productions by the Sydney Theatre Company and others , in Australian films and television series ( Baz Luhrmann 's Moulin Rouge ! , Rake ) , and in a number of Hollywood productions ( Van Helsing , Mission : Impossible 2 ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Ioan_Gruffudd', 'summary': "Ioan Gruffudd ( Welsh : [ ˈjɔan ˈɡrɪfɪð ] ( listen ) ; born 6 October 1973 ) is a Welsh actor . He first came to public attention as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe in Titanic ( 1997 ) , and then for his portrayal of Horatio Hornblower in the Hornblower series of television films ( 1998-2003 ) . Subsequent roles have included Lancelot in King Arthur ( 2004 ) , Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic in Fantastic 4 ( 2005 ) and its sequel ( 2007 ) , William Wilberforce in Amazing Grace ( 2006 ) , and Tony Blair in W. ( 2008 ) . His other film credits include 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) , Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) , The Gathering ( 2003 ) , Fireflies in the Garden , The Secret of Moonacre ( both 2008 ) , Sanctum , Horrible Bosses , Angel in the House ( all 2011 ) , The Adventurer : The Curse of the Midas Box ( 2014 ) , and San Andreas ( 2015 ) . On television , Gruffudd has starred in the CW series Ringer ( 2011-12 ) , the ABC drama Forever ( 2014-15 ) , the Lifetime series UnReal ( 2016 ) , Sundance/ITV 's Liar ( 2017-present ) , and the Australian series Harrow ( 2018-present ) ."}, {'url': '/wiki/Rhys_Wakefield', 'summary': "Rhys Wakefield ( born 20 November 1988 ) is an Australian actor and director . Wakefield starred in season 3 of HBO 's True Detective as Freddy Burns after starting out on the Australian TV series Home and Away where he starred in 363 episodes . Wakefield has played the lead in James Cameron 's thriller Sanctum , the Polite Leader in The Purge franchise and was nominated for Best Actor in a Feature Film by the Australian Film Institute and the Film Critics Circle of Australia for his performance in The Black Balloon . Wakefield 's first directed feature film , Berserk , was released in American cinemas on April 5 , 2019 . It stars Nick Cannon , James Roday , Nora Arnezeder , Erin Moriarty , Jack Falahee and was executive produced by Brian Kavanaugh-Jones ."}]}, {'value': 'Action', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '2011', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_Australian_films_of_2011_0', 'intro': 'N/A'}
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The director of this film about two teens who encounter a real dragon graduated from where with a degree in Psychology ?
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Flinders University
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03b60f0507cbec8d
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Hunter_and_Central_Coast', 'title': 'List of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast', 'header': ['Name', 'Suburb', 'LGA', 'Opened', 'Website'], 'data': [{'value': 'Corpus Christi Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Waratah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Waratah,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Waratah /ˌwɒrəˈtɑː/ is a north-western residential suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district and bounded on the north by the Main North railway line . Waratah station was opened in 1858 and is served by NSW TrainLink 's Hunter line ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1933', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kincumber', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kincumber,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Kincumber is a south-eastern suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , nested between the Kincumba Mountain Reserve and the Kincumber Broadwater and located 91 kilometres ( 57 mi ) north of Sydney via the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway ( F3 ) . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . A nature reserve , Kincumba Mountain , is located within the suburb and is often used by the community for various functions , including picnicking , bush-walking , orienteering , parties , and carnivals . Kincumber is also a skateboarding hub of the Central Coast . It has two skate facilities , one in Frost Reserve and the other in South Kincumber recreation area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1991', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Cross Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Glendale', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glendale,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Glendale is a suburb of Lake Macquarie , New South Wales , Australia , located 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) west of Newcastle 's central business district at the northern tip of Lake Macquarie . It is part of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1958', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Family Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Merewether', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Merewether,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Merewether ( /ˈmɛrɪˌwɛðər/ ) is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district with a population of around 11,000 . The suburb stretches 3 km ( 2 mi ) from Merewether Beach in the east to Adamstown in the west ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1956', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Name Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Forster', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Forster,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Forster is a coastal town in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , in the Mid-Coast Council LGA , about 308 km north-north-east of Sydney . It is immediately adjacent to its twin , Tuncurry , which is the smaller of the two towns . Forster is known for its stunning waters & Manning Valley beauty . At the 2016 census , the Forster-Tuncurry area had a population of 19,918 people , while the permanent population of Forster alone was 13,740 .'}]}, {'value': 'Mid-Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mid-Coast_Council', 'summary': 'Mid-Coast Council is a local government area ( LGA ) located in the Mid North Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . The council was formed on 12 May 2016 through a merger of the Gloucester Shire , Great Lakes and City of Greater Taree councils . The council comprises an area of 10,053 square kilometres ( 3,881 sq mi ) and occupies the Mid North Coast stretching 190 km ( 118 mi ) between the coastal towns of Hawks Nest and Tea Gardens and onto Myall Lakes National Park . The council region includes the three great lakes , the coastal towns of Seal Rocks , Forster , Taree , and onto Crowdy Head north of Harrington . The LGA extends inland to the Barrington Tops National Park near Gloucester . It includes the Manning River and valley adjoining the Three Brothers mountains . At the time of its establishment the council had an estimated population of 90,504 . The Mayor of the Mid-Coast Council is Councillor David West , who was elected on 9 September 2017 .'}]}, {'value': '1961', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Spirit Infants School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Abermain', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Abermain,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Abermain is a town 8 km ENE of Cessnock and 3 km west of Weston , in New South Wales , Australia . Abermain is adjacent to Werakata National Park . Abermain Post Office opened on 1 June 1904 .'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Holy Spirit Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kurri Kurri', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kurri_Kurri,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Kurri Kurri is a small town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , in the Cessnock LGA . At the 2016 census , its population was 6,044 . Kurri Kurri is the largest town in a group of towns and hamlets , including Stanford Merthyr , Pelaw Main , Weston , Abermain and Heddon Greta , called Kurri Kurri - Weston by the ABS . Its estimated population was 17,241 at 2016 census . Kurri Kurri 's name comes from the local Awabakal language where it has a meaning similar to the beginning or the first . The town 's economy today consists mostly of trades and industry ."}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1909', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Tarro', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Tarro,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Tarro /ˈtɑːˌroʊ/ is a north-western suburb of the Newcastle City Council local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . It , and parts of nearby Beresfield , was originally known as Upper Hexham , lower Hexham being an older settlement located about 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) to the east on the Hunter River . The name Tarro reportedly means stone in an Aboriginal language . At the 2006 census , Tarro had a population of 1,558 , almost all of which is concentrated in the south-western corner of the suburb .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1944', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of the Rosary Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyoming', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyoming,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Wyoming is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located 4 kilometres ( 2 mi ) northeast of Gosford 's central business district . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . The Aboriginal inhabitants of the Wyoming area before European settlement were the Kuringgai people . In 1824 Frederick Augustus Hely ( 1794-1836 ) purchased 1,340 acres ( 5.42 km2 ) of land adjacent to Narara Reserve . Hely named the land after the Wyoming Valley of Pennsylvania , made famous by the 1809 poem Gertrude of Wyoming by Thomas Campbell . Hely was the Principal Superintendent of Convicts . He was born in Ireland and died in Sydney . He died before the house he was planning to build at Wyoming was completed . His mausoleum lies beside the Pacific Highway at Wyoming , close to the family home which was built by his widow . The grave was designed by architect John Verge and was recently restored after falling into disrepair . Wyoming is a predominately residential suburb . The first building was the local pub which was built by convicts in 1854 and still exists today ."}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1978', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of the Rosary Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shelly Beach', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shelly_Beach,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Shelly Beach is a coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located east of Tuggerah Lake and bordering the Pacific Ocean south of The Entrance . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area . It is 66 km south of Newcastle & 93 km north of Sydney . Shelly Beach is considered one of the most popular surfing beaches on the Central Coast . Shelly Beach Golf Club ( previously Tuggerah Lakes Gold Club ) is an 18-hole golf course located at the eastern end of Shelly Beach Road , overlooking Shelly Beach . It was formally established in 1930 , originally being located at Killarney Vale until 1954 when it moved to its present location . Within the suburb there is the Shelly Beach Surf Club and the Shelly Beach Fossils soccer club .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1952', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady of Victories Catholic Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Shortland', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Shortland,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Shortland is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 12 kilometres ( 7.5 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district . It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area and was named after Lt. John Shortland , master 's mate of the Sirius , the escorting vessel to the First Fleet . The area is restricted in development growth due to surrounding wetlands ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1957', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Our Lady Star of the Sea Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Terrigal', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Terrigal,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Terrigal is a major coastal suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , located 12 kilometres ( 7 mi ) east of Gosford on the Pacific Ocean . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1979', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Benedict 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Edgeworth', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Edgeworth,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Edgeworth is a suburb of the City of Lake Macquarie local government area in New South Wales , Australia , located 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) west of Newcastle 's central business district ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1962', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brendan 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Lake Munmorah', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Lake_Munmorah,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Lake Munmorah is a suburb of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia . It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1989', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brigid 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Branxton', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Branxton,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Branxton is a town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . Branxton is 171 kilometres ( 106 mi ) north of Sydney via the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway and New England Highway . Branxton is located mostly in the City of Cessnock , but part of it is in Singleton Shire . It had a population of 1,991 at the 2016 census . Branxton is a busy service township with an IGA Supermarket , medical centre , swimming school and an art school . The town has several different sporting clubs . These include Greta-Branxton Colts Rugby League Football Club , Greta-Branxton Wildcats Soccer Club , Greta-Branxton United Cricket Club , and Branxton District Netball Club . Branxton also has facilities for tennis , croquet , golf and athletics .'}]}, {'value': 'Cessnock', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Cessnock', 'summary': 'City of Cessnock is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The area under administration is located to the west of Newcastle . The largest population centre and council seat is the city of Cessnock . The Mayor of the City of Cessnock Council is Cr . Bob Pynsent , a member of Country Labor .'}]}, {'value': '1886', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Brigid 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Raymond Terrace', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Raymond_Terrace', 'summary': 'Raymond Terrace is a town in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , about 26 km ( 16 mi ) by road north of Newcastle on the Pacific Highway . Established in 1837 it is situated at the confluence of the Hunter and Williams rivers . The town was named after Lieutenant Raymond , who had explored the Hunter River in 1797 and described the terraced appearance of trees in the area . Governor Lachlan Macquarie camped in the area in 1818 , using Raymond Terrace as the name for the place where his party had camped . At the 2016 census Raymond Terrace had a population of 12,820 . It is the administrative centre of the Port Stephens local government area as well as a service hub for surrounding rural areas .'}]}, {'value': 'Port Stephens', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Port_Stephens_Council', 'summary': 'Port Stephens Council ( also known simply as Port Stephens ) is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia . The area is just north of Newcastle and is adjacent to the Pacific Highway which runs through Raymond Terrace , the largest town and Council seat . The area is named after Port Stephens , which is the major geographical feature of the area . It extends generally from the Hunter River in the south , to near Clarence Town in the north , and from the Tasman Sea in the east , to just south of Paterson in the west . The mayor of Port Stephens Council is Ryan Palmer . Port Stephens is about two and a half hours north of Sydney .'}]}, {'value': '1890', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Cecilia 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Wyong', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Wyong,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Wyong ( /ˈwaɪɒŋ/ ) is a town of the Central Coast region of New South Wales , located approximately 63 km SSW of Newcastle and 89 km NNE of Sydney . Established in 1888 , it is one of the two administrative centres for the Central Coast Council local government area .'}]}, {'value': 'Central Coast', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Central_Coast_Council_(New_South_Wales)', 'summary': 'The Central Coast Council is a local government area serving the Lower Hunter area and the Central Coast region of New South Wales , Australia , established on 12 May 2016 following the amalgamation of Gosford City and Wyong Shire councils . The council comprises an area of 1,681 square kilometres ( 649 sq mi ) and is bounded to the east by the Tasman Sea , to the south by Broken Bay and the Hawkesbury River , and to the west by the Yengo National Park northwards to Bucketty before heading eastward along George Downes Drive , encompassing the Olney State Forest and crossing the Pacific Motorway , meeting the southern edge of Lake Macquarie at Mannering Park and eventually reaching the coast north of Moonee . As at the 2016 census the council area had an estimated population of 327,736 . The current Mayor of the Central Coast Council is Lisa Matthews ( Labor ) , who was elected on 23 September 2019 .'}]}, {'value': '1916', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Columba 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Adamstown', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Adamstown,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Adamstown is a suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , Australia , located 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district . It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area . It has a railway station , opened in 1887 with the Newcastle-Gosford section of the Main North line . The now closed branch line to Belmont formerly left the main line just south of Adamstown Station . The town also includes the beginning of the Fernleigh Track , a multi-use rail trail near Belmont . The project is a joint venture between Newcastle City Council and Lake Macquarie City Council and extends from Adamstown to Belmont over an approximate distance of 15.5 km ( 10 mi ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1892', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': "St Columba 's Primary School", 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Mayfield', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mayfield,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': 'Mayfield is a north-western suburb of Newcastle , New South Wales , which takes its name from Ada May ( born 1874 ) a daughter of the landowner there , John Scholey . Its boundaries are the Hunter River to the north , the Main Northern railway line to the south ( Waratah station ) , the railway line to Newcastle Harbour to the east , and open ground to the west .'}]}, {'value': 'Newcastle', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Newcastle', 'summary': 'The City of Newcastle is a local government area in the Hunter region of New South Wales , Australia . The City of Newcastle incorporates much of the area of the Newcastle metropolitan area . The Lord Mayor of City of Newcastle Council is Councillor Nuatali Nelmes , a Labor politician . Nelmes was elected at a by-election on 15 November 2014 following the resignation of Jeff McCloy , the former Lord Mayor .'}]}, {'value': '1917', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'St Francis Xavier Primary School', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Belmont', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Belmont,_New_South_Wales', 'summary': "Belmont is a suburb in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia , located 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from Newcastle 's central business district on the eastern side of Lake Macquarie and is part of the City of Lake Macquarie . Belmont is situated on a sandy peninsula formed by the Tasman Sea on the east and Lake Macquarie ."}]}, {'value': 'Lake Macquarie', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/City_of_Lake_Macquarie', 'summary': 'The City of Lake Macquarie is a local government area in the Hunter Region of New South Wales , Australia and was proclaimed a city from 7 September 1984 . The area is situated adjacent to the city of Newcastle and is part of the Greater Newcastle Area . The city is approximately 150 km ( 93 mi ) north of Sydney . One of its major tourist attractions is its lake , also named Lake Macquarie . The mayor of the City of Lake Macquarie Council is Councillor Kay Fraser , a member of the Labor Party . The Royal Australian Navy ship HMAS Tobruk was granted the Right of Freedom of Entry to the City of Lake Macquarie on 9 August 1991 .'}]}, {'value': '1950', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Website', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': 'Private schools -- Catholic primary schools', 'section_text': '', 'uid': 'List_of_schools_in_Hunter_and_the_Central_Coast_4', 'intro': 'This is a list of schools in the Hunter and Central Coast regions of New South Wales, Australia. The New South Wales education system traditionally consists of primary schools, which accommodate students from kindergarten to Year 6 (ages 5-12), and high schools, which accommodate students from Years 7 to 12 (ages 12-18).'}
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Who is the current mayor of this LGA that has a suburb located 4 kilometres from Gosford 's CBD ?
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Lisa Matthews
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03b6dfde7b394fa3
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_medication_secernated_in_kidney', 'title': 'Table of medication secernated in kidney', 'header': ['Medication', 'Location', 'Acid or base'], 'data': [{'value': 'para-aminohippurate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Para-aminohippurate', 'summary': 'Aminohippuric acid or para-aminohippuric acid ( PAH ) , a derivative of hippuric acid , is a diagnostic agent useful in medical tests involving the kidney used in the measurement of renal plasma flow . It is an amide derivative of the amino acid glycine and para-aminobenzoic acid that is not naturally found in humans ; it needs to be IV infused before diagnostic use .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'furosemide', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Furosemide', 'summary': "Furosemide , sold under the brand name Lasix among others , is a medication used to treat fluid build-up due to heart failure , liver scarring , or kidney disease . It may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . It can be taken by injection into a vein or by mouth . When taken by mouth , it typically begins working within an hour , while intravenously , it typically begins working within five minutes . Common side effects include feeling lightheaded with standing , ringing in the ears , and sensitivity to light . Potentially serious side effects include electrolyte abnormalities , low blood pressure , and hearing loss . Blood tests are recommended regularly for those on treatment . Furosemide is a type of loop diuretic that works by decreasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys . Furosemide was patented in 1959 and approved for medical use in 1964 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . The wholesale price in the developing world is between US $ 0.004 and US $ 0.02 per day . In the United States , it is available as a generic medication and costs about US $ 0.15 per day ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'glucuronic acid -conjugates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glucuronic_acid', 'summary': 'Glucuronic acid ( from Greek γλυκύς sweet and οὖρον urine ) is a uronic acid that was first isolated from urine ( hence the name ) . It is found in many gums such as gum arabic ( c. 18% ) , xanthan , and Kombucha tea and is important for the metabolism of microorganisms , plants and animals .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'glycine conjugates', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Glycine_conjugation', 'summary': "Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms , usually through specialized enzymatic systems . More generally , xenobiotic metabolism ( from the Greek xenos stranger and biotic related to living beings ) is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics , which are compounds foreign to an organism 's normal biochemistry , such as any drug or poison . These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms , and are considered to be of ancient origin . These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds ( although in some cases the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves cause toxic effects ) . The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics . The metabolism of pharmaceutical drugs is an important aspect of pharmacology and medicine . For example , the rate of metabolism determines the duration and intensity of a drug 's pharmacologic action . Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer , and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions . These pathways are also important in environmental science , with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation , or persist in the environment . The enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism , particularly the glutathione S-transferases are also important in agriculture , since they may produce resistance to pesticides and herbicides . Drug metabolism is divided into three phases . In phase I , enzymes such as cytochrome P450 oxidases introduce reactive or polar groups into xenobiotics ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'indometacin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Indometacin', 'summary': 'Indometacin , also known as indomethacin , is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ( NSAID ) commonly used as a prescription medication to reduce fever , pain , stiffness , and swelling from inflammation . It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins , endogenous signaling molecules known to cause these symptoms . It does this by inhibiting cyclooxygenase , an enzyme that catalyzes the production of prostaglandins . It was patented in 1961 and approved for medical use in 1963. and was first approved for use in the U.S. by the Food and Drug Administration in 1965 . [ citation needed ] It is marketed under more than twelve different trade names . As of 2015 the cost for a typical month of medication in the United States is less than 25 USD .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'methotrexate', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Methotrexate', 'summary': "Methotrexate ( MTX ) , formerly known as amethopterin , is a chemotherapy agent and immune system suppressant . It is used to treat cancer , autoimmune diseases , ectopic pregnancy , and for medical abortions . Types of cancers it is used for include breast cancer , leukemia , lung cancer , lymphoma , and osteosarcoma . Types of autoimmune diseases it is used for include psoriasis , rheumatoid arthritis , and Crohn 's disease . It can be given by mouth or by injection . Common side effects include nausea , feeling tired , fever , increased risk of infection , low white blood cell counts , and breakdown of the skin inside the mouth . Other side effects may include liver disease , lung disease , lymphoma , and severe skin rashes . People on long-term treatment should be regularly checked for side effects . It is not safe during breastfeeding . In those with kidney problems , lower doses may be needed . It acts by blocking the body 's use of folic acid . Methotrexate was made in 1947 and initially came into medical use to treat cancer , as it was less toxic than the then-current treatments ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'penicillin', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Penicillin', 'summary': 'Penicillin ( PCN or pen ) is a group of antibiotics , derived originally from common moulds known as Penicillium moulds ; which includes penicillin G ( intravenous use ) , penicillin V ( use by mouth ) , procaine penicillin , and benzathine penicillin ( intramuscular use ) . Penicillin antibiotics were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci . They are still widely used today , though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use . About 10% of people report that they are allergic to penicillin ; however , up to 90% of this group may not actually be allergic . Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03% . Those who are allergic to penicillin are most often given cephalosporin C because of its functional groups . All penicillins are β-lactam antibiotics , which are some of the most powerful and successful achievements in modern science . Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming . People began using it to treat infections in 1942 . There are several enhanced penicillin families which are effective against additional bacteria ; these include the antistaphylococcal penicillins , aminopenicillins and the antipseudomonal penicillins . They are derived from Penicillium fungi .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'probenecid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Probenecid', 'summary': 'Probenecid , also sold under the brand name Probalan , is a medication that increases uric acid excretion in the urine . It is primarily used in treating gout and hyperuricemia . Probenecid was developed as an alternative to caronamide to competitively inhibit renal excretion of some drugs , thereby increasing their plasma concentration and prolonging their effects .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'sulphate conjugates', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'thiazide diuretics', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Thiazide', 'summary': 'Thiazide ( /ˈθaɪəzaɪd/ ) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of diuretics based on the chemical structure of benzothiadiazine . The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at Merck and Co. in the 1950s . The first approved drug of this class , chlorothiazide , was marketed under the trade name Diuril beginning in 1958 . In most countries , thiazides are the least expensive antihypertensive drugs available . Thiazide organic molecules are bi-cyclic structures that contain adjacent sulfur and nitrogen atoms on one ring . Confusion sometimes occurs because thiazide-like diuretics such as indapamide are referred to as thiazides . These molecules do not have the thiazide chemical structure . When used this way , thiazide refers to a drug which acts at the thiazide receptor . The thiazide receptor is a sodium-chloride transporter that pulls NaCl from the lumen in the distal convoluted tubule . Thiazide diuretics cause the body to release NaCl and water lumen , and increase the amount of urine made each day . An example of a molecule that is chemically a thiazide but is not used as a diuretic is methylchloroisothiazolinone . Methylchloroisothiazolinone is used as an antimicrobial in cosmetics .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'uric acid', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Uric_acid', 'summary': 'Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3 . It forms ions and salts known as urates and acid urates , such as ammonium acid urate . Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of purine nucleotides , and it is a normal component of urine . High blood concentrations of uric acid can lead to gout and are associated with other medical conditions , including diabetes and the formation of ammonium acid urate kidney stones .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Acid', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'amiloride', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amiloride', 'summary': "Amiloride , sold under the trade name Midamor among others , is a medication typically used with other medications to treat high blood pressure or swelling due to heart failure or cirrhosis of the liver . Amiloride is often used with a thiazide or other loop diuretic . It is taken by mouth . Onset of action is about two hours and it lasts for about a day . Common side effects include high blood potassium , vomiting , loss of appetite , rash , and headache . The risk of high blood potassium is greater in those with kidney problems , diabetes , and those who are older . Amiloride is in the potassium-sparing diuretic family of medications . It works by increasing the amount of sodium and decreasing the amount of potassium released by the distal tubule of the kidney . Amiloride was developed in 1967 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system . In the United States , the wholesale price of a month of medication is about US $ 20.10 . In the United Kingdom , a month of medication costs the NHS about £24 ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'dopamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Dopamine', 'summary': "Dopamine ( DA , a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine ) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families . It functions both as a hormone and a neurotransmitter , and plays several important roles in the brain and body . It is an amine synthesized by removing a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA , which is synthesized in the brain and kidneys . Dopamine is also synthesized in plants and most animals . In the brain , dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter - a chemical released by neurons ( nerve cells ) to send signals to other nerve cells . The brain includes several distinct dopamine pathways , one of which plays a major role in the motivational component of reward-motivated behavior . The anticipation of most types of rewards increases the level of dopamine in the brain , [ failed verification ] and many addictive drugs increase dopamine release or block its reuptake into neurons following release . Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in controlling the release of various hormones . These pathways and cell groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory . In popular culture and media , dopamine is usually seen as the main chemical of pleasure , but the current opinion in pharmacology is that dopamine instead confers motivational salience ; in other words , dopamine signals the perceived motivational prominence ( i.e. , the desirability or aversiveness ) of an outcome , which in turn propels the organism 's behavior toward or away from achieving that outcome . Outside the central nervous system , dopamine functions primarily as a local paracrine messenger . In blood vessels , it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator ( at normal concentrations ) ; in the kidneys , it increases sodium excretion and urine output ; in the pancreas , it reduces insulin production ; in the digestive system , it reduces gastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa ; and in the immune system , it reduces the activity of lymphocytes ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'histamine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Histamine', 'summary': 'Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses , as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter for the brain , spinal cord , and uterus . Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and has a central role as a mediator of itching . As part of an immune response to foreign pathogens , histamine is produced by basophils and by mast cells found in nearby connective tissues . Histamine increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins , to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues . It consists of an imidazole ring attached to an ethylamine chain ; under physiological conditions , the amino group of the side-chain is protonated .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'mepacrine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Mepacrine', 'summary': 'Mepacrine , also called quinacrine or by the trade name Atabrine , is a medication with several uses . It is related to chloroquine and mefloquine .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'morphine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Morphine', 'summary': 'Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate family which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals , including humans . It acts directly on the central nervous system ( CNS ) to decrease the feeling of pain . It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain . It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infarction and during labor . It can be given by mouth , by injection into a muscle , by injection under the skin , intravenously , injection into the space around the spinal cord , or rectally . Maximum effect is reached after about 20 minutes when given intravenously and after 60 minutes when given by mouth , while duration of effect is 3-7 hours . Long-acting formulations also exist . Potentially serious side effects include decreased respiratory effort and low blood pressure . Morphine is addictive and prone to abuse . If the dose is reduced after long-term use , opioid withdrawal symptoms may occur . Common side effects include drowsiness , vomiting , and constipation . Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding , as morphine may affect the baby .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'pethidine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Pethidine', 'summary': 'Pethidine , also known as meperidine and sold under the brand name Demerol among others , is a synthetic opioid pain medication of the phenylpiperidine class . Synthesized in 1938 as a potential anticholinergic agent by the German chemist Otto Eisleb , its analgesic properties were first recognized by Otto Schaumann while working for IG Farben , Germany . Pethidine is the prototype of a large family of analgesics including the pethidine 4-phenylpiperidines ( piminodine , anileridine and others ) , the prodines ( alphaprodine , MPPP , etc . ) , bemidones ( ketobemidone , etc . ) and others more distant , including diphenoxylate and analogues . Pethidine is indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe pain , and is delivered as a hydrochloride salt in tablets , as a syrup , or by intramuscular , subcutaneous , or intravenous injection . For much of the 20th century , pethidine was the opioid of choice for many physicians ; in 1975 , 60% of doctors prescribed it for acute pain and 22% for chronic severe pain . It was patented in 1937 and approved for medical use in 1943 . Compared with morphine , pethidine was thought to be safer , carry a lower risk of addiction , and to be superior in treating the pain associated with biliary spasm or renal colic due to its putative anticholinergic effects . These were later discovered to be all myths , as it carries an equal risk of addiction , possesses no advantageous effects on biliary spasm or renal colic compared to other opioids , and due to its toxic metabolite norpethidine is more toxic than other opioids - especially during long-term use . The norpethidine metabolite was found to have serotonergic effects , so pethidine could , unlike most opioids , contribute to serotonin syndrome .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'quaternary ammonium compounds', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quaternary_ammonium_compounds', 'summary': 'Quaternary ammonium cations , also known as quats , are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR+4 , R being an alkyl group or an aryl group . Unlike the ammonium ion ( NH+4 ) and the primary , secondary , or tertiary ammonium cations , the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged , independent of the pH of their solution . Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds ( called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance ) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations . Polyquats are a variety of engineered polymer forms which provide multiple quat molecules within a larger molecule .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'quinine', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Quinine', 'summary': 'Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis . This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available . While used for restless legs syndrome , it is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of side effects . It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously . Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world . Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste . Common side effects include headache , ringing in the ears , trouble seeing , and sweating . More severe side effects include deafness , low blood platelets , and an irregular heartbeat . Use can make one more prone to sunburn . While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby , use to treat malaria during pregnancy is still recommended . Quinine is an alkaloid , a naturally occurring chemical compound . How it works as a medicine is not entirely clear .'}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}, {'value': '5-hydroxytryptamine ( serotonin )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Serotonin', 'summary': "Serotonin ( /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnɪn , ˌsɪərə-/ ) or 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) is a monoamine neurotransmitter . It has a popular image as a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness , though its actual biological function is complex and multifaceted , modulating cognition , reward , learning , memory , and numerous physiological processes such as vomiting and vasoconstriction . Biochemically , the indoleamine molecule derives from the amino acid tryptophan , via the ( rate-limiting ) hydroxylation of the 5 position on the ring ( forming the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan ) , and then decarboxylation to produce serotonin . Serotonin is primarily found in the enteric nervous system located in the gastrointestinal tract ( GI tract ) . However , it is also produced in the central nervous system ( CNS ) , specifically in the Raphe nuclei located in the brainstem . Additionally , serotonin is stored in blood platelets and is released during agitation and vasoconstriction , where it then acts as an agonist to other platelets . Approximately 90% of the human body 's total serotonin is located in the enterochromaffin cells in the GI tract , where it regulates intestinal movements . The serotonin is secreted luminally and basolaterally , which leads to increased serotonin uptake by circulating platelets and activation after stimulation , which gives increased stimulation of myenteric neurons and gastrointestinal motility . The remainder is synthesized in serotonergic neurons of the CNS , where it has various functions . These include the regulation of mood , appetite , and sleep . Serotonin also has some cognitive functions , including memory and learning . Several classes of antidepressants , such as the SSRIs and the SNRIs among others , interfere with the normal reabsorption of serotonin after it is done with the transmission of the signal , therefore augmenting the neurotransmitter levels in the synapses ."}]}, {'value': 'proximal tubule', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Proximal_tubule', 'summary': "The proximal tubule is the segment of the nephron in kidneys which begins from the renal pole of the Bowman 's capsule to the beginning of loop of Henle . It can be further classified into the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) and the proximal straight tubule ( PST ) ."}]}, {'value': 'Base', 'urls': []}], 'section_title': '', 'section_text': 'This is a table of medications that are secreted in the kidney . Acid medication are , because of pH partition , secreted to a higher extent when urine is basic . In the same way , basic medications are secreted to a higher extent when urine is acidic .', 'uid': 'Table_of_medication_secernated_in_kidney_0', 'intro': 'This is a table of medications that are secreted in the kidney. Acid medication are, because of pH partition, secreted to a higher extent when urine is basic. In the same way, basic medications are secreted to a higher extent when urine is acidic.'}
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What pole does the location begin from in the location of a medicine that also known as Serotonin ?
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renal
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03b7f1b08b72ade9
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hybridqa
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{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leighton_Buzzard_Light_Railway', 'title': 'Leighton Buzzard Light Railway', 'header': ['Number', 'Name', 'Builder', 'Location'], 'data': [{'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Gertrude', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Andrew Barclay', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Andrew_Barclay_Sons_&_Co.', 'summary': "Andrew Barclay Sons & Co. are a builder of steam and later fireless and diesel locomotives . The company 's history dates to foundation of an engineering workshop in 1840 in Kilmarnock , Scotland . After a long period of operation the company was acquired by the Hunslet group in 1972 and renamed Hunslet-Barclay ; in 2007 the company changed hands after bankruptcy becoming Brush-Barclay as part of the FKI Group . In 2011 Brush Traction and Brush-Barclay were acquired from FKI by Wabtec - as of 2012 the company still operates in Kilmarnock providing rail engineering services as Wabtec Rail Scotland ."}]}, {'value': 'Welsh Highland Heritage Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Welsh_Highland_Heritage_Railway', 'summary': 'The Welsh Highland Heritage Railway is a short reconstructed heritage railway in Gwynedd , Wales . Its main station is in Porthmadog .'}]}, {'value': 'DHR19', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/DHR_778_(Locomotive)', 'summary': 'DHR Locomotive number 778 was built for the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway . Nicknamed the Toy Train , the railway is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) gauge narrow-gauge railway from Siliguri to Darjeeling in West Bengal , run by the Indian Railways . DHR 778 is a 0-4-0 ST B Class , a design built between 1889 and 1927 . A total of 34 were built . By 2005 only 12 remained on the railway and in use ( or under repair ) . The B class locomotives were designed by Sharp Stewart & Co. of Glasgow and built by them , their successors North British Locomotive Company ( NBL , Glasgow ) , and three each by Baldwin Locomotive Works ( BLW , Philadelphia , USA ) , and the DHR works at Tindharia . Number 778 ( originally No.19 ) was built in 1889 by Sharp Stewart & Co at the Atlas Works in Glasgow . It is the only DHR locomotive that has been taken out of India . After many years out of use at the Hesston Steam Museum , it was sold to enthusiast Adrian Shooter in the United Kingdom and restored to working order . As of 2009 , it is based on Beeches Light Railway , a private railway in Oxfordshire , and has also run on the Ffestiniog Railway , the Leighton Buzzard Light Railway and the Launceston Steam Railway . In 2013 , locomotive 778 ran as a part of Indian Extravaganza Fest in Bedfordshire in East England .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Sharp Stewart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Sharp_Stewart', 'summary': 'Sharp , Stewart and Company was a steam locomotive manufacturer , initially based in Manchester , England . The company was formed in 1843 upon the demise of Sharp , Roberts & Co . It moved to Glasgow , Scotland in 1888 , eventually amalgamating with two other Glasgow-based locomotive manufacturers to form the North British Locomotive Company .'}]}, {'value': 'Beeches Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Beeches_Light_Railway', 'summary': 'The Beeches Light Railway is a private narrow gauge railway in Steeple Aston in the garden of Adrian Shooter , the former director of Chiltern Railways . The line contains one station , Rinkingpong Road ( Bengali : রিনকিংপং রোড ) at an elevation of 351 feet ( 107 m ) above sea-level .'}]}, {'value': '22', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Montalban', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Orenstein & Koppel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Orenstein_&_Koppel', 'summary': "Orenstein & Koppel ( normally abbreviated to O & K ) was a major German engineering company specialising in railway vehicles , escalators , and heavy equipment . It was founded on April 1 , 1876 in Berlin by Benno Orenstein and Arthur Koppel . Originally a general engineering company , O & K soon started to specialise in the manufacture of railway vehicles . The company also manufactured heavy equipment and escalators . O & K pulled out of the railway business in 1981 . Its escalator-manufacturing division was spun off to the company 's majority shareholder at the time , Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp , in 1996 , leaving the company to focus primarily on construction machines . The construction-equipment business was sold to New Holland Construction , at the time part of the Fiat Group , in 1999 ."}]}, {'value': 'West Lancashire Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lancashire_Light_Railway', 'summary': 'The West Lancashire Light Railway ( WLLR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway that operates at Hesketh Bank , situated between Preston and Southport in North West England . The distance between the stations on the railway is 430 yards ( 393 m ) , though track extends eastwards beyond Delph station on ledge above the old clay pit which is too narrow to contain a run round loop . [ citation needed ] An extension of up to 435 metres ( 1,427 ft ) , running along the north bank of the fishing lake has been proposed . The railway has eight steam locomotives , four of which are in operating condition ; one is currently being restored and another is on static display . There are also two electric locomotives and many IC locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Woto', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'WG Bagnall', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/WG_Bagnall', 'summary': 'W. G. Bagnall was a locomotive manufacturer from Stafford , England which was founded in 1875 and operated until it was taken over in 1962 by English Electric .'}]}, {'value': 'Alan Keef Ltd', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Alan_Keef_Ltd', 'summary': "Alan Keef Ltd is a British narrow gauge railway engineering company which manufactures , overhauls , and deals in narrow gauge locomotives , rolling stock and associated equipment . The Limited Company was formed in 1975 at Cote , Bampton , Oxon , continuing what Alan Keef had already been doing for some years as an individual . In 1986 the company moved to larger premises at Lea , near Ross-on-Wye in Herefordshire . The first new loco was built in 1976 . To date ( 2008 ) over eighty locos have been built - steam , diesel and electric . Most have been miniature or narrow gauge except for two standard gauge steam locos for Beamish Museum - the replicas of Steam Elephant and Puffing Billy . In 2008 Alan Keef Ltd built the frames , running gear and mechanical parts for two Parry People Mover railcars for use on the Stourbridge Town branch ( 139001 and 139002 ) . A number of Alan Keef 's locomotives are replicas of steam locomotives but with diesel power . These are referred to as steam outline ( s/o ) in the listing below . In 1987 the company took over the production of Motor Rail locomotives . In addition to the replicas for Beamish the company has also helped restore a number of historically significant engines including both UK preserved Baldwin Class 10-12-D locomotives - No . 778 - which now works at Leighton Buzzard Light Railway and more recently No 794 ( referred to as No 590 ) from the Welsh Highland Heritage Railway ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Elidir', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunslet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunslet', 'summary': 'Hunslet is an inner-city area in south Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . It is 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeast of the city centre and has an industrial past . It is situated in the Hunslet and Riverside ward of Leeds City Council and Leeds Central parliamentary constituency . The population of the previous City and Hunslet council ward at the 2011 census was 33,705 . Hunslet had many engineering companies based in the district , such as John Fowler & Co. manufacturers of traction engines and steam rollers , the Hunslet Engine Company builders of locomotives ( including those used during the construction of the Channel Tunnel ) , as well as engineering firms Kitson & Co. , Manning Wardle and Hudswell Clarke . Many railway locomotives were built in the Jack Lane area of Hunslet . The area has a mixture of modern and 19th century industrial buildings , terraced housing and 20th century housing . It is an area that has grown up significantly around the River Aire in the early years of the 21st century , especially with the construction of modern riverside flats . It was at one point the main production site for Leeds Creamware , a type of pottery ( still produced ) so called because of its cream glazing . Hunslet is now prospering as it follows the trend of Leeds generally and the expansion of office and industrial sites south of Leeds city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Llanberis Lake Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Llanberis_Lake_Railway', 'summary': 'The Llanberis Lake Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Llyn Padarn ) is a 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in ( 597 mm ) narrow gauge heritage railway that runs for 2.5 miles ( 4 km ) along the northern shore of Llyn Padarn in north Wales in the Snowdonia National Park . The starting point is the town of Llanberis at the eastern end of the lake ( 53°07′03″N 4°07′09″W / 53.1175°N 4.1193°W / 53.1175 ; -4.1193 ( Llanberis station ) ) , with the western terminus at Pen Llyn in the Padarn Country Park ( 53°08′13″N 4°08′58″W / 53.1370°N 4.1495°W / 53.1370 ; -4.1495 ( Penllyn station ) ) . The return journey takes around 60 minutes .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Britomart', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunslet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunslet_Engine_Company', 'summary': 'The Hunslet Engine Company was founded in 1864 in Hunslet , Leeds , England . The company manufactured steam-powered shunting locomotives for over 100 years , and currently manufactures diesel-engined shunting locomotives . As of 2012 the company is part of the LH Group , a subsidiary The Hunslet Steam Company maintains and manufactures build steam locomotives .'}]}, {'value': 'Ffestiniog Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Ffestiniog_Railway', 'summary': 'The Ffestiniog Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Ffestiniog ) is a 1 ft 11 1⁄2 in ( 597 mm ) narrow-gauge heritage railway , located in Gwynedd , Wales . It is a major tourist attraction located mainly within the Snowdonia National Park . The railway is roughly 13 1⁄2 miles ( 21.7 km ) long and runs from the harbour at Porthmadog to the slate mining town of Blaenau Ffestiniog , travelling through forested and mountainous scenery . The line is single track throughout with four intermediate passing places . The first mile of the line out of Porthmadog runs atop an embankment called the Cob , which is the dyke of the Traeth Mawr polder . The Festiniog Railway Company , which owns the railway , is the oldest surviving railway company in the world . It also owns the Welsh Highland Railway , which was re-opened fully in 2011 . The two railways share the same track gauge and meet at Porthmadog station , with occasional trains working the entire 40-mile ( 64 km ) route from Blaenau Ffestiniog to Caernarfon .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Jack', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'West Lancashire Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lancashire_Light_Railway', 'summary': 'The West Lancashire Light Railway ( WLLR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway that operates at Hesketh Bank , situated between Preston and Southport in North West England . The distance between the stations on the railway is 430 yards ( 393 m ) , though track extends eastwards beyond Delph station on ledge above the old clay pit which is too narrow to contain a run round loop . [ citation needed ] An extension of up to 435 metres ( 1,427 ft ) , running along the north bank of the fishing lake has been proposed . The railway has eight steam locomotives , four of which are in operating condition ; one is currently being restored and another is on static display . There are also two electric locomotives and many IC locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Irish Mail', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunslet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunslet_Engine_Company', 'summary': 'The Hunslet Engine Company was founded in 1864 in Hunslet , Leeds , England . The company manufactured steam-powered shunting locomotives for over 100 years , and currently manufactures diesel-engined shunting locomotives . As of 2012 the company is part of the LH Group , a subsidiary The Hunslet Steam Company maintains and manufactures build steam locomotives .'}]}, {'value': 'West Lancashire Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lancashire_Light_Railway', 'summary': 'The West Lancashire Light Railway ( WLLR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway that operates at Hesketh Bank , situated between Preston and Southport in North West England . The distance between the stations on the railway is 430 yards ( 393 m ) , though track extends eastwards beyond Delph station on ledge above the old clay pit which is too narrow to contain a run round loop . [ citation needed ] An extension of up to 435 metres ( 1,427 ft ) , running along the north bank of the fishing lake has been proposed . The railway has eight steam locomotives , four of which are in operating condition ; one is currently being restored and another is on static display . There are also two electric locomotives and many IC locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Barbouilleur', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decauville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Decauville', 'summary': "Decauville ( French : [ dəkovil ] ) was a manufacturing company which was founded by Paul Decauville ( 1846-1922 ) , a French pioneer in industrial railways . Decauville 's major innovation was the use of ready-made sections of light , narrow gauge track fastened to steel sleepers ; this track was portable and could be disassembled and transported very easily . The first Decauville railway used 400 mm ( 15 3⁄4 in ) gauge ; Decauville later refined his invention and switched to 500 mm ( 19 3⁄4 in ) and 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5⁄8 in ) gauge ."}]}, {'value': 'Amberley Museum Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Amberley_Museum_Railway', 'summary': 'The Amberley Museum and Heritage Centre Railway is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway based at the Amberley Museum & Heritage Centre , Amberley , West Sussex . It has a varied collection of engines and rolling stock ranging from 18 in ( 457 mm ) gauge to 5 ft 3 in ( 1,600 mm ) gauge . It operates passenger trains at the museum using a mixture of steam , internal combustion and battery-electric locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '1', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Bronhilde', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Berliner Maschinenbau ( Schwartzkopff )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Berliner_Maschinenbau', 'summary': 'Berliner Maschinenbau AG was a German manufacturer of locomotives . The factory was founded by Louis Victor Robert Schwartzkopff on 3 October 1852 as Eisengießerei und Maschinen-Fabrik von L. Schwartzkopff in Berlin .'}]}, {'value': 'Bredgar and Wormshill Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredgar_and_Wormshill_Light_Railway', 'summary': "The Bredgar & Wormshill Light Railway ( BWLR ) is located near the villages of Wormshill and Bredgar in Kent , just south of Sittingbourne . It is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway about one-half mile ( 0.8 km ) in length . The BWLR is a private line which has been built up as a hobby by a group of friends since the early 1970s . It is a fully operational line , operated to a high standard , with a station , engine sheds and workshops at Warren Wood station and a smaller station at the other end of the line , known as Stony Shaw . The line is open to the public on the first Sunday of each month throughout the summer to raise money for various charities . On open days a number of other attractions are on display including a model railway , a Showman 's road locomotive , a traction engine and a steam roller . In June 2011 the railway appeared briefly in a segment filmed for the BBC 's Saturday Kitchen programme which aired on 18 June 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '2', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Katie', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arn Jung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnold_Jung_Lokomotivfabrik', 'summary': 'The Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik ( Arnold Jung Locomotive Works ) was a locomotive manufacturer , in particular of Feldbahn locomotives , in Kirchen , Rheinland-Pfalz , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'Bredgar and Wormshill Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bredgar_and_Wormshill_Light_Railway', 'summary': "The Bredgar & Wormshill Light Railway ( BWLR ) is located near the villages of Wormshill and Bredgar in Kent , just south of Sittingbourne . It is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway about one-half mile ( 0.8 km ) in length . The BWLR is a private line which has been built up as a hobby by a group of friends since the early 1970s . It is a fully operational line , operated to a high standard , with a station , engine sheds and workshops at Warren Wood station and a smaller station at the other end of the line , known as Stony Shaw . The line is open to the public on the first Sunday of each month throughout the summer to raise money for various charities . On open days a number of other attractions are on display including a model railway , a Showman 's road locomotive , a traction engine and a steam roller . In June 2011 the railway appeared briefly in a segment filmed for the BBC 's Saturday Kitchen programme which aired on 18 June 2011 ."}]}, {'value': '10', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Naklo', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Fablok ( Chrzanow )', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Fablok', 'summary': "Fablok is a Polish manufacturer of locomotives , based in Chrzanów . Until 1947 the official name was First Factory of Locomotives in Poland Ltd. ( Polish : Pierwsza Fabryka Lokomotyw w Polsce Sp . Akc . ) , Fablok being a widely used syllabic abbreviation of Fabryka Lokomotyw , among others as the company 's telegraphic address . It is now named BUMAR - FABLOK S.A. ( corporation ) . Fablok is located in the town of Chrzanów in Lesser Poland . As of 2009 , Fablok no longer builds new locomotives ."}]}, {'value': 'South Tynedale Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/South_Tynedale_Railway', 'summary': "The South Tynedale Railway is a preserved , 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge heritage railway in Northern England and is England 's highest narrow gauge railway . The 2 ft ( 610 mm ) line runs from Alston in Cumbria , up the South Tyne Valley , via Gilderdale , Kirkhaugh and Lintley , across the South Tyne , Gilderdale and Whitley Viaducts to Slaggyford in Northumberland ."}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Triassic', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Peckett', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Peckett_and_Sons', 'summary': 'Peckett and Sons was a locomotive manufacturer at the Atlas Locomotive Works on Deep Pit Road between Fishponds and St. George , Bristol , England .'}]}, {'value': 'Bala Lake Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Bala_Lake_Railway', 'summary': 'The Bala Lake Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Llyn Tegid ) is a narrow-gauge railway along the southern shore of Bala Lake in Gwynedd , North Wales . The line , which is 4 1⁄2 miles ( 7.2 km ) long , is built on a section of the former standard-gauge Ruabon-Barmouth GWR route that closed in 1965 . Another section of the former permanent way is used by the Llangollen Railway . The Bala Lake Railway , which runs on 2 ft ( 610 mm ) -gauge preserved rolling stock , is a member of the Great Little Trains of Wales . The railway now has the largest collection of historic narrow-gauge quarry locomotives built specifically for the slate industry in North Wales by the Hunslet Engine Company in Leeds .'}]}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Alan George', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Hunslet', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Hunslet', 'summary': 'Hunslet is an inner-city area in south Leeds , West Yorkshire , England . It is 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) southeast of the city centre and has an industrial past . It is situated in the Hunslet and Riverside ward of Leeds City Council and Leeds Central parliamentary constituency . The population of the previous City and Hunslet council ward at the 2011 census was 33,705 . Hunslet had many engineering companies based in the district , such as John Fowler & Co. manufacturers of traction engines and steam rollers , the Hunslet Engine Company builders of locomotives ( including those used during the construction of the Channel Tunnel ) , as well as engineering firms Kitson & Co. , Manning Wardle and Hudswell Clarke . Many railway locomotives were built in the Jack Lane area of Hunslet . The area has a mixture of modern and 19th century industrial buildings , terraced housing and 20th century housing . It is an area that has grown up significantly around the River Aire in the early years of the 21st century , especially with the construction of modern riverside flats . It was at one point the main production site for Leeds Creamware , a type of pottery ( still produced ) so called because of its cream glazing . Hunslet is now prospering as it follows the trend of Leeds generally and the expansion of office and industrial sites south of Leeds city centre .'}]}, {'value': 'Teifi Valley Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Teifi_Valley_Railway', 'summary': 'The Teifi Valley Railway ( Welsh : Rheilffordd Dyffryn Teifi ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway hoping to operate between Pentrecwrt and Newcastle Emlyn along the River Teifi , West Wales . It is a tourist railway built on the GWR part of the Carmarthen and Cardigan Railway and operated on about two miles of track . A new platform was constructed at Henllan , on the original GWR location , from where the service had been planned to continue to Newcastle Emlyn and , eventually , to Pentrecwrt . Trains ran up to 2014 from Henllan station to Pont Goch ( Red Bridge ; formerly Llandyfriog Riverside ) .'}]}, {'value': '4', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Stanhope', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Kerr Stuart', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Kerr_Stuart', 'summary': 'Kerr , Stuart and Company Ltd was a locomotive manufacturer from Stoke-on-Trent , England .'}]}, {'value': 'West Lancashire Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/West_Lancashire_Light_Railway', 'summary': 'The West Lancashire Light Railway ( WLLR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow gauge railway that operates at Hesketh Bank , situated between Preston and Southport in North West England . The distance between the stations on the railway is 430 yards ( 393 m ) , though track extends eastwards beyond Delph station on ledge above the old clay pit which is too narrow to contain a run round loop . [ citation needed ] An extension of up to 435 metres ( 1,427 ft ) , running along the north bank of the fishing lake has been proposed . The railway has eight steam locomotives , four of which are in operating condition ; one is currently being restored and another is on static display . There are also two electric locomotives and many IC locomotives .'}]}, {'value': '939', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Justine', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Arn Jung', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Arnold_Jung_Lokomotivfabrik', 'summary': 'The Arnold Jung Lokomotivfabrik ( Arnold Jung Locomotive Works ) was a locomotive manufacturer , in particular of Feldbahn locomotives , in Kirchen , Rheinland-Pfalz , Germany .'}]}, {'value': 'North Gloucestershire Narrow Gauge Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Gloucestershire_Narrow_Gauge_Railway', 'summary': 'The Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway ( TNGR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow-gauge railway running alongside the Gloucestershire and Warwickshire Railway at Toddington . It was built in 1985 when the Dowty Railway Preservation Society needed a new home for its collection of narrow-gauge rolling stock . The rail used on the railway was purchased from the Southend Pier Railway . The railway was originally named the North Gloucestershire Railway , but in 2018 is officially called the Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway .'}]}, {'value': '1091', 'urls': []}, {'value': '', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Henschel', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Henschel_&_Son', 'summary': "Henschel & Son ( German : Henschel und Sohn ) was a German company , located in Kassel , best known during the 20th century as a maker of transportation equipment , including locomotives , trucks , buses and trolleybuses , and armoured fighting vehicles and weapons . Georg Christian Carl Henschel founded the factory in 1810 at Kassel . His son Carl Anton Henschel founded another factory in 1837 . In 1848 , the company began manufacturing locomotives . The factory became the largest locomotive manufacturer in Germany by the 20th century . Henschel built 10 articulated steam trucks , using Doble steam designs , for Deutsche Reichsbahn railways as delivery trucks . Several cars were built as well , one of which became Hermann Göring 's staff car . In 1935 Henschel was able to upgrade its various steam locomotives to a high-speed Streamliner type with a maximum speeds of up to 140 km/h ( 87 mph ) by the addition of a removable shell over the old steam locomotive . In 1918 , Henschel began the production of gearboxes at the Kassel plant . In January 1925 , Henschel & Son began building trucks and buses ."}]}, {'value': 'North Gloucestershire Narrow Gauge Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/North_Gloucestershire_Narrow_Gauge_Railway', 'summary': 'The Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway ( TNGR ) is a 2 ft ( 610 mm ) narrow-gauge railway running alongside the Gloucestershire and Warwickshire Railway at Toddington . It was built in 1985 when the Dowty Railway Preservation Society needed a new home for its collection of narrow-gauge rolling stock . The rail used on the railway was purchased from the Southend Pier Railway . The railway was originally named the North Gloucestershire Railway , but in 2018 is officially called the Toddington Narrow Gauge Railway .'}]}, {'value': '1652', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Type 17', 'urls': []}, {'value': 'Decauville', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Decauville', 'summary': "Decauville ( French : [ dəkovil ] ) was a manufacturing company which was founded by Paul Decauville ( 1846-1922 ) , a French pioneer in industrial railways . Decauville 's major innovation was the use of ready-made sections of light , narrow gauge track fastened to steel sleepers ; this track was portable and could be disassembled and transported very easily . The first Decauville railway used 400 mm ( 15 3⁄4 in ) gauge ; Decauville later refined his invention and switched to 500 mm ( 19 3⁄4 in ) and 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5⁄8 in ) gauge ."}]}, {'value': 'Froissy Dompierre Light Railway', 'urls': [{'url': '/wiki/Froissy_Dompierre_Light_Railway', 'summary': "The Froissy Dompierre Light Railway ( CFCD ) is a 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5⁄8 in ) narrow gauge light railway running from Froissy ( a hamlet of La Neuville-lès-Bray ) to Dompierre-Becquincourt , through Cappy , in the Somme department , France . It is run as a heritage railway by APPEVA ( Association Picarde pour la Préservation et l'Entretien des Véhicules Anciens ) and is also known as P'tit Train de la Haute Somme . It is the last survivor of the 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5⁄8 in ) narrow gauge trench railways of the World War I battlefields ."}]}], 'section_title': 'Preserved locomotives -- Visiting locomotives', 'section_text': 'DHR19 in the station at Leighton Buzzard', 'uid': 'Leighton_Buzzard_Light_Railway_4', 'intro': 'The Leighton Buzzard Light Railway (LBLR) is a light railway in Leighton Buzzard in Bedfordshire, England. It operates on 2 ft (610 mm) narrow-gauge track and is just under 3 miles (4.8 km) long. The line was built after the First World War to serve sand quarries north of the town. In the late 1960s the quarries switched to road transport and the railway was taken over by volunteers, who now run the line as a heritage railway.'}
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What is the name of the railway in which the builder was a German manufacturer of locomotives ?
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Bronhilde
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